# kb

id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-5.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Chromotherapy, sometimes called color therapy, colorology or cromatherapy, is an alternative medicine method which is considered pseudoscience. Chromotherapists claim to be able to use light in the form of color to balance "energy" lacking from a person's body, whether it be on physical, emotional, spiritual, or mental levels. Color therapy is distinct from other types of light therapy, such as neonatal jaundice treatment and blood irradiation therapy, which is a scientifically accepted medical treatment for a number of conditions, and from photobiology, the scientific study of the effects of light on living organisms. French skeptic and lighting physicist Sébastien Point considers LED lamps at domestic radiance to be safe in normal use for the general population; he also pointed out the risk of overexposure to light from LEDs for practices like chromotherapy, when duration and time exposure are not under control. Chronic Lyme disease (not to be confused with Lyme disease) is a generally rejected diagnosis that encompasses "a broad array of illnesses or symptom complexes for which there is no reproducible or convincing scientific evidence of any relationship to Borrelia burgdorferi infection." Despite numerous studies, there is no clinical evidence that "chronic" Lyme disease is caused by a persistent


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-6.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
The field has been compared to pseudoscience due to irreproducible or contradictory findings, exaggerated claims of usefulness and lack of high quality research protocols. Ear candling, also called ear coning or thermal-auricular therapy, is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice claimed to improve general health and well-being by lighting one end of a hollow candle and placing the other end in the ear canal. Medical research has shown that the practice is both dangerous and ineffective and does not functionally remove earwax or toxicants, despite product design contributing to that impression.


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-7.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Earthing therapy or grounding is a therapy that is claimed to ease pain, provide a better night's sleep, and assist with symptoms of inflammation by being in direct physical contact with the ground or a device connected to electrical ground. Practitioners claim that Earth has an excess of electrons which people are missing due to insulating shoes and ground cover. Being in electrical contact with Earth is claimed to provide the body with those excess electrons, which then act as antioxidants. A 2012 systematic review study showed inconclusive results related to methodological issues across the literature. Subsequently, a 2017 systematic review of the benefits of spending time in forests demonstrated positive health effects, but not enough to generate clinical practice guidelines or demonstrate causality. Electrohomeopathy (or Mattei cancer cure) is a derivative of homeopathy invented in the 19th century by Count Cesare Mattei. The name is derived from a combination of electro (referring to an electric bio-energy content supposedly extracted from plants and of therapeutic value, rather than electricity in its conventional sense) and homeopathy (referring to an alternative medicinal philosophy developed by Samuel Hahnemann in the 18th century). Electrohomeopathy has been defined as the combination of electrical devices and


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-8.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Systematic reviews of clinical trials of Bach flower solutions have found no efficacy beyond a placebo effect. Iridology – means of medical diagnosis which proponents believe can identify and diagnose health problems through close examination of the markings and patterns of the iris. Practitioners divide the iris into 80–90 zones, each of which is connected to a particular body region or organ. This connection has not been scientifically validated and disorder detection is neither selective nor specific. Because iris texture is a phenotypical feature which develops during gestation and remains unchanged after birth (which makes the iris useful for Biometrics), iridology is all but impossible. Jilly Juice – a potentially dangerous fermented drink that has been claimed to treat a variety of medical conditions. Leaky gut syndrome – in alternative medicine, a proposed condition caused by the passage of harmful substances outward through the gut wall. It has been proposed as the cause of many conditions, including multiple sclerosis and autism, a claim which has been called pseudoscientific. According to the UK National Health Service, the theory is vague and unproven. Some skeptics and scientists say that the marketing of treatments for leaky gut syndrome is either misguided or an


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-9.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Radionics – means of medical diagnosis and therapy which proponents believe can diagnose and remedy health problems using various frequencies in a putative energy field coupled to the practitioner's electronic device. The first such "black box" devices were designed and promoted by Albert Abrams and were definitively proven useless by an independent investigation commissioned by Scientific American in 1924. The internal circuitry of radionics devices is often obfuscated and irrelevant, leading proponents to conjecture dowsing and ESP as operating principles. Similar devices continue to be marketed under various names, though none is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; there is no scientific evidence for the efficacy or underlying premise of radionics devices. The radionics of Albert Abrams and his intellectual descendants should not be confused with similarly named reputable and legitimate companies, products, or medical treatments such as radiotherapy or radiofrequency ablation. Reiki is a form of alternative medicine called energy healing. Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a "universal energy" is said to be transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing. Reiki is a pseudoscience, and is used as


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-10.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Research concerning qigong has been conducted for a wide range of medical conditions, including hypertension, pain and cancer, and with respect to quality of life. Most research concerning health benefits of qigong has been of poor quality, such that it would be unwise to draw firm conclusions at this stage. Zang-fu – concept of organs as functional yin and yang entities for the storage and manipulation of qi. These organs are not based in anatomy. Tomatis Method A type of auditory integration training devised by Alfred A. Tomatis and promoted, without supporting evidence, as being of benefit to people with autism. Urine therapy – drinking either one's own undiluted urine or homeopathic potions of urine for treatment of a wide variety of diseases is based on pseudoscience. Promotion of a link between autism and vaccines, in which the vaccines are accused of causing autism-spectrum conditions, triggering them, or aggravating them, has been characterized as pseudoscience. Many epidemiological studies have reported no association between either the MMR vaccine and autism, or thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism. Consequently, the Institute of Medicine has concluded that there is no causal link between either of these varieties of vaccines and autism. Similarly, "vaccine overload", a


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-11.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
=== Technology === 5G conspiracies and 5G causes coronavirus theories – theory proposing that 5G causes health issues, including COVID-19. == Social sciences == === History === Christ myth theory – A fringe theory that proposes that the historical Jesus did not exist in any capacity whatsoever. While the divinity of Jesus is a matter of religious and philosophical rather than historical debate, Christian and non-Christian scholars of antiquity universally agree that Jesus of Nazareth was a Galilean Jew who lived in the first century, was baptized, and later crucified by Roman authorities. This is based on sources written by historians, scholars, and politicians who lived during the time of Christ. Holocaust denial – Historical revisionist movements associated with Holocaust denial have employed pseudoscientific evidence and conspiracy theories published in intradiegetic pseudo-academic journals and presented at fringe conferences (e.g. misconstruing cyanide residue studies, claiming despite all evidence to the contrary that gas chambers were built after the war). Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry – A fringe theory that postulates that Ashkenazi Jews were primarily, or to a large extent, descended from Khazars, a multi-ethnic conglomerate of mostly Turkic peoples who formed a semi-nomadic khanate in and around the northern and


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-12.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
=== Psychology === Attachment therapy – common name for a set of potentially fatal clinical interventions and parenting techniques aimed at controlling aggressive, disobedient, or unaffectionate children using "restraint and physical and psychological abuse to seek their desired results." (The term "attachment therapy" may sometimes be used loosely to refer to mainstream approaches based on attachment theory, usually outside the US where the pseudoscientific form of attachment therapy is less known.) Probably the most common form is holding therapy, in which the child is restrained by adults for the purpose of supposed cathartic release of suppressed rage and regression. Perhaps the most extreme, but much less common, is "rebirthing", in which the child is wrapped tightly in a blanket and then made to simulate emergence from a birth canal. This is done by encouraging the child to struggle and pushing and squeezing them to mimic contractions. Despite the practice's name, it is not based on traditional attachment theory and shares no principles of mainstream developmental psychology research. In 2006, it was the subject of an almost entirely critical Taskforce Report commissioned by the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC). Conversion therapy – sometimes called reparative therapy, seeks


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-13.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
The Center for Applications of Psychological Type claims that the MBTI is scientifically supported, but most of the research on it is done through its own journal, Journal of Psychological Type, raising questions of bias. Results are said to follow the Barnum effect. Neuro-linguistic programming – an approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created in the 1970s. The title refers to a stated connection between the neurological processes ("neuro"), language ("linguistic") and behavioral patterns that have been learned through experience ("programming") and can be organized to achieve specific goals in life. According to certain neuroscientists psychologists and linguists, NLP is unsupported by current scientific evidence, and uses incorrect and misleading terms and concepts. Reviews of empirical research on NLP indicate that NLP contains numerous factual errors, and has failed to produce reliable results for the claims for effectiveness made by NLP's originators and proponents. According to Devilly, NLP is no longer as prevalent as it was in the 1970s and 1980s. Criticisms go beyond the lack of empirical evidence for effectiveness; critics say that NLP exhibits pseudoscientific characteristics, title, concepts and terminology. NLP is used as an example of pseudoscience for facilitating the teaching of scientific literacy at the


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-14.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
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parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
=== Racial theories === Scientific racism – claim that scientific evidence shows the inferiority or superiority of certain races. Aryanism – the claim that there is a distinct "Aryan race" that is superior to other putative races was an important tenet of Nazism and "the basis of the German government policy of exterminating Jews, Gypsies, and other 'non-Aryans.'" Drapetomania was a conjectural mental illness that, in 1851, American physician Samuel A. Cartwright hypothesized as the cause of enslaved Africans fleeing captivity. It has since been debunked as pseudoscience and part of the edifice of scientific racism. Melanin theory – belief founded in the distortion of known physical properties of melanin, a natural polymer, that posits the inherent superiority of dark-skinned people and the essential inhumanity and inferiority of light-skinned people. Turkish History Thesis – the belief that Turks from Central Asia migrated and brought civilization to China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. Eugenics – As a movement, eugenics was associated with pseudoscience including pseudoscientific journals and professional societies. This is to be contrasted with the common and scientifically accepted practice of selective breeding. === Sociology === Alpha and beta male – pseudoscientific terms for men derived from alpha and


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-15.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
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parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Animal mutilations – cases of animals, primarily domestic livestock, with seemingly inexplicable wounds. These wounds have been said to be caused by extraterrestrials, cults, covert government organizations, or cryptids such as el chupacabra, when in fact most such cases were found to be caused by natural predation. An aura or human energy field is, according to New Age beliefs, a colored emanation said to enclose a human body or any animal or object. In some esoteric positions, the aura is described as a subtle body. Psychics and holistic medicine practitioners often claim to have the ability to see the size, color and type of vibration of an aura. In New Age alternative medicine, the human aura is seen as a hidden anatomy that affects the health of a client, and is often understood to be composed of centers of vital force called chakra. Such claims are not supported by scientific evidence and are pseudoscience. When tested under controlled experiments, the ability to see auras has not been shown to exist. Channeling – communication of information to or through a person allegedly from a spirit or other paranormal entity. Crop circles – geometric designs of crushed or knocked-over crops created in


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-16.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Affirmative prayer is a form of prayer or a metaphysical technique that is focused on a positive outcome, rather than a negative situation. For instance, a person who is experiencing some form of illness would focus the prayer on the desired state of perfect health and affirm this desired intention "as if already happened" rather than identifying the illness and then asking God for help to eliminate it. William James described affirmative prayer as an element of the American metaphysical healing movement that he called the "mind-cure"; he described it as the United States' "only decidedly original contribution to the systemic philosophy of life." What sets affirmative prayer apart from secular affirmations of the autosuggestion type taught by the 19th century self-help author Émile Coué (whose most famous affirmation was "Every day in every way, I am getting better and better") is that affirmative prayer addresses the practitioner to God, the Divine, the Creative Mind, emphasizing the seemingly practical aspects of religious belief. Christian Science is generally considered a Christian new religious movement; however, some have called it "pseudoscience" because its founder, Mary Baker Eddy, used "science" in its name, and because of its former stance against medical science. Also,


id: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience-17.md
category: reference
title: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:53.539791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-characterized-as-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientology === Dianetics, a therapeutic technique promoted by Scientology, purports to treat a hypothetical reactive mind. There is no scientific evidence for the existence of an actual reactive mind, apart from the stimulus response mechanisms documented in behaviorist psychology. Narconon and Purification Rundown are Scientology programs that purport to clean the human body of toxins and drugs respectively. Their method consists of very long saunas over many days, extremely large (possibly toxic) doses of vitamins including niacin, and Scientology 'training routines', sometimes including attempts at telekinesis. The programs have been described as "medically unsafe", "quackery" and "medical fraud", while academic and medical experts have dismissed Narconon's educational programme as containing "factual errors in basic concepts such as physical and mental effects, addiction and even spelling". In turn, Narconon has claimed that mainstream medicine is "biased" against it, and that "people who endorse so-called controlled drug use cannot be trusted to review a program advocating totally drug-free living." Narconon has said that criticism of its programmes is "bigoted", and that its critics are "in favor of drug abuse [...] they are either using drugs or selling drugs". === Other === Quantum mysticism – builds on a superficial similarity between certain


id: index-of-quality-engineering-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_quality_engineering_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of quality engineering articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_quality_engineering_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:54.808992+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-quality-engineering-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to quality engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of engineers. == A == American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) active listening affinity diagram Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) American Society for Quality (ASQ) Audit Appraisal == B == Bar chart Benchmarking == C == change management Code of Ethics Continuous quality improvement Cost of Poor Execution (COPE) Cost of quality (CoQ) Cost of poor quality (COPQ) Customer satisfaction research == D == Define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) == E == European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) == F == Five whys == G == Groupthink Gantt chart == H == House of Quality Human reliability assessment (HRA) == I == Incrementalism == J == Joseph M. Juran == K == Kaizen == L == Lean manufacturing == M == Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Monitoring and evaluation Muda (Japanese term) == N == National Council on Physical Distribution Management (NCPDM) Next operation as customer(NOAC) Nine windows Nominal group technique == O == Organizational culture Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) == P == Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) Poka-yoke Process


id: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-delft-university-of-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Delft_University_of_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: List of rectores magnifici of Delft University of Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Delft_University_of_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:56.071113+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-delft-university-of-technology-20260505-0
summary:
A rector of a Dutch university is called a rector magnificus. The following people have been rector magnificus of Delft University of Technology or its predecessor, Technische Hogeschool Delft: == References == Bruggemans, J.S. (1983). "Inventaris van de archieven van de Technische Hogeschool te Delft - Overzicht van de rectores magnifici tussen 1959 en 1972" (PDF). Nationaal Archief Den Haag: 8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Bruggemans, J.S. (1983). "Inventaris van de archieven van de Technische Hogeschool te Delft - Overzicht van de rectores magnifici tussen 1905 en 1959" (PDF). Nationaal Archief Den Haag: 162–163. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)


id: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-the-eindhoven-university-of-technology-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of rectores magnifici of the Eindhoven University of Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Eindhoven_University_of_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:57.288281+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-the-eindhoven-university-of-technology-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Eindhoven_University_of_Technology-0.md

summary:
A rector of a Dutch university is called a rector magnificus. The following people have been rector magnificus of the Eindhoven University of Technology or its predecessor, the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven (THE):


id: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-the-erasmus-university-rotterdam-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Erasmus_University_Rotterdam-0.md
category: reference
title: List of rectores magnifici of the Erasmus University Rotterdam
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Erasmus_University_Rotterdam
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:29:58.553889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-the-erasmus-university-rotterdam-20260505-0
summary:
A rector of a Dutch university is called a rector magnificus. The following people have been rector magnificus of the Erasmus University Rotterdam: == External links == Website Erasmus University Rotterdam


id: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-leiden-university-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Leiden_University-0.md
category: reference
title: List of rectores magnifici of Leiden University
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Leiden_University
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:03.133116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-leiden-university-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of chancellors (rectores magnifici) of Leiden University, as from 1575. Three Nobel laureates are among these chancellors: Hendrik Lorentz, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Willem Einthoven. == 16th century == === 1575–1600 === == 17th century == === 1601–1620 === === 1621–1640 === === 1641–1660 === === 1661–1680 === === 1681–1700 === == 18th century == === 1701–1720 === === 1721–1740 === === 1741–1760 === === 1761–1780 === === 1781–1800 === == 19th century == === 1801–1820 === === 1821–1840 === === 1841–1860 === === 1861–1880 === === 1881–1900 === == 20th century == === 1901–1920 === === 1921–1940 === === 1941–1960 === === 1961–2000 === == 21st century == == See also == List of Leiden University people == Literature == Harm Beukers [et al.].: Album Scholasticum academiae Lugduno-Batavae MCMLXXV-MCMLXXXIX. (1575–1989), Leids Universiteits-Fonds, Leiden, 1991 R.E.O. Ekkart: Athenae Batavae. De Leidse Universiteit / The University of Leiden 1575-1975. Universitaire Pers Leiden, 1975. ISBN 90-6021-222-3 Icones Leidenses. Leiden, Universitaire Pers, 1973. ISBN 9060211839 == References == == External links == Website Leiden University


id: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-maastricht-university-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Maastricht_University-0.md
category: reference
title: List of rectores magnifici of Maastricht University
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_Maastricht_University
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:04.487525+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-maastricht-university-20260505-0
summary:
A rector of a Dutch university is called a rector magnificus. The following people have been rector magnificus of the Maastricht University: == External links == Maastricht University


id: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-the-vrije-universiteit-amsterdam-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam-0.md
category: reference
title: List of rectores magnifici of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rectores_magnifici_of_the_Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:05.731748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-rectores-magnifici-of-the-vrije-universiteit-amsterdam-20260505-0
summary:
The rector of a Dutch university is called a rector magnificus. The following people have been rector magnificus of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam: == Publication == A.Th. van Deursen: The distinctive character of the Free University in Amsterdam, 1880-2005. A commemorative history. Grand Rapids, Michigan, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2008. ISBN 9780802862518 == References == Jaarboek Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1880-1990 (digital)


id: list-of-robotics-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_robotics_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of robotics journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_robotics_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:06.893485+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-robotics-journals-20260505-0
summary:
List of robotics journals includes notable academic and scientific journals that focus on research in the field of robotics and automation. == Journals == Acta Mechanica et Automatica Advanced Robotics Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters IEEE Transactions on Robotics IEEE Transactions on Field Robotics The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology International Journal of Humanoid Robotics International Journal of Robotics Research Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making Journal of Field Robotics Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems Paladyn Robotics and Autonomous Systems Robotics Science Robotics SLAS Technology == See also == List of computer science journals List of artificial intelligence journals List of engineering journals and magazines List of open-source artificial intelligence software for robotics Robotics Automation === Robotics conferences === International Conference on Robotics and Automation International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction Humanoids Summit Roboexotica Defcon Robot Contest == External links == IEEE Xplore Digital Library The International Journal of Robotics Research – Springer Science Robotics – AAAS


id: list-of-scientists-whose-names-are-used-as-units-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units-0.md
category: reference
title: List of scientists whose names are used as units
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:07.971790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-scientists-whose-names-are-used-as-units-20260505-0
summary:
Many scientists have been recognized with the assignment of their names as international units by the International Committee for Weights and Measures or as non-SI units. The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Système international d'unités) is the most widely used system of units of measurement. There are 7 base units and 22 derived units (excluding compound units). These units are used both in science and in commerce. Two of the base SI units and 17 of the derived units are named after scientists. 28 non-SI units are named after scientists. By this convention, their names are immortalised. As a rule, the SI units are written in lowercase letters, but symbols of units derived from the name of a person begin with a capital letter. == Scientists and SI units == (colour legend) == Scientists and non-SI units == == See also == List of chemical elements named after people List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants == References == == Bibliography == == External links == Physical dimensions of the units


id: list-of-science-podcasts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_podcasts-0.md
category: reference
title: List of science podcasts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_podcasts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:09.178506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-science-podcasts-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of science podcasts. == List == == See also == Science communication Science journalism Popular science Nature documentary == References ==


id: list-of-scientific-demonstrations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_demonstrations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of scientific demonstrations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_demonstrations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:10.420225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-scientific-demonstrations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of scientific demonstrations used in educational demonstrations and popular science lectures. == Physics == Balsa wood bridge — demonstrates compressive strength and tensile strength, teaches engineering thinking Egg drop competition — demonstrates compressive strength, teaches engineering thinking Hand boiler — demonstrates vapour-liquid equilibrium and simple heat engine principles Newton's cradle — demonstrates elastic collision, conservation of momentum, and conservation of energy Gauss gun Plate trick or Dirac belt trick — demonstrates spinors and the double cover of SO(3) by SU(2) Prince Rupert's Drop — demonstrates supercooling and tensile stress Self-siphoning beads — demonstrates momentum, energy and inertia Water rocket — demonstrates conservation of momentum, conservation of energy, the gas laws and basic rocketry Franklin bells — demonstrate electric charges Oxford Electric Bell — an experimental electric bell that was set up in 1840 and which has run nearly continuously ever since Wimshurst machine — an electrostatic generator Shooting a candle through a plank Foucault pendulum — demonstrates the rotation of Earth == Chemistry == Ammonia fountain — introduces concepts like solubility and the gas laws at entry level. Barking dog reaction — demonstrates rapid exothermic chemical reaction Blue bottle (chemical reaction) — demonstrates reduction and oxidation


id: scientific-instrument-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_instrument-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific instrument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_instrument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:11.513532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-instrument-20260505-0
summary:
A scientific instrument is a device or tool used for scientific purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research. == History == Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period. Before the mid-nineteenth century such tools were referred to as "natural philosophical" or "philosophical" apparatus and instruments, and older tools from antiquity to the Middle Ages (such as the astrolabe and pendulum clock) defy a more modern definition of "a tool developed to investigate nature qualitatively or quantitatively." Scientific instruments were made by instrument makers living near a center of learning or research, such as a university or research laboratory. Instrument makers designed, constructed, and refined instruments for purposes, but if demand was sufficient, an instrument would go into production as a commercial product. In a description of the use of the eudiometer by Jan Ingenhousz to show photosynthesis, a biographer observed, "The history of the use and evolution of this instrument helps to show that science is not just a theoretical endeavor but equally an activity grounded on an instrumental basis, which is a cocktail of instruments and techniques wrapped in a social setting within a community


id: list-of-scientific-laws-named-after-people-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_laws_named_after_people-0.md
category: reference
title: List of scientific laws named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_laws_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:12.801423+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-scientific-laws-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of scientific laws named after people (eponymous laws). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym. == See also == Eponym Fields of science List of eponymous laws (overlaps with this list but includes non-scientific laws such as Murphy's law) List of legislation named for a person List of laws in science Lists of etymologies Scientific constants named after people Scientific phenomena named after people Stigler's law of eponymy == Further reading == Ballentyne, D. W. G.; Lovett, D. R. (1980). A dictionary of named effects and laws in chemistry, physics, and mathematics (4th ed.). Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-22380-8.


id: outline-of-scientific-method-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_scientific_method-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of scientific method
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_scientific_method
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:14.026815+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-scientific-method-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the scientific method: Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, reproducible, measurable evidence, and subject to the laws of reasoning. == Nature of scientific method == Scientific method Science Philosophy of science Sociology of knowledge Process of science Knowledge == Elements of scientific method == Research Basic research === Observation === Observation Scientific method Causation Investigation Measurement (Outline of metrology and measurement) === Hypothesis === Hypothesis pro:Karl Popper Falsifiability con:Paul Feyerabend Statistical hypothesis testing === Experiment === Experiment Laboratory Laboratory techniques Design of experiments Scientific control Natural experiment Observational study Field experiment Self-experimentation Self-experimentation in medicine Placebo effect === Theory === Scientific theory ==== Prediction ==== Prediction Bayesian inference – subjective use of statistical reasoning Deductive reasoning Retrodiction === Evaluation by scientific community === Peer review Medical peer review == Scientific method concepts == === Empirical methods === Empirical methods Empiricism Robert Grosseteste Peter Parker Empirical validation Operationalization === Use of statistics === Uncomfortable science — Inference from a limited sample of data Exploratory data analysis


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym. == A == Abderhalden–Fauser reaction – Emil Abderhalden and August Fauser (1856–1938) Abney effect – William de Wiveleslie Abney Abrikosov lattice – Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Aharonov–Bohm effect – Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm Alfvén wave – Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Alhazen's problem – Alhazen Allais effect – Maurice Allais Allee effect – Warder Clyde Allee Amdahl's law, a.k.a. Amdahl's argument – Gene Amdahl Ampère's law – André-Marie Ampère Anderson–Higgs mechanism (a.k.a. Higgs mechanism) – Peter Higgs and Philip Warren Anderson Anderson–Darling test – Theodore Wilbur Anderson and Donald A. Darling Andreev reflection – Alexander F. Andreev Apgar score – Virginia Apgar Arago spot – Dominique François Jean Arago Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction – Aleksandr Erminingeldovich Arbuzov and August Karl Arnold Michaelis Archimedean spiral, Archimedes number – Archimedes Argand diagram – Jean Robert Argand Aristotle's lantern – Aristotle Armstrong limit or Armstrong's line – Harry George Armstrong Armstrong oscillator – Edwin Armstrong Arndt–Eistert synthesis – Fritz Arndt and Bernd Eistert Arndt–Schulz law/principle/rule – Rudolf Arndt and Hugo Paul Friedrich Schulz Arrhenius equation – Svante August Arrhenius Ashkin–Teller model (a.k.a. Potts model) –


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-1.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== B == Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer and Viggo Drewsen Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger Babinet's principle – Jacques Babinet Babler–Dauben oxidation – James Babler and William Garfield Dauben Bagnold number – Ralph Alger Bagnold Baily's beads – Francis Baily Baker–Nathan effect – John William Baker and Wilfred S. Nathan Bakerian mimicry – Herbert G. Baker Baldwin effect (astronomy) – Jack Allen Baldwin Baldwin effect (Baldwinian evolution, Ontogenic evolution) – James Mark Baldwin Baldwin's rules – Jack Edward Baldwin Balmer line, series – Johann Jakob Balmer Bamberger rearrangement – Eugen Bamberger Bamford–Stevens reaction – William Randall Bamford and Thomas Stevens Stevens Barkhausen effect – Heinrich Barkhausen Barnett effect – Samuel Jackson Barnett Barnum effect (a.k.a. Forer effect) – Phineas Taylor Barnum (and Bertram R. Forer) Barton reaction – Derek Harold Richard Barton Barton–McCombie deoxygenation – Derek Harold Richard Barton and Stuart W. McCombie Baskerville effect – the fictional Charles Baskerville of the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles Batesian mimicry – Henry Walter Bates Bauschinger effect – Johann Bauschinger Bayes's theorem – Thomas Bayes Baylis–Hillman reaction – Anthony B. Baylis and Melville E. D.


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-2.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== C == Cabannes–Daure effect – Jean Cabannes and Pierre Daure Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling, reaction – Paul Cadiot and Wladyslav Chodkiewicz Callendar effect – Guy Stewart Callendar Callippic cycle – Callippus of Cyzicus Calvin cycle (a.k.a. Calvin–Benson cycle) – Melvin Calvin (and Andy Benson) Cannizzaro reaction – Stanislao Cannizzaro Cardan angles (a.k.a. Tait–Bryan angles) – Gerolamo Cardano Carnot cycle, number – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot Carpenter effect (a.k.a. Ideomotor effect) – William Benjamin Carpenter Cartan–Kähler theorem – Élie Cartan, Erich Kähler Casimir effect – Hendrik Casimir Catalan's conjecture (a.k.a. Mihăilescu's theorem), Catalan numbers – Eugène Charles Catalan Cauchy number (a.k.a. Hooke number) – Augustin-Louis Cauchy Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Sofia Kovalevskaya Cauer filter – Wilhelm Cauer Chandler wobble – Seth Carlo Chandler Chandrasekhar limit, number – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Chang–Refsdal lens – Kyongae Chang and Sjur Refsdal Chaplygin gas – Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin Charles's law – Jacques Charles Chebyshev distance, equation, filter, linkage, polynomials – Pafnuty Chebyshev Chebyshev's inequality (a.k.a. Bienaymé–Chebyshev inequality) – Pafnuty Chebyshev (and Irénée-Jules Bienaymé) Cherenkov radiation (a.k.a. Cherenkov–Vavilov radiation) – Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (and Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov) Chichibabin reaction – Alexei Yevgenievich Chichibabin Christiansen effect – Christian Christiansen Christoffel symbol – Elwin Bruno Christoffel Christofilos effect –


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-3.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== E == Early effect – James M. Early Eddington limit – Arthur Eddington Edgeworth–Bowley box – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth and Arthur Lyon Bowley Edison effect – Thomas Edison Edman degradation – Pehr Victor Edman Edward–Lemieux effect (a.k.a. Anomeric effect) – John Thomas Edward and Raymond U. Lemieux Eglinton reaction – Geoffrey Eglinton Ehrenfest paradox – Paul Ehrenfest Eimer's organ – Gustav Heinrich Theodor Eimer Einstein Cross, effect, radius, ring, shift – Albert Einstein Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring – Albert Einstein and Orest Khvolson Einstein–de Haas effect – Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox (a.k.a. EPR paradox, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm paradox) – Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, Nathan Rosen (and David Bohm) Ekman layer – Walfrid Ekman Elbs reaction – Karl Elbs Elliott–Halberstam conjecture – Peter D. T. A. Elliott and Heini Halberstam Elman network – Jeff Elman Elsasser number – Walter M. Elsasser Engel curve – Ernst Engel Engelbart's law – Douglas Engelbart Epimenides paradox – Epimenides of Knossos Erlenmeyer flask, rule, synthesis – Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer Eschenmoser fragmentation – Albert Eschenmoser Eschweiler–Clarke reaction – Wilhelm Eschweiler and Hans Thacher Clarke Eshelby's inclusion – John D. Eshelby Étard reaction – Alexandre Léon Étard Ettingshausen effect –


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-4.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== G == Gabriel synthesis – Siegmund Gabriel Gardner transition – Elizabeth Gardner Garman limit – Elspeth Garman Gattermann reaction – Ludwig Gattermann Gattermann–Koch reaction – Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch Gaunt factor (or Kramers–Gaunt factor) – John Arthur Gaunt (and Hendrik Anthony Kramers) Gause's principle – Georgii Gause Gauss's law – Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss–Bonnet gravity, theorem – Carl Friedrich Gauss and Pierre Ossian Bonnet Geib–Spevack process (a.k.a. Girdler sulfide (GS) process) – Karl-Hermann Geib and Jerome S. Spevack (and the Girdler company, which built the first American plant using the process) Geiger counter (a.k.a. Geiger–Müller counter) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger (and Walther Müller) Geiger–Marsden experiment (a.k.a. Rutherford experiment) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Ernest Marsden Geiger–Müller tube – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Walther Müller Geiger–Nuttall law/rule – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall Geissler tube – Heinrich Geissler Gibbs entropy, free energy, paradox, Gibbs's phase rule, Gibbs phenomenon – Josiah Willard Gibbs Gibbs–Donnan effect (a.k.a. Donnan effect) – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Frederick G. Donnan Gibbs–Marangoni effect (a.k.a. Marangoni effect) – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Carlo Marangoni Gibbs–Helmholtz equation – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Hermann von Helmholtz Gibbs–Thomson effect – Josiah Willard


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-5.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== J == Jaccard index, similarity coefficient, distance – Paul Jaccard Jaffe profile (or model) – Walter Jaffe Jahn–Teller effect – Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller Jaro–Winkler distance – Matthew A. Jaro and William E. Winkler Jarque–Bera test – Carlos M. Jarque and Anil K. Bera Jeans's theorem – James Hopwood Jeans Johnson–Nyquist noise – John B. Johnson and Harry Nyquist Jordan's rule/law – David Starr Jordan Josephson constant, effect, junction – Brian David Josephson Joule's law (a.k.a. Joule–Lenz law) – James Prescott Joule and Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz Joule–Thomson effect (a.k.a. Joule–Kelvin effect) – James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin == K == K3 surface – Ernst Kummer, Erich Kähler, Kunihiko Kodaira Kähler differential, manifold, metric – Erich Kähler Kakutani's problem – see Collatz conjecture, above Kármán vortex street – Theodore von Kármán Karnaugh map (a.k.a. Karnaugh–Veitch map, Veitch diagram) – Maurice Karnaugh (and Edward W. Veitch) Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions (a.k.a. Kuhn–Tucker conditions) – William Karush, Harold W. Kuhn and Albert W. Tucker Kasha's rule – Michael Kasha Kater's pendulum – Captain Henry Kater Kaye effect – Alan Kaye Keeling Curve – Charles David Keeling Kelvin wave – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism, instability


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-6.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== M == Mach band/effect, number, principle – Ernst Mach Mach–Zehnder interferometer – Ludwig Mach and Ludwig Zehnder Madelung constant, rule, energy – Erwin Madelung Maggi–Righi–Leduc effect (Thermal Hall effect) – Gian Antonio Maggi, Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc Magnus effect – Heinrich Gustav Magnus Magorrian relation – John Magorrian Mahalanobis distance – Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (প্রশান্ত চন্দ্র মহলানবিস) Mahler measure, Mahler's theorem – Kurt Mahler Maillard reaction Malmquist bias, effect – Karl Gunnar Malmquist Malus's law – Étienne-Louis Malus Malthusian parameter – named by Ronald Fisher as a criticism of Thomas Robert Malthus Malthusian catastrophe, growth model – Thomas Robert Malthus Marangoni cell/convection (a.k.a. Bénard–Marangoni convection) – see Bénard–Marangoni cell/convection, above Marangoni effect (a.k.a. Gibbs–Marangoni effect) – see Gibbs–Marangoni effect, above Markov's inequality, chain, partition, Markovian process – Andrey Markov Mathieu functions – Émile Léonard Mathieu Matilda effect – Matilda Joslyn Gage Matthew effect – Matthew the Evangelist Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution – James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann McCollough effect – Celeste McCollough McCulloch–Pitts neuron – Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts McGurk effect (a.k.a. McGurk–MacDonald effect) – Harry McGurk (and John MacDonald) Mealy machine – George H. Mealy Meissner effect (a.k.a. Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) – Walther Meissner (and Robert Ochsenfeld)


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-7.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== R == Rabi oscillations – Isidor Isaac Rabi Rademacher distribution, function, series, sum – Hans Adolph Rademacher Rademacher–Menchov theorem – Hans Adolph Rademacher and Dmitrii Menshov Radon transform – Johann Karl August Radon Raman scattering – Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Ramsauer–Townsend effect (a.k.a. Ramsauer effect, Townsend effect) – Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend Ramsden circle/disc/eyepoint, eyepiece – Jesse Ramsden Ramsey theory – Frank Plumpton Ramsey Rapoport's rule – Eduardo H. Rapoport Raychaudhuri's equation – Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri (অমল কুমার রায়চৌধুরী) Raygor Estimate Graph – Alton L. Raygor Rayleigh criterion, distribution, fading, number, quotient, scattering, waves – Lord Rayleigh Rayleigh–Bénard cell/convection – Lord Rayleigh and Henri Bénard Rayleigh–Jeans law – Lord Rayleigh and James Jeans Rayleigh–Taylor instability – Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor Rees–Sciama effect – Martin Rees and Dennis Sciama Reidemeister moves – Kurt Reidemeister Résal effect – Louis-Jean Résal Rescorla–Wagner rule – Robert A. Rescorla and Allan R. Wagner Reynolds number, Reynolds analogy – Osborne Reynolds Ribot's law (of Retrograde Amnesia) – Théodule-Armand Ribot Ricardian equivalence (a.k.a. Barro–Ricardo equivalence, or Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence) – Robert Barro, David Ricardo, and Antonio de Viti de Marco Richards controller – Charles L. Richards Richardson's constant, equation, law – Owen Willans


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-8.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== S == Sabatier or Sabattier effect – Sabat[t]ier, first name unknown Sachs–Wolfe effect – Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – Herbert S. Saffir and Robert ("Bob") Simpson Sagnac effect – Georges Sagnac Saha ionization equation (a.k.a. Saha–Langmuir equation) – Megh Nad Saha (মেঘনাদ সাহা) (and Irving Langmuir) Salem number – Raphaël Salem Sapir–Whorf hypothesis – Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf Sasakian manifold, metric – Shigeo Sasaki Say's law – Jean-Baptiste Say Scheerer's phenomenon (Blue field entoptic phenomenon) – Richard Scheerer Schering Bridge – Harald Schering Schild plot, regression analysis – Heinz Otto Schild Schmidt law, Schmidt–Kennicutt law – see Kennicutt–Schmidt law, above Schottky effect – Walter H. Schottky Schröter effect – Johann Hieronymus Schröter Schülen–Wilson effect – see Wilson effect, below Schuler period, tuning – Maximilian Schuler Schultz's rule – Adolph Hans Schultz Schumann–Runge bands – Victor Schumann and Carle David Tolmé Runge Schwabe solar cycle – Samuel Heinrich Schwabe Schwarzschild effect, metric, radius – Karl Schwarzschild Scott effect – Elizabeth L. Scott Secchi (stellar) class, depth, disk – Pietro Angelo Secchi Seebeck effect – Thomas Johann Seebeck Seiberg–Witten gauge theory – Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten Seiberg–Witten invariant – Nathan Seiberg and


id: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people-9.md
category: reference
title: Scientific phenomena named after people
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:18.817718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-phenomena-named-after-people-20260505-0
summary:
== V == Vackář oscillator – Jirí Vackář Van Allen radiation belt – James Van Allen Van de Graaff generator – Dr. Robert Jemison Van de Graaff Van der Pol equation, oscillator – Balthasar van der Pol Van der Waals force – Johannes Diderik van der Waals Van Hove singularity – Léon Van Hove Vavilovian mimicry – Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Veblen effect – Thorstein Veblen Veitch diagram – see Karnaugh map, above Venturi effect – Giovanni Battista Venturi Venn diagram – John Venn Vieille's law (a.k.a. St. Robert's law, often misspelled as Vielle's law) – Paul Marie Eugène Vieille Vierordt's law – Karl von Vierordt Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation – Hans Vogel, Gordon Scott Fulcher, and Gustav Tammann Vogt–Russell theorem – Heinrich Vogt and Henry Norris Russell Voigt effect, notation, profile – Woldemar Voigt Voigt material – see Kelvin–Voigt material, above Von Klitzing constant – Klaus von Klitzing Von Neumann ordinal, von Neumann architecture – John von Neumann Von Restorff effect – Hedwig von Restorff Von Zeipel theorem – Edvard Hugo von Zeipel == W == Wadati–Benioff zone (a.k.a. Benioff zone) – Kiyoo Wadati and Hugo Benioff Wahlund effect – Sten Gösta William Wahlund Wallace's line – Alfred Russel Wallace Walras's law


id: list-of-scientific-priority-disputes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_priority_disputes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of scientific priority disputes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_priority_disputes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:20.078053+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-scientific-priority-disputes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of priority disputes in history of science and science-related fields (such as mathematics). == Astronomy == 1558 invention of the geoheliocentric system: Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus Raimarus Ursus 1609–1610 Galilean moons: Galileo, Simon Marius 1612 discovery of sunspots: Galileo Galilei, Christoph Scheiner 1846 prediction of Neptune: Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams 2004–2005 controversy over the discovery of Haumea: José Luis Ortiz Moreno, Michael E. Brown. == Biology and medicine == 1652 discovery of the lymphatic system: Olof Rudbeck, Thomas Bartholin c. 1660 teaching a deaf-mute person to speak: John Wallis, William Holder c. 1667 first human blood transfusion: Richard Lower, Henry Oldenburg, Jean-Baptiste Denys c. 1859 development of the theory of evolution: Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, Patrick Matthew 1877–1892 Bone Wars: Edward Drinker Cope, Othniel Charles Marsh. 1882–1889: Koch–Pasteur rivalry: Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch. 1899–1902 discovery of the life cycle of malarial parasite: Giovanni Battista Grassi, Ronald Ross 1953–1962 discovery of the DNA structure: Francis Crick, James D. Watson, Rosalind Franklin, Erwin Chargaff, Oswald Avery 1971–1973 discovery of opiate receptors: Candace Pert, Solomon H. Snyder1971–1975 invention of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield, Raymond Vahan Damadian, and others (see 2003 Nobel Prize in


id: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific research on the International Space Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:21.358987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-0
summary:
The International Space Station is a platform for scientific research that requires one or more of the unusual conditions present in low Earth orbit (for example microgravity, (cosmic) -radiation and extreme temperatures). The primary fields of research include human research, space medicine, life sciences, physical sciences, astronomy and meteorology. The 2005 NASA Authorization Act designated the American segment of the International Space Station as a national laboratory with the goal of increasing the use of the ISS by other federal agencies and the private sector. Research on the ISS improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body. Subjects currently under study include muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. The data will be used to determine whether space colonization and lengthy human spaceflight are feasible. As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise (such as the six-month journey time required to fly to Mars). Large scale medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS via the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound


id: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station-1.md
category: reference
title: Scientific research on the International Space Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:21.358987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-0
summary:
Ryutai Experiment Rack (Ryutai) Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF) Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF) Protein Crystallization Research Facility (PCRF) Image Processing Unit (IPU) Kobairo Rack : Gradient Heating Furnace (GHF) Saibo Experiment Rack (Saibo) Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) Clean Bench (CB) Lab Support Equipments and other smaller instruments The Minus Eighty Degree Celsius Laboratory Freezer for the International Space Station (MELFI) Biological Experiment Unit (BEU) High Definition TeleVision transmitting system (HDTV) Passive Dosimeter for Life Science Experiments in Space (PADLES) Human Research Facility Holter Monitor Payload Laptop Terminal (PLT) Microgravity Measurement Apparatus (MMA), Utility DC/DC Converter Unit (UDC) External scientific hardware: Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility === Poisk === Multipurpose workstation (MWS) === ISS small hardware === Actiwatch (Actiwatch) BioServe Culture Apparatus (BCA) Biological Research in Canisters for OptiCells (BRIC-Opti) Human Research Facility Continuous Blood Pressure Device (CBPD) Hand Grip Dynamometer Pinch Force Dynamometer (HGD-PFD) Human Research Facility Holter Monitor (Holter) Kennedy Space Center Fixation Tube (KFT) Portable Clinical Blood Analyzer - i-STAT (PCBA) Radiation Area Monitor (RAM) Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) Urine Monitoring System (UMS) Vegetable Production System (Veggie) === ISS sub-rack === Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS) Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF) ARCTIC Refrigerator-Freezer (ARCTIC)


id: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station-2.md
category: reference
title: Scientific research on the International Space Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:21.358987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-0
summary:
==== Cardiovascular and pulmonary systems ==== Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Control on Return from ISS (CCISS) Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction During and After Long Duration Spaceflight: Functional Consequences for Orthostatic Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for Cardiac Arrhythmias (Integrated_Cardiovascular) Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Long (Midodrine-Long) Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Short Duration Biological Investigation (Midodrine-SDBI) The Effects of EVA and Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity on Pulmonary Function (PuFF) Evaluation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Submaximal Estimates of VO2max Before, During, and After Long Duration International Space Station Missions (VO2max) Effect of Microgravity on the Peripheral Subcutaneous Veno-Arteriolar Reflex in Humans (Xenon1) ==== Crew healthcare systems ==== IntraVenous Fluid GENeration for Exploration Missions (IVGEN) Stability of Pharmacotherapeutic and Nutritional Compounds (Stability) ==== Human behaviour and performance ==== Bodies In the Space Environment was an experiment run from 2009 to 2010 studying how people perceive relative direction in space. Crewmember and Crew-Ground Interaction During International Space Station Missions (Interactions) Behavioral Issues Associated with Isolation and Confinement: Review and Analysis of ISS Crew Journals (Journals) Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Long (Sleep-Long) Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Short


id: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station-3.md
category: reference
title: Scientific research on the International Space Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:21.358987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-0
summary:
==== Plant biology ==== Advanced AstrocultureTM (ADVASC) Biomass Production System (BPS) Cambium (Cambium) Cell Wall/Reverse Genetic Approach to Exploring Genes Responsible for Cell Wall Dynamics in Supporting Tissues of Arabidopsis Under Microgravity Conditions and Resist Wall/Role of Microtubule-Membrane-Cell Wall Continuum in Gravity Resistance in Plants (CWRW) Gravity Related Genes in Arabidopsis - A (Genara-A) Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing (Gravi) Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing - 2 (Gravi-2) Validating Vegetable Production Unit (VPU) Plants, Protocols, Procedures and Requirements (P3R) Using Currently Existing Flight Resources (Lada-VPU-P3R) Molecular and Plant Physiological Analyses of the Microgravity Effects on Multigeneration Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana (Multigen) National Laboratory Pathfinder - Cells - 3: Jatropha Biofuels (NLP-Cells-3) The Optimization of Root Zone Substrates (ORZS) for Reduced Gravity Experiments Program (ORZS) Photosynthesis Experiment and System Testing and Operation (PESTO) Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (PGBA) Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System (TAGES) Analysis of a Novel Sensory Mechanism in Root Phototropism (Tropi) ==== Protein crystallization ==== Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Extraordinary Structural Features of Antibodies from Camelids (APCF-Camelids) Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Solution Flows and Molecular Disorder of Protein Crystals: Growth of High Quality Crystals, Motions of Lumazin Crystals and Growth of Ferritin Crystals (APCF-Crystal_Growth) Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility


id: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station-4.md
category: reference
title: Scientific research on the International Space Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:21.358987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-research-on-the-international-space-station-20260505-0
summary:
==== Spacecraft systems ==== Boiling eXperiment Facility - Microheater Array Boiling Experiment (BXF-MABE) Boiling eXperiment Facility - Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment (BXF-NPBX) Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test (DAFT) Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections (MAUI) Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus - Flame Extinguishment Experiment (MDCA-FLEX) Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment (SAME) Space Communications and Navigation Testbed (SCAN_Testbed) Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments (SEITE) Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust Experiments (SIMPLEX) Serial Network Flow Monitor (SNFM) ==== Spacecraft and orbital environments ==== Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment - 2 (ANDE-2) Ram Burn Observations (RAMBO) Space Test Program-H2-Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (STP-H2-ANDE) ==== Other experiments ==== DEBris In Orbit Evaluator - 2 (DEBIE-2) EuTEF Thermometer (EuTemp) Earth Viewing Camera (EVC) Activation and Test Downlink of HDTV System (JAXA-HDTV) Particle Flux Demonstrator (Particle_Flux) Tribology Laboratory (TriboLab) === Earth and space science === ==== Earth science ==== Agricultural Camera (AgCam) Crew Earth Observations (CEO) Crew Earth Observations - International Polar Year (CEO-IPY) ISS-RapidScat ==== Space science ==== Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02 (AMS-02) Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) ==== Other monitors and observatories from the field ==== DOSimetry TELescopes (DOSTEL) Flux (Phi) Probe EXperiment - Time resolved Measurement


id: solubility-table-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_table-0.md
category: reference
title: Solubility table
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_table
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:22.593439+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: solubility-table-20260505-0
summary:
The tables below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at one atmosphere pressure. Units of solubility are given in grams of substance per 100 millilitres of water (g/100 ml), unless shown otherwise. The substances are listed in Latin alphabetical order. == Tables == === A === === B === === C === === D and E === === F and G === === H === === I === === L === === M === === N and O === === P === === R === === S === === T === === U, V, and X === === Y === === Z === == References == Chemicalc v4.0 - software that includes data on solubility Learning, Food resources Kaye and Laby Online ChemBioFinder.com(registration required) == External links == Solubility Database - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry / National Institute of Standards and Technology CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics - Online resource that includes solubility data (requires subscription)


id: outline-of-space-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_space_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of space science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_space_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:23.697522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-space-science-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to space science: Space science – field that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodies occurring in outer space, such as space medicine and astrobiology. == Branches of space sciences == === Astronomy === See astronomical object for a list of specific types of entities which scientists study. See Earth's location in the universe for an orientation. Subfields of astronomy: Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background; and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are: Computational astrophysics – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models. Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of plasma in outer space. Space physics – study of plasmas as they occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (aeronomy) and within the Solar System. Solar physics – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of


id: list-of-topics-in-space-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space-0.md
category: reference
title: List of topics in space
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:24.931720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-topics-in-space-20260505-0
summary:
List of topics in space; topics as related to outer space. Accidents in space Animals in space Architecture in space Batteries in space Christmas in space Corrosion in space Death in space Dogs in space Dust in space Economy in space (Mining in space) Garbage in space Humans in space Hygiene in space Industry in space Interstellar and circumstellar molecules Locomotion in space Medicine in space Mice in space Microorganisms tested in outer space Monkeys and apes in space Music in space Nuclear power in space Neuroscience in space Plants in space Politics of outer space Religion in space Sex in space Solar power in space Solar power in space for Earth Telescopes in space Tourism in space War in space Weapons in space Weather in space Women in space Writing in space == See also == Outer space Spaceflight Space-based radar Space-based solar power Space and survival Space science Space station Space technology


id: index-of-structural-engineering-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_structural_engineering_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of structural engineering articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_structural_engineering_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:26.101834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-structural-engineering-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to structural engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of engineers. == A == A-frame – Aerodynamics – Aeroelasticity – Air-supported structure – Airframe – Aluminium – Analytical method – Angular frequency – Angular speed – Architecture – Architectural engineering – Arch – Arch bridge == B == Base isolation – Beam – Beam axle – Bending – Bifurcation theory – Biomechanics – Boat Building – Body-on-frame – Box girder bridge – Box truss – Bridge engineering – Buckling – Building – Building construction – Building engineering == C == Cable – Cable-stayed bridge – Cantilever – Cantilever bridge – Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer – Casing – Casting – Catastrophic failure – Center of mass – Chaos theory – Chassis – Chimneys – Coachwork – Coefficient of thermal expansion – Coil spring – Columns – Composite material – Composite structure – Compression – Compressive stress – Concrete – Concrete cover – Construction – Construction engineering – Construction management – Continuum mechanics – Corrosion – Crane – Creep – Crumple zone – Curvature == D == Dam – Damper – Damping ratio –


id: table-of-historic-and-prehistoric-climate-indicators-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_historic_and_prehistoric_climate_indicators-0.md
category: reference
title: Table of historic and prehistoric climate indicators
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_historic_and_prehistoric_climate_indicators
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:28.463102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: table-of-historic-and-prehistoric-climate-indicators-20260505-0
summary:
This table is a reference tool for rapidly locating Wikipedia articles on Historic and Prehistoric climate indicators of all types. To Add: Alkenone analysis TEX-86 analysis Nile river flood levels Trace mineral ratios in deltaic sediment Wildlife distribution Pollen analysis Historic storm-related sinkings Sea temperature and atmospheric pressure (ENSO) Scientific meteorological measurements (since 1800s) air temperature air pressure wind speed and direction Ocean currents and marine productivity Flooding and drought observations on land Volcanic activity Elevated charcoal in lake sediments Sand dune activation records Eolian (wind-borne) sediment deposition == See also == == References ==


id: list-of-taxa-named-after-human-genitals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taxa_named_after_human_genitals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of taxa named after human genitals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taxa_named_after_human_genitals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:29.595130+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-taxa-named-after-human-genitals-20260505-0
summary:
This a list of species, genera, and other biological taxa named after human genitals. == Epithets == pubescens. The word originates from the Latin pubes, 'adult, full-grown'; "genital area, groin" (e.g., Pubis); 'the down or soft hair which begins to grow on young persons when they come to the age of puberty'. The use of the term in biology to refer to hairiness or soft down is recorded since 1760 for plants and since 1826 for insects. vaginalis. The common specific name is derived from the Latin vagina, originally meaning 'sheath, scabbard, covering; sheath of an ear of grain, hull, husk'. The specific epithet may refer to a sheathed trait or habit of an organism (e.g. Alysicarpus vaginalis), or may refer to resemblance/relation to the vagina (e.g. Gardnerella vaginalis) == Plants == === Families === Orchidaceae. The type genus is Orchis, whose name comes from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis), literally meaning 'testicle', because of the shape of the twin tubers in some species of Orchis. === Subtribes === Clitoriinae === Genera === Amorphophallus Clitoria Clitoriopsis Orchis === Species === Alysicarpus vaginalis Baumea vaginalis Chenopodium vulvaria Festuca vaginalis Pontederia vaginalis === Varieties === Capsicum annum var. annum 'penis pepper' ==


id: list-of-tests-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tests-0.md
category: reference
title: List of tests
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tests
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:30.891991+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tests-20260505-0
summary:
The following is an alphabetized and categorized list of notable tests. == Clinical psychology tests == == Cognitive development tests == == Intelligence tests == Cattell Culture Fair Kohs block Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II Leiter International Performance Scale Miller Analogies Test Otis–Lennon School Ability Test Raven's Progressive Matrices Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test Turing test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Wonderlic Test Iq test Trust metric == Medical tests == == Self tests == == Statistical tests == Ames test Chi-squared test Draize test Dixon's Q test F-test Fisher's exact test GRIM test Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Kuiper's test Likelihood-ratio test Median test Mann–Whitney U test Pearson's chi-squared test Rank product test Shapiro–Wilk test Statistical hypothesis testing Student's t-test Tukey's range test Tukey's test of additivity Welch's t test == Personality tests == == Pure-mathematical tests == == Skills assessment tests == Student assessment test Scantron test Bourdon–Wiersma test Graduate Management Admission Test Graduate Record Examination (GRE) GRE Physics Test HESI exam Japanese-Language Proficiency Test Medical College Admission Test SAT college entrance test Screen test == Language tests == IELTS (International English Language Testing


id: list-of-unexplained-sounds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unexplained_sounds-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unexplained sounds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unexplained_sounds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:35.515246+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unexplained-sounds-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of sounds which are currently, or were previously, unidentified. All of the NOAA sound files in this article have been sped up by at least a factor of 16 to increase intelligibility by condensing them and raising the frequency from infrasound to a more audible and reproducible range. == Currently unidentified sounds == === The Hum === The Hum is a persistent and invasive low-frequency humming, rumbling, or droning noise audible to many but not all people. Different causes have been attributed, including local mechanical sources, often from industrial plants, as well as manifestations of tinnitus or other biological auditory effects. === Longfellow Boom === The Longfellow Boom is a loud and unexplained phenomenon reported in the Longfellow community of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The booms reportedly generally take place on summer nights, and have been described by residents as "house-shakingly loud" and at lower tone, distinct from a car crash or gunshot. === Skyquakes === Skyquakes or mistpouffers are a sound phenomenon generally occurring near large bodies of water, described as comparable to distant cannon fire or thunder. The sound has been reported around the world, with several cases documented in the 19th century.


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-neuroscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in neuroscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:36.758220+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-neuroscience-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of notable unsolved problems in neuroscience. A problem is considered unsolved if no answer is known or if there is significant disagreement among experts about a proposed solution. == Consciousness == Consciousness: How can consciousness be defined? What is the neural basis of subjective experience, cognition, wakefulness, alertness, arousal, and attention? Binding problem: How exactly is it that objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience? What is the neural basis of self? Quantum mind: Do quantum mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition, play an important part in the brain's function and can it explain critical aspects of consciousness? Is there a "hard problem of consciousness"? If so, how is it solved? Vertiginous question: Why is it that a specific subject of experience is "live" from a given perspective? What, if anything, is the function of consciousness? Problem of mental causation: How exactly do mental states cause intentional actions to happen? What is the nature and mechanism behind near-death experiences? How can death be defined? Can consciousness exist after death? If consciousness is generated by brain activity, then how do some patients with physically deteriorated brains suddenly gain a


id: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-0.md
category: reference
title: List of vineyard soil types
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:37.926102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-0
summary:
The soil composition of vineyards is one of the most important viticultural considerations when planting grape vines. The soil supports the root structure of the vine and influences the drainage levels and amount of minerals and nutrients that the vine is exposed to. The ideal soil condition for a vine is a layer of thin topsoil and subsoil that sufficiently retains water but also has good drainage so that the roots do not become overly saturated. The ability of the soil to retain heat and/or reflect it back up to the vine is also an important consideration that affects the ripening of the grapes. There are several minerals that are vital to the health of vines that all good vineyard soils have. These include calcium which helps to neutralize the soil pH levels, iron which is essential for photosynthesis, magnesium which is an important component of chlorophyll, nitrogen which is assimilated in the form of nitrates, phosphates which encourages root development, and potassium which improves the vine metabolisms and increases its health for next year's crop. == List of soil terms == Unless otherwise noted the primary reference for this list is Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 2005 === A–C === Albariza


id: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-1.md
category: reference
title: List of vineyard soil types
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:37.926102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-0
summary:
=== I–Q === Keuper – Soil type consisting of marl and limestone common in Alsace, dating to the Upper Triassic period. Kimmeridgian soil – A gray-colored limestone-based soil originally identified in Kimmeridge, England. Kimmeridgian clay is calcareous clay containing Kimmeridgian limestone. This is the principal soil type of the Loire Valley, Champagne and Burgundy regions. Lignite – Soil type used as fertilizer in Germany and Champagne. It is a brown-colored carbonaceous soil that is intermediate between peat and coal. Limestone – Sediment-based soil consisting of carbonates. The most common colored limestone found in wine-producing area is buff-gray in color (with the exception of white chalk). The water-retention abilities vary by composition, but limestone is consistently alkaline and is generally planted with grapes of high acidity levels. This is the main soil type in the Zinnkoepflé region of Alsace. Llicorella – A soil type found in the Priorat appellation of Spain. The soil is a mix of slate and quartz that dates to the Paleozoic era. The soil is very porous and drains well. Syrah, Grenache and Carignan have done well in this soil type. Loam – Warm, soft, fertile soil composed of roughly equal amounts of silt, sand and clay.


id: list-of-visual-mnemonics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_visual_mnemonics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of visual mnemonics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_visual_mnemonics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:39.128414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-visual-mnemonics-20260505-0
summary:
Visual mnemonics are a type of mnemonic that work by associating an image with characters or objects whose name sounds like the item that has to be memorized. == Examples == === Digits === Digits can be memorized by their shapes, so that: 0 -looks like an egg, or a ball; 1 -a pencil, or a candle; 2 -a duck, or a swan; 3 -an ear; a pair of pouted lips. 4 -a sail, a yacht; 5 -a key; 6 -a comet; 7 -a knee; 8 -a snowman, or a pair of glasses; 9 -an apostrophe, or comma. === Biochemistry === Biochemical cycles (i.e., the urea cycle or the citric acid cycle) and their metabolites can be represented by means of hands and fingers (visual imagery mnemonics) which are associated to tales (narrative mnemonics). A hand, depending on its characteristics (e.g. having or not having a fingernail or a nail lunula), represents a biochemical structure and its associated chemical term. A visual mnemonic for the drug hydralazine could be represented as "lazy hydra" that is lying on a beach holding a sign "NO more work". "NO" in the above case symbolizes Nitric oxide, which is related to the drug's mechanism


id: list-of-visual-mnemonics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_visual_mnemonics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of visual mnemonics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_visual_mnemonics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:39.128414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-visual-mnemonics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Other languages ==== A Lithuanian mnemonic is that the waxing moon at its first (lith:priešpilnis) quarter phase looks like a 'p', and the waning moon at its last (lith:delčia) quarter looks like a 'd'. A French mnemonic is that the waxing moon at its first (fr:premier) quarter phase looks like a 'p', and the waning moon at its last (fr:dernier) quarter looks like a 'd'. A more childlike mnemonic explains that the moon is a liar: the waxing moon looks like an upper-case D, which would correspond to the French verb décroître (meaning: to shrink) but since she (the moon) is une menteuse (a liar) she is in fact doing the opposite: growing. The waning moon looks like a(n upper-case) C, corresponding to the word croître (meaning: to grow), but will be a lie and therefore mean that the moon is 'shrinking'. In Germany, the curve of the moon was traditionally compared to the beginning stroke of the handwritten small letters a (Abnehmen = waning) and z (Zunehmen = waxing), but since this really makes sense only when thinking of the obsolete German handwriting it is rapidly falling into disuse. A more modern German version compares the moon to


id: list-of-volunteer-computing-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volunteer_computing_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of volunteer computing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volunteer_computing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:40.320802+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-volunteer-computing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
Volunteer computing projects are a type of distributed computing where volunteers donate computing time to specific causes. The donated computing power comes from idle CPUs and GPUs in personal computers, video game consoles, and Android devices. Each project seeks to utilize the computing power of many internet connected devices to solve problems and perform large scale computational research in a cost-effective manner. == Active projects == == Completed projects == == See also == == References ==


id: the-10-000-year-explosion-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10,000_Year_Explosion-0.md
category: reference
title: The 10,000 Year Explosion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10,000_Year_Explosion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:41.895451+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-10-000-year-explosion-20260505-0
summary:
The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution is a 2009 book by anthropologists Gregory Cochran and Henry Harpending. Starting with their own take on the conventional wisdom that the evolutionary process stopped when modern humans appeared, the authors explain the genetic basis of their view that human evolution is accelerating, illustrating it with some examples. Some reviewers considered that the book raised valuable questions but relied on discredited views. Others criticized it for oversimplifying history and reifying the concept of race. == Opinions in book == Cochran and Harpending put forward the idea that the development of agriculture has caused an enormous increase in the rate of human evolution, including numerous evolutionary adaptations to the different challenges and lifestyles that resulted. Moreover, they argue that these adaptations have varied across different human populations, depending on factors such as when the various groups developed agriculture, and the extent to which they mixed genetically with other population groups. Such changes, they argue, include not just well-known physical and biological adaptations such as skin colour, disease resistance, and lactose tolerance, but also personality and cognitive adaptations that are starting to emerge from genetic research. These may include tendencies towards (for example)


id: the-10-000-year-explosion-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10,000_Year_Explosion-1.md
category: reference
title: The 10,000 Year Explosion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10,000_Year_Explosion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:41.895451+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-10-000-year-explosion-20260505-0
summary:
=== Neanderthals === Wolpoff writes that Cochran and Harpending continue to refute conventional wisdom in their discussion of the Neanderthals. For natural selection to have a chance, they argue, there need to be favourable mutations, or favourable combinations of existing alleles such as genes for blue eyes or pale skin. Cochran and Harpending concentrate on the Neolithic farming revolution as the beginning of major population expansions that provided enough mutations to accelerate genetic change. Infectious diseases were another consequence of the early urban populations and soon became a new source of selection pressures. The origins of many recently adapted genes have now been traced to this period, creating effects such as regional differences in skin colour and skeletal gracility. Adaptations may have sacrificed muscle strength for higher intelligence and less aggressive human behaviours. By 5000 years ago, the authors estimate that adaptive alleles were coming into existence at a rate about 100 times faster than during the Pleistocene. This is the ‘‘explosion’’ of the book’s title. Research cited by Cochran and Harpending provides evidence of genetic mixing between modern humans and an ancient Homo lineage such as the Neanderthals. According to Cochran and Harpending, it supports the idea that modern


id: the-10-000-year-explosion-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10,000_Year_Explosion-2.md
category: reference
title: The 10,000 Year Explosion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10,000_Year_Explosion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:41.895451+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-10-000-year-explosion-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ashkenazi Jews === The second major argument, which takes up the final chapter, sets out to explain why Ashkenazi Jews have a mean IQ so much higher than that of the population in general, as well as a higher rate of some genetic disorders such as Tay-Sachs disease. This argument had been published previously in an earlier paper. This hypothesis proposes that from A.D. 800 until around 1700, Askhenazi Jews were restricted to professions that required high intelligence, and that this produced a selective pressure in favor of intelligence. When faced with a sudden threat, evolution may favor any change that offers protection, and Cochran and Harpending propose that selection for genes promoting high intelligence thus had the side effect of also selecting for these genetic disorders. The hypothesis has drawn a mixed reaction from scientists, with some arguing the hypothesis is highly implausible, and others regarding it as worth considering. According to cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker, this theory "meets the standards of a good scientific theory, though it is tentative and could turn out to be mistaken." According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, these claims were based on the work of discredited psychologist and antisemitic conspiracy theorist


id: about-time-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: About Time (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:43.096308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: about-time-book-20260505-0
summary:
About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution (ISBN 978-0-684-81822-1), published in 1995, is the second book written by Paul Davies, regarding the subject of time. His first book on time was his The Physics of Time Asymmetry (1977)(ISBN 0-520-02825-2). The intended audience is the general public, rather than science academics. About Time explores selected mysteries of spacetime, following on from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which Davies believes does not fully explain time as humans experience it. The author explains Important though Einstein's time turned out to be, it still did not solve "the riddle of time". The book delves into the nature of metaphysics, time, motion and gravity, covering a wide range of aspects surrounding the current cosmological debate, across 283 pages in great detail. It includes an index, a bibliography, and numerous diagrams. == See also == Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime Sense of time The Mind of God How to Build a Time Machine, 2002 fiction book by the same author == References ==


id: african-genesis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Genesis-0.md
category: reference
title: African Genesis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Genesis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:44.266534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-genesis-20260505-0
summary:
African Genesis: A Personal Investigation into the Animal Origins and Nature of Man is a 1961 nonfiction work by the American writer Robert Ardrey. It expounded on the killer ape theory, positing the hypothesis that man evolved on the African continent from carnivorous, predatory ancestors who distinguished themselves from apes by the use of weapons. The work bears on questions of human origins, human nature, and human uniqueness. Although some of his ideas were refuted by later science, it was widely read and continues to inspire significant controversy. African Genesis is the first in Robert Ardrey's Nature of Man Series. It is followed by The Territorial Imperative (1966), The Social Contract (1970), and The Hunting Hypothesis (1976). It was illustrated by Ardrey's wife, the South African actress and illustrator Berdine Ardrey (née Grunewald). == Background == Robert Ardrey, at the time a working playwright and screenwriter, travelled in 1955 to Africa, partly at the behest of Richard Foster Flint, to investigate claims made by Raymond Dart about a specimen of Australopithecus africanus. He met Dart in March 1955. Dart, in his laboratory at Witwatersrand University Medical School, had assembled evidence for a controversial thesis. Among the collection were fossil baboon


id: african-genesis-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Genesis-1.md
category: reference
title: African Genesis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Genesis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:44.266534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-genesis-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy == African Genesis met with massive popular success and widespread recognition. It became an international bestseller and was translated into dozens of languages. In 1962 it was a finalist for the National Book Award in nonfiction. In 1969 Time magazine named African Genesis the most notable nonfiction book of the 1960s. The book has continued to bear on the popular imagination of human nature. The theories of Dart and Ardrey flew in the face of prevailing theories of human origins. At the time of the publication of African Genesis it was generally agreed that human beings evolved from Asian ancestors. Furthermore, it was taken for granted that these ancestors were herbivorous. The idea of an African Genesis of humanity was met with fervent resistance in the scientific community. On a grander scale, Ardrey challenged the reigning methodological assumption of the social sciences, that human behavior was fundamentally distinct from animal behavior. As he put it in his next book, The Territorial Imperative, "The dog barking at you from behind his master's fence acts for a motive indistinguishable from that of his master when the fence was built." Following the publication of African Genesis Ardrey's theories became mired in


id: the-age-of-wonder-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Wonder-0.md
category: reference
title: The Age of Wonder
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Wonder
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:45.472865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-age-of-wonder-20260505-0
summary:
The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science is a 2008 popular biography book about the history of science written by Richard Holmes. In it, the author describes the scientific discoveries of the polymaths of the late eighteenth century and how this period formed the basis for modern scientific discoveries. Holmes, a literary biographer, also looks at the influence of science on the arts in the Romantic era. The book won the 2009 Royal Society Prize for Science Books, the 2009 National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction, and the 2010 National Academies Communication Award. == Overview == Holmes focuses particularly on the lives and works of Sir Joseph Banks, the astronomers William and Caroline Herschel, and chemist Humphry Davy. Other profiles include African explorer Mungo Park. There is a chapter on the early history of ballooning including pioneers Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, Vincent Lunardi, Jean-Pierre Blanchard and James Sadler. He also describes the relationships between the scientists of that time, and the early days of the Royal Society. A recurring theme of the book is the relation between science and poetry in the Romantic era. John Keats, in “On First Looking


id: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: Aid on the Edge of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:46.725909+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
Aid on the Edge of Chaos is a 2013 book on applying science and innovation to international development, published by Oxford University Press and written by global development and humanitarian expert Ben Ramalingam. == Synopsis == The book focuses on the need to improve foreign aid and the value of complex systems science and research for how global international aid efforts should be designed, implemented and evaluated. == Critical reception and influence == Described in a leading development journal as 'one of the most lauded contributions to recent mainstream development thinking', Aid on the Edge of Chaos has been endorsed by many top scientists and international leaders, including four Nobel Laureates in Medicine, Economics and Chemistry and the heads of Red Cross and United Nations as well as many NGO leaders. It has been positively reviewed by various press outlets, including The Economist, the Financial Times, The Guardian, New Scientist, Nature, Lancet, Harvard Business Review and the British Medical Journal. It was also the focus of an interview feature with the author in Huffington Post. Aid on the Edge of Chaos was the subject of a public lecture by Ben Ramalingam at the Royal Society of Arts, London, in December


id: altered-traits-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_Traits-0.md
category: reference
title: Altered Traits
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_Traits
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:51.344084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: altered-traits-20260505-0
summary:
Altered Traits: Science Reveals How Meditation Changes Your Mind, Brain, and Body, published in Great Britain as 'The Science of Meditation: How to Change Your Brain, Mind and Body', is a 2017 book by science journalist Daniel Goleman and neuroscientist Richard Davidson. The book discusses research on meditation. For the book, the authors conducted a literature review of over 6,000 scientific studies on meditation, and selected the 60 that they believed met the highest methodological standards. == Summary == The authors write that meditation can be practised at two levels: the "deep path" of intensive meditative discipline aiming for total self-transformation, and the "wide path" of less intensive practice that can reach a larger number of people. The book discusses both these levels, with findings on the highest-level meditators toward the end of the book. After attending meditation retreats in Asia and while graduate students together at Harvard in the 1970s, Goleman and Davidson formulated the hypothesis that "the after is the before for the next during"—meaning the changes that endure after the end of a meditation session contribute to a more equanimous starting point for the next meditation session. Such lasting psychological changes, or altered traits, are the focus


id: the-ambidextrous-universe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambidextrous_Universe-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ambidextrous Universe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambidextrous_Universe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:52.526958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ambidextrous-universe-20260505-0
summary:
The Ambidextrous Universe is a popular science book by Martin Gardner, covering aspects of symmetry and asymmetry in human culture, science and the wider universe. It culminates in a discussion of whether nature's conservation of parity (the symmetry of mirrored quantum systems) is ever violated, which had been proven experimentally in 1956. The book was originally published in 1964 with the subtitle Left, Right, and the Fall of Parity, with a revised version following in 1969. A second edition was released in 1979 with the new subtitle Mirror Asymmetry and Time-Reversed Worlds. The third edition was released in 1990 under the title The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry from Mirror Reflections to Superstrings; this was re-released with minor revisions in 2005. == Content == The book begins with the subject of mirror reflection, and from there passes through symmetry in geometry, poetry, art, music, galaxies, stars, planets and living organisms. It then moves down into the molecular scale and looks at how symmetry and asymmetry have evolved from the beginning of life on Earth. There is a chapter on carbon and its versatility and on chirality in biochemistry. The last several chapters deal with a conundrum called the Ozma


id: the-ancient-engineers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancient_Engineers-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ancient Engineers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancient_Engineers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:53.727470+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ancient-engineers-20260505-0
summary:
The Ancient Engineers is a 1963 science book by L. Sprague de Camp, one of his most popular works. It was first published by Doubleday and has been reprinted numerous times by other publishers. Translations into German and Polish have also been published. Portions of the work had previously appeared as articles in the magazines Fate, Isis and Science Digest. == Contents == The work is an examination of engineering through the ages from 3000 BC to 1519 AD, from the monumental works of the Egyptians through the speculative inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. The technological legacies of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, the medieval Arabs and Europeans, and Renaissance Europe, are all covered in separate sections, focusing particularly on architectural, military and civil engineering. == Review == The following review is often quoted in reference to this book: Mr. de Camp has the trick of being able to show technology engaging in feats as full of derring-do as those of Hannibal's army. History as it should be told. —Isaac Asimov, The New York Times Book Review, 15 May 1963 == See also == Lest Darkness Fall == Notes == == External links == The Ancient Engineers title listing at


id: antarctic-conquest-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Conquest-0.md
category: reference
title: Antarctic Conquest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Conquest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:54.903577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antarctic-conquest-20260505-0
summary:
Antarctic Conquest: the Story of the Ronne Expedition 1946-1948 is a 1949 science book by Norwegian-American Antarctic explorer Finn Ronne and science fiction writer L. Sprague de Camp, published in hardcover by G. P. Putnam's Sons. The role of de Camp, who was commissioned as a ghost writer to recast Ronne's manuscript into publishable form, is uncredited. Ronne's working title was reportedly "Conquering the Antarctic". == Summary == The book relates the story of the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, which researched the area surrounding the head of the Weddell Sea in Antarctica from 1947–1948. == Relationship to other works == De Camp's work with Ronne is reflected in two of his contemporary Viagens Interplanetarias science fiction stories set on the fictional planet Krishna. One, the short story "Calories," adopts an Antarctic setting not utilized in any of the series's other stories; in the other, the novel The Hand of Zei, the protagonist adopts the alias of an inhabitant of the planet's Antarctic and is, like de Camp, employed as a ghostwriter for his explorer boss. == Notes == == External links == Book review in the Geographical Review, v. 40, no. 1 (Jan. 1950), pp. 154-155


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:56.071084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering. These books are important primary references for the study of the history of science and technology, they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry (History of science, History of mathematics, etc.) The landmark are significant first (or early) editions typically worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.). Reprints of these books are often available, for example from Great Books of the Western World, Dover Publications or Google Books. Incunabula are extremely rare and valuable, but as the Scientific Revolution is only taken to have started around the 1540s, such works of Renaissance literature (including alchemy, Renaissance magic, etc.) are not usually included under the notion of "scientific" literature. Printed originals of the beginning Scientific Revolution thus date to the 1540s or later, notably beginning with the original publication of Copernican heliocentrism. Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium of 1543 sold for more than US$2 million at auctions. == List of notable books == === 16th century === Tartaglia, Niccolò. Nova Scientia (A New Science). Venice, 1537. Ballistics.


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-1.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:56.071084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
=== 19th century === Gauss, Carl Friedrich (Germany). Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Leipzig, 1801. Number theory Young, Thomas (England). Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics, 1803. Light Argand, Jean-Robert (Switzerland). Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques, 1806. Imaginary numbers. Dalton, John (England). A New System of Chemical Philosophy. London, 1808. Atomic theory Berzelius, Jöns Jacob (Sweden). Läroboken i kemien, 1808. Chemistry Cayley, George (England). On Aerial Navigation. Brompton, 3 Vol, 1809. Aeronautics. Ørsted, Hans Christian (Denmark). Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam. Copenhagen, 1820. Electromagnetism. Fourier, Joseph (France). Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur. Paris, 1822. Fourier series. Fresnel, Augustin-Jean (France). Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D'Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L'Académie Des Sciences. Paris, 1822. Wave optics Babbage, Charles (England). Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables. London, 1823. Computing Lobachevsky, Nikolai (Russia). Geometriya. 1823. Non-Euclidean geometry Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (France). Le calcul infinitesimal. Paris, 1823. Mathematical analysis Carnot, Sadi (France). Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres à déveloper cette puissance. Paris, 1824. Thermodynamics Ampère, André-Marie (France). Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques, 1827. Electromagnetism Laplace, Pierre-Simon


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-2.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:56.071084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
=== 20th century (pre-Cold War) === Planck, Max (Germany). Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum. Leipzig, 1900. Quantum mechanics Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (Russia). The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices. Kaluga, 1903. Rockets Rutherford, Ernest (New Zealand). Radio-activity. Cambridge, 1904. Nuclear physics Lorentz, Hendrik (Netherlands). Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light. Amsterdam, 1904. Special relativity Einstein, Albert (Germany). Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") Leipzig, 1905. Special relativity Einstein, Albert (Germany). Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? Leipzig, 1905. Physics Richardson, Lewis (England). The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam. London, 1910. Computational mechanics Boas, Franz (Germany/America). The Mind of Primitive Man. New York, 1911. Anthropology Bohr, Niels (Denmark). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. London, 1913. Quantum mechanics Einstein, Albert (Germany). Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity). Leipzig, 1916. Physics. Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America). A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Washington, D.C, 1919. Rockets de Broglie, Louis (France). Recherches sur la théorie des quanta


id: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ape-Man Within
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:57.267805+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
summary:
The Ape-Man Within is a 1995 science book by L. Sprague de Camp, published in hardcover by Prometheus Books. == Summary == The book undertakes to demonstrate how humankind's self-inflicted problems are rooted in its evolutionary past, with primitive survival traits appropriate to ancestral primates who were organized in small, foraging bands still manifesting in modern societies as competitive, adversarial behavior. == Contents == 1. Darwinian Man 2. Our Handy Kin 3. The Noble Savage 4. The Breeds of Man 5. The Phantom Aryans 6. Race and Power 7. Goat Island 8. What Makes Us Tick? 9. "And Hate Alone Is True" 10. Conclusions Notes Bibliography == Reception == De Camp's approach to his subject has been criticized for oversimplification and inaccuracy in matters of detail. == Notes == == External links == "The Ape-Man Within by L. Sprague de Camp – Book Review" - a positive book review by Tudor Vieru "Darwinism made too simple" - a negative book review by Jeffrey McKee


id: apollo-s-arrow-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo's_Arrow-0.md
category: reference
title: Apollo's Arrow
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo's_Arrow
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:58.532054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: apollo-s-arrow-20260505-0
summary:
Apollo’s Arrow: The Science of Prediction and the Future of Everything is a non-fiction book about prediction written by Canadian author and mathematician David Orrell. The book was initially published in Canada by HarperCollins in 2007, and was a national bestseller. It was published in the United States as The Future of Everything: The Science of Prediction, and translated versions were also published in Japan, South Korea and China. The book was taught as part of a university course in “Forecasting via Mathematical Modeling” at Gustavus Adolphus College in 2009. == Summary == In this book, Orrell explains the science of prediction to a general audience. The book begins with a general history of prediction from the Delphic oracle to the present day. The next part considers three different areas of prediction in detail: weather, health and economics. It argues that these are all examples of complex systems that cannot be reduced to equations. As mathematical models become more refined, the number of unknown parameters tends to explode. At the same time, networks of interlocking feedback loops make the models unstable. According to Orrell, the resulting model error (rather than e.g. the butterfly effect) is the main reason why forecasts


id: bad-pharma-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-0.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:59.709251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients is a book by the British physician and academic Ben Goldacre about the pharmaceutical industry, its relationship with the medical profession, and the extent to which it controls academic research into its own products. It was published in the UK in September 2012 by the Fourth Estate imprint of HarperCollins, and in the United States in February 2013 by Faber and Faber. Goldacre argues in the book that "the whole edifice of medicine is broken", because the evidence on which it is based is systematically distorted by the pharmaceutical industry. He writes that the industry finances most of the clinical trials into its own products and much of doctors' continuing education, that clinical trials are often conducted on small groups of unrepresentative subjects and negative data is routinely withheld, and that apparently independent academic papers may be planned and even ghostwritten by pharmaceutical companies or their contractors, without disclosure. Describing the situation as a "murderous disaster", he makes suggestions for action by patients' groups, physicians, academics and the industry itself. Responding to the book's publication, the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry issued a statement in 2012 arguing that the


id: bad-pharma-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-1.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:59.709251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter 2: "Where Do New Drugs Come From?" === In the second chapter, the book describes the process as new drugs move from animal testing through phase 1 (first-in-man study), phase 2, and phase 3 clinical trials. Phase 1 participants are referred to as volunteers, but in the US are paid $200–$400 per day, and because studies can last several weeks and subjects may volunteer several times a year, earning potential becomes the main reason for participation. Participants are usually taken from the poorest groups in society, and outsourcing increasingly means that trials may be conducted in countries with low wages by contract research organizations (CROs). The rate of growth for clinical trials in India is 20 percent a year, in Argentina 27 percent, and in China 47 percent, while trials in the UK have fallen by 10 percent a year and in the US by six percent. The shift to outsourcing raises issues about data integrity, regulatory oversight, language difficulties, the meaning of informed consent among a much poorer population, the standards of clinical care, the extent to which corruption may be regarded as routine in certain countries, and the ethical problem of raising a population's expectations for


id: bad-pharma-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-2.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:59.709251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter 6: "Marketing" === In the final chapter, Goldacre looks at how doctors are persuaded to prescribe "me-too drugs," brand-name drugs that are no more effective than significantly cheaper off-patent ones. He cites as examples the statins atorvastatin (Lipitor, made by Pfizer) and simvastatin (Zocor), which he writes seem to be equally effective, or at least there is no evidence to suggest otherwise. Simvastatin came off patent several years ago, yet there are still three million prescriptions a year in the UK for atorvastatin, costing the National Health Service (NHS) an annual £165 million extra. He addresses the issue of medicalization of certain conditions (or, as he argues, of personhood), whereby pharmaceutical companies "widen the boundaries of diagnosis" before offering solutions. Female sexual dysfunction was highlighted in 1999 by a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which alleged that 43 percent of women were suffering from it. After the article appeared, the New York Times wrote that two of its three authors had worked as consultants for Pfizer, which at the time was preparing to launch UK-414,495, known as female Viagra. The journal's editor said that the failure to disclose the relationship with Pfizer was


id: bad-pharma-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-3.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:30:59.709251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == The book was generally well received. The Economist described it as "slightly technical, eminently readable, consistently shocking, occasionally hectoring and unapologetically polemical". Helen Lewis in the New Statesman called it an important book, while Luisa Dillner, writing in the Guardian, described it as a "thorough piece of investigative medical journalism". Andrew Jack wrote in the Financial Times that Goldacre is "at his best in methodically dissecting poor clinical trials. ... He is less strong in explaining the complex background reality, such as the general constraints and individual slips of regulators and pharma companies' employees." Jack also argued that the book failed to reflect how many lives have been improved by the current system, for example with new treatments for HIV, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Max Pemberton, a psychiatrist, wrote in the Daily Telegraph that "this is a book to make you enraged ... because it's about how big business puts profits over patient welfare, allows people to die because they don't want to disclose damning research evidence, and the tricks they play to make sure doctors do not have all the evidence when it comes to appraising whether a drug really works or not." The Association of


id: the-beauty-of-fractals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Fractals-0.md
category: reference
title: The Beauty of Fractals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Fractals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:01.023355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-beauty-of-fractals-20260505-0
summary:
The Beauty of Fractals is a 1986 book by Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter which publicises the fields of complex dynamics, chaos theory and the concept of fractals. It is lavishly illustrated and as a mathematics book became an unusual success. The book includes a total of 184 illustrations, including 88 full-colour pictures of Julia sets. Although the format suggests a coffee table book, the discussion of the background of the presented images addresses some sophisticated mathematics which would not be found in popular science books. In 1987 the book won an Award for distinguished technical communication. == Summary == The book starts with a general introduction to Complex Dynamics, Chaos and fractals. In particular the Feigenbaum scenario and the relation to Julia sets and the Mandelbrot set is discussed. The following special sections provide in depth detail for the shown images: Verhulst Dynamics, Julia Sets and Their Computergraphical Generation, Sullivan's Classification of Critical Points, The Mandelbrot Set, External Angles and Hubbard Trees, Newton's Method for Complex Polynomials: Cayley's Problem, Newtons's Method for Real Equations, A Discrete Volterra-Lotka System, Yang-Lee Zeros, Renormalization (Magnetism and Complex Boundaries). The book also includes invited Contributions by Benoît Mandelbrot, Adrien Douady, Gert Eilenberger and


id: bending-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Bending Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:02.191213+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bending-science-20260505-0
summary:
Bending Science: How special interests corrupt public health research is a 2008 book by Thomas O. McGarity and Wendy E. Wagner, published by Harvard University Press. Bending Science explores the ways that science is manipulated in the process of making public policy and the law. It has been called a "fascinating and troubling investigation." The authors present a collection of case studies, undertaken largely by industry and designed to distort the scientific process. Thomas McGarity and Wendy Wagner are both University of Texas law professors. == See also == List of books about the politics of science == References ==


id: beyond-bias-and-barriers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Bias_and_Barriers-0.md
category: reference
title: Beyond Bias and Barriers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Bias_and_Barriers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:06.916591+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beyond-bias-and-barriers-20260505-0
summary:
Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering (ISBN 0309100429) is a major report about the status of women in science from the United States National Academy of Sciences. Published in 2006, the report closely examines the data, proposed explanations, and possible responses to the relative dearth of women in science and engineering higher education in the United States. == History == The report was written by the "Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering", a panel at the National Academy of Sciences. The committee was chaired by Donna Shalala, and included college presidents, provosts, professors, scientists, and policy analysts. Committee members included: Alice M. Agogino, Lotte Bailyn, Robert J. Birgeneau, Ana Mari Cauce, Catherine D. DeAngelis, Denice Denton (who committed suicide before the release of the report), Barbara Grosz, Jo Handeslman, Nan Keohane, Shirley Malcom, Geraldine Richmond, Alice M. Rivlin, Ruth Simmons, Elizabeth Spelke, Joan Steitz, Elaine Weyuker, and Maria T. Zuber. As is typical with NAS reports, after the Committee drafted the report, it underwent a peer review process within the NAS, in this case reviewed by another Committee of nineteen members. == Conclusions == The report


id: the-big-splash-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Splash_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Big Splash (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Splash_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:08.065483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-big-splash-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Big Splash: A Scientific Discovery That Revolutionizes the Way We View the Origin of Life, the Water We Drink, the Death of the Dinosaurs, the Creation of the Oceans, the Nature of the Cosmos, and the Very Future of the Earth Itself is a 1990 book written by Louis A. Frank with Patrick Huyghe. In the book, Frank claims to have found scientific evidence that every year, millions of small comets (made of ice and water) strike the Earth's atmosphere, and that these comets created Earth's lakes, rivers and oceans. While many scientists disputed Frank's hypothesis, he continued to argue that there are tests which can be performed which would either rule it out or confirm it. == Authors == Louis A. Frank was a Carver/James A. Van Allen Professor of Physics at the University of Iowa, and principal investigator for the auroral imaging instruments for NASA's Dynamics Explorer mission. Patrick Huyghe is a science writer. == References == == External links == Book Review: Overbye, Dennis (November 11, 1990). "IN SHORT: NONFICTION - THE BIG SPLASH: ..." The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-28. Excerpt: "The Original Discovery". Small Comets. University of Iowa. Retrieved 2007-07-28.


id: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule-0.md
category: reference
title: The Billion-Dollar Molecule
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:09.245109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
summary:
The Billion-Dollar Molecule is a book by journalist Barry Werth about the founding and early research efforts of the American biotechnology company Vertex Pharmaceuticals, which was founded in 1989 by Joshua Boger and was among the first biotechnology companies to adopt an explicit strategy of rational drug design as opposed to techniques based on combinatorial chemistry. This book is notable as an inside look at a biotechnology company, and the stresses and marketing pressures on funding research into drug design. This book is a mixture of finance and technology. In February, 2014, Barry Werth published a follow-on book, The Antidote, that looks at Vertex 20 years later after his original effort. == References ==


id: binas-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Binas (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:10.367378+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: binas-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Binas (Often written as BiNaS or BINAS) is a Dutch science reference work (a handbook) for the higher levels of secondary school, consisting largely of tables and formulas. The name stands for biologie, natuurkunde, scheikunde (biology, physics, chemistry). It is compiled by NVON (Dutch Association for Education in the Natural Sciences) and has been published by Noordhoff Uitgevers since it became the standard reference work allowed at the central examinations in 1975. An English version of the Binas is also available. == Contents == The Binas is divided into five chapters: general, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Each chapter consists of multiple tables, each with specific information. These tables can be short or can span up to a few pages. To find information, students can use the alphabetical register in the back. The Binas does not make use of page numbers, but instead the register refers you to a table number. General. This chapter contains an extensive overview of units of measurement and quantities in the International System of units. This chapter continues in the back of the Binas with safety and environment. Physics. The contents of this chapter include physical constants, physical properties of materials, and isotopes. Additionally,


id: biochemical-predestination-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Predestination-0.md
category: reference
title: Biochemical Predestination
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Predestination
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:11.524194+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biochemical-predestination-20260505-0
summary:
Biochemical Predestination is a 1969 book by Dean H. Kenyon and Gary Steinman which argued in support of biochemical evolution. In the book, Kenyon and Steinman conclude that "Life might have been biochemically predestined by the properties of attraction that exist between its chemical parts, especially between amino acids in proteins." They argued that life originated with the chemical properties of amino acids causing them to be attracted to each other, forming long protein chains, most important in every living cell. Kenyon believed that proteins were directly formed by attraction between amino acids without DNA coding, and that these were derivatives from non-living raw chemicals in a conducive environment. In 1976 Kenyon was persuaded by the young Earth creationist arguments of A. E. Wilder-Smith. In the 1982 foreword he wrote to What Is Creation Science? by Henry M. Morris and Gary Parker, Kenyon said that he no longer accepted the pro-evolution arguments in Biochemical Predestination. At the Edwards v. Aguillard trial he provided an affidavit in support of creation science and noted the book as one of his publications. In 1989 Kenyon became a co-author of Of Pandas and People which rebranded creation science as intelligent design. == Analysis ==


id: biological-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: Biological Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:12.639999+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biological-physics-20260505-0
summary:
Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life: With new art by David Goodsell is a book by Philip Nelson, illustrated by David Goodsell. The fifth printing was published by W. H. Freeman in late 2013. It is a work on biology with an emphasis on the application of physical principles. == References == Altman, Russ B. (June 1, 2005), "Teaching Biology and Physics Together (Book Review: Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life)", Biomedical Computation Review: 30. Dobson, Christopher M. (November 25, 2004), "Crossing the boundary (Review of Biological Physics)", Nature, 432 (7016): 444–445, Bibcode:2004Natur.432..444D, doi:10.1038/432444a. Doniach, Sebastian (November 2004), "Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life", Books, Physics Today, 57 (11): 63–64, Bibcode:2004PhT....57k..63N, doi:10.1063/1.1839381 Hagen, Stephen J. (2004), "Post-Use Review. Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life", American Journal of Physics, 72 (10): 1359, Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72.1359N, doi:10.1119/1.1783904.


id: book-of-vermilion-fish-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Vermilion_Fish-0.md
category: reference
title: Book of Vermilion Fish
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Vermilion_Fish
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:13.763414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: book-of-vermilion-fish-20260505-0
summary:
Book of Vermilion Fish (simplified Chinese: 朱砂鱼谱; traditional Chinese: 硃砂魚譜; pinyin: Zhūshāyú pǔ; Wade–Giles: Chu-sha-yü-p'u) is the first monograph on goldfish in the world, written by Chinese writer Zhang Qiande (simplified Chinese: 张谦德; traditional Chinese: 張謙德; pinyin: Zhāng Qiāndé; Wade–Giles: Chang Ch'ien-te) (1577－1643) in 1596 during the Ming dynasty. == See also == Fishkeeping == References == A. C. Moule: A Version of the Book of Vermilion Fish. In T'oung Pao. Second Series, Vol. 39, Livr. 1/3 (1950), pp. 1–82.


id: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:15.044611+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
summary:
A Briefer History of Time is a science humor book by American astronomer Eric Schulman. In it, Schulman presents humorous summaries of what he claims are the fifty-three most important events since the beginning of time. The title and cover are a parody of Stephen Hawking's book A Brief History of Time. Coincidentally, Hawking later wrote a "sequel" entitled A Briefer History of Time. Hawking's publisher Bantam Books was aware that the title had already been used in a popular science book, but proceeded anyway, stating, "The other book was published six years ago, and Professor Hawking is an international figure." In 2004, the author released the book under a creative commons license, CC BY-NC-ND 1.0, as a free download on his website. == Description == Schulman's book is intended to be both humorous and educational. It explores why, even though the Universe is expanding, finding a parking space does not get any easier. Furthermore, the book contains a pulp version of the origin of life ("It was a dark and stormy night. In the shallow tide pool, a nucleic acid base collided with a sugar molecule. An amino acid sank beneath the murky depths . . . ."). ==


id: broca-s-brain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca's_Brain-0.md
category: reference
title: Broca's Brain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca's_Brain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:16.207677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: broca-s-brain-20260505-0
summary:
Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science is a 1979 book by the astrophysicist Carl Sagan. Its chapters were originally articles published between 1974 and 1979 in various magazines, including The Atlantic Monthly, The New Republic, Physics Today, Playboy, and Scientific American. In the introduction, Sagan wrote: As long as there have been human beings, we have posed the deep and fundamental questions. ... If we do not destroy ourselves, most of us will be around for the answers. ... By far the most exciting, satisfying and exhilarating time to be alive is the time in which we pass from ignorance to knowledge on these fundamental issues. == Title == The title essay is named in honor of the French physician, anatomist and anthropologist Paul Broca (1824–1880). He is best known for his discovery that different functions are assigned to different parts of the brain. He believed that by studying the brains of cadavers and correlating the known experiences of the former owners of the organs, human behavior could eventually be discovered and understood. To that end, he saved hundreds of human brains in jars of formalin; among the collection is his own brain. When Sagan finds it in


id: bully-for-brontosaurus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_for_Brontosaurus-0.md
category: reference
title: Bully for Brontosaurus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_for_Brontosaurus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:17.525127+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bully-for-brontosaurus-20260505-0
summary:
Bully for Brontosaurus (1991) is the fifth volume of collected essays by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. The essays were culled from his monthly column "This View of Life" in Natural History magazine, to which Gould contributed for 27 years. The book deals, in typically discursive fashion, with themes familiar to Gould's writing: evolution and its teaching, science biography, and probabilities. The title essay, "Bully for Brontosaurus", discusses the theory and history of taxonomy by examining the debate over whether Brontosaurus should be labelled Apatosaurus. In "Justice Scalia's Misunderstanding", Gould dissects and decisively rejects Antonin Scalia's dissent in the United States Supreme Court case Edwards v. Aguillard that overturned the last creationist statute in the country. Gould claimed his favourite essay to be "In a Jumbled Drawer" which discusses the debate between Nathaniel Shaler and William James over whether the improbability of our having evolved necessitates divine intervention (Gould, like James, argues no); the essay includes a letter from former President Jimmy Carter as a postscript, which discusses the issue. The essay "Male Nipples and Clitoral Ripples" dealt with the issue of adaptive arguments. It derives from some work by Elisabeth Lloyd, whose subsequent 2005 book was dedicated to


id: the-butchering-art-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butchering_Art-0.md
category: reference
title: The Butchering Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butchering_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:22.246533+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-butchering-art-20260505-0
summary:
The Butchering Art: Joseph Lister's Quest to Transform the Grisly World of Victorian Medicine is a 2017 historical nonfiction book by Lindsey Fitzharris that discusses the evolution of Victorian-era medicine between the 1840s and 1870s, along with how surgeon Joseph Lister revolutionized the practice of surgery to reduce the extremely high death rates of the time period. Published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux on October 17, 2017, the book includes graphic descriptions of operating theaters and the unclean conditions of hospitals and other facilities at the time. The book was given the 2018 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award and was shortlisted for both the 2018 Wellcome Book Prize and the 2018 Wolfson History Prize. == Content == The book is split into a prologue, eleven chapters, and an epilogue. The prologue discusses a general overview of the time period as an "age of agony" that was nearing its end thanks to the emergence of Joseph Lister. Each subsequent chapter covers an ongoing history of Lister's life from childhood onward, with vignettes interspersed with other events and accounts of the medical profession during the time period. The coverage of Lister's life is largely based on Fitzharris' use of his


id: the-canon-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Canon (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:23.467466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-canon-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Canon: A Whirligig Tour of the Beautiful Basics of Science is a book written by American science author Natalie Angier. == Overview == The Canon presents a summary of some of the different areas of science, as well as extensive descriptions of, and interviews with, contemporary scientists who work in these fields. Angier's tenet is that an understanding of the basics of major areas of science can assist with providing a means by which to understand current scientific issues, and that this process should be fun. In her Introduction, Angier writes: Of course you should know about science, for the same reason Dr. Seuss counsels his readers to sing with a Ying or play Ring the Gack: These things are fun, and fun is good. Angier included quotes from the scientists she interviewed throughout her descriptions of different scientific topics in an attempt to show how scientists experience and think about their work, and why they do it. == Scientists interviewed == To obtain material for The Canon, Angier interviewed a number of scientists, professors, and other science professionals, and incorporated their stories and quotes into her work. She asked them questions such as, "What does it mean to


id: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: The Collapse of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:24.584826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
The Collapse of Chaos: Discovering Simplicity in a Complex World (1994) is a book about complexity theory and the nature of scientific explanation written by biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart. In this book Cohen and Stewart give their ideas on chaos theory, particularly on how the simple leads to the complex, and conversely, how the complex leads to the simple, and argue for a need for contextual explanation in science as a complement to reduction. This book dovetails with other books written by the Cohen-Stewart team, particularly Figments of Reality. As with other Cohen-Stewart books, topics are illustrated with humorous science fiction snippets dealing with a fictional alien intelligence, the Zarathustrians, whom Cohen and Stewart use as metaphors of the human mind itself. == Reception == Next Generation commented, "Although the book assumes you have zero knowledge of science (and thus is a little patronizing in the early chapters), it presents the concepts of Complexity Theory as well as anything we've seen." === Additional reviews === Casti, John L. (21 July 1994). "Why is anything ever simple?" (PDF). Nature. 370 (6486): 189. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..189C. doi:10.1038/370189a0. S2CID 4317485. Regis, Ed (12 June 1994). "The World Made Easy". The New York


id: the-computational-brain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Computational_Brain-0.md
category: reference
title: The Computational Brain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Computational_Brain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:25.781774+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-computational-brain-20260505-0
summary:
The Computational Brain is a book by Patricia Churchland and Terrence J. Sejnowski and published in 1992 by The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 0-262-03188-4. It has cover blurbs by Karl Pribram, Francis Crick, and Carver Mead. == References ==


id: consilience-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Consilience (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:26.966116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: consilience-book-20260505-0
summary:
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge is a 1998 book by the biologist E. O. Wilson, in which the author discusses methods that have been used to unite the sciences and might in the future unite them with the humanities. Wilson uses the term consilience to describe the synthesis of knowledge from different specialized fields of human endeavor. == Definition of consilience == This book defines consilience as "Literally a 'jumping together' of knowledge by the linking of facts and fact-based theory across disciplines to create a common groundwork of explanation." The word is borrowed from Whewell's phrase the consilience of inductions in his book Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. Whewell posited that this consilience of inductions occurs when an induction obtained from one class of facts coincides with an induction obtained from a different class. In this way a consilience is a test of the truth of a theory. == Examples of consilience discussed by Wilson == === Chapter 1 The Ionian enchantment === The New Synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution with genetics is an example of unification. The conviction that the world has a unified order and can be explained by natural laws, was dubbed by Gerald Holton


id: consilience-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Consilience (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:26.966116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: consilience-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter 7 From genes to culture === The relationship between genes and culture. Wilson posits that the basic element of culture is the meme. When a meme exists in a brain it has the form of a neuronal network that allows the meme to function within semantic memory. The link from genes to culture is that our genes shape our brains (in cooperation with the environment) and our brains allow us to work with memes as the basic units of culture. === Chapter 8 - 12 === The remaining chapters are titled Chapter 8 The fitness of human nature, Chapter 9 The social sciences, Chapter 10 The arts and their interpretation, Chapter 11 Ethics and religion, Chapter 12 To what end? == See also == Wendell Berry wrote a comprehensive critique of Consilience in his essay Life is a Miracle in his book with the same title. Philosophy of science The Two Cultures by C. P. Snow The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox by Stephen Jay Gould == External links == Vogel Carey, Toni (2013). "Consilience. Toni Vogel Carey on discovering interconnections". philosophynow.org. Philosophy now. A magazine of ideas, issue 95. Retrieved 25 January 2022. Consilience' is


id: cosmic-jackpot-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Jackpot-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmic Jackpot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Jackpot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:28.033258+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmic-jackpot-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmic Jackpot, also published under the title The Goldilocks Enigma: Why is the Universe Just Right for Life?, is a 2007 non-fiction book by physicist and cosmologist Paul Davies, describing the idea of a fine-tuned universe. == The Enigma == In Cosmic Jackpot, Davies argues that certain universal fundamental physical constants are precisely adjusted to make life in the Universe possible: that we have, in a sense, won a "cosmic jackpot," and that conditions are "just right" for life, as in The Story of the Three Bears. As Davies writes elsewhere, "There is now broad agreement among physicists and cosmologists that the universe is in several respects 'fine-tuned' for life." After explaining this enigma, Davies discusses possible solutions, such as the anthropic principle, the idea of a multiverse which contains many different universes (including our "just right" one), and the idea of intelligent design. == The Multiverse == Davies also discusses a number of other ideas connected with the "multiverse." Much like a pencil falling to the ground from its tip in a trade off of symmetry for stability, Davies writes that the Big Bang could have established a complex but stable universe (or multiverse) from symmetry breaking as the


id: cosmos-humboldt-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmos (Humboldt book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:29.205896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmos-humboldt-book-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe (in German Kosmos – Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung) is an influential treatise on science and nature written by the German scientist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. It began as a lecture series delivered by Humboldt at the University of Berlin, and was published in five volumes between 1845 and 1862 (the fifth was posthumous and completed based on Humboldt's notes). In the first volume, Humboldt paints a general "portrait of nature", describing the physical nature of outer space and the Earth. In the second volume he describes the history of science. Widely read by academics and laymen, Cosmos applies the ancient Greek view of the orderliness of the cosmos (the harmony of the universe) to the Earth, suggesting that universal laws apply as well to the apparent chaos of the terrestrial world and that contemplation of nature can yield an awareness of its wholeness and coherence. Humboldt embraced the subjectivity of the observer and "thus ran exactly counter to the developing ideology of science, the objectivity which sought to purify science by removing subjectivity altogether". Cosmos was influenced by Humboldt's travels and studies, but mainly by his journey throughout the


id: cosmos-humboldt-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt_book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Cosmos (Humboldt book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:29.205896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmos-humboldt-book-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication == In 1828 after the Berlin lectures, Humboldt began formulating his vision in writing. His factual text, heavily loaded with footnotes and references, was sent in proof sheets to all the various specialists for comments and corrections before publication. In this way, he aimed to ensure that what he wrote was both accurate and up-to-date. He continually looked to his friend and literary advisor Varnhagen von Ense for advice in the matter of his style of writing. In total Cosmos took twenty-five years to write. Humboldt felt as if publishing Cosmos was a race against death. The first volume was published in 1845 when he was seventy-six, the second when he was seventy-eight, the third when he was eighty-one, and the fourth when he was eighty-nine. The fifth volume, however, was only half-written when Humboldt died in 1859 and had to be completed from his notes and provided with an index over a thousand pages long. == Content == Humboldt viewed the world as what the ancient Greeks called a kosmos – “a beautifully ordered and harmonious system” – and coined the modern word “cosmos” to use as the title of his final work. This title allowed him


id: cosmos-humboldt-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt_book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Cosmos (Humboldt book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:29.205896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmos-humboldt-book-20260505-0
summary:
Humboldt's Cosmos had a significant impact on scientific progress, as well as various scientists and authors throughout Europe and America. Humboldt's work gave a strong impetus to scientific exploration throughout the nineteenth century, inspiring many, including Charles Darwin, who brought some of Humboldt's earlier writings with him on his voyage as the naturalist aboard the Beagle in the 1830s. Darwin called Humboldt "the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived." Cosmos influenced several American writers and artists, including Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Frederic Edwin Church. Emerson read Humboldt's work throughout his life, and for him, Cosmos capped Humboldt's role as a scientific revolutionary. Edgar Allan Poe was also an admirer of Humboldt, even dedicating his last major work, Eureka: A Prose Poem, to Humboldt. Humboldt's attempt to unify the sciences was a major inspiration for Poe's work. Walt Whitman was said to have kept a copy of Cosmos on his desk for inspiration as he wrote Leaves of Grass, and Henry David Thoreau's Walden, like Eureka, was a response to Humboldt's ideas. Following the itinerary of Humboldt's expeditions to Colombia and Ecuador, Church found subject matter for some of his most monumental landscape paintings, including The


id: current-protocols-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Protocols-0.md
category: reference
title: Current Protocols
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Protocols
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:30.347237+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: current-protocols-20260505-0
summary:
Current Protocols is a series of laboratory manuals for life scientists. The first title, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, was established in 1987 by the founding editors Frederick M. Ausubel, Roger Brent, Robert Kingston, David Moore, Jon Seidman, Kevin Struhl, and John A. Smith of the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology and the Harvard Medical School Departments of Genetics and Biological Chemistry, and Sarah Greene of Greene Publishing Associates The Current Protocols series entered into a partnership with Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons, was acquired by Wiley in 1995, and continued to introduce additional titles. Scientists contribute methods that are peer-reviewed by one of 18 editorial boards. The core content of each title is updated quarterly, and new material is added. In 2009, the Current Protocols website was launched, with online versions of all of the texts, research tools, video protocols, and a blog. Several Current Protocols titles are indexed in MEDLINE and searchable by PubMed: CP Molecular Biology, CP Immunology, CP Cell Biology, CP Protein Science, CP Microbiology. == Titles == As of April 2023 the series comprised: == References == == External links == Official website


id: darwin-and-his-great-discovery-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_His_Great_Discovery-0.md
category: reference
title: Darwin and His Great Discovery
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_His_Great_Discovery
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:31.462902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darwin-and-his-great-discovery-20260505-0
summary:
Darwin and His Great Discovery is a science book for young adults by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, first published by Macmillan in 1972. == Content == The work is an examination of naturalist Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution he proposed and marshaled evidence for in The Origin of Species. A brief account of his visit to the Galápagos Islands brings up the issue of human origins, leading into a discussion of early theories on the formation and age of the Earth and evolution. A biographical sketch of Darwin follows, covering his youth, his naturalistic studies on the voyage of the Beagle and subsequent life, focusing on his scientific researches and writings. The history of the theory of human evolution as currently understood is then presented, with sections on the work of Mendel, the development of the science of genetics, and the Scopes Trial. It includes a selected bibliography and index. == Reception == Isadora Kunitz, writing in the Library Journal, found the work a "well-written account of Charles Darwin's life and work," with "[d]etails about his personal life add[ing] to the interest of the book." She judged it "an excellent supplementary title for


id: the-day-of-the-dinosaur-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Dinosaur-0.md
category: reference
title: The Day of the Dinosaur
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Dinosaur
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:31:32.657605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-day-of-the-dinosaur-20260505-0
summary:
The Day of the Dinosaur is a science book by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, illustrated with plates. It was first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1968, and in paperback by Curtis Books in 1970 or 1971. A second hardcover edition was issued by Bonanza Books in 1985. The first chapter was reprinted as "One Day in the Cretaceous" in the de Camps's collection Footprints on Sand (Advent, 1981). == Summary == As stated on the dust cover of the Doubleday edition, the work is a survey of "the exciting story of the lost world of the great reptiles and of the fossil hunters who discovered them millions of years later." It argues, among other things, that the theory of evolution took hold after Darwin because of interest spurred by recently popularized dinosaur remains, corresponding to legends of dragons. == Contents == The Day of the Dinosaur The Finding of the Dragons Out of the Sea Life Invades the Land The Rise of the Dinosaurs The Reptilian Middle Age Reptiles of Sea and Air The Doom of the Dragons The Great Fossil Feud Diggers and Dinosaurs The Heritage of the Dragons Dinosaurs in the World


