# kb

id: science-foundation-ireland-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland-1.md
category: reference
title: Science Foundation Ireland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:04.993244+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-foundation-ireland-20260505-0
summary:
=== Industry Programmes === The Industry Fellowship programme funds the bi-directional movement of academic and industry researchers. Fellowships can be awarded to academic researchers wishing to spend time in industry worldwide and to individuals from industry anywhere in the world (including Ireland) wishing to spend time in an eligible Irish Research Body. The programme facilitates knowledge transfer and training, building critical mass in areas of strategic importance for Ireland. SFI Research Centres are large scale Research Centres which have an economic impact for Ireland. SFI Research Centres may be funded at a level of between €1-5 million per year in direct costs. SFI funds up to 70% of the overall Research Centre budget. A minimum of 30% of the budget must be secured from industry partners, at least one-third of which must be in cash.See details on the 16 funded SFI Research Centres here: SFI Research Centre Spokes is a mechanism to allow new industry and academic partners to join the existing SFI Research Centres. SFI Partnership Programme is a mechanism by which SFI builds collaborations with industry, funding agencies, charities, philanthropic organisations or higher education institutes (HEIs) in order to co-fund future opportunities. SFI Centre for Research Training is


id: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-0
summary:
Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia is a public organization that provides support for science and research activities in the Republic of Serbia. It was founded with the aim of providing support and conditions for the continuous development of scientific research and development activities in the Republic of Serbia, necessary for the progress of a knowledge-based society. Activities are implemented through scientific, technological and development programs to achieve the strategic goals of the scientific and technological development of the Republic of Serbia. As part of the Fund's program, projects are financed through public calls. The projects ensure a high scientific level and innovative results, competitiveness at the international level and relevance in relation to the challenges of society. The Law on the Fund for Science of the Republic of Serbia was adopted in December 2018, and the Fund began its work in March 2019. == About Science Fund == === Establishment of the Science Fund === The Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia was established by the Government of the Republic of Serbia with the aim of establishing a mechanism for project financing of science and scientific research. This decision is in line with the commitment of the


id: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-1.md
category: reference
title: Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-0
summary:
== Bodies of the Science Fund == The bodies of the Science Fund are: Director, Supervisory Board, Management Board, and Scientific Council of the Fund. The Director is appointed and dismissed by the Government on the proposal of the Board of Directors, with the prior approval of the Minister. The Director is appointed based on a public competition for a period of four years. The current acting director of the Fund is Dr. Milica Đurić-Jovičić. The Management Board has five members, one of whom is the president, who are appointed and dismissed by the Government, at the proposal of the Ministry. The members of the management board must have international experience in business covered by the Law, experience in management business and at least 15 years of work experience. The term of the members of the board of directors is four years, with the possibility of another appointment. The President of the board of directors is Dr. Vujo Drndarević. The Supervisory Board has three members, one of whom is the president, who is appointed and dismissed by the Government, on the proposal of the ministry responsible for scientific research activity, of which at least two members are from the economic


id: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-2.md
category: reference
title: Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-0
summary:
== Programs of the Science Fund == Program for Excellent Projects of Young Researchers (PROMIS) The Program for Excellent Projects of Young Researchers (PROMIS) is a program of the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia intended for excellent projects of young researchers in the early stages of their careers. The goals of the PROMIS program are to involve excellent young researchers in scientific research work, to strengthen their professional capacities, to train young doctors of science to manage projects, to train young researchers to apply for other research and development projects, to create new project teams, to support excellent ideas and to support scientific research work that will have a positive impact on society and the economy. As part of the first PROMIS program announced by the Science Fund, 59 basic and applied research projects were selected, which will be implemented in the period 2020–2022. Fields of science: natural sciences, engineering and technology, medicine, biotechnologies, as well as social sciences and humanities. Program budget: EUR 8.9 million Program for Development of Projects in the Field of Artificial Intelligence (PRVI) The Program for Development of Projects in the Field of Artificial Intelligence is realized within two subprograms, one intended for


id: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-3.md
category: reference
title: Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-fund-of-the-republic-of-serbia-20260505-0
summary:
In accordance with the goal of involving more young researchers in scientific research projects, within the PRISMA program it was possible to register as team members doctoral students who have not yet been selected for a position, with the obligation to acquire the position before the start of the project implementation. Program budget: EUR 25,000,000 == Presentation of scientists and scientific projects == The Science Fund strives to provide high visibility to all supported projects and research activities. This is one of the ways to encourage researchers and the industry to new partnerships and to expand cooperation at the international level. The Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia achieves this goal by publishing publications on programs and projects, organizing exhibitions and events dedicated to promoting science, certain scientific fields and topics, as well as participating in various domestic and international gatherings, conferences and fairs where it presents the results and successes of research within the projects funded by the Science Fund. In addition, the Science Fund regularly works to increase the visibility of projects and their activities and results in the media, providing support for scientists to promote the projects they are implementing, in the media. == See also


id: south-african-medical-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: South African Medical Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:12.154044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: south-african-medical-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) is a para-statal medical research organisation in South Africa. The current president is professor Ntobeko Ntusi. The South African Medical Research Council was established in 1969 to act as an independent statutory body to co-ordinate health and medical research activities throughout South Africa. The SAMRC strives to “advance the nation’s health and quality of life and address inequity by conducting and funding relevant and responsive health research, capacity development, innovation, and research translation”. Research conducted by the SAMRC is in the fields of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular diseases, non-communicable diseases, gender and health, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse. It is a member of the Innovative Vector Control Consortium. == References ==


id: state-research-agency-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Agency-0.md
category: reference
title: State Research Agency
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Agency
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:13.340145+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: state-research-agency-20260505-0
summary:
The State Research Agency (Spanish: Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI) is the Spanish research funding agency responsible for the promotion of scientific and technical research in all areas of knowledge through the competitive and efficient allocation of public resources, the monitoring of actions financed and their impact, and advice on action planning or initiatives through which the R&D policies of the General State Administration are implemented. The AEI was created in November 2015, although it came into operation on 20 June 2016 with the first meeting of the Governing Council. The Agency is chaired by the Secretary of State for Science, currently Juan Cruz Cigudosa, and the CEO is José Manuel Fernández Labastida. == Structure == The structure of the State Research Agency is: The President. The President of the Agency is the Secretary of State for Science of the Ministry of Science. The Governing Council. Collective-decision-making body. The Director-General. Chief executive of the AEI. The Secretary-General. Responsible for the day-to-day management of the AEF and its internal services. The Deputy Directorate for Economic Management of Aids The Directorate for Scientific and Technological Management. The Deputy Directorate for Evaluation. The Deputy Directorate for Thematic Programs. The Deputy Directorate for Horizontal


id: swedish-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Swedish Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:14.563911+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swedish-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Swedish Research Council (Swedish: Vetenskapsrådet) is a Government agency in Sweden established in 2001, with the responsibility to support and develop basic scientific research. Its objective is for Sweden to be a leading nation in scientific research. The agency has three main functions: To distribute government funding for basic research To advise the government on issues related to scientific research To communicate science and scientific research to the general public == See also == Open access in Sweden == References == == External links == Swedish Research Council - Official site


id: swiss-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:15.836178+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, German: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF; French: Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique, FNS; Italian: Fondo nazionale svizzero per la ricerca scientifica) or Swiss National Fund is a science research support organisation mandated by the Swiss Federal Government. The Swiss National Science Foundation was established under private law by physicist and medical doctor Alexander von Muralt in 1952. == Organisation == The SNSF consists of three main bodies: Foundation Council, National Research Council and Administrative Offices. The Foundation Council is the highest authority and makes strategic decisions. The National Research Council is composed of distinguished researchers who mostly work at Swiss institutions of higher education. They assess research proposals submitted to the SNSF and make funding decisions. The National Research Council comprises up to 100 members and is subdivided into four divisions: Division I: humanities and social sciences Division II: mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences Division III: biology and medicine Division IV: programmes (National Research Programmes and National Centres of Competence in Research) Mandated by the federal authorities, the Swiss National Science Foundation supports basic science in all academic disciplines. == Research programmes == The National Research Programmes (NRP)


id: uk-research-and-innovation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation-0.md
category: reference
title: UK Research and Innovation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:17.191723+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uk-research-and-innovation-20260505-0
summary:
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) is a non-departmental public body of the Government of the United Kingdom that directs research and innovation funding, funded through the science budget of the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. == History and role == UKRI was created following a report by Sir Paul Nurse, the President of the Royal Society, who recommended the merger in order to increase integrative cross-disciplinary research. UKRI was established on 1 April 2018 by the Higher Education and Research Act 2017. It brought together the seven research councils and two additional bodies, Innovate UK and Research England. Innovate UK (formerly the Technology Strategy Board) was an arm's length body of the Department of Trade and Industry, while Research England succeeded the former Higher Education Funding Council for England. Research England is responsible for the Research Excellence Framework, or REF, and is developing a new knowledge exchange framework, KEF. Working in partnership with universities, research organisations, businesses, charities, and government, its mission is to foster research and development within the United Kingdom and create a positive "impact"—"push the frontiers of human knowledge and understanding", "deliver economic impact", and "create social and cultural impact". The first Chief Executive Officer of


id: wellcome-trust-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-0.md
category: reference
title: Wellcome Trust
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:18.459047+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wellcome-trust-20260505-0
summary:
The Wellcome Trust is a charitable foundation focused on health research based in London, United Kingdom. It was established in 1936 with legacies from the pharmaceutical magnate Henry Wellcome (founder of Burroughs Wellcome, one of the predecessors of GSK plc) to fund research to improve human and animal health. The aim of the Trust is to "support science to solve the urgent health challenges facing everyone." It had a financial endowment of £37.6 billion in 2025, making it the fourth wealthiest charitable foundation in the world. In 2012, the Wellcome Trust was described by the Financial Times as the United Kingdom's largest provider of non-governmental funding for scientific research, and one of the largest providers in the world. According to their annual report, the Wellcome Trust spent GBP £1.1 billion on charitable activities across their 2023/2024 financial year. According to the OECD, the Wellcome Trust's financing for 2019 development increased by 22% to US$327 million. == Headquarters == The Wellcome Trust's operations are run from two buildings on Euston Road in London. The Wellcome Building, at 183 Euston Road, built in 1932 in Portland stone houses the Wellcome Collection and the adjoining glass and steel building at 215 Euston Road


id: wellcome-trust-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-1.md
category: reference
title: Wellcome Trust
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:18.459047+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wellcome-trust-20260505-0
summary:
=== Support for open access and open data === The Wellcome Trust plays an important role in encouraging publication of research in open access repositories such as Europe PubMed Central (EuropePMC). The Wellcome Trust believes that maximising the distribution of these papers – by providing free, online access – is the most effective way of ensuring that the research can be accessed, read and built upon. In turn, this will foster a richer research culture. In 2016, the Wellcome Trust partnered with the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to launch the Open Science Prize to "help develop services, tools and platforms that enable open content to be discovered, assessed and re-used in ways that will advance discovery and spark innovation." In 2016, Wellcome Trust announced that it would be launching Wellcome Open Research, an open access publication system running on the F1000 Research platform. Article processing charges will be covered directly by Wellcome Trust. Papers from the system are now indexed in PubMed Central. === Membership in the Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT) === In the summer of 2015, the Wellcome Trust joined the Japanese government, 7 Japanese pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies,


id: academic-imperialism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_imperialism-0.md
category: reference
title: Academic imperialism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_imperialism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:20.078935+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academic-imperialism-20260505-0
summary:
Academic imperialism is an unequal relationship between groups or disciplines of academic study, such that one dominates others, consuming them or leaving them ignored. Early theories of academic imperialism date to the 1960s. == Definitions == Academic imperialism has been defined either in the context of certain disciplines or subdisciplines as oppressing others or (more often) as part of political imperialism that has resulted in inequality between academia in the First World (the West) and Third World. === Within disciplines === In the intradisciplinary context, an example of imperialistic behavior was the dismissive attitude of the 1920s-1930s adherents of behavioral psychology in the United States towards non-behavioral psychologists. === Internationally === In the international context, academic imperialism began in the colonial period when the colonial powers designed and implemented a system of academia in their colonial territories. C. K. Raju claims academic imperialism emerged thanks to racism among native colonial elites. Academic imperialism is blamed for "tutelage, conformity, secondary role of dominated intellectuals and scholars, rationalization of the civilizing mission, and the inferior talent of scholars from the home country specializing in studies of the colony." In the modern postcolonial era, academic imperialism has transformed itself into a more indirect


id: boundary-object-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_object-0.md
category: reference
title: Boundary object
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_object
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:21.317357+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: boundary-object-20260505-0
summary:
In sociology and science and technology studies, a boundary object is information, such as specimens, field notes, and maps, used in different ways by different communities for collaborative work through scales. Boundary objects are plastic, interpreted differently across communities but with enough immutable content (i.e., common identity across social words and contexts) to maintain integrity. The concept was introduced by Susan Leigh Star and James R. Griesemer in a 1989 publication (p. 393): Boundary objects are objects which are both plastic enough to adapt to local needs and constraints of the several parties employing them, yet robust enough to maintain a common identity across sites. They are weakly structured in common use, and become strongly structured in individual-site use. They may be abstract or concrete. They have different meanings in different social worlds but their structure is common enough to more than one world to make them recognizable, a means of translation. The creation and management of boundary objects is key in developing and maintaining coherence across intersecting social worlds. In their article, Star and Griesemer describe the importance of boundary objects and methods standardization in the development of the Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Boundary objects can be abstract


id: boundary-work-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work-0.md
category: reference
title: Boundary-work
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:22.504886+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: boundary-work-20260505-0
summary:
Boundary-work is part of science studies. In boundary-work, boundaries, demarcations, or other divisions between fields of knowledge are created, advocated, attacked, or reinforced. Such delineations often have high stakes for the participants, and carry the implication that such boundaries are flexible and socially constructed. == Thomas F. Gieryn == The original use of the term "boundary-work" for these sorts of issues has been attributed to Thomas F. Gieryn, a sociologist, who initially used it to discuss the problem of demarcation, the philosophical difficulty of coming up with a rigorous delineation between what is "science" and what is "non-science". Gieryn defined boundary-work as the "attribution of selected characteristics to [an] institution of science (i.e., to its practitioners, methods, stock of knowledge, values and work organization) for purposes of constructing a social boundary that distinguishes some intellectual activities as [outside that boundary]." Gieryn suggests that Philosophers and sociologists of science, such as Karl Popper and Robert K. Merton, long struggled to come up with a criterion which would distinguish science as unique from other knowledge-generating activities, but never were able to come up with one that was stable, transhistorical, or worked reliably. Gieryn's 1983 article on boundary-work and demarcation highlighted that the


id: empirical-sociology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology-0.md
category: reference
title: Empirical sociology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:35:23.723030+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: empirical-sociology-20260505-0
summary:
Empirical sociology is the study of sociology based on methodological methods and techniques for collecting, processing, and communicating primary sociological information. Describes the situation of the aspects of social life such as economy, law, family, and politics during the research. Empirical sociology is often concerned with aspects of everyday life with common sense, which it treats as a resource, a form of knowledge. Empirical sociology inductively studies how people appreciate and get along with each other. Empirical sociology is an American tradition with roots in the social reform movements of the Progressive Era. == Definition == The task of empirical sociology is to conduct inductive research on a particular social phenomenon. The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies defined empirical sociology as the collection of factual information or evidence. Sociologist Morris Janowitz defined empirical sociology as collecting and planning empirical indicators of change. Morris describes the relationship between history and empirical sociology as "At this point, sociology and "history” converge. All empirical sociology is history, but history is not all empirical sociology". == Timeline == The first stage of empirical sociology was represented by the changes introduced into the scientific procedure by the Chicago school between 1895 and 1929. The American sociologist


