# kb

id: indigenous-aryanism-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism-6.md
category: reference
title: Indigenous Aryanism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:24.064555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indigenous-aryanism-20260505-0
summary:
The "revisionist project" certainly is not guided by the principles of critical theory but takes, time and again, recourse to pre-enlightenment beliefs in the authority of traditional religious texts such as the Purāṇas. In the end, it belongs, as has been pointed out earlier, to a different 'discourse' than that of historical and critical scholarship. In other words, it continues the writing of religious literature, under a contemporary, outwardly 'scientific' guise ... The revisionist and autochthonous project, then, should not be regarded as scholarly in the usual post-enlightenment sense of the word, but as an apologetic, ultimately religious undertaking aiming at proving the "truth" of traditional texts and beliefs. Worse, it is, in many cases, not even scholastic scholarship at all but a political undertaking aiming at "rewriting" history out of national pride or for the purpose of "nation building". In her review of Bryant's The Indo-Aryan Controversy, which includes chapters by Elst and other "indigenists", Stephanie Jamison comments: ... the parallels between the Intelligent Design issue and the Indo-Aryan "controversy" are distressingly close. The Indo-Aryan controversy is a manufactured one with a non-scholarly agenda, and the tactics of its manufacturers are very close to those of the ID proponents


id: indigenous-aryanism-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism-7.md
category: reference
title: Indigenous Aryanism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:24.064555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indigenous-aryanism-20260505-0
summary:
Trautmann, Thomas (2005). The Aryan Debate. Oxford University Press. Trautmann, Thomas (2006). Aryans and British India. Yoda Press. ISBN 9788190227216. Literature by "indigenous Aryans" proponents Elst, Koenraad (1999). Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 81-86471-77-4. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2006-12-21. Kazanas, Nicholas (2002). "Indigenous Indo-Aryans and the Rigveda". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 30: 275–334. Georg Feuerstein, Subhash Kak, David Frawley, In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India Quest Books (IL) (October, 1995) ISBN 0-8356-0720-8 Lal, B. B. (2002), The Sarasvati flows on: The continuity of Indian culture, Aryan Books International, ISBN 81-7305-202-6. Lal, B. B. (2015), The Rigvedic People: Invaders? Immigrants? or Indigenous?. See also Koenraad Elst, "Book Review: The Rig Vedic People Were Indigenous to India, Not Invaders" Mukhyananda (1997). Vedanta: In the Context of Modern Science – A Comparative Study. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ASIN: B0000CPAAF. N. S. Rajaram, The Politics of History: Aryan Invasion Theory and the Subversion of Scholarship (New Delhi: Voice of India, 1995) ISBN 81-85990-28-X. Talageri, S. G., The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2000 ISBN 81-7742-010-0 [1] Archived 2006-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Danino, Michel (April–June 2009). "A


id: indigo-children-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children-0.md
category: reference
title: Indigo children
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:25.325201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indigo-children-20260505-0
summary:
Indigo children, according to a pseudoscientific New Age concept, are children who are believed to possess special, unusual, and sometimes supernatural traits or abilities. The idea is based on concepts developed in the 1970s by Nancy Ann Tappe, who wrote that she had been noticing indigo children beginning in the late 1960s. Her ideas were further developed by Lee Carroll and Jan Tober. The concept of indigo children gained popular interest with the publication of a series of books in the late 1990s and the release of several films in the following decade. A variety of books, conferences, and related materials have been created surrounding belief in the idea of indigo children and their nature and abilities. The interpretations of these beliefs range from their being the next stage in human evolution to the belief that they are more empathetic and creative than their peers. No scientific studies give credibility to the existence of indigo children or their traits. Some parents choose to label their children who have been diagnosed with learning disabilities as an indigo child to alternatively diagnose them. Critics view this as a way for parents to avoid considering pediatric treatment or a psychiatric diagnosis. Some lists


id: indigo-children-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children-1.md
category: reference
title: Indigo children
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:25.325201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indigo-children-20260505-0
summary:
=== Relationship to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder === Many children labeled indigo by their parents are diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tober and Carroll's book The Indigo Children linked the concept with diagnosis of ADHD. David Cohen points out that labeling a child an indigo is an alternative to a diagnosis that implies mental illness, which may appeal to many parents. Cohen has stated, "The view in medicine is that ADHD is a defect. It's a disorder. If you're a parent, the idea of 'gifted' is much more appealing than the idea of a disorder." Linking the concept of indigo children with the distaste for the use of Ritalin to control ADHD, Robert Todd Carroll states "The hype and near-hysteria surrounding the use of Ritalin has contributed to an atmosphere that makes it possible for a book like Indigo Children to be taken seriously. Given the choice, who wouldn't rather believe their children are special and chosen for some high mission rather than that they have a brain disorder?" Stephen Hinshaw, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, states that concerns regarding the overmedicalization of children are legitimate but even gifted children with ADHD learn better


id: infrared-sauna-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sauna-0.md
category: reference
title: Infrared sauna
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sauna
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:26.582369+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: infrared-sauna-20260505-0
summary:
An infrared sauna uses infrared heaters to emit infrared light experienced as radiant heat that is absorbed by the surface of the skin. Infrared saunas are popular in alternative therapies, where they are claimed to help with a number of medical issues including autism, cancer, and COVID-19, but these claims are not supported by credible scientific evidence. Traditional saunas differ from infrared saunas in that they heat the body primarily by conduction and convection from the heated air and by radiation of the heated surfaces in the sauna room whereas infrared saunas primarily use radiation. Infrared saunas are also used in Infrared Therapy and Waon Therapy; while there is a small amount of preliminary evidence that these therapies correlate with a number of benefits, including reduced blood pressure and increased left ventricular function, there are several problems with linking this evidence to alleged health benefits. == History == John Harvey Kellogg invented the use of radiant heat saunas with his incandescent electric light bath in 1891. He claimed that it stimulated healing in the body and in 1893 displayed his invention at the Chicago World's Fair. In 1896 the Radiant Heat Bath was patented by Kellogg and described in the


id: institute-for-creation-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Creation Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:27.765353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-creation-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) is a creationist apologetics institute in Dallas, Texas, that specializes in media promotion of pseudoscientific creation science and interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative as a historical event. The ICR adopts the Bible as an inerrant and literal documentary of scientific and historical fact as well as religious and moral truths, and espouses a Young Earth creationist worldview. It rejects evolutionary biology, which it views as a corrupting moral and social influence and threat to religious belief. The ICR was formed by Henry M. Morris in 1972 following an organizational split with the Creation Science Research Center (CSRC). Its work in the field of creation science has been rejected by science, but has been significant in shaping creationist thought in the United States by introducing creation science through fundamentalist churches and religious schools, and by engaging in public debates against supporters of evolution. The ICR also offers unaccredited graduate level programs in Biblical Apologetics, including a minor in Creation Research. The ICR also operates the ICR Discovery Center for Science & Earth History museum in Dallas, Texas. == History == The origins of the ICR can be traced to the Creation Science Research Center


id: institute-for-creation-research-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research-1.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Creation Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:27.765353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-creation-research-20260505-0
summary:
== Master Books == Master Books is a division within Creation-Life Publishers, another enterprise Morris helped to found. It serves as the publishing arm of the Institute for Creation Research, and specializes in theology and creation science works. Master Books' anti-evolution books are in wide distribution, promoted by most of the large creationist organizations as well as the ICR. == School and accreditation == In June 1981, the ICR received formal state approval in California to offer degree programs in science. In 1988, the ICR sought re-approval. A five-person committee from the California Department of Education sent to evaluate ICR's degree program found its graduate school consisted of only five full-time faculty and some courses were videotaped rather than professor-led instruction. The committee failed to grant re-approval by 3–2 vote, a move the ICR attributed to "religious intolerance" rather than criticisms of the quality of education it provided. This resulted in California's State Superintendent of Public Instruction barring the institute from granting master's degrees in science, which encompassed their existing graduate degree programs in the teaching of biology, geology, astrogeophysics and science. ICR filed a lawsuit against California's State Superintendent, Bill Honig, and was awarded a settlement of $225,000 permission


id: institute-for-creation-research-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research-2.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Creation Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:27.765353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-creation-research-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientific criticism === Young-earth creationism is rejected by nearly all scientists, including most scientists who hold to the Christian faith, with more than 45 science organizations having criticized creationism as not science. Professor Massimo Pigliucci, a professor of ecology and evolution at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, has criticized ICR for professing to present the same science as that taught in secular universities while at the same time requiring students and faculty to sign a statement of faith to ICR's fundamentalist religious mission, most notably in affirming conformity in all its work to Biblical doctrine. Pigliucci notes that any research conducted within the ICR's policy framework is prescribed at the outset by Biblical literalism, and thus antithetical to the methods and framework used by scientists. As examples, Pigliucci cites ICR scientist Harold Slusher resorting to non-Euclidean and non-Einsteinian explanations of light travel to reconcile the vast distances light travels in space with the brief timescale given in young earth creationism, and the association adopted by the ICR between the second principle of thermodynamics and the Bible's account of the fall of Adam. Pigliucci further claimed that "some of the historical claims found in the ICR


id: institute-of-noetic-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Noetic Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:28.991676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-noetic-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS) is an American non-profit parapsychological research institute. It was co-founded in 1973 by former astronaut Edgar Mitchell, the sixth man to walk on the Moon, along with investor Paul N. Temple and others interested in psychic phenomena, in order to encourage and conduct research on noetics and human potentials. The Institute conducts research on topics such as psychic abilities, channeling, mind matter interaction, energy healing, intention, consciousness, and spontaneous remission. They have a long history of studying meditation, alternative healing practices, consciousness-based healthcare, spirituality, human potential, psychokinesis and survival of consciousness after bodily death. The Institute maintains a free database, available on the Internet, with citations to more than 6,500 articles about whether physical and mental health benefits might be connected to meditation and yoga. IONS is now headquartered in Novato, California, after previously being situated on a 200-acre (81 ha) campus in Petaluma that included offices, a research laboratory and a retreat center. Researchers associated with it include Dean Radin, Helané Wahbeh and Rupert Sheldrake. == History == Edgar Mitchell has reported that on his return to Earth, after the 1971 Apollo 14 Moon landing, he had an experience comparable to savikalpa samādhi.


id: insulin-potentiation-therapy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_potentiation_therapy-0.md
category: reference
title: Insulin potentiation therapy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_potentiation_therapy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:30.202029+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: insulin-potentiation-therapy-20260505-0
summary:
Insulin potentiation therapy (IPT) is an unproven alternative cancer treatment using insulin as an adjunct to low-dose chemotherapy. It was promoted by a paper in the controversial and non-peer reviewed journal Medical Hypotheses. It is not an evidence-based cancer treatment, and the costs of IPT are not covered by health insurance. According to Quackwatch, "Insulin Potentiation Therapy (IPT) is one of several unproven, dangerous treatments that is promoted by a small group of practitioners without trustworthy evidence that it works." == History == It was developed by Donato Perez Garcia, MD in 1930. Originally, Garcia targeted syphilis, and later tried the treatment for chronic degenerative diseases and some types of cancer. == Method == Generally, a dose of insulin is injected into a vein, followed by a much lower dose of a chemotherapy drug. Then sugar water is injected to stop the hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) caused by the insulin injection. == Efficacy == IPT has not been proven to work. Lab research indicates that there is not even a theoretical possibility of it being an effective treatment for most cancers. Research over the decades has proved that most cancers grow when exposed to more insulin. One study of men


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-0.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
The intelligent design movement is a neo-creationist religious campaign for broad social, academic and political change to promote and support the pseudoscientific idea of intelligent design (ID), which asserts that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." Its chief activities are a campaign to promote public awareness of this concept, the lobbying of policymakers to include its teaching in high school science classes, and legal action, either to defend such teaching or to remove barriers otherwise preventing it. The movement arose out of the creation science movement in the United States, and is driven by a small group of proponents. The Encyclopædia Britannica explains that ID cannot be empirically tested and that it fails to solve the problem of evil; thus, it is neither sound science nor sound theology. == Purpose == The overall goal of the intelligent design movement is to overthrow materialism and atheism. Its proponents believe that society has suffered "devastating" cultural consequences from adopting materialism and that science is the cause of the decay into materialism because it seeks only natural explanations, and is therefore atheistic. They believe that


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-1.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
To talk of a purposeful or guided evolution is not to talk about evolution at all. That is "slow creation." When you understand it that way, you realize that the Darwinian theory of evolution contradicts not just the book of Genesis, but every word in the Bible from beginning to end. It contradicts the idea that we are here because a Creator brought about our existence for a purpose. That is the first thing I realized, and it carries tremendous meaning. I have built an intellectual movement in the universities and churches that we call "The Wedge," which is devoted to scholarship and writing that furthers this program of questioning the materialistic basis of science. One very famous book that's come out of The Wedge is biochemist Michael Behe's book Darwin's Black Box, which has had an enormous impact on the scientific world. Now, the way that I see the logic of our movement going is like this. The first thing you understand is that the Darwinian theory isn't true. It's falsified by all of the evidence, and the logic is terrible. When you realize that, the next question that occurs to you is, "Well, where might you get truth?"


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-2.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
On December 6, 1993, an article by Meyer was published in The Wall Street Journal, drawing national attention to the controversy over Dean H. Kenyon's teaching of creationism. This article also gained the attention of Discovery Institute co-founder Bruce Chapman. On discovering that Meyer was developing the idea of starting a scientific research center in conversations with conservative political scientist John G. West, Chapman invited them to create a unit within the Discovery Institute called the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture (later renamed the Center for Science and Culture). This center was dedicated to overthrowing "scientific materialism" and "fomenting nothing less than a scientific and cultural revolution." A 1995 conference, "The Death of Materialism and the Renewal of Culture," served as a blueprint for the center. By 1996 they had nearly a million dollars in grants, the largest being from Howard Ahmanson, Jr., with smaller but still large contributions coming from the Stewardship Foundation established by C. Davis Weyerhaeuser and the Maclellan Foundation, and appointed their first class of research fellows. === The wedge strategy === The wedge strategy was formulated by Phillip E. Johnson to combat the "evil" of methodological naturalism. It first came to the


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-3.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
In the movement's sole major case, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, it was represented by the Thomas More Law Center, which had been seeking a test-case on the issue for at least five years. However conflicting agendas resulted in the withdrawal of a number of Discovery Institute Fellows as expert witnesses, at the request of DI director Bruce Chapman, and mutual recriminations with the DI after the case was lost. The Alliance Defense Fund briefly represented the Foundation for Thought and Ethics in its unsuccessful motion to intervene in this case, and prepared amicus curiae briefs on behalf of the DI and FTE in it. It has also made amicus curiae submissions and offered to pay for litigation, in other (actual and potential) creationism-related cases. On a far smaller scale, Larry Caldwell and his wife operate under the name Quality Science Education for All, and have made a number of lawsuits in furtherance of the movement's anti-evolution agenda. In 2005 they brought at least three separate lawsuits to further the intelligent design movement's agenda. One was later abandoned, two were dismissed. == Reception by the public == An August 2005 poll from The Pew Forum on Religion & Public


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-4.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
=== The "big tent" strategy === The movement's strategy as set forth by Phillip E. Johnson states the replacement of "materialist science" with "theistic science" as its primary goal; and, more generally, for intelligent design to become "the dominant perspective in science" and to "permeate our religious, cultural, moral and political life." This agenda is now being actively pursued by the Center for Science and Culture, which plays the leading role in the promotion of intelligent design. Its fellows include most of the leading intelligent design advocates: William A. Dembski, Michael Behe, Jonathan Wells and Stephen C. Meyer. Intelligent design has been described by its proponents as a 'big tent' belief, one in which all theists united by having some kind of creationist belief (but of differing opinions as regards details) can support. If successfully promoted, it would reinstate creationism in the teaching of science, after which debates regarding details could resume. In his 2002 article in Christian Research Journal, Discovery Institute fellow Paul A. Nelson credits Johnson for the 'big tent' approach and for reviving creationist debate since the Edwards v. Aguillard decision. According to Nelson, "The promise of the big tent of ID is to provide a setting


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-5.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
The Center for Science and Culture, formerly known as the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture, is a division of the Discovery Institute. The Center consists of a tightly knit core of people who have worked together for almost a decade to advance intelligent design as both a concept and a movement as necessary adjuncts of its wedge strategy policy. This cadre includes Phillip E. Johnson, Michael Behe, William A. Dembski and Stephen C. Meyer. They are united by a religious vision which, although it varies among the members in its particulars and is seldom acknowledged outside of the Christian press, is predicated on the shared conviction that America is in need of "renewal" which can be accomplished only by unseating "Godless" materialism and instituting religion as its cultural foundation. In his keynote address at the "Research and Progress in intelligent design" (RAPID) conference held in 2002 at Biola University, William A. Dembski described intelligent design's "dual role as a constructive scientific project and as a means for cultural renaissance." In a similar vein, the movement's hub, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture had until 2002 been the "Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture."


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-6.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
== Activism == The intelligent design movement primarily campaigns on two fronts: a public relations campaign meant to influence the popular media and sway public opinion; and an aggressive lobbying campaign to cultivate support for the teaching of intelligent design amongst policymakers and the wider educational community. Both these activities are largely funded and directed by the Discovery Institute, from national to grassroots levels. The movement's first goal is to establish an acceptance of intelligent design at the expense of evolution in public school science; its long-term goal is no less than the "renewal" of American culture through the shaping of public policy to reflect conservative Christian values. As the Discovery Institute states, intelligent design is central to this agenda: "Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions." The Discovery Institute has also relied on several polls to indicate the acceptance of intelligent design. A 2005 Harris poll identified ten percent of adults in the United States as taking what they called the intelligent design position, that "human beings are so complex that they required a powerful force or intelligent being to help


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-7.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
The main battlefield for this culture war has been US regional and state school boards. Courts have also become involved as those campaigns to include intelligent design or weaken the teaching of evolution in public school science curricula are challenged on First Amendment grounds. In Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, the plaintiffs successfully argued that intelligent design is a form of creationism, and that the school board policy thus violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Intelligent design is an integral part of a political campaign by cultural conservatives, largely from evangelical religious convictions, that seek to redefine science to suit their own ideological agenda. Though numerically a minority of Americans, the politics of intelligent design is based less on numbers than on intensive mobilization of ideologically committed followers and savvy public relations campaigns. Political repercussions from the culturally conservative sponsorship of the issue has been divisive and costly to the effected communities, polarizing and dividing not only those directly charged with educating young people but entire local communities. With a doctrine that calls itself science among non-scientists but is rejected by the vast majority of the real practitioners, an amicable coexistence and collaboration between intelligent design advocates


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-8.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
== Criticisms of the movement == One of the most common criticisms of the movement and its leadership is that of intellectual dishonesty, in the form of misleading impressions created by the use of rhetoric, intentional ambiguity, and misrepresented evidence. It is alleged that its goal is to lead an unwary public to reach certain conclusions, and that many have been deceived as a result. Critics of the movement, such as Eugenie Scott, Robert T. Pennock and Barbara Forrest, claim that leaders of the intelligent design movement, and the Discovery Institute in particular, knowingly misquote scientists and other experts, deceptively omit contextual text through ellipsis, and make unsupported amplifications of relationships and credentials. Theologian and molecular biophysicist Alister McGrath has a number of criticisms of the Intelligent design movement, stating that "those who adopt this approach make Christianity deeply... vulnerable to scientific progress" and defining it as just another "god-of-the-gaps" theory. He went on to criticize the movement on theological grounds as well, stating "It is not an approach I accept, either on scientific or theological grounds." Such statements commonly note the institutional affiliations of signatories for purposes of identification. But this statement strategically listed either the institution that granted


id: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement-9.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent design movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:31.408161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-design-movement-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy == In 2017, theoretical physicist Mano Singham wrote that since the ruling of Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, "little" has been "heard from" the intelligent design movement, adding "Whereas before one heard of ID all over the place, now one has to seek them out by visiting the Discovery Institute which has become kind of a refuge for the last holdouts." == See also == Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center Intelligent design in politics Intelligent design network Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Wedge strategy == Notes == == References == == External links == Center for Science and Culture Discovery Institute "Intelligent Design vs. Evolution" (Flash Video). TVW. Olympia, WA. April 26, 2006. Retrieved 2014-06-06. — Debate between paleontologist Peter Ward and Stephen C. Meyer co-founder of the Discovery Institute Understanding Evolution — A collaborative project of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the National Center for Science Education Annas, George J. (May 25, 2006). "Intelligent Judging — Evolution in the Classroom and the Courtroom". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (21). Waltham, MA: Massachusetts Medical Society: 2277–2281. doi:10.1056/NEJMlim055660. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 16723620. Dennett, Daniel C. (August 28,


id: interdimensional-ufo-hypothesis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdimensional_UFO_hypothesis-0.md
category: reference
title: Interdimensional UFO hypothesis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdimensional_UFO_hypothesis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:32.609595+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: interdimensional-ufo-hypothesis-20260505-0
summary:
The interdimensional UFO hypothesis (IUH) is the proposal that unidentified flying object (UFO) sightings are the result of experiencing other "dimensions" or "portals" that coexist separately alongside our own. The hypothesis has been advanced by ufologists such as Meade Layne, John Keel, J. Allen Hynek, and Jacques Vallée. Proponents of the interdimensional hypothesis argue that UFOs are a modern manifestation of a phenomenon that has occurred throughout recorded human history, which in prior ages was ascribed to mythological or supernatural creatures. Jeffrey J. Kripal, Chair in Philosophy and Religious Thought at Rice University, writes: "this interdimensional reading, long a staple of Spiritualism through the famous 'fourth dimension', would have a very long life within ufology and is still very much with us today". == History == === Pre-modern history === Concepts similar to ”other dimensions” exist amongst various religious and mystical traditions, such as Islamic mysticism known as Sufism. In this tradition, the concept al-ghayb refers to the hidden, unseen, and invisible, and encompasses a range of important phenomena in Islam and in the everyday lives of Muslims. Within this mystical tradition, there is a concept of a hidden multilayered reality or world known as 'ālam al-mithāl, or “the world


id: intuitive-eating-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_eating-0.md
category: reference
title: Intuitive eating
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_eating
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:33.879930+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intuitive-eating-20260505-0
summary:
Intuitive eating is an approach to eating that focuses on the body's response to cues of hunger and satisfaction. It aims to foster a positive relationship with food as opposed to pursuing "weight control". Additionally, intuitive eating aims to change users' views about dieting, health, and wellness, instilling a more holistic approach. It also helps to create a positive attitude and relationship towards food, physical activity, and the body. The term "intuitive eating", coined by registered dietitians Evelyn Tribole and Elyse Resch, first appeared in a 1990s peer-reviewed journal article. In 2012, Tribole's and Resch's book Intuitive Eating: A Revolutionary Program that Works was published, identifying ten components of intuitive eating and reviewing the scientific research that has been conducted on it. == Characteristics == Unlike most diets, intuitive eating does not try to ban or restrict certain foods, with its mindset being that food should not be looked at as "good or bad". Practitioners are instead encouraged to listen to their body and eat what feels right for them. Intuitive eating follows 10 guidelines: Reject the diet mentality Honor your hunger Make peace with food Challenge the food police Feel your fullness Discover the satisfaction factor Cope with your


id: ionized-jewelry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionized_jewelry-0.md
category: reference
title: Ionized jewelry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionized_jewelry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:35.075699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ionized-jewelry-20260505-0
summary:
An Ionized bracelet, or ionic bracelet, is a type of metal bracelet jewelry purported to affect the chi of the wearer. No claims of effectiveness made by manufacturers have ever been substantiated by independent sources, and the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has found the bracelets are "part of a scheme devised to defraud". Q-Ray, Balance, Bio-Ray, iRenew, Rayma, and Rico's Bio-Energy brand bracelets are considered to be of the "ionized" family. Other alternative health bracelets, such as magnetic or copper therapy bracelets, are considered a different type of product. == History == In October 1973, corporate websites claim, Manuel L. Polo began investigating the effects of different metals on humans, believing that some metals offered a benefit when worn. This led directly to his creation of the Bio-Ray (Biomagnetic Regulator), the first ionized bracelet. In 1994, Andrew Park bought a Bio-Ray bracelet while visiting Barcelona, Spain. Believing that it had reduced his lower back pain, he was inspired to found QT Inc., which began manufacturing and selling Q-Ray bracelets in the United States by 1996. === Marketing claims === Western interest in the Q-Ray Ionized Bracelet rose as a result of an infomercial campaign by QT Inc., which ran


id: irano-afghan-race-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano-Afghan_race-0.md
category: reference
title: Irano-Afghan race
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano-Afghan_race
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:21:36.208774+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: irano-afghan-race-20260505-0
summary:
The Irano-Afghan race or Iranid race is an obsolete racial classification of human beings based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. Some anthropologists of the 20th century classified the populations native to the Iranian plateau as belonging to this race, which was usually seen as a subrace of the Caucasian race or the Mediterranean racial subtype of that race, depending on the authority consulted. == Physiognomy == American anthropologist Carleton S. Coon described the Irano-Afghan race as a branch of the Mediterranean race, describing them as being long-faced, high-headed and leptorrhine (having long and narrow noses). By contrast, Swedish anthropologist Bertil Lundman postulates an "Iranid" subtype of his "Eastern Mediterranean" race. American anthropologist Earnest Hooton in 1946 describes the "Iranian Plateau type" as distinct from the Atlanto-Mediterranean one: particularly in its long, high-bridged, and boldly jutting nasal promontory. It has the same huge dolichocephalic head and massive, usually long face. The great nose may be either straight or convex, more often the latter. According to Italian anthropologist Renato Biasutti the type was defined by: Brunet-white color, very dark hair and eyes, abundant pilosity; medium stature (165), slim body; very long (74) and high head with prominent occiput; long face;


