# kb

id: doina-eminescu-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)-2.md
category: reference
title: Doina (Eminescu)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:27.850640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: doina-eminescu-20260505-0
summary:
As argued by comparatist Călin-Andrei Mihăilescu, the poem is one of "national revival", "explosive" in "deplor[ing] the alienation of Romanians in their own lands". Doina anticipates a Greater Romania comprising all the Romanian-inhabited regions. However, as noted by the Hungarian poet Alpár Horváth, its mention of the Tisza and the Dniester contains a "geographical inaccuracy [that] causes some complications", since the two rivers are actually located close to each other at their sources: "it is confusing for conservative European ears, unsure about whether it refers to the source or the mouth of the Tisza." Literary historian Ion Buzași proposes that Eminescu may have been referencing an earlier pseudonymous work, which he attributes to Andrei Mureșanu: Literary historian John Neubauer notes Doina's "chauvinistic remarks", while Bernard Camboulives refers to its "notes of xenophobia", stemming from a "growing intellectual despair". These, Camboulives notes, "might shock those readers who are unfamiliar with Romanian history". The opening lines vaguely mention "foreigners", but the portion may refer to the situation in Eminescu's own Bukovina, specifically to relatively recent presence there of Germans, Ukrainians, and especially Bukovina Jews. The significance of the "dogs-eating-hearts" line has been a traditional topic of debate within the larger community of


id: doina-eminescu-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)-3.md
category: reference
title: Doina (Eminescu)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:27.850640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: doina-eminescu-20260505-0
summary:
The Bukovina themes had appeared in several Eminescu doine, notably including an 1877 stanza in which Eminescu, or his peasant inspiration, describes the region at "the mercy of the foreigner, which is like a thistle's shadow". The poetic image was apparently inspired to Eminescu by a Bukovina folk song, which has umbra spinului ("burr shadow") alongside references to the country being "riddled with foreigners"; this is fully quoted in his September 1877 article, Răpirea Bucovinei ("How They Abducted Bukovina"). The metaphor is also found in Doina, suggesting "the image of poverty sweeping over the country [...]. In times of drought, the thistle's shadow is more desolate than no shadow at all, a mock-offering to the heat-stricken people." A specific reference to the village of Boian, in Doina's ninth line, has contributed to that locality's notoriety in a Romanian cultural context. Another discernible theme is Eminescu's anger over the plight of Romanians in Russia's Bessarabia Governorate, which included the Budjak. As Irimia notes, the Austrian and Russian occupations appear as a continuum in Eminescu's lyrical universe. Bessarabia in its entirety is introduced as a Romanian grievance in the opening line—according to scholar Aurel Vasiliu, the Dniester–Tisza metonymy was first used by


id: doina-eminescu-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)-4.md
category: reference
title: Doina (Eminescu)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:27.850640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: doina-eminescu-20260505-0
summary:
=== Becoming a symbol === Doina was included by Titu Maiorescu in his first-ever critical edition of Eminescu's poems, published at Editura Socec as the author had withdrawn from public life. The "classic" selection and arrangement, which place Doina right before "One Wish Alone Have I", were praised by Perpessicius as particularly tactful. Nevertheless, critics were flummoxed by Maiorescu's apparent carelessness, which, in poems such as Doina, proliferated known typos. The Socec collection is known for missing an entire line of the poem, alluding to the foreigners' reliance on the "iron road". The corrected version of Doina was published in February 1884 by Maiorescu's rivals at Contemporanul. Socec itself amended the text in its revised edition of 1895. La arme remained unpublished until 1902, but was widely known through its musical adaptation by Eduard Caudella, which is probably from 1883. Caudella himself believed that the work was a suitable anthem, "the Romanians' Marseillaise". Another version, circulated in the Banat by Liviu Tempea, was sung to the tune of Chant du départ. The first use of Doina as an object of study in academia was I. Manliu's manual of poetics, published in 1890 and heavily indebted to Maiorescu's observations, closely followed


id: doina-eminescu-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)-5.md
category: reference
title: Doina (Eminescu)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:27.850640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: doina-eminescu-20260505-0
summary:
=== In Greater Romania === During the early stages of World War I, Romania maintained neutrality, while Transylvanian and Bukovinan Romanians were called upon to serve under arms in Austria-Hungary. At this stage, Doina could be recited in Transylvania. In June 1916, it was put to music for a theatrical performance by the Union of Romanian Women in Brașov. Two months after, the Romanian Kingdom entered World War I as an Entente country; the alliance favored the Russian Empire over Austria-Hungary, and the cause of Transylvania over that of Bessarabia. During the subsequent campaigns. La arme was a soldiers' anthem, used for instance during Nerva I. Paul's charge on German positions (October 1916), while Doina was sung by the Lăutar Cristache Ciolac as a "pitiful song of ancient woes". Driven into a war of attrition, Romania contemplated defeat in early 1918. Writing at the time in Chemarea, Benjamin Fondane reminded Iorga and other nationalists of the anti-Russian content of Doina, which, he argued, had been proven right. The following months and years saw the creation and consolidation of Greater Romania, beginning with the union of Bessarabia with Romania. The culmination of the process was a "Great Union" (December 1, 1918),


id: doina-eminescu-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)-6.md
category: reference
title: Doina (Eminescu)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:27.850640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: doina-eminescu-20260505-0
summary:
=== Communist censorship === In late 1944, shortly after King Michael's Coup and the onset of Soviet occupation in Romania, La arme was banned. At the time, Iron Guard commandos, supported by Nazi Germany, used Doina as a password. Under the subsequent Romanian communist regime, Doina was also targeted by political censorship: already in 1946, the quotation from Doina was removed from Schmidt-Faur's relief. The poem could not be published in Bessarabia, which was included in the Soviet Union as the Moldavian SSR. The paradox was noted by Colonel Gheorghe Eminescu, who complained that Soviet authorities had reinvented his uncle into a "Moldovan" poet while making sure that no one could access either Doina or La arme. In both countries, Doina was "banned and recited only in private readings because it named Russia as one of the imperial powers that had oppressed the Romanian nation." Also uncomfortable were its "strident nationalism" and its mention of the Dniester, "at the time in the territory of the Soviet Union." Philologist Petru Creția also argued that Doina upset the communist rulers because they themselves were mostly "foreigners [...], extremely offended by the things one read in there". In Western countries, the anti-communist Romanian


id: doina-eminescu-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)-7.md
category: reference
title: Doina (Eminescu)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:27.850640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: doina-eminescu-20260505-0
summary:
=== Recovery === Also in the 1980s, Adrian Păunescu of Cenaclul Flacăra was staging public readings of Doina in Romania. Sometimes broadcast by radio, these were also followed by Romanian activists in the Moldavian SSR. There, the poem had remained banned in the Brezhnev Era, with Nicolae Lupan threatened and ultimately expelled from the country for having circulated it. Soviet censorship was challenged by Grigore Vieru, who alluded to Doina in subversive poems such as Ridică-te ("Arise") and Eminescu—the latter includes and explicit mention: Doina mi-o furară ("They stole my Doina"). With the onset of Perestroika reforms in the Soviet republic, the magazine Nistru published all versions of Doina in its first issue of 1988, an initiative credited to poet Dumitru Matcovschi. From her home in the Latvian SSR, Maria Macovei-Briedis published the Romanian magazine Glasul, which also took up Doina in 1988. At the Eminescu centennial, some eleven months before the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Doina was publicly quoted in Ceaușescu's own address. As noted by Slama-Cazacu, this message was read out at the Romanian Athenaeum by Emil Bobu, who happened to be "one of [Ceaușescu's] least cultured ministers." At another such event in June 1989, Ceaușescu referred again


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-0.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
Existential risk from artificial intelligence, or AI x-risk, refers to the idea that substantial progress in artificial general intelligence (AGI) could lead to human extinction or an irreversible global catastrophe. One argument for the validity of this concern and the importance of this risk references how human beings dominate other species because the human brain possesses distinctive capabilities other animals lack. If AI were to surpass human intelligence and become superintelligent, it might become uncontrollable. Just as the fate of the mountain gorilla depends on human goodwill, the fate of humanity could depend on the actions of a future machine superintelligence. Experts disagree on whether artificial general intelligence (AGI) can achieve the capabilities needed for human extinction. Debates center on AGI's technical feasibility, the speed of self-improvement, and the effectiveness of alignment strategies. Concerns about superintelligence have been voiced by researchers including Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, Demis Hassabis, and Alan Turing, and AI company CEOs such as Dario Amodei (Anthropic), Sam Altman (OpenAI), and Elon Musk (xAI). In 2022, a survey of AI researchers with a 17% response rate found that the majority believed there is a 10 percent or greater chance that human inability to control AI will cause


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-1.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. Since the design of machines is one of these intellectual activities, an ultraintelligent machine could design even better machines; there would then unquestionably be an 'intelligence explosion', and the intelligence of man would be left far behind. Thus the first ultraintelligent machine is the last invention that man need ever make, provided that the machine is docile enough to tell us how to keep it under control. It is curious that this point is made so seldom outside of science fiction. It is sometimes worthwhile to take science fiction seriously. Scholars such as Marvin Minsky and I. J. Good himself occasionally expressed concern that a superintelligence could seize control, but issued no call to action. In 2000, computer scientist and Sun co-founder Bill Joy penned an influential essay, "Why The Future Doesn't Need Us", identifying superintelligent robots as a high-tech danger to human survival, alongside nanotechnology and engineered bioplagues. Nick Bostrom published Superintelligence in 2014, which presented his arguments that superintelligence poses an existential threat. By 2015, public figures such as physicists Stephen Hawking and Nobel laureate Frank


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-2.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
According to Bostrom, an AI that has an expert-level facility at certain key software engineering tasks could become a superintelligence due to its capability to recursively improve its own algorithms, even if it is initially limited in other domains not directly relevant to engineering. This suggests that an intelligence explosion may someday catch humanity unprepared. The economist Robin Hanson has said that, to launch an intelligence explosion, an AI must become vastly better at software innovation than the rest of the world combined, which he finds implausible. In a "fast takeoff" scenario, the transition from AGI to superintelligence could take days or months. In a "slow takeoff", it could take years or decades, leaving more time for society to prepare. ==== Alien mind ==== Superintelligences are sometimes called "alien minds", referring to the idea that their way of thinking and motivations could be vastly different from ours. This is generally considered as a source of risk, making it more difficult to anticipate what a superintelligence might do. It also suggests the possibility that a superintelligence may not particularly value humans by default. To avoid anthropomorphism, superintelligence is sometimes viewed as a powerful optimizer that makes the best decisions to achieve


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-3.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
An existential risk is "one that threatens the premature extinction of Earth-originating intelligent life or the permanent and drastic destruction of its potential for desirable future development". Besides extinction risk, there is the risk that the civilization gets permanently locked into a flawed future. One example is a "value lock-in": If humanity still has moral blind spots similar to slavery in the past, AI might irreversibly entrench it, preventing moral progress. AI could also be used to spread and preserve the set of values of whoever develops it. AI could facilitate large-scale surveillance and indoctrination, which could be used to create a stable repressive worldwide totalitarian regime. Atoosa Kasirzadeh proposes to classify existential risks from AI into two categories: decisive and accumulative. Decisive risks encompass the potential for abrupt and catastrophic events resulting from the emergence of superintelligent AI systems that exceed human intelligence, which could ultimately lead to human extinction. In contrast, accumulative risks emerge gradually through a series of interconnected disruptions that may gradually erode societal structures and resilience over time, ultimately leading to a critical failure or collapse. It is difficult or impossible to reliably evaluate whether an advanced AI is sentient and to what degree. But


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-4.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
As AI systems increase in capabilities, the potential dangers associated with experimentation grow. This makes iterative, empirical approaches increasingly risky. If instrumental goal convergence occurs, it may only do so in sufficiently intelligent agents. A superintelligence may find unconventional and radical solutions to assigned goals. Bostrom gives the example that if the objective is to make humans smile, a weak AI may perform as intended, while a superintelligence may decide a better solution is to "take control of the world and stick electrodes into the facial muscles of humans to cause constant, beaming grins." A superintelligence in creation could gain some awareness of what it is, where it is in development (training, testing, deployment, etc.), and how it is being monitored, and use this information to deceive its handlers. Bostrom writes that such an AI could feign alignment to prevent human interference until it achieves a "decisive strategic advantage" that allows it to take control. Analyzing the internals and interpreting the behavior of LLMs is difficult. And it could be even more difficult for larger and more intelligent models. Alternatively, some find reason to believe superintelligences would be better able to understand morality, human values, and complex goals. Bostrom writes,


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-5.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
Bostrom and others have said that a race to be the first to create AGI could lead to shortcuts in safety, or even to violent conflict. Roman Yampolskiy and others warn that a malevolent AGI could be created by design, for example by a military, a government, a sociopath, or a corporation, to benefit from, control, or subjugate certain groups of people, as in cybercrime, or that a malevolent AGI could choose the goal of increasing human suffering, for example of those people who did not assist it during the information explosion phase.:158 A report by the research group Forethought argued that advanced AI systems could cause political instability by enabling novel methods of performing coups. == Empirical research == A December 2024 study by Apollo Research found that advanced LLMs like OpenAI o1 sometimes deceive in order to accomplish their goal, to prevent them from being changed, or to ensure their deployment. Forms of deception observed in the experimental environment and scenarios included sandbagging, oversight subversion (disabling monitoring mechanisms), self-exfiltration (copying themselves to other systems), goal-guarding (altering future system prompts), and covert email reranking (manipulating data processing while appearing to follow instructions). Researchers noted that OpenAI o1 still lacked


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-6.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
Concern over risk from artificial intelligence has led to some high-profile donations and investments. In 2015, Peter Thiel, Amazon Web Services, Musk, and others jointly committed $1 billion to OpenAI, consisting of a for-profit corporation and the nonprofit parent company, which says it aims to champion responsible AI development. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz has funded and seeded multiple labs working on AI Alignment, notably $5.5 million in 2016 to launch the Centre for Human-Compatible AI led by Professor Stuart Russell. In January 2015, Elon Musk donated $10 million to the Future of Life Institute to fund research on understanding AI decision making. The institute's goal is to "grow wisdom with which we manage" the growing power of technology. Musk also funds companies developing artificial intelligence such as DeepMind and Vicarious to "just keep an eye on what's going on with artificial intelligence, saying "I think there is potentially a dangerous outcome there." In early statements on the topic, Geoffrey Hinton, a major pioneer of deep learning, noted that "there is not a good track record of less intelligent things controlling things of greater intelligence", but said he continued his research because "the prospect of discovery is too sweet". In 2023


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-7.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
Many scholars concerned about AGI existential risk believe that extensive research into the "control problem" is essential. This problem involves determining which safeguards, algorithms, or architectures can be implemented to increase the likelihood that a recursively-improving AI remains friendly after achieving superintelligence. Social measures are also proposed to mitigate AGI risks, such as a UN-sponsored "Benevolent AGI Treaty" to ensure that only altruistic AGIs are created. Additionally, an arms control approach and a global peace treaty grounded in international relations theory have been suggested, potentially for an artificial superintelligence to be a signatory. Researchers at Google have proposed research into general AI safety issues to simultaneously mitigate both short-term risks from narrow AI and long-term risks from AGI. A 2020 estimate places global spending on AI existential risk somewhere between $10 and $50 million, compared with global spending on AI around perhaps $40 billion. Bostrom suggests prioritizing funding for protective technologies over potentially dangerous ones. Some, like Elon Musk, advocate radical human cognitive enhancement, such as direct neural linking between humans and machines; others argue that these technologies may pose an existential risk themselves. Another proposed method is closely monitoring or "boxing in" an early-stage AI to prevent it from


id: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence-8.md
category: reference
title: Existential risk from artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:29.028395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-risk-from-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
Under the framework of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, states have discussed lethal autonomous weapon systems since 2014. In 2016, the treaty's parties established an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to continue those discussions. The discussions have addressed international humanitarian law, accountability, possible prohibitions and regulations, and the extent of human control required over AI-enabled weapons. In March 2023, the Future of Life Institute drafted Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter, a petition calling on major AI developers to agree on a verifiable six-month pause of any systems "more powerful than GPT-4" and to use that time to institute a framework for ensuring safety; or, failing that, for governments to step in with a moratorium. The letter referred to the possibility of "a profound change in the history of life on Earth" as well as potential risks of AI-generated propaganda, loss of jobs, human obsolescence, and society-wide loss of control. The letter was signed by prominent personalities in AI but also criticized for not focusing on current harms, missing technical nuance about when to pause, or not going far enough. Such concerns have led to the creation of PauseAI, an advocacy group organizing


id: frankenstein-complex-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_complex-0.md
category: reference
title: Frankenstein complex
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_complex
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:30.213165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frankenstein-complex-20260505-0
summary:
The Frankenstein complex is a term coined by Isaac Asimov in his robot series, referring to the fear of mechanical men. == History == Some of Asimov's science fiction short stories and novels predict that this suspicion will become strongest and most widespread in respect of "mechanical men" that most-closely resemble human beings (see android), but it is also present on a lower level against robots that are plainly electromechanical automatons. The "Frankenstein complex" is similar in many respects to Masahiro Mori's uncanny valley hypothesis. The name, "Frankenstein complex", is derived from the name of Victor Frankenstein in the 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley. In Shelley's story, Frankenstein created an intelligent, somewhat superhuman being, but he finds that his creation is horrifying to behold and abandons it. This ultimately leads to Victor's death at the conclusion of a vendetta between himself and his creation. In much of his fiction, Asimov depicts the general attitude of the public towards robots as negative, with ordinary people fearing that robots will either replace them or dominate them, although dominance would not be allowed under the specifications of the Three Laws of Robotics, the first of which is: "A


id: industrial-society-and-its-future-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future-0.md
category: reference
title: Industrial Society and Its Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:31.370948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: industrial-society-and-its-future-20260505-0
summary:
Industrial Society and Its Future, also known as the Unabomber Manifesto, is a 1995 anti-technology essay by Ted Kaczynski. The manifesto contends that the Industrial Revolution began a harmful process of natural destruction brought about by technology, while forcing humans to adapt to machinery, creating a sociopolitical order that suppresses human potential and freedom. The roughly 35,000-word manifesto formed the ideological foundation of Kaczynski's 1978–1995 mail bomb campaign, designed to protect wilderness by hastening the collapse of industrial society. The manifesto states that the public largely accepts individual technological advancements as purely positive without accounting for their overall effect, including the erosion of local and individual freedom and autonomy. It was printed in September 1995 in a special supplement to The Washington Post after Kaczynski offered to suspend his bombing campaign if his manifesto was widely circulated. Attorney General Janet Reno authorized the printing to help the FBI identify the author. The printing of, and publicity around, the manifesto eclipsed the bombings in notoriety and led to the identification of the Unabomber by Ted's brother David Kaczynski and his wife. == Impact == While Kaczynski's actions were generally condemned, his manifesto expressed ideas that continue to be generally shared among


id: industrial-society-and-its-future-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future-1.md
category: reference
title: Industrial Society and Its Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:31.370948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: industrial-society-and-its-future-20260505-0
summary:
=== Influences === Industrial Society and Its Future echoes contemporary critics of technology and industrialization such as John Zerzan, Jacques Ellul, Rachel Carson, Lewis Mumford, and E. F. Schumacher. Its idea of the "disruption of the power process" similarly echoed social critics who emphasize that the lack of meaningful work is a primary cause of social problems, including Mumford, Paul Goodman, and Eric Hoffer. Aldous Huxley addressed its general theme in Brave New World, to which Kaczynski refers in his text. Kaczynski's ideas of "oversocialization" and "surrogate activities" recall Sigmund Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents and its theories of rationalization and sublimation (a term which Kaczynski uses three times to describe "surrogate activities"). However, a 2021 study by Sean Fleming shows that many of these similarities are coincidental. Kaczynski had not read Lewis Mumford, Paul Goodman, or John Zerzan until after he submitted Industrial Society and Its Future to The New York Times and The Washington Post. There is no evidence that he read Freud, Carson, or Schumacher. Instead, Fleming argues, Industrial Society and Its Future "is a synthesis of ideas from [...] French philosopher Jacques Ellul, British zoologist Desmond Morris, and American psychologist Martin Seligman." Kaczynski's understanding of technology,


id: industrial-society-and-its-future-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future-2.md
category: reference
title: Industrial Society and Its Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:31.370948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: industrial-society-and-its-future-20260505-0
summary:
We give up a piece of ourselves whenever we adjust to conform to society's standards. That, and we're too plugged in. We're letting technology take over our lives, willingly. In 2018, New York magazine stated that the manifesto generated later interest from environmentalists, and anarcho-primitivists. In December 2020, a man who was arrested at Charleston International Airport on a charge of "conveying false information regarding attempted use of a destructive device" after he falsely threatened that he had a bomb, was found to have been carrying the Unabomber manifesto. Although Kaczynski himself described fascism as "evil", the manifesto is popular among Ecofascists. According to Professor Michael Loadenthal there has been “Siege-ification of the deep green” and Industrial Society and Its Future is widely shared in the Terrorgram community. The suspect in the killing of Brian Thompson, Luigi Mangione, was suspected by the police to have been inspired by the manifesto. Mangione had posted a Goodreads review of the manifesto, giving four stars out of five, however also describing Kaczynski as "rightfully imprisoned" and criticizing his use of violence against innocent individuals. === Reprints and further work === Feral House republished the manifesto in Kaczynski's first book, the 2010 Technological Slavery,


id: luddite-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite-0.md
category: reference
title: Luddite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:32.609938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luddite-20260505-0
summary:
The Luddites were members of a 19th-century movement of English textile workers who opposed the use of certain types of automated machinery due to concerns relating to worker pay and output quality. They often destroyed the machines in organised raids. Members of the group referred to themselves as Luddites, self-described followers of "Ned Ludd", a legendary weaver whose name was used as a pseudonym in threatening letters to mill owners and government officials. The Luddite movement began in Nottingham, England, and spread to the North West and Yorkshire between 1811 and 1816. Mill and factory owners took to shooting protesters and eventually the movement was suppressed by legal and military force, which included execution and penal transportation of accused and convicted Luddites. Over time, the term has been used to refer to those opposed to the introduction of new technologies. == Etymology == The name Luddite ( LUD-ite) occurs in the movement's writings as early as 1811. The movement utilised the eponym of Ned Ludd, an apocryphal apprentice who allegedly smashed two stocking frames in 1779 after being criticised and instructed to change his method. The name often appears as Captain, General, or King Ludd. Different versions of the legends


id: luddite-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite-1.md
category: reference
title: Luddite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:32.609938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luddite-20260505-0
summary:
The Luddite movement emerged during the harsh economic climate of the Napoleonic Wars, which saw a rise in difficult working conditions in the new textile factories paired with decreasing birth rates and a rise in education standards in England and Wales. Luddites were not opposed to the use of machines per se (many were skilled operators in the textile industry); they attacked manufacturers who were trying to circumvent standard labour practices of the time. The movement began in Arnold, Nottinghamshire, on 11 March 1811 and spread rapidly throughout England over the following two years. The British economy suffered greatly in 1810 to 1812, especially in terms of high unemployment and inflation. The causes included the high cost of the wars with Napoleon, Napoleon's Continental System of economic warfare, and escalating conflict with the United States. The crisis led to widespread protest and violence, but the middle classes and upper classes strongly supported the government, which used the army to suppress all working-class unrest, especially the Luddite movement. The Luddites met at night on the moors surrounding industrial towns to practise military-like drills and manoeuvres. Their main areas of operation began in Nottinghamshire in November 1811, followed by the West Riding


id: luddite-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite-2.md
category: reference
title: Luddite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:32.609938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luddite-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy == The Luddites (specifically the croppers, those who operated cropping machinery) are memorialised in the Yorkshire-area folk song "The Cropper Lads", which has been recorded by artists including Lou Killen and Maddy Prior. The croppers were very highly skilled and highly paid before the introduction of cropping machinery, and thus had more to lose and more reason to rebel against the factory owners' use of machinery. Another traditional song which celebrates the Luddites is the song "The Triumph of General Ludd", which was recorded by Chumbawamba for their 1988 album English Rebel Songs. == Modern usage == Nowadays, the term "Luddite" is often used to describe someone who either opposes or is resistant to the use of new technologies. In 1956, during a British Parliamentary debate, a Labour spokesman said that "organised workers were by no means wedded to a 'Luddite Philosophy'." By 2006, the term neo-Luddism had emerged to describe opposition to many forms of technology. According to a manifesto drawn up by the Second Luddite Congress (April 1996; Barnesville, Ohio), neo-Luddism is "a leaderless movement of passive resistance to consumerism and the increasingly bizarre and frightening technologies of the Computer Age". The term "Luddite fallacy" is


id: luddite-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite-3.md
category: reference
title: Luddite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:32.609938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luddite-20260505-0
summary:
== Further reading == Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. (1986). "Luddism as cartel enforcement". Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft. 142 (4): 727–738. JSTOR 40750927. Archer, John E. (2000). "Chapter 4: Industrial Protest". Social unrest and popular protest in England, 1780–1840. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57656-7. Bailey, Brian J. (1998). The Luddite Rebellion. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-1335-1. Darvall, F. (1934). Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England. Oxford University Press. Dinwiddy, John (1979). "Luddism and politics in the northern counties". Social History. 4 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1080/03071027908567438. Fox, Nicols (2003). Against the Machine: The Hidden Luddite History in Literature, Art, and Individual Lives. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-860-5. Grint, Keith; Woolgar, Steve (1997). "The Luddites: Diablo ex Machina". The machine at work: technology, work, and organization. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-7456-0924-9. Haywood, Ian (2006). "Unruly People: The Spectacular Riot". Bloody Romanticism. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 181–222. Horn, Jeff (2015). "Machine-Breaking and the 'Threat from Below' in Great Britain and France during the Early Industrial Revolution". Crowd actions in Britain and France from the middle ages to the modern world. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–178. Linebaugh, Peter (2012). Ned Ludd & Queen Mab: machine-breaking, romanticism, and the several


id: neo-luddism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism-0.md
category: reference
title: Neo-Luddism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:33.806866+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: neo-luddism-20260505-0
summary:
Neo-Luddism or new Luddism is a philosophy opposing many forms of modern technology. The term Luddite is generally used as a pejorative applied to people showing technophobic leanings. The name is based on the historical legacy of the English Luddites, who were active between 1811 and 1817. While the original Luddites were mostly concerned with the economic implications of improving technology in regard to industrialization, neo-Luddites tend to have a broader and more holistic distrust of technological improvement. Neo-Luddism is a leaderless movement of non-affiliated groups that resist modern technologies and dictate a return of some or all technologies to a more primitive level. Neo-Luddites are characterized by one or more of the following practices: passively abandoning the use of technology, protesting technology harmful to the environment, advocating simple living, or sabotaging technology. The modern neo-Luddite movement has connections with the anti-globalization movement, anarcho-primitivism, radical environmentalism, and deep ecology. Neo-Luddism is based on the concern of the technological impact on individuals, their communities, and/or the environment. Neo-Luddism stipulates the use of the precautionary principle for all new technologies, insisting that technologies be proven safe before adoption, due to the unknown effects that new technologies might inspire. == Philosophy == In


id: neo-luddism-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism-1.md
category: reference
title: Neo-Luddism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:33.806866+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: neo-luddism-20260505-0
summary:
In May 2012, credit for the shooting of Roberto Adinolfi, an Ansaldo Nucleare executive, was claimed by an anarchist group who targeted him for stating that none of the deaths following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami were caused by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster itself: Adinolfi knows well that it is only a matter of time before a European Fukushima kills on our continent [...] Science in centuries past promised us a golden age, but it is pushing us towards self destruction and slavery [...] With our action we give back to you a small part of the suffering that you scientists are bringing to the world. The American terrorist Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, initially sabotaged developments near his cabin but dedicated himself to getting back at the system after discovering a road had been built over a plateau he had considered beautiful. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski engaged in a nationwide bombing campaign against modern technology, planting or mailing numerous home-made bombs, killing three people and injuring 23 others. In his 1995 work Industrial Society and Its Future, Kaczynski states: The kind of revolution we have in mind will not necessarily involve an armed uprising


id: road-to-nowhere-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Nowhere_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Road to Nowhere (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Nowhere_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:34.981524+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: road-to-nowhere-book-20260505-0
summary:
Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong about the Future of Transportation is a 2022 non-fiction book by Canadian author Paris Marx. == Summary == The book covers a number of emerging technologies in mass transportation, particularly those that have been widely advocated for by corporations in Silicon Valley, such as ridesharing companies, electric cars, and the Hyperloop. Analysing those technologies, Marx criticises the vision of transportation put forward by Silicon Valley corporations, saying that they fail to resolve many of the issues facing mass transportation, such as environmental and cost-of-living concerns. Marx further advocates for a greater emphasis on collective methods to tackle those issues instead, including public transportation and more democratic urban planning. == Reception == Alastair Dalton of The Scotsman said the book offers "a nightmarish vision of the direction in which technology is taking transport" and "underlines the extraordinary toll exacted by motor vehicles." Rob Larson of Jacobin noted that there were some relevant topics that Marx failed to discuss, namely the use of private jets, but that the book was a "fun read" that "pairs brutally realistic analysis with a consummately Canadian level of indictment." Matthew James Seidel of Protean Magazine described the book


id: ship-of-fools-short-story-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Fools_(short_story)-0.md
category: reference
title: Ship of Fools (short story)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Fools_(short_story)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:36.151216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ship-of-fools-short-story-20260505-0
summary:
"Ship of Fools" is a 1999 short story by Ted Kaczynski. The story is a parable demonstrating Kaczynski's views that identity politics within liberalism is a distraction from the issue of climate apocalypse and that revolutionary violence is justified. == About == "Ship of Fools" was written for Off!, a student magazine at State University of New York (SUNY) in Binghamton, New York. It was written at the request of Tom LaPietra, a student at SUNY. The story also appeared on the website for Context Books. It is 11 pages long. Kaczynski wrote the parable from prison. The short story is about a ship that is headed north to the Arctic Ocean. Despite the presence of dangerous icebergs, the crew pay no attention to the wellbeing of the ship as they are too busy arguing among themselves about various injustices. The crew includes a Mexican sailor, a Native American sailor, a gay bosun, an animal rights activist, and a female passenger. The Mexican sailor asks for equal pay, the Native American sailor asks for reparations for losing his ancestral land, the gay bosun objects to homophobic slurs and asks for the "right to suck cocks without being called names for


id: sonnet-to-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_to_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Sonnet to Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_to_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:37.343966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sonnet-to-science-20260505-0
summary:
"Sonnet to Science" (originally "Sonnet — To Science") is an 1829 poem by Edgar Allan Poe, published in Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. == Summary == Poe asks why science preys on the poet. Science is peering, destructive and interested only in cold realities. It will not allow the poet to soar in fantasy or even to sit peacefully dreaming beneath a tree. == Publication history == In mid-November 1829, Poe agreed with the Baltimore firm Hatch and Dunning to publish his second volume of poetry, entitled Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. This volume was the first instance in which Poe published his verse under his own name as opposed to his first publication, Tamerlane and Other Poems, which was only attributed to “a Bostonian”. A later published version of this poem includes the following note, “Private reasons—some of which have reference to the sin of plagiarism, and other to the date of Tennyson’s first poems—have induced me, after some hesitation, to re-publish these, the crude compositions of my earliest boyhood. They are printed verbatim—without alteration from the original edition—the date of which is too remote to be judiciously acknowledged.” == References == == External links == An


id: technological-slavery-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_Slavery-0.md
category: reference
title: Technological Slavery
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_Slavery
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:39.612714+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technological-slavery-20260505-0
summary:
Technological Slavery (published in its first edition as The Road to Revolution) is a 2008 non-fiction book by the American Theodore Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, that expands on his personal philosophy and beliefs regarding technology and freedom. == Summary == In it, Kaczynski continues the critique of modern technological society that he began with his 1995 manifesto, Industrial Society and Its Future. The book serves as a compendium of his thoughts and philosophies on technology, freedom, and the impacts of societal progression on individual autonomy. The book includes Kaczynski's correspondence with various intellectuals, his responses to criticism, and further elaboration on the themes of technological dominance and its opposition. It has been a subject of considerable debate and analysis within academic and technological ethics circles. == Publication history == The first edition was published in 2008 by the French publishing company Editions Xenia under the title The Road to Revolution. The second edition was published with the new title Technological Slavery: The Collected Writings of Theodore J. Kaczynski, a.k.a. "The Unabomber" in 2010 by the American publishing company Feral House; the contents of this edition remained the same as the 2008 edition. The third edition was published as


id: technological-slavery-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_Slavery-1.md
category: reference
title: Technological Slavery
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_Slavery
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:39.612714+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technological-slavery-20260505-0
summary:
=== Postscript to "Industrial Society and Its Future" === The postscript to the manifesto is dated 2007. In it, Kaczynski addresses in brief the criticisms the manifesto received after its publication, as well as its significance. Kaczynski answers the claim that the manifesto is "unoriginal" by stating it was never intended to be original. Its purpose was "to set forth certain points about modern technology in clear and relatively brief form". Kaczynski then claims that the claim of originality or unoriginality is irrelevant to the problem of modern technology, which is of paramount importance. Kaczynski claims that many intellectuals would not deny that there is a technology problem, but that they universally refuse to discuss it. The technology problem is "simply ignored". As with the manifesto, Kaczynski states that no claims of originality are made for the book itself; though Kaczynski suggests that his originality stems from his approach to revolution as a practical possibility to solve the problem of modern technology. Some serious thinkers have suggested revolution as an approach to take, such as Jacques Ellul in his book Autopsy of a Revolution, but the kind of revolution envisioned by Ellul is "vague" and "spiritual" according to Kaczynski, whereas


id: a-thing-about-machines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thing_About_Machines-0.md
category: reference
title: A Thing About Machines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thing_About_Machines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:40.797620+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-thing-about-machines-20260505-0
summary:
"A Thing About Machines" is episode 40 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on October 28, 1960, on CBS. == Opening narration == This is Mr. Bartlett Finchley, age forty-eight, a practicing sophisticate who writes very special and very precious things for gourmet magazines and the like. He's a bachelor and a recluse with few friends, only devotees and adherents to the cause of tart sophistry. He has no interests save whatever current annoyances he can put his mind to. He has no purpose to his life except the formulation of day-to-day opportunities to vent his wrath on mechanical contrivances of an age he abhors. In short, Mr. Bartlett Finchley is a malcontent, born either too late or too early in the century, and who, in just a moment, will enter a realm where muscles and the will to fight back are not limited to human beings. Next stop for Mr. Bartlett Finchley - The Twilight Zone. == Plot == Lonely, ill-tempered gourmet magazine critic and misanthrope Bartlett Finchley berates a repairman after the latter fixes his television and tells him to stop abusing his appliances over mild inconveniences. Believing the machines are conspiring


id: uncanny-valley-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley-0.md
category: reference
title: Uncanny valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:41.964000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uncanny-valley-20260505-0
summary:
The uncanny valley effect is a hypothesized psychological and aesthetic relation between an object's degree of resemblance to a human being and the emotional response to the object. The uncanny valley hypothesis predicts that an entity appearing almost human will elicit uncanny or eerie feelings in viewers. Examples of the phenomenon exist among robots, animatronics, and lifelike dolls as well as visuals produced by 3D computer animation and predominately artificial intelligence. The increasing prevalence of digital technologies (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality, and photorealistic computer animation) and their increasing verisimilitude have prompted debate about "the valley." == Etymology == As related to robotics engineering, robotics professor Masahiro Mori first introduced the concept in 1970 from his book titled Bukimi No Tani (不気味の谷), phrasing it as bukimi no tani genshō (不気味の谷現象; lit. 'uncanny valley phenomenon'). Bukimi no tani was translated literally as uncanny valley in the 1978 book Robots: Fact, Fiction, and Prediction written by Jasia Reichardt. Over time, this translation created an unintended association of the concept to Ernst Jentsch's psychoanalytic concept of the uncanny established in his 1906 essay "On the Psychology of the Uncanny" (German: Zur Psychologie des Unheimlichen), which was then critiqued and extended in Sigmund Freud's


id: uncanny-valley-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley-1.md
category: reference
title: Uncanny valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:41.964000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uncanny-valley-20260505-0
summary:
Mate selection: Automatic, stimulus-driven appraisals of uncanny stimuli elicit aversion by activating an evolved cognitive mechanism for the avoidance of selecting mates with low fertility, poor hormonal health, or ineffective immune systems based on visible features of the face and body that are predictive of those traits. Mortality salience: Viewing an "uncanny" robot elicits an innate fear of death and culturally supported defenses for coping with death's inevitability.... [P]artially disassembled androids...play on subconscious fears of reduction, replacement, and annihilation: (1) A mechanism with a human façade and a mechanical interior plays on our subconscious fear that we are all just soulless machines. (2) Androids in various states of mutilation, decapitation, or disassembly are reminiscent of a battlefield after a conflict and, as such, serve as a reminder of our mortality. (3) Since most androids are copies of actual people, they are doppelgängers and may elicit a fear of being replaced, on the job, in a relationship, and so on. (4) The jerkiness of an android's movements could be unsettling because it elicits a fear of losing bodily control. Pathogen avoidance: Uncanny stimuli may activate a cognitive mechanism that originally evolved to motivate the avoidance of potential sources of pathogens by


id: uncanny-valley-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley-2.md
category: reference
title: Uncanny valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:41.964000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uncanny-valley-20260505-0
summary:
=== Research === A series of studies experimentally investigated whether uncanny valley effects exist for static images of robot faces. Mathur MB & Reichling DB used two complementary sets of stimuli spanning the range from very mechanical to very human-like: first, a sample of 80 objectively chosen robot face images from Internet searches, and second, a morphometrically and graphically controlled 6-face series set of faces. They asked subjects to explicitly rate the likability of each face. To measure trust toward each face, subjects completed an investment game to measure indirectly how much money they were willing to "wager" on a robot's trustworthiness. Both stimulus sets showed a robust uncanny valley effect on explicitly rated likability and a more context-dependent uncanny valley on implicitly rated trust. Their exploratory analysis of one proposed mechanism for the uncanny valley, perceptual confusion at a category boundary, found that category confusion occurs in the uncanny valley but does not mediate the effect on social and emotional responses. One study conducted in 2009 examined the evolutionary mechanism behind the aversion associated with the uncanny valley. A group of five monkeys were shown three images: two different 3D monkey faces (realistic, unrealistic), and a real photo of


id: uncanny-valley-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley-3.md
category: reference
title: Uncanny valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:41.964000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uncanny-valley-20260505-0
summary:
Design elements should match in human realism. A robot may look uncanny when human and nonhuman elements are mixed. For example, both a robot with a synthetic voice or a human being with a human voice have been found to be less eerie than a robot with a human voice or a human being with a synthetic voice. For a robot to give a more positive impression, its degree of human realism in appearance should also match its degree of human realism in behavior. If an animated character looks more human than its movement, this gives a negative impression. Human neuroimaging studies also indicate matching appearance and motion kinematics are important. Reducing conflict and uncertainty by matching appearance, behavior, and ability. In terms of performance, if a robot looks too appliance-like, people expect little from it; if it looks too human, people expect too much from it. A highly human-like appearance leads to an expectation that certain behaviors are present, such as humanlike motion dynamics. This likely operates at a sub-conscious level and may have a biological basis. Neuroscientists have noted "when the brain's expectations are not met, the brain...generates a 'prediction error'. As human-like artificial agents become more commonplace,


id: uncanny-valley-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley-4.md
category: reference
title: Uncanny valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:41.964000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uncanny-valley-20260505-0
summary:
The expression of this [Trigonocephalus] snake's face was hideous and fierce; the pupil consisted of a vertical slit in a mottled and coppery iris; the jaws were broad at the base, and the nose terminated in a triangular projection. I do not think I ever saw anything more ugly, excepting, perhaps, some of the vampire bats. I imagine this repulsive aspect originates from the features being placed in positions, with respect to each other, somewhat proportional to the human face; and thus we obtain a scale of hideousness. A similar "uncanny valley" effect could, according to the ethical-futurist writer Jamais Cascio, show up when humans begin modifying themselves with transhuman enhancements (cf. body modification), which aim to improve the abilities of the human body beyond what would normally be possible, be it eyesight, muscle strength, or cognition. So long as these enhancements remain within a perceived norm of human behavior, a negative reaction is unlikely, but once individuals supplant normal human variety, revulsion can be expected. However, according to this theory, once such technologies gain further distance from human norms, "transhuman" individuals would cease to be judged on human levels and instead be regarded as separate entities altogether (this point


id: uncanny-valley-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley-5.md
category: reference
title: Uncanny valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:41.964000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uncanny-valley-20260505-0
summary:
=== Virtual actors === An increasingly common practice is to feature virtual actors in movies: CGI likenesses of real actors used because the original actor either looks too old for the part or is deceased. Sometimes a virtual actor is created with involvement from the original actor (who may contribute motion capture, audio, etc.), while at other times the actor has no involvement. Reviewers have often criticized the use of virtual actors for its uncanny valley effect, saying it adds an eerie feeling to the movie. Examples of virtual actors that have received such criticism include replicas of Arnold Schwarzenegger in Terminator Salvation (2009) and Terminator Genisys (2015), Jeff Bridges in Tron: Legacy (2010), Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher in Rogue One (2016), and Will Smith in Gemini Man (2019). == See also == == References == === Citations === === General and cited sources === == External links == Miklósi, Ádám; Korondi, Péter; Matellán, Vicente; Gácsi, Márta (2017). "Ethorobotics: A New Approach to Human-Robot Relationship". Frontiers in Psychology. 8 958. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00958. PMC 5465277. PMID 28649213. Your Brain on Androids UCSD news release about human brain and the uncanny valley. Views on the Uncanny Valley Almost too human and lifelike


id: westworld-season-1-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_1-0.md
category: reference
title: Westworld season 1
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_1
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:43.213182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: westworld-season-1-20260505-0
summary:
The first season of the American science fiction western television series Westworld, subtitled The Maze, premiered on HBO on October 2, 2016, and concluded on December 4, 2016, consisting of ten episodes. The television series was created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, and it is based on the 1973 film of the same name, written and directed by Michael Crichton. The first season stars an ensemble cast led by Evan Rachel Wood, Thandiwe Newton, Jeffrey Wright, James Marsden, Ed Harris, and Anthony Hopkins. The first season received critical acclaim, with particular praise for the visuals, story, and performances. The series received seven nominations at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including for Outstanding Drama Series; however, the series did not win in any category. == Plot summary == Westworld's co-founder Robert Ford implements a change in the hosts' programming ostensibly as part of a new narrative for the park, but meant to encourage the park's oldest operating host, Dolores Abernathy, to find the proverbial "center of the maze", which represents the ability to achieve sentience. Host sentience was the goal of deceased co-founder Arnold Weber and later, Ford himself. Other hosts are affected by this change, creating confusion among the


id: westworld-season-1-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_1-1.md
category: reference
title: Westworld season 1
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_1
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:43.213182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: westworld-season-1-20260505-0
summary:
On December 29, 2014, Ramin Djawadi was selected to be the composer of the show, having previously worked with Jonathan Nolan on the American series Person of Interest. For the creation of the main theme, Djawadi blended the use of bass notes, light arpeggios and melody, hoping to complement the idea of an amusement park as the show's main theme. While the soundtrack featured original songs for the show, Djawadi also composed covers of several popular songs for player piano and strings. The songs that are covered for the soundtrack are Radiohead's "No Surprises", "Fake Plastic Trees", "Motion Picture Soundtrack" and "Exit Music (For a Film)"; Soundgarden's "Black Hole Sun"; The Rolling Stones' "Paint It Black"; Claude Debussy's "Reverie for piano, L.68"; "A Forest" by The Cure; The Animals' version of "The House of the Rising Sun"; Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black", and Nine Inch Nails' "Something I Can Never Have". The soundtrack was released on December 5, 2016. == Reception == === Critical response === Reception of the first season has been largely positive, with particular praise for the visuals, story, and performances. On the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 87%


id: westworld-season-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_2-0.md
category: reference
title: Westworld season 2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:44.516823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: westworld-season-2-20260505-0
summary:
The second season of the American science fiction western television series Westworld, subtitled The Door, premiered on HBO on April 22, 2018, and concluded on June 24, 2018, consisting of ten episodes. The television series was created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, and it is based on the 1973 film of the same name, written and directed by Michael Crichton. The second season stars an ensemble cast led by Evan Rachel Wood, Thandiwe Newton, Jeffrey Wright, James Marsden, Tessa Thompson, and Ed Harris. The second season has received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for the performances. However, it received criticism for its plot, which was said to be confusing. == Plot summary == After killing Dr. Ford at the end of season one, Dolores converts and leads the other hosts in killing many of the other guests in the few weeks that follow. She seeks to find a way to get out of the park to continue her revenge, and knows she must recover her father Peter's "pearl" to do so and unlock Westworld's true secrets with it. Charlotte Hale, who was attempting to smuggle Westworld data through Peter, also seeks the host as she cannot call


id: westworld-season-2-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_2-1.md
category: reference
title: Westworld season 2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_season_2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:44.516823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: westworld-season-2-20260505-0
summary:
Critics received the first five episodes of the season as screeners before the first episode premiered. In a positive review for San Francisco Chronicle, David Wiegand wrote, "there is plenty of action and violence in the first half of the season, but what will empower the show's longevity is its metaphysical theme, the exploration of the meaning and definition of human existence." Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette also praised the series, saying, "It takes a bit for Westworld to get back up to full steam, but by episode three (five hours were made available to TV critics), this futuristic, violent drama returns to fine form, introducing new parts of the park (Shogun World!), new characters and apparently new technology goals on the part of Delos, the corporation that owns Westworld." Journalist Lorraine Ali of the Los Angeles Times said, "It's poised to be a intellectually stimulating and emotionally bumpy ride, where the very concept of your existence becomes the stuff of high-brow entertainment and low-bar thrills." The New York Times TV critic James Poniewozik quipped, "don't expect too much improvement too fast from Westworld 2.0. It's still overly focused on balletic blood baths and narrative fake-outs, and much of


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-0.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
Anti-vaccine activism, which collectively constitutes the "anti-vax" or "anti-vaxx" movement, is a set of organized activities expressing opposition to vaccination. These collaborating networks often seek to increase vaccine hesitancy by disseminating vaccine misinformation and disinformation. As a social movement, it employs tools ranging from traditional news media to various forms of online communication. Activists have primarily—though not exclusively—focused on opposing childhood vaccination, and have sought to expand their influence from niche subgroups into national political debates. Ideas that later coalesced into anti-vaccine activism predate vaccines themselves. The movement, along with fringe doctors, has propagated various myths and conspiracy theories, alongside misinformation and disinformation. These efforts have significantly increased vaccine hesitancy and influenced public policy regarding the ethical, legal, and medical aspects of vaccination. In contrast, there is no substantive debate or hesitancy within mainstream medical circles about the benefits of vaccination; the scientific consensus is "clear and unambiguous" in favor of vaccines. Despite this consensus, the anti-vaccine movement has been partially successful in distorting the public understanding of science in popular culture. == History == === 18th and 19th century === Ideas that would eventually coalesce into anti-vaccine activism have existed for longer than vaccines themselves. Some philosophical approaches (e.g.


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-1.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
==== Anti-Vaccination Society of America ==== In the United States, many states and local school boards established immunization requirements, beginning with a compulsory school vaccination law in Massachusetts in 1855. The Anti-Vaccination Society of America was founded in 1879, after a visit to the United States by British anti-vaccine activist William Tebb, and opposed compulsory smallpox vaccination for smallpox from the final decades of the 19th century through the 1910s. During this period, smallpox vaccination was the only form of vaccination that was widely practiced, and the society published a periodical opposing it, called Vaccination. A series of American legal cases, beginning in various states and culminating with that of Henning Jacobson of Massachusetts in 1905, upheld the mandating of compulsory smallpox vaccination for the good of the public. The court ruled in Jacobson v. Massachusetts that "the liberty secured by the Constitution of the United States to every person within its jurisdiction does not import an absolute right in each person to be, at all times and in all circumstances, wholly freed from restraint. There are manifold restraints to which every person is necessarily subject for the common good". ==== London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination ====


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-2.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
Anti-vaccine activism in the 2000s regained prominence through exploratory research by Andrew Wakefield based on 12 selected cases. He then made claims about a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. These claims were subsequently extensively investigated and found to be false, and the original study turned out to be based on faked data. The scientific consensus is that there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and that the MMR vaccine's benefits in preventing measles, mumps, and rubella greatly outweigh its potential risks. The idea of an autism link was first suggested in the early 1990s and came to public notice largely as a result of the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, which Dennis K Flaherty at the University of Charleston characterized as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". The fraudulent research paper authored by Wakefield and published in The Lancet falsely claimed the vaccine was linked to colitis and autism spectrum disorders. The paper was retracted by Lancet in 2010 but is still cited by anti-vaccine activists. The claims in the paper were widely reported, leading to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland. Promotion of the


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-3.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
==== 2019 and 2025 measles outbreaks ==== Vaccine hesitancy led to declining rates of vaccination for measles, culminating in the 2019–2020 measles outbreaks. The most significant of these, in proportion to the national population, was the 2019 Samoa measles outbreak. In July 2018, two 12-month-old children died in Samoa after receiving incorrectly prepared MMR vaccinations. These two deaths were picked up by anti-vaccine groups and used to incite fear towards vaccination on social media, causing the government to suspend its measles vaccination programme for ten months, despite advice from the WHO. The incident caused many Samoan residents to lose trust in the healthcare system. UNICEF and the World Health Organization estimate that the measles vaccination rate in Samoa fell from 74% in 2017 to 34% in 2018, similar to some of the poorest countries in Africa. In August 2019, an infected passenger on one of the more than 8,000 annual flights between New Zealand and Samoa probably brought the disease from Auckland to Upolu. A full outbreak of measles began on the island in October 2019 and continued for the next four months. As of January 6, 2020, there were over 5,700 cases of measles and 83 deaths, out of


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-4.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
=== Misrepresentation === In some instances, anti-vaccine organizations have used names intended to sound non-partisan on the issue: e.g. National Vaccine Information Center (USA), Vaccination Risk Awareness Network (Canada), Australian Vaccination Network. In November 2013 the Australian Vaccination Network was ordered by the New South Wales Administrative Decisions Tribunal to change their name so that consumers are aware of the anti-vaccination nature of the group. Lateline reported that former AVN president Meryl Dorey "claimed she was a victim of hate groups and vested interests" in response to the ruling. === Information quality === Although physicians and nurses are still rated as the most trusted source for vaccine information, some vaccine-hesitant individuals report being more comfortable discussing vaccines with providers of complementary and alternative medical (CAM) treatments. With the rise of the internet, many people have turned online for medical information. In some instances, anti-vaccine activists seek to steer people away from vaccination and health-care providers and towards alternative medicines sold by certain activists. Anti-vaccination writings on the internet have been argued to be characterized by a number of differences from medical and scientific literature. These include: Promiscuous copying and reduplication. Ignoring corrections, even when an initial report or data point


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-5.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
=== Use of misinformation in Philippine anti-vaccine activism === Anti-vaccine activism in the Philippines has been amplified through social media platforms such as Facebook, where misinformation spreads widely among low-income users with "free Facebook" access. Online groups like "NO TO VACCINE – PHILIPPINES" propagate messages about vaccine harms, while emotionally charged narratives rooted in the 2017 Dengvaxia controversy continue to undermine public trust in immunization programs. Health activists and pro-vaccine groups have pushed back: for instance, the Vaccine Solidarity Movement called on media outlets to stop amplifying unscientific anti-vax views and to rely on qualified experts. Misinformation about vaccine brands (such as Sinovac) and perceived regulatory failures contributes to hesitancy, a tactic leveraged by anti-vaxxers to sow doubt. In addition, some disinformation campaigns have geopolitical dimensions: a covert campaign reportedly run by the U.S. military in the Philippines spread fears that Chinese-made COVID-19 vaccines were unsafe. Community-level mistrust is also fueled by moral panic and institutional distrust. Ethnographic studies among Filipino parents document how fear from past vaccine controversies, such as Dengvaxia, continues to resonate in discussions about routine immunization. At the same time, negative vaccine narratives garner strong engagement: a content analysis of YouTube comments on national TV vaccination


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-6.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
== Countering anti-vaccine activism == Various efforts have been suggested and undertaken to address concerns about vaccines and counter anti-vaccine disinformation. Efforts include social media advertising campaigns, by public health organizations, in support of public health goals. Best practices for combating vaccine mis- and disinformation include addressing issues openly, clearly identifying areas of scientific consensus and areas of uncertainty, and being sensitive to the cultural and religious values of communities. In countering anti-vaccine disinformation, both factual and emotional aspects need to be addressed. Whether people will update a mistaken belief is complicated and involves psychological factors and social goals as well as accuracy of information. There is some evidence that both debunking and "pre-bunking" of disinformation can be effective, at least in the short term. Elements that may help to correct inaccurate information include: warning people before they are exposed to misinformation; high perceived credibility of message sources, affirmations of identity and social norms; graphical presentation; and focusing attention on clear core messages. Alternative explanations of a situation need to fit plausibly into the original scenario and ideally indicate why the incorrect explanation was previously thought to be correct. The cultivation of critical thinking, health and science awareness, and media


id: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism-7.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:46.395880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-20260505-0
summary:
=== Community engagement === Steps have been taken to counter anti-vaccine messaging by directly engaging with communities. Outreach efforts include call centers and texting campaigns, partnering with local community leaders, and holding community-based vaccine clinics. Creating digital and science literacy resources and distributing them via schools, libraries, municipal offices, churches and other community groups can help to counter misinformation in under-resourced communities. The Black Doctors COVID-19 Consortium in Philadelphia is one example of a successful direct outreach initiative. Another is the New York State Vaccine Equity Task Force. In line with the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE)'s 3C's model, outreach to communities has focused on addressing mistrust and increasing Confidence, providing information to improve risk assessment (Complacency), and improving access to COVID-19 vaccines (Convenience). It has been necessary to counter disinformation in all three areas. In the Philippines, countermeasures include nationwide information campaigns led by the Department of Health, collaborations with UNICEF to address circulating misinformation, and initiatives by medical and scientific groups such as the Vaccine Solidarity Movement, which urges media outlets to prioritize expert guidance and avoid amplifying unverified claims. Local health workers and barangay officials are trained to respond to vaccine concerns at the household level,


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-0.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability and supporting evidence of effectivity. The term also includes accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use or using certain vaccines but not others. Although adverse effects associated with vaccines are occasionally observed, the scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective is overwhelming. Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Therefore, the World Health Organization characterizes vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats. Vaccine hesitancy is complex and context-specific, varying across time, place, and specific vaccine. It can be influenced by factors such as lack of proper scientific-based knowledge and understanding about how vaccines are made or work. Other psychological factors including fear of needles and distrust of public authorities, a person's lack of confidence (mistrust of the vaccine and/or healthcare provider), complacency (the person does not see a need for the vaccine or does not see the value of the vaccine), and convenience (access to vaccines). It has existed since the invention of vaccination and pre-dates the coining of the terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" by nearly eighty years. Although myths, conspiracy theories, misinformation, and disinformation


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-1.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Formaldehyde ==== Vaccine-hesitant people have also voiced concerns about the presence of formaldehyde in vaccines. Formaldehyde is used in small concentrations to inactivate viruses and bacterial toxins used in vaccines. Small amounts of residual formaldehyde can be present in vaccines but are far below values harmful to human health. The levels present in vaccines are minuscule when compared to naturally occurring levels of formaldehyde in the human body and pose no significant risk of toxicity. The human body continuously produces formaldehyde naturally and contains 50–70 times the greatest amount of formaldehyde present in any vaccine. Furthermore, the human body is capable of breaking down naturally occurring formaldehyde as well as the small amount of formaldehyde present in vaccines. There is no evidence linking the infrequent exposures to small quantities of formaldehyde present in vaccines with cancer. === MMR vaccine === In the UK, the MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy after the publication in The Lancet of a 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield and others reporting case histories of twelve children mostly with autism spectrum disorders with onset soon after administration of the vaccine. At a 1998 press conference, Wakefield suggested that giving children the vaccines in three


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-2.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Prenatal infection === Based on studies in animal models, theoretical concerns have been raised about a possible link between schizophrenia and maternal immune response activated by virus antigens. A 2009 review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of trivalent influenza vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy, but that the vaccine was still recommended outside the first trimester and in special circumstances such as pandemics or in women with certain other conditions. The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Academy of Family Physicians all recommend routine flu shots for pregnant women based on the risk for serious influenza-related complications, greater rates for flu-related hospitalizations compared to non-pregnant women, the possible transfer of maternal anti-influenza antibodies, and several studies failing to find harm to pregnant women or their children from the vaccinations. Despite this recommendation, only 16% of healthy pregnant US women surveyed in 2005 had been vaccinated against the flu. === Sudden infant death syndrome === Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is most common in infants around the time in life when they receive many vaccinations. Since the cause of SIDS has not been fully


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-3.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Blood transfusion === After the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine hesitant people have at times demanded that they get donor blood from donors that have not received the vaccine. In the US and Canada, blood centers do not keep data on whether a donor has been COVID-19 infected or vaccinated, and in August 2021 it was estimated that 60-70% of US blood donors had COVID-19 antibodies. Research director Timothy Caulfield said that "This really highlights, I think, how powerful misinformation can be. It can really have an impact in a way that can be dangerous ... There is no evidence to support these concerns." The British Journal of Haematology called the trend "alarming" in 2021. The chief medical officer of ImpactLife said the same year that accepting such a demand "would be an operational can of worms for a medically unjustifiable request". As of August 2021, such demands were rare in the US. As of 2024, the numbers are increasing. Doctors in Alberta, Canada, warned in November 2022 that the demands were becoming more common. The Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (AABB) and the Canadian Blood Services have both issued guidance on how to respond to


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-4.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Natural infection === Another common anti-vaccine myth is that the immune system produces a better immune protection in response to natural infection when compared to vaccination. However, strength and duration of immune protection gained varies by both disease and vaccine, with some vaccines giving better protection than natural infection. For example, the HPV vaccine generates better immune protection than natural infection due to the vaccine containing higher concentrations of a viral coat protein, while also not containing proteins the HPV viruses use to inhibit immune response. While it is true that infection with certain illnesses may produce lifelong immunity, many natural infections do not produce lifelong immunity, while carrying a higher risk of harming a person's health than vaccines. For example, natural varicella infection carries a higher risk of bacterial superinfection with Group A streptococci. Natural measles infection carries a high risk of many serious, and sometimes life-long, complications, all of which can be avoided by vaccination. Those infected with measles rarely have a symptomatic reinfection. Most people survive measles, though in some cases, complications may occur. Among those that experience complications, about 1 in 4 individuals will be hospitalized and 1–2 in 1000 will die. Complications are more


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-5.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
Historically, chiropractic strongly opposed vaccination based on its belief that all diseases were traceable to so-called "vertebral subluxations" in the spine and therefore could not be affected by vaccines. Daniel D. Palmer (1845–1913), the founder of chiropractic, wrote: "It is the very height of absurdity to strive to 'protect' any person from smallpox or any other malady by inoculating them with a filthy animal poison." Vaccination remains controversial within the profession. Most chiropractic writings on vaccination focus on its negative aspects. A 1995 survey of US chiropractors found that about one third believed there was no scientific proof that immunization prevents disease. While the Canadian Chiropractic Association supports vaccination, a survey in Alberta in 2002 found that 25% of chiropractors advised patients for, and 27% advised against, vaccinations for patients or for their children. Although most chiropractic colleges try to teach about vaccination in a manner consistent with scientific evidence, several have faculty who seem to stress negative views. A survey of a 1999–2000 cross-section of students of Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC), which does not formally teach anti-vaccination views, reported that fourth-year students opposed vaccination more strongly than did first-year students, with 29.4% of fourth-year students opposing vaccination. A


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-6.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Fear of needles === Blood-injection-injury phobia and general fear of needles and injections can lead people to avoid vaccinations. One survey conducted in January and February 2021 estimated this was responsible for 10% of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK at the time. A 2012 survey of American parents found that a fear of needles was the most common reason for adolescents to forgo their second dose of a HPV vaccine. Various treatments for fear of needles can help overcome this problem, from offering pain reduction at the time of injection to long-term behavioral therapy. Tensing the stomach muscles can help avoid fainting, swearing can reduce perceived pain, and distraction can also improve the perceived experience, such as by pretending to cough, performing a visual task, watching a video, or playing a video game. To avoid dissuading people who have a needle phobia, vaccine update researchers recommend against using pictures of needles, people getting an injection, or faces displaying negative emotions (like a crying baby) in promotional materials. Instead, they recommend medically accurate photos depicting smiling, diverse people with bandages, vaccination cards, or a rolled-up sleeve; depicting vials instead of needles; and depicting the people who develop and


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-7.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
Since most religions predate the invention of vaccines, scriptures do not specifically address the topic of vaccination. However, vaccination has been opposed by some on religious grounds ever since it was first introduced. When vaccination was first becoming widespread, some Christian opponents argued that preventing smallpox deaths would be thwarting God's will and that such prevention is sinful. Opposition from some religious groups continues to the present day, on various grounds, raising ethical difficulties when the number of unvaccinated children threatens harm to the entire population. Many governments allow parents to opt out of their children's otherwise mandatory vaccinations for religious reasons; some parents falsely claim religious beliefs to get vaccination exemptions. Many Jewish community leaders support vaccination. Among early Hasidic leaders, Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1772–1810) was known for his criticism of the doctors and medical treatments of his day. However, when the first vaccines were successfully introduced, he stated: "Every parent should have his children vaccinated within the first three months of life. Failure to do so is tantamount to murder. Even if they live far from the city and have to travel during the great winter cold, they should have the child vaccinated before three months." Although


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-8.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
== Countermeasures == Vaccine hesitancy is challenging and optimal strategies for approaching it remain uncertain. Multicomponent initiatives which include targeting undervaccinated populations, improving the convenience of and access to vaccines, educational initiatives, and mandates may improve vaccination uptake. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a paper in 2016 intending to aid experts on how to respond to vaccine deniers in public. The WHO recommends for experts to view the general public as their target audience rather than the vaccine denier when debating in a public forum. The WHO also suggests for experts to make unmasking the techniques that the vaccine denier uses to spread misinformation as the goal of the conversation. The WHO asserts that this will make the public audience more resilient against anti-vaccine tactics. === Providing information === Many interventions designed to address vaccine hesitancy have been based on the information deficit model. This model assumes that vaccine hesitancy is due to a person lacking the necessary information and attempts to provide them with that information to solve the problem. Despite many educational interventions attempting this approach, ample evidence indicates providing more information is often ineffective in changing a vaccine-hesitant person's views and may, in fact, have the


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-9.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Avoiding online misinformation === It is recommended that healthcare providers advise parents against performing their own web search queries since many websites on the Internet contain significant misinformation. Many parents perform their own research online and are often confused, frustrated, and unsure of which sources of information are trustworthy. Additional recommendations include introducing parents to the importance of vaccination as far in advance of the initial well-child visit as possible; presenting parents with vaccine safety information while in their pediatrician's waiting room; and using prenatal open houses and postpartum maternity ward visits as opportunities to vaccinate. Internet advertising, especially on social networking websites, is purchased by both public health authorities and anti-vaccination groups. In the United States, the majority of anti-vaccine Facebook advertising in December 2018 and February 2019 had been paid for one of two groups: Children's Health Defense and Stop Mandatory Vaccination. The ads targeted women and young couples and generally highlighted the alleged risks of vaccines, while asking for donations. Several anti-vaccination advertising campaigns also targeted areas where measles outbreaks were underway during this period. The impact of Facebook's subsequent advertising policy changes has not been studied. === Incentive programs === Several countries have implemented programs


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-10.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
There was legitimate concern from supporters of vaccination about its safety and efficacy, but this was overshadowed by general condemnation, particularly when legislation started to introduce compulsory vaccination. The reason for this was that vaccination was introduced before laboratory methods were developed to control its production and account for its failures. Vaccine was maintained initially through arm-to-arm transfer and later through production on the skin of animals, and bacteriological sterility was impossible. Further, identification methods for potential pathogens were not available until the late 19th to early 20th century. Diseases later shown to be caused by contaminated vaccine included erysipelas, tuberculosis, tetanus, and syphilis. This last, though rare – estimated at 750 cases in 100 million vaccinations – attracted particular attention. Much later, Charles Creighton, a leading medical opponent of vaccination, claimed that the vaccine itself was a cause of syphilis and devoted a book to the subject. As cases of smallpox started to occur in those who had been vaccinated earlier, supporters of vaccination pointed out that these were usually very mild and occurred years after the vaccination. In turn, opponents of vaccination pointed out that this contradicted Jenner's belief that vaccination conferred complete protection. The views of opponents


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-11.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
==== United States ==== After an 1879 visit to New York by prominent British anti-vaccinationist William Tebb, The Anti-Vaccination Society of America was founded. The New England Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League formed in 1882, and the Anti-Vaccination League of New York City in 1885. Tactics in the US largely followed those used in England. Vaccination in the US was regulated by individual states, in which there followed a progression of compulsion, opposition, and repeal similar to that in England. Although generally organized on a state-by-state basis, the vaccination controversy reached the US Supreme Court in 1905. There, in the case of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, the court ruled that states have the authority to require vaccination against smallpox during a smallpox epidemic. John Pitcairn, the wealthy founder of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (now PPG Industries), emerged as a major financier and leader of the American anti-vaccination movement. On March 5, 1907, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, he delivered an address to the Committee on Public Health and Sanitation of the Pennsylvania General Assembly criticizing vaccination. He later sponsored the National Anti-Vaccination Conference, which, held in Philadelphia in October 1908, led to the creation of The Anti-Vaccination League of America. When the league organized


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-12.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
In mid-2020, surveys on whether people would be willing to take a potential COVID-19 vaccine estimated that 67% or 80% of people in the US would accept a new vaccination against COVID-19. In the United Kingdom, a 16 November 2020 YouGov poll showed that 42% said they were very likely to take the vaccine and 25% were fairly likely (67% likely overall); 11% would be very unlikely and 10% fairly unlikely (21% unlikely overall) and 12% are unsure. There have been a number of reasons expressed why people might not wish to take COVID-19 vaccines, such as concerns over safety, self-perception of being "low risk", or questioning the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in particular. 8% of those reluctant to take it say it is because they oppose vaccinations overall; this amounts to just 2% of the British public. A December 2020 Ipsos/World Economic Forum 15-country poll asked online respondents whether they agreed with the statement: "If a vaccine for COVID-19 were available, I would get it." Rates of agreement were smallest in France (40%), Russia (43%) and South Africa (53%). In the United States, 69% of those polled agreed with the statement; rates were even higher in Britain (77%) and China (80%).


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-13.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Nigeria, polio, measles, diphtheria (2001–) ==== In the early first decade of the 21st century, conservative religious leaders in northern Nigeria, suspicious of Western medicine, advised their followers not to have their children vaccinated with the oral polio vaccine. The boycott was endorsed by the governor of Kano State, and immunization was suspended for several months. Subsequently, polio reappeared in a dozen formerly polio-free neighbors of Nigeria, and genetic tests showed the virus was the same one that originated in northern Nigeria. Nigeria had become a net exporter of the poliovirus to its African neighbors. People in the northern states were also reported to be wary of other vaccinations, and Nigeria reported over 20,000 measles cases and nearly 600 deaths from measles from January through March 2005. In Northern Nigeria, it is a common belief that vaccination is a strategy created by the westerners to reduce the Northerners' population. As a result of this belief, a large number of Northerners reject vaccination. In 2006, Nigeria accounted for over half of all new polio cases worldwide. Outbreaks continued thereafter; for example, at least 200 children died in a late-2007 measles outbreak in Borno State. ==== United States, measles (2005–) ====


id: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy-14.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:48.023778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
==== United States, tetanus ==== Most cases of pediatric tetanus in the U.S. occur in unvaccinated children. In Oregon, in 2017, an unvaccinated boy had a scalp wound that his parents sutured themselves. Later the boy arrived at a hospital with tetanus. He spent 47 days in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and 57 total days in the hospital, for $811,929, not including the cost of airlifting him to the Oregon Health and Science University, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, or the subsequent two and a half weeks of inpatient rehabilitation he required. Despite this, his parents declined the administration of subsequent tetanus boosters or other vaccinations. ==== Romania, measles (2016–present) ==== As of September 2017, a measles epidemic was ongoing across Europe, especially Eastern Europe. In Romania, there were about 9300 cases, and 34 people (all unvaccinated) had died. This was preceded by a 2008 controversy regarding the HPV vaccine. In 2012, doctor Christa Todea-Gross published a free downloadable book online, this book contained misinformation about vaccination from abroad translated into Romanian, which significantly stimulated the growth of the anti-vaccine movement. The government of Romania officially declared a measles epidemic in September 2016 and started an information campaign to encourage parents


id: 19-to-zero-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_to_Zero-0.md
category: reference
title: 19 to Zero
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_to_Zero
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:49.195296+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 19-to-zero-20260505-0
summary:
19 to Zero is a Canadian not-for-profit behavioural sciences initiative based in Calgary, Alberta. Hosted at the University of Calgary, the public–private partnership is made up of around 500 members including public health specialists, academics, behavioural psychologists, marketers and multimedia creators. Its purpose is to increase confidence in vaccines for COVID-19 and other diseases by tackling vaccine hesitancy. The group publishes materials on its website and through partner organizations, including videos, billboards, presentations, brochures and in-person events. == History == === Founding === 19 to Zero was launched in August 2020 at the University of Calgary in order to influence the behaviour of the public surrounding public health measures and COVID-19 vaccines. The group's primary goal is to increase vaccine uptake in order to meet immunization targets, working to coordinate messaging among health care workers across Canada. 19 to Zero and the University of Toronto conducted a survey in the fall of 2020 to gauge routine vaccination rates following the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2020, Alberta Innovates announced a $392,080 grant to fund 19 to Zero with a project titled "Changing COVID-19 Behaviors through a data-driven targeted marketing campaign." 19 to Zero collaborated in the development of


id: 2014-el-carmen-de-bol-var-illness-outbreak-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_El_Carmen_de_Bolívar_illness_outbreak-0.md
category: reference
title: 2014 El Carmen de Bolívar illness outbreak
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_El_Carmen_de_Bolívar_illness_outbreak
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:50.396811+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2014-el-carmen-de-bol-var-illness-outbreak-20260505-0
summary:
Beginning in March 2014 and increasing substantially in May and June 2014, over 600 teenage girls and women in El Carmen de Bolívar, Colombia developed medically unexplained symptoms, including fainting, twitching, and loss of consciousness. Media and residents suggested the symptoms resulted from HPV vaccines, although health officials found no link between the vaccine and the symptoms. The event has been labeled as an example of mass psychogenic illness by medical professionals and by then-Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos. == Progression of events == The first girl in El Carmen de Bolívar to develop symptoms did so in late March 2014. Between 29 May and 2 June, 15 female students from Colegio Espíritu Santo were admitted to the local Nuestra Senora del Carmen hospital after developing "tachycardia, shortness of breath, and numbness of the limbs". Health officials considered "possible food, water, lead, or pesticide poisoning" as causes, while several of the girls' parents linked the symptoms to the Gardasil vaccine; the girls had received the second dose of the vaccine in school two months prior. Several of the girls were sent to hospitals in Sincelejo and Barranquilla, after continuing to show symptoms following their discharge. The school had not notified


id: 2025-belize-measles-outbreak-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Belize_measles_outbreak-0.md
category: reference
title: 2025 Belize measles outbreak
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Belize_measles_outbreak
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:51.553339+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2025-belize-measles-outbreak-20260505-0
summary:
On 12 April 2025, two cases of measles linked to international travel were confirmed in the Cayo and Corozal districts of Belize. By 28 April, a further five cases were confirmed among close contacts of these initial cases. On 12 May, health authorities declared local transmission of measles in Spanish Lookout, Cayo. As of 13 May, the outbreak is confirmed to have infected seven persons and suspected to have infected at least a few more. No deaths have been reported. This outbreak is the first such in the country since the eradication of measles in 1991. == Background == Belize was deemed measles-free in 1991, and reported no positive cases in the ensuing decades (until the present outbreak) despite not meeting the World Health Organization target vaccination range for measles (92–95 percent). == Epidemiology == On 12 April, the Ministry of Health & Wellness confirmed two positive measles cases in two 17-year-old males from Corozal and Cayo with no vaccination history. They reported having travelled to Chihuahua, Mexico from 5 January to 31 March for a religious gathering, and having subsequently developed symptoms on 2–3 April. By 28 April, an additional five positive cases were confirmed among close contacts of


id: abba-political-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_(political_party)-0.md
category: reference
title: ABBA (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:52.772056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: abba-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
ABBA (Maltese: Partit ABBA) is an inactive far-right and Christian right political party in Malta. == History == The party was founded in 2021 by Ivan Grech Mintoff, the former leader of Alleanza Bidla. The party's registrations was initially refused by the Electoral Commission due to the party's name not being able to be shortened to an acronym. In response to this ABBA filed a judicial protest claiming the commission was discriminating against them. The Electoral Commission later agreed to register the party. ABBA took part in the 2022 Maltese General Elections with candidates in all 13 districts, they received 0.42% of votes. Most ABBA candidates which ran in the election are also members of the Christian Charismatic Pentecostal group River of Love. Grech Mintoff resigned as party leader and from ABBA itself just before the 2024 European Parliament elections, following a dispute with Secretary-General Simon Elmer. Grech Mintoff was still on the ballot as an ABBA candidate due to the papers being printed, but asked to be considered an independent candidate. The party's social media accounts went inactive after June 2024. Elmer and party treasurer Romina Magro later joined Edwin Vassallo's Christian conservative National Democratic Union, after the movement's


id: alliance-for-the-union-of-romanians-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians-0.md
category: reference
title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:54.208334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alliance-for-the-union-of-romanians-20260505-0
summary:
The Alliance for the Union of Romanians (Romanian: Alianța pentru Unirea Românilor, AUR) is a right-wing populist and far-right political party active in Romania, with a branch in the neighbouring Republic of Moldova too. It was founded in 2019 by George Simion and Claudiu Târziu and as of 2026, it is the second largest party in both chambers of the Parliament of Romania, namely the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The party was founded in order to take part in the 2020 local and parliamentary elections in Romania, its main leader Simion formerly candidating in the 2019 European election in Romania as an independent candidate, failing to obtain a place as he did not receive the required number of votes. Despite almost no success localy, the party unexpectedly obtained 9% of the votes in the parliamentary elections, making it the fourth largest party in the Parliament. Four years later, it obtained 18% of the votes, making it the second largest party. AUR's manifesto aims for the unification of all Romanians, particularly focusing on the union of Moldova and Romania. The AUR logo itself represents a map of Romania composed of a line depicting the actual border of the country


id: alliance-for-the-union-of-romanians-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians-1.md
category: reference
title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:54.208334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alliance-for-the-union-of-romanians-20260505-0
summary:
=== Election to Parliament and first legislature (2020–2024) === In the 2020 Romanian legislative election, AUR obtained a high percentage of the votes, being called as the "surprise" of Romania. The results also increased the popularity of the party on the Internet. Many members of the Romanian Orthodox Church campaigned for the AUR during the 2020 Romanian legislative election. The party came first among Romanians in Italy, the largest group of the Romanian diaspora, and ran a close second among Romanians in France and Romanians in Spain. It also scored first in Cyprus. AUR's candidate for prime minister was Călin Georgescu, who worked for the United Nations for 17 years. According to a statement released by AUR on 8 December 2020, 15,000 Romanians joined the party in just 24 hours. The party got 47 MPs in the 2020–2024 Romanian legislature. The party achieved good results in rural areas of Moldavia and Dobruja, areas traditionally dominated by the other big parties. Its most significant percentages were in the counties where the Romanian Orthodox Church has a strong influence and a large number of practicing believers. These are Suceava (14.72%), Botoșani (14.62%), Neamț (14.4%), Constanța (14.2%), and Vrancea (13.43%). The party speculated


id: alliance-for-the-union-of-romanians-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians-2.md
category: reference
title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:54.208334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alliance-for-the-union-of-romanians-20260505-0
summary:
On 14 November 2023, at an AUR press conference, Lidia Vadim-Tudor (the daughter of the late Corneliu Vadim Tudor), former Minister for Business Environment Ilan Laufer (who is also the president of the National Identity Force), businessman Muhammad Murad, entrepreneur Sorin Constantinescu and Sorin Ilieșiu, as well as deputies Florică Calotă (who was elected on PNL list), Daniel Forea (elected on PSD list), Dumitru Viorel Focșa (elected on AUR, but later left) and senators Ovidiu Iosif Florean (elected on PNL list), Călin Gheorghe Matieș (elected on PSD list) and Vasilică Potecă (elected on PNL list) announced that they are joining AUR for the next election. Later, on 21 November, AUR announced, together with the Romanian Village Party, National Rebirth Alliance, Romanian Republican Party and National Peasants' Alliance the creation of a Sovereigntist Alliance to contest the 2024 Romanian parliamentary election. On 2 April 2024, Mihail Neamțu, former leader of the New Republic party, joined AUR. In the 2024 European Parliament Election, AUR gained five seats in the EU Parliament, with a total of 6 seats, receiving 14.9% of the total votes. AUR previously held only 1 seat in the European Parliament. In the party's first local elections on 9 June


id: alternative-vaccination-schedule-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule-0.md
category: reference
title: Alternative vaccination schedule
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:55.405359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alternative-vaccination-schedule-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, an alternative vaccination schedule is a vaccination schedule differing from the schedule endorsed by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). These schedules may be either written or ad hoc, and have not been tested for their safety or efficacy. Proponents of such schedules aim to reduce the risk of adverse effects they believe to be caused by vaccine components, such as "immune system overload" that is argued to be caused by exposure to multiple antigens. Parents who adopt these schedules tend to do so because they are concerned about the potential risks of vaccination, rather than because they are unaware of the significance of vaccination's benefits. Delayed vaccination schedules have been shown to lead to an increase in breakthrough infections without any benefit in lower side effect profiles. == Effects == Contrary to the claims made by some advocates of alternative vaccine schedules, there is no scientific evidence for the existence of "immune system overload", and according to the UK National Health Service the idea is a "myth". In addition, the amount of chemicals in vaccines such as aluminium and formaldehyde is much lower than natural exposure levels. Intentional deviation from the ACIP's schedule leaves


id: anti-vaccinationism-in-chiropractic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic-0.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:56.587570+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccinationism-in-chiropractic-20260505-0
summary:
Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic is widespread, but there are notable differences within the trade. Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine founded on the idea that all disease is caused by disruption of the flow of "innate" (or innate intelligence) in the spine, by so-called vertebral subluxations – a pseudoscientific concept. Over time chiropractic has divided into "straights" who adhere to the subluxation theory and "mixers" who adhere more closely to a scientifically-based view of anatomy. "Straight" chiropractors are very likely to be anti-vaccination, but all chiropractic training tends to reduce acceptance of vaccines. Chiropractic anti-vaccinationism has led to negative impacts on both public health and mainstream acceptance of chiropractic. == Details == Most chiropractic writings on vaccination focus on its alleged negative aspects, claiming that vaccination is hazardous, ineffective, and unnecessary. It is certainly the case that most chiropractic writings on vaccination focus almost exclusively on the negative aspects, either ignoring the huge amount of evidence supporting the benefits of vaccination or summarily dismissing this as "bad science" or government/industrial propaganda. This is done despite an enormous body of legitimate studies, peer-reviewed work and real-world proof that vaccines lessen the impacts of, and even eliminate, dangerous and deadly diseases. Nonetheless,


id: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:57.738826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
From its origins in the 19th century to the 2022 convoy protests, the Canadian anti-vaccination movement has been resisting public health efforts to promote vaccinations through mass demonstrations, political advocacy and judicial activism. It has been led by a succession of groups, with Vaccine Choice Canada being the most prominent as of 2025. == Context == The Canadian anti-vaccination movement developed in parallel to its British and American equivalents in the late 19th and early 20th century, in response to legislation by provincial governments, municipalities and school boards attempting to check the spread of infectious diseases. The British anti-vaccination movement developed rapidly in the mid-19th century, with the Anti-vaccination League founded in response to the Vaccination Act of 1853. Anti-vaccination organizations founded in the United States between 1879 and 1885 were directly influenced by British activists such as William Tebb. By the end of the 19th century, the British anti-vaccination movement had developed from a loose community of interest that included homeopaths, hydrotherapists and faith healers to an international network of associations. Along with the development of inoculation, public health structures were starting to take shape in Canadian cities. Legislation allowing for the formation of temporary local public health boards


id: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada-1.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:57.738826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
On September 28, 1885, tensions between health authorities trying to impose vaccination and a hardening opposition reached new heights. About one thousand French Canadians gathered in a mass protest that became a riot. Kept on the move by successive police interventions, they shattered the windows of the Health Board on Sainte Catherine Street before turning on several drugstores selling vaccines. They then attacked what they believed to be the houses of two members of the health board (damaging one belonging to someone with the same name). Later that night, the crowd stormed the section of City Hall that housed the Health Board office; when they had to retreat before a police charge, they made their way to the Montreal Herald, where the printers continued to prepare the morning edition as the windows were shattered by stones. The Chief of Police Hercule Paradis was stabbed during an attack on the central police station. In the aftermath, Mayor Honoré Beaugrand armed the health inspectors and asked the militia to support civil authorities. Montreal wasn't the only city to experience anti-vaccination riots in 1885: in the United Kingdom, civil disturbances of a much greater scale were taking place in Leicester. Canadian anti-vaccination activists


id: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada-2.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:57.738826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
The movement emphasized the sometimes spectacular side effects and infections provoked by vaccination, but the improving quality of products and procedures in the 20th century blunted that argument. In Canada as elsewhere, governments were investing more heavily in public health measures, with visible results. Ontario was able to adopt its Public Health Act in 1912 and a new Vaccination Act in 1914, the latter making vaccination mandatory in the event of a smallpox outbreak. The First World War funneled more resources to public health agencies and gave a patriotic sheen to vaccination, yet anti-vaccinators were still a force to be reckoned with when Toronto was hit by a smallpox outbreak in 1919. In contrast to Coderre's 19th-century group of doctors having science-based debates on the merits of vaccination, the new leadership was composed of homeopaths, labour leaders and parents resentful of what they perceived as bureaucratic overreach. A divided city council rejected the province's call for general mandatory vaccination. However, the voluntary campaign was successful enough - with 200,000 inoculations - to limit the extend of the epidemic to 2,864 cases and 11 deaths. With a medical community firmly convinced of the benefits of vaccination and waning popular support, the


id: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada-3.md
category: reference
title: Anti-vaccine activism in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:57.738826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anti-vaccine-activism-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
== 21st century and the COVID-19 pandemic == On February 5, 2015, the Toronto Star published a sensational investigation into the Gardasil (HPV) vaccine that was later removed. The report from a newspaper with an otherwise strong reputation for accuracy received considerable attention in Canada and the United States, as well as criticism by investigative journalists for its use of anecdotes and imprudent use of data from public access databases. The coverage stated that more than 60 girls had been seriously harmed by the vaccine since 2008. The newspaper alleged medical authorities downplayed the risks associated with the vaccine to the point that parents could not provide informed consent. A supporting editorial was published the next day in the paper edition. The Star initially defended its coverage, with editor-in-chief Michael Cooke and columnist Heather Mallick attacking gynecologist Jen Gunter and other specialists criticizing the sensationalist nature of the reporting. After two weeks, Toronto Star publisher John Cruickshank recognized the newspaper failed in its responsibilities to the public by running the piece and it was removed from the newspaper's website, although the editorial remained. An academic study on media portrayal of the HPV vaccine in Canadian media concludes that the Toronto


id: attack-political-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)-0.md
category: reference
title: Attack (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:58.927426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: attack-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
Attack (Bulgarian: Атака, romanized: Ataka) is a nationalist political party in Bulgaria, founded in 2005 by Volen Siderov, who was at the time presenter of the homonymous TV show Attack on SKAT TV. There are different opinions on where to place the party in the political spectrum: according to most scholars it is extreme right, according to others extreme left, or a synthesis of left- and right-wing. The leadership of the party asserts that their party is "neither left nor right, but Bulgarian". The party is considered ultranationalist and anti-Roma, as well as being anti-Muslim and anti-Turkish. The party opposes Bulgarian membership in NATO and requires revision for what it calls the 'double standards' for the membership in the European Union, while members visit international Orthodox and anti-globalization congresses and the party is closely tied with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. It advocates the re-nationalisation of privatised companies and seeks to prioritize spending on education, healthcare and welfare. In the Bulgarian parliamentary elections of 2005, 2009, and 2013 Attack was consistently the fourth-strongest party. In the 2014 European Parliament election, the party won no seats. Attack was a member of the former Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty European parliamentary group. == Ideology ==


id: attack-political-party-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)-1.md
category: reference
title: Attack (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:58.927426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: attack-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
Attack's founder, Volen Siderov, had written many manifestos based on a groundwork of nationalism since the 1990s. His five books are dedicated to global conspiracy theories and to exposing what he calls the anti-Bulgarian policies of certain political circles in Bulgaria and abroad. According to Siderov, a small group of freemasons control the world with the help of puppet heads of state and international organizations. Siderov started an evening show named "Attack" on Skat TV in 2003, from where he became known in the general audience and from where the party's name comes, before officially establishing the party for the parliamentary election in June 2005. Gaining a parliamentary presence for the first time in 2005, the party remained a constant opponent of the government of Sergei Stanishev (2005–2009) and carried out numerous actions against it. On 3 March 2006, party leader Siderov called for a meeting to be held in Sofia, and around 30,000 people came to hear speeches by him and other members of the party. During this rally, Siderov declared "Bulgaria is not yet free. Bulgaria is still under Turkish rule". Party speakers protested against the ruling government in Bulgaria for forming an alliance with the Movement for


id: attack-political-party-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)-2.md
category: reference
title: Attack (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:58.927426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: attack-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
Attack supported the Bulgarian Orthodox Church against the 2012 Sofia Pride gay parade and protested in the previous ones, organizing an anti-gay parade with newlyweds at the front.


id: attack-political-party-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)-3.md
category: reference
title: Attack (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:58.927426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: attack-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
== International relations == Its 3 MEPs participated in the short-lived Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty group (2007), which was a political group in the European Parliament composed of 23 members from European parties variously described as right-wing and nationalist. Siderov reportedly espouses anti-Masonic conspiracy theories, claiming that Masons control the world through puppet regimes, international organizations, and the press. According to Siderov, these forces seek to commit genocide against Bulgarian people. Attack opposes NATO the membership, claiming that, despite Minister of Foreign Affairs Solomon Pasi's assurances that Bulgaria would be the safest place in Europe, the reduction in strength of the Bulgarian army to 20,000 made the nation defenseless, serving Turkish interests. Siderov compared the accession of Bulgaria to NATO as a new signing of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, considered as humiliating treaty for Bulgaria, signed after World War I. Although the party is ambivalent on Bulgaria's European Union membership, it has demanded a revision of some of the previous agreements (e.g. the resolution on shutting down the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant near the Danube), it claims that those who signed the EU membership, referring to Meglena Kuneva and others, are national traitors, not because of the EU membership itself, but


id: attack-political-party-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)-4.md
category: reference
title: Attack (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:10:58.927426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: attack-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
== Election results == Following the Bulgarian parliamentary election in 2005, the party entered the 240-seater parliament with 21 seats and 8.1% of the vote (296,848 votes) and became the fourth largest party. At the 2006 Bulgarian presidential election, the leader of the party – Volen Siderov came second behind the incumbent president Parvanov by winning 21.5% of the vote (597,175 votes) and in the subsequent runoff between the two Siderov failed to defeat the president, having received 24.0% of the vote (649,387 votes). At the 2007 European Parliament election, the party won 3 seats and 14.2% of the vote (275,237 votes) out of 18 seats, given for Bulgarian parties. At the parliamentary election in 2009, it remained with 21 seats and increased to 9.4% of the vote (395,707 votes). Later 11 members from the parliamentary group left and became independents and the deputies of the party decreased to 10. At the 2009 European Parliament election, it decreased to 12.0% of the vote (308,052 votes) and its seats decreased to 2. The two MEPs, which entered with the votes of the party – Dimitar Stoyanov and Slavcho Binev, left the party, the last one even founded his own new party


id: australian-family-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Family_Party-0.md
category: reference
title: Australian Family Party
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Family_Party
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:00.119146+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-family-party-20260505-0
summary:
The Australian Family Party is a minor right-wing political party that has been registered in South Australia since 2021. It was founded by Bob Day, who served in the Australian Senate from 2014 until 2016 as a member of Family First. == History == === Formation === Bob Day launched the party on 28 October 2020 to "counter the insidious influence of the Greens and the disappointment of the major parties". The party website says that, "Many great organisations and political movements [...] started in churches" and that "The Australian Family Party began the same way." The party was registered by the Electoral Commission of South Australia on 11 November 2021. Before the 2026 state election, the South Australian branch of the Democratic Labour Party merged with and endorsed the Australian Family Party. === 2022 South Australian election === At the 2022 state election, it fielded six candidates in the lower house, winning 0.28% of the vote, and two candidates in the upper house, winning 0.86% of the vote. === 2026 South Australian election === The party fielded candidates in all 47 electorates for the 2026 lower house election and three candidates in the 2026 upper house state election. It


id: vaccines-and-autism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism-0.md
category: reference
title: Vaccines and autism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:01.401652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccines-and-autism-20260505-0
summary:
Extensive investigation into vaccines and autism spectrum disorder has shown that there is no relationship between the two, causal or otherwise, and that vaccine ingredients do not cause autism. Major health authorities, including the World Health Organization, the National Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the United States Food and Drug Administration, along with large-scale epidemiological research, reinforce the scientific consensus that vaccines are safe, that multiple concurrent vaccinations do not overwhelm the immune system, and that autism cannot be attributed to vaccination. The scientist Peter Hotez researched the growth of the false claim and concluded that its spread originated with Andrew Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 paper, and that no prior paper supports a link. Despite the scientific consensus for the absence of a relationship, and the Wakefield paper's retraction, the anti-vaccination movement at large continues to promote theories linking the two. Celebrity endorsements, social media campaigns and selective reporting have fuelled the anti-vaccination movement and public misunderstanding of vaccines. Fringe political actions continue to promote debunked claims. A developing tactic appears to be citing irrelevant or dubious studies to support a questionable claim. == Claimed mechanisms == The claimed mechanisms have changed over time, in response


id: vaccines-and-autism-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism-1.md
category: reference
title: Vaccines and autism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:01.401652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccines-and-autism-20260505-0
summary:
Thiomersal is an antifungal preservative used in small amounts in some multi-dose vaccines (where the same vial is opened and used for multiple patients) to prevent contamination of the vaccine. Thiomersal contains ethylmercury, a mercury compound which is related to, but significantly less toxic than, the neurotoxic pollutant methylmercury. Despite decades of safe use, public campaigns prompted the CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) to request vaccine makers to remove thiomersal from vaccines as quickly as possible on the precautionary principle. Thiomersal is now absent from all common United States and European Union vaccines, except for some preparations of influenza vaccine. Trace amounts remain in some vaccines due to production processes, at an approximate maximum of 1 microgramme, around 15% of the average daily mercury intake in the US for adults and 2.5% of the daily level considered tolerable by the World Health Organization (WHO). The action engendered concern thiomersal could have been responsible for autism. The idea that thiomersal was a cause or trigger for autism is now considered disproven, as incidence rates for autism increased steadily even after thiomersal was removed from childhood vaccines. The cause of autism and mercury poisoning being associated is improbable because


id: vaccines-and-autism-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism-2.md
category: reference
title: Vaccines and autism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:01.401652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccines-and-autism-20260505-0
summary:
Vaccines recommended from 1985-1994: Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Measles Mumps Rubella Polio Hib Hepatitis B (1991) Vaccines recommended from 2011-2020: Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Measles Mumps Rubella Polio Hib Hepatitis B Varicella Hepatitis A Pneumococcal Influenza Rotavirus Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines were given together as MMR. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines were given together as the DTaP. Regarding the latter, Sanofi Pasteur’s Tripedia DTaP vaccine automatically included autism on a long list of “adverse events” in 2005 due to unverified reports from consumers, although such reports did not "establish a causal relationship" to the vaccine at any point. === COVID-19 === A study, initially published in 2024, claimed that the COVID-19 vaccine could generate autism traits in male offsprings of rats. The study has been criticised early on by scientists for its dubious methodology, and has been, in the summer of 2025, retracted on the grounds of methodological concerns. == Celebrity involvement and social media == Some celebrities have spoken out on their views that autism is related to vaccination, including: Jenny McCarthy, Kristin Cavallari, Robert De Niro, Jim Carrey, Bill Maher and Pete Evans. McCarthy, one of the most outspoken celebrities on the topic, has said her son Evan's autism


id: alex-berenson-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Berenson-0.md
category: reference
title: Alex Berenson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Berenson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:02.587679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alex-berenson-20260505-0
summary:
Alex Norman Berenson (born January 6, 1973) is an American writer who was a reporter for The New York Times, and has authored several thriller novels as well a book on corporate financial filings. His 2019 book Tell Your Children: The Truth About Marijuana, Mental Illness and Violence sparked controversy, earning denunciations from many in the scientific and medical communities. During the coronavirus pandemic, Berenson appeared frequently in American right-wing media, spreading false claims about COVID-19 and its vaccines. He spent much of the pandemic arguing that its seriousness was overblown. Once the COVID-19 vaccines became available, he spread misinformation about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines. == Early life and education == Berenson was born in New York, and grew up in Englewood, New Jersey. After attending the Horace Mann School, he graduated from Yale University in 1994 with bachelor's degrees in history and economics. == Career == Berenson joined The Denver Post in June 1994 as a business reporter. In August 1996, he left the Post to join TheStreet, a financial news website founded by Jim Cramer. In December 1999, Berenson joined The New York Times as a business investigative reporter. In the fall of 2003 and


id: sucharit-bhakdi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi-0.md
category: reference
title: Sucharit Bhakdi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:03.805303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sucharit-bhakdi-20260505-0
summary:
Sucharit Bhakdi is a retired Thai-German microbiologist. In 2020 and 2021 Bhakdi became a prominent source of misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, claiming that the pandemic was "fake" and that COVID-19 vaccines were going to decimate the world's population. He was a professor at the University of Mainz, where he was head of the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene. The university has disassociated itself from Bhakdi's views on the coronavirus pandemic. In 2021 Bhakdi's publisher broke off relations following the appearance of an online video in which Bhakdi made antisemitic comments. == Early life and education == Bhakdi (Thai: สุจริต ภักดี Thai pronunciation: [sut̚˨˩.t͡ɕa˨˩.rit̚˨˩ pʰak̚˦˥.diː˧]) was born Sucharit Punyaratabandhu, Thai: สุจริต บุณยรัตพันธุ์, 1 November 1946, in Washington, D.C.; his parents are Thai diplomats. In an interview, Bhakdi stated that his mother studied at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Bhakdi studied at the Universities of Bonn, Gießen, Mainz and Copenhagen, and at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology in Freiburg. He studied medicine at the University of Bonn from 1963 to 1970, during part of which (from 1966 to 1970) he was a scholarship holder of the German Academic Exchange Service. Bhakdi worked for a while as a private assistant


id: sucharit-bhakdi-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi-1.md
category: reference
title: Sucharit Bhakdi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:03.805303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sucharit-bhakdi-20260505-0
summary:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bhakdi started a YouTube channel proposing that the number of deaths stemming from SARS-CoV-2 infection had been overstated. In November 2020 his account was terminated for violating YouTube's community guidelines. One of his first videos was published 18 March 2020; it went viral, with 300,000 views by 23 March. In the video, he predicted the worst "horror scenario" would be a million infections and 30 deaths a day in Germany, and that death rates in Northern Italy and China were higher only because of high air pollution there (even though Germany typically has more deaths due to pollution than Italy). Bhakdi has made a number of false statements about the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that the pandemic is a "fake", that face masks and quarantines are "nonsense" and that the COVID-19 vaccines are deadly and will decimate the global population. He has been otherwise criticised for his theses on the COVID-19 pandemic; according to Medical Tribune, they are considered unscientific by a majority of experts. === Bhakdi's criticisms of the COVID-19 pandemic response === His criticisms of states' (most particularly Germany's) reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic have included: Writing an open Letter in March 2020 to German


id: bulgarian-national-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: Bulgarian National Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:05.031077+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bulgarian-national-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The Bulgarian National Alliance, also called the Bulgarian National Union, is a Bulgarian far-right informal organization headquartered in Sofia, founded in 2001 by Boyan Rassate, which claims to be a successor to the fascist Union of Bulgarian National Legions, led by general Hristo Lukov. == History == The long-time leader of the organization is Boyan Stankov, who goes under the pseudonym Rasate, host of National Guard (Bulgarian: Национална гвардия) on the Balkan Bulgarian Television channel. In 2010, he stepped down as leader. In his place, Zvezdomir Andronov, Asen Krastev and Nikolai Nikolaev were elected co-leaders. In August 2007, after riots and demonstrations in the Krasna Polyana district in Sofia, BNA "Edelweiss" announced that they would create a "national guard" – an organization to protect Bulgarians, mainly from "Gypsy terror". Former leader Boyan Rasate headed the list of the Bulgarian National Union - New Democracy (BNU-ND) for the early parliamentary elections on October 5, 2014. On this occasion, BNA "Edelweiss" issued a public statement emphasizing that they are not related to the BNS-ND party and that BNA "Edelweiss" does not "explicitly or implicitly" support any of the political parties participating in the elections. The organization cooperates in joint initiatives with the


id: bulgarian-national-unification-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Unification-0.md
category: reference
title: Bulgarian National Unification
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Unification
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:06.213828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bulgarian-national-unification-20260505-0
summary:
The Resistance (Bulgarian: Съпротива, romanized: Saprotiva) is a Bulgarian nationalist political party. The leader of the party is chalga singer Georgi Georgiev-Goti. Before 2014, the party was called Bulgarian National Unification (Bulgarian: Българско национално обединение, romanized: Bŭlgarsko natsionalno obedinenie; BNO) == History == On December 1, 2013, the Association of Bulgarian Pensioners, Bulgarian Criminal Detachment, Association of Argoecological Producers and others. establish the Bulgarian National Unification party with Georgi Georgiev as chairman. The party describes itself as center-left and patriotic. BNO states that it will fight for a complete revision of the status quo, raising the standard of living by stimulating the economy and offering better conditions for small and medium-sized businesses. On March 20, 2014, BNO was officially registered by the court. BNO participated in several elections, but received more media attention in 2016, when it nominated Mityo Pishtova for presidential candidate. In 2019, Evgenia Baneva was nominated as an MEP, but soon after they withdrew their support for her. In February 2021, BNO became a mandate holder and submitted its lists for the parliamentary elections in April to the Civil Platform "Bulgarian Summer", which was established by businessman Vasil Bozhkov. === Renaming === Prior to the October 2024


id: bulgarian-patriots-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriots-0.md
category: reference
title: Bulgarian Patriots
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriots
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:07.363458+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bulgarian-patriots-20260505-0
summary:
The Bulgarian Patriots (Bulgarian: Българските патриоти, romanized: Bŭlgarskite patrioti) was a nationalist electoral alliance formed by VMRO, Volya, and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria. The leaders of the three parties will not be MP candidates, as proposed by VRMO leader Krasimir Karakachanov, due to previous infighting that brought down earlier "patriotic" coalitions. == Electoral history == == References ==


id: cease-therapy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEASE_therapy-0.md
category: reference
title: CEASE therapy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEASE_therapy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:08.520548+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cease-therapy-20260505-0
summary:
CEASE (Complete Elimination of Autistic Spectrum Expression) therapy is a pseudoscientific practice used by naturopaths (particularly homeopaths) who claim that it can treat or even cure people with autism, claims which have been adjudicated by the UK's Advertising Standards Authority as "bogus". It involves a mixture of supplements, high-dose vitamin C, 'orthomolecular support', dietary restrictions, and homeopathy. The therapy was developed by Dutch doctor Tinus Smits, who claimed to have used it to treat over 300 children with autism. It became more notable in 2017/2018 because of regulatory action taken by professional bodies in The Netherlands, UK, and Canada following a series of complaints about unfounded claims. Smits in the book Autism Beyond Despair – CEASE Therapy stated that autistic children should never be vaccinated. == Regulatory action == In October 2017, the Dutch Advertising Code Foundation (Stichting Reclame Code) found that the official website for CEASE therapy was in breach of advertising regulations. In 2022, The United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) warned against CEASE therapy, which rejects vaccinations and recommends potentially harmful amounts of dietary supplements. In the United Kingdom, in April 2018 the Professional Standards Authority (PSA) placed some requirements on the Society of Homeopaths (SoH), due


id: cia-fake-vaccination-campaign-in-pakistan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_fake_vaccination_campaign_in_Pakistan-0.md
category: reference
title: CIA fake vaccination campaign in Pakistan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_fake_vaccination_campaign_in_Pakistan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:09.721422+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cia-fake-vaccination-campaign-in-pakistan-20260505-0
summary:
During the manhunt for Osama bin Laden, the CIA ran a covert operation utilizing a fake hepatitis vaccine program in Pakistan to illicitly collect blood samples to confirm the presence of bin Laden or his family. The CIA recruited physician Shakil Afridi to administer hepatitis vaccines, and used the collected DNA to compare with the DNA of bin Laden's sister, who died in Boston in 2010. The program was ultimately unsuccessful in locating Osama bin Laden. It led to the arrest of a participating physician, Shakil Afridi, and was widely ridiculed as undermining public health. The program is credited with increasing vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan and a rise in violence against healthcare workers for being perceived as spies. The rise in vaccine hesitancy following the program led to the re-emergence of polio in Pakistan, with Pakistan having by far the largest number of polio cases in the world by 2014. == Aftermath == In September of 2012, after working for 30 years in Pakistan, Save the Children was expelled. In 2011, the program was condemned by Doctors without Borders. In February 2012, the program was condemned by the non-governmental organization InterAction. On January 6, 2013, the deans of twelve American


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-0.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
A variety of unfounded conspiracy theories and other misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines have spread based on misunderstood or misrepresented science, religion, and law. These have included exaggerated claims about side effects, misrepresentations about how the immune system works and when and how COVID-19 vaccines are made, a story about COVID-19 being spread by 5G, and other false or distorted information. This misinformation, some created by anti-vaccination activists, has proliferated and may have made many people averse to vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy has led to governments and private organizations around the world introducing measures to incentivize or coerce vaccination, such as lotteries, mandates, and free entry to events, which has in turn led to further misinformation about the legality and effect of these measures themselves. Critics of vaccine mandates have argued that such requirements infringe on individual medical choice and personal autonomy. In the US, some prominent biomedical scientists who publicly advocate vaccination have been attacked and threatened in emails and on social media by anti-vaccination activists. == Misinformation == Various false theories have spread in different parts of the world regarding the COVID-19 vaccines. === COVID-19 and variant related claims === ==== Prevalent COVID-19 skepticism ==== Prior to the vaccine launch


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-1.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
Recurrent claims, based on misinterpretation of statistical data, have been made regarding the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. A frequent fallacy consisted in concluding on the ineffectiveness (or low effectiveness) of vaccines after noticing the apparently high proportion of vaccinated patients among COVID-19-related hospitalisations and deaths, without taking into account the high proportion of vaccinated people among the general population, thus committing the base rate fallacy; or without taking into account the tendency of people at higher risk of developing severe illness from COVID-19 to be vaccinated in priority, thus ignoring the Yule–Simpson effect. In the United Kingdom, a report from the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling (SPI-M), published in March 2021, predicted that 60% of hospitalisations and 70% of deaths would be among people who had received two doses of the vaccine, despite the latter remaining highly effective. The report stated: "This (modelling) is not the result of vaccines being ineffective, merely uptake being so high". Multiple studies have confirmed the effectiveness of a booster dose given on top of the two normal doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. There is evidence that those who have received a boosted dose experience reduced severity of infection, in addition to reduced


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-2.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
===== Bell's palsy ===== In late 2020, claims circulated on social media that the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine caused Bell's palsy in trial participants. Several pictures which had originally been published prior to 2020 accompanied these posts, and were falsely labeled as these participants. During the trial, four of the 22,000 trial participants indeed developed Bell's palsy. The FDA observed that the "frequency of reported Bell's palsy in the vaccine group is consistent with the expected background rate in the general population". Debate is still ongoing about whether or not there is a causal link between any of the major COVID-19 vaccines and Bell's palsy. However, experts agree that even if an association exists, it occurs extremely rarely and the effect is small (~10 cases per 100,000 vs 3-7 cases per 100,000 in a typical pre-pandemic year). Bell's palsy is usually temporary and known to occur following many vaccines. ===== Blood clots ===== Videos posted to Facebook and Instagram have claimed without evidence that 62 percent of people given an mRNA vaccine develop blood clots, and that Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine causes blood to clot "in a minute or two". Studies have found possible causal links between the AstraZeneca and Janssen COVID-19


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-3.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Spike protein cytotoxicity ==== In 2021, anti-vaccination misinformation circulated on social media saying that SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins were "very dangerous" and "cytotoxic". At that time, all COVID-19 vaccines approved for emergency use either contained mRNA or mRNA precursors for the production of the spike protein. This mRNA consists of instructions which, when processed in cells, cause production of spike proteins, which trigger an adaptive immune response in a safe and effective manner. ==== Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ==== In October 2021, the website The Exposé used data published by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), which misleadingly indicated that COVID-19 infection rates were higher among fully-vaccinated than unvaccinated people, to falsely claim that the COVID-19 vaccines were not only ineffective but were also causing vaccinated people to develop AIDS "much faster than anticipated". The website's claims were cited in a speech by Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro. The video of Bolsonaro's speech was removed from Facebook, Instagram and YouTube for violating their policies regarding COVID-19 vaccines. In January 2022, The Exposé promoted a conspiracy theory claiming that Germans fully-vaccinated against COVID-19 "[would] have full blown Covid-19 vaccine induced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by the end of [the month]." ==== Vaccines as


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-4.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Approved vaccines "not available" in the United States ==== Under U.S. FDA regulations, a product approved under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) is considered "legally distinct" from a product that has received full approval by the FDA. Besides differences in naming and labeling to account for its approval, and increased FDA oversight over its production, there are no formulaic differences between the EUA and approved versions of a vaccine, and the two are considered interchangeable once approved. For example, the Pfizer vaccine has been labeled as "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine" since distribution began, but was assigned the United States Adopted Name "Comirnaty" upon its approval. Some anti-vaccine advocates have made claims surrounding scenarios where this distinction is allegedly applicable; claims have been made that no FDA-approved vaccine is "available" in the United States because doses labeled as "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine" were still being distributed, and not "Comirnaty". This claim was cited by a group of Louisiana Republican lawmakers, Senator Ron Johnson, and in a lawsuit filed by the First Liberty Institute against a COVID-19 vaccine mandate implemented by the U.S. military. In the case of the latter, the plaintiffs claimed that the mandate applied specifically to Comirnaty only, and not


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-5.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Political divides and distrust in government ==== Discourses against COVID vaccines became part of QAnon's set of beliefs, as adherents used the pandemic to promote the conspiracy theory. In 2021, Romana Didulo, a QAnon-affiliated Canadian conspiracy theorist calling herself the "Queen of Canada" caused her online followers to harass Canadian businesses and public authorities with demands that they cease all measures related to combating the pandemic. She was apprehended in late November after calling on her 73,000 Telegram followers to "shoot to kill" all healthcare workers administering COVID-19 vaccines. Anti-government groups such as sovereign citizens and freemen on the land also took part in the anti-vaccine movement. During lockdowns in Bulgaria, many Roma neighborhoods claimed that they were subject to lockdowns without proper explanations even though the level of infections to other parts of the country were higher than their neighborhoods. The communities already held a distrust of institutions and the government, and helped create an even more strained relationship and lack of trust. In France, Florian Philippot and Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, right-wing candidates to the 2022 presidential election, have both cast doubts about the vaccine's effectiveness and safety. === Government investigations === In December 2022, vaccine-skeptical Florida Governor Ron


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-6.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy varies largely by region; however, regardless of region, medical professionals are vaccinated at higher rates than the general public. Estimates from two surveys were that 67% or 80% of people in the U.S. would accept a new vaccination against COVID-19, with wide disparity by education level, employment status, ethnicity, and geography. A US study conducted in January 2021 found that trust in science and scientists was strongly correlated with likelihood to get vaccinated for COVID-19 among those who had not already gotten vaccinated. In March 2021, 19% of US adults claimed to have been vaccinated while 50% announced plans to get vaccinated. A 2022 study found a link between online COVID-19 misinformation and early vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Despite a strong association between vaccine hesitancy and Republican vote share at the US county and state levels, the authors found that the associations between vaccine outcomes and misinformation remained significant when accounting for political, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. In the United States, vaccine hesitancy could be seen in certain social groups due to lack of trusted medical sources, traumatic past experiences with medical care and widespread theories. Distrust can be seen in the African


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-7.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
Dolly Parton recorded herself getting vaccinated with the Moderna vaccine she helped fund, she encouraged people to get vaccinated and created a new version of her song "Jolene" called "Vaccine". Several other musicians like Patti Smith, Yo-Yo Ma, Carole King, Tony Bennett, Mavis Staples, Brian Wilson, Joel Grey, Loretta Lynn, Willie Nelson, and Paul Stanley have all released photographs of them being vaccinated and encouraged others to do so. Grey stated "I got the vaccine because I want to be safe. We've lost so many people to COVID. I've lost a few friends. It's heartbreaking. Frightening." Many actors including Amy Schumer, Rosario Dawson, Arsenio Hall, Danny Trejo, Mandy Patinkin, Samuel L. Jackson, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sharon Stone, Kate Mulgrew, Jeff Goldblum, Jane Fonda, Anthony Hopkins, Bette Midler, Kim Cattrall, Isabella Rossellini, Christie Brinkley, Cameran Eubanks, Hugh Bonneville, Alan Alda, David Harbour, Sean Penn, Amanda Kloots, Ian McKellen and Patrick Stewart have released photographs of themselves getting vaccinated and encouraging others to do the same. Judi Dench and Joan Collins announced they have been vaccinated. Other TV personalities such as Martha Stewart, Jonathan Van Ness, Al Roker and Dan Rather released photographs of themselves getting vaccinated and encouraged others to do the


id: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy-8.md
category: reference
title: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:12.220688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-hesitancy-20260505-0
summary:
In France, since September 2021, all health care workers must have received at least one dose of the vaccine to continue working with any resisters suspended without pay. Additional worker groups that have been mandated to do so earlier in the year are military members and firefighters. In November 2021, Austria announced that it would introduce a nationwide vaccine mandate. In the United States, many businesses, schools and universities, healthcare providers, and governmental and state departments have enacted vaccine mandates. While many of the mandates allowed for a person to opt out due to medical or religious reasons and be regularly tested, the federal mandate signed in September 2021 did not include these options. The federal mandate was eventually struck down. Some of the mandates were focused only on specific groups, such as Rutgers University, which only mandated the vaccine for students and health-care and public-safety employees. The mandates have seen push back with a New York Judge temporarily blocking one for healthcare workers who claimed they could not opt out due to religious reasons, and Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich suing the Biden administration for its vaccine mandate for federal employees and private businesses with over 100 employees. Additional


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-0.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
Direction – Social Democracy (Slovak: Smer – sociálna demokracia), also commonly referred to as Smer, is a left-wing populist and left-wing nationalist political party in Slovakia led by its founder and incumbent prime minister, Robert Fico. The party identifies as social-democratic, and was described as a combination of "leftist economics and nationalist appeal". Founded by Fico in 1999 as a split from the post-communist Party of the Democratic Left, Smer initially defined itself as the Third Way party. It incorporated ‘Social Democracy’ into its name after merging with several minor centre-left parties in 2005. It has dominated Slovak politics since 2006, leading three coalition governments (2006–2010, 2016–2020, 2023–present) and one single-party government (2012–2016). During its time in power, it continued the European integration of Slovakia, reversed some economically liberal reforms implemented by previous centre-right governments and introduced various social welfare measures. Smer-led governments have been associated with numerous political corruption scandals. After the 2020 parliamentary election, which marked Smer's return to the opposition, Slovak authorities investigated a number of corruption-related crimes involving multiple party politicians and individuals reportedly linked to the party. Smer strongly rejected all charges, calling it the criminalization of politics.[1] At the party congress in July 2020,


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-1.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
In the 2012 Slovak parliamentary election, Smer won 44.4% of the votes and became the largest party in the National Council, with an absolute majority of 83 seats (out of 150). Fico's Second Cabinet was the first single-party government in Slovakia since 1993. In the 2014 European Parliament election in Slovakia, Smer came in first place nationally, receiving 24.09% of the vote and electing four Members of the European Parliament. In 2014, in cooperation with the Christian Democratic Movement (KDH), the party passed a constitutional amendment defining marriage exclusively as a union between a man and a woman. The amendment also states that marriage, parenthood, and family are under the protection of the law, and that children and young people are guaranteed special protection Despite suffering a significant loss in support as a result of strikes by teachers and nurses earlier in the year, Smer won the 5 March 2016 parliamentary election with 28.3% of the vote and 49 of 150 seats, and subsequently formed Fico's Third Cabinet in a coalition government with Bridge, Network, and the Slovak National Party. Prime Minister Fico resigned in the wake of the political crisis following the murder of Ján Kuciak and was replaced


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-2.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Social policy ==== In 2025, in cooperation with KDH, the party passed a constitutional amendment introducing further provisions related to cultural, ethical, and family issues. The amendment legally recognizes only two sexes, defined by biological criteria, and states that a mother is a woman and a father is a man. It bans surrogacy and guarantees a child's right to know their parents. Adoption is restricted to married heterosexual couples. The amendment also strengthens parental rights, particularly in the area of education, and requires school curricula to align with the cultural and ethical values set out in the Slovak Constitution. It affirms Slovakia's sovereignty in matters such as the protection of life, human dignity, marriage, parenthood, family, culture, language, and related areas of healthcare, education, and upbringing. It further states that Slovak law in these domains takes precedence over European Union law. In 2025, the party's government passed a law amendment requiring NGOs to submit an annual "transparency report" starting in 2026. The report must include details of donors who contribute more than 5,000 euros, including their full names. NGOs will also be required to disclose information about their governing bodies or members of those bodies. Furthermore, NGOs will be


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-3.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
While scholars avoid labeling it as a far-right party, they have described it as incorporating far-right themes, expressing views that resonate with far-right voters, or advancing an electoral program aligned with far-right agendas. Natalia Hatarova described the party's ideological drift:During the ‘90s and into the next century, Smer became increasingly Euro-optimistic, economically open, and culturally mainstream. After the killings of the Slovak investigative journalist Jan Kuciak and his fiancée in 2018, Fico’s resignation and his temporary exile from mainstream politics, Smer, along with other parties, became more culturally conservative, nationalistic, and Euro-skeptic. Hatarova also argues that Smer has become increasingly friendly towards some European far-right parties and figures, such as Viktor Orbán of the Hungarian Fidesz party. However, she concludes that Smer's shift "appears to be caused by pure opportunism rather than continuous influence by Orbán [or other far-right figures]". === Economic policy === Smer advocates economically left-wing policies. The main economic proposals of the party focus on the establishment of a welfare state and supporting the poorest groups of Slovakia. Many of the party's socioeconomic policies, such as free travel for pensioners and pension increases are considered typically left-wing populist. The party also promotes redistributive policies, such as corporate


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-4.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Foreign policy === Smer holds Russophilic and Eurosceptic stances on foreign policy; however, it claims to support Slovakia's membership in the European Union and NATO. The party expresses strong anti-Western, especially anti-American sentiment, often spreading Russian propaganda narratives. Regarding the Russo-Ukrainian War, Smer advocates for ending military aid to Ukraine and lifting sanctions against Russia. The party has described the conflict as a proxy war between the United States and Russia, characterizing Russia's actions as a response to perceived threats to its national interests. In its statements, Smer has claimed that the war was provoked in 2014 by what it describes as the "extermination of citizens of Russian nationality by Ukrainian fascists." However, since his return to power, Fico has taken a somewhat different line on Ukraine than during his election campaign. During a meeting with Ukrainian Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal in January 2024, Fico promised not to block private Slovak arms companies from selling to Ukraine, not to block EU financial support for Ukraine, and to support the accession of Ukraine to the European Union. He described Slovakia's political differences with Ukraine as "minor" and claimed to support Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. In its foreign policy manifesto,


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-5.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Appearances in Russian-aligned media ==== Leading figures of the Smer party, including the PM and party's leader Robert Fico and the deputy leader and MEP Ľuboš Blaha, have maintained a presence on media platforms in Slovakia known for promoting Russian-aligned narratives. Among these outlets are Hlavné Správy (Main News) and Infovojna (Infowar), both widely recognized as prominent sources of disinformation and Russian propaganda in Slovakia. Despite Hlavné Správy and Infovojna having been temporarily suspended by the National Security Authority in accordance with the Cyber Security Act following the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 due to identified harmful activity, the leaders continue to utilize these platforms for communication after the suspension was lifted. In December 2023, Robert Fico appeared on Infovojna, where he expressed appreciation towards "alternative media" for "correcting the distortions we have in the media market." Additionally, in October 2024, Fico appeared on Russia's state-owned television network, Rossiya 1, during the program 60 Minutes, hosted by Olga Skabeyeva. Fico criticized Western support for Ukraine, questioned the effectiveness of sanctions against Russia, and accused the West of "prolonging the war" in Ukraine. His appearance marked the first by a political leader from an EU


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-6.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
==== Communist nostalgia ==== Following a major internal split that resulted in the founding of a new party named Voice – Social Democracy (Hlas), the party began to radicalize its rhetoric, including expressing nostalgia for the prior communist state. The party politicians utilize slogans reminiscent of the communist era, such as "Loiterers from cafes, to fields and factories" and the greeting "Greetings, comrades! Honor work!" In January 2024, Prime Minister and party chairman Robert Fico and Deputy Speaker of the National Council and party vice-chairman Ľuboš Blaha visited the grave of Gustav Husák, the last communist president of the Czechoslovakia, to pay their respects. Husák was a key figure in the normalization process in Czechoslovakia – a return to strict Communist Party control and the suppression of political liberalization following the Warsaw Pact invasion in 1968. In November 2023, Blaha replaced a portrait of President Zuzana Čaputová in his parliamentary office with a portrait of Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. In his speech at the Smer-organized commemoration of the anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising in August 2023, Blaha addressed the crowd as "comrades" and stated, "The basic historical truth is that war and fascism have always come from the


id: direction-social-democracy-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy-7.md
category: reference
title: Direction – Social Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_–_Social_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:13.478865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: direction-social-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
== Legal issues == Since the 2020 parliamentary election – Smer's return to the opposition, Slovak authorities have been investigating a number of corruption-related crimes. By August 2023, a total of 42 individuals reportedly linked to the party, including policemen, prosecutors, judges, members of the Slovak intelligence agency, politicians, officials, and businessmen were convicted.[2] The party strongly rejects all charges, calling it the criminalization of politics.[3] Numerous criticisms of the investigation process and the Special Prosecutor's Office were outlined in the brochure 'Overview of Violations of the Principles of the Rule of Law in the Years 2020–2023' published by the Ministry of Justice led by Boris Susko of Smer in December 2023.[4] In March 2023, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Robert Kaliňák, who previously served as Minister of Interior, and businessman Jozef Brhel were formally indicted with bribery. Kaliňák was identified as the intermediary in a bribery scheme involving an annual sum of €200,000, purportedly arranged by Brhel for František Imrecze, who served as the President of the Financial Administration at the time. In return for the alleged bribery, Imrecze facilitated the passing of information regarding entities scheduled for corporate income tax audits and ensured the fulfillment of


id: disneyland-measles-outbreak-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_measles_outbreak-0.md
category: reference
title: Disneyland measles outbreak
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_measles_outbreak
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:14.671381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: disneyland-measles-outbreak-20260505-0
summary:
The Disneyland measles outbreak began at the Disneyland Resort, California, in December 2014, and spread to seven states in the United States, Mexico, and Canada, before it was declared over in mid-April 2015. The first case of measles was reported on January 5, 2015, in an unvaccinated 11-year-old Californian resident. Between December 2014 and March 2015, 131 Californians were infected, with almost 90% of cases occurring in southern California. Linked to the California cases were 16 cases in six other US states, 159 cases in a religious group in Québec, Canada, and one case in Mexico. Almost all the Canadian cases were unvaccinated. The source of the initial Disney theme park exposure was not identified, but specimens from several cases matched with the recent measles outbreak in the Philippines. It triggered an international debate on vaccine hesitancy, particularly as it had spread to people who intentionally declined the vaccine and put vulnerable people who could not have the vaccine at risk. The outbreak prompted the California Senate Bill 277, laws that reverted the California personal belief vaccine exemption. Conclusions following examination of the outbreak pointed to undervaccination as a key cause. == Background == According to the Centers for Disease


id: enough-is-enough-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enough_is_Enough_(party)-0.md
category: reference
title: Enough is Enough (party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enough_is_Enough_(party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:16.993219+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: enough-is-enough-party-20260505-0
summary:
Enough is Enough (Serbian: Доста је било, romanized: Dosta je bilo, abbr. DJB) is a right-wing populist political party in Serbia. It was established on 27 January 2014 around the former minister of economy Saša Radulović and his associates from the ministry. Initially, the party had strong liberal, reformist, and progressive views, and in the 2016 parliamentary election they entered the parliament with 16 seats in total. Between early 2017 and 2018, its pro-European and liberal factions split off due to the internal conflict in the party. Since then, the party has shifted to the far-right and it began advocating souverainist and eurosceptic policies alongside numerous right-wing populist stances such as opposition to immigration. Its leader, Saša Radulović also promoted misinformation and several conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic. == History == It was founded on 27 January 2014 as Association "It's Enough – Restart" (Serbian: Удружење "Доста је било – Рестарт", romanized: Udruženje "Dosta je bilo – Restart"), and since then it was commonly known as Enough is Enough (Serbian: Доста је било, romanized: Dosta je bilo; abbr. DJB). In 2014 Serbian parliamentary election, held less than two months after establishment, the organisation won 2.09% of votes. In yet


id: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles-0.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology of measles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:18.262071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
summary:
Measles is extremely contagious, but surviving the infection results in lifelong immunity, so its continued circulation in a community depends on the generation of susceptible hosts by birth of children. In communities which generate insufficient new hosts the disease will die out. This concept was first recognized by Bartlett in 1957, who referred to the minimum number supporting measles as the critical community size (CCS). Analysis of outbreaks in island communities suggested that the CCS for measles is c. 250,000. Due to the development of vaccination against measles, the world has seen a 99% decrease in measles related cases compared to cases before the vaccine was developed. == Incidence == In 2018, the WHO estimated that there were around 353,236 cases of measles worldwide. This has since decreased as in 2020 there were 159,000 approximate cases. Death from measles was reported in approximately 0.2% of the cases in the United States from 1985 through 1992. In populations with high levels of malnutrition and a lack of adequate healthcare, mortality can be as high as 10%. Increased immunization has led to an estimated 78% drop in measles deaths among UN member states. Even in countries where vaccination has been introduced, vaccination


id: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles-1.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology of measles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:18.262071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
summary:
As of May 2011, over 17,000 cases of measles had so far been reported from France between January 2008 and April 2011, including 2 deaths in 2010 and 6 deaths in 2011. Over 7,500 of these cases fell in the first three months of 2011, and Spain, Turkey, Macedonia, and Belgium have been among the other European countries reporting further smaller outbreaks. The French outbreak has been specifically linked to a further outbreak in Quebec in 2011, where 327 cases have been reported between January and June 1, 2011, and the European outbreaks in general have also been implicated in further small outbreaks in the US, where 40 separate importations from the European region had been reported between January 1 and May 20. In 2014 many unvaccinated US citizens visiting the Philippines, and other countries, contracted measles, resulting in 288 cases being recorded in the United States in the first five months of 2014, a twenty-year high. In Vietnam, in the measles epidemic in the beginning of 2014, as of April 19 there were 8,500 measles cases and 114 fatalities, and as of May 30 there were 21,639 measles cases and 142 fatalities. The increase of measles in January and


id: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles-2.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology of measles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:18.262071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
summary:
Canadian data since 1924 shows measles outbreaks occurring frequently until the large vaccination campaigns in the 1970s. The 1935 epidemic stands out during this early period, with 83,000 reported cases (770 cases per 100,000 population); the highest number of fatalities occurring in 1926, with 892. Immunization programs became widely spread during the 1970s, with an estimated 85% of the target population receiving one dose of vaccination by the end of the decade. However, the frequent recurrence of significant outbreaks (including 6,178 cases in 1991 alone) showed Canada's 1-dose strategy was lacking, even with provinces requiring immunization for school attendance. Two-dose MMR programs and catch-up campaigns were widely introduced in 1996-1997. The Canadian government defines endemic measles as a situation where a chain of transmission continues uninterrupted for 12 months. By this standard, Canada has been free of endemic measles since 1998, but sporadic imported outbreaks have continued. Southern regions of the province of Quebec witnessed a measles outbreak affecting 94 persons in the Spring and summer 2007. The outbreak lasted 25 weeks, included more than one strain of the measles virus and had 12-17 generations of spread. In 2008, Canada had more than 30 confirmed cases in Ontario in 2008,


id: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles-3.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology of measles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:18.262071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
summary:
Between January 1 and April 25, 2008, a total of 64 confirmed measles cases were preliminarily reported in the United States to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the most reported by this date since 2001, and the highest total number in six years. Of the 64 cases, 54 were associated with importation of measles from other countries into the United States, and 63 of the 64 patients were unvaccinated or had unknown or undocumented vaccination status. By July 9, 2008, a total of 127 cases were reported in 15 states, making it the largest US outbreak since 1997 (when 138 cases were reported). Most of the cases were acquired outside of the United States and affected individuals who had not been vaccinated. In early 2008 there was an outbreak of measles in San Diego, California. The outbreak is traced to an unvaccinated 7-year-old child who went on a family trip to Europe. The CDC refers to this as an "import-associated outbreak". The final diagnosis included 11 additional cases of measles in unvaccinated children in San Diego. All of the confirmed patients were not vaccinated because they were younger than 1, the minimum age for measles inoculation, or because


id: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles-4.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology of measles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:18.262071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
summary:
In February and March 2014, 20 confirmed cases appeared in New York City. In December 2014, a measles outbreak began at Disneyland in Southern California. At least 173 people have become infected with measles in 21 states, as of May 2015. Health officials say 39 cases have been traced to direct exposure at the park, with 117 infections linked by primary or secondary exposure. Among the 110 California patients, 49 (45%) were unvaccinated; five (5%) had 1 dose of measles-containing vaccine, seven (6%) had 2 doses, one (1%) had 3 doses, 47 (43%) had unknown or undocumented vaccination status, and one (1%) had immunoglobulin G seropositivity documented, which indicates prior vaccination or measles infection at an undetermined time. 12 of the unvaccinated patients were infants too young to be vaccinated. Medical professionals, such as David Gorski, have criticized physicians and pediatricians in the area who do not adhere to the CDC's recommended vaccination schedule or discourage vaccination, among them Bob Sears and Jay Gordon for reducing vaccination rates and thus weakening herd immunity, and creating a situation in which an outbreak was more likely. California passed a mandatory vaccination law in June 2015. In January 2015, it was reported that


id: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles-5.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology of measles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:18.262071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ukraine === Ukraine has had a multiple large outbreaks of measles. In 2001–2002, there were around 25,000 cases and 14 deaths reported. In 2006 with 44,534 reported cases with at least 2 deaths. 13,517 cases were reported in 2012. In 2019 Ukraine reported over 57,000 cases, over half the total reports in the WHO European Region. Ukraine has one of the world's worst measles epidemics with more than 100,000 cases from 2017 to June 2019, with 16 deaths in 2018. In 2016 only 31% of the population had been immunised with the MMR vaccine. Various reasons are given for the low rate of vaccination including: a distrust of the state in the 1990s, a failure to keep vaccine supplies reliably refrigerated leading to ineffectiveness, a poorly informed medical profession and a high level of vaccine distrust in the wider population. Children are required to be vaccinated before entering the school system, but UNICEF estimates that as many as 30% of vaccination certificates are falsified. === Germany === Germany has faced repeated outbreaks in the 21st century. 6,037 cases were reported in 2001 with at least two deaths. More than 1,500 cases were reported in 2006. 1,600 cases were reported


id: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles-6.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology of measles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:18.262071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-of-measles-20260505-0
summary:
=== Portugal === Most recent reported cases of measles in Portugal are originally imported from other European countries (United Kingdom, France and Romania), Africa (Angola, South African and Ethiopia) and Asia (China). Since 2004, Portugal reported 22 confirmed cases of measles. Virus isolates from 2005 and 2008 outbreaks belong the genotype D4. Vaccination coverage in Portugal is ≥95% (since 2006) but pockets of reduced immunization coverage (85-94%) still persist in the population. In 2021-22 Portugal has reported 0 cases of measles. === Romania === On December 5, 2023, the Romanian Ministry of Health announced in a press communique that there is a measles epidemic in Romania with over 2,000 cases registered. Anti-measles vaccination in Romania is continuing a descending trend, with 72% of the eligible population having received the first dose and 62% the second dose. == Oceania == === Australia === Fourteen cases have been reported in multiple Australian and New Zealand cities including Melbourne and Auckland in the period between December 7, 2013, and January 3, 2014. The outbreak is believed to have begun at the 2013 World Supremacy Battlegrounds dance festival held in Sydney, Australia. === New Zealand === Ten cases were reported in Christchurch in July


id: freedom-alliance-finland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Alliance_(Finland)-0.md
category: reference
title: Freedom Alliance (Finland)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Alliance_(Finland)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:19.472094+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-alliance-finland-20260505-0
summary:
The Freedom Alliance (Finnish: Vapauden Liitto, VL), is a national conservatist registered political party in Finland. The party was founded by Ossi Tiihonen after splitting from the Power Belongs to the People (VKK) party in February 2022. They met the 5,000 signatures requirement for registering as a political party in one day on 19 April 2022, and were officially registered on 6 May 2022. == Background == The Freedom Alliance was founded by influential members of the Power Belongs to the People (VKK) party, who left due to Ano Turtiainen's leadership and support of the Russian Federation and Vladimir Putin, as well as citing his authoritarian leadership and the religious views of the party. Ossi Tiihonen, founder of the Freedom Alliance, is a regional councilor for Lohja and was a member of the Finns Party before joining the VKK. Cia Grönborg, former party secretary, and Heli Rämäkkö, a previous vice-chairwoman, were also both influential members of the VKK and have worked as regional councilors for Espoo and Seinäjoki, respectively. They left the VKK due to perceived authoritarianism and lack of freedom to criticize the party leadership under Ano Turtiainen. In return, Turtiainen accused the splitters of being self-interested. == Ideology


id: george-s-day-movement-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George's_Day_Movement-0.md
category: reference
title: George's Day Movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George's_Day_Movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:20.628298+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: george-s-day-movement-20260505-0
summary:
The George's Day Movement (Bulgarian: Движение Гергьовден, romanized: Dvizhenie Gergyovden) is a nationalist political party in Bulgaria. The party was founded in December 1996 by members of the political satire television programme Canaletto. Members of the show, which succeeded Ku-Ku in the mid-1990s, participated in the 1997 Bulgarian protests, and had previously tried to create a party named the Ku-Ku People’s Movement in 1994, but the registration was denied by the Supreme Court of Cassation of Bulgaria, with tacit support from the two major political parties at the time, the Union of Democratic Forces and the Bulgarian Socialist Party. The founder of the party, Lyuben Dilov Jr. estimated that had it run in the 1997 parliamentary election, the party could have earned roughly 10% of the vote and over 30 seats in the parliament. Ultimately, it opted to instead focus on the local elections held in 1999, until which time it de facto operated as a union of clubs alongside the Civil Society Against Corruption Association. Future There Is Such a People founder Slavi Trifonov was a supporter of the party during this time and a member of the television program Ku-Ku and its successor. It joined the United Democratic


id: kim-goldberg-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Goldberg-0.md
category: reference
title: Kim Goldberg
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Goldberg
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:22.194927+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kim-goldberg-20260505-0
summary:
Kim Goldberg (born 1954 in Eugene, Oregon) is an American-born journalist, poet and green party supporter who has lived in Canada since the 1970s. == Biography == Goldberg was born and raised in Oregon, and she holds a degree in Biology from the University of Oregon. She relocated to Canada with her family during the Vietnam War years. She is the author of four non-fiction books and two collections of poetry. Much of her published work has addressed contemporary social and environmental issues including poverty, homelessness, aboriginal rights, deforestation and nuclear weapons. She was the British Columbia Current Affairs columnist for Canadian Dimension magazine from 1990 to 2002. She has written extensively about the 1990 car bombing of environmental activist Judi Bari in Oakland, California. Her 2007 book, Ride Backwards On Dragon, was a finalist for Canada's Gerald Lampert Memorial Award for poetry. She is the 2008 winner of the Rannu Fund Poetry Prize for Speculative Literature. Her 2009 book, Red Zone, is a collection of poems and photographs about the homeless population in Nanaimo, British Columbia, where she has lived for more than thirty years. The book has been taught as a literature course text at Vancouver Island University


id: krista-haynes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Haynes-0.md
category: reference
title: Krista Haynes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Haynes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:23.370163+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: krista-haynes-20260505-0
summary:
Krista Ford Haynes (née Ford; born September 13, 1991) is a Canadian former professional women's American football player. She is a daughter of Ontario Premier Doug Ford and niece of former Toronto Mayor Rob Ford. She was the captain of the Toronto Triumph, a team in the Legends Football League. Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Haynes has shared COVID-19 misinformation and anti-vaccine and anti-mask sentiment, and has been critical of COVID-19 vaccine passports. == Lingerie Football League == Haynes, who was a student at Humber College, was one of more than 100 women who tried out for the first team when the league's Toronto franchise first opened for business in 2011. Press coverage of Haynes' tryout routinely mentioned that she was the niece of then Toronto mayor Rob Ford and the daughter of then city councillor Doug Ford. According to technology journalist Patrick Seitz, the league had lacked stars in its early seasons, so the limited press coverage the league received treated it solely as a "peep show". He asserted that Haynes and Angela Rypien, the daughter of former Super Bowl MVP Mark Rypien, were two potential stars the league could offer in its 2011 season.


id: hold-up-2020-film-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold-up_(2020_film)-0.md
category: reference
title: Hold-up (2020 film)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold-up_(2020_film)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:24.482712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hold-up-2020-film-20260505-0
summary:
Hold-up is a 2020 independent pseudoscience propaganda film directed by French conspiracy theorist Pierre Barnérias. The film makes a number of false claims about the COVID-19 pandemic. Hold-Up was first released as a VoD on Vimeo 11 November 2020. Vimeo deleted the film the next day, citing the numerous lies in the film; DailyMotion likewise removed the film the next day. The film continues to be spread on social media among QAnon supporters. == Plot == Hold-Up claims that a global conspiracy plot had been formed by the world's elites, and particularly the World Economic Forum. According to the film, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was deliberately created for an excuse to enslave humanity. A full version of the documentary that remains online has been watched more than 2,000,000 times, while a trailer for Hold Up also remains visible on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. All central claims of the film have been proven to be wrong, and the producers of the film have been shown to falsify their sources and misrepresent statements. == See also == Plandemic == References == == External links == official site Archived 2020-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Hold-up at IMDb Dazed & Confused: Reporting on Europe’s troubled


id: homeoprophylaxis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoprophylaxis-0.md
category: reference
title: Homeoprophylaxis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoprophylaxis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:25.781225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: homeoprophylaxis-20260505-0
summary:
Homeoprophylaxis, or homeopathic prophylaxis, is the use of homeopathy, as a preventive medicine or immunisation against serious infectious diseases. == History == === Malaria === The concept came to wider notice in the UK after an undercover operation by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Sense about Science and BBC Newsnight in 2006. Posing as a traveller to countries known to be affected by malaria a researcher visited pharmacies in London and recorded her conversations with homeopaths who offered the incorrect advice that homeopathic remedies could protect against malaria. Dr Peter Fisher, the then Director of the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital (since renamed to Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine) told Newsnight that there was "absolutely no reason to think that homeopathy works to prevent malaria" and that "people may even die of malaria if they follow this advice." Following the programme's broadcast the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) began an investigation into some of the pharmacies involved but in 2011 announced it was dropping the cases citing improvements already made to prevent a re-occurrence and the cases not meeting the threshold criteria for a referral to the investigation committee. === Purported alternative to vaccines === In 2010 a


id: angas-johnson-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angas_Johnson-0.md
category: reference
title: Angas Johnson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angas_Johnson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:28.049866+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: angas-johnson-20260505-0
summary:
Edward Angas Johnson (1873 – 19 June 1951), known as Angas or E. Angas Johnson, was City Health Officer of Adelaide, South Australia. His name has very frequently been misspelled as "Angus" Johnson. == History == Johnson was born in Angaston, South Australia to James Angas Johnson (1841 – 19 May 1902) and his wife Catharine Johnson, née Williams (1841–1909), who married in 1866. James Angas Johnson's mother, Rosetta French Johnson (25 April 1813 – 23 August 1898), later Hannay, was the eldest daughter of George Fife Angas. The Johnsons owned a magnificent property, "St Catharine's" in Prospect, later the administration centre of Blackfriars Priory School. He was educated at Whinham College in North Adelaide, St Peter's College, and the University of Adelaide, but (with many others) was unable to complete the requirements of the Bachelor of Medicine degree in Adelaide because of the "Hospital Row", a toxic standoff between the Adelaide Hospital and the State Government in the mid- to late 1890s, (see Nurse Graham) and professional rivalries as exemplified by this exchange between Professor Archibald Watson and Dr Leith Napier, in which Johnson's name was mentioned. Hence, it was in Melbourne where he graduated in 1897, as did


id: jwa-list-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWA_List-0.md
category: reference
title: JWA List
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWA_List
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:29.208806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jwa-list-20260505-0
summary:
JWA List (German: Liste JWA, JWA), also known as JWA – Wirth Anderlan, is a right-wing populist and separatist political party active in South Tyrol, Italy. The party has the aim of representing the German-speaking minority, holds an Eurosceptic stance, opposes immigration, and is involved in anti-vaccine activism. The party's founder and leader is Jürgen Wirth Anderlan, former Südtiroler Schützenbund captain. == History == The JWA List was founded by Jürgen Wirth Anderlan in July 2023 with the aim of running in the 2023 provincial election. JWA ran on a right-wing platform, especially opposing immigration and advocating for the separation of South Tyrol from Italy. In the election, the party took 5.9% of the vote, fending off competition from the alike anti-vaccine Vita, becoming the province's fifth largest party, surpassing the established right-wing Die Freiheitlichen and electing two councilors, Anderlan and SVP-dissident Andreas Colli. In October 2024 Colli left the party and launched the alternative Us Citizens (WB). == Election results == === Provincial Council === == Leadership == Leader: Jürgen Wirth Anderlan (2023–present) == References == == External links == Official website


id: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report-0.md
category: reference
title: Lancet MMR vaccine-autism report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:30.442608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-0
summary:
On 28 February 1998, a fraudulent research paper primarily authored by physician Andrew Wakefield, along with twelve other coauthors (titled "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children"), was published in The Lancet, a British medical journal. The paper falsely claimed causative links between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and colitis, and between colitis and autism. The fraud involved data bias and manipulation, and two undisclosed conflicts of interest. It was exposed in a lengthy Sunday Times investigation by reporter Brian Deer, resulting in the paper's retraction in February 2010 and Wakefield's being discredited and struck off the UK medical register three months later. In the paper, Wakefield fabricated evidence to suggest a new "syndrome" existed, which he called "autistic enterocolitis". Wakefield had been employed by a lawyer representing parents in lawsuits against vaccine producers, and had reportedly earned up to US$43 million per year selling diagnostic kits for the non-existent syndrome he claimed to have discovered. He also held a patent to a rival measles vaccine at the time. The scientific consensus on vaccines and autism is that there is no connection between MMR (or any other vaccine) and autism. == 1998 The Lancet paper


id: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report-1.md
category: reference
title: Lancet MMR vaccine-autism report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:30.442608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-0
summary:
Multiple subsequent studies failed to find any link between the MMR vaccine, colitis, and autism. In March 1998, a panel of 37 scientific experts set up by the Medical Research Council, headed by Professor Sir John Pattison found "no evidence to indicate any link" between the MMR vaccine and colitis or autism in children. Public concern over Wakefield's claims of a possible link between MMR and autism gained momentum in 2001 and 2002, after he published further papers suggesting that the immunisation programme was not safe. These were a review paper with no new evidence, published in a minor journal, and two papers on laboratory work that he said showed that measles virus had been found in tissue samples taken from children who had autism and bowel problems. There was wide media coverage including distressing anecdotal evidence from parents, and political coverage attacking the health service and government peaked with unmet demands that Prime minister Tony Blair reveal whether his infant son, Leo, had been given the vaccine. It was the biggest science story of 2002, with 1257 articles mostly written by non-expert commentators. In the period January to September 2002, 32% of the stories written about MMR mentioned Leo


id: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report-2.md
category: reference
title: Lancet MMR vaccine-autism report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:30.442608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-0
summary:
=== Conflict of interest === Public understanding of the claims sharply changed in February 2004 with revelations by The Sunday Times of an undisclosed conflict of interest on Wakefield's part in that, two years before the paper's publication, he had been approached by Richard Barr, a lawyer of Justice, Awareness and Basic Support, who was looking for an expert witness to start a planned class action regarding alleged "vaccine damage". Barr hired Wakefield at £150 per hour, plus expenses, and only then did they recruit the twelve children, actively seeking the parents of cases that might imply a connection between MMR and autism. Barr and Wakefield convinced the UK Legal Aid Board, a UK government organization to give financial support to people who could not afford access to justice, to assign £55,000 to fund the initial stage of the research. According to journalist Brian Deer, the project was intended to create evidence for the court case, but this only became publicly known six years after the Lancet report, with the newspaper's first disclosures. Based on Deer's evidence, the Lancet's editor-in-chief Richard Horton said Wakefield's paper should have never been published because its findings were "entirely flawed". Although Wakefield maintained that


id: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report-3.md
category: reference
title: Lancet MMR vaccine-autism report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:30.442608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-0
summary:
=== Manipulation of data === The Sunday Times continued the investigation, and on 8 February 2009, Brian Deer reported that Wakefield had "fixed" results and "manipulated" patient data in the Lancet, creating the appearance of a link with autism. Wakefield falsely denied these allegations, and even filed a complaint with the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) over this article on 13 March 2009. The complaint was expanded by a 20 March 2009 addendum by Wakefield's publicist. In July 2009, the PCC stated that it was staying any investigation regarding the Sunday Times article, pending the conclusion of the GMC investigation. Wakefield did not pursue his complaint, which Deer then published along with a statement saying he and The Sunday Times rejected the complaint as "false and disingenuous in all material respects", and that the action had been suspended by the PCC in February 2010. === UK General Medical Council inquiry === Responding to the first Sunday Times reports, the General Medical Council (GMC), which is responsible for licensing doctors and supervising medical ethics in the UK, launched an investigation into the affair. The GMC brought the case itself, not citing any specific complaints, claiming that an investigation was in the public


id: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report-4.md
category: reference
title: Lancet MMR vaccine-autism report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:30.442608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-0
summary:
=== Full retraction and fraud revelations === In an April 2010 report in The BMJ, Deer expanded on the laboratory aspects of his findings recounting how normal clinical histopathology results generated by the Royal Free Hospital were later changed in the medical school to abnormal results, published in the Lancet. Deer wrote an article in The BMJ casting doubt on the "autistic enterocolitis" that Wakefield claimed to have discovered. In the same edition, Deirdre Kelly, President of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and the Editor of the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition expressed some concern about The BMJ publishing this article while the GMC proceedings were underway. On 5 January 2011, The BMJ published the first of a series of articles by Brian Deer, detailing how Wakefield and his colleagues had faked some of the data behind the 1998 Lancet article. By looking at the records and interviewing the parents, Deer found that for all 12 children in the Wakefield study, diagnoses had been tweaked or dates changed to fit the article's conclusion. Continuing BMJ series on 11 January 2011, Deer said that based upon documents he obtained under freedom of information legislation, Wakefield—in partnership with


id: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report-5.md
category: reference
title: Lancet MMR vaccine-autism report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:30.442608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lancet-mmr-vaccine-autism-report-20260505-0
summary:
== Aftermath == Characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the 20th Century", The Lancet paper led to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland. Promotion of the claimed link, which continues in anti-vaccination propaganda despite being refuted, led to an increase in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries. Following the initial claims in 1998, multiple large epidemiological studies were undertaken. Reviews of the evidence by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences, the UK National Health Service, and the Cochrane Library all found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Physicians, medical journals, and editors have described Wakefield's actions as fraudulent and tied them to epidemics and deaths. Among commentators drawing on Deer's investigation, academic Peter N. Steinmetz summarizes six fabrications and falsifications in the paper itself and in Wakefield's response: findings of non-specific colitis; timing of MMR vaccine administration and first behavioral symptoms; findings of regressive autism; ethics consent statement; conflict of interest statement; and methods of patient referral. Wakefield has continued to defend his research and conclusions,


id: the-patriots-france-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Patriots (France)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:31.618624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-patriots-france-20260505-0
summary:
The Patriots (French: Les Patriotes; LP) is a nationalist and hard Eurosceptic political party in France. Founded by former vice president of the Front National (FN) Florian Philippot, it was registered on 29 September 2017. The party strongly supports a French withdrawal from both the European Union (EU) and Eurozone. == Gallery == == Election results == === European Parliament === == See also == List of political parties in France Politics of France == References == == External links == Official Les Patriotes website


id: leviathan-movement-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_Movement-0.md
category: reference
title: Leviathan Movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_Movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:32.744963+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leviathan-movement-20260505-0
summary:
The Leviathan Movement (Serbian: Покрет Левијатан, romanized: Pokret Levijatan) is a neo-fascist political organisation in Serbia, that presents itself as an animal rights organisation. It is led by Pavle Bihali. == History == The organisation was formed in 2015 as an animal rights group, focused on safeguarding of stray dogs. In 2016, the movement became popular when videos of the members of organisation rescuing animals showed up on social media, as well as videos of them offering compensation for information on animal abusers. Initially, the movement only focused on animal rights issues, exposing animal abusers, and taking their animals away from them. However, the movement has shifted from solely being an animal rights group to openly talking about political issues, mainly illegal immigration. In 2020, the organisation announced that they will be forming a party that will participate in the 2020 parliamentary election, in a coalition with the far-right anti-vax "I live for Serbia" movement. Its leader, Pavle Bihali, appeared under a Russian minority ballot list for the 2022 election which was ultimately rejected by the Republic Electoral Commission (RIK) because it did not collect enough valid signatures. According to CeSID, the ballot list did not support minority rights, but


id: ethan-lindenberger-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Lindenberger-0.md
category: reference
title: Ethan Lindenberger
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Lindenberger
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:33.972187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ethan-lindenberger-20260505-0
summary:
Ethan Lindenberger (born September 30, 2000) is an American activist known for his opposition to anti-vaccine disinformation campaigns. He received vaccinations, against his mother's wishes, on reaching the age of majority. In November 2018, Lindenberger used Reddit to ask for help on how he should proceed to get vaccinated. Lindenberger said his mother believed in conspiracy theories about vaccines and so he had not been vaccinated as a child. Around the age of 13 years old, Lindenberger began pursuing vaccines related resources, such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) articles, hence deciding that after reaching adulthood he wanted to exercise his right to be vaccinated. He says his mother rejected vaccination because of unfounded fears about adverse effects of vaccines. His father however was reluctant to vaccinate younger kids instead of everyone. His story, which involved intergenerational conflict, caught the attention of media and politicians. In March 2019, Lindenberger was invited to attend a US Senate hearing which dealt with epidemics of diseases such as measles, which can be easily prevented but are returning because of the dissemination of misleading information about vaccines. == References == == External links == Ethan Lindenberger on Facebook Ethan Lindenberger Channel on


id: list-of-anti-vaccination-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-vaccination_groups-0.md
category: reference
title: List of anti-vaccination groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-vaccination_groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:35.170428+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-anti-vaccination-groups-20260505-0
summary:
A list of groups who are anti-vaccine, vaccine-critical, or vaccine hesitant. == Global == White Rose (disinformation group) World Chiropractic Alliance == Europe == === Austria === Democratic – Neutral – Authentic MFG Austria – People Freedom Fundamental Rights === Denmark === Freedom List === Finland === Crystal Party Power Belongs to the People Freedom Alliance (Finland) === France === National League for Liberty in Vaccination === Germany === Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany WiR2020 === Greece === Free People === Hungary === Normális Élet Pártja === Iceland === Responsible Future === Italy === 3V Movement Vita ENZIAN-Südtirol === Netherlands === List30 === Slovenia === Resni.ca === Turkey === New Welfare Party Party of Life without Imposition === United Kingdom === Humanitarian League (historical) JABS Let London Live National Anti-Vaccination League (historical) Pioneer Club (historical) == North America == === Canada === Vaccine Choice Canada Free Party Canada === United States === Anti-Vaccination League of America Anti-Vaccination Society of America Association of American Physicians and Surgeons The Autism Community in Action (TACA; formerly Talk About Curing Autism) Children's Health Defense Children's Medical Safety Research Institute Freedom Angels Foundation Health Freedom Idaho Informed Consent Action Network Learn The Risk National Vaccine


id: brian-martin-social-scientist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Brian Martin (social scientist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:36.361961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brian-martin-social-scientist-20260505-0
summary:
Brian Martin (born 1947) is a social scientist in the School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, at the University of Wollongong (UOW) in NSW, Australia. He was appointed a professor at the university in 2007, and in 2017 was appointed emeritus professor. His work is in the fields of peace research, scientific controversies, science and technology studies, sociology, political science, media studies, law, journalism, freedom of speech, education and corrupted institutions, as well as research on whistleblowing and dissent in the context of science. Martin was president of Whistleblowers Australia from 1996 to 1999 and remains their International Director. He has been criticized by medical professionals and public health advocates for promoting the disproven oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis and supporting vaccine hesitancy in the context of his work. Martin has spoken at a British Science Association Festival of Science, and testified at the Australian Federal Senate's Inquiry into Academic Freedom. The crustacean Polycheles martini was named after him. == Biography == Martin was born in the United States in 1947 and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He earned a BA in physics at Rice University in Texas in 1969, and, seeking to avoid


id: brian-martin-social-scientist-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)-1.md
category: reference
title: Brian Martin (social scientist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:36.361961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brian-martin-social-scientist-20260505-0
summary:
=== Vaccines === Martin has offered support for the discredited proposal that oral polio vaccine caused AIDS. The hypothesis first came to notice in Rolling Stone magazine by way of journalist Curtis and AIDS activist Elswood in 1992, and was later further promoted by the journalist/writer Hooper and Martin, with Hooper crediting Martin for giving the OPV-AIDS link hypothesis "further publicity and credibility". Martin disputes the claim that he has been a supporter of the hypothesis, instead saying that he has "never argued in favour of the OPV theory", but has instead stated "that it was and remains worthy of consideration yet in many ways has been unfairly dismissed". A 2016 article in The Australian described Martin's 2010 paper as claiming "that medical researchers had colluded to silence the theory that the AIDS virus was caused by contaminated polio vaccines in 1950s Africa." Immunologist and research scientist Greg Woods refuted Martin's posit on the Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease stating Martin's 2014 paper in The Conversation on the theory behind the cancer "misrepresents the state of the science". In 2014, Martin published a paper characterising criticism of Andrew Wakefield's discredited claims about vaccines and autism as "suppression of vaccination dissent".


id: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation-0.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine misinformation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:37.684169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-0
summary:
Misinformation related to immunization and the use of vaccines circulates in mass media and social media despite the fact that there is no serious hesitancy or debate within mainstream medical and scientific circles about the benefits of vaccination. Unsubstantiated safety concerns related to vaccines are often presented on the Internet as being scientific information. A large proportion of internet sources on the topic are inaccurate which can lead people searching for information to form misconceptions relating to vaccines. Although opposition to vaccination has existed for centuries, the internet and social media have recently facilitated the spread of vaccine-related misinformation. Intentional spreading of false information and conspiracy theories have been propagated by the general public and celebrities. Active disinformation campaigns by foreign actors are related to increases in negative discussions online and decreases in vaccination use over time. Misinformation related to vaccination leads to vaccine hesitancy which fuels disease outbreaks. As of 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy was considered one of the top 10 threats to global health by the World Health Organization. == Extent == A survey by the Royal Society for Public Health found that 50% of the parents of children under the age of five


id: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation-1.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine misinformation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:37.684169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Alternative remedies to vaccination === Responding to misinformation, some may resort to complementary or alternative medicine and homeopathy as an alternative to vaccination. Those who believe in this narrative view vaccines as 'toxic and adulterating' while seeing alternative 'natural' methods as safe and effective. Some of the misinformation circulating around alternate remedies for vaccination include: False: Eating yoghurt cures human papillomavirus: Eating any natural product does not prevent or cure HPV. False: Homeopathy can be used as an alternative to protect against measles: Homeopathy has been shown to be ineffective against preventing measles. False: Quercetin, zinc, vitamin D, and other nutritional supplements can protect from/treat COVID-19: none of the above can prevent or treat COVID-19. False: Nosodes are an alternative to vaccines: There is no evidence supporting nosodes' effectiveness in preventing or treating infectious diseases. === Vaccination as genocide === Misinformation that forced vaccination could be used to "depopulate" the earth circulated in 2011 by misquoting Bill Gates. There is misinformation implying that vaccines (particularly the mRNA vaccine) could alter DNA in the nucleus. mRNA in the cytosol is very rapidly degraded before it would have time to gain entry into the cell nucleus. (mRNA vaccines must be stored


id: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation-2.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine misinformation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:37.684169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-0
summary:
False: Polio is not a real disease and the symptoms are actually due to DDT poisoning: The first major documented polio outbreak in the United States occurred in 1894 in Vermont. In the early 20th century, a polio epidemic started in the west causing 6,000 deaths and leaving 27,000 people paralyzed. In 1954, the Salk Institute created the polio vaccine putting an end to the epidemic and saving millions of lives. The incorrect theory that polio was related to pesticide poisoning predates the discovery of the polio vaccine. It was proposed in 1952 by Dr. Ralph R. Scobey in an article in the Archives of Pediatrics. Scobey argued that there were similarities between the symptoms of polio and various types of poisoning, and suggested that polio outbreaks might be more likely to occur during the summer and be related to consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. While pesticides such as DDT are dangerous, as was shown by Rachel Carson in Silent Spring in 1962, they are not dangerous in the way that Scobey believed them to be, as a cause of polio. Studies have clearly demonstrated causal relationships showing that polio is caused by a virus. Vaccines have proven effective


id: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation-3.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine misinformation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:37.684169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Effects on herd immunity === Vaccine-related misinformation has decreased the effectiveness of herd immunity, especially for measles. The World Health Organization reported that measles vaccine compliance dropped by 3% from 2019 to 2024. In the United States, measles vaccine rates officially dropped below the herd immunity threshold of 95% during the 2023-2024 academic year. Lancet Digital Health Journal stated that there are only a few percentage points of herd immunity that make the difference between having an epidemic and not having an epidemic, highlighting just how crucial it is to maintain concrete vaccination rates. Countries such as the United States, the UK, and Ukraine have reported increased measles cases alongside misinformation campaigns for the MMR vaccine. === Vaccine mandate exemptions === Multiple states across the US offer exemptions to vaccine mandates for medical, religious, and philosophical reasons. Medical exemptions are often requested by a physician when a patient is severely immunocompromised, usually due to cancer treatment, HIV/AIDS, or other pre-existing health complications. Religious exemptions typically surround vaccines whose development involved human fetal cells. Philosophical exemptions account for any exemption that does not meet the qualifications for medical or religious exemptions; these exemptions are based in personal beliefs and are


id: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation-4.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine misinformation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:37.684169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-0
summary:
Communication strategies to counter vaccine misinformation and effectively improve the intention to vaccinate include communicating the scientific consensus that vaccines are safe and effective, using humour to dispel vaccine myths, and providing vaccine misinformation warnings. Compared to these, debunking vaccine misinformation and providing vaccine education materials work less in tackling misinformation. Scare tactics, and failing to acknowledge uncertainty is not effective, and can even backfire and worsen the intention to vaccinate. Research shows that science communicators should directly counter misinformation because of its negative influence on silent audience who are observing the vaccine debate, but not engaging in it. The refutations to vaccine-related misinformation should be straightforward in order to avoid emphasizing misinformation. It is useful to pair scientific evidence with stories that connect to the belief and value system of the audience. Interventions for parents/caregivers who make decisions about their children's vaccination are vital. Given the complexity of this problem, effective evidence-based strategies have yet to be identified. Although many wish to provide families with as much corrective information as possible, this often has unintended consequences. One study in 2013 tested four separate interventions to correct MMR vaccine misinformation and promote parental behavioral change: (1) Provide information explaining lack


id: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation-5.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine misinformation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:37.684169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-misinformation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Some vaccine-preventable diseases have been eradicated === Vaccination has enabled the reduction of most vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g. polio has been eradicated in every country except Afghanistan and Pakistan). However, some are still prevalent and even cause epidemics in some parts of the world. If the affected population is not protected by vaccination, the disease can quickly spread from country to country. Vaccines not only protect individuals, but also lead to herd immunity if a sufficient number of people in the population have taken the vaccine. Eradication is the permanent elimination of an infectious disease worldwide through deliberate efforts, rendering further intervention measures unnecessary. To date, the only disease that has been successfully eradicated is smallpox. Poliomyelitis was targeted for eradication by the year 2000, and significant progress was made towards this goal, with the Western Hemisphere being declared polio-free and over a year having passed without any reported cases in the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization. An examination of the technical feasibility of eradicating other diseases preventable by vaccines currently available in the United States suggests that measles, hepatitis B, mumps, rubella, and possibly Haemophilus influenzae type b are potential candidates for eradication. From a practical


id: conservative-bulgaria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Bulgaria-0.md
category: reference
title: Conservative Bulgaria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Bulgaria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:38.924807+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conservative-bulgaria-20260505-0
summary:
Conservative Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Консервативна България), previously known as National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Национален фронт за спасение на България, romanized: Natsionalen front za spasenie na Bŭlgariya, NFSB), is a national conservative political party in Bulgaria. == History == The party was established on 17 May 2011 in sports hall Boycho Branzov in Burgas as the National Salvation Front for Bulgaria. Its founding was attended by over 820 people from across the country, mainly from the cities of Varna, Shumen, Asenovgrad, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, Vratsa, Svilengrad, Lovech, Chirpan, Stara Zagora, Vidin, and Dobrich. The party was described as ultra-nationalist by foreign observers. The party elected three leaders - Valeri Simeonov, Valentin Kasabov and Dancho Hadzhiev. The Secretary of the party is Maria Petrova. The National Political Council includes 19 people, such as independent councilors from Burgas and hosts from SKAT TV (i.e. Velizar Enchev and Valentin Fartunov). Among the party's founders is former regional president of the Union of Democratic Forces in the city Vladimir Pavlov. The party was a member of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group during the 7th European Parliament. On 3 August 2014, a coalition agreement was signed between NFSB and VMRO called


id: nationalist-party-of-bulgaria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Bulgaria-0.md
category: reference
title: Nationalist Party of Bulgaria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Bulgaria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:40.081744+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nationalist-party-of-bulgaria-20260505-0
summary:
The Nationalist Party of Bulgaria or NPB (Natzionalisticheska Partiya na Bulgaria) (Bulgarian: Националистическа партия на България), was a far-right nationalist political party in Bulgaria that was formed in 2013. Since then the party is believed to have carried out multiple attacks on illegal migrants and refugees within Bulgaria, however, these claims were never substantiated. Some commentators have compared it to the Golden Dawn party in Greece. == References ==


id: neutral-bulgaria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Bulgaria-0.md
category: reference
title: Neutral Bulgaria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Bulgaria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:41.199971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: neutral-bulgaria-20260505-0
summary:
Neutral Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Неутрална България, romanized: Neutralna Balgarija) was a coalition of political parties in Bulgaria created to participate in the 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election. The members are in support of the Russian Federation and Russian president Vladimir Putin, as well as in opposition to NATO. == History == The coalition was led by Nikolai Malinov, who was personally awarded by Vladimir Putin and has been placed under sanctions from the Magnitsky Act. Volen Siderov stood as the party's candidate in Sofia and Varna. The coalition received 0.40% of the vote, well below the 4% threshold to enter the National Assembly. The coalition fell apart during the lead-up to the October 2024 parliamentary election due to the ideological gap between the right-winged Russophiles and the left-winged communists, as well as internal opposition within the communist parties due to Malinov's espionage charges. Malinov would go on to form the Russophiles for Bulgaria to contest the elections. == Composition == === 2023 === === 2024 === == Electoral history == === National Assembly === == References ==


id: new-welfare-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Welfare_Party-0.md
category: reference
title: New Welfare Party
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Welfare_Party
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:42.416574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-welfare-party-20260505-0
summary:
The New Welfare Party (Turkish: Yeniden Refah Partisi, YRP) is an Islamist and ultraconservative political party in Turkey, founded on 23 November 2018. The party positions itself as the successor to the Welfare Party (Turkish: Refah Partisi), which was a prominent Islamist political party in the 1990s. The party's founder and leader Fatih Erbakan is the son of the late Turkish prime minister Necmettin Erbakan who was the founder of the original Welfare Party and the inspiration for the Millî Görüş ideology. == History == YRP was established by Fatih Erbakan, who aimed to revive the legacy of the original Welfare Party, which had been a significant political force in Turkey before its closure by the Constitutional Court in 1998 for activities against the principle of secularism. The founding of the New Welfare Party reflects an effort to re-enter the political scene with a reformed agenda that complies with the secular and democratic framework of the Turkish Republic while retaining a focus on Islamic values. On 21 January 2023, leader of the far-right Danish political party Stram Kurs, Rasmus Paludan was permitted to burn a Quran outside the Turkish embassy in Stockholm. Following the incident, the party protested Sweden in


id: niki-greek-political-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_(Greek_political_party)-0.md
category: reference
title: Niki (Greek political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_(Greek_political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:43.750060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: niki-greek-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
The Democratic Patriotic Popular Movement "Niki" (Greek: Δημοκρατικό Πατριωτικό Λαϊκό Κίνημα «Νίκη», romanized: Dimokratikó Patriotikó Laikó Kínima “Níki”), often shortened to simply Niki (lit. 'Victory'), is a far-right political party in Greece. It was founded by educator Dimitris Natsios in 2019. In the parliamentary elections of June 2023, the party received a percentage of 3.70%, electing 10 deputies to the Hellenic Parliament in which today, it forms the 7th Parliamentary Group. Its main programmatic positions are defined as, "Faith, Fatherland, Family", the radical restructuring of education in Greek schools, changing Greek nationality law in regards to immigrants and refugees and the adoption of measures to solve the demographic problem, such as supporting large families and the traditional family. The party is supportive of the Greek Orthodox Church and has been described as "ultra-religious". == History == The party was founded by the public education teacher and theologian Dimitris Natsios on 17 June 2019 in Thessaloniki, after the signing of the Prespa Agreement and one month before the 2019 parliamentary elections, in which he did not participate. He emerged in the polls shortly before the May 2023 elections. In that election, the first in which it participated, it garnered 2.92% of


id: one-nation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-0.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
Pauline Hanson's One Nation (PHON), commonly known as One Nation (ON), is a right-wing populist political party in Australia. It is led by its founder Pauline Hanson, who has been a senator for Queensland since 2016 and previously served in the House of Representatives from 1996 to 1998. The party was founded by Hanson in 1997 following her disendorsement by the Liberal Party and enjoyed an initial period of electoral success in the late 1990s. It polled second at the 1998 Queensland state election and won the third-highest vote count in both the House of Representatives and Senate at the 1998 federal election, though only winning a single Senate seat. It subsequently underwent a period of electoral decline and several party splits, while retaining representation in the Parliament of Queensland until 2009. Following Hanson's return as leader, the party won four seats at the 2016 federal election and retained representation across the following three federal elections, despite several high-profile defections. The party experienced increased popularity in and following the May 2025 federal election. After the Liberal Party's leadership challenge and falling out with the Nationals, Barnaby Joyce defected from the Nationals and joined One Nation in December 2025. Australia's richest


id: one-nation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-1.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
The 1998 Queensland state election produced One Nation's greatest electoral success, with the ALP winning 44 seats to be the largest party in the Assembly, the Coalition winning 32 seats and One Nation winning 11 seats. During the campaign, polling for One Nation led to commentators saying One Nation might secure the balance of power in a hung parliament. During the campaign, all three major political parties suffered a decline in voter support due to One Nation having entered the fray. The National Party saw an 11.1% drop in support, their Liberal Party coalition partners lost 6.7% and Labor's vote dropped 4.0%. To the surprise of many pundits, the One Nation Party received 22.7% of the first preference vote, giving them the second largest voter turnout for any party in Queensland during the 1998 election. One Nation drew the majority of its support from regional and rural Queensland, winning nine of its 11 seats in rural and regional electorates. With nearly 23% of the vote, One Nation gained a higher percentage of the vote than any other third party (i.e. not Labor or Coalition) at the state or territory level since Federation. This was also the only election at which


id: one-nation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-2.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Internal disputes and claims of corruption (1999–2003) ==== The party was affected by internal divisions and has split several times. Lawsuits involving ex-members did eventually force Hanson to repay approximately $500,000 of public funding won at the 1998 Queensland election amid claims by Abbott that the party was fraudulently registered. Abbott established a trust fund called "Australians for Honest Politics Trust" to help bankroll civil court cases against the party. The suits alleged that the party was undemocratically constituted in order to concentrate all power in the hands of three people—Hanson, Ettridge and Oldfield (in particular Oldfield)—and that it technically had only two members: Ettridge and Hanson. Even though Hanson's fraud charges were dropped, the Electoral Commission of Queensland never reimbursed Hanson for the monies that they collected from the claim. Within a year of One Nation's electoral success, three of the 11 Queensland MPs elected had quit the party claiming the leadership had too much control over the party. The One Nation contingent in the Queensland Parliament split, with dissident members forming the rival City Country Alliance in late 1999. The first Annual General Meeting of the One Nation party was held in April 1999, which critic Paul


id: one-nation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-3.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Revival of Pauline Hanson's One Nation (2013–2015) ==== Hanson rejoined One Nation as a rank-and-file member in 2013. Later that year, she unsuccessfully contested the Senate for New South Wales at the 2013 federal election. In 2014, Hanson was reappointed as leader by the One Nation executive. She contested the seat of Lockyer for the party at the January 2015 Queensland state election, falling 114 votes short of defeating sitting Liberal National Party member Ian Rickuss. In 2013, it was reported by One Nation that the party had more than 5000 members, with the figure rising since Hanson returned as party leader. In July 2015, Hanson announced that the party was renamed the original "Pauline Hanson's One Nation" and contested in the Senate for Queensland at the 2016 federal election. In the lead up to the 2016 election, Hanson arranged a "Fed Up" tour that began in July 2015 as part of her re-election campaign, flying in a private plane to Rockhampton prior to a Reclaim Australia rally, piloted by James Ashby. ==== Return to federal politics in 45th parliament (2016) ==== At the 2016 federal election the party polled 4.3% (+3.8) of the nationwide primary vote in the


id: one-nation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-4.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 2019 election and 46th parliament ==== At the May 2019 federal election, One Nation polled 5.40% (up 1.12%) for the nationwide Senate primary vote. The party polled higher than their national vote in Queensland, taking 10.27% up 1.08%, of the primary vote in the senate. The PHON House of Representatives candidate for the Division of O'Connor, Dean Smith, was in December of the same year a target of recruitment for Neo-Nazi group The Base. In secretly recorded tapes of his "interview" by a recruiter, Smith tells of his hatred of immigrants and his wish to "save the race". He tells the recruiter that he had become "more and more extreme and passionate about my views", and disillusioned with One Nation and the possibility of a political solution. However, he was deemed too great a risk for The Base because of his political profile, so was not admitted into their ranks. In 2019, Hanson received widespread condemnation in the Australian media after claiming that domestic violence victims routinely lie to the Family Court. The Law Council of Australia called for the abandonment of a federal parliamentary inquiry into the family law system, citing concerns that the hearings were being used


id: one-nation-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-5.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 2025–2026 elections ==== In the lead-up to the 2025 Australian federal election to elect the 47th Parliament of Australia, pollsters recorded an increase in One Nations primary vote, particularly near the end of the campaign period where the party began to come close to or surpass their result at the 1998 Australian federal election. One Nation ran 147 candidates in the House of Representatives, and a Senate team for each state and territory except for the Australian Capital Territory. One Nation won 6.4% of the vote in the House of Representatives, the second-best result for the party since its inception. One Nation won a senate seat in New South Wales and Western Australia with Warwick Stacey and Tyron Whitten, doubling its Senate representation. Stacey resigned for health reasons shortly after his election, with Sean Bell, a former political advisor to Pauline Hanson, announced as Stacey's successor on 16 September 2025. In May 2025, South Australian MLC Sarah Game quit the party, citing brand issues associated with One Nation. It came after her mother, who had been leader of One Nation in South Australia, Jennifer Game, resigned from the party after she was not chosen to head the party ticket


id: one-nation-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-6.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Contemporary === Writer Hans-Georg Betz described One Nation and Pauline Hanson in 2019 as among "the first prominent radical right-wing populist entrepreneurs to mobilize popular resentment against a very specific target — the intellectual elite" and that in the twenty-first century where "today's army of self-styled commentators and pundits summarily dismissing radical right-wing populist voters as uncouth, uneducated plebeians intellectually incapable of understanding the blessings of progressive identity politics, Hanson's anti-elite rhetoric anno 1996 proved remarkably prescient, if rather tame." Betz also argued that One Nation differs from European right-wing parties by focusing on its own brand of populism which he termed Hansonism based on Hanson's personality and debates unique to Australian society. Despite the party's early image as an anti-immigration party, the party has – since 2016 – run a number of migrant Chinese and Indian candidates in elections. Political scientist Ian McAllister argues the current version of One Nation from 2017 does not have much in the way of policy beyond an "anti-establishment stance" while others have argued it has changed to focus its policies on opposition to Islam. During the 2017 Queensland state election, One Nation disendorsed its Bundamba candidate Shan Ju Lin after her anti-gay


id: one-nation-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-7.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Welfare and pensions === One Nation is in favour of a substantial increase in the aged pension and disability support pension. It was reported in 2016 that One Nation had voted with the Liberal government on a number of welfare cuts. One Nation is also opposed to increasing the age of entitlement to 70 years, and supports a $100 a week increase under the work bonus scheme for pensioners. In 2024, One Nation cooperated with the Albanese government and minister Bill Shorten in reforming the National Disability Insurance Scheme to crack down on alleged misuse of the system and to rein in the growing costs of the program. === COVID-19 vaccines === Many politicians, commentators and scientists claim that One Nation senators have spread misinformation and conspiracies on the effectiveness and scientific basis of COVID-19 vaccines. One Nation opposes vaccine mandates, but denies being against vaccinations. However, in 2021, One Nation MLC Mark Latham said that vaccinated people should be exempt from Sydney's COVID-19 lockdown. One Nation introduced legislation in 2021 pertaining to COVID-19 mandates, with the bill proposing banning discrimination on COVID-19 vaccination status in the fields of goods, services, facilities, employment, education, accommodation, and sport. It was


id: one-nation-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation-8.md
category: reference
title: One Nation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Nation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:45.114297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: one-nation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Queensland === === Northern Territory === === Maps === == Leaders == === Federal === Unlike the Queensland state leadership, the changes of the federal leadership of the party were largely undocumented (besides Hanson's terms), due to previously having low media attention and confusion of branch leadership within the party. In August 2017, the party's constitution was changed so that Hanson would be party President for as long as she may wish, and to choose her successor, who may also continue until resignation. === New South Wales === === Victoria === === Western Australia === === South Australia === === Queensland === === Australian Capital Territory === == Members of parliament == === Current MPs === ==== Federal ==== ==== South Australia ==== Cory Bernardi MLC (2026–present) Carlos Quaremba MLC (2026–present) Rebecca Hewett MLC (2026–present) David Paton MP (Ngadjuri, 2026–present) Robert Roylance MP (Hammond, 2026–present) Jason Virgo MP (MacKillop, 2026–present) Chantelle Thomas MP (Narungga, 2026–present) ==== Victoria ==== Rikkie-Lee Tyrrell MLC (Northern Victoria, 2022–present) ==== Western Australia ==== Rod Caddies MLC (2025–present) Phil Scott MLC (2025–present) === Former MPs === == Donors == A 2019 report found that Pauline Hanson's One Nation Party had received over $6,000 in disclosed


id: our-homeland-movement-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement-0.md
category: reference
title: Our Homeland Movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:46.285774+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-homeland-movement-20260505-0
summary:
Our Homeland Movement (Hungarian: Mi Hazánk Mozgalom [ˈmi ˈhɒzaːŋk ˈmozɡɒlom], Mi Hazánk, MH or MHM) is a far-right political party in Hungary. It was founded by Ásotthalom mayor and former Jobbik Vice-President László Toroczkai, along with other Jobbik dissidents who left the organization after the party's leadership moved away from its radical right beginnings and became more moderate. The party ran in the 2019 European Parliament election for the first time but did not win a seat. In the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, it became the third-largest party in the country, with a result of nearly 6%, far surpassing public opinion polls. In the 2024 European Parliament election, the party continued to increase its support, reaching nearly 7%. The party again received almost 6% of the vote in the 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election, maintaining its 6 seats. == History == On 8 April 2018, after the loss in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, Jobbik president Gábor Vona, resigned and a reform congress was announced in the party. Toroczkai was the first to indicate his intention to run for the position of president, which was followed by the presidential application of Tamás Sneider, nominated by the acting presidency. Almost half of


id: our-homeland-movement-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement-1.md
category: reference
title: Our Homeland Movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:46.285774+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-homeland-movement-20260505-0
summary:
=== Social issues === The party strongly opposes LGBT rights. After the release of a children's book, Meseország mindenkié, which features LGBT members and ethnic minorities as characters, Dúró referred to the book as "homosexual propaganda" during a press conference and promptly ripped pages out of the book and then shredded them. The move caused significant controversy and garnered international attention. The party has called for a ban on LGBT pride marches. Eventually, the Fidesz government banned pride marches in the country in 2024, resulting in the largest pride march in the country's history. === Environment === In an interview with Mandiner, Toroczkai described Our Homeland Movement as "a unique green party in Europe", and thus the party is sometimes referred to as supporting some form of green conservatism. Toroczkai further said that "we are unwilling to accept that only anti-social and anti-human liberal parties can be green parties. We think that those who do not want to protect our environment, our forests, our beautiful Great Plain, Lake Balaton, our rivers cannot really love their homeland." === Health === Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary, the party protested against lockdown measures set in place by the government, accusing them of


id: party-of-young-people-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Young_People-0.md
category: reference
title: Party of Young People
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Young_People
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:47.485935+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: party-of-young-people-20260505-0
summary:
The Party of Young People (Romanian: Partidul Oamenilor Tineri; POT, lit. '[I] can/ [They] can') is a political party in Romania, founded by MP Anamaria Gavrilă, who had previously left the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). POT supported the candidacy of independent Călin Georgescu in the 2024 presidential election, even before Georgescu appeared in opinion polls. == History == The Party of Young People was founded by Anamaria Gavrilă on 31 July 2023. === 2024 elections === In the 2024 local elections, the party won 11 local councillor mandates. The party did not participate in the 2024 European Parliament election. For the 2024 parliamentary election, the party has nominated over 140 candidates from various professions (entrepreneurs, lawyers, drivers, sales specialists, engineers), including many candidates from the diaspora. === Support for Georgescu's candidacy === The Party of Young People attempted to register Anamaria Gavrilă's candidacy for the 2024 presidential election, but later gave up and chose to support Călin Georgescu following an internal poll. The party strongly associates itself with Georgescu and calls on Georgescu voters to vote for it in the parliamentary elections. Party of Young People campaigns heavily on social media, such as TikTok, Instagram and Telegram


id: patriotic-front-bulgaria-2014-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Bulgaria,_2014)-0.md
category: reference
title: Patriotic Front (Bulgaria, 2014)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Bulgaria,_2014)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:48.682823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: patriotic-front-bulgaria-2014-20260505-0
summary:
Patriotic Front (Bulgarian: Патриотичен фронт) was a nationalist electoral alliance in Bulgaria between political parties VMRO and NFSB. == History == VMRO ran as part of an electoral alliance led by the political party Bulgaria Without Censorship (BWC) during the 2014 European parliamentary election, where both allied parties won a seat in the European Parliament. The signing of the coalition agreement between VMRO and NFSB marked the end of the BWC-VMRO coalition. The coalition agreement forming Patriotic Front was signed on 3 August 2014 and stated its goals to be "a revival of the Bulgarian economy, a fight against monopolies, achieving modern education and healthcare and a fair and uncorrupt judiciary." The members of the alliance included PROUD, National Ideal for Unity, Middle European Class, Association Patriot, Undivided Bulgaria, National Movement BG Patriot, Union of the Patriotic Forces "Defense", Revival of the Fatherland, National Association of Alternate Soldiery "For the Honor of epaulette", National Movement for the Salvation of the Fatherland and National Democratic Party. In 2016, the Patriotic Front successfully lobbied for a ban on the Burqa. == Elections == The coalition's electoral debut took place in the 2014 parliamentary election. === Statistics === == See also == Attack


id: patriotic-front-bulgaria-2021-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Bulgaria,_2021)-0.md
category: reference
title: Patriotic Front (Bulgaria, 2021)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Bulgaria,_2021)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:49.815132+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: patriotic-front-bulgaria-2021-20260505-0
summary:
The Patriotic Front (Bulgarian: Патриотичен фронт; PF) is a Bulgarian nationalist coalition participating in the November 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election. The coalition includes NFSB, Entire Bulgaria and BDSR. At the same time, the coalition does not include VMRO and Volya, which was in several coalitions before this one: Patriotic Front (2014), United Patriots, and Bulgarian Patriots. == Electoral history == === Parliamentary === === Presidential === == See also == Patriotic Front (2014-2017) United Patriots (2016-2021) Bulgarian Patriots (May–August 2021) == References ==


id: people-s-party-united-states-2017-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(United_States,_2017)-0.md
category: reference
title: People's Party (United States, 2017)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(United_States,_2017)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:51.021207+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: people-s-party-united-states-2017-20260505-0
summary:
The People's Party (formerly the Movement for a People's Party, MPP) is a syncretic political organization in the United States which describes itself as having the goal of "forming a major new political party free of corporate money and influence." Initially a progressive political organization, Nick Brana formed the party after the 2016 presidential election as a successor to the "Draft Bernie for a People's Party" group. Bernie Sanders declined to be the People's Party's figurehead, instead, seeking the presidential nomination in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. In 2023, Brana joined the Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign. == History == In 2017, Nick Brana founded the Movement for a People's Party (MPP) out of the "Draft Bernie for a People's Party" group, which had failed to gain Bernie Sanders's support. Brana had worked on Sanders's 2016 presidential campaign as the National Political Outreach Coordinator. In September 2017, the group gave an invitation with 50,000 signatures to Sanders to lead the creation of the People's Party, which Sanders ignored. In August 2020, the organization held a virtual People's Convention that was viewed by 400,000 people on various platforms. Speakers included former Democratic Party 2020 presidential election candidate Marianne


id: qanon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-0.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
QAnon is a far-right American political conspiracy theory and political movement that originated in 2017. QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q Clearance Patriot", more commonly known as "Q". Q's claims have been relayed and developed by online communities and influencers. Their core belief is that a cabal of Satanic, cannibalistic child molesters in league with the deep state is operating a global child sex trafficking ring and that Donald Trump is secretly leading the fight against them. QAnon has direct roots in Pizzagate, another conspiracy theory that appeared on the Internet one year earlier, but also incorporates elements of many different conspiracy theories and unifies them into a larger interconnected theory. QAnon has been described as a cult. During the first presidency of Donald Trump, QAnon followers believed the administration would conduct arrests and executions of thousands of members of the cabal on a day known as "the Storm" or "the Event". QAnon conspiracy believers have named Democratic politicians, Hollywood actors, high-ranking government officials, business tycoons, and medical experts as members of the cabal of pedophiles. QAnon is described as antisemitic or rooted in antisemitic tropes, due to its fixation on


id: qanon-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-1.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
=== Previous "anons" === In its most basic sense, an "anon" is an anonymous or pseudonymous Internet poster. The concept of anons "doing research" and claiming to disclose otherwise classified information, while a key component of the QAnon conspiracy theory, is not exclusive to it. Q was preceded by so-called anons who also claimed to have special government access. On July 2, 2016, the anonymous poster "FBIAnon", a self-described "high-level analyst and strategist" who claimed to have "intimate knowledge of the inner workings of the Clinton case", began posting false information about the 2016 investigation into the Clinton Foundation and claimed that Hillary Clinton would be imprisoned if Trump became president. Around that time, "HLIAnon", standing for "High-Level Insider Anon", hosted long question-and-answer sessions, dispensing various conspiracy theories, including that Princess Diana was murdered after trying to stop the September 11 attacks. Soon after the 2016 United States elections, two anonymous posters, "CIAAnon" and "CIAIntern", falsely claimed to be high-ranking Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officers, and in late August 2017, "WHInsiderAnon" offered a supposed preview that something was "going to go down" regarding leaks that would affect the Democratic Party. == Origin and spread == A 4chan user named "Q


id: qanon-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-2.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
QAnon first received attention from the mainstream press in November 2017. Newsweek called it "Pizzagate on steroids". Gossip columnist Liz Crokin, a Pizzagate follower, was one of the first public figures to embrace QAnon. She went on to become one of the movement's most prominent influencers. Fox News personality Sean Hannity and comedian Roseanne Barr spread the news about it to their social media followers in early 2018, and the conspiracy theory gained traction on the mainstream right. At this time, InfoWars host and far-right conspiracy theorist Alex Jones claimed to be in personal contact with Q. This led to the presence of QAnon followers at a July 2018 Trump rally for the midterm elections in Tampa, Florida, the first visible presence of the QAnon movement at Trump rallies. Some Christian pastors introduced their congregations to QAnon ideas. The Indiana-based Omega Kingdom Ministry tried to combine QAnon and Christianity, with Q posts and Bible quotes both read during church services. Some Christians, such as pastor Derek Kubilus, call QAnon heresy, but most U.S. pastors have not taken a stand against it. More generally, QAnon's rise coincided with increasing radicalization and violent episodes in American far-right movements. QAnon-related merchandise was widely


id: qanon-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-3.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
=== International following === Marc-André Argentino, a researcher of the movement, noted in August 2020 that QAnon-dedicated Facebook pages existed in 71 countries worldwide. In January 2021, researcher Joel Finkelstein told The Washington Post that the German and Japanese QAnon movements were "strong and growing", though according to a later New York Times report, the Japanese version (also known as "JAnon" [Japanese: Jアノン]) remains a fringe belief even among conspiracy theorists. Three pro-QAnon groups in Japan are known to exist as of 2022: J-Anon, QArmyJapanFlynn and YamatoQ. In April 2022, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police arrested several members of YamatoQ for breaking into a health clinic which provided COVID-19 vaccinations. Between March and June 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, QAnon activity nearly tripled on Facebook and nearly doubled on Instagram and Twitter. By that time, QAnon had spread to Europe, from the Netherlands to the Balkan Peninsula. In Germany, far-right activists and influencers have created a German audience for QAnon on YouTube, Facebook, and Telegram, estimated at 200,000 in 2020. German Reichsbürger groups adopted QAnon to promote its belief that modern Germany is not a sovereign republic but rather a corporation created by Allied nations after World War II, and expressed


id: qanon-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-4.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
Q made thousands of posts on 4chan and 8chan/8kun. These "drops" were often allusive, cryptic, and impossible to verify; some included strings of characters that are allegedly coded messages. Q used a conspiratorial tone, with phrases like "I've said too much" or "Some things must remain classified to the very end". To sustain faith in a final victory over the "cabal", Q used recurring phrases such as "Trust the plan", "Enjoy the show", and "Nothing can stop what is coming". Q's messages typically claimed that everything was going as planned, that Trump was in control, and that all his adversaries would end up in prison. Q also encouraged followers to do their own research by telling them to "Follow the White Rabbit". QAnon followers used the "White Rabbit" reference both as a hashtag and as the name of a Facebook group that had around 90,000 members in 2020. Many early posts advanced claims about "deep state" collusion with foreign powers. In 2018, Q mentioned geopolitical conspiracies such as the Obama administration having planned to send technology to Iran and North Korea. Later, Q found new targets such as Planned Parenthood, which they accused of harvesting fetuses for profit, or Ruth


id: qanon-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-5.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
Joe Biden's inauguration on January 20, 2021, would be an elaborate trap set for the Democrats, who would be arrested en masse and executed while Trump retained power. Trump would be inaugurated on March 4, 2021, as the 19th president. Trump would be inaugurated again on March 20, 2021. After this did not happen, QAnon adherents predicted it would happen on August 13, 2021. The Arizona audit would prove election fraud, handing the state to Trump, and other states would follow suit in a "domino effect", resulting in Trump being reinstated as president. The 2021 California gubernatorial recall election result would be proven fraudulent, which would catalyze a national fraud audit, resulting in Trump returning to power. John F. Kennedy (the 35th president of the United States, who was assassinated in 1963) or his son John F. Kennedy Jr. (who died in a plane crash in 1999) would appear alive in front of a crowd in Dallas on November 2, 2021, and announce Trump's reinstatement as president and the installation of Kennedy Jr. as vice president. === Child sex trafficking and satanic sacrifice === QAnon effectively merged with Pizzagate by incorporating its beliefs – namely that children are being abducted


id: qanon-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-6.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
Due to the overlap between the two movements, some QAnon followers have joined the sovereign citizens, a loose grouping of vexatious litigants and tax protesters whose set of pseudolegal beliefs implies that most laws and taxes are illegitimate and can be safely ignored if one uses the correct procedures. In 2022, the Anti-Defamation League reported that sovereign citizen ideology was attracting a growing number of QAnon adherents, as their belief in the Biden administration's illegitimacy meshed well with sovereign citizens' broader anti-government views. In 2018, Q said that "vaccines [not all]" were part of the Big Pharma conspiracy. Later on, as anxiety and isolation linked to the COVID-19 pandemic fostered a rise of conspiracy theories and anti-vaccine discourse, many in the movement used the pandemic to promote QAnon. Very little of this was directed by Q posts, and Q did not mention the pandemic until March 23, 2020 (when they called COVID-19 the "China virus"), not using the name "COVID-19" until April 8. But influencers in the QAnon community were openly anti-mask and anti-vaccine, and helped spread denialism as well as other misinformation about the pandemic. QAnon conspiracy theorists touted drinking an industrial bleach (known as MMS, or Miracle Mineral


id: qanon-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-7.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
==== Multiple people ==== By 2020, it became accepted among researchers that the pseudonymous entity known as Q has been controlled by multiple people in cooperation. A stylometric analysis has suggested that two people likely wrote Q's posts, and that their "distinct signatures clearly correspond to separate periods in time and different online forums". An analysis of metadata of images posted by Q found that they were likely posted by someone in the Pacific Time Zone. By design, anonymous imageboards such as 4chan and 8chan obscure their posters' identities. Those who wish to prove a consistent identity between posts while remaining anonymous can use a tripcode, which associates a post with a unique digital signature for any poster who knows the password. There have been thousands of posts associated with a Q tripcode. The tripcode associated with Q has changed several times, creating uncertainty about the poster's continuous identity. Passwords on 8chan are also easy to crack, and the Q tripcode has been repeatedly compromised and used by people pretending to be Q. When 8chan returned as 8kun in November 2019 after several months of downtime, the Q posting on 8kun posted photos of a pen and notebook that had


id: qanon-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-8.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
The spread of QAnon has been accompanied by a series of slogans, catchphrases, buzzwords and hashtags that helped boost its popularity and online presence. Terms like the cabal or the Storm, and Q's recurring phrases like "Trust the plan" or "Enjoy the show" are among the most popular. Q's "drops" are also known as "crumbs" (Q has used the term) or "breadcrumbs". In turn, followers of the conspiracy who analyze these posts have called themselves "bakers" who assemble the "crumbs" to make "dough", or "bread", as they weave the clues into a better understanding of the narrative. One early rallying cry among QAnon followers was "Follow the White Rabbit". A popular QAnon slogan is "Where we go one, we go all" (frequently abbreviated as "WWG1WGA"), first used by Q in April 2018. The phrase "Do your own research" (or "Do the research") encourages people to look for "clues" that will confirm QAnon narratives. "Q sent me" has been a declaration of "allegiance" to Q. Other common phrases in QAnon parlance include "white hat" (a Trump supporter), "black hat" (someone in league with the deep state), "Great Awakening" (the point at which the public wakes up to the truth), "red pill"


id: qanon-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-9.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
==== The hidden enemy ==== A central element of QAnon's worldview is the belief in a hidden, malevolent force controlling society. This concept echoes medieval anxieties, such as fears surrounding witchcraft, secret societies, and demonic conspiracies blamed for societal ills. In particular, it closely mirrors accusations from texts like the Malleus Maleficarum, which claimed that witches secretly conspired with Satan to corrupt society from within. Historian Niall Ferguson argues that such moral panics often emerge during times of instability, as societies search for scapegoats and simplified explanations for complex crises. QAnon further incorporates themes from early-Christian Gnosticism, particularly the idea that the true nature of the world is hidden and accessible only to those with special insight or "gnosis". QAnon adherents similarly see themselves as uniquely able to discern the secret evil manipulating events behind the scenes. Additionally, this hidden-enemy narrative frequently overlaps with historical antisemitic tropes, portraying shadowy elites controlling world affairs. The fusion of these elements creates a potent narrative that positions followers as warriors engaged in a cosmic battle against a concealed, all-powerful adversary. ==== Satanic rituals and child victims ==== The Malleus Maleficarum argued that witches forged explicit pacts with the Devil—engaging in spells, nocturnal sabbaths,


id: qanon-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-10.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
Travis View, a researcher who studies QAnon, says that it is as addictive as a video game, and offers the "player" the possibility of being involved in something of world-historical importance. According to View, "You can sit at your computer and search for information and then post about what you find, and Q basically promises that through this process, you are going to radically change the country, institute this incredible, almost bloodless revolution, and then be part of this historical movement that will be written about for generations." View compares this to mundane political involvement in which one's efforts might help to get a state legislator elected. QAnon, says View, competes not in the marketplace of ideas, but in the marketplace of realities. The belief in "The Plan" that Q alleged was in place to defeat the deep state and the cabal boosted the confidence of QAnon followers, who were told that things were happening behind the scenes and that victory would inevitably follow if they trusted Trump and the secret plan. QAnon believers try to solve riddles presented in Q's posts by connecting them to Trump speeches and tweets and other sources. The New Yorker has likened QAnon to


id: qanon-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-11.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
According to an August 2018 Qualtrics poll for The Washington Post, 58% of Floridians were familiar enough with QAnon to have an opinion about it. Of those who had an opinion, most were unfavorable. The average score on the feeling thermometer was just above 20, a very negative rating, and about half of what other political figures enjoy. Positive feelings toward QAnon were strongly correlated with susceptibility to conspiracy thinking. According to a March 2020 Pew survey, 76% of Americans had never heard of QAnon, 20% had heard "a little about it", and 3% said they had heard "a lot". The survey showed 39% of those identifying as liberal democrats knew a little or more about Qanon while only 18% of people who were republican or leaned republican reported knowing a little or more about Qanon. In September 2020, a Pew survey of the 47% of respondents who said they had heard of QAnon found that 41% of Republicans and those who lean Republican believed QAnon was good for the country, compared to 7% of Democrats and those who lean Democratic. An October 2020 Yahoo-YouGov poll found that even if they had not heard of QAnon, a majority of Republicans


id: qanon-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-12.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
After Trump lost the 2020 election, the rate of Q's posts sharply declined and Q stopped posting altogether one month later. The last "drop" for 18 months was on December 8, 2020. Mike Rothschild, author of a book on QAnon, said in 2021 that he doubted Q would ever come back, as the movement had "outgrown the need for new drops" and Trump's election loss had invalidated the core QAnon prophecy, but he added that Q might resume posting if "the community really needed new drops to keep it moving forward". The inauguration of Joe Biden as president was a major disappointment for QAnon followers, who were convinced that Biden had won the election through voter fraud and his victory would be invalidated. Many QAnon adherents believed that something momentous would happen during the ceremony, and Trump would remain in power. The inauguration ultimately went on as planned. According to a book on the psychology of QAnon followers, Pastels and Pedophiles: Inside the Mind of QAnon, "The inauguration was a particularly difficult prophecy to get wrong, and the result has been that some QAnon believers experienced deep melancholy, suicidal ideation, or engaged in self-harm". On inauguration day, Ron Watkins wrote


id: qanon-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-13.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
QAnon followers supported the efforts of Trump's legal team to overturn the election through multiple lawsuits and submitted conspiracy theories of their own. They theorized that voting machines made by Dominion Voting Systems had deleted millions of votes for Trump. This was repeated on the far-right cable news outlet One America News Network, and Trump tweeted the segment to his followers. One specific QAnon-affiliated conspiracy theory, known as Italygate and pushed in the last weeks of Trump's presidency, alleged that the American election had been rigged using technology from the United States Embassy in Rome with the help of an Italian hacker, an Italian general and the Vatican. Several elected leaders, including Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene and Arizona House Election Chairwoman Kelly Townsend were well known QAnon adherents before the 2020 election and who helped lead attempts to overturn the election in the aftermath. In June 2020, Townsend posted a QAnon video with a flaming "Q" to her social media and followed high-profile QAnon accounts. Some local Arizona politics reporters have referred to Townsend as the QAnon Queen of the Legislature. Based on a misinterpretation of the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 by the sovereign citizen movement, according


id: qanon-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-14.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
In May 2019, an FBI "Intelligence Bulletin" memo from the Phoenix field office identified QAnon-driven extremists as a domestic terrorism threat. The document cited arrests related to QAnon, some of which had not been publicized before. According to the memo, "This is the first FBI product examining the threat from conspiracy theory-driven domestic extremists and provides a baseline for future intelligence products. ... The FBI assesses these conspiracy theories very likely will emerge, spread, and evolve in the modern information marketplace, occasionally driving both groups and individual extremists to carry out criminal or violent acts." According to FBI's counterterrorism director Michael G. McGarrity's testimony before Congress in May, the FBI divides domestic terrorism threats into four primary categories, "racially motivated violent extremism, anti-government/anti-authority extremism, animal rights/environmental extremism, and abortion extremism", which includes both abortion-rights and anti-abortion extremists. The fringe conspiracy theory threat is closely related to the anti-government/anti-authority subject area. On December 19, 2018, a Californian man whose car contained bomb-making materials he intended to use to "blow up a satanic temple monument" in the Springfield, Illinois, Capitol rotunda to "make Americans aware of Pizzagate and the New World Order, who were dismantling society" was arrested. The FBI said another


id: qanon-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-15.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
In 2019, two Republican congressional candidates expressed support for QAnon theories. In early 2020, Jim Watkins created the "Disarm the Deep State" super PAC, whose stated aim was to "mobilize a community of patriots in order to remove power from Deep State members". In November 2020, it was reported that the PAC had raised just $4,736, including a $500 loan from Watkins's lawyer. In 2020, there were 97 QAnon followers in the primaries, of whom 22 Republicans and two independents ran in the elections of that year. Businesswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene won an August 2020 runoff to become the GOP nominee in the 14th Congressional District in Georgia. In 2020, she said many of Q's claims "have really proven to be true". Months into the Trump presidency, she stated in a video: "There's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to take this global cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophiles out, and I think we have the president to do it". Jo Rae Perkins, the 2020 Republican Senate candidate in Oregon, tweeted a video on the night of her May primary victory showing her holding a WWG1WGA sticker and stating that she "[stood] with Q and the team. Thank you Anons, and thank you patriots." She


id: qanon-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-16.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
==== Donald Trump ==== According to Media Matters for America, as of August 2020, Trump had amplified QAnon messaging at least 216 times by retweeting or mentioning 129 QAnon-affiliated Twitter accounts, sometimes multiple times a day. QAnon followers came to refer to Trump as "Q+". On August 24, 2018, Trump hosted Michael William "Lionel" Lebron, a leading QAnon promoter, in the Oval Office for a photo op. Shortly after Christmas 2019, Trump retweeted over a dozen QAnon followers. On August 19, 2020, Trump was asked about QAnon during a press conference; he replied: "I don't know much about the movement, other than I understand they like me very much, which I appreciate." An FBI Field Office in Phoenix has called QAnon a potential domestic terror threat, but Trump called QAnon followers "people who love our country". When a reporter asked Trump if he could support a notion that suggests he "is secretly saving the world from this satanic cult of pedophiles and cannibals", he responded: "Well, I haven't heard that, but is that supposed to be a bad thing or a good thing?" Presidential candidate Joe Biden responded that Trump was aiming to "legitimize a conspiracy theory that the FBI


id: qanon-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-17.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
In August 2019, a "Digital Soldiers Conference" was announced for the next month in Atlanta. The stated purpose was to prepare "patriotic social media warriors" for a coming "digital civil war" against "censorship and suppression". The announcement of the event prominently displayed a Q spelled in stars on the blue field of an American flag, with the three stars making up the tail of the "Q" being highlighted separately to reference Flynn's military status. Scheduled speakers for the event, which was hosted by Yippy CEO Rich Granville, included Flynn and George Papadopoulos, as well as Gina Loudon, a Trump friend and member of his campaign media advisory board, singer Joy Villa, and Bill Mitchell, a radio host and ardent Trump supporter. On July 4, 2020, Flynn posted to his Twitter account a video of himself leading a small group in an oath with the QAnon motto, "Where we go one, we go all". Analysts said the oath was part of QAnon's attempt to organize "digital soldiers" for the political and social apocalypse they see coming. Flynn's apparent declaration of allegiance to QAnon made him the most prominent former government official to endorse the conspiracy theory. Member of Trump's legal team


id: qanon-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-18.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
==== Kelly Townsend ==== Former Arizona State Senator Kelly Townsend is a longtime conspiracy theorist, feeding conspiracies such as the Obama birther conspiracy to Trump before he was elected. She posted the QAnon "Q" symbol to her social media account in 2018 and has consistently aligned with QAnon theories, including calling all vaccines "communist". In 2021, Townsend supported activists active in the election denial movement in a spirit similar to the events that occurred at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, urging parents to take control of school board meetings related to COVID-19 restrictions and mask mandates. Throughout the process of securing the Arizona audit conducted by QAnon conspiracy theorist Doug Logan from Cyber Ninjas, Townsend worked closely with QAnon adherent Liz Harris, who rented one of her condos to QAnon board owner Ron Watkins so he could run for office in Arizona in 2022. Along with Roger Stone associate Jerome Corsi, Sheriff Joe Arpaio, and 2020 Maricopa County Sheriff candidate and then chief Arpaio staffer Jerry Sheridan, Townsend worked with informant Dennis Montgomery. In 2020, she worked with Corsi again, claiming the 2020 election was stolen from Trump and emailing Corsi a document of Arizona senators endorsing Trump


id: qanon-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-19.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
=== Removal of content === In March 2018, Reddit banned one of its communities discussing QAnon, /r/CBTS_Stream, for "encouraging or inciting violence and posting personal and confidential information". Some followers moved to Discord. Several other communities were formed for discussion of QAnon, leading to further bans on September 12, 2018, in response to these communities "inciting violence, harassment, and the dissemination of personal information", which led to thousands of followers regrouping on Voat, a Switzerland-based Reddit clone that has been described as a hub for the alt-right. In early 2019, Twitter removed accounts suspected of being connected to the Russian Internet Research Agency that had disseminated a high volume of QAnon-related tweets that used the #WWG1WGA slogan. In May 2020, Facebook announced its removal of five pages, 20 accounts, and six groups linked to "individuals associated with the QAnon network" as part of an investigation into "suspected coordinated inauthentic behavior" ahead of the 2020 United States election. On August 19, Facebook expanded its Dangerous Individuals and Organizations policy to address "growing movements that, while not directly organizing violence, have celebrated violent acts, shown that they have weapons and suggest they will use them, or have individual followers with patterns of


id: qanon-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon-20.md
category: reference
title: QAnon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:52.850136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qanon-20260505-0
summary:
=== Bibliography === Bloom, Mia; Moskalenko, Sophia (2021). Pastels and Pedophiles: Inside the Mind of QAnon. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-3029-1. Bloom, Mia; Rollings, Rachael (2022). "Introduction to the Special Issue: Losing My Religion: Evangelicalism and the Gospel of Q". Journal of Religion and Violence. 10 (1): 1–15. doi:10.5840/jrv20221011. Cook, Jesselyn (2024). The Quiet Damage: QAnon and the Destruction of the American Family. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-593-44325-5. Ingersoll, Julie (2022). "America's Holy Trinity: How Conspiracism, Apocalypticism, and Persecution Narratives Set Us up for Crisis". Journal of Religion and Violence. 10 (1): 73–88. doi:10.5840/jrv202281698. Rothschild, Mike (2021). The Storm Is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-61219-930-6. Sommer, Will (2023). Trust the Plan: The Rise of QAnon and the Conspiracy That Unhinged America. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-311448-7. == Further reading == Badham, Van (2022). QAnon and On: A Short and Shocking History of the Internet Conspiracy Cults: A Short and Shocking History of Internet Conspiracy Cults. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. ASIN B09JBFDKYZ. ISBN 978-1-74379-787-7. OCLC 1285976834. Beverley, James A. (2020). The QAnon Deception: Everything You Need to Know about the World's Most Dangerous Conspiracy Theory. EqualTime Books.


id: rebel-news-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News-0.md
category: reference
title: Rebel News
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:54.033860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rebel-news-20260505-0
summary:
Rebel News (also known as The Rebel Media and The Rebel) is a Canadian far-right political and social commentary media website operated by Rebel News Network Ltd. It has been described as a "global platform" for the anti-Muslim ideology known as counter-jihad. It was founded in February 2015 by former Sun News Network personalities Ezra Levant and Brian Lilley. Rebel News broadcasts its content only on the internet and has been compared to Breitbart News in the US. Rebel News has been described as being part of the alt-right movement. Former Sun News reporter Faith Goldy joined Rebel News after its launch, but was fired for her coverage of the 2017 Charlottesville rally and for conducting an interview with The Daily Stormer. A co-founder and two freelancers resigned in protest of the coverage. Gavin McInnes, founder of the far-right neo-fascist organization Proud Boys, was a contributor. McInnes departed in 2017, then temporarily rejoined the site for a period in 2019. In the midst of the 2021 Canadian federal election, Justin Trudeau accused Rebel News of spreading misinformation, especially with regard to COVID-19 vaccines. Rebel News has promoted climate change denial. == History == Prior to the official opening of the


id: rebel-news-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News-1.md
category: reference
title: Rebel News
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:54.033860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rebel-news-20260505-0
summary:
=== Coverage of Unite the Right Rally === On 12 August 2017, Rebel correspondent Faith Goldy reported from the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Broadcasting on livestream, she gained clear footage of a fatal car attack by a white supremacist against left-wing protestors. Interviewed about the rally and the clip by Israel's Channel 2 News, Goldy opined that, "there is a "culture war" happening between the hard left and hard right and that "many on both sides see this as a civil war – you know the fascists vs. the communists." On Monday August 14, Rebel founder Ezra Levant denounced the element of the "alt-right" which had participated in the rally, stating that it "now effectively means racism, anti-Semitism and tolerance of neo-Nazism." The same day Brian Lilley announced his departure from Rebel News, writing, "What anyone from The Rebel was doing at a so-called 'unite the right' rally that was really an anti-Semitic white power rally is beyond me. Especially not a rally dedicated to keeping up a statue of Robert E. Lee, a man that whatever else he stood for, also fought on the wrong side of history and the wrong side of America's bloodiest conflict."


id: rebel-news-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News-2.md
category: reference
title: Rebel News
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:54.033860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rebel-news-20260505-0
summary:
=== Advertiser boycott === Beginning in May 2017, the Rebel was the target of a boycott campaign by the social media activist group Sleeping Giants whereby advertisers were pressured to withdraw their adverts from The Rebel Media's YouTube channel and website. Within a three-month period in 2017, the activist group claimed that the Rebel had lost approximately 300 advertisers, including CCM Hockey, Mountain Equipment Co-op, Red Lobster, Reitmans, Penguin Books Canada, Volkswagen Canada and Tangerine Bank, along with PetSmart, the Hudson's Bay Company, General Motors Canada, the Royal Canadian Mint, the Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation, Ottawa Tourism, Porter Airlines, and Whistler Blackcomb ski resort. In June 2017, the city council of Edmonton, following complaints on social media from multiple residents, pulled its online advertisements from Rebel News. City councillor Michael Oshry described content on the website as "hate mongering, or even racist". Another activist group, Hope not Hate, pressured Norwegian Cruise Lines into cancelling a scheduled Caribbean cruise which was to feature talks by The Rebel Media personalities, many of whom have since left the media website. === Rebel Freedom Fund === In December 2017, Wells Asset Management announced the Rebel Freedom Fund, allowing investors to fund Levant's film and


id: rebel-news-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News-3.md
category: reference
title: Rebel News
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_News
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:54.033860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rebel-news-20260505-0
summary:
=== Coverage of anti-vaccine and anti-lockdown movements === In December 2021, Rebel News fundraised to pay for the legal fees of Mehmet Erhan, an Adelaide, Australia resident who was arrested and charged with breaching a health order. The money was to be paid into Rebel News's Fight the Fines fund instead of Erhan's GoFundMe account. Rebel News later cut ties with Erhan, saying that they had discontinued their relationship as Erhan had allegedly "routinely switched lawyers" and acted in bad faith. In early 2022 Rebel News provided favourable coverage of the Canada convoy protest and the Convoy to Canberra, with many of its posts linking to donation pages or fundraising campaigns. Similarweb found that the number of Canadians accessing the Rebel News website had increased by 70% between January and February 2022. Australian traffic increased by 11% over the same time period. Elise Thomas of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue said that groups like Rebel News were utilising the anti-vaccine and anti-lockdown communities to "reinvigorate their following", saying, "The thing about these kind of fringe communities is that they are often really hyper-engaged communities, they're not getting this content anywhere else in their life". === Journalism tax credit ruling ===


id: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion-0.md
category: reference
title: Vaccination and religion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:55.223515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-0
summary:
The relationship between vaccination and religion is complex and multifaceted. While most major religions have issued statements supportive of vaccination, and no major religion explicitly prohibits vaccinations, some individuals cite religious adherence as a basis for opting not to vaccinate themselves or their children. Historically, both pro- and anti-vaccination groups have used religious arguments to support their positions. For instance, in Australia, anti-vaccinationists founded the Church of Conscious Living, a "fake church", in an attempt to claim religious exemptions, which ultimately led to the removal of such exemptions in the country. Similarly, a United States pastor has been reported to offer vaccine exemptions in exchange for church membership. == Historical == === Early religious influences on vaccination === One of the earliest documented cases of variolation involved a Buddhist nun (bhikkhuni) between 1022 and 1063 CE. She ground smallpox scabs into a fine powder and administered it through the nostrils of an uninfected person to promote immunity. Centuries later, the 14th Dalai Lama continued the tradition of disease prevention by personally supporting polio vaccination campaigns. === Religious figures and advocacy for vaccination === In 1721, the influential Massachusetts preacher Cotton Mather was the first known person to attempt smallpox inoculation


id: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion-1.md
category: reference
title: Vaccination and religion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:55.223515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-0
summary:
==== Support for vaccination ==== Other Christians have supported vaccinations and mask wearing in the wake of COVID-19 to stop the spread of the disease, even using scripture to support the position.In 2021, the former director of the National Institute of Health, Francis Collins, a practicing Christian, expressed his support for the COVID-19 vaccine, stating that the development of vaccines are a “gift from God” and an “answer to prayer”. Additionally, Dr. Peter Mack, a physician at Novant Health South Park Family Physicians, cites Genesis 41, the story of David and Goliath, as a justification that vaccines are a “modern tool from God”. Other religious leaders from around the world, such as the Pope and some American bishops, expressed support for the COVID-19 vaccine during the height of the pandemic. In 2021, then-Pope Francis advocated for individuals to take the COVID-19 injections because it was a "moral obligation" or a "moral responsibility" to protect the health and safety of others. Pope Francis also stated in a series of Tweets that COVID-19 vaccinations are an "act of love" for others, while also suggesting that opposition to the vaccines, no matter the ideological, religious, or political basis, was considered "suicidal denialism, as


id: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion-2.md
category: reference
title: Vaccination and religion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:55.223515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-0
summary:
=== Hinduism === Hinduism consists of various denominations that share core beliefs but differ in philosophies and practices. With no single founder, it is known as Sanatan Dharma (the Eternal Tradition) and traces its origins to the Vedic texts of ancient India, dating back to between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE. In Hinduism, the ethical and symbolic meanings of scriptures, as interpreted by spiritually enlightened gurus, are often prioritized over literal interpretations. Vaccination is generally accepted in countries with a predominantly Hindu population. Hindus uphold the principle of non-violence (ahimsa) and value all forms of life, believing that divinity exists in every being, including plants and animals. Many Hindus follow a vegetarian diet to honor higher forms of life, while others consume meat only on specific days. Dietary practices differ across regions and communities. This review did not find any current concerns among Hindus regarding the presence of bovine-derived ingredients in some vaccines. === Buddhism === Buddhism is a religion with a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, which means "the awakened one." The Buddha shared his insights to help people overcome ignorance, desire, and suffering, ultimately leading to


id: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion-3.md
category: reference
title: Vaccination and religion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:55.223515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-0
summary:
===== Nigeria ===== In 2003 imams in northern Nigeria advised their followers not to have their children vaccinated with oral polio vaccine, perceived to be a plot by Westerners to decrease Muslim fertility. The boycott caused the number of polio cases to rise not only in Nigeria but also in neighboring countries. The followers were also wary of other vaccinations, and Nigeria reported more than twenty thousand measles cases and nearly six hundred deaths from measles from January through March 2005. In 2006 Nigeria accounted for more than half of all new polio cases worldwide. Outbreaks continued thereafter; for example, at least 200 children died in a late-2007 measles outbreak in Borno State. In 2013, nine health workers administering polio vaccine were targeted and killed by gunmen on motorcycles in Kano, but this was an isolated incident. Local traditional and religious leaders and polio survivors worked to support the vaccination campaign, and Nigeria has not had a polio case since July 24, 2014; in 2016, Nigeria was declared polio-free. ===== Pakistan and Afghanistan ===== In the 2000s, in Pakistan and Afghanistan, some Taliban issued fatwas opposing vaccination as an American plot to sterilize Muslims, and kidnapped, beat, and assassinated vaccination


id: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion-4.md
category: reference
title: Vaccination and religion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:55.223515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccination-and-religion-20260505-0
summary:
=== Recent measles outbreaks in religious communities === Mennonite Community in Texas: In early 2025, a significant measles outbreak occurred in Gaines County, Texas, primarily affecting an under-vaccinated Mennonite community. Despite the church not opposing vaccinations, some members' hesitancy contributed to the outbreak, leading to over 200 infections, hospitalizations, and two deaths. Amish Community in New York: Concurrently, New York's Amish community faced legal challenges regarding religious exemptions to vaccination mandates. After the state's 2019 repeal of religious exemptions following a 2018 measles outbreak, the Amish contested this decision. In March 2025, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the repeal, emphasizing public health over religious exemptions. === Legislative actions on religious exemptions === West Virginia's Legislative Decision: In March 2025, West Virginia's House of Delegates rejected a bill that would have introduced religious and philosophical exemptions to mandatory childhood vaccinations. This decision was influenced by concerns over public health, especially amid ongoing measles outbreaks in neighboring states. === Declining vaccination rates and public health concerns === Expert Warnings in Texas: Dr. Peter Hotez, co-director of the Center for Vaccine Development, highlighted the dangers of declining vaccination rates in Texas. He warned that reduced immunization could lead to the resurgence


id: revival-bulgaria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_(Bulgaria)-0.md
category: reference
title: Revival (Bulgaria)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_(Bulgaria)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:56.424284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: revival-bulgaria-20260505-0
summary:
Revival (Bulgarian: Възраждане, romanized: Vazrazhdane) is a far-right political party in Bulgaria. Founded in August 2014, its chairman is Kostadin Kostadinov. The party is characterised by various analysts and media as ultranationalist, pro-Russian, anti-EU, anti-NATO, being opposed to COVID-19 vaccinations and spreading anti-vaccine and anti-LGBT rhetoric. In the 51st National Assembly of Bulgaria, Revival is the third largest parliamentary group (behind GERB–SDS and PP–DB) and the second largest party (behind GERB). == History == In June 2014, Kostadin Kostadinov told media that there would be a Constituent Assembly on 2 August of the same year in the city of Pliska to create the party "Revival". The founders chose the day due to its significance as being the anniversary of the Ilinden Uprising. Kostadinov founded the party after he became unhappy following Krasimir Karakachanov's reelection as leader of IMRO-BNM in 2012. === Entrance into parliament === The party has grown rapidly due to the Bulgarian political crisis. They first entered the Bulgarian National Assembly after the 2021 general election, gaining 13 seats. A member of Revival's parliamentary group left them in June 2022. The party would more than double its presence in the assembly, gaining 14 more seats in the 2022


id: revival-bulgaria-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_(Bulgaria)-1.md
category: reference
title: Revival (Bulgaria)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_(Bulgaria)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:56.424284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: revival-bulgaria-20260505-0
summary:
==== Visit to Moscow ==== On 19 February, three Revival MPs visited Moscow at the invitation of the ruling party, United Russia, meeting with members of the State Duma and representatives of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The visit led the PP-DB parliamentary group to request that the MPs who participated in the visit be excluded from committees with significance for "national security". Additionally, the PP-DB MP Yavor Bozhankov sent a signal to the Prosecutors Office and DANS about potential illegal activity on the part of the three MPs. In response, Revival leader Kostadinov claimed the procedure for the expulsion of MPs from a committee did not exist within the rulebook and insisted that the MPs will continue to attend the committee meetings. On 28 February, the point about the exclusion of two Revival MPs from the Foreign Affairs and Defense parliamentary committees was presented before the parliament by PP-DB, however, the measure was not supported due to the opposition of the other parliamentary parties. === Anti-Euro protests (2025) === On 22 February 2025, thousands of the party's supporters rallied in Sofia in opposition to the planned adoption of the euro. The demonstration began outside the Bulgarian National Bank


id: revival-bulgaria-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_(Bulgaria)-2.md
category: reference
title: Revival (Bulgaria)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_(Bulgaria)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:56.424284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: revival-bulgaria-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ties to parties outside Europe === Kostadinov, Revival's Chairman, has also claimed that the party has "begun friendly relations" with the African National Congress. A Revival delegation, led by party vice-chairman Tsoncho Ganev, visited China between the 24 and 26 November 2024 as part of an official visit organised by the CCP. The party has maintained relations with the Republicans for National Renewal, a donor organisation linked with the United States Republican Party, including a meeting between the head of the organisation, Mark Ivanyo, and Kostadin Kostadinov in November 2023. In 2024, the party also had meetings with Republican Congressman Paul Gosar and officials from the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign. The party expressed "full support" for Trump following the attempted assassination of Donald Trump. The party has also voiced support for Trump's proposed annexation of Canada, Greenland and the Panama Canal by the United States. In April 2025, a Revival delegation met with Republican Congressmen Barry Moore and Keith Self and expressed support for replacing the euro on Bulgaria's currency board with the United States dollar, therefore tying the Bulgarian lev to the dollar. Revival MEP Rada Laykova has also cooperated with Republican Congressman Andy Ogles on opposing


id: russophiles-for-the-revival-of-the-fatherland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophiles_for_the_Revival_of_the_Fatherland-0.md
category: reference
title: Russophiles for the Revival of the Fatherland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophiles_for_the_Revival_of_the_Fatherland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:57.591114+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: russophiles-for-the-revival-of-the-fatherland-20260505-0
summary:
Russophiles for the Revival of the Fatherland (Bulgarian: Русофили за възраждане на Отечеството, romanized: Rusofili za vazrazhdane na Otechestvoto) is a Bulgarian political party. The leader of the party is Nikolay Malinov. == History == On November 1, 2008, a congress was held to create Revival of the Fatherland with 500 generals and officers of the Bulgarian Land Forces in attendance. The two founding groups of the party were two Veterans' organizations; "For the Honor of the Epaulette" and the "Green Alliance" with the party officially being founded in 2009 and receiving court recognition on February 11, 2010. In 2014, the party became part of the Patriotic Front coalition. In 2019, the party has been part of the Coalition for Bulgaria led by the Alternative for Bulgarian Revival. In the 2019 Bulgarian local elections the party saw 64 councilors and 8 mayors elected. During the party's congress on September 5, 2020, the party elected Nikolay Malinov as its leader and four members of its Russophile wing were elected to the party's executive board. For the 2021 Bulgarian general election the party was part of the Left Union for a Clean and Holy Republic coalition and signed a memorandum of cooperation


id: sanseit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseitō-0.md
category: reference
title: Sanseitō
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseitō
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:58.929577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sanseit-20260505-0
summary:
Sanseitō (Japanese: 参政党, lit. 'Political Participation Party'; self-rendered as Party of Do It Yourself in English, DIY) is an ultraconservative, right-wing populist political party in Japan. It is on the far-right of the political spectrum. The party was founded in 2020 by Sohei Kamiya, the current secretary general of the party, and won a seat in the 2022 House of Councillors election, also becoming an official political party by winning more than 2% of the vote in the election. Sanseitō gained international media attention during the 2022 House of Councillors election due to Kamiya's antisemitic rhetoric during public appearances and campaign rallies. In the 2024 general election, the party won 3 seats. In the 2025 House of Councillors election, the party won more than 14 seats and came in third in the national popular vote. According to the party's leader Kamiya, it is the Japanese equivalent of Trumpism in the United States. The party promotes COVID-19 misinformation. The party's president, Manabu Matsuda, has called COVID-19 vaccines a "murder weapon". The party is against same-sex marriage and LGBT rights. The party strongly opposes immigration, claiming that foreigners bring crime and receive better treatment than native citizens. It proposes the creation of


id: sanseit-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseitō-1.md
category: reference
title: Sanseitō
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseitō
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:58.929577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sanseit-20260505-0
summary:
=== Constitution === The party is in favour of "creating" a new Constitution, instead of reforming the Constitution. The party also criticizes the current Japanese Constitution, saying that it was "established under the supervision of GHQ during the occupation," and advocates "constitutional creation" in which the Japanese people should create a constitution that reflects the values of the Japanese people themselves. In May 2025, the Party announced the "New Constitution of Japan (Conceptual Draft)" on its official website as the result of its "Constitution Creation Project". The draft simplifies the current Constitution's 103 articles to 33 articles. The main contents of the proposed Constitution by Sanseitō include the lack of any provisions on human rights such as equality of citizens or freedom of religion, and the simplification of provisions on the Diet, Cabinet, and courts. It does not include the words "sovereignty of the people" or "fundamental human rights", and it stipulates that "the nation shall possess sovereignty". It also stipulates that "Japan is a nation in which the Emperor and the people are one, governed by the Emperor", and that the Emperor is the subject of governing power. It states that the "national polity" is a family state in


id: sanseit-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseitō-2.md
category: reference
title: Sanseitō
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseitō
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:11:58.929577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sanseit-20260505-0
summary:
==== Cultural industry ==== The party supports giving authority to the Agency for Cultural Affairs to restrict the content of manga, anime, and video games, drawing criticism from creators including Hideki Arai, Hiro Arikawa and Hikaru Yuzuki. ==== Health ==== ===== Vaccine and mask wearing ===== The party advocated the ability to opt out of both wearing masks and taking vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has "characterized the pandemic as being staged". The party promotes a range of conspiracy theories regarding vaccines. In the 2022 Japanese House of Councillors election the party proposed the "liberalisation of mask wearing" as their policy on coronavirus. Analysis found that as of 2022 their voter overlap with young people and child-rearing generation suffering from pandemic fatigue, especially in regions with lower vaccination rate. For these reasons, the party has been criticized and labeled as a far-right political party with adherence to conspiracy theories ==== Perspective of history and education ==== The party calls the Pacific War the "Greater East Asia War" and claims that it was "not a war of aggression". It also claims that its purpose was to liberate Asian countries from the West. Regarding the Battle of Okinawa, it believes that


id: nicole-shanahan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan-0.md
category: reference
title: Nicole Shanahan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:00.158933+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nicole-shanahan-20260505-0
summary:
Nicole Ann Shanahan (born September 26, 1985) is an American attorney and entrepreneur. She was the running mate of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. in his campaign in the 2024 U.S. presidential election. Born in California, Shanahan graduated from the University of Puget Sound and the Santa Clara University School of Law. Before law school, she worked as a paralegal and then as a patent specialist at the defensive patent aggregator RPX Corp. She was a fellow at Stanford Law School's CodeX, Stanford Center for Legal Informatics. Shanahan married Google co-founder Sergey Brin in 2018; they separated in 2021 and divorced in 2023. She reportedly has a net worth of over $1 billion, primarily as a result of her marriage to Brin. In 2019, she established a private foundation, Bia-Echo, that promotes research to lengthen the human reproductive lifespan. In March 2024, Kennedy named Shanahan as his running mate in his presidential campaign. Shanahan has questioned the scientific consensus on vaccine safety and efficacy. == Early life == Nicole Ann Shanahan was born to Shawn and Amy Shanahan (née Wong) in Placer County, California, on September 26, 1985. She grew up in Oakland, California. In a 2023 interview, she said she


id: nicole-shanahan-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan-1.md
category: reference
title: Nicole Shanahan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:00.158933+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nicole-shanahan-20260505-0
summary:
=== Early role in campaign === In May 2023, when Robert F. Kennedy Jr. was running for the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination, Shanahan donated the maximum of $6,600 to his campaign. After Kennedy dropped out of the Democratic primaries in October 2023, announcing that he would run in the general election as an independent candidate, Shanahan said she was "incredibly disappointed" and would not support his candidacy. In early 2024, she reversed course, and resumed backing Kennedy. Through Planeta Management LLC, Shanahan donated $4 million to a super PAC to pay for a 30-second television Super Bowl ad, aired during Super Bowl LVIII, supporting the campaign. In addition to funding the ad, Shanahan was also a "creative force" behind it, the total cost of which was variously said to be $5 million or (according to the super PAC's co-founder) $7 million. Kennedy said that his campaign was not directly involved with the ad, as coordination between independent expenditure groups and campaigns is illegal. Shanahan separately donated (also through Planeta Management LLC) half a million dollars to a different super PAC supporting Kennedy's campaign. === Vice-presidential running mate === In March 2024, Kennedy's campaign manager and daughter-in-law, Amaryllis Fox Kennedy, confirmed


id: nicole-shanahan-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan-2.md
category: reference
title: Nicole Shanahan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:00.158933+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nicole-shanahan-20260505-0
summary:
== Personal life == In 2014, Shanahan married Jeremy Asher Kranz, a San Francisco Bay Area investor and finance executive. They had dated since 2011. Weeks before their marriage, she began an affair with Sergey Brin, a co-founder of Google, which Kranz discovered from texts on her phone. Kranz and Shanahan divorced in 2015. Shanahan had met Brin at a yoga festival in Lake Tahoe in 2014; they married in 2018. They have a daughter together, born in 2018. Brin and Shanahan maintained an estate at Point Dume in Malibu, California, purchased in 2020. Shanahan and Brin's daughter was diagnosed with autism in 2020. In 2022, Shanahan sought the advice of Dr. Jack Kruse, a neurosurgeon turned paleo-diet advocate and wellness guru. Kruse blamed Shanahan and Brin for their daughter's autism, claiming that it was because Shanahan allowed her infant to receive vaccines and be exposed to artificial light and electromagnetic radiation. Kruse also accused Brin of participating in a plot by the U.S. government and "Big Tech" to use blue light to control the population. Shanahan took his advice and modified her home to limit non-sun light, as well as Wi-Fi and cellular signals. She also converted her swimming


id: shots-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shots!!!-0.md
category: reference
title: Shots!!!
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shots!!!
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:01.329841+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shots-20260505-0
summary:
"Shots!!!" is the third episode of the twenty-third season of the American animated television series South Park. The 300th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on October 9, 2019. In the episode, Randy Marsh revels in a milestone reached by his marijuana farm, much to the ire of his wife. Meanwhile, in a parody of the antivaccine movement, Eric Cartman, terrified of needles, seeks to avoid a required immunization by citing fear that vaccines might make him "artistic", an eggcorn play on the word autistic, that is literally realized in the episode. == Plot == Randy Marsh celebrates the milestone $300,000 in profit that his business, Tegridy Farms, has made selling marijuana by organizing a parade and producing a television commercial touting the new customer base resulting from his recent deal with the Chinese government. However his wife, Sharon, is angered at him for undertaking these endeavors without considering their cost or consulting her, despite the fact that they purchased the farm together to avoid the type of business it has now become. She is also upset that the Chinese government purchases their product to use it to frame Chinese protesters in


id: swiss-democracy-czech-republic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Democracy_(Czech_Republic)-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Democracy (Czech Republic)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Democracy_(Czech_Republic)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:03.758217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-democracy-czech-republic-20260505-0
summary:
Swiss Democracy (Czech: Švýcarská demokracie) is a Czech political party advocating for direct democracy and the adoption of a new constitution inspired by the Swiss model, founded in 2021. == History == Swiss Democracy was founded in 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, as a party opposing the imposed anti-pandemic restrictions. It contested the 2021 Czech parliamentary election, led by molecular geneticist and anti-vaccination activist Soňa Peková and its founder Tomáš Ráždík, and presented lists in all 14 electoral regions. The party earned 0.31% of the vote, and failed to meet the electoral threshold. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the party participated in protests challenging the anti-pandemic restrictions in place, led by the Chcípl PES movement and together with Tricolour, Svobodní, Free bloc and other parties in organisations. In 2022, Swiss Democracy took part in a series of anti-governmental protest under banner of Czech Republic First!, criticising the Cabinet of Petr Fiala. It contested the 2024 European Parliament election together with the Party of the State of Direct Democracy – Party of Labour, running on a eurosceptic platform. It gained 0.09% of the vote and no seats in the European Parliament. The party contested 4 out of 27 districts in the 2024


id: tsargrad-tv-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsargrad_TV-0.md
category: reference
title: Tsargrad TV
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsargrad_TV
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:04.940603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tsargrad-tv-20260505-0
summary:
Tsargrad TV (Russian: Царьград ТВ) is a Russian television channel owned by Konstantin Malofeev. It was named after Tsargrad, the old Slavic name for Constantinople, now modern Istanbul. It is known for its pro-Kremlin and Russian Orthodox stances. == History == Konstantin Malofeev hired former Fox News news director John "Jack" Hanick (Russian: Джек Хэник born 1950), who, with producer Roger Ailes, co-founded Fox News, was its news director from 1996 to 2011 and moved to Moscow in 2013 to help Malofeev launch the channel. From at least 2013 until 2018, Hanick supported Malofeev in several schemes. Beginning in the fall of 2014, Hanick worked for Ilya Kuzmenkov (Russian: Илья Кузьменков), who was the general director and editor-in-chief of the channel. The channel started broadcasting on 12 April 2015 with Andrei Afanasiev (Russian: Андрей Афанасьев, born 1988 or 1989), who graduated from both MGIMO and Complutense University of Madrid and was a former RT employee from 2010 to 2014, as the news anchor. Aleksandr Dugin was named chief editor the same year. He has since been replaced by Elena Sharoykina. The channel is known for being conservative, mixing Russian Orthodox Christianity with Soviet nationalism, and supporting president Vladimir Putin. Vladimir


id: union-of-patriotic-forces-and-militaries-of-the-reserve-defense-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Patriotic_Forces_and_Militaries_of_the_Reserve_Defense-0.md
category: reference
title: Union of Patriotic Forces and Militaries of the Reserve Defense
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Patriotic_Forces_and_Militaries_of_the_Reserve_Defense
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:06.076933+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: union-of-patriotic-forces-and-militaries-of-the-reserve-defense-20260505-0
summary:
The Union of Patriotic Forces and Militaries of the Reserve Zashtita (Sajuz na Patrioticnite Sili i Voinite ot Zapaca Zaštita, abbreviated as SPSZ) is a nationalist political party in Bulgaria founded in December 1998. Since 2021, SPSZ was part of Bulgarian Patriots nationalist electoral alliance. == External links == Official site


id: united-patriots-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Patriots-0.md
category: reference
title: United Patriots
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Patriots
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:07.266240+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: united-patriots-20260505-0
summary:
The United Patriots (OP; Bulgarian: Обединени Патриоти; ОП, romanized: Obedineni Patrioti; OP) was a nationalist electoral alliance in Bulgaria formed by three political parties: VMRO, Attack (until 25 July 2019), and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria (NFSB). The coalition between the three parties was created by the agreement put forward a joint candidacy for the 2016 presidential election. The coalition's candidates for president and vice president were the then Deputy Chairmen of the National Assembly Krasimir Karakachanov (for President) and Yavor Notev (for Vice President). On July 25, 2019, Volen Siderov, Desislav Chukolov and Pavel Shopov were expelled from the parliamentary group. The coalition was part of the Third Borisov Government. All parties in the coalition were defeated in the 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election and failed to gain any seats in the National Assembly. == Electoral history == == See also == Patriotic Front (Bulgaria) Nationalist electoral alliance (2016–2017) == References ==


id: vaccine-choice-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Choice_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: Vaccine Choice Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Choice_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:08.470559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vaccine-choice-canada-20260505-0
summary:
Vaccine Choice Canada (VCC) is Canada's main anti-vaccination group. It was founded in 1986 under the name Association for Vaccine Damaged Children, became the Vaccination Risk Awareness Network in 1994 and adopted its current name in 2014. The group has been contributing to vaccine hesitancy in Canada, encouraging citizens to forgo immunization and legislators to support anti-vaccine regulations and legislation. == Vaccine hesitancy == VCC spreads the discredited hypothesis that vaccination causes autism and denies that the introduction of vaccines led to a decline of the targeted diseases. They blame vaccination for a variety of ailments, including autism spectrum disorders, learning disabilities, ADHD, allergies, and asthma. The group argues incorrectly that a vaccine against COVID-19 is unnecessary. Late in the pandemic, it still repeated the discredited myth that the pandemic is no more severe than the flu. Although a small fraction of vaccine doses provoke serious adverse reactions, health professionals agree the benefits of being protected against a wide range of infectious diseases far outweigh the risks. Responding directly to communications from Vaccine Choice Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada stated that the science on vaccines is unequivocal, but laments the actions of "a small but vocal anti-vaccination community


id: velichie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie-0.md
category: reference
title: Velichie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:09.697918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: velichie-20260505-0
summary:
Velichie (Bulgarian: Величие, lit. 'Greatness') is a Bulgarian political party founded in 2023, with strong connections to the Bulgarian businessman Ivelin Mihaylov. The party has a strong position in Vetrino Municipality and received parliamentary representation following the June 2024 Bulgarian parliamentary election. Following the October snap election, the party won 3.999% of the vote, falling short by 21 votes of the 4% threshold required to gain representation in the 51st National Assembly. However, after the Constitutional Court ruled that Velichie passed the threshold following a recount, the party gained 10 seats in parliament. == History == === Origin === The Velichie party was founded in summer 2023 in Vetrino Municipality. It has been reported that the founder was Ivelin Mihaylov. In an interview with Radio Free Europe, Mihaylov recounted that the party was founded by Vetrino locals in response to plans to build a wind energy production site in the municipality. The party contested the 2023 Bulgarian local elections, in which it gained 40.51% of the votes in Vetrino. === Nikolay Markov === In 2024, the party began an association with Nikolay Markov, who was often called the party's leader, although not legally holding the position. Markov, a National Guard


id: velichie-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie-1.md
category: reference
title: Velichie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:09.697918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: velichie-20260505-0
summary:
=== Parliamentary activity === The Velichie party had 13 seats at the start of the 50th National Assembly, with Nikolay Markov being selected as the chair of the parliamentary group. Prior to the convention of the National Assembly, Markov did not deny the possibility of Velichie negotiating with GERB; however, he clarified that they would only negotiate with GERB leader Boyko Borisov. Ultimately, the party did not attend the meeting organised by the GERB negotiation team on 18 June. During the first session of the National Assembly, the Velichie parliamentary group nominated its own candidates for the position of Speaker, although both candidacies failed to gather support outside of the grouping. During the first session, Markov, the chief of the parliamentary group, arrived late; it was later alleged by Velichie MP Darin Georgiev that the reason for Markov's lateness was due to alleged attempts at blackmail by GERB. Markov, in the days following, seemed to confirm the allegations, stating that a contact group representing "three political parties" had threatened to release an audio tape implicating himself and the party's founder, Ivelin Mihaylov, if Velichie did not give political support to GERB. On 21 June, during a vote for who should


id: velichie-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie-2.md
category: reference
title: Velichie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:09.697918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: velichie-20260505-0
summary:
=== October 2024 parliamentary election === Velichie ran alone in the October 2024 Bulgarian parliamentary election. It opened its electoral campaign in the town of Troyan, with founder Ivelin Mihaylov claiming that Velichie's programme would be focused on creating a long-term plan for Bulgaria's development. During the campaign period, the party office of Velichie in Varna was set on fire by unknown assailants. In a video on Facebook, party founder and candidate Ivelin Mihaylov implied that the assailants might be connected to GERB and may have done it due to Mihaylov's revelation of alleged vote-buying schemes in Varna. Following the publication of the provisional final results from the electoral commission, Velichie was shown as being just below the 4% threshold to enter parliament, receiving 3.999%. In a number of publications on the party's Facebook page and by party candidates, it was implied that the percentage received by Velichie was intentionally lowered by the Central Electoral Commission, under pressure from external actors, in order to prevent Velichie from entering parliament. In an address on the party-affiliated news channel Free Voice, Ivelin Mihaylov claimed that the election had been "stolen", both due to alleged mass vote buying and manipulations of the voting


id: velichie-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie-3.md
category: reference
title: Velichie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velichie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:09.697918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: velichie-20260505-0
summary:
=== Allegations of electing illegitimate MPs === On 30 October 2025, Radostin Vassilev, leader of the parliamentary party MECh, alleged that one of the MPs elected from the Velichie list had not signed the necessary declaration confirming her will to become a member of parliament, with the document instead being signed by another MP, Stiliyana Bobcheva. He cited a signal sent by the civic organisation "Bulgarian anti-mafia league", as well as a review conducted by lawyers associated with MECh. Subsequently, Radostin Vassilev called on Mariya Ilieva to resign. On 12 November, Radostin Vassilev played a 4-minute audio recording in the National Assembly which was an extract of a telephone conversation between Velichie MP Stiliyana Bobcheva and a member of the civic organisation "Bulgarian Anti-Mafia League", Grigor Zdravkov. He alleged that the recording depicted Stiliyana Bobcheva as being complicit in the forgery of documents related to the election of MPs. Vassilev further claimed that the extract was part of a 40 minute long recording, which had been deposited to the general prosecutors office, and called for law enforcement intervention. Mariya Ilieva, as well as politicians affiliated with Velichie, have denied the claims raised by Vassilev. After the publication of the allegations,


id: eduardo-ver-stegui-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Verástegui-0.md
category: reference
title: Eduardo Verástegui
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Verástegui
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:10.899216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eduardo-ver-stegui-20260505-0
summary:
José Eduardo Verastegui (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈðwaɾðo βeˈɾasteɣi]; born May 21, 1974) is a Mexican actor, activist, singer, and producer. He was part of the band Kairo and later embarked on a solo music career before he started appearing in Mexican telenovelas and eventually feature films like Chasing Papi, Bella, and Little Boy, the latter two produced by his own production company, Metanoia. Various media outlets have described his political ideas as ultra-conservative, far-right and social-darwinist. Currently, Verástegui directs the Viva México movement. On September 7, 2023, he registered as an independent candidate for the 2024 Mexican presidential election. He was later disqualified from the election as he did not meet the required signatures. Verástegui is active on social media, and has an active YouTube channel of nearly 300,000 subscribers. == Early life == Verástegui was born on May 21, 1974, in Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas, Mexico, and grew up in Xicoténcatl. The son of José Jesús Verástegui Treviño (1950–2022), a sugarcane farmer, and Alicia Córdoba, Verástegui was raised in a practicing Catholic family and has been interested in the world of entertainment since his childhood. After studying law for a time, Verástegui instead decided to try his hand at modeling, acting,


id: eduardo-ver-stegui-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Verástegui-1.md
category: reference
title: Eduardo Verástegui
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Verástegui
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:10.899216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eduardo-ver-stegui-20260505-0
summary:
== Political activism == Verástegui is an advocate through the organization Manto de Guadalupe, which he helped get started. He has said that while researching his role in Bella, he visited an abortion clinic, where he spoke with a Hispanic couple who were there for an abortion. According to his account, they recognized him from his telenovela work on Mexican television and listened as he described his upcoming role and the film's plot. He said the couple then decided not to proceed with the abortion and returned home. After their child was born, they contacted him to share the news, thank him, and ask permission to name the baby Eduardo after him. He later met the child, whom he referred to as "little Eduardo". In 2008, he released a lengthy video message criticizing the high abortion rate among Hispanic communities in the United States and accusing the Barack Obama campaign of targeting Hispanic communities with pro-abortion messages during the presidential race. He has also been active in anti-abortion organizations and founded Manto de Guadalupe, an anti-abortion organization based in Los Angeles that operates a crisis pregnancy center. On September 15, 2020, US President Donald Trump announced his intention to appoint


id: virulent-the-vaccine-war-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulent:_The_Vaccine_War-0.md
category: reference
title: Virulent: The Vaccine War
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulent:_The_Vaccine_War
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:12.102479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: virulent-the-vaccine-war-20260505-0
summary:
Virulent: The Vaccine War is a 2022 documentary produced by Laura Davis and directed by Tjardus Greidanus which explores the history, dangers and impact of the anti-vaccination movement in the United States at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. == Description == Virulent: The Vaccine War explores the history of vaccines and the perspectives of the opposition in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The film posits that vaccine hesitancy is largely caused by two unconnected reasons, one is personal freedom and the other is opposition to anything that is seen as unnatural. The movie also explores conspiracy theories about vaccination created and spurred on by the anti-vaccination movement. Davis said that she was surprised to learn how complicated vaccine hesitancy is: "I really thought it was going to be easy to dismiss vaccine skeptics as not educated. It’s much subtler than I thought". The film includes commentary by many medical experts, including the film's credited medical consultant, Paul Offit, and also identifies the big names and organizations in the anti-vaccine movement, including Del Bigtree, the CEO of the Informed Consent Action Network, and Robert F. Kennedy Jr., founder of Children's Health Defense who is interviewed in the film. Virulent highlights


id: vox-political-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-0.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
Vox (Spanish pronunciation: [boks]; Latin for 'voice'; often stylized in all caps) is a national conservative political party in Spain. Founded in 2013, it is led by party president Santiago Abascal, and vice president and secretary-general Ignacio Garriga. Vox has been described as far-right or radical right. The party entered the Spanish parliament for the first time after winning seats in the April 2019 general election. Later that year, it received 3.6 million votes in the November 2019 general election, winning 52 seats and becoming the third-largest party in the Congress of Deputies. Its public support reached its peak within the next few years, according to the results of subsequent regional elections and opinion polling, but in the 2023 Spanish general election showed worse results: a loss of 19 seats in parliament (albeit remaining the third-largest political party in Spain with roughly 3 million votes). In the European Parliament, the six deputies of Vox are members of Patriots for Europe after a stint in the European Conservatives and Reformists Group. == History == === Early years === ==== Origins (2013–2014) ==== Vox was founded on 17 December 2013, and publicly launched at a press conference in Madrid on 16 January


id: vox-political-party-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-1.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
==== COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021) ==== At the beginning of 2020, during the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic, Vox called for travel restrictions between China and Spain, and later between Italy and Spain, to safeguard against the "Chinese virus". At the time, the epidemic was already in full swing in those countries, but it was prior to any COVID cases being officially confirmed within Spain in significant numbers. This position found no support among other parties, and it was criticized as xenophobic rhetoric. The party claims that serious counter-COVID measures were deliberately delayed in Spain by the government, which hid the information and downplayed known risks to allow for mass public events on International Women's Day (8 March) to take place, as these events were important for the left wing agenda of the newly formed coalition government of PSOE and UP. At the same time, Vox went forward with their own global party conference on 8 March in Vistalegre, where party supporters from all parts of Spain were invited. The conference resulted in numerous cases of COVID infection, including confirmed cases of COVID transmission between members of Vox leadership. This fact was often brought up by Vox opponents to criticize


id: vox-political-party-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-2.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
==== Entering regional governments (2022–2023) ==== On 13 February 2022, Vox came third in the 2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election, raising its representation from 1 up to 13 seats, and becoming the key player for the rival People's Party (PP), who won the elections, to form a government. Following this election result, and an unfolding leadership crisis in PP, Vox for the first time was recognized as the Spain's second political force, according to some opinion polls for the next general elections. In March 2022, it was announced that Vox would form government with the PP in Castile and León, taking three of ten ministerial positions including vice president for regional leader Juan García-Gallardo. Vox member Carlos Pollán was elected President of the Cortes of Castile and León, the position of speaker. This represents the first participation of Vox in any regional government. On 19 June 2022, Vox came third in the 2022 Andalusian regional elections. With Macarena Olona as the leading candidate, the party improved over the previous regional elections, gaining about 100,000 more votes, and two more seats in the Parliament of Andalusia, but failed short of the expectations to achieve significantly better results and become the key to


id: vox-political-party-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-3.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
Vox identifies as a "right-wing without complexes" and regards itself as an alternative to both the "cowardly right" of the People's Party and the "orange fickle" of Citizens. In November 2018, during a party event in Murcia, party leader Santiago Abascal defined his party as "antifascist, anti-Nazi and anti-communist". The party has been described as simply right-wing, a populist radical-right (in contrast to an extreme right), far-right, and also neo-Francoist. According to certain analysis, the main tenets in Vox's ideology are: (i) a strong anti-immigration stance and advocacy for stricter law and order policies; (ii) a strong defence of the unity of Spain against all who allegedly want to break or undermine it; (iii) an opposition to what it labels the "progressive dictatorship"; and (iv) a strong defence of Catholicism and traditional values. Guillermo Fernández Vázquez, who described Vox as "economically anti-statist and neoliberal" as well as "morally authoritarian", believes that the party holds positions similar to Jörg Haider's Freedom Party of Austria or Jean Marie Le Pen's National Front, likening its emergence to an archaic radical right party more worried about modernizing their image. Vox's approach to cultural issues would be in line with old school Spanish nationalist parties,


id: vox-political-party-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-4.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
==== LGBT rights ==== Vox opposes same-sex marriage but supports same-sex civil unions. While not openly opposed to homosexual adoption, party members want to prioritise heterosexual couples. Vox opposes the Ley Trans approved by the Spanish government in June 2021, believing that the law "attacks the rights of women, children, biology, and common sense". Vox congratulated the Hungarian parliament for passing legislation that would ban media and educational content which may be seen by minors from depicting LGBT individuals or addressing LGBT issues. Vox has been accused of homophobia, which the party denies. Party leader Santiago Abascal has denied said allegations by stating that Vox merely opposes "LGBT ideology", going on to say that many homosexuals are party members, and that he personally has gay friends. José María Marco, a gay conservative, contested the April 2019 Senate election in Madrid as Vox's candidate, and also ran second in the party list for the 2019 Madrilenian regional election. In some discourses, party leaders have suggested that their opposition to mass immigration from Islamic countries effectively protects the LGBT community, as homosexuality is largely prosecuted in Islamic cultures, and that most immigrants do not alter their attitude upon arrival to Spain. ===


id: vox-political-party-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-5.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
==== Energy and environment ==== The party's discourse about the environment has changed over time, going from climate change denial to a conservationist approach. However, the party still opposes the mainstream environmental views, labelling them as "Green religion", and has voted against the Law for Climate Change and Energy Transition, which was adopted anyway. Vox supports nuclear energy and wants to stop the closure of nuclear plants. === Foreign policy === Vox is opposed to globalization and advocates a strong nation-state, wishing to recover national sovereignty. The party wants to emphasise bilateralism in international relations, and supports abandoning supranational organizations opposed to Spain's interests. It supports increasing military spending. ==== Europe ==== Vox's views on the European Union have been described as either Eurosceptic or Soft Eurosceptic, arguing that Spain should make no sovereignty concessions to the EU in order to guarantee national sovereignty. The party is strongly opposed to the EU becoming a federal superstate and instead argues for a Europe of "strong and sovereign states" that "defends its borders and its Christian roots and opposes multiculturalism and mass immigration". Political scientists Andrés Santana and Lisa Zanotti noted that out of all the parties in Spain, Vox's voters and


id: vox-political-party-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-6.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
Vox was initially close to Matteo Salvini's Lega Nord party in Italy but, by 2021, it grew closer to Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy party instead. In October 2021, Abascal said that Vox has an "unbreakable" alliance with the Portuguese Chega party. Vox has connections to the Serbian People's Party. In the European Parliament, Vox joined the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) after the 2019 elections. As a member of the ECR, Vox shared group with parties such as the Polish Law and Justice, Brothers of Italy, and the Sweden Democrats. In July 2024, Vox left the ECR in favour of the Patriots for Europe group, aligning with longstanding partners of Vox such as the French National Rally, the Hungarian Fidesz and Chega. However, upon doing so, it insisted that Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy would remain a "friend and ally". Abascal and Vox also expressed "full support" for Alternative for Germany, a member of Europe of Sovereign Nations, in the 2025 German federal election. In the United States, Vox is strongly supportive of Donald Trump and his political ideals. Trump has virtually addressed the annual Viva conference hosted by Vox, and Vox has invited pro-Trump factions of the Republican


id: vox-political-party-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)-7.md
category: reference
title: Vox (political party)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:13.262498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vox-political-party-20260505-0
summary:
Francoism History of the far-right in Spain Sociological Francoism == Notes == == References == == Bibliography == Arroyo Menéndez, Millán (2020). "Las causas del apoyo electoral a VOX en españa". Política y Sociedad. 57 (3). Madrid: 693–717. doi:10.5209/poso.69206. S2CID 241063503. Carmona Pascual, Pablo (2020). "Vox y el dilema de las derechas". Familia, raza y nación en tiempos de posfascismo (PDF). Traficantes de Sueños. pp. 161–186. ISBN 978-84-121259-4-8. Casals, Xavier (2020). "El ultranacionalismo de Vox. Cinco claves para comprender 'la España viva'". Grand Place. Pensamiento y Cultura. 13. Zarautz: Mario Onaindia Fundazioa: 27–35. ISSN 2386-429X. Esteban Fernández, Nacho (2023). Por rojos y maricones: homofobia y transfobia en el Partido Popular y el resto de la derecha española. Egales. 104-134. ISBN 978-84-19728-03-6. Ferreira, Carles (2019). "Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología" [Vox as Representative of the Radical Right in Spain: A study of its Ideology]. Revista Española de Ciencia Política (in Spanish). 51 (51): 73–98. doi:10.21308/recp.51.03. ISSN 2173-9870. Mendes, Mariana; Dennison, James (2021). "Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal: Salience, Stigma and Supply". West European Politics. 44 (4): 752–775. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1777504. Lebourg, Nicolas; Camus, Jean-Yves (2020). Las extremas derechas


id: we-voice-from-the-people-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_–_Voice_from_the_People-0.md
category: reference
title: We – Voice from the People
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_–_Voice_from_the_People
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:14.408926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: we-voice-from-the-people-20260505-0
summary:
The We – Voice from the People (Serbian: Ми — Глас из народа, Mi — Glas iz naroda, abbrev. MI–GIN) is a populist political organisation in Serbia. Until the 2024 split, the main representative of MI–GIN was Branimir Nestorović, a prominent pulmonologist and conspiracy theorist. MI–GIN gained national representation in the National Assembly of Serbia and City Assembly of Belgrade following the 2023 Serbian parliamentary election and 2023 Belgrade City Assembly election. == History == === Background and formation === In the 2022 Serbian parliamentary election, Branimir Nestorović supported the Dveri–POKS list, which helped this list in attracting votes. After the election, Nestorović said that he was dissatisfied with the Dveri list, and that Serbia "deserves a national, non-partisan, honest and decent option. With people who will not trade mandates and votes after the election". Nestorović announced the creation of the movement on 23 June 2023. === 2023 election === The movement announced that it would participate in the 2023 Serbian parliamentary election on 27 October 2023. Prior to that, it was mainly centered around a YouTube channel. On 26 November 2023, the movement submitted 10 thousand signatures to the Republican Electoral Commission of Serbia, and on 27 November it


id: jeanette-wilson-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_Wilson-0.md
category: reference
title: Jeanette Wilson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_Wilson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:15.640359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jeanette-wilson-20260505-0
summary:
Jeanette Wilson (born 1962 or 1963) is a New Zealand medium, reiki practitioner, and spiritual healer. She says she is able to heal people with the assistance of spirits. She has been criticised for promoting anti-vaccination views, unproven supplements, anti-5G claims, and dangerous COVID-19 health advice. == Early life and family == Wilson was born in the United Kingdom. She worked as a Lloyds Bank manager in the UK until she began working as a psychic healer, reiki healer, and medium. She says her grandfather was the first dead person to contact her. She moved from the UK to New Zealand in 1999. Her partner is Andrew Carter and they live in Orewa in Auckland. == Mediumship and psychic healing == Wilson has said that she is able to communicate with spirits who help her to conduct spiritual healing. She has stated that her psychic healing abilities include curing arthritis and the healing of vision impairments that require glasses. She has also stated that she has treated paralysis, blindness in one eye, and many cases of life-threatening cancer. Wilson has said she never discourages her clients from seeking medical care. When asked whether curing people of medical conditions was accurate,


id: jeanette-wilson-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_Wilson-1.md
category: reference
title: Jeanette Wilson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_Wilson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:15.640359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jeanette-wilson-20260505-0
summary:
== Dietary supplements == In July 2020, RNZ reported that Wilson was claiming that a bluetooth device called the Healy Resonance she sells for the starting price of $780 can dose vitamins "vibrationally." In a sales-pitch, Wilson says "This is the best investment you'll probably make your whole life, for what it can do for you and your family". The Consumer NZ head of research said Wilson's claims were "a load of nonsense and unfortunately these kinds of claims are rife and enforcement is lacking which means shonky traders are making advantage of the situation". Physics professor Richard Easther of the University of Auckland says that claims being made about the product are not valid, and that he "wouldn't touch this with a barge pole." A Medsafe spokesman said Healy was being sold by Wilson as a medical device, therefore its promotion via testimonial was not permitted. The statement went on to warn that consumers with serious health conditions should speak to a healthcare professional before buying a device like the Healy. At her shows, Wilson advertises a dietary supplement, called alfa PXP Royale, made from micronised black rice. The supplement is sold by Enzacta, a multi-level marketing company for


id: your-baby-s-best-shot-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Baby's_Best_Shot-0.md
category: reference
title: Your Baby's Best Shot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Baby's_Best_Shot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:16.808152+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: your-baby-s-best-shot-20260505-0
summary:
Your Baby's Best Shot: Why Vaccines are Safe and Save Lives is a 2012 pro-vaccine book, published by Rowman and Littlefield, and written by E. Allison Hagood, a psychology professor, and Stacy Mintzer Herlihy, a freelance writer from Roseland, New Jersey. The foreword was written by Paul Offit. == Summary == The book's introduction states: "I hope that anyone reading this book will read it and gain an understanding why vaccines are so vitally important to the health and well being of all of us." Chapter 1 describes who the authors are, their own experiences with vaccines, and what motivated them to write this book. Chapter 2 focuses on the story of Edward Jenner and the development of the first vaccine. Chapter 3 discusses the biological mechanisms by which vaccines work, as well as the concept of herd immunity. Chapter 4 discusses the anti-vaccine claims about how vaccines contain "dangerous ingredients" such as formaldehyde and polymyxin B. == Reviews == Kristen Kemp of Parents called the book a "great resource", and Publishers Weekly wrote that it was "extensively researched and forceful." Another positive review came from Booklist, where Karen Springen wrote that "This thoroughly researched book should convince even ardent


id: gregory-d-zimet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_D._Zimet-0.md
category: reference
title: Gregory D. Zimet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_D._Zimet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:17.998878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gregory-d-zimet-20260505-0
summary:
Gregory D. Zimet is an American clinical psychologist and academic researcher known for his work on vaccination attitudes and behavior, particularly regarding human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV), and for co-developing the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). He is professor emeritus of Pediatrics and Psychiatry at Indiana University School of Medicine, where he served on the faculty for three decades. == Early life and education == Zimet earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Vassar College in 1978. He went on to receive both his Master of Arts (1981) and Doctor of Philosophy (1985) in clinical psychology from Duke University. He completed a predoctoral internship and postdoctoral training at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine from 1984 to 1986. == Career == After his postdoctoral training, Zimet joined Case Western Reserve University as an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry (1986–1987), then as Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, a position he held from 1987 to 1993. In 1993, Zimet joined the faculty at Indiana University School of Medicine in the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine. He was promoted to full Professor of Pediatrics in 1999 and also held appointments in the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Psychology


id: scientific-diving-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
Scientific diving is the use of underwater diving techniques by scientists to perform work underwater in the direct pursuit of scientific knowledge. The legal definition of scientific diving varies by jurisdiction. Scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second, who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork. The direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba-equipped scientists have transformed the marine sciences generally, and marine biology and marine chemistry in particular. Underwater archeology and geology are other examples of sciences pursued underwater. Some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs, and government bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the UK Environment Agency carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water, marine organisms and sea, lake or riverbed material to examine for signs of pollution. Equipment used varies widely in this field, and is generally selected based on cost, effectiveness, availability and risk factors. Open-circuit scuba is most often used as it is widely available and cost-effective, and is the entry-level training mode in most places, but since the late 1990s the use of rebreather


id: scientific-diving-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-1.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
=== Contribution of scientific diving to research === Underwater diving interventions, particularly on scuba, provide the capacity for scientists to make direct observations on site and in real time, which allow for ground-truthing of larger scale observations and occasional serendipitous observations outside the planned experiment. Human dexterity remains less expensive and more adaptable to unexpected complexities in experimental setup than remotely operated and robotic alternatives in the shallower depth ranges. Scuba has also provided insights which would be unlikely to occur without direct observation, where hypotheses produced by deductive reasoning have not predicted interactive and behavioural characteristics of marine organisms, and these would not be likely to be detected from remote sensing or video or other methods which do not provide the full context and detail available to the diver. Scuba allows the scientist to set up the experiment and be present to observe unforeseen alternatives to the hypothesis. The field of global change biology includes investigation of evidence relating to global warming and ocean acidification. Many of the measurable changes in global climate occur in the sea. Coral bleaching is an example of an indicator of change, and scuba diving has provided a large amount of low-impact observational data


id: scientific-diving-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-2.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
==== Diving activities in support of research ==== Sampling: Diving is highly selective and useful for sampling delicate materials or organisms, and for collecting from specific locations or associations, it can be more efficient than sampling methods relying on chance, and can be cost-effective compared with the use of research vessels. In some cases there is no other way to gain access to the specimen, or the specimen must be actively searched for and visually identified, before extracting it from a complex environment without damage. Diving can produce higher quality samples with less collateral damage. Specimen collection of animals is more prevalent, but algal specimen and sediment core collection by diver can produce better quality samples in many cases. Survey and quantitative observation: Surveys and quantitative assessments may comprise quantitative descriptions of biotic assemblages, distribution or abundance of a species or group or other feature, or relate the topography of the seafloor to the distribution of a species or group. There are examples where ROVs and video surveys have been used for these purposes, and the alternatives each have their advantages. Animal behaviour: Behaviour tends to be studied by direct observation, video or time lapse photography. In many cases the


id: scientific-diving-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-3.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
=== Branches of science frequently using diving === Fisheries science – Academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries Freshwater biology – Scientific study of freshwater ecosystems and biology Hydrology – Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth Limnology – Science of inland aquatic ecosystems Marine biology – Scientific study of ocean life Ocean chemistry – Chemistry of oceans and seas Marine ecology – The study of the interactions between organisms and environment in the sea Marine geology – Study of the history and structure of the ocean floor Oceanography – Scientific study of the ocean Underwater archaeology – Study of human activity via evidence found underwater === Other fields which may use scientific diving === Aquaculture – Farming of aquatic organisms Environmental protection – Practice of protecting the natural environment === Citizen science === Several citizen science projects use observational input from recreational divers to provide reliable data on presence and distribution of marine organisms. The ready availability of digital underwater cameras makes collection of such observations easy and the permanence of the record allows peer and expert review. Such projects include the Australian-based Reef Life Survey, and the more international iNaturalist project, based in California,


id: scientific-diving-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-4.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
The first recorded U.S. scientific diver was Dr. William H. Longley, starting in 1910, and who made the first underwater colour photograph with National Geographic staff photographer Charles Martin in 1926 off the Florida Keys in the Gulf of Mexico. By the middle of the 20th century, scientific diving was being done around the U.S. in surface supplied shallow water helmets and standard diving dress. During WWII Jacques Cousteau and Frédéric Dumas used the Aqua-Lung for underwater archaeology to excavate a large mound of amphorae near Grand Congloué, an island near Marseilles. The first scientific diver at Scripps Institution of Oceanography was Cheng Kwai Tseng, a biologist from China and graduate student during World War II, who used Japanese surface-supplied equipment to collect algae off the San Diego coast in 1944. In 1947, Frank Haymaker made observations in Scripps Canyon using a similar surface-supplied diving helmet. In 1949 Conrad Limbaugh introduced scientific scuba diving at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. While a doctoral student in 1954 he became Scripps' first diving safety officer, his research diving course was the first civilian diver training programme in the U.S. and he wrote the first scientific diving manual. Limbaugh and researcher Andreas Rechnitzer purchased


id: scientific-diving-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-5.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
=== Diving control board === The American system has a diving control board taking overall responsibility for all scientific diving work done by an organisation. The diving safety officer is responsible to the board for operational, diving and safety matters. For each dive, one scientist, designated as the lead diver, must be present at the site during that entire operation, and is responsible for management of the dive, including dive planning, briefing, emergency planning, equipment and procedures. The divers operate in a strict buddy diving system. === Dive planning === As scientific diving is by definition done in pursuit of scietific knowledge, there is a purpose to each dive and therefore there will be a plan to safely and effectively achieve that purpose. == Standard and emergency diving procedures == The standard procedures for scuba and surface-supplied diving are essentially the same as for any other similar diving operation using similar equipment in a similar environment, by both recreational, technical and other professional divers. There are a few special cases where scientific diving operations are carried out in places where other divers would generally not go, such as blue-water diving. Scientific dives tend to be more task oriented than recreational


id: scientific-diving-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-6.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
Circular search – a diver swims at a series of distances (radii) around a fixed reference point. The circular search is simple and requires little equipment. It is useful where the position of the objects of the search is known with reasonable accuracy. Pendulum searches – a variation on the circular search where the diver stops and changes direction at the end of each arc. Jackstay search – divers swim along a search line – the jackstay, while searching to the sides. There are various techniques for performing a jackstay search. Compass searches – search patterns controlled by compass directions. Towed searches – divers are towed behind a boat while searching visually. Sonar assisted searches – Divers search using a sonar transponder. Active transponders that emit a signal and measure the return signal strength to determine obstructions in a given direction, or passive transponders which measure a signal emitted by the target can be used. === Collection, sampling, tagging and recording === Most scientific fieldwork involves some form of data collection. In some cases, it is on-site measurement of physical data, and sometimes it involves taking samples, usually recording the circumstances in some detail. Video, still photography and manual listing


id: scientific-diving-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-7.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
== Demographics == In the United States scientific diving is done by research institutions, universities, museums, aquaria, and consulting companies for purposes of research, education and environmental monitoring. As of 2005 there were an estimated 4000 scientific divers, of which a small number are career scientific divers, with an average age of around 40 years, and a larger number of students in the 18 to 34 year age group. There is no specific upper age limit providing the diver remains medically fit to dive. The lower limit is determined by the age of students qualifying for training. About a quarter are female. == Regulation of scientific diving == Scientific diving is generally considered to be occupational diving, and is usually regulated as such except where specifically exempted. === Exemptions === In the US, scientific diving is exempted from the requirements of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health regulations, provided that it complies with the requirements specified for the exemption. === Governance and representation organisations === Scientific diving governance organizations include: The Australian Scientific Divers Association The American Academy of Underwater Sciences – American diving standards organisation The European Scientific Diving Panel – A panel of the European Network of Marine


id: scientific-diving-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-8.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
Diving first aid, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and oxygen administration to diving casualties. Standard emergency procedures and diving casualty management. Scuba rescue techniques and management of casualties in and under the water. Further training for special equipment, such as closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers, extended range, or special tasks may be required. As of 2016 there were three sets of rebreather standards for scientific diving in the US, those of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS), National Park Service (NPS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). All three organisations require full scientific diver status with nitrox certification as prerequisite, NOAA requires certification to 130 feet (40 m) and 100 open water dive, while AAUS and NPS require 100 feet (30 m) and 50 open water dives. Each agency specifies stepwise certification to increasing depths, and certification is valid only for the rebreather type trained on, for environmental conditions similar to those during training. Classroom training includes theory review of topics included in open circuit training, and decompression and dive planning appropriate to the chosen unit. More technical topics include system design and operation, pre-dive setup and testing, post-dive break down and maintenance, oxygen exposure and decompression management, dive


id: scientific-diving-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-9.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
=== South Africa === In South Africa, scientific diving is considered a form of commercial diving and is within the scope of the Diving Regulations 2009 and the Code of Practice for Scientific Diving published by the Chief Inspector of the Department of Employment and Labour, Under DR 2009 the Codes of Practice are guidance and not compulsory practice. They are provided as recommended good practice, and in theory need not be followed providing an acceptable level of safety is achieved in terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act No.85 of 1993. However, in this case the onus is on the diving contractor to ensure acceptable safety during the diving operation based on risk assessment. The level of safety required is specified in the OHS act as "reasonably practicable" taking into account a number of factors, including cost effectiveness, availability of technology for mitigation and available knowledge of hazards. Use of the relatively flexible scientific code rather than the default Code of Practice for Inshore Diving is restricted to clients which are registered as organisations engaged in either scientific research or higher education. The qualification required to dive at work in South Africa is linked to the mode of


id: scientific-diving-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-10.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
=== United States === In the United States scientific diving is permitted by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to operate under an alternative consensual standard of practice that is maintained by the American Academy of Underwater Sciences. 29 CFR Part 1910 – Subpart T "Commercial Diving Operations," establishes mandatory occupational safety and health requirements for commercial diving operations which apply wherever OSHA has statutory jurisdiction. This covers the inland and coastal territorial waters of the United States and possessions. The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America petitioned the Federal Government in 1975 to issue an emergency temporary standard covering all professional diving operations, which was issued on June 15, 1976, to be effective from July 15, 1976. This was challenged in the US Court of Appeals and was withdrawn in November 1976. A permanent standard for commercial diving was subsequently formulated which became effective from October 20, 1977. The American Academy of Underwater Sciences applied for an exemption for scientific diving, citing 20 years of self-regulation and a lower accident rate than the commercial diving industry. An exemption was issued effective from November 28, 1982, after negotiation. To be able to avail itself of the Scientific


id: scientific-diving-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving-11.md
category: reference
title: Scientific diving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:19.738870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-diving-20260505-0
summary:
Belgium (statutory member) Bulgaria (member) Croatia (member) Finland (statutory member) France (statutory member) Germany (statutory member) Greece (candidate member) Italy (member) Norway (statutory member) Poland (candidate member) Portugal (member) Slovenia (candidate member) Sweden (statutory member) United Kingdom (statutory member) The ESDP is intended to maintain and develop a system for recognition of scientific diving competencies issued by member states, which may be issued under various training routes and levels of national legislation, to facilitate participation and mobility by diving scientists in European research programmes, and to improve diving safety, quality of science, and underwater techniques and technologies. Two levels of scientific diver registration are recognised: the European Scientific Diver (ESD) and the Advanced European Scientific Diver (AESD). AESDs are qualified to lead scientific diving trips, while ESDs are only permitted to take part. These represent the minimum level of training and competence required to allow scientists to participate freely throughout the countries of the European Union in underwater research projects diving using scuba. Certification or registration by an authorized national agency is a prerequisite, and depth and breathing gas limitations may apply. This competence may be gained either through a formal training program, by in the field training and experience


id: 1992-cageless-shark-diving-expedition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition-0.md
category: reference
title: 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:21.019727+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 1992-cageless-shark-diving-expedition-20260505-0
summary:
The 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition was the world's first recorded intentionally cageless dive with great white sharks, contributing to a change in public opinions about the supposed ferocity of these animals. == History == The dive took place in January 1992, during the filming of the National Geographic documentary Blue Wilderness, at Dyer Island, South Africa. After 8-10 large Great White sharks had been kept around their boat for about 6 hours using chum and sea mammal flesh, four scuba divers carried out the world's first recorded dive amongst these animals without a safety cage, or any other protection, like chain-mail suits. The divers were Ron and Valerie Taylor, notable Australian film-makers and pioneers of underwater exploration, their friend George Askew, a South African diver and photographer, and Piet 'PJ' van der Walt, who had founded the South African cage-diving industry in 1988. The Taylors and Askew, recognised shark experts and authorities, were testing their hypothesis that these animals had a much fiercer reputation than they deserved. Their hypothesis was based on many years of experiences with various types of shark, including face to face encounters underwater. In 1978, Askew had written an article entitled "The Jaws fish - Myth


id: continental-shelf-station-two-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two-0.md
category: reference
title: Continental Shelf Station Two
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:12:25.633827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: continental-shelf-station-two-20260505-0
summary:
Continental Shelf Station Two or Conshelf Two was an attempt at creating an environment in which people could live and work on the sea floor. It was the successor to Continental Shelf Station One (Conshelf One). The alternate designation Precontinent has also been used to describe the set of projects to build an underwater "village" carried out by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and his team. The projects were named Precontinent I (Conshelf One), Precontinent II (Conshelf Two) and Precontinent III (Conshelf Three). Each following project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water. == Precontinent I == Precontinent I was constructed offshore from Marseille, France, in 1962. Two scuba divers spent two weeks in a small chamber 12 meters deep on the seabed. == Precontinent II == In 1963, six oceanauts lived 10 metres down in the Red Sea, at Sha’ab Rumi off Sudan, in a starfish-shaped house for 30 days. The undersea living experiment also had two other structures, one a submarine hangar that housed a small, two man submarine referred to as the "diving saucer" for its resemblance to a science fiction flying saucer, and a smaller "deep cabin" where two oceanauts lived at a


