# kb

id: finnish-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:34.738736+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finnish-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Finnish: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia ry; Latin: Academia Scientiarum Fennica) is a Finnish learned society. It was founded in 1908 and is thus the second oldest academy in Finland. The oldest is the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, which was founded in 1838. == Members == The academy has a total of 328 seats for Finnish members. When a member of the academy turns 65 years, his seat is free for selection of a new member, but he remains a full member until death. The seats are divided into two sections === Section of Science === Mathematics and Computer Science 28 members Physics and Astronomy 26 members Geosciences 24 members Chemistry 21 members Biology 22 members Agriculture and Forestry 22 members Medicine 46 members 189 seats === Section of the Humanities === Theology and Religion 11 members Philosophy and Aesthetics 12 members Psychology and Pedagogy 14 members History and Archaeology 17 members Finno-Ugric Studies 17 members Linguistics 21 members Jurisprudence 18 members Social sciences 29 members 139 seats == Foreign members == Since 1924, foreign members have also been invited to the academy. A foreign scientist who has proven to be a leading researcher


id: finnish-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:35.959689+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finnish-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters (Swedish: Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten r.f., Finnish: Suomen Tiedeseura r.y., Latin: Societas Scientiarum Fennica) is a Finnish learned society for natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. It is a bilingual (Swedish and Finnish) science academy and the oldest of the four science academies in Finland. The society was founded in 1838 and is based in Helsinki. It has a total of 120 full ordinary Finnish members, excluding members who have reached the age of 67 (a member who reaches the age of 67 retains the rights as a member but leaves his or her chair open for election of a new member), and about 120 foreign members. It is divided into four sections: I: mathematics and physics, II: biosciences, III: humanities, and IV: social sciences. The society publishes a yearbook, Sphinx, and the book series Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium, Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk and The History of Learning and Science in Finland 1828-1918. It also awards a number of prizes and grants for scientific and scholarly work. In addition to the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, there are three other academies in Finland: the Finnish Academy of Science


id: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: French Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:37.238748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences [akademi de sjɑ̃s]) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest Academies of Sciences. Currently headed by Patrick Flandrin (President of the academy), it is one of the five Academies of the Institut de France. == History == The Academy of Sciences traces its origin to Colbert's plan to create a general academy. He chose a small group of scholars who met on 22 December 1666 in the King's library, near the present-day Bibliothèque Nationale, and thereafter held twice-weekly working meetings there in the two rooms assigned to the group. The first 30 years of the academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution. In contrast to its British counterpart, the academy was founded as an organ of government. In Paris, there were not many membership openings, to fill positions there were contentious elections. The election process was at least a 6-stage


id: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: French Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:37.238748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics Mechanics Astronomy Physics Chemistry Mineralogy Botany Agriculture Anatomy and Zoology Medicine and Surgery The last two sections are bundled since there were many good candidates fit to be elected for those practices, and the competition was stiff. Some individuals like François Magendie had made stellar advancements in their selected fields of study, that warranted a possible addition of new fields. However, even someone like Magendie, who had made breakthroughs in physiology and impressed the academy with his hands-on vivisection experiments, could not get his study into its own category. Despite Magendie being one of the leading innovators of his time, it was still a battle for him to become an official member of the academy, a feat he would later accomplish in 1821. He further improved the reverence of the academy when he and anatomist Charles Bell produced the widely known Bell–Magendie law. From 1795 until 1914, the first world war, the French Academy of Science was the most prevalent organization of French science. Almost all the old members of the previously abolished Académie were formally re-elected and retook their ancient seats. Among the exceptions was Dominique, comte de Cassini, who refused to take his seat. Membership in the


id: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: French Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:37.238748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Decline == Although the academy still exists today, after World War I, the reputation and status of the academy was largely questioned. One factor behind its decline was the development from a meritocracy to gerontocracy: a shift from those with demonstrated scientific ability leading the academy to instead favoring those with seniority. It became known as a sort of "hall of fame" that lost control, real and symbolic, of the professional scientific diversity in France at the time. Another factor was that in the span of five years, 1909 to 1914, funding to science faculties considerably dropped, eventually leading to a financial crisis in France. == Present use == Today the academy is one of five academies comprising the Institut de France. Its members are elected for life. Currently, there are 150 full members, 300 corresponding members, and 120 foreign associates. They are divided into two scientific groups: the Mathematical and Physical sciences and their applications and the Chemical, Biological, Geological and Medical sciences and their applications. The academy currently has five missions that it pursues. These being the encouraging of the scientific life, promoting the teaching of science, transmitting knowledge between scientific communities, fostering international collaborations, and ensuring


id: georgian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Georgian National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:38.506354+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: georgian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) (Georgian: საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია, romanized: sakartvelos metsnierebata erovnuli ak'ademia) is the main learned society of Georgia. It was named the Georgian SSR Academy of Sciences until November 1990. The Academy coordinates scientific research in Georgia and develops relationships with the academies and scientific centers of foreign countries. == History == GNAS was established in February 1941, in Tbilisi. It integrates 9 scientific research institutions of the Georgian branch of the All-Soviet Academy of Sciences, as well as the Georgian National Museum, the Geological Institute, the I. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, etc., a total of 14 scientific research institutions, covering linguistics, physiology, mathematics, botany, geology and other fields, divided into the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and the Department of Social Sciences. The founder Academicians of the Academy were Giorgi Akhvlediani (linguistics), Ivane Beritashvili (physiology), Arnold Chikobava (Ibero-Caucasian languages), Giorgi Chubinashvili (arts), Simon Janashia (history), Alexander Janelidze (geology), Korneli Kekelidze (philology), Niko Ketskhoveli (botany), Tarasi Kvaratskhelia (subtropical cultures), Niko Muskhelishvili (mathematics, mechanics; first President of the Academy), Ilia Vekua (mathematics; second President of the Academy), Akaki Shanidze (linguistics), Alexander Tvalchrelidze (mineralogy), Dimitri Uznadze (psychology), Kiriak Zavriev (constructive mechanics) and Philip Zaitsev (zoology).


id: german-academy-of-sciences-at-berlin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin-0.md
category: reference
title: German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:39.908255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-academy-of-sciences-at-berlin-20260505-0
summary:
The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, German: Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (DAW), in 1972 renamed the Academy of Sciences of the GDR (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, abbreviated to AdW), was the most eminent research institution of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR). The DAW was the continuation of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (founded as Brandenburg Society of Sciences in 1700 by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz), which after end of war 1945 adapted to new conditions and therefore had performed denazification, changed its structure, its statute and its name. It was then reopened 1946 in the Eastern Sector of Berlin by the Russian military government SMAD. The academy was a learned society (scholarship society), in which awarded membership via election constituted scientific recognition. Unlike other academies of science, the DAW was also the host organization of a scientific community of non-academic research institutes. Upon German reunification, the Academy's learned society was dissociated from its research institutes and any other affiliates and eventually dissolved in 1992. Since 1993, activities of the AdW's members and college have been continued by the newly established Leibniz Scientific Society (Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften). The AdW's pending and unfinished research projects and holdings were


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-0.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (German: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina – Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften), in short Leopoldina, is the national academy of Germany, and is located in Halle (Saale). Founded on 1 January 1652, based on academic models in Italy, it was originally named the Academia Naturae Curiosorum until 1687 when Emperor Leopold I raised it to an academy and named it after himself. It was since known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared to be Germany's National Academy of Sciences. == History == The Leopoldina was founded in the imperial city of Schweinfurt on 1 January 1652 under the Latin name Academia Naturae Curiosorum, sometimes translated into English as "Academy of the Curious as to Nature." It was founded by four local physicians – Johann Laurentius Bausch, the first president of the society, Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Metzger, and Georg Balthasar Wohlfarth; and was the only academy like it at the time making it the oldest academy of science in Germany. The archives of Leopoldina are some of the oldest in the world based on the fact that the records date back to the 17th


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-1.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
At first, the society conducted its business by correspondence and was located wherever the president was working., pp. 8–9 After Schweinfurt, the Academy was rooted in many places before it was permanently located in Halle in 1878. Following Schweinfurt in chronological order: Nuremberg, Augsburg, Altdorf, Erfurt, Halle, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bonn, Breslau (currently Wrocław, Poland), Jena, Dresden, and finally Halle., pp. 8–9 There were many efforts during years of national prosperity to elevate the Academy to the status of a 'national institute,' but all such early efforts failed. In those times the Academy was not on the nation's agenda at a political or academic level. Later, however, its members began to enrich the Academy with an obligation to be present at its proceedings so as to improve their public standing. Thus they began to hold regular monthly meetings, even in the challenging conditions of 1924,, pp. 8–9 which had to be attended by all local members. When Adolf Hitler became Germany's Chancellor in 1933, the Leopoldina started to exclude its Jewish members. Albert Einstein was the first victim because of public pressure. In 1938 there followed a declaration to the Nazi government that all Jewish members had been excluded, while in


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-2.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
Three quarters of the members are from German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and one quarter from about 30 other nations. The election to membership of the Leopoldina is the highest academic honour awarded by an institution in Germany. Some laureates are also fellows of the Leopoldina. Among the most noted of fellows are for instance: Christian Ludwig Brehm Adolf Butenandt James B. Conant Manfred Eigen Albert Einstein (excluded 1933 for being Jewish) Gerhard Ertl Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Ernst Haeckel Otto Hahn Theodor W. Hänsch Paula Hertwig Joseph Lister Alexander Oparin Wilhelm Ostwald Max Planck Carl Friedrich von Weizäcker Members might also attribute discoveries and success to the academy. For example, the asteroid 893 Leopoldina is named in its honour. == Leadership == At the head of the Academy there is a Presidium, elected by the Senate, consisting of the President, acting as the chair, four Vice Presidents, and other members at large. These position terms are five years long and can only be held twice by the same person. The Senate of the Academy currently consists of 39 members representing different sections and disciplines of science, as well as representatives from Switzerland and Austria. Senate members serve for four


id: hellenic-agricultural-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Agricultural_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Hellenic Agricultural Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Agricultural_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:42.433480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hellenic-agricultural-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Hellenic Agricultural Academy, also known as HAA (Greek: Ελληνική Γεωργική Ακαδημία), is an independent, non-profit Greek scientific organization (academy) based in Athens at the Agricultural University of Athens. It is active in the scientific fields of agronomy and forestry, biotechnology, veterinary medicine and animal science, food sciences and nutririon, ecology and natural environment, and agricultural economics. == History == The Hellenic Agricultural Academy was founded in 2000 by a group of scientists representing a wide range of disciplines, including agricultural sciences, forestry, veterinary medicine, food technology, and environmental sciences. Following its establishment, the academy joined the Union of European Academies for Sciences applied to Agriculture, Food and Nature (UEAA). Since 2001, it has been a full member of the UEAA, a pan-European network of academies that promotes scientific research and cooperation on issues related to agriculture, food, and the environment. The UEAA supports networking among scientists at the European level and the exchange of knowledge among its member states. For the 2024–2026 term, President of the HAA is Dr. Sophia Efstratoglou, Emerita Professor at the Agricultural University of Athens, and Vice President is Dr. Georgios-Ioannis Nychas, Emeritus Professor at the Agricultural University of Athens. == Core purpose and mission


id: historical-and-literary-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_and_Literary_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Historical and Literary Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_and_Literary_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:43.743201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: historical-and-literary-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Historical and Literary Society, (Polish: Towarzystwo Historyczno-literackie, French: Société historique et littéraire polonaise – SHLP) a successor organisation to the Literary Society, was founded in Paris in 1832 as a Polish political and cultural association by a group that included Alexandre Walewski, Napoleon's natural son and future minister of foreign affairs of Napoleon III. Its founding chairman was Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and from 1861, his son, Wladyslaw Czartoryski. The society's original aim was "to collect and publicise materials relating to the former Kingdom of Poland, its current circumstances and future prospects, in the context of maintaining and encouraging in the opinion of nations the sympathy they have directed towards Poland. It found not only sympathy but support and practical assistance in the higher échelons of French society. It is co-owner of the Polish Library in Paris. == History == The society was called into being by the first wave of Polish émigrés fleeing the aftermath of the collapse of the November uprising in partitioned Poland. The society's charter was signed on 29 April 1832. Among its original founding members were Józef Bem, Teodor Morawski, Ludwik Plater, Andrzej Plichta, Jan Nepomucen Umiński. Among influential French supporters were the part Scots,


id: hungarian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Hungarian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:45.060294+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hungarian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲoʃ ˈɒkɒdeːmijɒ], MTA) is Hungary's foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The academy's primary functions include the advancement of scientific knowledge, the dissemination of research findings, the support of research and development, and the representation of science in Hungary both domestically and around the world. == History == The origins of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences date back to 1825, when Count István Széchenyi offered one year's income from his estate to establish a Learned Society. He made this offer during a session of the Diet in Pressburg (Pozsony, now Bratislava), then the seat of the Hungarian Parliament. Inspired by his gesture, other delegates soon followed suit. The Society's mission was defined as the development of the Hungarian language and the promotion of sciences and the arts in the Hungarian language. It was officially named the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1845. The academy's central building, designed in the Renaissance Revival architecture by architect Friedrich August Stüler, was inaugurated in 1865. == Sections == Within the academy, scientific sections are organized according


id: imperial-mexican-academy-of-science-and-literature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature-0.md
category: reference
title: Imperial Mexican Academy of Science and Literature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:01.849574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imperial-mexican-academy-of-science-and-literature-20260505-0
summary:
The Imperial Academy of Science and Literature (Academia Imperial de Ciencias y Literatura) was founded by Emperor Maximilian under the Second Mexican Empire by a decree published on April 10, 1865, with the aim of promoting and protecting the activities of professional academics. It was to be composed of three departments: science and mathematics, philosophy and history, and philology and literature. José Fernando Ramírez was named president and named to the philosophy and history department. To the science and mathematics department was named Leopoldo Río de la Loza, Miguel F. Jiménez, head of the school of medicine, Joaquin de Mier y Teran professor of mathematics at the College of Mining, and Antonio del Castillo. To the philosophy and history department were named the lawyers Pascual Almazan, Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, and the lawyer Manuel Orozco y Berra. To the philology and literature department were named Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Jose Maria Barcena, Francisco Pimentel and José María Lacunza. The academy was inaugurated on July 6 in the grand ballroom of Chapultepec Castle in the presence of both the Emperor and the Empress. Maximilian gave a speech highlighting government efforts to improve the technology of the nation including in the fields of agriculture,


id: national-academy-of-sciences-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences, India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:03.071948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-india-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences, India, also known as NASI, was established in 1930 and is the oldest science academy of India. It is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Prof. Meghnad Saha was the founder president. == Fellows == Sneh Bhargava Suddhasatwa Basu Sudha Bhattacharya Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah Vinod Krishan Suhas S. Joshi Neelam Sangwan Rajender Singh Sangwan Ram Parikshan Roy == Publications == Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India was a peer-review scientific journal established in 1930. It split in two parts in 1942. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences The academy also publishes National Academy Science Letters. NASI published the Proceedings of NASI, Sec. A & B, each in IV parts and National Academy Science Letters in VI parts, in collaboration with the Springer Nature, every year. National Academy Science Letters received Impact Factor (IF) as 1.2 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; about 1200 papers were received from thirty countries/regions every year. PNASI, Sec. A received Impact Factor (IF) as 0.80 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; and about 450 papers were received from twenty-five countries/regions every year. The


id: indian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:04.337906+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore was founded by Indian Physicist and Nobel Laureate C. V. Raman, and was registered as a society on 27 April 1934. Inaugurated on 31 July 1934, it began with 65 founding fellows. The first general meeting of Fellows, held on the same day, elected Raman as president, and adopted the constitution of the Academy. == Objectives == The aims of the Academy are to: Promote progress in pure and applied branches of science. Encourage important research in various branches of science. Represent the scientific work of India internationally. Publish work relating to scientific research initiated by the Academy, Provincial Academies, Universities and Government Scientific Institutions. Organise meetings of Committees and Conferences to discuss papers submitted to the Academy. Advise Government and other bodies on scientific and other matters referred to the Academy. == Publications == The first issue of the Academy Proceedings appeared in two sections in July 1934. They were split into two in July 1935 – one part devoted to physical sciences and the other to life sciences. In 1973 the Academy's publications were further split into several journals aimed as specific scientific disciplines. Since 1978 the Academy has published a monthly


id: indian-national-science-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian National Science Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:05.620222+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-national-science-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is a national academy in New Delhi for Indian scientists in all branches of science and technology. In 2015 INSA has constituted a junior wing for young scientists in the country named Indian National Young Academy of Sciences (INYAS) in line with other national young academies. INYAS is the academy for young scientists in India as a national young academy and is affiliated with Global Young Academy. INYAS is also a signatory of the declaration on the Core Values of Young Academies, adopted at World Science Forum, Budapest on 20 November 2019. Prof.Shekhar C. Mande is the serving president (2026-present). == History == The origins of INSA can be traced back to the founding of National Institute of Sciences in India (NISI) in the year 1935 in Calcutta (now Kolkata). The basic objective was and continues to be to promote, nurture and safeguard the interests of sciences and scientists. The NISI was recognized by the Government of India, as a Premier National Scientific Society. NISI moved to its present premises in Delhi in 1951. A Government of India's decision in 1968 mandated INSA to represent India in all the international science fora. In 1970,


id: indonesian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Indonesian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:06.862893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indonesian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Indonesian Academy of Sciences (Indonesian: Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (AIPI)) is an independent nonstructural Indonesian institution that was formally regulated and established in 1990, formed in 1956 as Indonesian Assembly of Sciences (Majelis Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, MIPI) then restructured in 1967 to become Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), to assemble leading Indonesian scientists for the purposes of giving opinions, suggestions, and considerations on their own initiatives and/or requests regarding the mastery, development, and utilization of science and technology for the national government and its citizen. == External links == AIPI's official website


id: institute-of-history-of-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of History of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:08.086747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-history-of-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Abbasgulu Bakikhanov of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a scientific research institute affiliated with ANAS. == History == Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences of History and Ethnology Institute was established in 1935 as an independent History, Archeology and Ethnography Institute which was subject to Azerbaijani Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The institute has been operating since 1936. Within the structure of USSR Academy of Sciences’ Azerbaijani branch, the institute started function as a separate scientific research institution since 1940. When the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences was organized in 1945 the History Institute was incorporated into its structure as an independent scientific institution. Later, in 1951, the Institute of History was transformed into the Institute of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR and in 1956, after the creation of the Philosophy Sector affiliated with EA of Azerbaijan, it again began to function as an independent institute. In 1974, the Archeology and Ethnography Sector was established which initially operated as dependent bodies on History Institute, but since 1993, it has become a body. == Heads of the institute == The Institute of History and


id: institute-of-physics-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:09.274097+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-physics-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Physics of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a research institution that is part of the structure of Physical, Mathematical and Technical Sciences Department of the National Academy of Sciences. The director of the institute is academician Nazim Mammadov. The institute is located in Baku city. == History == In 1945, the Institute of Physics and Mathematics was established on the basis of the physics sector of the Azerbaijani branch of the Transcaucasian section of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1959, Institute of Physics and Mathematics were reorganized and became 2 independent institutes: Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics and Institute of Physics. The first chairman of the department was academician İ.Q.Yesman. In 1950-1954, the department was headed by academician Y.Mammadaliyev. Between 1954 and 1957, academician M. Naghiyev took this position and served as academician-secretary (it shortly before had replaced "chairman" position). From 1957 to 1993, the director of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics, and then the Institute of Physics, was Academician Hasan Abdullayev. == Structure == The following sectors exist within the structure of Institute; Independent Trade Union, Women Council, Council of Young Scientists and Specialists, Information Sector, Interdisciplinary Sector, Innovation Sector and General


id: iraqi-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Iraqi Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:10.487333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iraqi-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Iraqi Academy of Sciences (Arabic: المجمع العلمي العراقي) is an academy in Baghdad founded in 1947 for the purpose of developing and regulating the Arabic language in Iraq and the Arab World. The Academy also has two other departments to regulate and develop Kurdish and Aramaic (Syriac) in Iraq; those two departments were founded in 1963. It was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The current president is Mohammed Husayn Al Yaseen, professor of Arabic at University of Baghdad. == See also == List of language regulators == References == == External links == Homepage in Arabic


id: israel-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities-0.md
category: reference
title: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:11.728636+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: israel-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
summary:
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, based in Jerusalem, was established in 1961 by the State of Israel to foster contact between Israeli scholars in the sciences and humanities and create a think tank for advising the government on research projects of national importance. Its members include many of Israel's most distinguished scholars. The offices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities are located next door to the official residence of the President of Israel and the Council for Higher Education in Israel in Albert Einstein Square in Jerusalem. In the sciences, the Academy funds projects on the geology, flora, and fauna of Israel, and facilitates the participation of Israeli scientists in research at international projects, such as high-energy physics at CERN and synchrotron radiation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Israel has the highest concentration of scientists and engineers in the world. The academy funds a number of prestigious awards in the sciences including the Alon Prize. In the humanities, research is funded into the study of the Tanakh and Talmud, Jewish history, Jewish philosophy, Jewish art, and the Hebrew language, as well as Hebrew prose and poetry. The Academy administers the Einstein Fellowships fund, which fosters relations


id: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-0.md
category: reference
title: Accademia dei Lincei
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
summary:
The Accademia dei Lincei, anglicised as the Lincean Academy, was an Italian accademia active from 1603 to 1651. It was established in Rome in 1603 by Federico Cesi, and was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the acuity that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. Cesi died in 1630, and the academy was dissolved in or before 1651. During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Papal States and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, established in 1936, claims this heritage as the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynx-Eyed"), founded in 1847, descending from the first two incarnations of the academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns. == First Accademia == The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from Rome) who was passionately interested in natural history – particularly botany. Cesi's father disapproved


id: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-1.md
category: reference
title: Accademia dei Lincei
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
summary:
=== Members === Federico Cesi – founder Giovanni Demisiani – Greek theologian, chemist, mathematician, coined name "telescope" Anastasio de Filiis – polymath Johannes van Heeck – Dutch physician Giambattista della Porta – Italian scholar, polymath and playwright Adam Elsheimer – German artist Johann Faber – German physician and botanist, coined name "microscope" Galileo Galilei – Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath Francesco Stelluti – mathematician Nicola Antonio Stigliola – Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor Luca Valerio – Italian mathematician Giovanni Ciampoli – poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII Virginio Cesarini – poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII == Accademia re-foundation == In 1801, Abbot Feliciano Scarpellini and Gioacchino Pessuti, with the patronage of Francesco Caetani, founded the Accademia Caetani which took the name of Accademia dei Lincei. The period from 1801 to 1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s. During the French domination of the Accademia,


id: accademia-nazionale-delle-scienze-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze-0.md
category: reference
title: Accademia nazionale delle scienze
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:14.186387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-nazionale-delle-scienze-20260505-0
summary:
The Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze (lit. 'National Academy of the Sciences'), or more formally L'Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL, and also called the Accademia dei XL (lit. 'Academy of the Forty'), is Italy's national academy of science. Its offices are located within the Villino Rosso, at the corner of via L. Spallanzani and via Siracusa, Villa Torlonia, Rome. The academy promotes progress in mathematics, physics, and natural sciences; organizes meetings; publishes journals; establishes consultative committees for governmental agencies; and awards scientific prizes. The academy contains 40 fellows and a variable number of "fellows in excess" who are age 70 and above, and who have been fellows for at least five years. It also contains 25 foreign members. == History == The academy was founded in 1782 in Verona as the Società Italiana, comprising 40 scientists from various parts of Italy. The idea of forming an academy comprising the leading Italian scientists was put forward in 1766 by the mathematician Antonio Maria Lorgna. By 1781 he had received the support of Alessandro Volta, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich and others. In the following year the academy was created as the Società Italiana, with forty members representing the most important


id: istituto-lombardo-accademia-di-scienze-e-lettere-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere-0.md
category: reference
title: Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:15.427341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: istituto-lombardo-accademia-di-scienze-e-lettere-20260505-0
summary:
The Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere is an Italian academy founded by Napoleon in 1797. At the time of the foundation the Istituto was an institution of the Cisalpine Republic and its name was Istituto Nazionale della Repubblica Cisalpina. The first location of the Istituto was Bologna and the academy was bound to include no more than 60 members. The first 31 were appointed by Napoleon in 1802 and the first president was Alessandro Volta, who started serving in 1803. The Istituto was concerned with Natural Sciences, Political Sciences and Arts. Upon requests of its members, in 1810 Napoleon changed the name of the Istituto in Istituto Reale di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Its new location was Palazzo Brera in Milan, where it is still located nowadays. Additional sections were then added in Bologna, Verona, Padua and Venice. At Napoleon's fall the Istituto passed under the administration of the Austrian government and then, since 1859 until 1935, under the administration of the Italian government. From 1935 the Istituto is a private no profit association. In 1959 Istituto Lombardo moved to a new location, Palazzo Landriani, where are now located the library and the archive, many storages and the


id: royal-academy-of-italy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academy of Italy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:16.617048+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academy-of-italy-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academy of Italy (Italian: Reale Accademia d'Italia) was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree, but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was effectively dissolved in 1943 with the fall of Mussolini, and was finally suppressed on 28 September 1944. All of its functions and assets, including the Villa Farnesina, were passed to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Until 25 April 1945 it continued some activity in the Villa Carlotta on Lake Como near Tremezzo in Lombardy. The declared purpose of the academy was "to promote and coordinate Italian intellectual activity in the sciences, the humanities, and the arts, to preserve the integrity of the national spirit, according to the genius and tradition of the race, and to encourage their diffusion [abroad]". == Structure and history == The Academy was modelled upon the prestigious French Academy. The Academy selected sixty Italians chosen for their scientific, literary, and artistic achievements. Those sixty members were divided into four groups of fifteen, representing the physical sciences, moral sciences (including history), arts, and letters (literature). Politically the Academy served to unify and strengthen the Fascist regime's hold on intellectual


id: japan-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Japan Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:17.869026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: japan-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Japan Academy (Japanese: 日本学士院, Nihon Gakushiin) is an honorary organisation and science academy founded in 1879 to bring together leading Japanese scholars with distinguished records of scientific achievements. The Academy is currently an extraordinary organ of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology with its headquarters located in Taito, Tokyo, Japan. Election to the Academy is considered the highest distinction a scholar can achieve, and members enjoy life tenure and an annual monetary stipend. == History == In 1873, Meiroku-sha (Meiroku Society) was founded. The main people of Meiroku-sha involved in Meiroku-sha were from Kaiseijo (later transformed into University of Tokyo) and Keio Gijuku. In an effort to replicate the institutional landscape found in many Western nations, the leaders of the Meiji government sought to create a national academy of scholars and scientists modelled to the British Royal Society. In 1879, Nishi Amane was made the head of what was then called the Tokyo Academy. In 1906, it was renamed the Imperial Academy, and in 1947 it was renamed the Japan Academy. == Prizes awarded == The Imperial Prize and Japan Academy Prize are awarded to persons who have achieved notable research landmarks or who have authored


id: kazakhstan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:19.093553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kazakhstan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) is the highest scientific organization of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Academy of Sciences was founded on 1 June 1946 on the basis of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The central office is located in Almaty. It is a state institution that joins active members (academicians), corresponding members, and leading scientists of Kazakhstan. The main activities of the Academy are scientific research, analysis and forecasting of the development of science, priorities of science development and scientific personnel training, support, formation, and coordination of scientific programs, promotion of international cooperation, innovation and investment in science-based development. Areas of research include earth sciences, mathematics, computer science, physics, remote sensing and space technologies, chemistry, new materials, biologically active substances, biochemistry and physiology of plants, botany, soil sciences, social sciences and humanities. The incumbent president (as of 2022) is Professor Murat Zhurinov. == History of Academy == The first scientific institutions appeared in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. At the first stage, these were agricultural institutions that was conducting research on seed variety. === Kazakh


id: kyrgyz-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:20.329787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyrgyz-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences (official name: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan), (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук илимдер академиясы), originally part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was established as an independent entity by government decree in December 1993. The aims of the academy are to carry out research in natural, engineering, and social sciences, to train scientists in all fields of knowledge, to advise the government in matters of scientific policy, and to disseminate knowledge. The academy defines the research topics in the national research institutions, coordinates basic research funded by the state, participates in international organizations, and organizes symposia and conferences to discuss scientific issues and coordinate research. As of 2008, there are 37 academicians, 57 corresponding members, and 7 foreign members. Academician Kanat Abdrakhmatov was elected to a position as the new president of the Academy on 28 November 2022. == History == The history of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences begins in 1943 when Kyrgyz Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. It included institutes of geology, biology, chemistry, language, and history. An increasing potential of the branch resulted in establishing the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR by a


id: latvian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Latvian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:21.591374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: latvian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Latvian Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Latviensis) is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the country's foremost scientists. The academy was founded as the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija). It is located in Riga. The current president of the academy is Ivars Kalviņš. == Building == The Academy of Sciences edifice was built after World War II, between 1951 and 1961, collecting the necessary financing from the newly established kolkhozes in Latvia and – as further expenses increased, collecting the finances as "voluntary donations" deducted from the salaries of the Latvian rural population. The building is decorated with several hammer and sickle symbols as well as Latvian folk ornaments and motifs. The spire was originally decorated with a wreath and a five pointed star, which was removed after Latvia regained independence in 1991. Being 108 metres (354 ft) tall, it was the first skyscraper in the republic and was the tallest building until the construction of the Swedbank Headquarters in Latvia (121 metres, 397 ft), and at the time, one of the highest reinforced concrete buildings in the world. The building, designed by Osvalds


id: lebanese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lebanese Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:22.788041+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lebanese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Lebanese Academy of Sciences, known officially by its French name Académie des Sciences du Liban (ASL), is a learned society dedicated to promoting the growth, invigoration, and dissemination of the sciences in Lebanon, and to fostering a world-class scientific culture in the country. The ASL was recognized by a decree of the Government of the Republic of Lebanon in August 2007. == Mission == According to its charter, the ASL aims to Provide independent advice and guidance to governmental and private institutions on matters of scientific research and education. Encourage, initiate and aid research and educational programs in the sciences. Help the dissemination and promulgation of the results of scientific research. Facilitate the exchange of ideas and results with similar institutions around the world. Bestow awards and honors on distinguished scientists. Exhort young Lebanese men and women to consider careers in the sciences. Strengthen the links between the sciences and society by addressing the needs of the population, public health, the economy and the environment. == History == The formation of the ASL was shepherded by the French Academy of Sciences, which also hosted the first meeting of the ASL in Paris on June 27, 2008. The first meeting


id: lithuanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:24.125974+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lithuanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences or LMA (Lithuanian: Lietuvos mokslų akademija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Lithuaniae) is a state-funded independent organization in Lithuania dedicated for science and research. Its mission is to mobilize prominent scientists and initiate activities that would strengthen the welfare of Lithuania and contribute to the scientific, social, cultural and you economic development of the country. == History == The idea of establishing the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was proposed in 1773 by Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt and other members of Vilnius University in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but it was not implemented due to wars and conflicts in the region. The idea of an independent institution for science and research was revived during the Lithuanian National Revival with the main proponents of it being the members of the Lithuanian Scientific Society, including Jonas Basanavičius and Jonas Šliūpas. However, the implementation began only in 1939, initially with the establishment of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. The institute was a basis of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences which was formally established on 16 January 1941. Its first president was Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius. On 9 June 1988, the Sąjūdis movement was started from the Academy’s conference hall. In 1989, the


id: macedonian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:25.351190+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macedonian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Macedonian: Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, МАНУ, romanized: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, MANU) is an academic institution in North Macedonia. == History == The Academy of Sciences and Arts was established by the Socialist Republic of Macedonia's assembly on 23 February 1967 as the highest scientific, scholarly and artistic institution in the country with the aim of monitoring and stimulating the sciences and arts. The Academy's objectives are to survey the cultural heritage and natural resources, to assist in the planning of a national policy regarding the sciences and arts, to stimulate, co-ordinate, organize and conduct scientific and scholarly research and to promote artistic achievement, especially where particularly relevant to North Macedonia. In 2009, MANU published the Macedonian Encyclopedia, a scientific encyclopedia of North Macedonia. The issuance of the encyclopedia caused a serious protest due to its content, and its authors have been subjected to severe criticism. Such reactions arose in the neighboring Greece, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Albania. It was urgently withdrawn. The reason behind this was political pressure from US and UK diplomats. In February 2021 the members of the MANU requested that the recent Law proposal for the


id: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias) is a non-profit organization comprising over 1800 Mexican scientists, attached to various institutions in the country, as well as a number of foreign colleagues, including various Nobel Prize winners. == Principles and mission == To maintain its independent status To serve as a spokesman for the scientific community with society and the Mexican state To advocate quality, professionalism and honesty in scientific research, training and dissemination To foster the development and consolidation of the Mexican scientific community To ensure that the aim of the production, implementation and dissemination of scientific knowledge is always to develop the creative and intellectual capacities of individuals and society == Objectives == To group together the most outstanding researchers in Mexico in the various areas of science and to promote public recognition of their work To encourage scientific research, training and dissemination in Mexico To advocate the fullest utilization of Mexican researchers' production To seek national and international recognition of Mexican scientists To promote and direct exchange with scientific organizations and communities in other countries == Executive Board of Directors == According to AMC's statutes, the Directive Council is responsible for supervising and managing all the


id: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Computers for Children and Youth Since 1987, the purpose of this program has been to support the teaching of computer use through workshops aimed at primary school children. The workshops are held in various Mexican public libraries throughout the country and in the metropolitan area. In 2004, these workshops were attended by 37,228 children at 111 libraries in 12 Mexican states as well as in the Federal District. Secondary school students are given a workshop to improve their grasp of mathematics, based on the program The Geometer's Sketchpad. Mathematics Teaching Program Created in 1999, this program seeks to undertake activities to support mathematics teaching. It has focused on the production of teaching material to be used in projects to disseminate the free Computer Program for children and youth. It also undertakes studies on the problems that affect the formal teaching of mathematics in elementary and middle school. Some examples of math teaching can be seen at www.puemac.matem.unam.mx Scientific Research Summer The Scientific Research Summer was created in 1990. The Summer is a short period of residence (June–August) for university students wishing to pursue a scientific career at Mexico's most prestigious research centers and laboratories. In 2004, applications were received from


id: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Communication and Dissemination == AMC has a Communication and Dissemination Department that promotes activities, announcements, awards and meetings through press conferences, the written press and radio. News Web Site The News Page provides information on the activities of AMC and similar institutions as well as useful data on science and technology for the Mexican media. Ciencia Journal Founded over 50 years ago, Ciencia is a quarterly review with a print run of 6,000 aimed at members of the scientific community, higher education and research institutes and all professionals wishing to keep abreast of scientific advances, scientific planning and policy and human resource training. Publications To date, the Academia has published over 50 publications including studies and projects on various topics. == Collaboration with national organizations == AMC maintains crucial links with various government organizations, by actively participating in the discussion, evaluation and organization of major national forums. Likewise, the Academia serves as a consultant for the Congress of the Union, particular the Science and Technology Commissions of the Chambers and Deputies and Senators. It also collaborates closely with other equally important organizations including the following: National Council of Science and Technology Ministry of Public Education Scientific and Technological Advisory


id: academy-of-sciences-of-moldova-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Sciences of Moldova
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:27.803271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-sciences-of-moldova-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Romanian: Academia de Științe a Moldovei), established in 1961, is the main scientific organization of Moldova and coordinates research in all areas of science and technology. Ion Tighineanu has been the president of the Academy of Sciences since 9 April 2019. == History == As early as June 1946, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to establish the Moldovan Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Chisinau. In October 1949, the research base was transformed into the Moldavian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The grand opening of the Academy took place on August 2, 1961. A meeting of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova in September 1994 confirms the reasoned scientific opinion of philologists that the correct name of the state language of Moldova is Romanian. Since September 2009, the University at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova has been operating in the country. In October 2017, President Igor Dodon signed a law that provides for the reform of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. == Organization and departments == Management President: Ion Tighineanu Vice Presidents: Eva Gudumac, Svetlana Cojocaru and Ion Hadârcă. Chief Scientific Secretary: Liliana


id: montenegrin-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:29.075813+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: montenegrin-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Црногорска академија наука и умјетности, ЦАНУ; Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, CANU) is the most important scientific institution of Montenegro. == History == It was founded in 1973 as the Montenegrin Society for Science and Arts (Црногорско друштво за науку и умјетност, Crnogorsko društvo za nauku i umjetnost) and adopted its current name in 1976. It currently has 40 members (academicians) in three departments: natural sciences, humanities and arts. The CANU has often been considered and described as a pro-Serbian institution in Montenegro, as the academy' posits the Serb ethnic origin of the Montenegrins. In opposition to this, a splinter group of intellectuals had formed the Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts (DANU) in 1997, registered as a non-governmental organization, in an attempt to counter the official pro-Serbian academy. Amid the constitutional reforms of 2007 CANU had resisted the standardization of the Montenegrin literary standard supporting the interpretation according to which Montenegrin is a "dialect" of the Serbian language. Some of CANU's prominent members have actively participated in the campaign against Montenegro's independence in the 2006 independence referendum. CANU president Momir Đurović had in 2007 maintained contacts with members of the pro-Serbian


id: myanmar-academy-of-arts-and-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:30.319630+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: myanmar-academy-of-arts-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံဝိဇ္ဇာနှင့် သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်အဖွဲ့, abbreviated MAAS) is Myanmar's national academy of sciences and humanities. The academy convenes an annual research conference. MAAS also publishes a research journal, the Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science. == Leadership == MAAS' chairman is Than Oo. Its vice-chairman is Kyi Kyi Hla. == References ==


id: national-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:31.507937+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), better known by its acronym, NAMS, is a non-constitutional, non-statutory advisory body to the Government in matters related to National Health Policy and Planning and as a promoting agency for continuing medical education (CME) for medical and health professionals. It is a part of the Inter Academy Medical Panel (IAMP), a global network of medical academies. The Academy is headquartered at NAMS House, at Ansari Nagar, neighbouring the AIIMS and the ICMR House, along Mahatma Gandhi Marg, in the Indian capital of New Delhi. == Genesis == The National Academy of Medical Sciences originated as the Indian Academy of Medical Sciences, a registered society, on 21 April 1961, for the promotion of medical education and research in India. The academy, housed in NAMS House, New Delhi, started functioning when Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India inaugurated the institution on 19 December 1961. In 1963, the inaugural convocation was held at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi when Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan addressed the gathering. The Academy re-branded itself as the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) on 16 November 1979. == Governance == The Academy is governed by a council that is made up of 22


id: national-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:32.739137+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Science and Technology (abbreviated as NAST PHL) is the highest recognition and scientific advisory body of the Philippines under the Department of Science and Technology. It was created through Presidential Decree 1003-A issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1976 to honor and recognize Filipino scientists who made worthy contributions in the advancement of science and technology in the country. It also recommends individuals to be conferred the Order of National Scientist upon approval of the President of the Philippines. == History == The establishment of the National Academy of Science and Technology was a proposal of several professors from the University of the Philippines. It was endorsed by the National Science Development Board (now Department of Science and Technology) to the President of the Philippines. NAST was created through Presidential Decree 1003-A issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 6, 1976. In 1978, President Marcos named the first ten members of the academy from members of the scientific community with three of them proclaimed as National Scientist, namely: Juan S. Salcedo Jr., Alfredo C. Santos and Gregorio Y. Zara. Through Executive Order 818 in 1982, the academy was tasked to give recommendations to the


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:33.982501+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka (NASSL) is a high level, non-governmental scientific body, established in 1976, it was granted incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1988. The National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka fulfills a number of roles; promoting the dissemination of scientific knowledge, recognizing excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global cooperation, education and public engagement and recognizing outstanding contributions to the advancement of science and acting as a consultative body to the Government of Sri Lanka on all matters and activities related to the application of science and technology in national development. Scientists who have achieved excellence in their respective scientific / technological fields are nominated by Fellows of the Academy to be considered for membership. Admission to the Academy is by election following nomination and evaluation of the nominees. The membership of the NASSL was 125 in February 2012.The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves


id: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:35.258054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), previously RONAST, is an autonomous apex body established in 1982 to promote science and technology in Nepal. With the implementation of federal structure by the government of Nepal, it has opened its first provincial office at Mahendranagar. == Objectives == It has the following objectives: Advancement of science and technology Preservation and modernization of indigenous technologies. Promotion of research in science and technology. Identification and facilitation of technology. == Molecular Biotechnology Unit Laboratory == The Molecular Biotechnology Unit (previously called the Biotechnology Unit) started research at DNA level in 2002 with molecular diagnosis of Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease; commonly known as Citrus Greening Disease. Prior to this, it was engaged in research activities such as the production of disease-free planting materials of citrus through shoot tip grafting in vitro tissue culture technique, Bacillus thuringiensis based biological pesticide, Citrus Tristeza Virus diagnosis using ELISA technique and plant propagation using plant growth regulators. Activities of the unit are: PCR-based diagnosis of Citrus Huanglongbing disease in Nepal, Molecular characterization and DNA barcoding of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal, using PCR-based and DNA sequencing based molecular markers, Exploration, molecular and biotechnological characterization of medicinal plants and


id: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-1.md
category: reference
title: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:35.258054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
== Nepal flora project == Nepal has 6500 species of flowering plants. The botanical exploration is not yet completed and therefore, some plant species are unexplored. Realizing the need for a publication of the flora of Nepal, the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology initiated the project in collaboration with national and international institutions. Ten volumes of the Nepal Flora have been scheduled to publish by 2020 in digital and printed book version. Volume 3 including plants from Magnoliaceae to Rosaceae was published in 2011 as a first publication from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK which includes 21 families with 123 genera, 600 species, 19 sub-species, 31 varieties and 4 forma. == Solar Energy == Some activities are: Solar Radiation Monitoring and Analysis of the solar radiation in Nepal. The data will be processed to calculate the potential to exploit solar radiation to meet the energy demand of the country. Energy Auditing and Conservation in order to minimize the energy waste. Energy Auditing is the tool used for the purpose. Diversification of Solar Technology. The activity covers activities such as proliferation of knowledge on solar energy technologies, feasibility study of grid connected rooftop PV system along with mini/micro grids


id: royal-netherlands-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:36.511996+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-netherlands-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbr. KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. In addition to various advisory and administrative functions it operates a number of research institutes and awards many prizes, including the Lorentz Medal in theoretical physics, the Dr Hendrik Muller Prize for Behavioural and Social Science and the Heineken Prizes. == Main functions == The academy advises the Dutch government on scientific matters. While its advice often pertains to genuine scientific concerns, it also counsels the government on such topics as policy on careers for researchers or the Netherlands' contribution to major international projects. The academy offers solicited and unsolicited advice to parliament, ministries, universities and research institutes, funding agencies and international organizations. Advising the government on matters related to scientific research Providing a forum for the scientific world and promoting international scientific cooperation Acting as an umbrella organization for the institutes primarily engaged in basic and strategic scientific research and disseminating information == Members and organization == The members are appointed for life by co-optation. Nominations for candidate membership by


id: nigerian-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Nigerian Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:37.821058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nigerian-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Nigerian Academy of Science is the official science academy of Nigeria. The academy of science was established on 18 January 1977, as an association of Nigeria's foremost scientists, but incorporated in 1986. It is the apex scientific organization in Nigeria. The Academy acts as a scientific advisor to the Federal Government of Nigeria, funds research fellowships, and scientific start-up companies. The Academy is governed by its council, which is chaired by the academy's president, according to a set of Statutes and Bye-laws. The members of council and the president are elected from, and by its Fellows. The basic members of the Academy are also elected by existing Fellows. There are currently 268 Fellows allowed to use the postnominal title FAS, with not more than 10 new Fellows appointed each year. The current president is Professor Ekanem Ikpi Braide, a professor of Parasitology. The Nigerian Academy of Science is Nigeria's national representative on such bodies as the International Science Council (ISC) – the umbrella body for all science associations and unions – and the Inter-Academy Partnership for Policy (IAP) – the umbrella body for all national science academies globally. The academy is also a member of the Network of African


id: norwegian-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:39.060536+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: norwegian-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway. == History == The Royal Frederick University in Christiania was established in 1811. The idea of a learned society in Christiania surfaced for the first time in 1841. The city of Trondhjem had no university, but had a learned society, the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, established in 1760. The purpose of a learned society in Christiania was to support scientific studies and aid publication of academic papers. The idea of the Humboldt-inspired university, where independent research stood strong, had overtaken the instrumental view of a university as primarily a means to produce civil servants. The city already had societies for specific professions, for instance the Norwegian Medical Society, which was founded in 1833. However, these societies were open to both academics within medicine as well as physicians outside of academia. The learned society would be open to employed academics only, but from all academic branches. The idea did not come to immediate fruition in 1841. Money was a problem; also there were "doubts with


id: pakistan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:40.264903+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اکادمی برائے سائنس) (abbreviated as: PAS), is a learned society of sciences, which described itself as "a repository of the highest scientific talent available in the country." Established in 1953 in Lahore, Punjab, the academy acts as a consultative forum and scientific advisor to the Pakistan government on important aspects on the affairs of all forms of science– the social and physical sciences. Regulating affairs of by its Charter and laws approved by the fellows, the academy is governed by a council that is chaired by its President. Due to its utmost importance, the fellowship of the academy is extremely restricted, only to the scholars of the high merit who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge. == History == The idea of establishing the academy was mooted in November 1947 when the first national education conference was organized by the Ministry of Education in Karachi, which was inaugurated Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan. No immediate actions were taken at that time, though the discussion to establish the academy continues between the senior scientists and the Pakistan government. After an extensive discussion took in 1948–53, the academy was


id: palestine-academy-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Palestine Academy for Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:41.467201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palestine-academy-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Palestine Academy for Science and Technology (PALAST) is an academy of science headquartered in East Jerusalem, with branches in Ramallah and Gaza City, Palestine. It was founded in 1997. == References == == External links == Official website


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences or Polish Academy of Learning (Polish: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, PAU), headquartered in Kraków and founded in 1872, is one of two institutions in contemporary Poland having the nature of an academy of sciences (the other being the Polish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw). The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences is co-owner of the Polish Library in Paris. == History == The Academy traces its origins to Academy of Learning founded in 1871, itself a result of the transformation of the Kraków Learned Society, in existence since 1815. Though formally limited to the Austrian Partition, the Academy served from the beginning as a learned and cultural society for the entire Polish nation. Its activities extended beyond the boundaries of the Austrian Partition, gathering scholars from all of Poland, and many other countries as well. Some indication of how the Academy's influence extended beyond the boundaries of the Partitions came in 1893, when the collection of the Polish Library in Paris, the largest collection of Polish materials amassed by the Great Emigration, was transferred to the ownership of the Academy, and a branch was founded in Paris, though this latter step had been


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
==== Commission on Classical Philology ==== The nature of the Commission's work is to bring together representatives of various humanistic disciplines who share an interest in the study of Greco-Roman antiquity, broadly conceived, and its reception in the culture of Medieval and modern Europe. It gathers Hellenists and Latinists, specialists in history and literature, as well as linguistics (classical linguistics): Byzantinists, neo-Latinists, ancient historians, historians of ancient culture and philosophy, Patristicists, archaeologists, numismatists, specialists in ancient law (especially Roman), and scholars interested in the reception of antiquity in the culture and literature of Europe, especially Poland. The thematic scope of the Commission's activities covers virtually all areas of knowledge about antiquity. The focus of scholarly attention has been on the study of: the grammar, syntax, semantics, and stylistics of the classical languages; the types and genres of Greek literature of the classical period, especially drama, historiography, and rhetoric; Roman literature of the Augustan Age. The Commission publishes its Works, in which five volumes of assembled works on various topics have already appeared, as well as four monographs. The Commission is also actively engaged in the PAU series entitled Library of Translations from Ancient Literature, in which there have appeared so


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Sources for the history of the Polish Government-in-Exile: minutes of the meetings of the Council of Ministers. Eight volumes are planned; Volumes I-IV have already been published. History of Poland in the two decades between the world wars. A book by Janusz Pajewski on this subject has already appeared, and two more volumes are anticipated. The history and organization of Polish learning. This subject is treated in a broad program of publications and expositions. Continuation of the re-edition of Jan Długosz's History of Poland (personal grant to Marian Plezia, now held by Jerzy Wyrozumski) – completed in 2007. The publication of the acts of the Apostolic Nunciature in Poland, a project which is recommended by the Academy of Arts and Sciences (four large volumes were produced between 1915 and 1952), was being continued by the Polish Historical Institute in Rome, under the direction of Karolina Lanckorońska (20 volumes appeared). The PAU joined the project and now it is its only manager and executor, but the enterprise is still financed by the Lanckoroński Foundation (three volumes have appeared). In keeping with tradition, the Class also publishes several series of source materials for Polish history: two volumes of Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana. A


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-3.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
the first farmers and herders in the Carpathians: problems of the Neolithization of the Carpathians; adaptation of settlement from the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age to the environmental conditions of the Carpathians: the development of pastoral societies; settlement processes in late prehistory and protohistory, with particular emphasis on the early Middle Ages. The Commission's works appear in the Works of the Commission on the Prehistory of the Carpathians, the first volume of which contains the results of joint Polish-Slovak research on the earliest Linear Pottery Culture in eastern Slovakia. The second volume deals with the archaeology and natural environment of the Low Beskids mountains in the Carpathians. ==== Commission on the History and Culture of the Jews ==== This Commission's activities are focused on Jewish history and culture in Poland and Europe. It brings together scholars from various specialties who share an interest in Jewish studies. In addition to regular meetings featuring lectures and discussion, the Commission also organizes scholarly symposia. The symposium entitled Jews and Judaism in Contemporary Polish Research was an occasion of particular significance, crowned by an impressive publication of symposium materials. The series entitled Works of the Commission on the History and Culture of the


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-4.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== Natural Sciences === The PAU's Natural Sciences section brings together representatives of the biological, agricultural, and geological sciences. The lectures at the section's meetings, typically held jointly with the PAU Mathematics Section, Physics, and Chemistry, and the Medical Section, have dealt with current interdisciplinary problems in biology and earth sciences. In addition to Polish members, the lecturers have included foreign members of the Academy, such as Andrzej Bartke (Carbondale, Illinois, USA), and Otton H. Walliser (Göttingen). The section has also taken part in organizing symposia, e.g. the National Conference on Cell Biology (1996) and the International School on the Biophysics of Membrane Transport (1997). Particularly noteworthy is the study by Andrzej Falniowski, Ways and Byways in the Evolution of Mollusks (2001), which appeared in the section's series of Papers. ==== Commission on Agricultural, Forests, and Veterinary Sciences ==== The Commission's activities are focused on the organization of scientific symposia, whose materials are published either in the form of separate single-topic volumes or in the series of Works. Currently, the Commission has been working on the issues connected with Polish agriculture, forestry and animal breeding in Europe united in EU. ==== Commission on Quaternary Palaeogeography ==== This Commission was founded


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-5.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== Artistic Creativity === This section was founded in 1994, after the PAU's charter was amended to allow for its creation. The goal of the new Section was to include persons from the world of art among the members of the Academy, outstanding creators whose careers have made a significant contribution to the development of culture. The areas of artistic creativity represented in the section include literature, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, theater, and film. The section's activities were inaugurated by two lectures, one delivered by Jerzy Nowosielski, "The Growth of Consciousness in Time: Truth or Illusion?" and the other by Jan Józef Szczepański, "The Concept of Morality in Literature". The speakers at the section's meetings in recent years have also included Andrzej Wajda, Witold Cęckiewicz, Jerzy Jarocki, Stanisław Lem, Stanisław Rodziński, and Bronisław Chromy. === Independent Interdisciplinary Commissions === ==== Anthropological Commission of the PAU ==== ==== Commission on Threats to Civilization ==== This Commission is interdisciplinary in character, and is composed of members of different PAU classes, from the History and Philosophy sections to the Creative Arts section. Threats to the harmonious development of humanity should be a subject of interest and research, not only for representatives of the


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-6.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
==== Commission on European Matters ==== This Commission, formed in 2003, is engaged—as its name indicates—into the issues related to European matters and especially the Poland's, and Kraków's, place and role in Europe. Several ongoing works (and mainly open sessions) have been already organised and all of them focused on various aspects of Poland's participation in European Union. The exemplary subjects listed below (lectures or introductions to discussions during the Commission's meetings) are brief but accurate summary of the most important issues: Constitution Treaty of the European Union by Edmund Wittbrodt, Europe Seeking for its Symbols. History and Meaning of the European flag by Krzysztof Kowalski, Being a European – what does it mean? by Zdzisław Mach and Piotr Sztompka, Is it worth dying for Nice? by Wojciech Słomczyński and Karol Życzkowski. The Commission have worked on—and still is planning to do so—education and science matters (i.e. Polish studies on European Matters faculties, role of universities in today's Europe, scientific and educational policies in Poland and Europe, financing of scientific research works, various organisational aspects of scientific activities in a European scale, European scientific associations' undertakings etc.) Altogether with the Commission on the History of Science, the Commission for European


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-7.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== The Academic Library of the PAU and PAN === The Academic Library of the PAU and the PAN has been in the structure of the PAU since 1 January 2000. Its origins go back to the 19th century and to the Kraków Learned Society. Until 1952 it functioned as the Library of the Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1872) and of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1920), and starting from 1953 as an independent unit of the Polish Academy of Sciences. As a result of the agreement between the PAN and the PAU concluded on 20 October 1999, the Library became an institution managed by the PAU. The Library numbers ca. 660,000 volumes and inventory units, including nearly 144,250 volumes and inventory units of special collections, which comprise nearly 13,700 old prints, about 13,000 manuscripts and over 96,000 graphics and drawings. The Library exchanges publications with more than 1,000 institutions in 77 countries, publishes its "Annual" (of a volume of c.a. 50 publisher's sheets), prepares and successively issues catalogues of its collections, and is engaged in gathering and providing information, for instance on didactics in tertiary education institutions in Kraków. The Library has its own


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-8.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== International Cooperation === Since its foundation, the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences has been actively involved in cooperation with foreign institutions and activities on the international forum. Already in the 19th century the Academy initiated archival expeditions to study sources from the history of Poland (among other the so-called Roman Expedition to Vatican Archives connected with its opening in 1881), and sent its representatives to international congresses. In 1898, the Academy of Arts and Sciences became the owner of the Polish Library in Paris and opened a scientific station there. The Academy's library in Kraków carried on a broad exchange of publications from the very beginning. In 1921, the PAU became a founding member of the Union Académique Internationale (UAI). After its activities were resumed, the PAU's membership in the UAI was renewed in 1993, and the PAU began to take part in the research and publication projects of this organization. The publication of the Polish series of the "Corpus vasorum antiquorum" (CVA) was completed with volume 10, devoted to Cypriot pottery from the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw. The Kraków sheet in the "Tabula Imperii Romani" (TIR) was worked out and published, and the material


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-9.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== Prizes === The PAU awards prizes for outstanding research achievements. These include the following: The Nicholas Copernicus Prize, funded by the City of Kraków by a resolution of the City Council passed on 9 July 1993, in conjunction with the foundation act of the Municipal Commune of 18 February 1973. By tradition, the PAU awards this Prize every year in the fields of astronomy, earth sciences, economy, natural philosophy, medicine, military defense sciences, and law. In 1995, for the first time since the revival of the PAU, six Prizes were awarded. The Marian Mięsowicz Prize awarded every two years for outstanding achievements in the field of physics. The Prize, funded by institutes of physics working in Kraków, was awarded for the first time in 1997. The Tadeusz Browicz Prize, awarded annually since 1998 for outstanding achievements in the field of medicine. To date, the prizes have been funded by the Pliva pharmaceutical company in Kraków, Novartis Poland, and the School of Medicine in English at the Jagiellonian University's Collegium Medicum. In June 2003, the Marian Kukieł Prize for outstanding achievements in the field of military history was awarded for the first time. Prof. Leszek Suski, Gen. Marian Kukie's copyright


id: polish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:44.069229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored national academy of sciences and institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars and a network of research institutes. It was established in 1951, during the early period of the Polish People's Republic following World War II. == History == The Polish Academy of Sciences was established by the merger of earlier science societies, including the Polish Academy of Learning (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, abbreviated PAU), with its seat in Kraków, and the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning (Science), which had been founded in the late 18th century. The Polish Academy of Sciences functions as a learned society acting through an elected assembly of leading scholars and research institutions. The Academy has also, operating through its committees, become a major scientific advisory body. Another aspect of the Academy is its coordination and overseeing of numerous (several dozen) research institutes. PAN institutes employ over 2,000 people and are funded by about a third of the Polish government's budget for science. == Leadership == The Polish Academy of Sciences is led


id: lisbon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lisbon Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:45.330025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lisbon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon (Portuguese: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Portugal's most prestigious scientific authorities and the official regulator of the Portuguese language in Portugal, through its Class of Letters. == History == The academy was founded on 24 December 1779 in Lisbon, Portugal, by João Carlos de Bragança, Duke de Lafões, who served as the academy's first President, and José Correia da Serra, who served as its first secretary-general. Domenico Vandelli was among its mentors and early organizers. It inherited several archives from its direct predecessor the Royal Academy of Portuguese History (Academia Real da História Portuguesa), which had been functioning since 1720 and stopped in 1776. This society had been meeting informally since 1717, under the sponsorship of the 4th Count of Ericeira, until its approval by King John V and receiving royal patronage. The academy received royal patronage under Queen Maria I of Portugal in 1783, bestowing the title of Royal Academy of Sciences (Real Academia das Ciências) unto the institution. The seat of the academy in Lisbon


id: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Prussian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer. In the 18th century, when French was the language of science and culture, it was a French-language institution. == Origins == Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, Germany founded the Academy under the name of Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften ("Electoral-Brandenburger Society of Sciences") upon the advice of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was appointed president. Unlike other Academies, the Prussian Academy was not directly funded out of the state treasury. Frederick granted it the monopoly on producing and selling calendars in Brandenburg, a suggestion from Leibniz. As Frederick was crowned "King in Prussia" in 1701, creating the Kingdom of Prussia, the Academy was renamed Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). While other Academies focused on a few topics, the Prussian Academy was the first to teach both sciences and humanities. In 1710, the Academy statute was set, dividing the Academy into two sciences and two humanities classes. This was not changed until 1830, when the physics-mathematics and


id: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Prussian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable members == Christoph Ludwig von Stille 1696–1752, curator Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, founding president 1700 Jacob Paul von Gundling Dimitrie Cantemir, foreign member 1714 Gassen von Stein, Vice President, Doctor and member; 1732 Leonhard Euler 1741–1766 Montesquieu, foreign member 1746 Voltaire, c. 1750 Denis Diderot, foreign member 1751 Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow, Lieutenant General, 30 November 1753 Johann Heinrich Lambert, c. 1763 Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1766–1786 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, foreign member 1769 Immanuel Kant, foreign member 1786 Heinrich Friedrich von Diez, honorary member 1814 Friedrich Schleiermacher, proper member 1810 Hermann von Helmholtz, corresponding member 1857; foreign member 1870; proper member 1871 Heinrich von Wild, corresponding member, 1881. Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, proper member 1893 Max Planck, proper member 1894 William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Friedrich Max Müller, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Josiah Willard Gibbs, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Henry Augustus Rowland, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) William James, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Alexander Stuart Murray, corresponding member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)


id: romanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Romanian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:47.822091+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: romanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Romanian Academy of Sciences was an institution established in Romania by a group of 26 scientists, dissatisfied with the imperfect organization of the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, which was left in the background, with only 12 seats to represent all sciences. == Short history == On March 29, 1935, the institution, which was established de facto on March 11, 1935, received legal personality. According to the statute, the purpose of the Romanian Academy of Sciences was to encourage and guide the scientific creation by: a) facilitating the networking of the researchers in various pure and applied scientific specialties and circulation of their research results through communications, reports, publications, exhibitions, etc. b) stimulating research through awards for valuable works, by subsidizing etc. c) scientific initiation of the staff of the special institutions that depend to the Academy of Sciences. To this end, finally, the Romanian Academy of Sciences set the number of full members to be 120, with up to 12 members of each of the 10 sections: 1.Section of Mathematics and Astronomy; 2.Section of Physics; 3.Section of Chemistry; 4.Section Biology (Zoology, Botany, Physiology); 5.Section of Applied Biology; 6.Section of Geology, Mineralogy and Geography; 7.Section of Military Science


id: royal-national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:49.007975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal National Academy of Medicine (Spanish: Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, RANM) is a Spanish institution dedicated to the study, research and promotion of the medical sciences. It's motto is Ars cum natura ad salutem conspirans, "Art collaborating with nature for health". Since 2020, the president of the RANM is Eduardo Díaz-Rubio García and former president Manuel Díaz-Rubio García acts as honorary president since 2012. == History == The origins of the Royal National Academy of Medicine date back to the summer of 1733, when doctors, surgeons and pharmacists from Madrid met to discuss medical topics. A year later, on September 13, 1734, King Felipe V approved a royal decree formally creating the Academy of Medicine of Madrid and, after receiving royal protection, acquired the title of "royal". In the 19th century, during the Ominous Decade, the government ordered its closure, although it only lasted four years. After the death of King Ferdinand VII, during the reign of his daughter, Isabella II, greater freedom of thought and science was allowed, and in 1861 new statutes renamed it as the "Royal National Academy of Medicine", a name that survives to this day. With the creation of the Institute of Spain


id: royal-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society of Edinburgh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:50.200940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established in 1783. As of 2021, there are around 1,800 Fellows. The Society covers a broader range of fields than the Royal Society of London, including literature and history. The Fellowship includes people from a wide range of disciplines: science and technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business, and public service. == History == At the start of the 18th century, Edinburgh's intellectual climate fostered many clubs and societies (see Scottish Enlightenment). Though there were several that treated the arts, sciences and medicine, the most prestigious was the Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Medical Society of Edinburgh, co-founded by the mathematician Colin Maclaurin in 1731. Maclaurin was unhappy with the specialist nature of the Medical Society, and in 1737 a new, broader society, the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences and particularly Natural Knowledge, was split from the specialist medical organisation, which then went on to become the Royal Medical Society. The cumbersome name was changed


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Latin: Academia Scientiarum et Artium Serbica; Serbian: Српска академија наука и уметности, САНУ, romanized: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, SANU) is a national academy and the most prominent academic institution in Serbia, founded in 1841 as Society of Serbian Letters (Serbian: Друштво србске словесности, ДСС, romanized: Društvo srbske slovesnosti, DSS). The Academy's membership has included Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić, Leopold Ružička, Vladimir Prelog, Glenn T. Seaborg, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and Peter Handke as well as, Josif Pančić, Jovan Cvijić, Branislav Petronijević, Vlaho Bukovac, Mihajlo Pupin, Nikola Tesla, Milutin Milanković, Mihailo Petrović-Alas, Mehmed Meša Selimović, Danilo Kiš, Paja Jovanović, Dmitri Mendeleev, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Jacob Grimm, Antonín Dvořák, Henry Moore and many other scientists, scholars and artists of Serbian and foreign origin. == History == === Predecessors === The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences (Serbian: Српска краљевска академија, СКА, romanized: Srpska kraljevska akademija, SKA) was the successor to the Serbian Learned Society (Serbian: Српско учено друштво, СУД, romanized: Srpsko učeno društvo, SUD) with which it merged in 1892 and accepted its members as its own either regular or honorary members, its tasks and its place in scientific and cultural life. The same


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-1.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
Affirmed architect of domestic architecture Кonstantin Jovanović was hired to make the design in 1900. It was the first project in a row which remained unrealized: starting from the plea to eminent architectures Аndra Stevanović, Nikola Nestorović, Milan Kapetanović and Dragutin Đorđević, to make the preliminary designs, through the unsuccessful announcement of the public competition, until the attempt to form the project resembling the building of Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts from Zagreb and new designs of an architect Konstantin Jovanović. At the same time, with the attempts to obtain the adequate design, the interest of the three institutions for the construction of the common building was not constant. Dealing with the problem of permanent location, in 1908 SRA got to use the space in the building of Sima Igumanović endowment at 15 Brankova Street. After more than two decades of attempting to obtain its own building, the Presidency of SRA, by the end of 1910 decided to entrust the design to Dragutin Đorđević and Andra Stevanović. The cornerstone was laid on 27 March 1914, by the Crown Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević in the presence of the academics and the Ministers of Construction and Education. The construction works were assigned


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-2.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The building was officially and solemnly opened on 24 February 1952, when the Academy finally and permanently moved in into the building. In 1967, Samojlov did the design for the adaptation of the gallery on the corner of Knez Mihailova and Vuka Karadžića streets. Perfectly composed interior left room for additional improvement during the next couple of years, so that until today it has been enriched by our eminent artists. The glass gaps of the final collimation line in the entrance hall were replaced by the stained glass done in 2000, after the drawings by Branko Miljuš, whereas the stained glass windows in the Congress Hall and in the foyer in front of the hall were made after the design of the academic Mladen Srbinović in 2005. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, as the most significant scientific institution in Serbia, gave the biggest contribution to the improvement of the scientific thought, gathering many prominent names of Serbian, Yugoslav and world science and artistic creation. Its building, built at one of the most representative locations of Belgrade urban space, with its architecture makes the inevitable part of the evaluation of, not only local, but also national construction heritage for almost


id: shahmardan-yesenov-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov-0.md
category: reference
title: Shahmardan Yesenov
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:52.830706+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shahmardan-yesenov-20260505-0
summary:
Shakhmardan Yessenov (August 5, 1927, Bala-Bi village, Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region – August 24, 1994, Almaty) was a Kazakhstani scientist and statesman, Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR (1961–1967, 1974–1978), Academician of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967), President of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967–1974), Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy (1970). == Biography == Shakhmardan Yessenov was born in the village of Bala Bi (Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region) on August 5, 1927. He graduated from Qyzylorda Teacher Training College in 1944. In 1949 completed his training as a mining geological engineer at the Kazakh Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (now Satbayev National Technical University). During his 11 years of work in Jezkazgan, rose from a regular geologist to the Chief Geologist and Chief Engineer of Jezkazgan Comprehensive Geological Survey Expedition. Yessenov's talents propelled his career and in 1960 he became Deputy Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR, and Minister the next year at the age of 33, thus becoming the youngest ever Minister in the USSR. When large deposits of oil and gas were discovered in the Mangyshlak Peninsula in 1962, Khrushchev had the idea of handing the region over to Azerbaijan or Turkmenistan, citing republics substantial


id: slovenian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:54.114627+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: slovenian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovene: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti (SAZU)) is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members of the academy. == Cultural significance == Established in 1938, the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts (SAZU) is the supreme national institution for science and the arts. It associates scientists and artists who have been elected as its members for their outstanding achievements in the field of sciences and arts. It cultivates, encourages and promotes sciences and arts and, through its activities, contributes to the development of scientific thought and creativity in the arts, particularly by: addressing basic issues of sciences and arts; participating in establishing the policies of research activities and creativity in arts; giving appraisals, proposals and opinions on the position, development and promotion of sciences and arts and on the organisation of research activities and creativity in the arts; organising research work, also in co-operation with universities and other research institutions, particularly in the fields which are important for the awareness of and gaining insight into the natural and cultural heritage of the Slovene nation and for the development


id: academy-of-science-of-south-africa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Science of South Africa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:55.384949+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-science-of-south-africa-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) is the national science academy in South Africa. It was started in 1996, and encompasses all fields of scientific work. Its legal foundation is the Academy of Science of South Africa Act, Act 67 of 2001, which came into operation in May 2002. The ASSAf was inaugurated in March 1996 by the former President of South Africa and patron of the academy, Nelson Mandela. In 2021, the academy had 632 members. == History == For about one century, the national science 'academy' comprised two separate institutions – the Royal Society (from the UK) and the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (SAAWK). SAAWK had an Afrikaans-language focus and was heavily supported by South African business. Based in Pretoria, it was established in 1909 and was the national academy (the statute was passed in 1950) until democracy in 1994. It was structured in two 'faculties': human and natural sciences, with a journal for each. While it still awards numerous medals and prizes, it is no longer recognised as the national science academy of South Africa. With the dawn of democracy in the early 1990s, it was realised that a new model was required.


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-the-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:56.746554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-the-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국학술원), is the senior national organization of distinguished South Korean scientists and scholars. It was founded to promote learning and research in all areas of sciences by conferring membership and preferential treatment to those who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of sciences and learning. The Academy consists of 150 Fellows who are selected by their peers for their contributions to the sciences and education. == Overview == The National Academy of Sciences was inaugurated on July 17, 1954, and entrusted with the duty of promoting the development of sciences, and of facilitating the development of national culture. Founded on the legal basis of Culture Protection Act promulgated on August 7, 1952, the National Academy of Sciences initially comprised 50 members. On March 25, 1954, fifty members were selected from around the nation : twenty-five from the humanities and social sciences, and twenty-five from the natural sciences. Thirty-four years later, on December 31, 1988, the Culture Protection Act of 1952 was replaced by the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea Act. The ceiling of membership is 150. The present Academy members total 134 as of


id: royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:57.939504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences (Spanish: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales) is an academic institution and learned society that was founded in Madrid in 1847. It is dedicated to the study and research of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and related sciences. == History == The forerunner of the modern Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Mathematics, was created in Madrid in 1582, during the reign of Philip II. It evolved from the environment of cooperation among the cosmographers, architects and civil engineers that served the monarch, and also involved prominent artillery experts and military engineers. The initiative was motivated by an interest that existed in the Spain of the late sixteenth century in promoting the teaching of mathematics with an eye to its practical applications in areas as diverse as mercantile calculation, cosmography, astrology on one hand, and the art of navigation and specific problems relating to military skills and construction techniques on the other. The idea of founding the Academy of Mathematics originated with Juan de Herrera, who was also its first director (1583–1597). It was founded in Lisbon in accordance with documents issued on December 25, 1582, and began functioning


id: royal-swedish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:59.240878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-swedish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Swedish: Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien) is one of the royal academies of Sweden. Founded on 2 June 1739, it is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization that takes special responsibility for promoting natural sciences and mathematics and strengthening their influence in society, whilst endeavouring to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines. The goals of the academy are: To be a forum where researchers meet across subject boundaries, To offer a unique environment for research, To provide support to younger researchers, To reward outstanding research efforts, To communicate internationally among scientists, To advance the case for science within society and to influence research policy priorities To stimulate interest in mathematics and science in school, and To disseminate and popularize scientific information in various forms. Every year, the academy awards the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize, the Sjöberg Prize and several other awards. The academy maintains close relations with foreign academies, learned societies and international scientific organizations and also promotes international scientific cooperation. The Academy of Sciences is located within the Stockholm region's Royal National City Park. == Prizes == ===


id: naturforschende-gesellschaft-in-z-rich-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich-0.md
category: reference
title: Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:00.501233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: naturforschende-gesellschaft-in-z-rich-20260505-0
summary:
The Society of Natural Sciences in Zurich (Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich) is a society founded in 1746 for the promotion of natural sciences. It was founded by Johannes Gessner and other citizens in Zurich as the Physicalische Societät and is one of the oldest scientific societies in both Switzerland and the German-speaking world. As of 2025, there were around 475 members, and the president is Fritz Gassmann. Within the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences, the NGZH is a member organisation of the Natural Sciences Platform. == History == In the Age of Enlightenment, people devoted themselves to the then flourishing natural sciences, i.e., in addition to physics, also mathematics, technology, agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, and especially natural history (which included descriptive natural sciences such as zoology, botany, meteorology, geology, geography, and astronomy). Zurich citizens tended to expand and complete their academic studies at foreign universities. The local university, the Carolinum at the Grossmünster, enjoyed great prestige for philology, philosophy, and theology—and increasingly also for the full professorship (then canon) of physics and mathematics established in 1558. But the academics who returned home lacked "collaborative scientific work, mutual stimulation, and the exchange of ideas." Thus, they came across " to doctor and


id: swiss-academies-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:01.789873+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-academies-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is a Swiss organization that supports and networks the sciences at a regional, national and international level. They are designated by the Federal Act to Promote Research and Innovation to promote research together with the Swiss National Science Foundation. Its current president is Yves Flückiger. The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is an association of four distinct Swiss academies of different kinds: Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences (SCNAT); Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (SAMW); Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAGW); Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW). == Overview == The two Centres for Excellence TA-SWISS and Fondation Science et Cité are also member of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. Forums and platforms allow the academy to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to various topics, and to strengthen the disciplinary national and international network. The academy also coordinates the sciences among the universities in Switzerland, while cooperating with institutions for the promotion of research, such as the Swiss National Science Foundation. At a regional level, too, scientific topics are brought to the attention of a large public. This task has been assumed by the cantonal and regional associations, which organise


id: swiss-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:02.977106+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT) is a Swiss national association founded in 1815. In German, French and Italian (the official languages of Switzerland) the name is Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz, Académie suisse des sciences naturelles, and Accademia svizzera di scienze naturali respectively. The Swiss Academy of Sciences is part of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, and awards the annual Prix Schläfli. In 2015 the SCNAT network included over 35,000 experts in over 130 societies in all cantons. The 2021 president is Philipp Moreillon. == See also == Academy of sciences Life Sciences Switzerland Science and technology in Switzerland == Notes and references == == External links == Official website


id: academia-sinica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-0.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
Academia Sinica (AS; Latin: Academia Sinica, lit. 'Chinese Academy'; Chinese: 中央研究院; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Yánjiùyuàn) is the national academy of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Headquartered in Nangang, Taipei, it conducts research in mathematics, physical sciences, life sciences, humanities, and social sciences. The academy was founded in Nanjing, China, in 1928, and was re-established in Taiwan in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War. As an educational institute, it provides PhD training and scholarship through its English-language Taiwan International Graduate Program in biology, agriculture, chemistry, physics, informatics, and earth and environmental sciences. Membership in Academia Sinica is determined through the election of academicians. An academician of Academia Sinica is the highest academic honor in the country. The current president of the academy since 2016 is James C. Liao, an expert in metabolic engineering, systems biology and synthetic biology. == History == === Founding and early years === Academia Sinica was established in April 1928 in the capital city of Nanking by the National Government of the Republic of China as the country's highest research organization. Its name is a Latin title whose literal meaning is "Chinese Academy". The academy's first president was the philosopher Cai Yuanpei and its first director-general was the


id: academia-sinica-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-1.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
The Convocation of Academia Sinica consists of 281 academicians, including 105 domestic and 176 overseas appointed scientists. Seven academicians of Academia Sinica are Nobel laureates. Academician membership is an honorary lifetime privilege without remuneration. They do not necessarily perform research or reside at the Academia Sinica campus. According to their own expertise, academicians are grouped into three divisions: Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities. A maximum number of ten new members is allocated to each of the three divisions during the biennial convocation. The eligibility of the academicians is not restricted to the residents of Republic of China (Taiwan) citizens. More than half of the academicians are overseas scholars and scientists. At the convocation, the academicians elect new academicians and honorary academicians, and elect members to the Council of Academia Sinica. The convocation can also recommend policies to the government on academic research. The academicians also have responsibilities to carry out research at the government's request, although the government has never requested any task. == Academicians == Academicians are elected every two years, with nominations open in July and ending in October. Outcome of election to academicians are publicly announced in July the following year.


id: academia-sinica-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-2.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
Since 2002, Academia Sinica set up the Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), open to local and international students for PhD programs. All courses at TIGP are conducted in English. Students can choose their advisor among a faculty selected for the program out of outstanding researchers and professors appointed at Academia Sinica or at one of the partner universities (or both). Currently, admittance to the programme guarantees a monthly stipend of 40,000 NTD, roughly $1,200 or €1,150 in their first year and up to 50,000 NTD, roughly $1,500 or €1,400 in their third year. The TIGP offers PhD programs only in selected disciplines agreed upon by Academia Sinica and its national research universities partners. The program offers doctoral degrees in highly interdisciplinary areas in the physical sciences, applied sciences, engineering, biological and agricultural sciences, health and medical sciences, humanities and social sciences. As of March 2017, Academia Sinica administers 13 such programs with degrees issued from partner universities: Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Molecular Science and Technology Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Bioinformatics Molecular and Cell Biology Nano Science and Technology Molecular Medicine Earth System Science Biodiversity Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Social Network and Human-Centered Computing Artificial Intelligence


id: tajik-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Tajik Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:05.442630+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tajik-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan incorporates 20 research institutes and three territorial groupings: the Pamir Branch in the eastern part of the country (with 2 institutes), the Khujand Scientific Center in the north, and the Khatlon Scientific Center in the south-west. The Academy is organized in three thematic divisions: physico-mathematical, chemical, and geological sciences; biological and medical sciences; humanities and social sciences. The incumbent president is Academician M.I. Ilolov, elected in 2005. Originally a part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the Tajik Academy of Sciences was established in 1951 as the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR, designated the highest scientific body in Tajik SSR and since 1991 in the Republic of Tajikistan. == Notes == == External links == Official website (in English, Russian, and Tajik) Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR in Big Soviet Encyclopedia, online edition (in Russian) H. Borjian, Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online


id: technical-sciences-academy-of-romania-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania-0.md
category: reference
title: Technical Sciences Academy of Romania
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:06.646430+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technical-sciences-academy-of-romania-20260505-0
summary:
The Technical Sciences Academy of Romania was created on 17 October 1997, when its 27 founding members decided to revive the former Romanian Academy of Sciences, which had been disestablished in 1948, being merged into the Academy of the Romanian Popular Republic. == Short history == On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. The first bylaws of the Academy were drafted by Radu Voinea, Florin Teodor Tănăsescu, Mihai Mihăiță and Mircea Stelin Petrescu, The Decision of the Romanian Government No. 807/21.06.2006, recognized ASTR as an organization of public utility. In 2008, the Romanian Parliament discussed the functions of the Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, elevating it to national forum of scientific consecration of personalities in the field of engineering, of debates and initiatives for the promotion and development of research, technical creation and engineering education, by an appropriate change in the academy's purpose. The law was discussed and approved by the Chamber of Deputies of the Romanian Parliament on 8 October 2008, and


id: turkish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Turkish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:07.877791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turkish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Turkish Academy of Sciences (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi – TÜBA) is an autonomous scholarly association aimed at promoting scientific activities in Turkey. Although it is attached to the office of the Presidency and is largely funded by the government, it maintains financial and administrative autonomy. The academy is headquartered in Ankara. In addition to conferring awards and fellowships to distinguished scientists, the academy is also responsible with determining scientific priority areas and proposing policies and needed changes in legislation to the government. The implementation and management of actual research programmes is carried out by TÜBİTAK. Traditionally, the academy elected its own members, but beginning in November 2011 one third of the members are assigned by the Council of Ministers and one third are assigned by TÜBİTAK. Rest of the members are elected by the owners of the academy. As a response, 70 of the existing members of the academy resigned and founded another association, the Science Academy Society of Turkey. TÜBA is a member of the International Council for Science. == History == The Turkish Academy of Sciences, was officially established in 1993 as an independent national academy encompassing all fields of science. This culmination was the result of


id: uganda-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Uganda National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:09.173223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uganda-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Uganda National Academy of Sciences is a nonprofit, scientific organization in Uganda, that brings together scientists from the behavioral, biological, physical and social sciences. These scientists work together to promote excellence in sciences by "offering independent, evidence-based advice for the prosperity of Uganda", according to the academy's brochure. == Location == The headquarters of Uganda National Academy of Science are at A4 Lincoln House, Makerere University, in Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The coordinates of the academy headquarters are 0°19'56.0"N, 32°34'11.5"E (Latitude:0.332222; Longitude:32.569861). == Overview == The Uganda National Academy of Science is an autonomous organization of diverse leaders in various fields of science, who aspire to use merit-based science to inform Uganda's development. == History == The academy was founded on 20 October 2000. As of 2018, the organisation had over 120 registered members, of whom 65 were Fellows of the academy. == Fellows == The following are some of the Fellows of the Uganda National Academy of Science: James Ntambi: professor of biochemistry and of nutritional sciences, at the University of Wisconsin, Madison Harriet Mayanja-Kizza: professor of medicine and dean of Makerere University School of Medicine. Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: professor of economics, Makerere University. Chancellor of the International University of


id: uk-young-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: UK Young Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:10.403914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uk-young-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The UK Young Academy (UKYA) is a national interdisciplinary membership organisation that brings together UK-based early career researchers, professionals and innovators from a wide range of sectors, enabling them to collaborate to make a positive difference in the UK and globally. Its work programmes include member-led activities and initiatives that work to address the challenges the world is facing at a national and international level. == Launch == The Royal Society launched the academy in June 2022, in collaboration with six other academies across the UK and Ireland: British Academy Academy of Medical Sciences Learned Society of Wales Royal Academy of Engineering Royal Irish Academy Royal Society of Edinburgh The Royal Society solicited applications for membership. == Operation == The UK Young Academy is initially operating under the auspices of the Royal Society, and it became the 50th organisation to join the global initiative of Young Academies. Its founding cohort of 67 members started in January 2023. The second cohort of 32 were announced in March 2024. Membership is free, through a competitive selection process, and lasts for five-year terms. An Executive Group, comprising elected representatives of the membership, forms the leadership team and works with members to implement the


id: academy-of-technological-sciences-of-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:11.605713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-technological-sciences-of-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine (ATS of Ukraine, ATSU) is a Ukrainian national academy, a public organization aiming at the consolidation of the intellectual and industrial-technological potential of applied scientists, technologists, and other experts in Ukraine. == History == ATSU was founded in 1991 at the initiative of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The constituent assembly included a group of leading applied scientists and experts on technologies representing the scientific, industrial and military-industrial structure of Ukraine. The founding body included Ajzenberg J., Aleksandrov M. Gassanov L., Gerasimenko S., Gorbulin V., Dovgopoliy A., Kljuchnikov A., Konoplev I., Kornilov I., Krivulko V., Kuchma L., Matveev M., Morozov A., Pavlovskiy M., Parhomenko V., Petrov V., Piljushenko V., Ribinok V., Seminozhenko V., Skljarov V., Solovev Y., Tonkal V., Chujko A., Haber N and Shpak A. == Members == The ATSU has two-tier membership: Acting (Full) Members (Academicians), and Corresponding Members. There is also an additional membership category for Foreign Members. There are currently 130 acting members (academicians), 125 correspondent members, two candidates for membership, and also 19 foreign acting members and seven foreign correspondent members from the US, Canada, Germany, Korea, Turkey, Russian Federation, Israel, Azerbaijan, Sweden,


id: epidemiological-society-of-london-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London-0.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiological Society of London
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:12.820307+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiological-society-of-london-20260505-0
summary:
The Epidemiological Society of London was a British medical society founded in 1850 with the objective of investigating the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic disease. In 1907 it merged with the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London and became a part of the Royal Society of Medicine as the Epidemiological Section and then Epidemiology and Public Health section. == History == Following a severe outbreak of cholera in England in 1831-32 a London physician, J.H.Tucker, proposed in a letter to the Lancet that a society should be formed to specifically study epidemics. The first meeting of the Epidemiological Society of London took place on 6 May 1850 in Hanover Square, London. At a follow-up meeting in July, chaired by Sir Astley Cooper, a constitution was agreed and officers appointed. Benjamin Guy Babington, a Guy's Hospital physician, was elected as the first president of the society, whose agreed objectives were: to institute rigid examination into the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic diseases to institute...original and comprehensive researches into the nature and laws of disease to communicate with government and legislature on matters connected with


id: royal-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Royal Society, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2020, there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 73 new fellows appointed each year from a pool of around 800 candidates. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Up to 24 new foreign members are appointed each year (from the same pool of 800)


id: royal-society-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
On 28 November 1660, which is considered the official foundation date of the Royal Society, a meeting at Gresham College of 12 natural philosophers decided to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning". Amongst those founders were Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, William Brouncker and Robert Moray. At the second meeting, Sir Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings, and a royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the "Royal Society of London", with Lord Brouncker serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge"; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society. The society's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their subject area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The society also published an English translation of Essays of


id: royal-society-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-2.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded; with a small number of scientific "greats" compared to other periods, little of note was done. In the second half, it became customary for His Majesty's Government to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice, something that, despite the non-partisan nature of the society, spilled into politics in 1777 over lightning conductors. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, while Benjamin Wilson invented blunted ones. During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use, opponents of Franklin's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British, and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society's president, Sir John Pringle. During the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues. The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death


id: royal-society-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-3.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions. The same year, Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes, which was deeply critical of the society. The scientific Fellows of the society were spurred into action by this, and eventually James South established a Charters Committee "with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of Fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937. As of 2024, 85 Fellows and 24 Foreign Members are elected each year. This had a number of effects on the society: first, the society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced—between the years 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose


id: royal-society-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-4.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The blazon for the coat of arms of the Royal Society is in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England, and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions: supporters two white hounds gorged with crowns, with the motto of nullius in verba. John Evelyn, interested in the early structure of the society, had sketched out at least six possible designs, but in August 1662 Charles II told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society "now resolv'd that the armes of the Society should be, a field Argent, with a canton of the armes of England; the supporters two talbots Argent; Crest, an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England, viz. 3 lions. The words Nullius in verba". This was approved by Charles, who asked Garter King of Arms to create a diploma for it, and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president, council and fellows of the


id: royal-society-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-5.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
=== Council === The council is a body consisting of 20 to 24 fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, two secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from life sciences—and the foreign secretary), one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows. The council is tasked with directing the society's overall policy, managing all business related to the society, amending, making or repealing the society's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society's possessions and estates. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot, and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year. The council may establish (and is assisted by) a variety of committees, which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists. Under the charter, the president, two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society. The current officers are: President: Sir Paul Nurse Treasurer: Jonathan Keating Biological Secretary: Sir David Baulcombe Physical Secretary: Sheila Rowan Foreign Secretary: Sir Mark Walport and Alison Noble (jointly) === President === The president of the Royal Society is the head of both the society and the council. The details for the presidency were set out in the


id: royal-society-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-6.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (mathematics and the physical sciences) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (biological sciences) Proceedings of the Royal Society A Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biology Letters Open Biology Royal Society Open Science Journal of the Royal Society Interface Interface Focus Notes and Records Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society The society introduced the world's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665, Philosophical Transactions, and in so doing originated the peer review process now widespread in scientific journals. Its founding editor was Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary. It remains the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world. It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and, since 1886, has been divided into two parts; A, which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences, and B, which deals with the biological sciences. Proceedings of the Royal Society consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts. Biology Letters publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005. Journal of the Royal Society Interface publishes cross-disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences, while


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), also known as the National Academies, is a congressionally chartered organization that serves as the collective scientific national academy of the United States. The name is used interchangeably in two senses: (1) as an umbrella term or parent organization for its three sub-divisions that operate as quasi-independent honorific learned society member organizations known as the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM); and (2) as the brand for studies and reports issued by the unified operating arm of the three academies originally known as the National Research Council (NRC). The National Academies also serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government. The National Research Council, National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Medicine began as activities of the National Academy of Sciences until they were reorganized in 2015 into units of the current National Academies while maintaining the charter status and corporate successorship of the original National Academy of Sciences. Now jointly governed by all three academies, the NRC produces some 200 publications


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Program units == The program units, formerly known as the National Research Council, are collectively the operating arm of the three academies for the purpose of providing objective policy advice. Although separately chartered (see above), it falls legally under the overall charter of the National Academy of Sciences, whose ultimate fiduciary body is the NAS Council. In actual practice, the NAS Council delegates governing authority to a Governing Board of the National Research Council that is chaired jointly by the presidents of the three academies, with additional members chosen by them or specified in the charters of the academies. Under this three-academy umbrella, the program units produce reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine. There are seven major divisions: Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division of Earth and Life Studies, Division of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Health and Medicine Division, Policy and Global Affairs Division, Transportation Research Board, and the Gulf Research Program. === Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (DBASSE) === ==== Units of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education ==== Source: Board on Children, Youth, and Families (BCYF) Board on


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Study process == The National Academies attempt to obtain authoritative, objective, and scientifically balanced answers to difficult questions of national importance. Top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in academies membership) are enlisted to address the scientific and technical aspects of some of society's problems. These experts are volunteers who serve on study committees that are convened to answer specific sets of questions. All committee members serve without pay. NASEM does not perform original research; rather it provides independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized. Study committees gather information from many sources in public meetings but deliberate in private in order to avoid political, special interest, and sponsor influence. All reports go through an extensive external review facilitated by the internal Report Review Committee (also consisting of members from the NAS, NAE, and NAM). Through this study process, the National Academies produce around 200 reports each year. Recent reports


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
... as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. One of the report's main concerns is that a growing percentage of recently published research turns out to be not reproducible due in part to inadequate support of standards of transparency in many fields as well as to various other detrimental research practices. == Other programs == The Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship is an annual program for recent graduate students to spend three months working in the National Academies. The Academies also administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum in downtown Washington until its closing in 2017; the Museum has since been replaced by LabX, a program of online resources and nationwide public events that aim to increase awareness of scientific and evidence-based solutions to community problems. == Revenue == The National Academies do not receive direct appropriations from the federal government; instead their revenue


id: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), known as the Institute of Medicine until 2015, is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization (though created by and mostly funded by the US government). The National Academy of Medicine is a part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). Operating outside the framework of the United States federal government, it relies on a volunteer workforce of scientists and other experts, operating under a formal peer-review system. As a national academy, the organization annually elects new members with the help of its existing members; the election is based on the person's distinguished and continuing achievements in a relevant field as well as for their willingness to actively participate. == History == The institute was founded in 1970, under the congressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences as the Institute of Medicine. On April 28, 2015, NAS membership voted in favor of reconstituting the membership of the IOM as a new National Academy of Medicine and establishing a new division on health and medicine within the NRC that has the


id: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable members, past and present == Harold Amos, microbiologist and professor Nancy Andrews, Dean of Duke University School of Medicine Andrea Baccarelli, Professor and Chair of Environmental Health Sciences at Columbia University and President of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology. Elizabeth Blackburn, biologist and winner of 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for co-discovery of telomerase Patricia Flatley Brennan, Director of the National Library of Medicine Emery N. Brown, statistician, neuroscientist, and anesthesiologist, Director of the Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology Namandjé Bumpus, pharmacologist and the Chief Scientist of the Food and Drug Administration Atul Butte, pediatrician and scientist at the University of California, San Francisco Robert Califf, cardiologist, FDA Deputy Commissioner Ben Carson, columnist and retired American neurosurgeon, former director of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital Anthony Cerami, pioneering medical researcher Dennis S. Charney, dean of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City Sarah Cleaveland, veterinary epidemiologist Jewel Plummer Cobb, cell biologist and President of California State University, Fullerton, 1981–90 Francis Collins, geneticist, leader in the Human Genome Project and Director of National Institutes of Health Jim Collins, synthetic biology pioneer and MacArthur genius Toby Cosgrove, cardiothoracic surgeon, inventor, and


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field in the United States. Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Congress legislated and President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress (1863) establishing the National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted nongovernmental institution, created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology [and] to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department." This objective gave the academy the purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of the federal government—rather than serving a single branch or


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The act states:[T]he Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States.The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in Civil War as the Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts. However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until the establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century. In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members. In 2013, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the Gettysburg Address in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing NAS in that same year, which had the long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
General Membership of the National Academy of Sciences (including international members) John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research, formerly NAS Award for Initiatives in Research NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing NAS Award for Scientific Discovery Public Welfare Medal Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research National Academies Communication Award, with other national academies Astronomy/Astrophysics Henry Draper Medal J. Lawrence Smith Medal James Craig Watson Medal Behavioral/Social Sciences Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences William and Katherine Estes Award, formerly the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War Troland Research Awards Biology and Medicine Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal Richard Lounsbery Award Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal NAS Award in Molecular Biology NAS Award in the Neurosciences Pradel Research Award Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology Chemistry NAS Award in Chemical Sciences NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society Earth and Environmental Sciences Alexander Agassiz Medal Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal Mary Clark Thompson Medal NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth


id: ussr-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:19.828394+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ussr-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Russian: Акаде́мия медици́нских нау́к СССР) was the highest scientific and medical organization founded in the Soviet Union founded in 1944. Its successor is the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences founded in 1992, and is a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2013. == Presidents of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences == from 1944 to 1946 – Nikolay Burdenko from 1946 to 1953 – Nikolay Anichkov from 1953 to 1960 – Aleksandr Bakulev from 1960 to 1968 and from 1977 to 1987 – Nikolay Blokhin from 1968 to 1977 – Vladimir Timakov from 1987 to 2006 – Valentin Pokrovsky from 2006 to 2011 – Mikhail Davydov from 2011 to 2013 – ru:Дедов, Иван Иванович == Past and current members == Alexander Gavrilenko (2004) Anatoly Pokrovsky Galina Savelyeva Andrei Snezhnevsky Mikhail Chumakov == References ==


id: zimbabwe-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:21.041590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zimbabwe-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences (ZAS) is a national academy of sciences in Zimbabwe, formed in 2004 by the Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ). It addresses subjects such as tropical resources, ecology, and environmental and climate studies. The academy is affiliated with the InterAcademy Partnership and the Network of African Science Academies. == History == ZAS was established in October 2004 after the RCZ conducted a study of global science academies. The RCZ held discussions with existing professional bodies to discuss the need for a national science academy in Zimbabwe. The formation of ZAS was supported by policymakers consulted by the foundation committee. By 2005, ZAS had 10 fellows and 25 members, making a total of 35 scientists. The academy was seeking funding from various sources, including the government, the private sector, and international donors. == Objectives == ZAS's objectives include promoting scientific research in Zimbabwe and the region, providing advice on science-related issues, fostering cooperation among scientists and scientific institutions, recognising contributions to science and society, and disseminating scientific knowledge. == Activities == ZAS conducts activities to achieve its objectives, such as organising scientific events, publishing scientific literature, participating in scientific networks, providing scientific advice, recognising scientists and researchers


id: science-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-0.md
category: reference
title: Science park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-park-20260505-0
summary:
A science park, also referred to as a research park, technology park, technopark, technopolis, technopole, or a science and technology park (STP), is a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms. These parks are affiliated with a university, government, or private research body based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance. The primary objective of this affiliation is to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, promote innovation, transfer technology, and progress research outcomes to viable commercial products. Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development, stimulating the formation of new high-technology firms, attracting foreign investment, and promoting exports. == Background == The world's first university research park, Stanford Research Park was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto. Another early university research park was Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, which was launched in 1959. In 1969, Pierre Laffitte founded the Sophia Antipolis Science Park in France. Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of "cross-fertilisation" where individuals could benefit mutually by the exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture, science and the arts. Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global


id: science-park-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-1.md
category: reference
title: Science park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-park-20260505-0
summary:
== Definitions == The Association of University Research Parks (AURP), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America. It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting the university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region." The International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP), the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions. To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-0.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of science park, technology parks and biomedical parks of the world, organized by continent. == Asia == === China === ==== Mainland China ==== Shanghai Pudong Software Park (Shanghai) Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park (aka Zhangjiang Drug Valley) (Shanghai) Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park (Shenzhen) Suzhou BioBay (Suzhou) Suzhou Industrial Park (Suzhou) Zhongguancun (aka Beijing Zhong-guan-cun Life Science Park) (Beijing) ==== Hong Kong ==== Cyberport Hong Kong Science Park === India === Genome Valley Alexandria Knowledge Park Alexandria Center for Science and Innovation IKP Knowledge Park Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park IITB Aspire, Mumbai Life Science Hub, Mumbai IIT Madras Research Park IIT Bhubaneswar Research & Entrepreneurship Park National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, Trivandrum Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala, Trivandrum KIIT Technology Business Incubator Electropreneur Park Bhubaneswar O Hub Bhubaneswar City Knowledge Innovation Cluster CSRI-IMMT InTEC & CRTDH IIT Hyderabad Research Park and Incubation Park ( Both are different areas ) === Indonesia === Bandung Techno Park Cimahi Techno Park Solo Techno Park === Iran === Isfahan Science and


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-1.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
=== Portugal === Avepark (Caldas das Taipas) Biocantpark (Cantanhede) Brigantia Eco Park (Bragança) Coimbra iParque Feirapark (Porto) Gaia Park (Vila Nova de Gaia) iParque (Coimbra) Instituto Pedro Nunes (Coimbra) Lispólis (Lisbon) Madan Parque de Ciência (Caparica) Madeira Tecnopólo (Funchal) Óbidos Terra Digital (Óbidos) Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade do Porto (Porto) Parque Tecnológico da Mutela (Almada) Polo Tecnológico do Algarve (Faro) Portuspark (Porto) Parkurbis (Covilhã) Régia-Douro Park (Vila Real) Sanjotec (São João da Madeira) Tecmaia (Maia) Tagos Valley (Abrantes) Taguspark (Oeiras) === Russia === ==== Research parks ==== SPbU Research Park (Saint Petersburg) ==== Technological parks ==== High Technology park IT Park Dubna Technopark Khanty-Mansiisk Technopark Novosibirsk Technopark Sarov Technopark IDEA Innovative Technopark in Tatarstan ==== Special economic zones of technical innovation type ==== Dubna SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Saint Petersburg SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Tomsk SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Zelenograd SEZ of Technical Innovation Type ==== Innovation centers ==== Skolkovo Innovation Center === Slovakia === Vedecko-technologicky park Žilina (Žilina) Comenius University Science Park (Bratislava) === Spain === Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya (Bilbao) Parc de Recerca UAB (Barcelona) Barcelona Science Park (Barcelona) Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (Barcelona) Parc Tecnològic del Vallès (Barcelona) Tecnológico de Boecillo


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-2.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
==== Ohio ==== Miami Valley Research Park, Kettering - in the Greater Dayton area Mound Advanced Technology Center Miamisburg, OH Russ Research Center, Beavercreek, Ohio - in the Greater Dayton area Science & Technology Campus Corporation, Columbus, Ohio ==== Oregon ==== Riverfront Research Park, University of Oregon ==== Pennsylvania ==== University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center (U-PARC), Harmarville Pittsburgh Technology Center, Pittsburgh Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, West Mifflin University City Science Center, Philadelphia Innovation Park, State College, Pennsylvania Spring House Innovation Park, Spring House, Pennsylvania in Lower Gwynedd ==== South Carolina ==== Clemson ICAR International Center for Automobile Research, Greenville, South Carolina Clemson University Innovation Campus and Technology Park (CUICAT), Anderson, South Carolina The University of South Carolina's Innovista next to The Vista District in downtown, Columbia, South Carolina. Carolina Research Park, Columbia, SC. ==== South Dakota ==== South Dakota State University Innovation Campus Research Science Technology Park (Brookings) ==== Texas ==== Baylor Research and Innovation Collaborative (Waco) Research Forest (The Woodlands) Rice University-The Ion (Houston) Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio) Texas A&M University Research Park (College Station) Texas Research Park (San Antonio) University of Houston Technology Bridge (Houston) University of North Texas Research Park (Denton) Texas State University Science,


id: bandung-techno-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park-0.md
category: reference
title: Bandung Techno Park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:25.253399+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bandung-techno-park-20260505-0
summary:
The Bandung Techno Park (BTP) is a technology park located in the Bandung Technoplex area, West Java. It was established on January 19, 2010, in collaboration with the quadruple helix model between the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University), the Ministry of Industry, and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. It is one of the oldest techno parks in Indonesia by housed startup companies in the technology sector. == History == In 2007, the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University) established a Technical Implementation Unit of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesian: Unit Pelaksana Teknis Teknologi Informasi Komunikasi) to develop startups in the field of technology. The activities of this unit are supported by the Ministry of Industry and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. IT Telkom was entrusted by the Ministry of Industry to develop the Telecommunications Design Center (Indonesian: Pusat Desain Telekomunikasi or PDT) in 2009, which then formed an advanced part of the business incubator in 2010. It was inaugurated at the Telkom Institute of Technology Learning Center Building on January 12, 2010, which was also groundbreaking for the establishment of the Bandung Techno Park in the IT Telkom campus


