# kb

id: popular-mechanics-for-kids-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics_for_Kids-0.md
category: reference
title: Popular Mechanics for Kids
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics_for_Kids
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:46:25.797461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: popular-mechanics-for-kids-20260505-0
summary:
Popular Mechanics for Kids (sometimes abbreviated to PMK) is a Canadian educational television program based on the Popular Mechanics magazine. The program aired on Global TV from 1997 until 2000, with re-runs airing on BBC Kids Canada until its closure in 2018. Original cast included Elisha Cuthbert, Jay Baruchel, Tyler Kyte, Vanessa Lengies, and Charles Powell. == Overview == The intent of Popular Mechanics for Kids was to teach children how things work. Episodes covered a wide range of topics, including animals, body systems, amusement parks, electricity and airplanes. Each episode was led by hosts Jay (Season 1), Elisha, Tyler (Seasons 2–4) and Vanessa (Seasons 3–4), who would embark on adventures around the world which relate to the central theme of each episode. Sketch comedy segments were incorporated to balance out the educational content. "Mechanix with Nix and Tix" (usually shortened to just "Nix and Tix") was an animation segment that used slapstick comedy to help further educate and entertain the viewers about the episode's theme. During the segment "Charlie's Experiment/Tip", actor Charles Powell would answer questions, teach, and demonstrate an experiment related to the topic of the episode. It was common for real children to participate and ask questions


id: project-mc2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mc2-0.md
category: reference
title: Project Mc2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mc2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:46:26.988783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: project-mc2-20260505-0
summary:
Project Mc2 (pronounced Project MC-squared ) is an American comedy television series co-produced for Netflix by MGA Entertainment and – despite being a live action series – by DreamWorks Animation's AwesomenessTV. The series was first released on August 7, 2015. The last set of episodes was released on November 7, 2017. == Plot == Set in the fictional town of Maywood Glen, California, and revolving around the fields of STEM, the series follows the adventures of McKeyla McAlister and her best friends, who work for a government organization called NOV8 (pronounced "innovate"), a highly secretive group of female government operatives who are trying to protect the world. == Cast and characters == === Main === Mika Abdalla as McKeyla McAlister, the lead girl and an agent of NOV8. At the beginning of Part 4, she was given the name "The Owl". Ysa Penarejo as Camryn Coyle, the engineer with a high IQ Victoria Vida as Adrienne Attoms, the culinary chemist from Spain who always wears high heels Genneya Walton as Bryden Bandweth, the tech junkie of the group Antonio Marziale as Prince Xander (main: Part 1, recurring: Part 4) Marcus Choi (main: Part 1) and Ash Lee (recurring: Part 5)


id: rocket-science-tv-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_(TV_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: Rocket Science (TV series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_(TV_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:46:29.227098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rocket-science-tv-series-20260505-0
summary:
Rocket Science is a BBC television documentary series, first broadcast in March 2009 on BBC Two, exploring new ways to teach science to children. The series follows a group of second-year students as they learn about the science of fireworks and build their own fireworks display, under the auspices of physics teacher Andy Smith. == Episodes == Andy Smith won the secondary school teacher of the year for the north west region in 2005. He has also filmed shows for the digital channel Teacher's TV. He is a big Doctor Who fan and has assisted in many conventions in which previous stars of the series attend, notably the Who in the Cavern, which raises money for the Liverpool children's hospital Alder Hey. He once famously presided over a quiz between fifth doctor Peter Davison and sixth doctor Colin Baker. == References == == External links == Rocket Science at BBC Online Homepage of the director Andy Robbins with more information about the documentary: http://www.andyrobbins.info


id: rough-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Rough Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:46:30.622623+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rough-science-20260505-0
summary:
Rough Science is a British documentary reality television series made by the BBC in collaboration with the Open University. Six series were made between 2000 and 2005. It was broadcast in prime time on BBC Two and is considered something of a "break-out hit" for the Open University. The series' formula consists of a group of four or five scientists with specialities in different fields who are given a task that they must complete using the natural resources of the surrounding area together with a small set of supplies. Each programme features a different task and follows the scientists as they use their knowledge and ingenuity in attempting to fulfil it and, in the process, educate the viewing public – despite failure being common. Each episode either requires the team to work together in smaller groups to create requirements for the overall challenge, for the small groups to fulfil vaguely related challenges or even to complete the same task in competition. It has been set in a different scenic location each series, typically somewhere with plenty of plants for use by the group. The series is presented by Kate Humble, with most of the scientists appearing in several series. ==


id: rough-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: Rough Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:46:30.622623+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rough-science-20260505-0
summary:
"Shipwrecked" – Design and build a submersible exploration vehicle to explore a shipwreck, determine when low tide occurs for the best chance at getting to the wreck, and how to purify the scientists' water supply. "Lost at Sea" – Build a distress flare, make an emergency flotation device, and create a warning light activated by seawater. "Call of the Wild" – Const an underwater hydrophone, an underwater viewing device, and create mosquito repellent. "To the Lighthouse" – Build a lighthouse by creating a light source visible from great distances while at sea, as well as create the lighthouse infrastructure and make the light flash. "The Reef" – Create a system to protect a coral reef by alerting approaching boats that they're entering a protected area. "Beneath the Waves" – Build a SCUBA device that can safely be used to a depth of 5 meters and still provide freedom for exploration. == Series 6 == This series, shown in 2005, takes place in the San Juan Mountains in Colorado. For this series, geomorphologist Hermione Cockburn replaced Kathy Sykes. "Power" – Supply electricity and natural gas to their basecamp, located in an old mill. "Safety" – Build a fire extinguisher (using carbon


id: the-science-alliance-tv-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_Alliance_(TV_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Science Alliance (TV series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_Alliance_(TV_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:46:32.162394+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-science-alliance-tv-series-20260505-0
summary:
The Science Alliance is an educational television show which was produced and broadcast by TVOntario in 1981–82. The hosts were Rex Hagon and Judy Haladay. The typical episode would feature the hosts demonstrating various aspect of the subject of the episode. In addition, a largely unseen narrator named Bryant would interrupt at pertinent points with a vignette called "Bryant's Giants of Science" which would tell the story of a figure in the history of science and his contribution to scientific knowledge. == Episode list == 11 episodes were produced. They were: "Magnets" "Electricity" "Matter" "Energy" "Machines" "Heat" "Air" "Sound" "Light" "Water" "Safety" All episodes were 15 minutes in length. == External links == The Science Alliance at IMDb


id: science-court-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Court-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Court
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Court
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:47:52.932238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-court-20260505-0
summary:
Science Court (retitled Squigglevision in 1998) is an educational entertainment, animation/non-traditional court show from Tom Snyder Productions, which was aired on ABC's Disney's One Saturday Morning block from 1997 to 2000. The cartoon was animated in Squigglevision. == Development == Science Court utilized the limited-animation Squigglevision as its style of animation. In 1998, Science Court was renamed to Squigglevision in its second to third seasons. Tom Snyder Productions has released twelve of the episodes into a series of educational CD-ROMs with accompanying workbooks and experiment kits for schools. On December 2, 2004, Snyder, founder and former CEO of Tom Snyder Productions, was inducted into the Association of Educational Publishers Hall of Fame to honor his extraordinary contribution to educational publishing. == Plot and characters == The half-hour program mixed courtroom drama, science experiments, and humor to teach fundamental concepts in elementary and middle school science such as the water cycle, work, matter, gravity, flight, and energy. As each case unfolded, the characters in the trial used humor to highlight scientific misconceptions and model good scientific practice. In a typical episode, a lawsuit or criminal action would take place based around some scientific point. Humor and musical numbers were used to


id: science-in-action-tv-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_Action_(TV_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: Science in Action (TV series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_Action_(TV_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:47:54.090627+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-in-action-tv-series-20260505-0
summary:
Science in Action is a weekly half-hour television program devoted to science. The program was produced by the California Academy of Sciences, and was broadcast from 1950 to 1966. It was thus among the first live science television program in the United States; The Johns Hopkins Science Review was broadcast from 1948 to 1955, and is apparently the very first such program. In all, 566 programs were produced. Dr. Tom Groody hosted the program for its first two years; he was succeeded by Dr. Earl S. Herald, who was the host for the following fourteen years until production ceased in 1966. Marcel LaFollette has written, "Production approaches that are now standard practice on NOVA and the Discovery Channel derive, in fact, from experimentation by television pioneers like Lynn Poole and Don Herbert and such programs as Adventure, Zoo Parade, Science in Action, and the Bell Telephone System’s science specials. These early efforts were also influenced by television’s love of the dramatic, refined during its first decade and continuing to shape news and public affairs programming, as well as fiction and fantasy, today." LaFollette included the program in her 2008 overview of early broadcasting devoted to science popularization. == References ==


id: scientastic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientastic!-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientastic!
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientastic!
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:47:55.310143+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientastic-20260505-0
summary:
Scientastic! is an elementary to middle school age family television show that explores science, health, and social issues through the eyes of today's youth. The show was created by John A. Pollock, Leo Eaton, and Mike Erskine-Kellie. The show's format blends live-action and animation and is a hybrid of mystery and reality genres, incorporating a fictional plot with interviews from actual doctors and scientists in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where the show is filmed. To date, two episodes have been released. The episode “Are You Sleeping?” was the recipient of two Emmy Awards in 2015. == Concept == The show's concept originated from Duquesne University biology professor John A. Pollock, with the goal of improving science literacy among school students ages 8 to 13 years old. Pollock partnered with television production company Planet Earth Television to create the pilot episode, "Sticks and Stones" (2010) and the subsequent episode “Are You Sleeping?” (2014). Both episodes were directed by Emmy award-winning producer and director Leo Eaton (Zoboomafoo) and written by Mike Erskine-Kellie. The show's storyline follows the character of a young girl driven to explore topics in science out of an interest to learn and a desire to help others and the


id: scigirls-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciGirls-0.md
category: reference
title: SciGirls
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciGirls
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:47:56.643593+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scigirls-20260505-0
summary:
SciGirls is an American live-action/animated children's television series. It was produced by Twin Cities PBS and builds on the "real kids doing real science" approach of DragonflyTV. It is an educational outreach program for elementary school children based on proven best practices for: science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) education for girls. It was launched in February 2010 and produced by Twin Cities Public Television, the episodes are broadcast on most PBS stations and the project's website, SciGirls, The show was designed to encourage girls to pursue STEM careers, in response to the low numbers of women in many scientific careers. A sixth season themed around NASA was confirmed and completed, and it premiered on February 3, 2023. The seventh and final season premiered three months later on May 26, 2023. == Overview == Each episode depicts the STEM-themed activities of a group of middle-school girls, including engineering a miniature wind farm, creating a turtle habitat, designing an electronic dress, and more. Additionally, women scientists and engineers mentor the girls, demonstrating that interest in STEM subjects can lead to a rewarding lifelong pursuit. The series is unified by two animated characters, Izzie (voiced by Lara Jill Miller) and Jake (voiced


id: scitech-our-world-tomorrow-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciTech_-_Our_World_Tomorrow-0.md
category: reference
title: SciTech - Our World Tomorrow
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciTech_-_Our_World_Tomorrow
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:47:58.230477+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scitech-our-world-tomorrow-20260505-0
summary:
SciTech - Our World Tomorrow (Arabic: سايتك عالمنا غداً) is the title of two separate but related German-Arabic science television series, one airing on the ONTV (Egypt) television network, the other airing on Oman TV. The series is a cooperation between the German Federal Foreign Office, ONTV (Egypt) and Sultanate of Oman Television. The topics of the series deal with research and inventions in various fields such as energy, transport, environment and technology, with focus on Arabic-German collaborations. The series, hosted by the German journalist Constantin Schreiber in Arabic, is produced in Egypt, Oman and Germany and is broadcast monthly. A new feature in the second season is a talk (Arabic: لقاء الخبراء) in which experts and decision makers are interviewed. The launch ceremony in Muscat was held in June 2012, under the auspices of Dr. Abdullah al Harrasi, chairman of the public authority for radio and television as well as the former German ambassador Angelika Storz-Chakarji. In Egypt, the series was launched on April 19, 2012. == References == == External links == Official Website (English) Official Website (Arabic)


id: the-second-voyage-of-the-mimi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Voyage_of_the_Mimi-0.md
category: reference
title: The Second Voyage of the Mimi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Voyage_of_the_Mimi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:47:59.543271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-second-voyage-of-the-mimi-20260505-0
summary:
The Second Voyage of the Mimi is a 12-episode American educational television program depicting a fictional crew of a sailboat named the Mimi exploring Mayan ruins in Southern Mexico. Along the way, they learn about ancient civilization and also attempt to foil the plans of looters who steal the artifacts from the ancient sites. This series is a sequel to The Voyage of the Mimi, produced in 1984, in which the Granvilles rented their boat and services to zoologists studying the humpback whale in the waters off Massachusetts. The series aired on PBS and was created by the Bank Street College of Education in 1988 to teach middle-schoolers about science and social studies. In each episode, viewers are taught something scientific relating to plot events in the previous episode of the show. For example, an episode's plot would be about deciphering Mayan writing, and the viewer also receives information about how the Maya wrote various words and numbers. == Cast == The Second Voyage of the Mimi saw a young Ben Affleck return as C.T. Granville, and Peter G. Marston as his grandfather Captain Granville. Marston was a scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the production of the program


id: serving-through-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serving_Through_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Serving Through Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serving_Through_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:01.175101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serving-through-science-20260505-0
summary:
Serving Through Science is "the first regular science-related network series" and the first educational television series broadcast in the United States. The series premiered on the DuMont Television Network in May 1945, and was shown Tuesdays at 9 pm ET. The weekly program starred Dr. Miller McClintock showing short films produced by Encyclopædia Britannica, and was sponsored by U. S. Rubber. The last show aired May 27, 1947. The series' name was also a slogan used by the sponsor in its advertising. == See also == List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts 1946-47 United States network television schedule == References and sources == References Sources David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59213-245-6 Alex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-024916-8 Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964) ISBN 0-345-31864-1


id: sid-the-science-kid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_the_Science_Kid-0.md
category: reference
title: Sid the Science Kid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_the_Science_Kid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:02.445074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sid-the-science-kid-20260505-0
summary:
Sid the Science Kid, also known as Jim Henson's Sid the Science Kid, is an American animated educational children's television series produced by The Jim Henson Company in association with PBS affiliate KCET, that aired on PBS Kids from September 1, 2008 to March 25, 2013. The show is created using digital puppetry. Each character required two puppeteers working in concert, one performing the face and mouth using a remote manipulator or Waldo, and the other performing the body using performance capture. Development began in early 2007 under the original working title of "What's the Big Idea?" and with the title-character being originally named Josh. In the fall of 2007, the show was retitled "Sid the Science Kid", and the original Josh was renamed to become the title-character. In mid-November 2007, the title-character was altered and, by the end of the month, Gerald, May and Gabriella joined the series as main characters, bringing the total to four. In early December 2007, Susie joined the character list as the only adult, bringing the total to five. Production began in January 2008 with 40 half-hour episodes (in addition to a special) being ordered for the first season as a two-year on-air commitment.


id: sid-the-science-kid-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_the_Science_Kid-1.md
category: reference
title: Sid the Science Kid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_the_Science_Kid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:02.445074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sid-the-science-kid-20260505-0
summary:
=== Main === Sid (puppeteers Misty Rosas (body) and Drew Massey (voice and face)) always wished about being a scientist when he grows up. Sid is the most practical character on the show and is often portrayed as a very supportive friend and leading scientist in his group. He ponders many questions every day while at his school, sometimes after thinking of them the night before. His special item is a toy microphone with four different colored buttons. When pressed, the blue button plays the recorded laughter of people, the yellow button plays the recorded applause, the red button makes a cow noise, and the white button records echoes. Sid's mother is of African-American descent and mainly does research as noted in every episode and his father grew up Jewish as noted in the Hanukkah/Christmas/Kwanzaa episode. May (puppeteers Dana Michael Woods (body) and Julianne Buescher (voice and face)) is one of Sid's best friends; she is known for her friendliness and politeness, and is considerably smarter than her other three friends. She is Chinese, has a cat named Mooshu, and wears glasses due to nearsightedness, which is proven in the episode "Grandma's Glasses" when she has trouble seeing the eye


id: sid-the-science-kid-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_the_Science_Kid-2.md
category: reference
title: Sid the Science Kid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_the_Science_Kid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:02.445074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sid-the-science-kid-20260505-0
summary:
=== Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013) === Sid the Science Kid: The Movie is an animated film premiered on PBS Kids on March 25, 2013 (2013-03-25) (the same day that reruns of the show were added to sister network, PBS Kids Sprout). It featured the original voice cast of the series alongside special guest voice Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Bonanodon. In the film, Sid and his friends enter a contest and win a trip to a new science museum in town. Sid and Gabriela win the contest and are allowed inside the museum before it officially opens to the public. Along the way, they meet some new friends; such as Yangyang, Niuniu, and BobbyBot. However, BobbyBot malfunctions, causing the museum to be in total chaos and havoc, putting the grand opening of the museum in jeopardy. It's up to Sid and his friends to save the museum before it opens up. This also serves as the series finale of Sid the Science Kid. == Awards == "Save the Stump!" won in the Children's Programming category Saturday at the 26th Genesis Awards, presented by the Humane Society of the United States. Additionally, the series has received a total of


id: sidewalk-scientist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Scientist-0.md
category: reference
title: Sidewalk Scientist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Scientist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:04.123625+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sidewalk-scientist-20260505-0
summary:
Sidewalk Scientist (Chinese: 學是學非; Jyutping: hok6 si6 hok6 fei1; lit. 'Learn Right and Wrong') is a Hong Kong TV programme broadcast by TVB and presented by Kaki Leung, Ali Lee, Jacqueline Wong, Mayanne Mak, Sammi Cheung, Roxanne Tong, Crystal Fung, Bowie Cheung, Tiffany Lau, Judy Kwong, Regina Ho, Honey Ho, Eunice Chan and Joey Thye. This programme explores the scientific knowledge in daily life through different experiments. Despite its English title, there are also segments to correct common misuse of English or Chinese, to clarify of legal misconceptions and to introduce local history. Sammy Leung was invited as guest host of the special episode of season 1 and has since become a returning guest host in following seasons. In season 2, a male guest host will join in as 'Captain'. In season 3, all of the episodes revolved around sports. The show was nominated at the 2013, 2015 and 2016 TVB Anniversary Awards for the Best Informative Programme, and won the award in 2016. == Topics == A very wide range of topics have been covered by the show, such as: Are there more bacteria in your mouth than on a toilet seat? Will dry ice explode? Are there any


id: sine-skwela-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine'skwela-0.md
category: reference
title: Sine'skwela
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine'skwela
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:06.528603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sine-skwela-20260505-0
summary:
Sine'skwela (lit. 'movie-school', a portmanteau of the Filipino words "sine" and "eskwela"), alternatively known as School on Air, is a Philippine television educational show by ABS-CBN and Studio 23. It aired on ABS-CBN from June 6, 1994 to July 30, 2004. The show, moved to Studio 23 from 2007 to 2009 and returned to ABS-CBN from 2009 to 2010. The show aims to educate children about science. Some episodes of the show are available for streaming online on YouTube, via Knowledge Channel. == Format == Sine'skwela is a curriculum-based show, in line with the science classes of public elementary students from Grade 2 to 6 in the Philippines. The Department of Education mandated that the show will be used as a reference for school classes and be screened at least once a week. The episodes does not only focus on basic library research but also on conducted laboratory experiments and field investigations. == Presentation == Sine'skwela simplified the complicated principles of science and technology by casting animated characters, dramatization and colorful visual effects. It also taught children the practical application of science in everyday life. Originally the show cast had been subsequently changed yearly on a basis during the run


id: the-sky-canadian-tv-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sky_(Canadian_TV_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sky (Canadian TV series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sky_(Canadian_TV_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:09.240427+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sky-canadian-tv-series-20260505-0
summary:
The Sky is a Canadian science information television series which aired on CBC Television in 1958. This half-hour series was broadcast on Sundays at 4:30 p.m. (Eastern) from 22 June to 28 September 1958. Bob Fortune, a weather presenter for CBUT and columnist for the Vancouver Sun, hosted this series on various sky-related topics such as astrology, astronomy, aviation, rocketry and weather. == References == == External links == Allan, Blaine (1996). "The Sky". Queen's University. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.


id: solar-system-tv-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System_(TV_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: Solar System (TV series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System_(TV_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:10.505581+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: solar-system-tv-series-20260505-0
summary:
Solar System is a 2024 documentary TV miniseries produced by the BBC and narrated by Brian Cox. The first episode was shown on BBC Two on 7 October 2024, with the remaining four episodes made available on BBC iPlayer on the same date. It follows Cox's previous series Wonders of the Solar System, shown in 2010, and The Planets, shown in 2019. The programme is focused on explaining scientific knowledge of the Solar System in simple terms, using a combination of Earth-based experiments, CGI, and real footage. == Episodes == == References == == External links == Solar System at BBC Online Solar System at IMDb


id: space-race-llc-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race,_LLC-0.md
category: reference
title: Space Race, LLC
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race,_LLC
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:11.735635+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: space-race-llc-20260505-0
summary:
Space Race, LLC is an American independent production company founded by Richard Schweiger and Julian Cohen on January 2010. The company was best known for producing the award-winning PBS Kids television series Space Racers, which was the company's only production to date. == History == == Productions == === Television series === == Stardust Animation == Stardust Animation is an American animation studio and a subsidiary of Space Race, LLC. The company was established in 2020 by its founders Mark Risley, Michael Matays, and Matthias Schmitt. The animation studio became dormant and was shut down and folded into its parent company in 2022, with the website shutting down 3 years later in 2025. == References ==


id: space-racers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Racers-0.md
category: reference
title: Space Racers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Racers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:13.068267+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: space-racers-20260505-0
summary:
Space Racers is an American animated STEM-focused educational animated television series featuring the space travel cadets of the Stardust Space Academy. The series was produced by Stardust Animation for seasons 1 and 2, and co-produced by Maryland Public Television for season 1, and later WNET for seasons 2 and onward. The show began as a web series on March 22, 2011 entitled Space Race, then debuted as a television series on May 2, 2014 on select public television stations. The second season of the show debuted on October 31, 2016 on Sprout (now Universal Kids). Since the second season, the show's original production funding was provided by NASA, which involves science and space technology education, in partnerships with U.S. Space & Rocket Center and U.S. Space Camp. == Premise == Space Racers is an educational animated television series. The show follows the Space Racers cadets, a group of anthropomorphic spaceships resembling and named after various species of birds, as they travel the Solar System exploring space through assigned missions. The main characters, Eagle, Hawk, Raven, Robyn, and Starling, are cadets at the Stardust Space Academy, and each episode they discover a series of space-based scientific discoveries. The cadets spend each


id: space-racers-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Racers-1.md
category: reference
title: Space Racers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Racers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:13.068267+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: space-racers-20260505-0
summary:
==== Other ==== Kiwi is a junior cadet at the Stardust Space Academy. Trogon (voiced by Rick Zieff) is a Russian rocket scientist who works in the crater, the giant warehouse on Mars, and Deep Space Station Gagarin. He also graduated from the Sputnik Space Academy. Dinky is an assistant robot created by Coot. Merlin is a cadet at the Stardust Space Academy. He was "born" with one wing smaller than the other, and rather than getting it replaced, kept it. Loon (voiced by Rick Zieff) is the eccentric, energetic, and beloved Senior Chief Engineer at Lunar Base Alpha. He is also referred to by Vulture as the senior officer at the moon base, and mentions that he has been working on the base since its construction. Mallard: Hawk's cousin. Giotto Probe (voiced by Allan Neuwirth) is a probe who once tried to help the cadets who were stuck in a Proton storm. Falcon Fairflight is a racer who raced Swift Starlight in the last race of his career. Racing around the moon and back, Swift allowed Falcon to take the lead and then mysteriously disappeared. Falcon ended up winning the race by default. Falcon is also the father of


id: standby-lights-camera-action-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standby...Lights!_Camera!_Action!-0.md
category: reference
title: Standby...Lights! Camera! Action!
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standby...Lights!_Camera!_Action!
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:14.379244+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: standby-lights-camera-action-20260505-0
summary:
Standby...Lights! Camera! Action! is an American educational television series hosted by Leonard Nimoy. The program aired on Nickelodeon from October 1982 to December 31, 1987. Episodes of the show include interviews with film crew members and examine the stages of production for various motion pictures in a behind-the-scenes format. == Format == Episodes of the series open with host Leonard Nimoy at the Nickelodeon studio, introducing himself and announcing the episode's focus (such as performing stunts, special effects or animation). Nimoy would then leave the Nickelodeon studio to visit a filming location, where he described how different motion pictures incorporated the episode's topic. He typically examined three upcoming films in each one-hour segment before returning to the Nickelodeon studio and signing off. == History == Nickelodeon executive Cy Schneider green-lit the series in 1981 in an aim to add variety to Nickelodeon's schedule, which at the time only consisted of five looped programs. Nickelodeon initially ordered a twelve-episode first season, later increased to twenty. In a 1984 interview with The New York Times, Warner-Amex president John A. Schneider stated that having Nimoy host the series was part of a strategy to "seduce kids into watching" using popular actors. When asked


id: startalk-american-talk-show-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarTalk_(American_talk_show)-0.md
category: reference
title: StarTalk (American talk show)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarTalk_(American_talk_show)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:15.629157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: startalk-american-talk-show-20260505-0
summary:
StarTalk is an American television talk show hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson that aired weekly on National Geographic. StarTalk is a spin-off of the podcast of the same name, in which Tyson discusses scientific topics through one-on-one interviews and panel discussions. Space.com called it the "first-ever science-themed late-night talk show." The series premiered on April 20, 2015. == Format == The format of the show broadly follows the format of the podcast. This consists of a pre-taped discussion between Tyson and the guest of the week, which is shown in segments interspersed with the segments filmed in front of the live audience. Those segments consist of a discussion between Tyson, a specialist related to the guest's area of expertise, and a comedian (most commonly Chuck Nice or Eugene Mirman or Maeve Higgins). Near the end of the episode, a short taped segment of Bill Nye, giving his view of the episode's topic, is often aired. == Episodes == === Season 1 (2015) === === Season 2 (2015–16) === === Season 3 (2016–17) === === Season 4 (2017–18) === === Season 5 (2018–19) === == Broadcast == In Australia, the series premiered on National Geographic Channel on April 27, 2015. From


id: stephen-hawking-master-of-the-universe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking:_Master_of_the_Universe-0.md
category: reference
title: Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking:_Master_of_the_Universe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:16.851053+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stephen-hawking-master-of-the-universe-20260505-0
summary:
Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe is a documentary television series produced by the television broadcaster Channel 4. The subject of the series is British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, known for his work on black holes, who is also the presenter of the series. The series includes interviews with astrophysicist Kim Weaver, Bernard Carr, a student of Hawking's, and three theoretical physicists: Michio Kaku, Edward Witten, known for his work on superstring theory, and Lisa Randall. The first episode premiered in 2008, twenty years after the publication of Hawking's bestselling popular science book A Brief History of Time. The title is derived from a Newsweek cover. The series consisted of two episodes. The first describes Hawking's personal life, his challenges in overcoming his motor neurone disease, and his career in physics. It covers his childhood, education, marriage, family life, and his work on the Big Bang and black holes. The second episode discusses string theory and supersymmetry. Both episodes are 48 minutes long, and premiered as half-hour-long programmes. The series was released on CD by Channel 4 in the UK as a Region 2, one disc-DVD (B00140SGOM) on 18 March 2008. == Reception == The premiere of the first episode


id: techknow-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechKnow-0.md
category: reference
title: TechKnow
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechKnow
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:18.012024+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: techknow-20260505-0
summary:
TechKnow is a 30-minute news program on the Al Jazeera English and, formerly, Al Jazeera America networks. The show ran from April 2014 until December 2017, profiling advances and inventions in the areas of science, technology and medicine. The series was hosted by an ensemble, notably led by science communicators Phil Torres, Shini Somara, Cara Santa Maria. The show was created by executive producers Steve Lange and Roland Woerner of the Los Angeles–based Make Fresh Productions. The show's main setting is Republic of Pie in North Hollywood, California. Present program on the Al Jazeera Balkans networks. == External links == Techknow minisite on Al Jazeera English site


id: tu-mourras-moins-b-te-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_mourras_moins_bête...-0.md
category: reference
title: Tu mourras moins bête...
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_mourras_moins_bête...
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:19.240606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tu-mourras-moins-b-te-20260505-0
summary:
Tu mourras moins bête... (You will die less stupid...) (German name: Wer nicht fragt, stirbt dumm! (He who doesn't ask dies stupid!)) is a French television show on Franco-German TV network Arte. The animation series is based on the blog Tu mourras moins bête by French comic artist Marion Montaigne. == Plot == In the stories, the omniscient Professor Moustache (German name: Professor Schnauzbart) finds answers to curious questions from the world of science. == Cast == François Morel as Professor Moustache Jérôme Pauwels as Nathanaël == Synchronous voices == The synchronous work for the German version is carried out by Christa Kistner Synchronproduktion, and the dialogue direction is made by Olaf Mierau. == Episode list == == Reception == On the occasion of the broadcast of the first episode of Tu mourras moins bête, in 2015, the cultural magazine Télérama rewarded the series with two T's,which in its rating system means We like a lot. The critic highlights in particular the author's sense of humor: "Marion Montaigne masters in any case perfectly the mechanisms of laughter: she is able to tease our armpits with the Higgs boson, the operation of a nuclear power plant or ophthalmology in animals. In


id: two-for-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_for_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: Two for Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_for_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:20.789318+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: two-for-physics-20260505-0
summary:
Two for Physics is a Canadian science television series which aired on CBC Television in 1959. == Premise == This Toronto-produced series on scientific subjects concerned the realm of physics. It was hosted by Patterson Hume and Donald Ivey, professors with the University of Toronto who were previously featured on the local CBLT series Live And Learn. == Shows == == Scheduling == This half-hour series was broadcast on Tuesdays at 10:30 p.m. from 7 July to 29 September 1959. == References == == External links == Allan, Blaine (1996). "Two for Physics". Queen's University. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2010.


id: the-voyage-of-the-mimi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Mimi-0.md
category: reference
title: The Voyage of the Mimi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Mimi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:21.946303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-voyage-of-the-mimi-20260505-0
summary:
The Voyage of the Mimi is a thirteen-episode American educational television program depicting the crew of the ship Mimi exploring the ocean and taking a census of humpback whales. The series aired on PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) and was created by the Bank Street College of Education in 1984 to teach middle-schoolers about science and mathematics in an interesting and interactive way, where every lesson related to real world applications. Its budget was 3.65 million dollars. Each video segment has accompanying student and teacher handouts or worksheets. Four software modules are available that covered topics and skills in navigation and map reading, computer literacy and programming, the elements of ecosystems, and the natural environment of whales. The series was later released on VHS and as a LaserDisc collection. In August 2014, the series was released in digital form via iTunes U. == Episodes == Each episode consists of two fifteen-minute segments: the fictional story of the voyage of the Mimi, then an expedition that reveals the science behind the storyline explored in the episode. The first segment of each episode follows a serialized tale of scientists taking a census of humpback whales off the coast of Massachusetts. Captain Clement Tyler


id: the-voyage-of-the-mimi-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Mimi-1.md
category: reference
title: The Voyage of the Mimi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Mimi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:21.946303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-voyage-of-the-mimi-20260505-0
summary:
=== Television career === By 1984, the Mimi had a new owner, Peter Marston. The boat was kept moored in Gloucester, Massachusetts, throughout the filming of the series and thereafter. In addition to its role in "The Voyage of the Mimi," which began in 1984, the boat was used from the late 1980s through the 1990s to teach schoolchildren using the Mimi curriculum. Each school year, the Mimi sailed from New England to the Gulf of Mexico and back, stopping at pre-arranged ports of call to meet with students in grades 4 through 7, and their teachers. At each port, "Mimifests" were held, which included various activities and presentations about marine life, seamanship, and navigation. It went from city to city and acted as a tourist attraction in places such as Salem, Massachusetts, Boston, and other cities. In 1988, Peter Marston and other freelance musicians produced a cassette, Sea Songs from the Mimi Crew, of old-time sea songs self-published under the name "The Barn School" based in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Other souvenirs were also available from the sailing vessel Mimi such as T-shirts and buttons reading "I was on board the Mimi". The souvenirs are no longer manufactured, and are even


id: watch-mr-wizard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_Mr._Wizard-0.md
category: reference
title: Watch Mr. Wizard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_Mr._Wizard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:23.225821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: watch-mr-wizard-20260505-0
summary:
Watch Mr. Wizard is an American children's television series that demonstrates the science behind ordinary things. The series' creator and on-air host was Don Herbert. Author Marcel LaFollette says of the program, "It enjoyed consistent praise, awards, and high ratings throughout its history. At its peak, Watch Mr. Wizard drew audiences in the millions, but its impact was far wider. By 1956, it had prompted the establishment of more than five thousand Mr. Wizard science clubs, with an estimated membership greater than one hundred thousand." It was briefly revived in 1971, and a third version of the show ran during the 1980s on the children's cable television network Nickelodeon as Mr. Wizard's World. == 1951–1965: Original series == Watch Mr. Wizard first aired on NBC on March 3, 1951, with Don Herbert as the title character. In the weekly half-hour live television show, Herbert played a science hobbyist and every Saturday morning a neighbor would come to visit. The children were played by child actors; one of them (Rita McLaughlin) enjoyed a long subsequent acting career. Mr. Wizard always had some kind of laboratory experiment going that taught something about science. The experiments, many of which seemed impossible at first


id: weird-but-true-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_but_True!-0.md
category: reference
title: Weird but True!
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_but_True!
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:24.774263+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weird-but-true-20260505-0
summary:
Weird but True! is an American educational children's television series created by and starring Charlie Engelman with his sister Kirby Engelman (seasons 1–2) and Carly Ciarrocchi (season 3). It originally aired on National Geographic Kids for two seasons, and moved to Disney+ for its third and final season. Inspired by the National Geographic book series of the same name, much of its style and heavy use of paper models created by the Engelmans are continued from their earlier National Geographic short video series Nature Boom Time. == Format == Using crafting with paper products, the Engelman siblings explore "weird but true" things about a broad-range of subjects, mostly focusing on science. They interview experts and travel to locations such as crime labs, amusement parks, and the Everglades to find answers to their questions and discover weird but true facts, often having their experts share their favorite one. Their other sister Casey appears as a guest star. Originally, the basement and other scenes set at their house were filmed at Charlie and Kirby's parents' house and basement, in a suburb north of Chicago. For season three, the budget was increased and the basement scenes were filmed at a studio in New


id: what-s-new-american-tv-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What's_New-0.md
category: reference
title: What's New? (American TV series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What's_New?_(American_TV_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:26.048766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: what-s-new-american-tv-series-20260505-0
summary:
What's New? is a half-hour American daily science and entertainment television program for children, that was broadcast on the National Educational Television (NET) network and its 1970 successor, the Public Broadcasting System (PBS), from 1962 to 1973. The program aired in black-and-white and, then as of October 1967, in color. The show began with a marching theme, with the narrator saying: "In, Out, and Round About. Here, There, and Everywhere. What's New?" The target audience was upper elementary school and junior high school grades. The show was hosted by Al Binford, with daily segments presented by science teacher George Fischbeck, naturalist Murl Deusing and others, including deaf mime actor Bernard Bragg whose silent semi-comical educational adventure sketches were based on the artistry of his teacher, Marcel Marceau. Ron Finley created the opening credits. Each program would deal with three different topics, such as baseball or space science. == References ==


id: why-am-i-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Am_I-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Am I?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Am_I?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:27.835349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-am-i-20260505-0
summary:
Why Am I?: The Science of Us (also known as Predict My Future: The Science of Us) is a 2016 New Zealand documentary series about the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (also known as 'The Dunedin Study'), a long-running cohort study following 1037 people born in Dunedin, New Zealand during 1972 and 1973. The study revealed the result of the combined effects of hereditary (genes) and environment (upbringing) on how people turn out. The series of four sixty minute episodes was made by Razor Films of Auckland, New Zealand, and screened on TV One from 31 May to 21 June 2016, with all four episodes available online on TVNZ On Demand. The series follows the study and information it has provided in almost every field of medical and social development including respiratory and cardiovascular health, addictions, obesity, sexual health, cognitive neuroscience, psychiatry, genetics and criminology and the effects of nature and nurture on health and behaviour. == Episodes == == External links == Why Am I? at IMDb Why Am I? (TVNZ On Demand) Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit website


id: why-is-it-so-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Is_It_So-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Is It So?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Is_It_So?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:29.093510+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-is-it-so-20260505-0
summary:
Why Is It So? is an educational science series produced in Australia by ABC Television from 1963 to 1986. The series was hosted by American scientist Julius Sumner Miller, who demonstrated experiments in the world of physics. The series was also screened in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and in Europe. This program was based on his 1959 series Why Is It So? in the United States on KNXT (now KCBS-TV) Channel 2 in Los Angeles. Several segments from the program have been uploaded to the ABC Science YouTube channel. == References == == External links == Why Is It So? at IMDb


id: the-why-why-family-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Why_Why_Family-0.md
category: reference
title: The Why Why Family
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Why_Why_Family
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:30.550746+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-why-why-family-20260505-0
summary:
The Why Why Family (French: Les Kikekoi, also known as Saban's The Why Why Family) is an animated children's television series, which originally aired from late 1996 to 1997. It was produced by Saban International Paris and Saban Entertainment. The show was broadcast internationally on Fox Kids (starting with Fox Kids Netherlands and Fox Kids UK feeds later expanded airs on other feeds), while in the United States it was syndicated as part of the company's "The Saban Network for Kids!" strand. Character designs and comedy elements emulate vintage cartoons. == Synopsis == Every episode begins with Victor (off-screen) summarizing what his family members will teach him in the episode. Each episode is divided into 5 segments. In each segment, Victor asks a family member a popular scientific question, following an extensive answer by said family member/s with a particular expertise in the field of science involved in the question. Each of these segments has its short intro and The End sketches for the specific characters. Each sketch is titled <(character name/s) in (topic)>. Before the end credits in each episode, Max asks Victor "Well Victor, what did you learn today?" to which he begins with "Tons of neat stuff",


id: wonder-why-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Why-0.md
category: reference
title: Wonder Why?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Why?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:32.096052+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wonder-why-20260505-0
summary:
Wonder Why? is a Canadian educational television program for children, produced by ATV in Halifax, Nova Scotia and aired nationally by CTV between 1990 and 1994. The program starred then-ATV chief meteorologist Richard Zurawski as the host and Liam Hyland as the young detective Question Mark. Running for 4 seasons, the Maritime-based science show won the CanPro Award each year for Best Educational Show for children. Each episode examined topics related to science, technology, and everyday items or processes. == Cast == == External links == Wonder Why at IMDb TV Archive == References ==


id: the-world-of-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: The World of Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:33.443422+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-of-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The World of Chemistry is a television series on introductory chemistry hosted by Nobel Prize-winning chemist Roald Hoffmann. The series consists of 26 half-hour video programs, along with coordinated books, which explore various topics in chemistry through experiments conducted by Stevens Point emeritus professor Don Showalter the "series demonstrator" and interviews with working chemists, it also includes physics and earth science related components. The series was produced by the University of Maryland, College Park and the Educational Film Center and was funded by the Annenberg/CPB Project (now the Annenberg Foundation), it was filmed in 1988 and first aired on PBS in 1990. This series supports science standards recognized nationally by the United States (NSTA and NCSESA) and is still widely used in high school and college chemistry courses. The entire series was previously available on learner.org for free in an online video streaming format, but streaming for this series was discontinued on June 25, 2019. == Awards == The awards won by The World of Chemistry are given below American Film and Video Festival1990 Finalist Award for "On the Surface" Columbus International Film and Video Festival1991 Honorable Mention Award for "Color" Houston International Film Festival "Worldfest Houston"1991 Silver Award for


id: y-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-0.md
category: reference
title: Y?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:34.721579+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: y-20260505-0
summary:
Y? was an educational children's science program shown on the Nine Network in Australia. It was produced by Southern Star Endemol between 1999 and 2002. Each episode ran for 22 minutes. A total of five seasons were recorded. Each season was 65 episodes long. Season 1 was hosted by Joanne Nova with Alanna Edwards and seasons 2 to 5 were hosted by Tara Colegrave and 'science host' David Lampard. The show featured in-studio science experiments. In season 1 these were presented by Nova but in later seasons these were presented by Lampard (and occasionally by Colegrave). The program was interspersed with external segments where other presenters go to forests, factories, etc. and explain practical science phenomena, usually based upon questions sent in by viewers. The presenters included Brad Hills, Kristy Mollica, Joseph May, Lisa Barry and Taryn Onafaro. The show was in many ways similar to The Curiosity Show, which ran many years earlier. However, the hosts of Y? were charismatic younger adults, compared with the older academic Prof. Rob Morrison and Dr. Deane Hutton who hosted the earlier counterpart, making Y? inherently more appealing to children. Y? did not labour to "dumb down" the science content of its experiments


id: year-million-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Million-0.md
category: reference
title: Year Million
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Million
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:36.063221+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: year-million-20260505-0
summary:
Year Million is a six-part documentary and science fiction television series produced by National Geographic, which premiered on May 15, 2017, on their channel. The series received two Emmy Award nominations, including a Primetime Emmy for its narrator Laurence Fishburne. The series is based on the 2008 book Year Million: Science at the Far Edge of Knowledge by Damien Broderick. The narrative alternates between a story set in the future about a family of three and 2016 interviews that explain the events unfolding in the story. The series was filmed in Budapest. == Synopsis == Investigating the ramifications of a variety of potentially world-changing inventions, the series visits a cast of characters representing a typical American family in several different possible timelines. Ray Kurzweil, Michio Kaku, Peter Diamandis and Brian Greene guide the documentary aspect, discussing possible changes the future might hold based on their research: Artificial Intelligence, Man merging with Machine, the human species becoming an interplanetary entity. Exploring life in both the near and the far future, where artificial intelligence is ubiquitous and advances in science have radically extended our lifespans. The series aims to show that communication, work and education will be revolutionized through virtual telepathy. ==


id: young-scientists-of-the-year-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Scientists_of_the_Year-0.md
category: reference
title: Young Scientists of the Year
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Scientists_of_the_Year
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:37.439461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: young-scientists-of-the-year-20260505-0
summary:
Young Scientists of the Year was a BBC1 television series which ran from 1966 to 1981. == History == === 1960s === The series first aired on Thursday 7 July 1966 on BBC1 at 18:30 and was called Science Fair '66. It was thirty minutes and the first final was on 18 August 1966 at 18:55 and was 35 minutes. The inaugural winners were Michael Breton and Barry Lewis. The 1967 series first aired on Friday 7 April at 18:15 and was twenty five minutes. The series was called Science Fair '67 and the final was on 19 May 1967 at 18:15 and was forty-five minutes. The 1968 series was first aired on Thursday 11 January at 18:40, and was called Science Fair '68, where the four heats would compete for the title of Young Scientists of the Year, and the programme was twenty five minutes. The final was aired on Thursday 22 February 1968 at 18:15, and was fifty minutes. The next series was first aired on Thursday 16 January 1969 at 18:40 and was twenty five minutes. It was called Science Fair '69, and had six heats. === 1970s === The fourth series in 1970 was called Young


id: the-zula-patrol-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zula_Patrol-0.md
category: reference
title: The Zula Patrol
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zula_Patrol
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:38.728732+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-zula-patrol-20260505-0
summary:
The Zula Patrol is an American animated children's television series that aired from September 2005 to June 2008. It was produced by Kambooteron Productions, Gotham Entertainment and The Hatchery and distributed by American Public Television to PBS stations within the United States. The series is about a group of aliens that travel the galaxies to learn about science and space exploration. The series also aired reruns and a marathon on Qubo. == Characters == === The Zula Patrol === Captain Bula (voiced by Cam Clarke) is a lime green alien and the captain/leader of the Zula Patrol. Bula is very compassionate, patient and likes to assist other characters in the series. Space Pilot Zeeter (voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey) is a purple alien and the Zula Patrol’s main pilot and one of the main protagonists of the series. She is mainly Bula’s companion. When not piloting the ship, Zeeter often rides her Zula-scooter just for fun, which is made from iron. Professor Multo (also voiced by Cam Clarke) is a yellowish-orange three-eyed scientist for the Zula Patrol. He is known as the most intelligent patroller of the Zula Patrol, known for creating various inventions, and has an encyclopedia-like book called the


id: 36-questions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Questions-0.md
category: reference
title: 36 Questions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Questions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:40.486978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 36-questions-20260505-0
summary:
36 Questions is a 2017 musical podcast by Two-Up Productions with music and lyrics by Chris Littler and Ellen Winter and sound design by Joel Raabe. It follows the story of an estranged husband and wife trying to reconnect over the "36 Questions That Lead to Love", which were a part of a psychological study by Arthur Aron that explores intimacy. Released in three 50-minute acts, the three episodes were released by Two-Up Productions on July 10, July 24, and August 7, respectively, and it starred Jonathan Groff and Jessie Shelton. == Casts == == Musical numbers == == Characters == Judith Ford (Natalie Cook) – Jase's estranged wife, who lied about her name when she met Jase, using the name Natalie Cook, which she used throughout the two years of their relationship. Despite lying about her identity, she loves Jase and attempts to save their relationship by using the 36 Questions. Jase Connolly – Judith's estranged husband, who was under the impression that Judith was called Natalie Cook for their entire relationship. After finding out that 'Natalie' was actually called Judith and had faked her identity for the entirety of their relationship, he leaves without saying goodbye, leaving his


id: 36-questions-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Questions-1.md
category: reference
title: 36 Questions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Questions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:40.486978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 36-questions-20260505-0
summary:
=== Act III === Act 3 opens up with Judith walking back to Jase’s house. She admits that she's frustrated, but wants to finish what she started, claiming once again that Jase deserves to fully know the person he's walking away from. Upon catching Jase in a hurry to pick up his moms from the airport, the pair begin arguing until Jase draws the line, telling Judith directly that he’s done, and leaves. Over an instrumental reprise of “Hear Me Out”, Judith gives herself a pep talk, saying it'll be strange to live without him, but that she deserves to let him go and build a better version on her own. She says that she loves Jase and she probably always will, and leaves her phone in his mailbox for him to find. ("Answer 36") The record shuts off. Jase finds the phone and in the span of 2010 to 2017, he chimes in frequently with new recordings, documenting what has changed and reflecting on his feelings about the situation with Judith as he often finds himself listening back to parts of the record. He discloses that he briefly got together with one of his old partners and they had


id: apa-style-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style-0.md
category: reference
title: APA style
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:41.772973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: apa-style-20260505-0
summary:
APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias in language". APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals, in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). The current edition is its seventh revision. The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923. In 1929, an APA committee had a seven-page writer's guide published in the Psychological Bulletin. In 1944, a 32-page guide appeared as an article in the same journal. The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952 as a 61-page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin, marking the beginning of a recognized "APA style". The initial edition went


id: at-the-hub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Hub-0.md
category: reference
title: At the Hub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Hub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:42.955442+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: at-the-hub-20260505-0
summary:
At the Hub (Hebrew: בַּעֲבִי הַשִּׁיר: מבחר שירים, tr. Ba-'avi ha-shir: Mivhar shirim) is a lengthy 2007 Hebrew political poem written by Uri Zvi Greenberg and edited by Dan Miron and Greenberg's widow Aliza Greenberg–Tur-Malka. Its publishing was made possible with the help of the Menachem Begin Heritage Center, the Israeli Ministry of Education, the Israeli Ministry of Culture and Sport, the Yehoshua Rabinovich Foundation for the Arts, Tel Aviv, and, the Mifal HaPais Council for the Culture and Arts. == Reception == Writing for the liberal newspaper Haaretz, Ariel Hirschfeld from Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Hebrew literature department called the poem "one of the highest peaks of Hebrew poetry", and compared Greenberg's work to those of Hayim Nahman Bialik, Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Dahlia Ravikovitch, James Joyce, Dr. Nathan Zach, Franz Kafka, Dr. Yitzhak Laor, W. B. Yeats, William Faulkner, Osip Mandelstam, and, Rainer Maria Rilke, "as, his work is equal to theirs," adding that the poem "is a wellspring of rare beauty and wisdom," and is "the most profound confrontation written in Hebrew with man's breakdown during the 20th century, including the dissolution of European Jewry during World War II, which is man's shattered mirror." Also writing for Haaretz,


id: channel-zero-tv-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Zero_(TV_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: Channel Zero (TV series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Zero_(TV_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:44.292572+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: channel-zero-tv-series-20260505-0
summary:
Channel Zero is an American horror anthology television series created by Nick Antosca, who served as writer, showrunner, and executive producer. The series was greenlit for two 6-episode, self-contained seasons, which aired in late 2016 and late 2017 on Syfy. The storylines for the series are based on popular creepypastas. On February 9, 2017, Syfy renewed the series for a third and fourth season. The series premiered on October 11, 2016. The first installment, based on Kris Straub's Candle Cove, stars Paul Schneider and Fiona Shaw and was directed by Craig William Macneill. It centers on Straub's story of one man's obsessive recollection of a mysterious children's television program from the 1980s. The second season premiered on September 20, 2017, is based on Brian Russell's The No-End House and was directed by Steven Piet. The third season, Butcher's Block, premiered on February 7, 2018, is based on Kerry Hammond's "Search and Rescue Woods" and was directed by Arkasha Stevenson. The fourth season, The Dream Door, was broadcast between October 26 and 31, 2018, is based on Charlotte Bywater's "Hidden Door" and was directed by E. L. Katz. On January 16, 2019, Syfy cancelled Channel Zero after four seasons. == Series


id: green-door-miniseries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Door_(miniseries)-0.md
category: reference
title: Green Door (miniseries)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Door_(miniseries)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:45.545368+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: green-door-miniseries-20260505-0
summary:
Green Door is a 2019 Taiwanese horror thriller drama television miniseries directed and co-written by Lingo Hsieh, based on the novel of the same name by Joseph Chen. The miniseries stars Jam Hsiao, Kuo Bea-ting, Enno Cheng, and Hsieh Ying-xuan. It follows a troubled psychologist who returns from the United States to set up a psychology clinic called Green Door in Taiwan, where mysterious patients and uncanny events shed light on his murky past. == Cast == Jam Hsiao as Wei Sung-yen Bea Hayden as Hung Yu-mei Enno Cheng as Liu Zao-yun Wan-Ru Zhan as Mary Hsieh Ying-hsuan as Yu Hsiu-chi Yi-Ting Wu as Elly Hai-Yung Shen as Chang Li-hua Ya-yun Lan as Doris Wei-Hua Lan as Shen Jin-fa Kurt Chou as Major Chiang Ting as Grandpa Chu Yueh-hsin Chu as Master Hsu-kung Yu-Chieh Cheng as Chen Hao-chieh == Release == Green Door premiered on PTS on February 16, 2019, and concluded on March 16, 2019, consisting of six episodes. Netflix picked up global streaming rights to the series and released it on March 16, 2019. == Awards and nominations == == References == == External links == Official website (in Chinese) Green Door at IMDb Green Door on Netflix


id: journal-of-polymorphous-perversity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Polymorphous_Perversity-0.md
category: reference
title: Journal of Polymorphous Perversity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Polymorphous_Perversity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:46.778280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: journal-of-polymorphous-perversity-20260505-0
summary:
Journal of Polymorphous Perversity is a satirical magazine about psychology, established and published by American psychologist Glenn Ellenbogen. Between 1984 and 2003, a total of 40 issues were published, with articles written by professionals and lay people. There are four published collections of articles: Oral Sadism and the Vegetarian Personality (1987), The Primal Whimper (1989), Freudulent Encounters (1992), and More Oral Sadism And The Vegetarian Personality (1996). == See also == Annals of Improbable Research Journal of Irreproducible Results == References == == External links == Official website


id: maniac-miniseries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_(miniseries)-0.md
category: reference
title: Maniac (miniseries)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_(miniseries)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:49.341375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maniac-miniseries-20260505-0
summary:
Maniac is an American psychological black comedy drama television miniseries that premiered on Netflix on September 21, 2018, after being announced in 2016. Patrick Somerville created the series and Cary Joji Fukunaga directed, basing it very loosely on the 2015 Norwegian television series of the same name (starring co-creator Espen PA Lervaag) while drawing inspiration from many more famous films. The 10-episode series stars Emma Stone, Jonah Hill, Justin Theroux, Sonoya Mizuno, Gabriel Byrne, and Sally Field. The plot follows two strangers who connect during a mind-bending pharmaceutical trial set in a retro-future New York City. The series received positive reviews from critics upon release, with many praising its visuals, direction, and acting, particularly the performances of Stone and Hill. The series received multiple accolades, including nominations for Stone's performance—both at the 23rd Satellite Awards and the 25th Screen Actors Guild Awards—and for the series's overall writing—at the 71st Writers Guild of America Awards. == Premise == Maniac follows Annie Landsberg and Owen Milgrim, two strangers who connect during a risky, psychologically intense, twelve-person, mind-bending pharmaceutical trial conducted by Neberdine Pharmaceutical Biotech (NPB). The experiment, originally overseen by Dr. Robert Muramoto and Dr. Azumi Fujita, later falls under the purview


id: maniac-miniseries-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_(miniseries)-1.md
category: reference
title: Maniac (miniseries)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_(miniseries)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:49.341375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maniac-miniseries-20260505-0
summary:
On September 13, 2018, the series held its world premiere at the Southbank Centre in London, England. On September 20, 2018, the series held its American premiere at Center 415 in Manhattan, New York. == Reception == === Critical response === The series was met with a positive response from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an 85% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10 based on 104 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Maniac enthralls with its dazzling visuals, adventurous narrative, and striking performances from both Emma Stone and Jonah Hill." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 76 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In a positive review, Variety's Daniel D'Addario commended the series saying, "The beautifully made Maniac plunges viewers into a fictional world that's both divergent from our own and instantly recognizable—and then reinvents itself several times over, skittering across time, space and genre to tell a story of connection that feels urgent and deeply, painfully human...As a trial of something new, Maniac passes every test, and ascends instantly to take its place among the very best


id: master-of-darkness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Darkness-0.md
category: reference
title: Master of Darkness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Darkness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:50.614033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: master-of-darkness-20260505-0
summary:
Master of Darkness is an action-platform video game developed and published by SIMS for the Game Gear and Master System. Sega, who would later acquire SIMS, released the game outside Japan. The initial setting of the game is London. A psychologist believes that a recent series of murders have been performed by Count Dracula, and is searching for the vampire to defeat him. Dracula is actually dead. The murders are instead performed by Jack the Ripper, who is trying to achieve Dracula's resurrection through human sacrifice rituals. == Overview == Master of Darkness is a platform game, very similar to Castlevania. The plot has the player entering the role of a Ouija board-playing psychologist named Dr. Ferdinand Social. He is looking to defeat Count Dracula, who is behind a series of killings in London that have been attributed to Jack the Ripper. However, Jack the Ripper is indeed responsible, for he is using the victim's bodies and fresh blood for sacrificial offerings – as part of a dark ritual being performed by Count Massen to resurrect Dracula. Also taking some part in the murders and the dark ritual is a mysterious Psychic Girl, who is possessed by an evil Skull


id: psichiologia-de-ratione-animae-humanae-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichiologia_de_ratione_animae_humanae-0.md
category: reference
title: Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichiologia_de_ratione_animae_humanae
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:51.814561+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psichiologia-de-ratione-animae-humanae-20260505-0
summary:
Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae (Croatian: Psihologija, o naravi ljudske duše) is a work by Marko Marulić, a Croatian Renaissance humanist written between 1510 and 1517. It is the earliest known literary reference to "psychology" in the history of the discipline. == References ==


id: psyarxiv-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsyArXiv-0.md
category: reference
title: PsyArXiv
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsyArXiv
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:53.073735+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psyarxiv-20260505-0
summary:
PsyArXiv is a preprint repository for the psychological sciences opened in September 2016 and officially launched in December 2016. It is hosted by the Center for Open Science. The preprint service was inspired by the arXiv repository. The service allows researchers to upload manuscripts regarding psychology and related fields prior to peer review. As of April 2017, it is indexed by Google Scholar. == Fields == PsyArXiv accepted submissions in the following areas of research: == See also == List of preprint repositories == References == == External links == Official website


id: psyccritiques-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsycCRITIQUES-0.md
category: reference
title: PsycCRITIQUES
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsycCRITIQUES
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:54.361334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psyccritiques-20260505-0
summary:
PsycCRITIQUES was a database of reviews of books, videos, and popular films published by the American Psychological Association. It replaced the print journal Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, which was published from 1956 to 2004. The official blog of PsycCRITIQUES allowed free access to the full text of some recent reviews. It was discontinued on December 31, 2017. Archives are available to the public via the Center for the History of Psychology (University of Akron) or via a paid subscription to Portico. == See also == PsycINFO == References == == External links == Official website PsycCRITIQUES collection archive at the Center for the History of Psychology at the University of Akron PsycCRITIQUES blog


id: psychological-abstracts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Abstracts-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychological Abstracts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Abstracts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:55.720865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychological-abstracts-20260505-0
summary:
Psychological Abstracts was an abstract and index periodical and the print counterpart of the PsycINFO database. It was published by the American Psychological Association and was produced for 80 years, ceasing publication at the end of 2006. It was produced monthly and contained summaries (abstracts, bibliographic information, and indexing) of English-language journal articles, technical reports, book chapters, and books in the field of psychology. In its latter years, it contained much less content than PsycINFO, although it did contain some records for technical reports that are not in PsycINFO. It was organized by subject area according to the PsycINFO Classification Codes. == References ==


id: psycinfo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsycINFO-0.md
category: reference
title: PsycINFO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsycINFO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:56.991164+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psycinfo-20260505-0
summary:
PsycINFO is a database of abstracts of literature in the field of psychology. It is produced by the American Psychological Association and distributed on the association's APA PsycNET and through third-party vendors. It is the electronic version of the defunct Psychological Abstracts. In 2000, it incorporated PsycLIT which had been published on CD-ROM. PsycINFO contains citations and summaries since 1887 of journal articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations. == Overview == The database, which is updated weekly, contained over 3.5 million records as of October 2013. Approximately 175,000 records were added to the database in 2012. == Coverage == More than 2,540 peer-reviewed journal titles are included in the database, and they make up 78% of the overall content. Journals are included if they are archival, scholarly, peer-reviewed, and regularly published with titles, abstracts, and keywords in English. As of October 2013, over 1,700 journal titles were included in their entirety (i.e. "cover to cover"). Articles were selected for psychological relevance from the remaining titles. Chapters from authored and edited books make up 11% of database, while entire authored and edited books make up 4% of the database. Books are selected if they are scholarly, professional, or research-based, English-language, published


id: psyclit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsycLIT-0.md
category: reference
title: PsycLIT
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsycLIT
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:58.178546+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psyclit-20260505-0
summary:
PsycLIT was a CD-ROM version of Psychological Abstracts. It was merged into the PsycINFO online database in 2000. PsycLIT contained citations and abstracts to journal articles, and summaries of English-language chapters and books in psychology, as well as behavioral information from sociology, linguistics, medicine, law, psychiatry, and anthropology. It was one of a number of databases indexing psychological research papers and journals. Others included PsycINFO, Psychological Abstracts, Ulrich International Periodical Directory, PUBLIST (The Internet Directory Publications), ISSN International, PSICODOC, the ISOC database PSEDISOC, CSIC-RISO, CIRBIC-REVISTAS, COMPLUDOC Social Sciences Citation Index and the Institute for Scientific Information (Thomson-ISI). == References ==


id: pubpsych-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubPsych-0.md
category: reference
title: PubPsych
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubPsych
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:48:59.458946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pubpsych-20260505-0
summary:
PubPsych is a vertical open access information retrieval system for psychological resources, coordinated by the research support organization Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information (ZPID). The search interface is available in English, Spanish, French, and German. PubPsych includes over 800.000 datasets and offers, where available, full-text linking, links to additional information and link resolving. == Cooperation Partners == PubPsych is a joint project of cooperating organizations within Europe and the United States of America. Participating organizations are: Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information (ZPID), Germany, Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique (INIST-CNRS), France, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain, National Academic Research and Collaborations Information System (NARCIS), Netherlands, National Library of Norway (NB), Norway, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), US, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), US. == Mission == PubPsych offers free access to an expanding range of international databases including records not covered in commercial international databases. == Data Pool == PubPsych indexes databases either fully or just Psychology relevant segments. The data pool consists of the following: Fully indexing: PSYNDEX (Germany) PsychOpen (Germany) PsychData (Germany) ISOC-Psicología (Spain) Indexing of Psychology relevant segments: PASCAL (France) NARCIS (Netherlands) NORART (Norway) MEDLINE® (USA) ERIC (USA) == Update frequency == According to


id: why-men-don-t-iron-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Men_Don't_Iron-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Men Don't Iron
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Men_Don't_Iron
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:00.747453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-men-don-t-iron-20260505-0
summary:
Why Men Don't Iron is British three-part documentary series shown on Channel 4 in June 1998, about sex differences in cognition, caused by differences in male-female neurochemistry, and elementary reward systems in the human brain. == Production == The series was produced by Jim Meyer and Anne Moir, and originated by Bill Moir. The titles were made by Triffic Films. It was made by Quality Time Television. The series was first broadcast on 23 June 1998. A book on the series was published in 1999 by Anne Moir, ISBN 0007468911. == Episodes == === Episode 1 === Learning the Difference Amanda Smith, and her husband, tried to overcome biological sex differences with her children, but it never took hold; boys chose mechanical toys, girls chose painting; girls, from an early age, were more conscientious when learning; neurobiologist Roger Gorski conducted sex difference developmental biology experiments with rodents; the congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) condition; a teenage girl has a concentration span of fifteen minutes, a teenage boy has five minutes; a comprehensive secondary school in north Essex, where teenagers are given a psychological test by psychologist Ernie Govier of the University of East London; doctor Bennett Shaywitz and his wife Sally


id: index-of-agriculture-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of agriculture articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:02.418837+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-agriculture-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an index of agriculture topics. == A == Agricultural Machinery Agricultural Science Agronomy Agroecology Agricultural soil science Agricultural engineering Agriculture in Canada Agricultural biotechnology == B == Biofertilizer Biotechnology Buckwheat Biodynamic agriculture Broadcast seeding == C == Cattle creep Conventional tillage Common Agricultural Policy compost Corn == E == Erosion Entomology == F == Farm Farmer's Voice Fertilizer Food systems Farming (disambiguation) Food Security == G == Goat Green Revolution Green Revolution in India Green Revolution (disambiguation) Green Revolution (Iran) == H == Harrow (tool) Hay History of agriculture Horticulture == L == List of agricultural universities and colleges List of agriculture ministries == M == Maize Minimum tillage Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom) == N == No-till farming National Agricultural Law Center == O == Orchard Organic farming Optimum water content for tillage == P == Pig Plant Breeding Plant nutrition Plough Pomology == S == Selective breeding Soil Science Seed Seed contamination Seed treatment Sheep Silage Shifting cultivation == T == Theoretical production ecology Tillage Tillage Live Tractor == U == Urban agriculture United States National Agricultural Library == V == == W == Weed Weed control == Z == Zero tillage ==


id: index-of-biodiversity-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biodiversity_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of biodiversity articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biodiversity_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:06.274566+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biodiversity-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of topics in biodiversity. == A == Abiotic stress — Adaptation — Agricultural biodiversity — Agroecological restoration — All-taxa biodiversity inventory — Alpha diversity — Applied ecology — Arca-Net — ASEAN Center for Biodiversity — ASEAN Heritage Parks — Aquatic biomonitoring — Axe Lake Swamp State Nature Preserve — == B == Bank of Natural Capital — Beta diversity — BioBlitz — Biocomplexity — Biocultural diversity — Biodiversity action plan — Biodiversity and drugs — Biodiversity and food — Biodiversity banking — Biodiversity databases (list) — Biodiversity hotspot — Biodiversity in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip — Biodiversity Indicators Partnership — Biodiversity informatics — Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland — Biodiversity of Borneo — Biodiversity of Cape Town — Biogeography — Bioindicator — Bioinformatics — BIOPAT - Patrons for Biodiversity — Biorisk — Biosafety Clearing-House — BioSearch — Biota by conservation status (list) — Biosurvey — BioWeb — Body size and species richness — Box corer — Bray–Curtis dissimilarity — == C == Caribbean Initiative — Carta di Siracusa on Biodiversity — Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety — Center for Biological Diversity — Centres of Plant Diversity — Chresonym — Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y


id: index-of-biophysics-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biophysics_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of biophysics articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biophysics_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:08.925330+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biophysics-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of articles on biophysics. == 0–9 == 5-HT3 receptor == A == ACCN1 ANO1 AP2 adaptor complex Aaron Klug Acid-sensing ion channel Activating function Active transport Adolf Eugen Fick Afterdepolarization Aggregate modulus Aharon Katzir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Alexander Rich Alexander van Oudenaarden Allan McLeod Cormack Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor Alpha helix Alwyn Jones (biophysicist) Amoeboid movement Andreas Mershin Andrew Huxley Animal locomotion Animal locomotion on the water surface Anita Goel Antiporter Aquaporin 2 Aquaporin 3 Aquaporin 4 Archibald Hill Ariel Fernandez Arthropod exoskeleton Arthropod leg Avery Gilbert == B == BEST2 BK channel Bacterial outer membrane Balance (ability) Bat Bat wing development Bert Sakmann Bestrophin 1 Biased random walk (biochemistry) Bioelectrochemical reactor Bioelectrochemistry Biofilm Biological material Biological membrane Biomechanics Biomechanics of sprint running Biophysical Society Biophysics Bird flight Bird migration Bisindolylmaleimide Bleb (cell biology) Boris Pavlovich Belousov Brian Matthews (biochemist) Britton Chance Brush border Bulk movement == C == CACNA1G CACNA1H CACNA1I CACNA2D1 CACNA2D2 CACNB1 CACNB2 CACNB3 CACNB4 CACNG1 CACNG2 CACNG3 CACNG4 CD22 CD33 CHRNA10 CHRNA2 CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5 CHRNA6 CHRNA7 CHRNA9 CHRNB1 CHRNB2 CHRNB3 CHRNB4 CHRND CHRNE CHRNG CLCA1 CLCA2 CLCA3 CLCA4 CLCC1 CLCN1 CLCN2 CLCN3 CLCN4 CLCN5


id: index-of-biophysics-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biophysics_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of biophysics articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biophysics_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:08.925330+00:00
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parent: index-of-biophysics-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== M == M1 protein M2 proton channel MHC class I Magnesium transporter Magnetoception Magnetosome Magnetospirillum Magnetotactic bacteria Magnetotaxis Manfred Eigen Marcelo Osvaldo Magnasco Marche a petit pas Mario Ageno Martin Gruebele Maurice Wilkins Max Delbrück Max Perutz Mechanics of human sexuality Mechanome Mechanosensitive channels Mechanotaxis Membrane biology Membrane channel Membrane contact site Membrane curvature Membrane fluidity Membrane lipids Membrane nanotube Membrane potential Membrane protein Membrane topology Membrane transport Membranome Mesaxon Mesosome Metachronal rhythm Methylhopane Microbial ecology Microbial fuel cell Microsome Model lipid bilayer Moens–Korteweg equation Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki Molecular motor Monoamine transporter Motility Motor protein Mucous membrane Mucous membrane of the soft palate Muscular hydrostat Muscular layer Muscularis mucosae Myelin-associated glycoprotein Myelin sheath gap Myofilament Mária Telkes == N == N-Acetylgalactosamine N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetylmuramic acid N-type calcium channel NMDA receptor Nanobiomechanics Nanodisc Nav1.1 Nav1.2 Nav1.4 Nav1.5 Nectin Neurophysins Nicolas Rashevsky Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Niosome Norepinephrine transporter Nuclear pore == O == Optical tweezers Oreste Piro Origin of avian flight Osmoregulation Osmotic pressure Outer mitochondrial membrane Outline of biophysics Overhead throwing motion == P == P-type ATPase P-type calcium channel P2RX1 P2RX2 P2RX3 P2RX4 P2RX5 P2RX6 P2RX7 P2X purinoreceptor P300-CBP coactivator family PF-4840154 PKD1 PSORT PSORTdb PTS1R Parkinsonian gait Passive transport Paul


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The following index is provided as an overview of and topical guide to science: Links to articles and redirects to sections of articles which provide information on each topic are listed with a short description of the topic. When there is more than one article with information on a topic, the most relevant is usually listed, and it may be cross-linked to further information from the linked page or section. Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The branches of science, also referred to as scientific fields, scientific disciplines, or just sciences, can be arbitrarily divided into three major groups: The natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and Earth sciences), which study nature in the broadest sense; The social sciences (e.g. psychology, sociology, economics, history) which study people and societies; and The formal sciences (e.g. mathematics, logic, theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. Disciplines that use science, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences. == A == Abiology – Life arising from non-living matterPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – study of inanimate, inorganic, or lifeless


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
== B == Bacteriology – Subdiscipline of microbiology that studies bacteria Ballistics – Science of the motion of projectiles Balneology – Method of treating diseases by bathingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – science of the therapeutic use of baths. Barodynamics – science of the support and mechanics of heavy structures Barology – study of gravitational force. Bathymetry – Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors Batology – Study of brambles Batrachology – Branch of herpetology that studies amphibians Behavioural genetics – Study of genetic-environment interactions influencing behaviour Behavioral neuroscience – Study of biological and neural mechanisma in behaviour Bibliology – Organized listing of books and the systematic description of them as objects Bibliotics – study of documents to determine authenticity. Bioecology – Study of interrelations of plants and animals with their environment Biogeochemistry – Study of chemical cycles of the earth related to biological activity Biology – Scientific study of life Biochemistry – Study of chemical processes of living organisms Biomechanics – Study of the mechanics of biological systems Biometrics – Metrics related to human characteristics Bionomics – Term with different meanings in ecology or economics – study of organisms interacting in their environments. Biophysics –


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
== D == Dactyliology – study of finger rings. Dactylography – Scientific study of fingerprints Dactylology – Form of communication using one or both handsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – study of sign language. Data science – Field of study to extract knowledge from data – study of analyzing, processing, interpreting and extracting data. Demography – Study of human populations and their structures Demology – study of human populations and behaviour. Dendrochronology – Method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings Dendrology – Science and study of woody plants Dermatoglyphics – Scientific study of finger- and toeprints Dermatology – Field of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and its diseases Desmology – Study of ligaments Dialectology – Scientific study of linguistic dialect Dietetics – Study of diet and nutrition in relation to health and disease Dioptrics – Science of light and lenses Diplomatics – Academic study of the protocols of documents – science of deciphering ancient writings and texts. Dosiology – study of dosage of drugs. Dynamics – Study of forces and their effect on motion Dysgenics – Decrease in genetic traits deemed desirable and study thereof. == E == Eccrinology – Sweat


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-3.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
== G == Garbology – Study of modern refuse Gastroenterology – Branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders Gastronomy – Study of the relationship between food and culture Gemmology – Science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materialsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – study of gems and jewels Gender studies – Interdisciplinary field of study – study of gender Genealogy – Study of individual descent and bloodline – study of descent of families Genesiology – study of reproduction and heredity Genetics – Science of genes, heredity and variation Geochemistry – Science that applies chemistry to analyze geological systems – study of chemistry of the Earth's crust Geochronology – Science of determining the age of rocks, sediments and fossils – study of measuring geological time Geography – Study of Earth's spatial information – study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants Geology – Scientific study of Earth's physical composition – study of the rocks of a planet Geometry – Branch of mathematics – study the sizes, shapes, positions, angles and dimensions of things. Geomorphogeny – study of the characteristics, origins, and development of land forms Geomorphology – Scientific study of landforms – study of


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-4.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
== I == Iamatology – Obsolete synonym for the study of therapies. Iatrology – treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine Ichnography – Architectural drawing showing interior layout of a buildingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan Ichnology – Study of trace fossils Ichthyology – Scientific study of fish Iconography – Branch of art history – study of drawing symbols Iconology – Method of interpretation in cultural history – study of icons; symbols Ideogeny – study of origins of ideas Ideology – Set of beliefs or values – science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour Idiomology – study of idiom, jargon or dialect Idiopsychology – study of the psychology of one's own mind Immunochemistry – Study of the chemistry of the immune system Immunogenetics – Branch of medical genetics – study of genetic characteristics of immunity Immunology – Branch of medicine studying the immune system Immunopathology – Branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease Information science – Academic field concerned with collection and analysis of information Information technology (IT) – Computer-based technology Insectology – Scientific study ofi insects, or relationships between insects


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-5.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
== M == Macroeconomics – Study of an economy as a whole – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economy Magnetics – Class of physical phenomenaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – study of magnetism Magnetohydrodynamics – Model of electrically conducting fluids – study of electrically conducting fluids Magnetostatics – Branch of physics about magnetism in systems with steady electric currents – study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady Malacology – Study of molluscs Malariology – Study of the mosquito borne disease, malaria Mammalogy – Study of mammals Marine biology – Scientific study of ocean life – study of the ocean's ecosystem Mastology – Study of mammals – study of mammals Mathematics – Field of study – study of magnitude, number, and forms Mazology – mammalogy; study of mammals Mechanics – Science concerned with physical bodies subjected to forces or displacements Meconology – study of or treatise concerning opium Media studies – Field of study that deals with media Medicine – Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness Melissopalynology – Study of pollen contained in honey Melittology – Scientific study of bees Melology – Scholarly study of musicPages


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-6.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
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== O == Obstetrics – Medical specialty concerning pregnancy and childbirth Oceanography – Scientific study of the ocean Oceanology – Scientific study of the ocean Odontology – Scientific study of teeth Odonatology – Study of dragonflies and damselflies Oenology – Study of wine and winemaking Oikology – science of housekeeping Olfactology – study of the sense of smell Ombrology – study of rain Oncology – Branch of medicine dealing with, or specializing in, cancer Oneirology – Scientific study of dreams Onomasiology – Branch of linguistics concerned with how to express a given concept – study of nomenclature Onomastics – Study of proper names Ontology – Philosophical study of being – science of pure being; the nature of things Oology – Branch of ornithology studying bird eggs, nests and breeding behavior Ophiology, also known as ophidiology – Branch of herpetology that studies snakes Ophthalmology – Field of medicine treating eye disorders Optics – Branch of physics that studies light Optology – study of sight Optometry – Field of medicine treating eye disorders – science of examining the eyes Orbital mechanics – Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft Orchidology – Scientific study of orchids Ornithology – Scientific study


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-7.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
== P == Paedology – Study of children's behavior and development Paidonosology – study of children's diseases; pediatrics Palaeoanthropology – Study of ancient humans Palaeobiology – Study of organic evolution using fossils Palaeoclimatology – Study of changes in ancient climate Palaeoichthyology – study of ancient fish Palaeolimnology – Scientific study of ancient lakes and streams Palaeontology – Study of life before the Holocene epoch Palaeopedology – Discipline studying soils of the past eras Paleobotany – Study of organic evolution of plants based on fossils Paleo-osteology – study of ancient bones Paleoseismology – Study of earthquakes that happened in the past Palynology – Study of pollen and other acid-resistant microoscopic organic material Papyrology – Scientific study of ancient manuscripts Paradoxology – Logically self-contradictory statementPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – study of paradoxes Parapsychology – Study of paranormal and psychic phenomena Parasitology – Study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them Paroemiology – study of proverbs Parthenology – study of virgins Particle physics – Study of subatomic particles and forces Pathology – Study of disease Pedagogics – Theory and practice of educationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Pedology – Study of soils in their natural environment Pelology


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-8.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
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== R == Radiobiology – Study of effects of radiation on living tissues – study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter Radiochemistry – Chemistry of radioactive materials – study of ordinary chemical reactions under radioactive circumstances Radiology – Medical specialty for imaging procedures Rheology – Study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state Rheumatology – Medical speciality of inflammatory diseases Rhinology – Study of the nose and sinuses Rhochrematics – science of inventory management and the movement of products Robotics – Design, construction, use, and application of robots Rodentology – Study of rodents Runology – Study of Runic alphabets == S == Sarcology – study of fleshy parts of the body Scatology – Study of faeces – study of excrement or obscene literature Schematonics – art of using gesture to express tones Sciagraphy – Study of perspective shadow projection – art of shading Scientific modelling – Scientific activity that produces models – study of application of models to understand a particular problem Scientific programming – Language for controlling a computer – study of programming Scripophily – Study and collection of stock and bond certificates Sedimentology – Study


id: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science-9.md
category: reference
title: Index of branches of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_branches_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:16.051123+00:00
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parent: index-of-branches-of-science-20260505-0
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== T == Taxidermy – Stuffing and mounting dead animals for display – art of curing and stuffing animals Taxonomy – Science of classifying organisms Tectonics – Process of evolution of Earth's crust Teleology – Thinking in terms of destiny or purpose – study of final causes; analysis in terms of purpose Telmatology – Branch of physical geography concerned with the study of wetlands Tempestology – The study of cyclones, hurricanes and similar extreme weather events Teratology – Study of developmental anomalies Terrestrial ecology – Study of terrestrial ecosystems and the biotic and abiotic things that occupy them. Teuthology – Study of cephalopods Textology – Identification of textual variants – study of the production of texts Thalassography – science of the seas and gulfs Thanatology – Scientific study of death and its aspects Thaumatology – The study of miracles – study of miracles Theology – Study of the nature of deities and religious beliefs - study of religion Theoretical computer science – Subfield of computer science and mathematics Theriogenology – Veterinary specialty concerning reproduction Thermodynamics – Physics of heat, work, and temperature Thermokinematics – study of motion of heat Thermology – study of heat Therology – Study of mammals Thremmatology


id: index-of-earth-science-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Earth_science_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of Earth science articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Earth_science_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:19.823702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-earth-science-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system. Articles related to Earth science include: == A == Antarctic Convergence Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric physics Atmospheric sciences == B == Biosphere Biogeography == C == Cartography Chemical oceanography Climatology Crust Cryosphere Crystallography (mineralogy) == D == Dynamo theory == E == Earth's core Earth's magnetic field Earth's mantle Economic geology Edaphology (soil science) Engineering geology Environmental geology Environmental science Erosion Exosphere (Atmospheric sciences) == G == Gaia hypothesis Gemology (mineralogy) Geochemistry Geochronology (Geophysics) Geodesy (see Surveying) Geodynamics (Geophysics and Tectonics) Geographical Information System Geography Geoinformatics (GIS) Geology Geomagnetics (Geophysics) Geomicrobiology Geomorphology Geophysics Geosphere Geostatistics Glaciology (Geology and Hydrology) Gravimetry (Geophysics) == H == Historical geology Human geography Hydrogeology Hydrology Hydrometeorology


id: index-of-energy-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_energy_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of energy articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_energy_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:21.252051+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-energy-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an index of energy articles. == A == Activation energy - Alternative energy - Anisotropy energy - Atomic energy == B == Binding energy - Bioenergy - Black hole - Breeder reactor - Brown energy == C == Characteristic energy - Chemical energy - Conservation of energy - Consol Energy == D == Dark energy - Decay energy - Direct Energy - Dirichlet's energy - Dyson's sphere == E == Ecological energetics - Electric potential energy - Electrochemical energy conversion - Embodied energy - Encircled energy - Energy - Energy accidents - Energy accounting - Energy amplifier - Energy applications of nanotechnology - Energy balance (biology) - Energy barrier - Energy being - Energy carrier - Energy Catalyzer - Energy cell - Energy charge - Energy conservation - Energy conversion efficiency - Energy crop - Energy current - Energy density - Energy development - Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - Energy distance - Energy drift - Energy efficiency gap - Energy-efficient landscaping - Energy elasticity - Energy engineering - Energy (esotericism) - Energy expenditure - Energy factor - Energy field disturbance - Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy - Energy transfer - Energy flow (ecology) - Energy flux - Energy forestry


id: index-of-genetics-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_genetics_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of genetics articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_genetics_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:22.559204+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-genetics-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, "genite" and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to genetics include: == # == == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == Q == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == Z == == References == == See also == List of genetics research organizations List of geneticists & biochemists


id: index-of-health-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_health_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of health articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_health_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:26.309084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-health-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. This article lists major topics related to personal health. == 0–9 == == A == Abortion – Accident – Activities of daily living – Acupuncture – Adolescent medicine – Adult daycare center – Advance health care directive – Aerobic exercise – Age-adjusted life expectancy – Ageless – Aging and memory – Aging – Alcoholism – Allergy – Alternative medicine – Amputation – Anaerobic exercise – Anaesthesia – Anatomical pathology – Anatomical terms of motion - Anatomy – Andrology – Animal-assisted therapy – Antibiotic resistance – Appetite – Assisted reproductive technology – Athletic training – Audiology – Autoimmune disease – Auxology == B == Bacterium – Baldness – Basic life support – Binge eating – Biochemical pathology – Biological standard of living – Biomedical research – Biomedical technology – Bipolar disorder – Birth attendant – Birth control – Blood diseases – Blood test – Body composition – Body mass index – Body shaping – Body treatment – Brain death == C == Cancer – Cell replacement therapy – Chemotherapy – Child birth – Chinese medicine –


id: index-of-health-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_health_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of health articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_health_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:26.309084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-health-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== S == STD testing – Safe sex – Sanitation – Saturated fat – Self care – Self-healing – Self-medication – Senility – Sex and illness – Sex education – Sexual dysfunction – Sexual health clinic – Sexual health – Sexuality and disability – Sexuality education – Sleep deprivation – Sleep hygiene – Sleep – Smoking cessation – Social determinants of health – Social medicine – Special needs – Sports medicine – Sports nutrition – Stem cell treatments – Stress (medicine) – Stress management – Supported living – Surgery – Survivability – Symptom == T == Therapy dog – Toxicity – Toxicology – Toxin – Traditional Chinese medicine – Traditional Korean medicine – Traditional medicine – Trans fat – Trauma surgery - Tetanus == U == Universal design == V == Vaccine – Vegetarianism – Virus – Vitamin – Vulvovaginal health == W == Weight loss – Wellness (alternative medicine) – Wellness – Witch-doctor – Women's health – Workplace health surveillance – Workplace wellness – World Health Organization - Whooping Cough == X == X-ray == Y == Yoga == Z == == See also == Lists of health topics Topic outline of health Topic outline of health science Topic


id: index-of-hiv-aids-related-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_HIV/AIDS-related_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_HIV/AIDS-related_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:27.621968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-hiv-aids-related-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of topics related to HIV/AIDS, a spectrum of conditions caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Many of the topics listed here were originally taken from the public domain U.S. Department of Health Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition. [1] == A == AACTG – acquired immunity – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) – ACT UP/Golden Gate – active immunity – acupuncture – acute HIV infection – Acute HIV Infection and Early Diseases Research Program (AIEDRP) – ADAP – ADC – adenopathy – adherence – adjuvant – administration – Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG) – adverse drug reaction – aerosolized – AETC – agammaglobulinemia – Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) – AHRQ – AIDS – AIDS Arms – AIDS dementia complex (ADC) – AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAP) – AIDS education and training centers (AETC) – AIDS orphan – AIDS research advisory committee (ARAC) – AIDS service organization (ASO) – The AIDS Show – AIDS Vaccine 200 – AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition – AIDS wasting syndrome – AIDS-related cancer – AIDS-related complex (ARC) – alkaline phosphatase – alopecia – alpha interferon (INFa) – alternative medicine – alveolar – amebiasis – amino acids – anaphylactic


id: index-of-hiv-aids-related-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_HIV/AIDS-related_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_HIV/AIDS-related_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:27.621968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-hiv-aids-related-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== H == HAART – hairy leukoplakia – half-life – HAM/TSP – Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) – Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) – HELLP syndrome – helper T cells – helper/suppressor ratio (of T cells) – hematocrit – hematotoxic – hemoglobin – hemolysis – hemophilia – hepatic – hepatic steatosis – hepatitis – hepatitis C and HIV coinfection – hepatomegaly – herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) – herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) – herpes varicella zoster virus (VZV) – herpes viruses – highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) – histocompatibility testing – histoplasmosis – HIV disease – HIV prevention trials network (HPTN) – HIV set point – HIV vaccine trials network (HVTN) – HIV-1 – HIV-2 – HIV-associated dementia – HIV-related tuberculosis – HLA – Hodgkin's disease – holistic medicine – homology (biology) – hormone – host – host factors – HPTN – HPV – HRSA – HTLV-I – HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) – HTLV-II – human growth hormone (HGH) – human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) – human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) – human leukocyte antigens (HLA) – human papilloma virus (HPV) – human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) – human T cell lymphotropic


id: index-of-hiv-aids-related-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_HIV/AIDS-related_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_HIV/AIDS-related_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:27.621968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-hiv-aids-related-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== P == P24 – package insert – palliative – palliative care – pancreas – pancreatitis – pancytopenia – pandemic – pap smear – papilloma – parallel track – parasite – parenteral – paresthesia – passive immunity – passive immunotherapy – pathogen – pathogenesis – PBMC – PCP – PCR – Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group (PACTG) – pelvic inflammatory disease – peptide – perianal – perinatal – perinatal transmission – peripheral neuritis – peripheral neuropathy – persistent generalized lymphadenopathy – PGL – phagocyte – phagocytosis – pharmacokinetics – phase I trials – phase II trials – phase III trials – phase IV trials – photosensitivity – PHS – pituitary gland – placebo – placebo controlled study – placebo effect – plasma – plasma cells – platelets – PML – Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (formerly Pneumocystis carinii or PCP) – POL – polymerase – polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – polyneuritis – polypeptide – polyvalent vaccine – post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) – PPD test – pre-conception counseling – preclinical – precursor cells – prevalence – primary HIV infection – primary isolate – primaquine – proctitis – prodrome – prodrug – progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) – prophylactic drug – prophylaxis – protease – protease


id: index-of-immunology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_immunology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of immunology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_immunology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:28.937768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-immunology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Immunology is the study of the immune system during health and disease. Below is a list of immunology-related articles. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X ==


id: index-of-campanology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of campanology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:30.130157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-campanology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Campanology is the scientific and musical study of bells. It encompasses the technology of bells – how they are cast, tuned, and rung – as well as the history, methods, and traditions of bellringing as an art. Articles related to campanology include: == A–C == == D–F == == G–I == == J–L == == M–O == == P–R == == S–U == == V–Z == == See also == Index of music articles


id: index-of-topics-related-to-life-extension-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of topics related to life extension
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:31.371742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-topics-related-to-life-extension-20260505-0
summary:
Following is a list of topics related to life extension: == A == ACE inhibitor Actuarial escape velocity Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Advanced Cell Technology Corporation Aerobic exercise Age-adjusted life expectancy Age-Related Eye Disease Study Age-Related Macular Degeneration Aging Aging and memory Aging-associated diseases Aging brain Aging population Alcor Life Extension Foundation Alternative medicine American Aging Association American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) Amyloid Amyloid plaque Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), e.g., Lou Gehrig's disease Antagonistic Pleiotropy Antioxidant Polyphenol antioxidant Antisense therapy Apoptosis Atherosclerosis ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Autoimmune disease == B == Biodemography Biodemography of human longevity Bioethics Biological clock Biogerontology Biological immortality Biomarkers of aging Biotechnology Brain–computer interface == C == Caloric restriction mimetic Caloric restriction CR Society International Cell replacement therapy Cholinergic Clone Cloning Human cloning Therapeutic cloning Club of Rome Cockayne's syndrome Cognitive enhancement Compensation law of mortality Complementary and alternative medicine Cross-link Cyborg Cynthia Kenyon Cryobiology Cryonics Cryopreservation Cryoprotectant == D == Daily values de Grey, Dr. Aubrey De Grey Technology Review controversy Demopoulos M.D., Harry B. Dendrite DHT (dihydrotestosterone) Dietary supplement Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Mitochondrial DNA DNA damage theory of aging DNA repair Dolly the sheep Dopaminergic


id: index-of-nursing-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_nursing_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of nursing articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_nursing_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:48.400467+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-nursing-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an index of nursing articles on Wikipedia. == A == == B == == C == == H == == I == == L == == M == == N == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == W ==


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of terms related to oncology. The original source for this list was the US National Cancer Institute's public domain Dictionary of Cancer Terms. == 0–9 == 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin – 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate – 13-cis retinoic acid – 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin – 18F-EF5 – 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging – 2-methoxyestradiol – 2IT-BAD monoclonal antibody 170 – 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone – 3-AP – 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy – 3-dimensional radiation therapy – 4-demethoxydaunorubicin – 4-hydroxytamoxifen – 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide – 4-NQO – 5-FU – 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid – 5-hydroxytryptamine – 506U78 – 5Q- syndrome – 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene – 9-cis retinoic acid – 90Y-DOTA-biotin == A == A33 monoclonal antibody – AAP – abarelix – ABCD rating – ABI-007 – ABT-510 – ABT-751 – ABX-EGF – accelerated phase – ACE inhibitor – acetylcysteine – achlorhydria – acitretin – acoustic neurofibromatosis – acridine carboxamide – acrylonitrile – actinic keratosis – action study – Activase – acute erythroid leukemia – acute lymphoblastic leukemia – acute lymphocytic leukemia – acute myelogenous leukemia – acute myeloid leukemia – acute nonlymphocytic leukemia – AD 32 – adenocarcinoma – adenoid cystic cancer – adenoma – adenopathy – adenosine triphosphate – adenovirus – adjunct agent – adjunctive therapy – adjuvant therapy – adrenocortical –


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== B == B cell – B lymphocyte – B3 antigen – B43-PAP immunotoxin – B7-1 – Bacillus Calmette Guérin – bacterial toxin – barium enema – barium solution – barium swallow – Barrett's esophagus – basal cell – basal cell carcinoma – basal cell nevus syndrome – basophil – batimastat – BAY 12-9566 – BAY 43-9006 – BAY 56-3722 – BAY 59-8862 – BB-10901 – BBBD – BBR 2778 – BBR 3464 – BCG – BCG solution – bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139 – BCX-1777 – Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome – beclomethasone – Bellini duct carcinoma – bendamustine – benign – benign proliferative breast disease – benign prostatic hyperplasia – benign prostatic hypertrophy – benign tumor – benzaldehyde – benzoylphenylurea – benzydamine – Beriplast P – best practice – beta alethine – beta carotene – beta hemolytic streptococcus group B – beta-endorphin – beta-glucan – beta-human chorionic gonadotropin – bevacizumab – bexarotene – Bexxar regimen – BG00001 – BI-RADS – Biafine cream – BIBX 1382 – bicalutamide – bidi (oncology) – bilateral cancer – bilateral nephrectomy – bilateral prophylactic mastectomy – bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy – bile duct – biliary – bilirubin – binding agent – bioavailable – biochanin A – biochemical reactions –


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== C == C cell – c-erbB-2 – c-kit – CA 19-9 assay – CA-125 – CA-125 test – cachexia – calcitonin – calcitriol – CAM – Campath-1H – camptothecin – camptothecin analog – cancer – cancer induction – Cancer Information Service – cancer of unknown primary origin – cancer stem cell – cancer vaccine – Cancer.gov – Candidiasis – Candidosis – CAP-1 – capecitabine – capsaicin – captopril – carbendazim – carbogen – carbon-11 acetate – carboplatin – carboxyamidotriazole – carboxypeptidase-G2 – carcinoembryonic antigen – carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1 – carcinogen – carcinogenesis – carcinoid – carcinoid syndrome – carcinoma – carcinoma in situ – carcinomatosis – carcinosarcoma – carcinosis – carcinostatic – cardin (oncology) – carmustine – carnitine – carotenoid – carzelesin – case report – case series – case-control study – caspofungin acetate – Castleman's disease – CAT scan – catechol – cauterization – cauterize – cBR96-doxorubicin immunoconjugate – CC-1088 – CC-49 monoclonal antibody – CC-5013 – CC-8490 – CCI-779 – CD34 antigen – CD40-ligand – CEA – CEA assay – cecum – cefalexin – cefepime – cefixime – ceftriaxone – celecoxib – celiac disease – cell – cell differentiation – cell motility – cell proliferation – cell


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-3.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== D == D-20761 – da-huang – dacarbazine – dacliximab – daclizumab – dactinomycin – daidzein – dalteparin – danazol – darbepoetin alfa – darkfield microscope – Data Safety and Monitoring Committee – daunorubicin – DCIS – de novo – death cap – debulking operation – decitabine – decortication – deferoxamine – defibrotide – degenerative disease – dehydroepiandrosterone – delayed-type hypersensitivity response – dendritic cell – dendritic cell vaccine – denileukin diftitox – dental implant – deoxycytidine – deoxyribonucleic acid – DepoFoam-encapsulated cytarabine – depsipeptide – dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – dermatologist – dermis – DES – deslorelin – desmoid tumor – desmoplastic – desmoplastic melanoma – desmoplastic small round cell tumor – dexamethasone – dexmethylphenidate – dexrazoxane – dextroamphetamine-amphetamine – dextromethorphan acetic acid – DFMO – DHA-paclitaxel – DHEA – di-dgA-RFB4 monoclonal antibody – diagnosis – diagnostic mammogram – diagnostic procedures – diagnostic trial – diathermy – diaziquone – didanosine – DIEP flap – diethylstilbestrol – differentiation – difluoromethylornithine – digital mammography – digital photography – digital rectal examination – dihematoporphyrin ether – dimesna – dimethyl sulfoxide – dimethylxanthenone acetic acid – diphosphonate – dipyridamole – disease progression – disease-free survival – disease-specific survival – distal – distal pancreatectomy – distant


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-4.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== G == G-CSF – gabapentin – Gail model – gallium nitrate – gallium scan – gamma knife – gamma ray – ganciclovir – ganglioside – gastrectomy – gastric atrophy – gastrinoma – gastroenterologist – gastroesophageal junction – gastroesophageal reflux disease – gastrointestinal – gastrointestinal stromal tumor – gastrointestinal tract – gastroscope – gastroscopy – gefitinib – geldanamycin analog – GEM 231 – gemcitabine – gemtuzumab ozogamicin – gene expression profiling – gene therapy – gene transfer – gene-modified – genetic analysis – genetic counseling – genetic deletion – genetic markers – genetic susceptibility – genetic testing – genistein – genitourinary system – genome – germ cell – germ cell tumor – German Commission E – germinoma – germline mutation – Gerota's capsule – Gerota's fascia – gestational trophoblastic disease – gestational trophoblastic neoplasia – gestational trophoblastic tumor – GI14721 – giant cell fibroblastoma – gimatecan – GIST – Gleason score – Gleevec – Gliadel Wafer – glial cell – glial tumor – glioblastoma – glioblastoma multiforme – glioma – gliosarcoma – glossectomy – glucagon – glucagonoma – glucocorticoid – gluconeogenesis – glufosfamide – glutamine – glutathione – glutathione S-transferase – glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase inhibitor – glycolysis – glycopeptide –


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-5.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== I == ibandronate – ICI 182,780 – ICI D1694 – idarubicin – IDEC-Y2B8 monoclonal antibody – idiopathic – idiopathic myelofibrosis – idoxifene – idoxuridine – ifosfamide – IH636 grape seed extract – IL-1 – IL-1-alfa – IL-11 – IL-12 – IL-2 – IL-3 – IL-4 – IL-6 – ileostomy – iloprost – ILX-295501 – ILX23-7553 – IM-862 – imaging procedure – imatinib mesylate – imipenem – imiquimod – immune adjuvant – immune function – immune response – immune system – immune system tolerance – immunoassay – immunocompetence – immunocompetent – immunocompromised – immunodeficiency – immunodeficiency syndrome – immunoglobulin – immunological adjuvant – immunology – immunomodulation – immunophenotyping – immunoscintigraphy – immunostimulant – immunosuppression – immunosuppressive – immunosuppressive therapy – immunotherapy – immunotoxin – in situ cancer – incisional biopsy – incomplete Freund's adjuvant – indinavir – indium In 111 ibritumomab tiuxetan – indium In 111 pentetreotide – indole-3-carbinol – indolent lymphoma – indometacin – induction therapy – infiltrating cancer – infiltrating ductal carcinoma – inflammatory breast cancer – infliximab – infrared coagulation – inguinal orchiectomy – inoperable – inositol – inositol hexaphosphate – instillation – Institutional Review Board – intensification therapy – Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy – intercalator –


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-6.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== M == M protein – macroglobulinemia – macrophage – mafosfamide – MAGE-3 – magnetic resonance imaging – magnetic resonance perfusion imaging – magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging – magnetic-targeted carrier – maintenance therapy – malabsorption syndrome – malignancy – malignant – malignant ascites – malignant fibrous cytoma – malignant fibrous histiocytoma – malignant meningioma – malignant mesothelioma – malignant mixed Müllerian tumor – malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor – malondialdehyde – MALT lymphoma – mammary – mammogram – mammography – Mammotome – mantle field – marimastat – mast cell – mastectomy – mastocytoma – matrix metalloproteinase – MDL 101,731 – MDX-060 – mean survival time – measurable disease – mechlorethamine – MEDI-507 – medial supraclavicular lymph node – median survival time – mediastinal pleura – mediastinoscopy – mediastinum – medical castration – medical oncologist – medroxyprogesterone – medullary breast carcinoma – medullary thyroid cancer – medulloblastoma – mega-voltage linear accelerator – megestrol – meiosis – melanocyte – melanoma – melanoma vaccine – melphalan – MEN-10755 – MEN1 syndrome – meningeal – meningeal metastases – meningioma – menopausal hormone therapy – mercaptopurine – mercury – Merkel cell cancer – mesenchymal – mesenteric membrane – mesna – mesonephroma – mesothelioma – metaplasia


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-7.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== P == P-32 – p-value – p53 gene – Pacific valerian – paclitaxel – Paget's disease of bone – Paget's disease of the nipple – PALA – palatine uvula – palliative care – palliative therapy – Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia – pamidronate – Pancoast's tumor – pancreatectomy – pancreatic cancer – pancreatic duct – pancreatic enzyme – pancreatic juice – pancreatitis – PAP, same as Pap smear – Pap smear – Pap test, same as Pap smear – papillary serous carcinoma – papillary thyroid cancer – papillary tumor – papilledema – paracentesis – parageusia – paramyxovirus – paraneoplastic syndrome – parathyroid gland – parathyroid hormone – parenchyma – paresthesias – paricalcitol – parietal pericardium – Parkinson's disease – parotidectomy – paroxetine hydrochloride – partial cystectomy – partial laryngectomy – partial mastectomy – partial nephrectomy – partial oophorectomy – partial remission – partial response – passive antibody therapy – Paterson–Kelly syndrome – pathological staging – patient-controlled analgesia – Patient derived tumor xenografts – PCA – PDQ – peau d'orange – PEG-interferon alfa-2a – PEG-interferon alfa-2b – PEG-MGDF – pegaspargase – pegfilgrastim – PEITC – peldesine – pelvic exenteration – pelvic lymphadenectomy – pemetrexed disodium – penclomedine – penicillamine – pentetic acid


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-8.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== S == S-1 – S-phase fraction – safingol – salpingo-oophorectomy – salvage therapy – samarium 153 – saponin – saquinavir mesylate – sarCNU – sarcoma – sarcosinamide nitrosourea – sargramostim – satraplatin – SC-70935 – SCH 54031 – SCH 66336 – SCH-58500 – Schiller test – Schwann cell – schwannoma – scintimammography – scleroderma – screening mammogram – Scutellaria barbata – SDX-102 – SDX-105 – second primary cancer – second-line therapy – second-look surgery – secondary cancer – sedoxantrone trihydrochloride – segmental cystectomy – segmental mastectomy – selective estrogen receptor modulator – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor – sella turcica – semaxanib – seminal vesicle biopsy – seminoma – semiparasitic – semustine – senile keratosis – sentinel lymph node – sentinel lymph node biopsy – sentinel lymph node mapping – seocalcitol – SERM – serotonin – sertraline – serum albumin – serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase – Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase – serum tumor marker test – sesquiterpene lactone – sestamibi breast imaging – severe myelosuppression – Sézary syndrome – SGN-00101 – SGN-15 – SGOT – SGPT – sham therapy – shave biopsy – Sho-saiko-to – sialic acid – sialyl Tn-KLH – side-to-end coloanal anastomosis – sideropenic dysphagia – sigmoidoscope –


id: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles-9.md
category: reference
title: Index of oncology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:49.665018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oncology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== U == ubiquinone – UCN-01 – UGT1A1 – ultrasonogram – ultrasonography – ultrasound-guided biopsy—see ultrasound and biopsy – ultraviolet radiation therapy—see ultraviolet radiation and radiation therapy – uncontrolled study—see clinical trial – unconventional cancer treatments—see experimental cancer treatment – undifferentiated—see cellular differentiation – unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy—see oophorectomy – unresectable—see resection – unresectable gallbladder cancer—see gallbladder cancer – unsealed internal radiation therapy—see radiation therapy – upper GI series – urachus – uracil – urea nitrogen—see blood urea nitrogen – ureteroscopy – urine cytology—see urine – urokinase – urologic oncologist—see urology and oncologist – urothelium – ursodiol – UV radiation – UVA radiation – UVB radiation – uvula == V == vaccine adjuvant – vaccine therapy – vaccinia CEA vaccine – vaginal cancer – vaginal melanoma–vaginal tumors – valacyclovir – valdecoxib – valerian – Valeriana officinalis – Valerianae radix – valganciclovir – valproic acid – vancomycin – vapreotide – varicose veins – vascular endothelial growth factor – VEGF – VEGF Trap – venlafaxine – video-assisted resection – video-assisted surgery – villous adenoma – villus – vinblastine – vinca alkaloid – vincristine – vindesine – vinorelbine – viral vector – virotherapy – virtual colonoscopy – Virulizin – virus replication cycle – virus-neutralizing antibody


id: index-of-oral-health-and-dental-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of oral health and dental articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:52.331331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oral-health-and-dental-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Dental pertains to the teeth, including dentistry. Topics related to the dentistry, the human mouth and teeth include: == A == Abfraction • Abrasion • Academy of General Dentistry • Acinic cell carcinoma • Acrodont • Adalbert J. Volck • Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor • Adhesive Dentistry • Aetna • Agar • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans • Aim toothpaste • Akers' clasp • Alberta Dental Association and College • Alfred Fones • Alfred P. Southwick • Alginic acid • Alice Timander • Allan G. Brodie • Alveolar bony defects • Alveolar osteitis • Alveolar process of maxilla • Alveolar ridge • Amalgam • Ameloblast • Ameloblastic fibroma • Ameloblastin • Ameloblastoma • Amelogenesis • Amelogenesis imperfecta • Amelogenin • American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry • American Academy of Periodontology • American Association of Endodontists • American Association of Orthodontists • American Dental Association • American Dental Education Association • American Dental Hygienists' Association • American Society of Dental Surgeons • American Student Dental Association • Amosan • Anbesol • Angular cheilitis • Anodontia • Anthony Hamilton-Smith, 3rd Baron Colwyn • Antoni Cieszyński • Apert syndrome • Apex locator • Aphthous ulcer • Applied kinesiology • Aquafresh • Archwire • Arizona Dental Association •


id: index-of-oral-health-and-dental-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of oral health and dental articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:52.331331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oral-health-and-dental-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== F == F. labii inferioris • Faculty of Dental Surgery • Faculty of General Dental Practice • False tooth • Fatima Jinnah Dental College • FDI World Dental Federation • FDI World Dental Federation notation • FDSRCS England • Fiberotomy • Filiform papilla • Fissured tongue • Fixed prosthodontics • Florida Dental Association • Fluoride therapy • Focal infection • Foliate papillae • Forensic dentistry • Frank Abbott (dentist) • Frank Crowther • Frederick B. Moorehead • Frederick Bogue Noyes • Frederick J. Conboy • Free gingival margin • Frenulum linguae • Frey's syndrome • Fungiform papilla == G == G. Walter Dittmar • Gardner's syndrome • Gargling • Gaspard Fauteux • Gene Derricotte • General Dental Council • General Practice Residency • Geographic tongue • Georg Carabelli • George S. Long • Gerald Cardinale • Geriatric dentistry • Gerrit Wolsink • Giant cell fibroma • Gigantiform cementoma • Gingiva • Gingival and periodontal pockets • Gingival cyst of the adult • Gingival cyst of the newborn • Gingival enlargement • Gingival fibers • Gingival sulcus • Gingivectomy • Gingivitis • Giovanni Battista Orsenigo • Glandular odontogenic cyst • Glasgow Dental Hospital and School • Glass ionomer cement •


id: index-of-oral-health-and-dental-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of oral health and dental articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:52.331331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-oral-health-and-dental-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== O == Obligate nasal breathing • Occlusal splint • Occlusal trauma • Occlusion • Odontoblast • Odontoblast process • Odontode • Odontogenic keratocyst • Odontogenic myxoma • Odontogenic cyst • Odontoma • Ohaguro • Ohio College of Dental Surgery • Ohio Dental Association • Oil of cloves • Oil pulling • Olaflur • Omega Pharma • Ontario Dental Association • Open Dental • Orabase B • Oral-B • Oral candidiasis • Oral and maxillofacial radiology • Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Oral cancer • Oral hygiene • Oral care swab • Oral irrigator • Oral medicine • Oral microbiology • Oral mucosa • Oral pathology • Oral Surgery • Oral torus • Oral ulcer • Orofacial granulomatosis • Orson Hodge • Orthodontic Facemask & Reverse-Pull Headgear • Orthodontic headgear • Orthodontic spacer • Orthodontic Technicians Association • Orthodontic technology • Orthodontics • Orthopantomogram • Orville Howard Phillips • Oscar Willing • Osseointegrated implant • Osteonecrosis of the jaw • Osteoporotic bone marrow defect • Our Lady of Fatima University • Outer enamel epithelium == P == Painless Parker • Pakistan Medical and Dental Council • Palatal expander • Palate • Palatine uvula • Palmer notation • Parafunctional habit •


id: index-of-radiation-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_radiation_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of radiation articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_radiation_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:58.624134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-radiation-articles-20260505-0
summary:
absorbed dose Electromagnetic radiation equivalent dose hormesis Ionizing radiation Louis Harold Gray (British physicist) rad (unit) radar radar astronomy radar cross section radar detector radar gun radar jamming (radar reflector) corner reflector radar warning receiver (Radarange) microwave oven radiance (radiant: see) meteor shower radiation Radiation absorption Radiation acne Radiation angle radiant barrier (radiation belt: see) Van Allen radiation belt Radiation belt electron Radiation belt model Radiation Belt Storm Probes radiation budget Radiation burn Radiation cancer (radiation contamination) radioactive contamination Radiation contingency Radiation damage Radiation damping Radiation-dominated era Radiation dose reconstruction Radiation dosimeter Radiation effect radiant energy Radiation enteropathy (radiation exposure) radioactive contamination Radiation flux (radiation gauge: see) gauge fixing radiation hardening (radiant heat) thermal radiation radiant heating radiant intensity radiation hormesis radiation impedance radiation implosion Radiation-induced lung injury Radiation Laboratory radiation length radiation mode radiation oncologist radiation pattern radiation poisoning (radiation sickness) radiation pressure radiation protection (radiation shield) (radiation shielding) radiation resistance Radiation Safety Officer radiation scattering radiation therapist radiation therapy (radiotherapy) (radiation treatment) radiation therapy (radiation units: see) Category:Units of radiation dose (radiation weight factor: see) equivalent dose radiation zone radiative cooling radiative forcing radiator radio (radio amateur: see) amateur radio (radio antenna) antenna (radio) radio astronomy radio beacon


id: index-of-radio-propagation-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_radio_propagation_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of radio propagation articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_radio_propagation_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:49:59.900119+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-radio-propagation-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an index to articles about terms used in discussion of radio propagation. == A == A-index - active region - Alfvén wave - amateur radio bands - anomalous propagation - antenna height above average terrain - area-to-area Lee model - American Radio Relay League (ARRL) - atmospheric duct - aurora - == B == backscatter - bow shock - brightness temperature - broadcast range - burst transmission - == C == Cassegrain antenna - celestial equator - cellular telephony - Chapman function - clutter (radar) - co-channel interference - coherence bandwidth - coherence time - communication with submarines - computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere - Conder plot - conjugate points - corona - coronagraph - coronal hole - coronal loops - coronal mass ejection - cosmic noise - cosmic ray - COST Hata model - COST 231 model - Coverage map - Cp index - creeping wave - critical frequency - Critical hours - == D == D region - decibel - delay spread - Dellinger effect - differential rotation - dipole antenna - directional antenna - diurnal phase shift - diversity combining - diversity scheme - Doppler effect - Doppler shift - dose rate -


id: index-of-sociology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of sociology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:01.232160+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-sociology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an index of sociology articles. For a shorter list, see List of basic sociology topics. == A == ableism — abortion — absolute poverty — achieved status — acute disease — adaptation — adultism — affect control theory — affirmative action — affluent alienation — age grade — age structure — aging in place — ageism — agency — AGIL Paradigm — aggregate — ageism — agrarian society — agribusiness — AIDS — air pollution — alcoholism — altermodern — alienation — alien land law — alternative society — altruism — alzheimer's disease — Amae — amalgamation — Americanization — Anabaptist — anarchy — androgyny — animal abuse — animism — anomia — anomie — anthropology — antipositivism — antisemitism — apartheid — apollonian — applied science — approach — appropriate technology — The Archaeology of Knowledge — arms race — arms trade — arranged marriage — asceticism — Asch conformity experiments — ascribed status — assimilation — assisted living — attribution theory — autarky — authentic act — authoritarian personality — authoritarianism — authority — autocracy — automation — avant-garde == B == baby boomer — balance of power — base and superstructure — The Bell Curve


id: index-of-sociology-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of sociology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:01.232160+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-sociology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== I == 'I' and the 'me' — iatrogenesis — ideal type — identity — identity politics — ideology — imagined communities — immigration — imperialism — ingroup — income — independent variable — industrial democracy — industrial production — industrial society — industrial sociology — industrialisation — industrialization of war — infant mortality— informal economy — information technology —infrastructure — inner city — instinct — institution — institutional discrimination — imprinting — institutional racism — insurgency — intelligence — intelligence quotient — intelligentsia — intentional community — interaction — interest group — intergenerational mobility — internal colonialism — international division of labor — interpersonal violence — interpretive == J == Japanization — Jim Crow laws — jingoism — Judaism — justice, distributive — juvenile delinquency == K == kin selection — kinship — kindness == L == labeling theory — labour power — laissez-faire — late modernity — Latino/a — latent function — law — legitimacy — legitimation crisis — Leipzig school — lesbianism — liberal democracy — life-course — life-cycle — life expectancy — lifeworld — limited war — literacy — local knowledge — longevity — longitudinal study — looking-glass self — love — luddism — luddite —


id: index-of-sociology-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of sociology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:01.232160+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-sociology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
=== Social === social actions — social activism — social actor — social analysis — social animal — social anthropology — social phobia — social assistance — social artifact — social attitude — social balance theory — social behavior — social bookmarking — social capital — social center — social change — social character — social chauvinism — social choice function — social choice theory — social circle — social class — social club — social closure — social cognition — social commentary — social complexity — social computing — social condenser — social conflict — social conservatism — social contact — social contract — social construction — social constructionism — social construction of technology — social context — social control — social cost — Social Credit — social cycle theory — social dance — social Darwinism — social democracy — social demography — social development — social diffusion theory — social dilemma — social disobedience — social disorganization — social division — social ecology — social effect of evolutionary theory — social effects of rock and roll — social elite — social engineering — social environment — social enterprise — social epistemology — social equality — social evolution —


id: index-of-solar-energy-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_solar_energy_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of solar energy articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_solar_energy_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:02.634375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-solar-energy-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of solar energy topics. == A == Air mass coefficient Agrivoltaics Artificial photosynthesis == B == BP Solar BrightSource Energy Building-integrated photovoltaics == C == Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics Central solar heating plant Community solar farm Compact linear Fresnel reflector Concentrating photovoltaics Concentrating solar power Crookes radiometer == D == Daylighting Horace de Saussure Desertec Drake Landing Solar Community Duck curve Dye-sensitized solar cell == E == Effect of sun angle on climate Energy tower (downdraft) EURO-SOLAR Programme European Photovoltaic Industry Association == F == Feed-in tariff First Solar Flip Flap Floating Solar (Floatovoltaics) Fresnel reflector Charles Fritts Calvin Fuller == G == Geomagnetic storm Global dimming Greenhouse Growth of photovoltaics == H == Halo (optical phenomenon) Helioseismology Heliostat Home Energy Storage == I == Indosolar Insolation Abram Ioffe ISE (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems) Ivanpah Solar Power Facility == J == Jinko Solar == L == Light tube List of photovoltaic power stations List of solar thermal power stations Loanpal == M == Magnetic sail Auguste Mouchout Moura photovoltaic power station == N == Nanocrystal solar cell Net metering Nevada Solar One == P == Parabolic reflector Parabolic trough Passive solar Passive solar building


id: index-of-steam-energy-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_steam_energy_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of steam energy articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_steam_energy_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:03.822089+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-steam-energy-articles-20260505-0
summary:
portable engine steam aircraft (steam ball) aeolipile (steam bath) sauna steam brig steam bus steam cannon steam car steam crane steam donkey steam dummy (dummy engine) (steam electric power plant) fossil fuel power plant (FFPP) (steam electrolysis) high-temperature electrolysis steam engine stationary steam engine steam explosion steam fair Steam generator (boiler) steam generator Steam generator (nuclear power) steam hammer steam locomotive steam locomotive nomenclature steam locomotives of British Railways Steam Locomotives of Ireland steam power during the Industrial Revolution steam railroad steam reforming steam rupture steam shovel (steam sterilizer) autoclave steam tank (vehicle) steam tractor (steam train)–see steam locomotive steam tricycle steam turbine steam turbine locomotive steamboat steamroller steam whistle traction engine == See also == List of environment topics Category:Steam road vehicles


id: index-of-trauma-and-orthopaedics-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_trauma_and_orthopaedics_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of trauma and orthopaedics articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_trauma_and_orthopaedics_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:05.010504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-trauma-and-orthopaedics-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Orthopedic surgery is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal injuries, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, bone tumours, and congenital limb deformities. Trauma surgery and traumatology is a sub-specialty dealing with the operative management of fractures, major trauma and the multiply-injured patient. List excludes anatomical terminology covered in index of anatomy articles. == A == Abbreviated Injury Scale - Acetabular fracture - Acheiropodia - Achilles tendon rupture - Acromioplasty - Adamantinoma - Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder - Advanced trauma life support - Ainhum - Akin osteotomy - Albers-Schonberg disease - Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy - Allis test - ALPSA lesion - Amelia (birth defect) - American Joint Replacement Registry - Amphiarthrosis - Andersson lesion - Aneurysmal bone cyst - Ankle replacement - Anterior cruciate ligament injury - Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction - Antley–Bixler syndrome - Apert syndrome - Apley grind test - Apley scratch test - Apprehension test - Arachnodactyly - Arm fracture - Arthralgia - Arthritis - Arthrocentesis - Arthrodesis - Arthrogram - Arthrogryposis - Arthroplasty - Arthroscopy - Arthrotomy - Articular capsule - Articular cartilage repair - Astragalectomy - Autologous chondrocyte implantation - Avascular


id: index-of-trauma-and-orthopaedics-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_trauma_and_orthopaedics_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of trauma and orthopaedics articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_trauma_and_orthopaedics_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:05.010504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-trauma-and-orthopaedics-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== H == Haglund's deformity - Hajdu–Cheney syndrome - Hallux rigidus - Hallux valgus - Hallux varus - Hammer toe - Hand deformity - Hand fracture - Hand of benediction - Hand surgery - Hangman's fracture - Haruguchi classification - Hardinge lateral approach to the hip - Harrington rod - Harris Hip Score - Harris lines - Harrison's groove - Haversian canal - Hawkin's classification - Hawkins-Kennedy test - Heberden's node - Hemarthrosis - Hematoma - Hemimelia - Herbert classification - Herbert screw - Herscovici classification - High ankle sprain - High tibial osteotomy - Hilgenreiner's line - Hill–Sachs lesion - Hip dysplasia (human) - Hip examination - Hip fracture - Hip replacement - Hip resurfacing - Hip spica cast - Hoffa fracture - Holdsworth fracture - Holstein–Lewis fracture - Hubscher's maneuver - Hueter-Volkmann law - Human musculoskeletal system - Hume fracture - Hume fracture - Humerus fracture - Humphrey's ligament - Hyaline cartilage - Hydroxylapatite - Hyperostosis - Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy == I == Ideberg classification - Ilizarov apparatus - Infantile cortical hyperostosis - Injury Severity Score - Internal fixation - Intervertebral disc annuloplasty - Intervertebral disc arthroplasty - Intramedullary rod - Intramembranous ossification - Involucrum - Irregular bone


id: index-of-trauma-and-orthopaedics-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_trauma_and_orthopaedics_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of trauma and orthopaedics articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_trauma_and_orthopaedics_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:05.010504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-trauma-and-orthopaedics-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== S == Sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra - Salter–Harris fracture - Sanders classification - Sarcoma - Scaphoid fracture - Scapular fracture - Schenck classification - Scheuermann's disease - Schmorl's nodes - Schober's test - Schwartz–Jampel syndrome - Scoliosis - Seddon classification - Segond fracture - Seidel nail - Seinsheimer classification - Separated shoulder - Sequestrum - Sesamoid bone - Sesamoiditis - Sever's disease - Shenton's Line - Shepherd's fracture - Shin splints - Short bone - Shoulder examination - Shoulder fracture - Shoulder replacement - Shoulder surgery - Silver–Russell syndrome - Simmonds' test - Skeletal fluorosis - SLAP tear - Slipped capital femoral epiphysis - Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis - Smith Peterson nail - Smith-Petersen anterior approach to the hip - Smith's fracture - Soft tissue injury - Southwick angle - Speed's test - Spina bifida occulta - Spinal curvature - Spinal fracture - Spinal fusion - Spiral fracture - Splint (medicine) - Spondylolisthesis - Sports injury - Sprained ankle - Sprengel's deformity - Steinmann pin - Stener lesion - Sternal fracture - Stieda fracture - Straight leg raise - Stress fracture - Subacromial bursitis - Sudeck's atrophy - Sulcoplasty - Supracondylar fracture - Swan neck deformity -


id: index-of-women-scientists-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_women_scientists_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of women scientists articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_women_scientists_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:07.517839+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-women-scientists-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == Z == == Trans man scientists who were scientists before transitioning == == Transmasculine non-binary scientists who were scientists before transitioning == == Transfeminine non-binary scientists == == See also == List of female Fellows of the Royal Society List of female mathematicians List of female scientists before the 21st century List of women geologists Women in chemistry Women in computing Women in geology Women in science Women in STEM fields == References == Herzenberg, Caroline L. 1986. Women Scientists from Antiquity to the Present: An Index. Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9 Howard S. The Hidden Giants, ch. 2, (Lulu.com; 2006) (accessed 22 August 2007) Howes, Ruth H. and Caroline L. Herzenberg. 1999. Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project. Temple University Press. ISBN


id: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design-0.md
category: reference
title: List of works on intelligent design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:09.568361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of works addressing the subject or the themes of intelligent design. == Non-fiction == === Supportive non-fiction === ==== Supportive non-fiction books ==== Ashton, John F, ed. (2001). In Six Days : Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation. Master Books. ISBN 978-0-89051-341-5. Ashton, John F, ed. (2001). On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God. Master Books. ISBN 978-0-89051-376-7. Michael J. Behe. Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, New York: Free Press, 1996. ISBN 0-684-83493-6 Michael J. Behe, William A. Dembski, Stephen C. Meyer. Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe (Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute), Ignatius Press 2000, ISBN 0-89870-809-5 Michael J. Behe, The Edge of Evolution, Free Press, June 5, 2007, ISBN 0-7432-9620-6 David Berlinski. The Devil's Delusion: Atheism and its Scientific Pretensions, Basic Books; Reprint edition, 2009, ISBN 0-465-01937-4 Campbell, John Angus; Stephen C. Meyer, eds. (2004). Darwinism, Design, and Public Education. Rhetoric and Public Affairs Series. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-675-7. Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. Ann Coulter (2006). Godless: The Church of Liberalism. Crown Forum. ISBN 978-1-4000-5420-6. (Attacks evolution. Not a support for Creationism.) Percival Davis


id: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design-1.md
category: reference
title: List of works on intelligent design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:09.568361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
summary:
==== Supportive non-fiction anthologies ==== John Angus Campbell, Stephen C. Meyer ed. Darwinism, Design and Public Education, Michigan State University Press, December 2003, ISBN 0-87013-670-4 Why Are We Still Debating Darwinism? Why Not Teach the Controversy? John Angus Campbell PART I—Should Darwinism Be Presented Critically and Comparatively in the Public Schools? Philosophical, Educational, and Legal Issues Intelligent Design, Darwinism, and the Philosophy of Public Education, John Angus Campbell Intelligent Design Theory, Religion, and the Science Curriculum, Warren A. Nord Teaching the Controversy: Is It Science, Religion, or Speech? David DeWolf, Stephen C. Meyer, and Mark E. DeForrest PART II—Scientific Critique of Biology Textbooks and Contemporary Evolutionary Theory The Meanings of Evolution, Stephen C. Meyer and Michael Newton Keas The Deniable Darwin, David Berlinski Haeckel's Embryos and Evolution: Setting the Record Straight, Jonathan Wells Second Thoughts about Peppered Moths, Jonathan Wells Where Do We Come From? A Humbling Look at the Biology of Life's Origin, Massimo Pigliucci Origin of Life and Evolution in Biology Textbooks: A Critique, Gordon C. Mills, Malcolm Lancaster, and Walter L. Bradley PART III—The Theory of Intelligent Design: A Scientific Alternative to Neo-Darwinian and/or Chemical Evolutionary Theories DNA and the Origin of Life: Information, Specification, and Explanation,


id: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design-2.md
category: reference
title: List of works on intelligent design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:09.568361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
summary:
==== Neutral non-fiction books ==== David L. Bender (1988). Science and Religion; Opposing Viewpoints. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0-89908-406-0 Carl Johan Calleman (2009). The Purposeful Universe: How Quantum Theory and Mayan Cosmology Explain the Origin and Evolution of Life. Bear & Company. ISBN 1-59143-104-2 Michael Corey (2007). The God Hypothesis: Discovering Design in Our Just Right Goldilocks Universe. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-5889-4 Paul Davies (2007). Cosmic Jackpot The Goldilocks Enigma: Why is the Universe Just Right for Life?. ISBN 978-0-618-59226-5 James Le Fanu (2009). Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves. Pantheon. ISBN 0-375-42198-X Jerry Fodor and Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini. (2011) What Darwin Got Wrong. Picador; Reprint edition ISBN 0-312-68066-X James N. Gardner (2003). Biocosm: The New Scientific Theory of Evolution: Intelligent Life Is the Architect of the Universe. Inner Ocean Publishing. ISBN 1-930722-26-5 Brian Goodwin (2001). How the Leopard Changed its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08809-8 Amit Goswami (2008). Creative Evolution: A Physicist's Resolution Between Darwinism and Intelligent Design. Quest Books; 1st Quest Ed edition. ISBN 0-8356-0858-1 George Greenstein (1988). The Symbiotic Universe: Life and mind in the Cosmos. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07604-1 Bernard Haisch (2010). The Purpose-Guided Universe: Believing


id: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design-3.md
category: reference
title: List of works on intelligent design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:09.568361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
summary:
==== Neutral non-fiction anthologies ==== Robert Pennock ed. Intelligent Design Creationism and its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives, MIT Press (2002). ISBN 0-262-66124-1 Intelligent Design Creationism's "Wedge Strategy" The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream, by Barbara Forrest Johnson's Critique of Evolutionary Naturalism Evolution as Dogma: The Establishment of Naturalism, by Phillip E. Johnson Naturalism, Evidence and Creationism: The Case of Phillip Johnson, by Robert T. Pennock Response to Pennock by Phillip E. Johnson Reply: Johnson's Reason in the Balance, by Robert T. Pennock A Theological Conflict?: Evolution vs. the Bible When Faith and Reason Clash: Evolution and the Bible, by Alvin Plantinga When Faith and Reason Cooperate, by Howard J. Van Till Plantinga's Defense of Special Creation, by Ernan McMullin Evolution, Neutrality, and Antecedent Probability: A Reply to McMullin and Van Till, by Alvin Plantinga Intelligent Design's Scientific Claims Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference, by Michael J. Behe Born Again Creationism, by Philip Kitcher Biology Remystified: The Scientific Claims of the New Creationists, by Matthew J. Brauer & Daniel R. Brumbaugh Plantinga's Critique of Naturalism & Evolution Methodological Naturalism?, by Alvin Plantinga Methodological Naturalism


id: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design-4.md
category: reference
title: List of works on intelligent design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:09.568361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
summary:
==== Critical non-fiction books ==== Ayala, Francisco J. (2006). Darwin and Intelligent Design. Facets Series. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-3802-3. Brockman, John (ed.) (2006). Intelligent thought. Science versus the intelligent design movement. New York, New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-307-27722-0. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help) Claramonte, Vicente (2009). La cientificidad del diseño inteligente. Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN 978-84-9876-165-8. Richard Dawkins. The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design, W. W. Norton & Company (1996). ISBN 0-393-31570-3 Richard Dawkins. The God Delusion, Houghton Mifflin (October 18, 2006). ISBN 0-618-68000-4 Richard Dawkins. The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution (2009) ISBN 978-1416594789 Barbara Forrest and Paul R. Gross. Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design, Oxford University Press (2004). ISBN 0-19-515742-7 Foster, John Bellamy; Brett Clark; Richard York (2008). Critique of Intelligent Design: Materialism Versus Creationism from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-1-58367-173-3. Isaak, Mark (2005). The Counter-Creationism Handbook. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33305-7. Ernst Mayr. One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought, Harvard University Press (1993). ISBN 0-674-63906-5 Kenneth R. Miller. Finding Darwin's God, HarperCollins (1999). ISBN 0-06-093049-7 National Academy of Sciences. Science and


id: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design-5.md
category: reference
title: List of works on intelligent design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:09.568361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
summary:
==== Critical non-fiction papers and articles ==== Attie, Alan D.; Elliott Sober; Ronald L. Numbers; Richard M. Amasino; Beth Cox; Terese Berceau; Thomas Powell; Michael M. Cox (2006). "Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (5): 1134–1138. doi:10.1172/JCI28449. PMC 1451210. PMID 16670753. Bauer, D.R. (2006). "Resolving the controversy over "teaching the controversy": The constitutionality of teaching intelligent design in public schools". Fordham Law Review. 75 (2): 1019–1063. Beja, A. (2006). "The judge and "intelligent design" in the United States". Esprit (6): 181–184. Bland, M. (2005). "Intelligent design: the response". Physics World. 18 (12): 19. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/18/10/27. Branch, Glenn (March 2007). "Understanding Creationism after Kitzmiller". BioScience. 57 (3): 278–284. doi:10.1641/B570313. Frederick C. Crews. Saving Us from Darwin, The New York Review of Books, Vol 48, No 15 (4 October 2001). Frederick C. Crews. Saving Us from Darwin, Part II, The New York Review of Books, Vol 48, No 16 (18 October 2001). Fitelson, Branden; Elliott Sober (1998). "Plantinga's Probability Arguments Against Evolutionary Naturalism" (PDF). Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. 79 (2): 115–129. doi:10.1111/1468-0114.00053. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2007-06-24. Fitelson, Branden; Christopher Stephens; Elliott Sober (1999). "How Not to Detect Design--- A Review


id: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design-6.md
category: reference
title: List of works on intelligent design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:09.568361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-works-on-intelligent-design-20260505-0
summary:
==== Critical non-fiction films ==== Flock of Dodos A biting, tongue-in-cheek documentary that pans both sides of the debate. Judgement Day: Intelligent Design on Trial, a Public Broadcasting Service NOVA television documentary about the Kitzmiller v. Dover federal trial A War on Science is a 49-minute BBC Horizon television documentary about intelligent design, including the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover court battle. It prominently features Oxford University professor, biologist Richard Dawkins. It was first broadcast on 26 January 2006. Intelligent design supporters and promoters Phillip Johnson, Michael Behe, Stephen C. Meyer and William A. Dembski also appear in the documentary. == Fiction == The concept of life having been designed or manipulated is a staple of science fiction. Aspects of Intelligent Design are explored in: Calculating God by Robert J. Sawyer. 2000. ISBN 0-312-86713-1 A science fiction novel in which an intelligent designer is manipulating reality solely for the benefit of human-kind and three other sentient species residing in our galaxy. 2001: A Space Odyssey; in the movie, human evolution is accelerated and guided by an unspecified force, assumed by many to be aliens. In the novel based on the film, human evolution is accelerated and guided by aliens. In the


id: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication-0.md
category: reference
title: List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:10.791741+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-0
summary:
There have been instances in which a person, through facilitated communication (FC)—a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other communication disabilities who are non-verbal—seems to disclose experiences of abuse. Often, the alleged abuse is sexual and contains "extensive, explicit, pornographic details". While facilitators are taught to expect their communication partners to reveal sensitive, personal issues, researchers find that facilitators involved in this type of case mistakenly suspect abuse by family members or others. Despite this, some abuse accusations first made via FC have been later proven credible through physical evidence, medical records, and witness testimony by parties unrelated to FC. In one study, out of 13 children who had made such accusations using FC, four had evidence of sexual abuse, two had physical findings consistent with sexual abuse, one also disclosed the allegation verbally, and one perpetrator confessed following the accusation. In 1993, Frontline's "Prisoners of Silence" featured the story of Gerry Gherardi of New Hampshire, who was accused, through FC-generated messages, of sexually abusing his son. Despite protestations of innocence, Gherardi was forced to stay away from his home for six months. The charges were dropped when court-ordered double-blind tests showed that


id: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication-1.md
category: reference
title: List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:10.791741+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-0
summary:
=== Wheaton case === In 1992, the parents of Betsy Wheaton, a 16-year-old nonspeaking person with autism, were, through facilitated communication, falsely accused of sexually abusing their daughter. The facilitator, Janyce Boynton, who was trained in FC at the University of Maine, interpreted Betsy's hitting and scratching during facilitated sessions as reenactments of abuses occurring at home. Boynton reported these incidents to the Department of Human Services, and Betsy and her brother were removed from the home. The brother was also implicated. The parents' attorney hired Howard Shane of Boston Children's Hospital to conduct testing of authorship. It was determined through double blind testing that Boynton, not Betsy, was authoring the messages obtained through facilitation. Boynton, unlike many other facilitators who have undergone testing, accepted the results, stopped using FC, and persuaded the school system to stop using FC as well. Looking back on her training, Boynton could see that it had been inadequate. She had not worked with anyone who was nonverbal, and she was pronounced "good to go" after only two days of mostly lectures. She knew that disabled people suffer relatively high levels of abuse, was taught that there was a strong affinity between patient and facilitator,


id: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication-2.md
category: reference
title: List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:10.791741+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-0
summary:
=== John Pinnington case === In 1998, middle-aged John Pinnington changed careers to focus on the care and treatment of individuals with autism (having been inspired by his experiences with his own autistic step-son). After several years of work in the field, Pinnington was hired by Thomley Hall College, a specialist facility for students aged 16–25 with autism, where he was promoted to the position of Deputy Headmaster in 2004. At the time of his promotion the college was aware that between the years 2000 and 2002, two young adults with autism had accused Pinnington of sexual abuse. Those charges, made during facilitated communication sessions, had been investigated by the college and by the police and found to be without foundation. In 2005, Pinnington learned that a third young man with autism had made an abuse allegation. Again, the charges were made during a facilitated communication session. Despite the dismissal of all charges by police investigators, the law in the UK required that a record of the allegations remain in Pinnington's police record, and the charges came to light later in 2005 when a new set of background checks were mandated by a charity that had taken over the college.


id: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication-3.md
category: reference
title: List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:10.791741+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-abuse-allegations-made-through-facilitated-communication-20260505-0
summary:
=== Wales case === In 2012, the parents of a young woman with severe intellectual disabilities, autism, and profound communication problems were reunited with their daughter after the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales concluded they had been wrongfully arrested on suspicion of serious sexual assault obtained via FC. The family had been separated for six months. No charges were brought against the parents. Rowan Wilson, a psychiatrist, had, on November 8, 2010, assessed the woman's mental capacity using FC, though he, admittedly, had no knowledge or experience of the system. He also failed to consider the discrepancy between the woman's language fluency with and without FC. The Medical Practitioners Tribunal Services ruled that Wilson was still fit to practice because "he had shown remorse and insight into the errors he was highly unlikely to repeat." Wilson participated in further training in autism. === Hialeah case === In 2018, Jose Cordero spent 35 days in jail and was barred from seeing his family for months after he was accused of abusing his seven-year-old autistic son. The accusations arose through the child's teacher using the "hand-over-hand" method of FC. Miami-Dade prosecutors grew suspicious when, through the facilitator the boy made even more


id: list-of-psychic-abilities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychic_abilities-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychic abilities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychic_abilities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:12.029125+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychic-abilities-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of psychic abilities attributed to real-world people. Many of these abilities pertain to variations of extrasensory perception or the sixth sense. Superhuman abilities from fiction are not included. == Psychic abilities == Aerokinesis – The ability to control air and wind. Astral projection or mental projection – The ability to voluntarily project an astral body or mental body, being associated with the out-of-body experience, in which one's consciousness or a state of day dream-like experience imagines an imaginary or future state of one's being. Atmokinesis – The ability to regulate the weather by "calling" for snow, rain, or sunshine. Automatic writing – The ability to draw or write without conscious intent. Bilocation – The ability to be present in two different places at the same time, usually attributed to a saint. Biokinesis - The ability to control any form of life from a single nucleotide to an entire ecosystem simultaneously. Chlorokinesis – The ability to mentally and/or physically summon, control and manipulate plants and vegetation. Cryokinesis – The ability to control ice or cold with one's mind. Curse – Any expressed wish that some form of adversity or misfortune will befall or attach to one or


id: curious-cases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious_Cases-0.md
category: reference
title: Curious Cases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious_Cases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:13.542687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: curious-cases-20260505-0
summary:
Curious Cases is a BBC Radio 4 science programme, presented by Hannah Fry and Dara Ó Briain. Each episode tackles a question sent in by a listener (who are collectively known as The Curios), which they attempt to solve "using the power of science". Currently in its 24th series, it is broadcast weekly on Saturdays. Originally called "The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry", the first 21 series were presented by Adam Rutherford and Hannah Fry, with the first episode airing on Monday, 15 February 2016. After the end of the 21st series, there was a break of just over 19 months. The first episode of series 22 was broadcast on 4 October 2024 with Ó Briain replacing Rutherford. == Presenters == Hannah Fry has co-hosted the series since its inception to the present. Fry was appointed the Professor of the Public Understanding of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, UK on 1 January 2025. She was awarded the David Attenborough Award by the Royal Society in 2024. Adam Rutherford is a geneticist, writer and author and lecturer at University College London. He was awarded the David Attenborough Award by the Royal Society in 2021., and appointed President of Humanists


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary of aerospace engineering terms pertains specifically to aerospace engineering, its sub-disciplines, and related fields including aviation and aeronautics. For a broad overview of engineering, see glossary of engineering.


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
== A == Above ground level – In aviation, atmospheric sciences and broadcasting, a height above ground level (AGL) is a height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface. This is as opposed to altitude/elevation above mean sea level (AMSL), or (in broadcast engineering) height above average terrain (HAAT). In other words, these expressions (AGL, AMSL, HAAT) indicate where the "zero level" or "reference altitude" is located. Absolute humidity – describes the water content of air and is expressed in either grams per cubic meter or grams per kilogram. Absolute value – In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus |x| of a real number x is the non-negative value of x without regard to its sign. Namely, |x| = x for a positive x, |x| = −x for a negative x (in which case −x is positive), and |0| = 0. For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero. Acceleration – In physics, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time. An object's acceleration is the net


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The rocket's rotation (induced by the deployment from the aircraft) is slowed by a small parachute attached to its tail, then ignited once the carrier aircraft has passed it. It is ignited before it is pointing fully vertically, however it will turn to do so, and accelerates to pass behind the carrier aircraft. AGL – Above ground level Aileron – is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement around the aircraft's longitudinal axis), which normally results in a change in flight path due to the tilting of the lift vector. Movement around this axis is called 'rolling' or 'banking'. Air-augmented rocket – Aircraft – is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, and hot air balloons. Aircraft flight control systems – A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
As a result, they were often distinguished from objects found in the main asteroid belt. Astrodynamics – Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. Atmospheric entry – is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite. There are two main types of atmospheric entry: uncontrolled entry, such as the entry of astronomical objects, space debris or bolides; and controlled entry (or reentry) of a spacecraft capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course. Technologies and procedures allowing the controlled atmospheric entry, descent and landing of spacecraft are collectively termed as EDL. Attitude control – is controlling the orientation of an object with respect to an inertial frame of reference or another entity like the celestial sphere, certain fields, and nearby objects, etc. Controlling vehicle attitude requires sensors to measure vehicle orientation, actuators to apply the torques needed to re-orient the vehicle to a desired attitude, and algorithms to command the actuators based on (1) sensor measurements of the current attitude and (2) specification of a desired


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
== B == Balloon – In aeronautics, a balloon is an unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to its buoyancy. A balloon may be free, moving with the wind, or tethered to a fixed point. It is distinct from an airship, which is a powered aerostat that can propel itself through the air in a controlled manner. Ballute – (a portmanteau of balloon and parachute) is a parachute-like braking device optimized for use at high altitudes and supersonic velocities. Invented by Goodyear in 1958, the original ballute was a cone-shaped balloon with a toroidal burble fence fitted around its widest point. A burble fence is an inflated structure intended to ensure flow separation. This stabilizes the ballute as it decelerates through different flow regimes (from supersonic to subsonic). Beam-powered propulsion – also known as directed energy propulsion, is a class of aircraft or spacecraft propulsion that uses energy beamed to the spacecraft from a remote power plant to provide energy. The beam is typically either a microwave or a laser beam and it is either pulsed or continuous. A continuous beam lends itself to thermal rockets, photonic thrusters and light sails, whereas a pulsed beam lends itself to


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
== C == Cabin pressurization – is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft, in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for passengers and crew flying at high altitudes. For aircraft, this air is usually bled off from the gas turbine engines at the compressor stage, and for spacecraft, it is carried in high-pressure, often cryogenic tanks. The air is cooled, humidified, and mixed with recirculated air if necessary, before it is distributed to the cabin by one or more environmental control systems. The cabin pressure is regulated by the outflow valve. Cable lacing – is a method for tying wiring harnesses and cable looms, traditionally used in telecommunication, naval, and aerospace applications. This old cable management technique, taught to generations of linemen, is still used in some modern applications since it does not create obstructions along the length of the cable, avoiding the handling problems of cables groomed by plastic or hook-and-loop cable ties. Camber – the asymmetric curves on the top and bottom, or front and back, of an aerofoil Canard – is an aeronautical arrangement wherein a small forewing or foreplane is placed forward of the


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
β = − 1 V ∂ V ∂ p {\displaystyle \beta =-{\frac {1}{V}}{\frac {\partial V}{\partial p}}} , where V is volume and p is pressure. The choice to define compressibility as the opposite of the fraction makes compressibility positive in the (usual) case that an increase in pressure induces a reduction in volume. t is also known as reciprocal of bulk modulus(k) of elasticity of a fluid. Compression – In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions. It is contrasted with tension or traction, the application of balanced outward ("pulling") forces; and with shearing forces, directed so as to displace layers of the material parallel to each other. The compressive strength of materials and structures is an important engineering consideration. Compressor map – is a diagram showing significant performance parameters for a rotating compressor, and how they vary with changing ambient conditions of pressure and temperature. Computational fluid dynamics – (CFD), is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to analyze and solve


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-7.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
== D == Damage tolerance – is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. Decalage – Decalage on a fixed-wing aircraft is the angle difference between the upper and lower wings of a biplane, i.e. the acute angle contained between the chords of the wings in question. Decalage is said to be positive when the upper wing has a higher angle of incidence than the lower wing, and negative when the lower wing's incidence is greater than that of the upper wing. Positive decalage results in greater lift from the upper wing than the lower wing, the difference increasing with the amount of decalage. De Laval nozzle – (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle), is a tube that is pinched in the middle, making a carefully balanced, asymmetric hourglass shape. It is used to accelerate a hot, pressurized gas passing through it to a higher supersonic speed in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the heat energy of the


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-8.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface area. Drag equation – In fluid dynamics, the drag equation is a formula used to calculate the force of drag experienced by an object due to movement through a fully enclosing fluid. The equation is:


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-9.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
F D = 1 2 ρ u 2 C D A {\displaystyle F_{D}\,=\,{\tfrac {1}{2}}\,\rho \,u^{2}\,C_{D}\,A} F D {\displaystyle F_{D}} is the drag force, which is by definition the force component in the direction of the flow velocity, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the mass density of the fluid, u {\displaystyle u} is the flow velocity relative to the object, A {\displaystyle A} is the reference area, and C D {\displaystyle C_{D}} is the drag coefficient – a dimensionless coefficient related to the object's geometry and taking into account both skin friction and form drag. In general, C D {\displaystyle C_{D}} depends on the Reynolds number. Drop test – is a method of testing the in-flight characteristics of prototype or experimental aircraft and spacecraft by raising the test vehicle to a specific altitude and then releasing it. Test flights involving powered aircraft, particularly rocket-powered aircraft, may be referred to as drop launches due to the launch of the aircraft's rockets after release from its carrier aircraft. Dual mode propulsion rocket – Dual mode propulsion systems combine the high efficiency of bipropellant rockets with the reliability and simplicity of monopropellant rockets. It is based upon the use of two rocket fuels, liquid


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-10.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
Where | ∇ u | 2 = ∑ i , j = 1 n | ∂ i u j | 2 {\displaystyle |\nabla \mathbf {u} |^{2}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}\left|\partial _{i}u^{j}\right|^{2}} . This is quantity is the same as the squared seminorm | u | H 1 ( Ω ) n 2 {\displaystyle |\mathbf {u} |_{H^{1}(\Omega )^{n}}^{2}} of the solution in the Sobolev space :::: H 1 ( Ω ) n {\displaystyle H^{1}(\Omega )^{n}} . In the case that the flow is incompressible, or equivalently that ∇ ⋅ u = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {u} =0} , the enstrophy can be described as the integral of the square of the vorticity ω {\displaystyle \mathbf {\omega } } , E ( ω ) ≡ ∫ Ω | ω | 2 d x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}({\boldsymbol {\omega }})\equiv \int _{\Omega }|{\boldsymbol {\omega }}|^{2}\,dx} or, in terms of the flow velocity, E ( u ) ≡ ∫ S | ∇ × u | 2 d S . {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}(\mathbf {u} )\equiv \int _{S}|\nabla \times \mathbf {u} |^{2}\,dS\,.} In the context of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, enstrophy appears in the following useful result d d t ( 1 2 ∫ Ω | u | 2


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-11.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
== F == Fatigue – In materials science, fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads. It is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading. The nominal maximum stress values that cause such damage may be much less than the strength of the material typically quoted as the ultimate tensile stress limit, or the yield stress limit. Field-emission electric propulsion – (FEEP), is an advanced electrostatic space propulsion concept, a form of ion thruster, that uses a liquid metal as a propellant – usually either caesium, indium, or mercury. Fixed-wing aircraft – is a heavier-than-air flying machine, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the aircraft's forward airspeed and the shape of the wings. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft (in which the wings form a rotor mounted on a spinning shaft or "mast"), and ornithopters (in which the wings flap in a manner similar to that of a bird). The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are not necessarily rigid; kites, hang gliders, variable-sweep wing aircraft and airplanes that use wing morphing are all examples of fixed-wing


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-12.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-0
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Fluid mechanics – is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology. It can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. Fluid statics – or hydrostatics, is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies the condition of the equilibrium of a floating body and submerged body "fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and the pressure in a fluid, or exerted by a fluid, on an immersed body". FMS – Flight management system. Force – In physics, a force is any influence that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newton (N). Force is


id: glossary-of-aerospace-engineering-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-13.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:15.292303+00:00
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== G == Galaxy – is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. The word is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally "milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million (108) stars to giants with one hundred trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies are categorized according to their visual morphology as elliptical, spiral, or irregular. Gas-generator cycle (rocket) – is a power cycle of a pumped liquid bipropellant rocket engine. Part of the unburned propellant is burned in a gas generator (or preburner) and the resulting hot gas is used to power the propellant pumps before being exhausted overboard, and lost. Because of this loss, this type of engine is termed open cycle. Geostationary orbit – also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 kilometres (22,236 miles) in altitude above Earth's equator (42,164 kilometers in radius from Earth's center) and following the direction of Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotational period, one sidereal day, and so to ground


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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== H == Hall effect thruster – In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall-effect thruster (HET) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall-effect thrusters (based on the discovery by Edwin Hall) are sometimes referred to as Hall thrusters or Hall-current thrusters. Hall-effect thrusters use a magnetic field to limit the electrons' axial motion and then use them to ionize propellant, efficiently accelerate the ions to produce thrust, and neutralize the ions in the plume. The Hall-effect thruster is classed as a moderate specific impulse (1,600 s) space propulsion technology and has benefited from considerable theoretical and experimental research since the 1960s. Heat shield – A heat shield is designed to protect an object from overheating by dissipating, reflecting, absorbing heat, or simply gradually burn and fall away from the aircraft, pulling the excess heat with it. The term is most often used in reference to exhaust heat management and to systems for dissipation of heat due to friction. Helicopter – is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally-spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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== I == Impulse – Specific impulse (usually abbreviated Isp) is a measure of how efficiently a rocket uses propellant or a jet engine uses fuel. For engines whose reaction mass is only the fuel they carry, specific impulse is exactly proportional to exhaust gas velocity. Indicated airspeed – (IAS), is the airspeed read directly from the airspeed indicator (ASI) on an aircraft, driven by the pitot-static system. It uses the difference between total pressure and static pressure, provided by the system, to either mechanically or electronically measure dynamic pressure. The dynamic pressure includes terms for both density and airspeed. Since the airspeed indicator cannot know the density, it is by design calibrated to assume the sea level standard atmospheric density when calculating airspeed. Since the actual density will vary considerably from this assumed value as the aircraft changes altitude, IAS varies considerably from true airspeed (TAS), the relative velocity between the aircraft and the surrounding air mass. Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is the IAS corrected for instrument and position error. An aircraft's indicated airspeed in knots is typically abbreviated KIAS for "Knots-Indicated Air Speed" (vs. KCAS for calibrated airspeed and KTAS for true airspeed). Instrument landing system – In aviation,


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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== K == Keel effect – In aeronautics, the keel effect (also known as the pendulum effect or pendulum stability) is the result of the sideforce-generating surfaces being above (or below) the center of mass (which coincides with the center of gravity) in an aircraft. Along with dihedral, sweepback, and weight distribution, keel effect is one of the four main design considerations in aircraft lateral stability. Kepler's laws of planetary motion – In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun. The laws modified the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, replacing its circular orbits and epicycles with elliptical trajectories, and explaining how planetary velocities vary. The three laws state that: The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. The square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the length of the semi-major axis of its orbit. The elliptical orbits of planets were indicated by calculations of the orbit of Mars. From this, Kepler inferred that


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering-18.md
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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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== L == Lander – spacecraft designed to soft-land intact or almost undamaged on the surface of a celestial body and eventually take-off from it Landing – is the last part of a flight, where an aircraft, or spacecraft returns to the ground. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called alighting, although it is commonly called "landing", "touchdown"a or "splashdown" as well. A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing. Landing gear – is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft and may be used for either takeoff or landing. For aircraft it is generally needed for both. Also, for aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it is not flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage. Wheeled landing gear is the most common, with skis or floats needed to operate from snow/ice/water and skids for vertical operation on land. Faster aircraft have retractable undercarriages, which fold away during flight to reduce drag. Lagrangian mechanics – Introduced by the Italian-French mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788, Lagrangian mechanics is a formulation of classical mechanics and is founded on the stationary


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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The function δ ( t ) {\displaystyle \delta (t)} on the right-hand side is called perturbation or virtual displacement. The directional derivative δ S {\displaystyle \delta {\cal {S}}} on the left is known as variation in physics and Gateaux derivative in mathematics. Lagrangian mechanics has been extended to allow for non-conservative forces. Lagrangian point – In celestial mechanics, the Lagrange points (also Lagrangian points, L-points, or libration points) are points near two large orbiting bodies. Normally, the two objects exert an unbalanced gravitational force at a point, altering the orbit of whatever is at that point. At the Lagrange points, the gravitational forces of the two large bodies and the centrifugal force balance each other. This can make Lagrange points an excellent location for satellites, as few orbit corrections are needed to maintain the desired orbit. Small objects placed in orbit at Lagrange points are in equilibrium in at least two directions relative to the center of mass of the large bodies. Laser broom – is a proposed ground-based laser beam-powered propulsion system whose purpose is to sweep space debris out of the path of other artificial satellites such as the International Space Station. It would heat one side of


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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Lunar space elevator – or lunar spacelift, is a proposed transportation system for moving a mechanical climbing vehicle up and down a ribbon-shaped tethered cable that is set between the surface of the Moon "at the bottom" and a docking port suspended tens of thousands of kilometers above in space at the top.


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== M == Mach number – In fluid dynamics, the Mach number is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. Magnetic sail – or magsail, is a proposed method of spacecraft propulsion which would use a static magnetic field to deflect charged particles radiated by the Sun as a plasma wind, and thus impart momentum to accelerate the spacecraft. A magnetic sail could also thrust directly against planetary and solar magnetospheres. Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster – A magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster (MPDT) is a form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion which uses the Lorentz force (the force on a charged particle by an electromagnetic field) to generate thrust. It is sometimes referred to as Lorentz Force Accelerator (LFA) or (mostly in Japan) MPD arcjet. Mass – is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (rate of change of velocity with respect to time) when a net force is applied. An object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies. The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). In physics, mass is not the same as weight, even though


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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== N == NACA – United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, replaced by NASA in 1958. NASA – United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Navier–Stokes equations – In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations() are certain partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances, named after French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and Anglo-Irish physicist and mathematician George Gabriel Stokes. They were developed over several decades of progressively building the theories, from 1822 (Navier) to 1842–1850 (Stokes). The Navier–Stokes equations mathematically express conservation of momentum and conservation of mass for Newtonian fluids. They are sometimes accompanied by an equation of state relating pressure, temperature and density. They arise from applying Isaac Newton's second law to fluid motion, together with the assumption that the stress in the fluid is the sum of a diffusing viscous term (proportional to the gradient of velocity) and a pressure term—hence describing viscous flow. The difference between them and the closely related Euler equations is that Navier–Stokes equations take viscosity into account while the Euler equations model only inviscid flow. As a result, the Navier–Stokes are a parabolic equation and therefore have better analytic properties, at the expense of having less mathematical structure


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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== O == Orbit – In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approximation, planets and satellites follow elliptic orbits, with the center of mass being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse, as described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion. For most situations, orbital motion is adequately approximated by Newtonian mechanics, which explains gravity as a force obeying an inverse-square law. However, Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which accounts for gravity as due to curvature of spacetime, with orbits following geodesics, provides a more accurate calculation and understanding of the exact mechanics of orbital motion. Orbit phasing – In astrodynamics, orbit phasing is the adjustment of the time-position of spacecraft along its orbit, usually described as adjusting the orbiting spacecraft's true anomaly. Orbital phasing is primarily used in scenarios where a spacecraft in a given orbit must be moved to a different location within the same orbit. The change in position within the orbit is usually


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title: Glossary of aerospace engineering
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== P == Parallel axis theorem – also known as Huygens–Steiner theorem, or just as Steiner's theorem, named after Christiaan Huygens and Jakob Steiner, can be used to determine the moment of inertia or the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the object's center of gravity and the perpendicular distance between the axes. Parasitic drag – also known as profile drag, is a type of aerodynamic drag that acts on any object when the object is moving through a fluid. Parasitic drag is a combination of form drag and skin friction drag. It affects all objects regardless of whether they are capable of generating lift. Total drag on an aircraft is made up of parasitic drag and lift-induced drag. Parasitic drag is so named because it is not useful, whereas lift-induced drag is the result of an airfoil generating lift. Parasitic drag comprises all types of drag except lift-induced drag. Perpendicular axes theorem – states that the moment of inertia of a planar lamina (i.e. 2-D body) about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the lamina is equal to the sum of the


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== S == SABRE – Satellite – Saturn (rocket family) – Scalar (physics) – A quantity with magnitude but no direction. Schlieren – Schlieren photography – Scramjet – Second moment of area – Shock wave – SI – Single point of failure – Single-stage-to-orbit – spacecraft able to fly from a celestial body (usually the Earth or the Moon)'s surface to its orbit without using external boosters Skyhook (structure) – Slew – Stream function – Streamline – Solar panel – Solar sail – Solar thermal rocket – Solid of revolution – Solid rocket – Sound barrier – Space activity suit – Space elevator – Space fountain – Space Shuttle – crewed NASA spacecraft used between 1981 and 2011, consisting of a reusable spaceplane (the Space Shuttle orbiter, capable of airplane-like landing) attached to an expendable external tank (which disintegrated during re-entry) and two recoverable solid rocket boosters (which re-entered the Earth's atmosphere and splash-landed) Space Shuttle external tank – external tank attached to the orbiter and the solid rocket boosters in the NASA Space Shuttle program Space Shuttle main engine – Space Shuttle orbiter – reusable NASA VTHL spaceplane used during the Space Shuttle program (1981–2011) Space station – habitable


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== V == V-2 rocket – The V-2 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, "Retribution Weapon 2"), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. The missile, powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a "vengeance weapon" and assigned to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities. The V-2 rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the Kármán line with the vertical launch of MW 18014 on 20 June 1944. Variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket – (VASIMR), is an electrothermal thruster under development for possible use in spacecraft propulsion. It uses radio waves to ionize and heat an inert propellant, forming a plasma, then a magnetic field to confine and accelerate the expanding plasma, generating thrust. It is a plasma propulsion engine, one of several types of spacecraft electric propulsion systems. Velocity – The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of an object's speed and direction of motion (e.g. 60 km/h


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title: Glossary of agriculture
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This glossary of agriculture is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in agriculture, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including horticulture, animal husbandry, agribusiness, and agricultural policy. For other glossaries relevant to agricultural science, see Glossary of biology, Glossary of ecology, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of botanical terms. == A == abattoir See slaughterhouse. aboiteau Plural aboiteaux. A sluice or conduit built beneath a coastal dike, with a hinged gate or a one-way valve that closes during high tide but remains open during low tide, preventing salt water from flowing into the sluice and flooding the land behind the dike while allowing fresh water precipitation and irrigation runoff to drain from the land into the sea. The term may also refer to a method of land reclamation which relies on these gated sluices to convert tidal flats and coastal marshes into land suitable for agriculture. Aboiteau systems are usually installed several seasons prior to planting to allow time for natural flows of fresh water to drain through the soil and reduce its salinity. This method is practiced in areas with extremely high tidal amplitudes, particularly Atlantic Canada, where large tracts of coastal land would otherwise be


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agricultural fencing Any fence or barrier used to keep domestic or wild animals (or humans) inside or outside of an agricultural area. Fencing materials and designs vary widely depending on terrain and the kinds of animals they are intended to deter, though wooden logs, barbed wire, and electrified fences are common. They must often be continuous for long distances to surround farms or pastures. In many places, ranchers are required by law to build fences to enclose their grazing livestock within designated rangeland; in others, livestock are allowed to roam freely, and responsibility for fencing belongs to those who wish to prevent animals from accessing their land. agricultural land Any land devoted solely to agriculture, i.e., the deliberate and systematic reproduction of living organisms to produce commodities that humans can use. In the broadest sense, agricultural land may also include certain types used only partially or seasonally for agricultural purposes, such as pastures and wild forests. Colloquially, the term is often used interchangeably with farmland, cropland, and arable land, though these terms may also be considered technically distinct. agricultural machinery The mechanical or electrical tools, devices, and structures used in farming or any other type of agriculture. The broadest definition


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animal-free agriculture Also veganic farming. Any agricultural practice or farming method that does not make use of animals or animal products, such as farmed animal manures. Animal-free agriculture may use organic or non-organic techniques. apiculture Also beekeeping. The maintenance of colonies of bees, commonly in human-made beehives, by humans for any of a variety of purposes, including collecting honey or other products created by bees, pollinating crops, and breeding bees for sale. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary and a person who practices apiculture is called an apiarist or beekeeper. aquaculture Also aquafarming. The cultivation of aquatic organisms in either freshwater or saltwater habitats, including fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, and others, with the goal of producing any of a variety of products that can be used by humans. Branches of aquaculture include pisciculture, algaculture, and mariculture. aquaponics A variant of hydroponic agriculture that recycles nutrient-rich waters sourced from an aquaculture operation and uses them to feed hydroponically grown plants. arable land Any land which is capable of producing viable agricultural crops in its present state, and which does not require substantial clearing or other improvements apart from routine tillage operations. This may include both natural,


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bin burn The discoloration and deterioration of harvested grain due to heat during long-term storage in bins. biochar A fine-grained, porous charcoal produced from organic matter via pyrolysis (i.e. in low-temperature, anoxic conditions) rather than standard combustion. It is often used as a soil amendment to increase soil fertility and sequester carbon. biodynamic agriculture A type of alternative agriculture which incorporates holistic ecological approaches and aspects of organic and integrated farming but also emphasizes various esoteric perspectives, including spiritual and mystical beliefs about nature. The efficacy of biodynamic agricultural techniques lacks scientific evidence, and the practice has been labeled a pseudoscience. bioeffector Any viable microorganism or naturally occurring chemical compound which directly or indirectly affects plant growth, development, production, and/or yield quality (e.g. organic fertilizers and biofertilizers) and thus has the potential to reduce or replace use of conventional chemical fertilizers or pesticides. biofertilizer A substance containing living microorganisms such as bacteria and algae which, when applied to seeds, plant parts, or soil, colonize plant tissues or the rhizosphere surrounding the roots and promote the growth and health of the host plant by increasing the supply or bioavailability of useful nutrients. Biofertilizers serve the same purpose as conventional fertilizers, though


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branding A technique for marking and identifying livestock in which a permanent scar, known as a brand, is made in the animal's hide, traditionally by applying an extremely hot or cold branding iron which has been shaped or placed in such a way as to create a unique, specific symbol or series of numbers, usually for the purpose of indicating ownership. Branding may be used in conjunction with other forms of animal identification, including earmarking, ear tagging, and radio-frequency identification (RFID). branding iron A handheld metal tool with one end shaped into a letter, number, or other symbol, intended as a unique identifier, which is heated, chilled, or electrified and then pressed against the skin of an animal in a process known as branding. brash 1. The decaying residues of a previous crop, along with any weeds that may be present on or near the soil surface, in an area that has not been ploughed. This debris may impede subsequent cultivation unless it is removed or buried. 2. In forestry, the small branches and foliage removed when trees are felled. Where trees such as hazel are coppiced, brash is often placed over the stool to deter animals from browsing the


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candling In the poultry egg industry, the process of examining eggs for quality and defects by holding them in front of a bright light source, illuminating the internal contents of the egg through the translucent shell without having to break it open. cane mill A mill at which sugarcane is ground into raw sugar. capon A male chicken which has been castrated or neutered before reaching maturity, allowing it to grow faster and obtain a larger adult size. care farming The practice of farming (or of agricultural activities in general) for the purpose of providing or promoting mental or physical health or well-being, especially as a form of therapy or to aid convalescence or for social or educational services. carryover The supply of a farm commodity that is not yet used at the end of a marketing season and subsequently stored and made available for sale in the next marketing season. An excessively large carryover may be considered a surplus, and may cause prices to fall. carton 1. A container used for fruit or other produce leaving a packinghouse. 2. A unit of mass or volume representing a standardized size of these containers, equal to 425 pounds (193 kilograms) or


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title: Glossary of agriculture
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center-pivot irrigation Also circle irrigation or water-wheel irrigation. A method of crop irrigation in which a long line of sprinklers mounted upon or dangling from a metal frame with multiple sets of wheels rotates slowly around a pivot at the center of a field, watering a very large circular area centered on this point. Water is usually supplied by a well or an underground pipeline near the pivot, and the wheeled frame is propelled by hydraulic pressure or electric motors. A typical center-pivot line is 400 metres (1,300 feet) long and capable of irrigating a 125-acre (51 ha) circle within a 160-acre (65 ha) square, covering about 78% of the surface area; some systems can also irrigate the corners of the square by means of an end gun at the end of the line or a trailing segment of frame that swings out into the corner areas. Modern center-pivot systems are often fully automated and programmable for specific rates of rotation, variable water distribution patterns, and other precision controls. cereal Any member of the grass family cultivated for the edible components of its grain, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. The term may also refer to the resulting grain


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title: Glossary of agriculture
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continuous harvest A method of cultivation whereby crops are harvested more or less continuously throughout an extended or indefinite growing season, without any significant pause or interruption such as for replanting. For most conventionally grown plant and animal crops, production is limited to specific times of year by the need for suitable weather or for periods of inactivity during which soils can recover fertility and producers can resupply inputs and otherwise prepare for the start of the next production cycle, meaning the harvested products are only available to consumers for a few weeks or months at the end of each growing season. In some places, however, where the climate is largely consistent throughout the year, or wherever labor and inputs are consistently available, certain crops may be grown, harvested, and sold during unusually long seasons or even year-round. Some seasonal crops can also have their harvest windows extended by growing them in highly controlled environments or by deliberately staggering planting times so that different groups of plants are of different ages and thus one or more groups are ready for harvest at any given time of year. contour farming Also contouring. The practice of ploughing and/or planting a sloping field


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-8.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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cow–calf operation Also single-suckler herd. A ranch which specializes in producing young beef cattle, maintaining a permanent herd of cows in order to breed and rear their calves and then sell them to other operations while still young, either to other ranches where they are raised into adults or to slaughterhouses for their meat or hides. cow-calf separation Also dam-calf separation. The widespread but controversial practice, in the beef and dairy industries, of separating calves from their mothers shortly after birth. creamery A dairy operation or facility which processes raw milk and/or cream into finished dairy products, such as consumer-grade milk, butter, cheese, and ice cream, and prepares them for market. creep feeding The practice of supplementing the diet of young livestock which are still nursing, usually beef calves and swine, with prepared feed. This may be done in order to introduce the animals to feed before weaning or to facilitate quicker fattening, but is only cost-effective when the price of animal feed is very low. crop Any plant, animal, or other product of a living organism that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. The term may refer to the organism or species itself, the harvested


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-9.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:17.200809+00:00
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cultural control An approach to pest control which emphasizes the modification of the agricultural environment in order to reduce the prevalence and proliferation of unwanted pests, as an alternative to applying chemical pesticides. Examples of cultural control include altering physical properties of the growing environment (e.g. soil pH or fertility, amount of sunlight, temperature, humidity, irrigation, etc.) in order to make it difficult or impossible for pests to live there, adhering to a strict program of fallowing and weeding, and using pest-eating predators such as chickens or ladybugs as a form of biocontrol. Systematic implementation of these practices can reduce the need for curative interventions and thus avoid the detrimental effects of conventional top-down approaches to pest control such as those associated with chronic pesticide use. cultured meat Also cultivated meat or lab-grown meat. Meat-like animal tissue that is grown in a laboratory by culturing animal cells in vitro, in a process known as cellular agriculture, as opposed to meat obtained from whole animals that are raised on farms and then slaughtered. custom harvesting The contracting of independent operators of farm equipment to harvest crops, especially grains, on a particular farm. Custom harvesters provide their own combines and other machinery


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-10.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:17.200809+00:00
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dipping The process of immersing a live animal into a bath containing a liquid formulation of insecticide (and sometimes also fungicide), usually a dilute solution of organophosphorus compounds, as a means of removing lice, ticks, or other ectoparasites which may otherwise cause disease. Sheep are commonly treated in a sheep dip, and cattle in a plunge dip. disc harrow Also disk harrow. A type of harrow designed to till the soil surface and simultaneously chop up weeds and crop residues, consisting of one or more rows of concave metal discs which may be scalloped or oriented at an oblique angle and which rotate freely as the implement moves forward. It is usually pulled behind a tractor or mounted upon a three-point linkage. dockage Waste material which is removed from grain as it is being processed, prior to milling. docking Also cropping or tailing. The intentional removal of all or part of an animal's tail by any of a variety of methods, usually by cutting with a knife or scalpel, applying a hot iron, or constricting blood circulation with a rubber ring to cause the tail to fall off. Docking of swine is performed in order to reduce potentially harmful tail


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-11.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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dubbing Also dewattling. The removal of any of the fleshy caruncles from the heads of poultry, i.e. the comb, wattles, and/or earlobes. Dubbing is often done with the rationale that it reduces the chances that these parts will be injured, become infected, and thereby potentially compromise the bird's overall health, though the practice has been criticized for being unnecessarily stressful to birds, and also because combs and wattles are thought to have important functions in the regulation of body temperature and in certain social behaviors. dynamic compaction A method of increasing the density of soil deposits by repeatedly dropping a very heavy weight onto the ground at regularly spaced locations, which can compress underground voids, improve soil structure and stability, and prevent settling and undesirable soil movement beneath buildings. It has many applications, including in agriculture, where it can be used to increase water and amendment retention in seedbeds, especially when subsurface constraints make alternative methods of compaction inappropriate. == E == earlage A high-energy feed for cattle composed of ears of maize (both kernels and cobs) chopped into small pieces and fermented into silage. earmark A cut or notch made in, or a tag attached to, one or both


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-12.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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farm gate value The market value of an agricultural product minus the subsequent costs of transporting, storing, marketing, and selling the product to a consumer; the net value of the product as it is at the "farm gate", i.e. upon leaving the agricultural operation, before such costs are added to the market price. The market or retail price paid by the consumer is often far higher than the amount the farmer actually receives for the product, particularly if the farmer sells wholesale to a retailer rather than directly to the end consumer as in farm gate marketing. farm stand Also farm shop. A type of retail outlet which sells fresh produce directly from a particular farm or group of farms. Direct sales to consumers allow farmers to retain a larger portion of the resulting profit than they can usually obtain by selling to a wholesaler. See also farmers' market. farm water Water that is committed for use in agriculture of any type. Farm water may include water used in the irrigation of crops as well as in the watering of livestock. farm-to-fork The tracing or connecting of all stages of the supply chain of a food from production to consumption.


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-13.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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field Any area of land, enclosed or otherwise, used for agricultural purposes, such as for the cultivation of crops or as a paddock for livestock. field crop Any crop suited to cultivation in a large open field, or which must generally be grown in great quantities, on a larger scale than in gardens, in order to produce a meaningful yield, such as most cereals, hay, and cotton. field day A large public trade show for the agricultural industry at which agricultural equipment, techniques, and business ideas are exhibited and demonstrated. filly An immature female horse, too young to be called a mare (generally less than four or five years old). filter strip Also conservation buffer or buffer strip. A strip of grass or other dense, permanent vegetation lining the edge of an agricultural field and acting as a buffer zone between the field and its surrounding environment, usually designed with the primary goal of controlling non-point source pollution by filtering agricultural surface runoff before it drains into an adjacent body of water, e.g. a pond, lake, stream, diversion terrace, or irrigation canal. The roots of the vegetation trap and remove agrichemicals including fertilizers and pesticides from the runoff and may


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-14.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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forage Any plant material, especially leaves and stems, eaten by grazing livestock, especially that which is grazed by animals in pastures. In a looser sense it may also include fodder (plant material deliberately cut and given to animals as food). forcing The practice of intentionally breaking the dormancy of a cultivated plant and encouraging germination, active growth, and/or flowering and fruiting outside of its natural growing season (e.g. in the winter). This involves exposing a seed or other propagule, or a mature perennial plant, to a specific sequence of carefully controlled environmental conditions (e.g. cold stratification) intended to simulate the environmental cues the plant normally receives at the beginning of its seasonal growth cycle, which trigger the internal chemical reactions that cause it to grow and develop. The term is used particularly in the indoor horticulture of plants that grow from bulbs, corms, or rhizomes, but can also refer more broadly to the off-season cultivation of any plant or propagule. forest farming A practice in agroforestry involving the cultivation of high-value specialty crops under a forest canopy that is deliberately modified or maintained to provide habitat and shade levels which enhance crop yields. Most crops produced by such methods are


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-15.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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gestation crate Also farrowing crate or sow stall. An enclosure in which a domestic sow used for breeding is confined during pregnancy. Often these cages are not much larger than the sow herself, being designed to maximize breeding efficiency for industrial-scale production, and hence are banned in some jurisdictions for being detrimental to animal welfare. See also maternity pen. ghost acres That land area in less developed countries on which agricultural products are produced cheaply for export to more developed countries. gilt A young female hog, usually less than one year old. ginning The process of separating cotton fibers from the seeds they naturally enclose, particularly when performed by a machine which does so automatically, known as a cotton gin. Both the fibers and seeds may then be processed further. glasshouse See greenhouse. gleaning The practice of collecting unharvested crops from fields or obtaining unused agricultural products from farmers, processors, or retailers, often for distribution to food banks or charitable organizations. glyphosate An organophosphorus compound widely used as a post-emergent broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant, especially to kill annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crop plants. It is the primary ingredient in the herbicide Roundup. goad Also


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-16.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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green chop Forage that is cut or harvested in the field while still green and succulent and then fed directly to livestock as fresh fodder (in contrast to hay and other types of feed which have been dried and stored). If wrapped and allowed to ferment, it can be made into silage. green manure Fresh or recently living plant material sourced from crop residues or even whole plants which is ploughed or tilled into the soil while still green (and usually when the plant tissues have reached peak maturity, often shortly after flowering and before developing seeds) so that it can serve as a mulch or an organic fertilizer. This is in contrast to brown manure, which consists of wilted or decayed plants that are simply left on the soil surface. Plants used for green manure are often cover crops grown specifically for this purpose and tilled into the same field in which a cash crop is subsequently cultivated. Green Revolution Also called the Third Agricultural Revolution. The dramatic increase in agricultural production that occurred worldwide during the second half of the 20th century, primarily due to the adoption of modern scientific methods of farming and large-scale management techniques; the


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-17.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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harvesting The process of gathering a ripe crop from an agricultural area such as a field or greenhouse. Harvesting is often the most labor-intensive activity of the growing season or utilizes the most expensive and sophisticated implements or machinery. In general usage, the term may also include immediate postharvest practices such as cleaning, sorting, packing, cooling, and storing the gathered crops. haulm The stalks and stems left as residues by the harvesting of certain crops, especially peas, beans, and potatoes. hay Grasses, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored as fodder for animals, especially livestock. hay bucking The manual labor of lifting and moving heavy bales of hay by hand, each usually weighing 50–150 pounds (23–68 kg), for the purpose of stacking them in a storage area or on the bed of a vehicle for transportation. The act of throwing bales up above one's head to stack them is called "bucking hay". This labor is notoriously strenuous and physically demanding. Teams of laborers often work together, wearing chaps and using hay hooks to handle the bales. The same task may also be accomplished mechanically with forklifts, balers, or powered elevators. hay fever Another name for


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-18.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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herbicide A pesticide intended to kill or prevent the proliferation of unwanted plants such as weeds, by any of a wide variety of mechanisms. The most common herbicides are chemical substances which are applied directly to the foliage, stems, or roots of the target plant or to the soil or water around it. Selective herbicides are designed to be effective only against particular plant species or taxa, while leaving other plants such as agricultural crops relatively unharmed. By contrast, non-selective or broad-spectrum herbicides are capable of harming many or all types of plants, such that care must be taken when applying them so as to avoid harming valuable species. The use of chemical herbicides is a major aspect of weed control. herbicide resistance The development of a biological resistance to the deleterious effects of a herbicide, particularly in weeds or undesirable plants specifically targeted by and normally vulnerable to the herbicide. Such resistance is a common consequence of prolonged use of the same chemical formulation to control the same plant species, because doing so may artificially select for individual plants which express resistance traits. herding Also mustering. The act of gathering individual animals together into a group (known as a


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-19.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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humus 1. A characteristically dark-colored, nutrient-rich organic matter in soil formed by the decomposition of plants and animals; a topsoil horizon containing a large accumulation of organic carbon. 2. In agriculture, any natural compost gathered from a woodland or some spontaneous source and used as a soil amendment to aid crop nutrition and improve moisture retention. 3. The solid residues that are a byproduct of the sewage sludge treatment of wastewater, which are also sometimes composted and added to agricultural soils. hundredweight (cwt) Also centum weight or quintal. A unit of weight or mass used in the United States and British Commonwealth territories and defined differently in each: the short hundredweight or cental, used in the U.S. customary system, is defined as exactly 100 pounds (45.4 kilograms), while the long or imperial hundredweight, used in the British imperial system, is defined as 112 pounds (50.8 kilograms). In agriculture, the weight of harvested crops or produce is sometimes reported in hundredweight. husbandry husk The protective outer coating or shell of a seed, especially of a cereal grain such as wheat, or the leafy outer casing that surrounds an ear of maize. The husk is generally removed and discarded during the harvest


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-20.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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irrigation The application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals, especially for the purposes of growing agricultural crops, maintaining landscapes, or revegetating disturbed or drought-affected soils. Irrigation systems may also be used as a means of protecting crops from frost, suppressing the growth of weeds, preventing soil consolidation, providing water to livestock and keeping them cool in hot weather, and controlling airborne dust. == J == jack A male donkey. jenny Also jennet. A female donkey. == K == kernel The edible seed and the hard outer husk or shell of a cereal grain, especially wheat and maize; i.e. the whole grain of a cereal crop. kid A juvenile goat of either sex. kidding The process of giving birth in goats, by which a pregnant doe gives birth to a kid. == L == lamb 1. A young sheep, usually less than one year old. 2. The meat from a young sheep less than one year old; or, in common usage, from a sheep of any age. lairage A holding pen or other accommodation where livestock are rested before slaughter, usually adjacent to a slaughterhouse, market, or port. lambing The process of giving birth in sheep, by


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-21.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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malt The sprouted grain of a cereal which has been malted, or any product of the process of malting. The term may also refer more specifically to a viscous mixture of fermentable sugars extracted from the malted grain, rich in maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrins, or to any of the various products which can be made with this extract, such as malt whisky and malted milk. malt house Also malt barn or maltings. A building where cereal grain is converted into malt through the process of malting. manger Also trough or feeder. A trough or bin used to hold animal fodder which permits animals to eat from it; or a structure or building containing such troughs, where numerous livestock are able to feed simultaneously. manure Any organic matter that is used as an organic fertilizer in agriculture, typically consisting of animal excreta, compost, and/or plant material. Manures contribute to soil fertility by adding organic compounds and nutrients such as nitrogen which are essential for plant growth and for the development of ecological networks with soil microorganisms. manure spreader Also muck spreader or honey wagon. A machine used to distribute manure over an agricultural field as fertilizer. Modern manure spreaders typically consist


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-22.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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milling The process of grinding, crushing, cutting, or pulverizing solid matter into smaller pieces, reducing the average particle size and often changing the shape and other physical properties as well; or the process of breaking down, separating, sorting, grading, or classifying aggregate material into particles of uniform size. Milling is an important primary operation in the postharvest processing of many agricultural crops, mainly cereal grains and pseudocereals. Historically mills were powered manually or with draft animals such as oxen, horses, or donkeys, or by the force of the wind or the flow of water, though in modern contexts they are usually electrically powered. millrace Also millrun, lade, leat, flume, or penstock. The current of flowing water that turns a water wheel, or the channel or sluice that carries this water. A millrace is usually a man-made conduit or ditch that delivers a narrow, rapid, and powerful stream from a reservoir such as a mill pond or diverts it from a natural watercourse such as a river, with the force generated by the flow used to power a turbine or mill. The part of the millrace that is upstream of the water wheel is called the headrace, while the part downstream


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-23.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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neutering Also fixing. The surgical removal of all or most of the reproductive organ(s) of an animal, male or female, usually with the goal of irreversibly sterilizing the animal by eliminating sex organs which are essential to its ability to reproduce. In the broadest sense the term may also encompass non-surgical methods of sterilization such as those that employ pharmaceutical drugs, which may or may not be reversible. The male-specific term for neutering is castration and the female-specific term is spaying, though colloquially "neutering" may be used interchangeably with both. An animal that has not been neutered is said to be intact or entire. non-program crop Any agricultural crop or commodity not covered by a federally funded commodity program. Contrast program crop. northern vigor The phenomenon by which certain varieties of plants adapted to high-latitude climates produce hardier, better-tasting, or higher-yield crops when grown in lower-latitude climates. The effect has been observed in many types of produce grown in the northern United States and Canada, including potatoes, strawberries, and garlic. no-till farming Any method of growing crops or maintaining pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage, and typically involving minimal or no seedbed preparation. Proponents assert that in certain contexts


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-24.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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organic farming Also organic agriculture, biological farming, and ecological farming. An agricultural production system which excludes or eschews the use of synthetic chemical compounds (particularly fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides for plant crops, and growth hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feed additives for livestock production) and instead emphasizes the use of naturally occurring, organic substances and alternative methods for solving the problems of agriculture, including crop rotation, companion planting and polyculture, permaculture, natural fertilizers such as manure and field residues, beneficial microbes, trap crops, biological pest controls, etc. Organic production usually prohibits the use of genetically modified organisms and sometimes mechanized farm equipment as well. In many places the label "organic" has a specific legal meaning and its use may require certification, whereby certified organic farms must adhere to national organic production standards. Many organic methods are also core elements of sustainable agriculture, though whether or not organic methods actually affect the environment and human health in more positive ways than conventional methods is disputed. organic fertilizer Also natural fertilizer. Any fertilizer made from non-synthetic, naturally occurring substances, often compost or plant and animal products such as crop residues or manure. This is in contrast to many large-scale commercial fertilizers which contain


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-25.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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pastoralism A type of animal husbandry in which herds of domestic animals are released onto large areas of vegetated outdoor land, known as pastures, for grazing, traditionally by fully or partially nomadic peoples who move around with their herds, and generally in places where environmental conditions such as aridity, poor soils, and extreme temperatures make growing crops difficult or impossible. pasture Any land used for grazing, especially enclosed tracts of farmland grazed by domesticated livestock such as horses, cattle, sheep, or swine. Pasture vegetation mainly consists of grasses and forbs and is typically grazed throughout the summer. Pasture is often distinguished from, but may in the broadest sense include, other agricultural land types such as meadows, rangelands, or other unenclosed pastoral areas. pastureland A type of agricultural land used as pasture for grazing animals. patch A relatively small cultivated area with only one type of crop growing in it, e.g. a pumpkin patch or onion patch. pegging A developmental stage of the peanut plant in which a fertilized flower produces an elongated ovary which enters the soil and develops underground into a pod and eventually a peanut. pellet mill Also pellet press. A type of mill or machine press used


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-26.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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pioneer crop A crop grown to improve the general fertility of a parcel of land prior to sowing another, typically more valuable crop on the same land. Farmers often permit livestock to graze the pioneer crop in the hope that their dung will add soil nutrients. pisciculture Also fish farming. A branch of aquaculture involving the raising of fish in tanks, enclosures, or hatcheries with the goal of producing any of a variety of products that can be used by humans, most commonly food. pitchfork A two-handed agricultural tool with between two and five long, thin tines and a long handle, used to efficiently pitch or toss large clumps of loose material such as hay, straw, leaves, or manure. Pitchforks are used for a wide variety of tasks such as feeding cattle and bucking hay. plant breeding The deliberate and systematic reproduction of plants in agriculture and horticulture, typically involving the artificial selection of which individual plants will breed in order to produce progeny with desirable characteristics. plantation A large-scale estate which specializes in farming cash crops, most commonly cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, fruit trees, rubber trees, and forest trees. plashing See pleaching. plastic mulch An artificial


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-27.md
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title: Glossary of agriculture
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polytunnel Also polyhouse, hoophouse, grow tunnel, or high tunnel. A type of greenhouse in the form of a typically semi-circular, elongated tunnel made from a steel frame covered with transparent polyethylene; temperature, humidity, and air circulation can be adjusted by the opening and closing of doors or vents. Polytunnels are used in similar ways to glass greenhouses and row covers, e.g. for season extension or as nurseries. Though primarily designed to provide temperature increases ranging from 5 to 35 °C (9 to 63 °F) above the outdoor air temperature, they can also protect plants (and animals) against extreme weather and the drying effect of wind. pomology Also fruticulture. The study of fruit and its cultivation. ponding The formation of small ponds or pools of water in agricultural fields due to surface runoff from oversaturated or poorly draining soils, or from heavy precipitation or irrigation. pork The meat of hogs or pigs. porker A pig specifically raised for fresh pork, as opposed to bacon or other processed meats. postemergent Occurring after the stage in a plant's life when the first leaves emerge from beneath the soil. The term is used in particular to describe a class of herbicides intended to be


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-28.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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priming 1. The process of moistening seeds in order to initiate germination prior to sowing in soil or other substrate. 2. The process of removing ripened leaves from tobacco plants by hand. prizing The process of packing harvested tobacco leaves into hogsheads. prod See goad. produce A generalized term used to refer to a variety of farm-produced food crops, usually including fruits and vegetables and sometimes also grains and other products, especially implying that such foods are fresh and generally in the same state as when and where they were harvested. profit crop See cash crop. program crop A crop for which deficiency payments are paid by a government agency to participating producers, e.g. wheat, corn, barley, grain sorghum, oats, upland cotton, and rice. Contrast non-program crop. protein crop Any crop plant whose harvested products naturally contain high concentrations of proteins or amino acids and are therefore important as staple foods or in helping to meet the nutritional requirements of humans or domestic animals. Many oilseeds and grains are considered protein crops. provender See fodder. pruning The selective removal of certain unwanted plant parts or tissues, such as branches, buds, or roots, from crops or landscape plants during cultivation for


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-29.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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ratooning The practice of harvesting a crop plant (particularly a monocot species) by cutting most of the above-ground portion of the plant but leaving the roots and the shoot apices intact so as to allow the plant to recover and produce a fresh crop in a subsequent growing season. This procedure usually can be sustained only for a few seasons, as yield tends to decline with each season. Ratoon crops include sugarcane, pineapples, and bananas. reaping recalcitrant seed Seeds that cannot survive the effects of drying or freezing (generally, temperatures less than 10 °C (50 °F)) and which therefore cannot be stored for long periods of time because they tend to rapidly lose viability. Recalcitrant seeds do not acquire desiccation tolerance during development and are often shed from their parent plants with a relatively high moisture content, making them especially vulnerable to moisture loss. Contrast orthodox seed. registered livestock registered seed relay cropping A type of succession planting in which a new crop is sown or planted in the same field as an existing crop shortly before harvesting the existing crop and clearing it from the field, which then leaves the land available for the newly planted crop to use.


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-30.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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ruralism The advocacy of rural lifestyles, including care of forests and nature. See also agrarianism. == S == scalping A method of wildland range renovation in which existing vegetation is turned over in a series of long strips, effectively clearing the land in order to improve water infiltration, hasten the decay of organic matter, and reduce competition for nutrients in the soil, which can help plant species usable by grazing animals to colonize and spread across the range. scarify 1. To stir a soil surface with an implement possessing tines, e.g. a wire rake, but without turning the soil over completely, often to remove shallow-rooted weeds. 2. To use a sharp tool to create a nick or slit in the hard outer coat of a seed in order to aid the penetration of moisture to the endosperm and thereby speed up germination. scion An aerial or above-ground plant structure, e.g. a stem or branchlet, that is grafted onto the rootstock of another plant. scythe A handheld agricultural tool designed with one or more curved blades, sharp on the inside edge, used for mowing grass or harvesting crops, especially reaping grain crops prior to threshing. The action of the scythe has


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-31
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-31.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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shattering The natural detachment and dispersal of a plant's fruit or seeds upon reaching maturity, i.e. when the fruit is ripe. For agricultural crops where the harvested seed is valuable, such as cereal grains, shattering is usually undesirable because natural dispersal mechanisms often scatter the small seeds haphazardly over the ground, making it difficult or impossible to collect them, while seeds that remain attached to the plant are much easier to harvest. Hence farmers try to time the harvest to occur immediately before their crops begin to shatter. Heavy rain and strong winds may cause premature shattering, which can result in significant yield losses. sheaf A bundle of cut stems from a cereal crop (especially wheat) which have been bound together after reaping, traditionally by sickle or scythe but on some modern farms by machines such as a reaper-binder. Multiple sheaves are then "shocked" or arranged into conical stooks to allow the grain to dry before threshing. shearing The process by which the woollen fleece of a sheep or other wool-bearing mammal is cut or shaved from its body. Adult sheep are typically shorn once each year. shearing shed Also woolshed. A building or facility which accommodates large-scale shearing of


id: glossary-of-agriculture-20260505-32
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-32.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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smother crop A dense, fast-growing plant species capable and often cultivated specifically for the purpose of suppressing the growth of weeds by competing strongly for access to light, water, and nutrients. An ideal smother crop competes with the weeds but not with other crops. Once it has served its purpose, it may be ploughed into the soil as green manure along with any weeds that may have survived. Smother crops are an example of biological pest control. smudge pot Any heat-producing device placed between the trees of an orchard to keep the trees warm and prevent the accumulation of frost on fruits and flowers, which are often highly vulnerable to damage from cold temperatures. Historically, smudge pots burned petroleum to produce an open flame at the top of a long chimney, though colloquially the term now encompasses modern frost control methods, which usually rely on propane or electric space heaters instead. soil amendment Also soil improvement or soil conditioner. Any substance which is added to soil to improve the soil's quality, especially its fertility and mechanics, either to make poor soils more usable or to maintain soils that are already in good condition. In the broadest sense, the term includes


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-33.md
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title: Glossary of agriculture
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stag A male bovine animal (a bull) that has been castrated relatively late in life, e.g. after reaching maturity, as opposed to the normal practice of castrating males while they are still calves. Compare steer. staking The practice of supporting the growth of a plant by placing a stake or artificial support in the ground next to it. It is widely used to cultivate plants with vine-like habits. stalk rot A generic term for a variety of plant diseases caused by molds and other fungi which grow in the stems and stalks of plant crops and weaken their structural integrity so greatly that they easily fall over in wind, rain, or snow, potentially killing the crop or making it much more difficult to harvest. stallion An adult male horse or donkey that has not been gelded, especially one used for breeding purposes. staple fiber Any textile fiber, natural or synthetic, of discrete and consistent length, as opposed to a filament fiber, for which length varies continuously. Staple fibers are defined by a characteristic length, to which either natural fibers consistently grow (e.g. certain cultivars of cotton tend to produce short, medium, long, or extra-long staple lengths), or to which synthetic


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-34.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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subsistence agriculture Agricultural production that is practiced in order to meet the needs of the farmer or producer, as opposed to that practiced in order to generate profit by selling the agricultural products to consumers. Subsistence agriculture usually refers to farmers growing various food crops strictly for use by themselves and their families, typically on smallholdings, with the output of the farm targeted principally at fulfilling basic survival needs and local requirements, and generally implies small amounts of inputs, use of crude or traditional farming tools, reliance on unskilled labor (often family members), low yields, and little or no surplus. It primarily occurs in the developing world, though most modern subsistence farmers also participate in trade to some degree. subsoiler Also flat lifter. A tractor-mounted farm implement used for tilling soil at depths much below the levels normally worked by mouldboard ploughs, disc harrows, or rototillers. While most such tools break up and turn over surface soil to a depth of 15–20 centimetres (6–8 in), subsoilers can often extend the action to as deep as 75 centimetres (30 in). They typically consist of three or more heavy, curved shanks fitted with replaceable points and sometimes with horizontal wings, which are


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-35.md
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title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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tailwater 1. In furrow and border irrigation, water that drains from the lower end of the furrows, having run off instead of penetrating the soil. It is sometimes subsequently usable for the irrigation of lower-lying land. 2. The water immediately downstream of a dam, spillway, bridge, culvert, or any other hydraulic structure, or the water that passes through a tailrace. tallow Fat rendered from the tissue of slaughtered cattle, sheep, or other livestock to be used in the manufacture of candles, soap, or any of a variety of other products. tame hay Hay cut from domesticated, cultivated crop plants such as clover, timothy, or alfalfa, as opposed to wild hay, which is cut from wild or native grasses. tankage A highly nutritive animal feed concentrate made of processed meat byproducts. tapping The process by which sap or latex is extracted from the trunks of cultivated trees. teart Plants or soils that contain high concentrations of molybdenum; or the poisoning of livestock that graze on vegetation grown in these soils. tedder Also hay tedder. A tractor-drawn machine that uses rapidly moving pitchfork-like tines to aerate or "wuffle" freshly cut hay on the ground in a process known as tedding, typically prior


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-36.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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topographical tetrazolium test Also TTC assay or tetrazolium test. A test of seed viability in which ungerminated seeds are nicked and then soaked in an aqueous solution containing triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), a chemical indicator which is reduced by the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes in living tissues, changing their color from white to red, but remains unreacted in metabolically inactive or necrotic tissues. A seed embryo that stains red is assumed to be metabolically active and therefore likely to germinate. The TTC assay is used in agriculture for quick estimations of viability without having to wait for actual germination, which can often take days or weeks, but may also yield misleading or unreliable results in certain plant species. topping The removal by mowing or cutting of the aerial parts of a plant, i.e. the uppermost parts of the canopy, including the highest or most distal ends of shoots, stems, stalks, trunks, or branches, for any of a variety of reasons, especially in order to prevent the development of terminal reproductive structures such as flowers and fruits, with the ultimate aim of diverting the plant's resources to the growth of other structures such as roots and leaves, or of preventing unwanted


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-37.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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udder The fleshy, bag-like mammary gland found just in front of the hind legs of many female ungulate mammals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. The udder contains nipples or teats that secrete milk, which is used as a food source for nursing young and collected by humans in the process of milking. undergrazing The practice of neglecting to allow livestock to graze an area of pasture for an excessively long period of time, such that the vegetation covering it reaches maturity or the end of its life cycle well before animals have the opportunity to graze it and thus is not eaten when it is optimally palatable or nutritious. urban agriculture The practice of agriculture in urban environments (as opposed to rural areas, with which agriculture is more commonly associated), especially the cultivation of plants for food production but also inclusive of animal husbandry, aquaponics, beekeeping, or any other type of agriculture which has been adapted to an urban context. Urban areas present unique challenges for agriculture due to space limitations, difficult or inconsistent access to adequate fresh water, fertile soil, and sunlight, and exposure to urban pollutants. Urban agriculture is often practiced in the interest of food security,


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-38.md
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title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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water rights The right of a landowner to make use of the banks, bed, or waters of a water source, e.g. a river, stream, pond, spring, or underground aquifer. The water source need not necessarily be contained within or border on the user's property, as human-made reservoirs, aqueducts, and other water distribution systems have made it possible to allocate water to places outside of the source's natural drainage basin. Water rights are of major significance for managing irrigation, especially in arid regions, though the legal principles regulating access and usage vary widely by jurisdiction. water wheel A mechanical device that converts the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical energy, generally a series of blades, paddles, or buckets attached to the outer rim of a wooden or metal wheel which the water in a natural or artificial channel pushes against, causing the wheel to turn and thereby providing a drive mechanism that can be used to perform useful work such as grinding grain into flour in a gristmill, grinding wood into pulp for papermaking, and pounding plant fibers for clothmaking, among many other uses. waterlogging The saturation of soil with water, such that water completely fills all available


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-39.md
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title: Glossary of agriculture
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wheat middlings (WM) Also wheat mill run (WMR), millfeed (MF), and midds. A byproduct of the milling of wheat consisting of all components of the wheat kernel remaining after the flour portion is separated, generally a mixture of both coarse and fine particles including screenings, bran, germ, shorts, red dog, and offal from other mill streams. Sometimes these components are further sorted into their own separate fractions, though they are also commonly recycled into a single combined fraction representing approximately 25–30 percent of the original grain. Wheat middlings are inexpensive and rich in protein, lipids, digestible fiber, phosphorus, and many vitamins and minerals, making them a popular animal feed. wheatings Also weatings. A byproduct of the milling of wheat consisting of brans of various sizes and varying amounts of attached endosperm, commonly used as animal feed. See also wheat middlings. wigging The shearing of wool from around the eyes and face of a sheep. wild hay Hay cut from wild or native grasses, as opposed to tame hay, which is cut from cultivated crops. wildcrafting The human practice of foraging for uncultivated plants or fungi from their natural or "wild" habitats, primarily for food or medicine. wildling A crop seedling


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture-40.md
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title: Glossary of agriculture
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture
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yearling A male or female horse, donkey, bovine animal, or any other domestic mammal that is too young to breed, generally between one and two years of age. yield Also agricultural output. yield mapping The preparation of agricultural maps using data obtained from physical sensors (known as yield monitors) attached to agricultural machinery such as combines or tractors, in combination with precise position information from satellite or GIS technologies, in order to visualize and study the spatial variation of variables such as crop yield and moisture content across an agricultural field. These data are often compared with records of the application of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, allowing farmers to understand how particular combinations of inputs influence the yield harvested from different parts of the same field and to develop strategies for increasing yields in future production cycles. Yield mapping is a major component of precision agriculture. You-Pick == See also == Index of agriculture articles Outline of agriculture Outline of organic gardening and farming Outline of sustainable agriculture == References == == External links == National Agricultural Library Thesaurus Concept Space – National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition


id: glossary-of-architecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of architecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture
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This page is a glossary of architecture. == A == Abacus A flat slab forming the uppermost member or division of the capital of a column. Accolade A sculptural embellishment of an arch. Aisle The subsidiary space alongside the body of a building, separated from it by columns, piers, or posts. Anta The posts or pillars on either side of a doorway or entrance of a Greek temple – the slightly projecting piers which terminate the side walls (of the naos). Ante-choir The space enclosed in a church between the outer gate or railing of the rood screen and the door of the screen. Apron 1. A raised panel below a window or wall monument or tablet. 2. An open portion of a marine terminal immediately adjacent to a vessel berth, used in the direct transfer of cargo between the vessel and the terminal. 3. A concrete slab immediately outside a vehicular door or passageway used to limit the wear on asphalt paving due to repetitive turning movements or heavy loads. Apse A vaulted semicircular or polygonal end of a chancel or chapel. That portion of a church, usually Christian, beyond the "crossing" and opposite the nave. In some churches,


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture-1.md
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title: Glossary of architecture
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Belfry A chamber or stage in a tower where bells are hung. The term is also used to describe the manner in which bricks are laid in a wall so that they interlock. Bench table A stone seat which runs round the walls of large churches, and sometimes round the piers; it very generally is placed in the porches. Bond Brickwork with overlapping bricks. Types of bond include stretcher, English, header, Flemish, garden wall, herringbone, basket, American, and Chinese. Boss 1. A roughly cut stone set in place for later carving. 2. An ornamental projection, a carved keystone of a ribbed vault at the intersection of the ogives. Bossage Uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building, to later be carved into decorative mouldings, capitals, arms, etc. Bossages are also rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the surface of the building, by reason of indentures, or channels left in the joinings; used chiefly in the corners of buildings, and called rustic quoins. The cavity or indenture may be round, square, chamfered, beveled, diamond-shaped, or enclosed with a cavetto or listel. Boutant A type of support. An arc-boutant, or flying


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title: Glossary of architecture
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Clock gable A gable or facade with a decorative shape characteristic of traditional Dutch architecture. The top of the gable is shaped like a church bell. Coffer A sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon that serves as a decorative device, usually in a ceiling or vault. Also called caissons, or lacunar. Colarin or Hypotrachelium (also colarino, collarino, or hypotrachelium) The little frieze of the capital of the Tuscan and Doric column placed between the astragal and the annulets. It was called hypotrachelium by Vitruvius. Column A structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. Compass In carpentry, architecture, and shipbuilding, a compass is a curved circular form. Compluvium The Latin term for the open space left in the roof of the atrium of a Roman house (domus) for lighting it and the rooms round. Coping The capping or covering of a wall. Corbel A structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight. Corbiesteps A series of steps along the slopes of a gable. Also called crow-steps. A gable featuring corbiesteps is known as a corbie gable, crow-step gable,


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title: Glossary of architecture
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Egg-and-dart An ornamental moulding in which an ovolo is inscribed with alternating oval and V-shaped motifs. Enfilade A row of rooms with aligned doorways, creating a linear processional route. Enfilades were common in upper-class Baroque architecture and are used in museum layouts to manage flow. Engaged column A column built into and partially projecting from a wall, particularly notable in Roman architecture. Engawa In Japanese architecture, a section of floor outside the shoji that encircles the structure's rooms, similar to a porch or, when itself enclosed by storm doors or sheet glass, a sunroom. Entablature A superstructure of mouldings and bands which lie horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals. Entasis The application of a convex curve to a surface for aesthetic purposes. Its best-known use is in certain orders of Classical columns that curve slightly as their diameter is decreased from the bottom upward. It also may serve an engineering function regarding strength. Ephebeum (ephebion) A large hall in the ancient Palaestra furnished with seats, the length of which should be a third larger than the width. It served for the exercises of youths of from sixteen to eighteen years of age. Epinaos An open vestibule behind the nave.


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title: Glossary of architecture
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Garret A habitable attic at the top of a larger building, generally with sloping walls, and with skylights or dormer windows. Gauged brickwork (also rubbed brickwork) Brickwork constructed of soft bricks rubbed to achieve a fine smooth finish with narrow joints between courses. Gazebo A freestanding pavilion structure often found in parks, gardens and public areas. Geison (Greek: γεῖσον — often interchangeable with cornice) The part of the entablature that projects outward from the top of the frieze in the Doric order and from the top of the frieze course of the Ionic and Corinthian orders; it forms the outer edge of the roof on the sides of a structure with a sloped roof. Gorgerin On some capitals, a smooth or ornate part placed above the astragalus of a column. Geodesic dome A structure formed of straight wood or metal members between points (or nodes) on a circular sphere (or part thereof) that are "pinned" at each connection point to two or more other members that transfer loads imposed on the structure to the base of the structure. The geometric areas between individual members may support a "skin" if the structure is to be enclosed. A "regular" geodesic structure have


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title: Glossary of architecture
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Metope In a Doric entablature, the space between triglyphs along the frieze. These may be ornamented or plain, and may be square or rectangular. Mihrab In Islamic architecture, a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of prayer. Minaret In Islamic architecture, a tall spire with a conical or onion-shaped crown, on or near a mosque, that is used by the imam to give the prayer call. Modillion An enriched block or horizontal bracket generally found under the cornice and above the bedmould of the Corinthian entablature. It is probably so called because of its arrangement in regulated distances. Moulding A decorative finishing strip. Monotriglyph The interval of the intercolumniation of the Doric column, which is observed by the intervention of one triglyph only between the triglyphs which come over the axes of the columns. This is the usual arrangement, but in the Propylaea at Athens there are two triglyphs over the central intercolumniation, in order to give increased width to the roadway, up which chariots and beasts of sacrifice ascended. Mullion A vertical structural element of stone, wood or metal within a window frame (cp. transom). Muntin A vertical or horizontal piece that divides


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture-6.md
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title: Glossary of architecture
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Peristasis (Greek: Περίστασις) A four-sided porch or hall of columns surrounding the cella in an ancient Greek peripteros temple (see also Peristyle). In ecclesial architecture, it is also used of the area between the baluster of a Catholic church and the high altar (what is usually called the sanctuary or chancel). Peristyle A continuous porch of columns surrounding a courtyard or garden (see also Peristasis). In ecclesial architecture, the term cloister is used. Phiale A building or columned arcade around a fountain. Piano nobile The principal floor of a large house, built in the style of renaissance architecture. Pier An upright support for a superstructure, such as an arch or bridge. Pilaster A flat, slightly projecting element that resembles a pillar or pier and is engaged in the face of a wall. Pilasters usually do not serve a structural purpose. Planceer or Planchier A building element sometimes used in the same sense as a soffit, but more correctly applied to the soffit of the corona in a cornice. Plate girder A steel girder formed from a vertical center web of steel plate with steel angles forming the top and bottom flanges welded, bolted or riveted to the web. Some deep


id: glossary-of-architecture-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture-7.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of architecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture
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Shoji A translucent partition consisting of a paper sheet over a wood framework, commonly seen in traditional Japanese architecture. Shoji are built to be moved (usually by sliding them along tracks) or removed, allowing rooms to be reorganized and reshaped as desired and, in earlier constructions, allowing the interior of a structure to open directly to the outdoors. Because of their translucence, shoji are notable for diffusing light, air, and sound. Fusuma are similar to shoji but are generally opaque. Site-specific architecture Architecture which is of its time and of its place. It is designed to respond to both its physical context, and the metaphysical context within which it has been conceived and executed Skeiling A straight sloped part of a ceiling, such as on the underside of a pitched roof. Soffit Any architectural element's underside, especially the board connecting the walls of a structure to the fascia or the end of the roof, enclosing the eave. Sommer or Summer A girder or main "summer beam" of a floor: if supported on two storey posts and open below, also called a "bress" or "breast-summer". Often found at the centerline of the house to support one end of a joist, and


id: glossary-of-areas-of-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of areas of mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:22.568786+00:00
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Mathematics is a broad subject that is commonly divided in many areas or branches that may be defined by their objects of study, by the used methods, or by both. For example, analytic number theory is a subarea of number theory devoted to the use of methods of analysis for the study of natural numbers. This glossary is alphabetically sorted. This hides a large part of the relationships between areas. For the broadest areas of mathematics, see Mathematics § Areas of mathematics. The Mathematics Subject Classification is a hierarchical list of areas and subjects of study that has been elaborated by the community of mathematicians. It is used by most publishers for classifying mathematical articles and books. == A == Absolute differential calculus An older name of Ricci calculus Absolute geometry Also called neutral geometry, a synthetic geometry similar to Euclidean geometry but without the parallel postulate. Abstract algebra The part of algebra devoted to the study of algebraic structures in themselves. Occasionally named modern algebra in course titles. Abstract analytic number theory The study of arithmetic semigroups as a means to extend notions from classical analytic number theory. Abstract differential geometry A form of differential geometry without the notion


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of areas of mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
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== B == Bifurcation theory the study of changes in the qualitative or topological structure of a given family. It is a part of dynamical systems theory Biostatistics the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. Birational geometry a part of algebraic geometry that deals with the geometry (of an algebraic variety) that is dependent only on its function field. Bolyai–Lobachevskian geometry see hyperbolic geometry == C == C*-algebra theory a complex algebra A of continuous linear operators on a complex Hilbert space with two additional properties-(i) A is a topologically closed set in the norm topology of operators.(ii)A is closed under the operation of taking adjoints of operators. Cartesian geometry see analytic geometry Calculus An area of mathematics connected by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus of infinitesimals Also called infinitesimal calculus A foundation of calculus, first developed in the 17th century, that makes use of infinitesimal numbers. Calculus of moving surfaces an extension of the theory of tensor calculus to include deforming manifolds. Calculus of variations the field dedicated to maximizing or minimizing functionals. It used to be called functional calculus. Catastrophe theory a branch of bifurcation theory from dynamical systems


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of areas of mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
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== D == Decision analysis Decision theory Derived noncommutative algebraic geometry Descriptive set theory a part of mathematical logic, more specifically a part of set theory dedicated to the study of Polish spaces. Differential algebraic geometry the adaption of methods and concepts from algebraic geometry to systems of algebraic differential equations. Differential calculus The branch of calculus contrasted to integral calculus, and concerned with derivatives. Differential Galois theory the study of the Galois groups of differential fields. Differential geometry a form of geometry that uses techniques from integral and differential calculus as well as linear and multilinear algebra to study problems in geometry. Classically, these were problems of Euclidean geometry, although now it has been expanded. It is generally concerned with geometric structures on differentiable manifolds. It is closely related to differential topology. Differential geometry of curves the study of smooth curves in Euclidean space by using techniques from differential geometry Differential geometry of surfaces the study of smooth surfaces with various additional structures using the techniques of differential geometry. Differential topology a branch of topology that deals with differentiable functions on differentiable manifolds. Diffiety theory Diophantine geometry in general the study of algebraic varieties over fields that are finitely


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of areas of mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
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Galois cohomology an application of homological algebra, it is the study of group cohomology of Galois modules. Galois theory named after Évariste Galois, it is a branch of abstract algebra providing a connection between field theory and group theory. Galois geometry a branch of finite geometry concerned with algebraic and analytic geometry over a Galois field. Game theory the study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers. Gauge theory General topology also known as point-set topology, it is a branch of topology studying the properties of topological spaces and structures defined on them. It differs from other branches of topology as the topological spaces do not have to be similar to manifolds. Generalized trigonometry developments of trigonometric methods from the application to real numbers of Euclidean geometry to any geometry or space. This includes spherical trigonometry, hyperbolic trigonometry, gyrotrigonometry, and universal hyperbolic trigonometry. Geometric algebra an alternative approach to classical, computational and relativistic geometry. It shows a natural correspondence between geometric entities and elements of algebra. Geometric analysis a discipline that uses methods from differential geometry to study partial differential equations as well as the applications to geometry. Geometric calculus extends the geometric algebra to include differentiation and


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of areas of mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
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Ideal theory once the precursor name for what is now known as commutative algebra; it is the theory of ideals in commutative rings. Idempotent analysis the study of idempotent semirings, such as the tropical semiring. Incidence geometry the study of relations of incidence between various geometric objects, like curves and lines. Inconsistent mathematics see paraconsistent mathematics. Infinitary combinatorics an expansion of ideas in combinatorics to account for infinite sets. Infinitesimal analysis once a synonym for infinitesimal calculus Infinitesimal calculus See calculus of infinitesimals Information geometry an interdisciplinary field that applies the techniques of differential geometry to study probability theory and statistics. It studies statistical manifolds, which are Riemannian manifolds whose points correspond to probability distributions. Integral calculus The branch of calculus concerned with integralss, contrasted to differential calculus. Integral geometry the theory of measures on a geometrical space invariant under the symmetry group of that space. Intersection theory a branch of algebraic geometry and algebraic topology Intuitionistic type theory a type theory and an alternative foundation of mathematics. Invariant theory studies how group actions on algebraic varieties affect functions. Inventory theory Inversive geometry the study of invariants preserved by a type of transformation known as inversion Inversive plane geometry inversive


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics-5.md
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title: Glossary of areas of mathematics
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Malliavin calculus a set of mathematical techniques and ideas that extend the mathematical field of calculus of variations from deterministic functions to stochastic processes. Mathematical biology the mathematical modeling of biological phenomena. Mathematical chemistry the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. Mathematical economics the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics. Mathematical finance a field of applied mathematics, concerned with mathematical modeling of financial markets. Mathematical logic a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics. Mathematical optimization Mathematical physics The development of mathematical methods suitable for application to problems in physics. Mathematical psychology an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, thought, cognitive and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characteristics with quantifiable behavior. Mathematical sciences refers to academic disciplines that are mathematical in nature, but are not considered proper subfields of mathematics. Examples include statistics, cryptography, game theory and actuarial science. Mathematical sociology the area of sociology that uses mathematics to construct social theories. Mathematical statistics the application of probability theory, a branch of mathematics, to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data. Mathematical system theory Matrix


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics-6.md
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title: Glossary of areas of mathematics
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Ramsey theory the study of the conditions in which order must appear. It is named after Frank P. Ramsey. Rational geometry Real algebra the study of the part of algebra relevant to real algebraic geometry. Real algebraic geometry the part of algebraic geometry that studies real points of the algebraic varieties. Real analysis a branch of mathematical analysis; in particular hard analysis, that is the study of real numbers and functions of Real values. It provides a rigorous formulation of the calculus of real numbers in terms of continuity and smoothness, whilst the theory is extended to the complex numbers in complex analysis. Real Clifford algebra Real K-theory Recreational mathematics the area dedicated to mathematical puzzles and mathematical games. Recursion theory see computability theory Representation theory a subfield of abstract algebra; it studies algebraic structures by representing their elements as linear transformations of vector spaces. It also studies modules over these algebraic structures, providing a way of reducing problems in abstract algebra to problems in linear algebra. Representation theory of groups Representation theory of the Galilean group Representation theory of the Lorentz group Representation theory of the Poincaré group Representation theory of the symmetric group Ribbon theory a branch of


id: glossary-of-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
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This glossary of artificial intelligence is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to the study of artificial intelligence (AI), its subdisciplines, and related fields. Related glossaries include Glossary of computer science, Glossary of robotics, Glossary of machine vision, and Glossary of logic. == A == A* search Pronounced "A-star".A graph traversal and pathfinding algorithm which is used in many fields of computer science due to its completeness, optimality, and optimal efficiency. abductive logic programming (ALP) A high-level knowledge-representation framework that can be used to solve problems declaratively based on abductive reasoning. It extends normal logic programming by allowing some predicates to be incompletely defined, declared as abducible predicates. abductive reasoning Also abduction.A form of logical inference which starts with an observation or set of observations then seeks to find the simplest and most likely explanation. This process, unlike deductive reasoning, yields a plausible conclusion but does not positively verify it. abductive inference, or retroduction ablation The removal of a component of an AI system. An ablation study aims to determine the contribution of a component to an AI system by removing the component, and then analyzing the resultant performance of the system. abstract data type A mathematical


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-1.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
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algorithmic efficiency A property of an algorithm which relates to the number of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be analyzed to determine its resource usage, and the efficiency of an algorithm can be measured based on usage of different resources. Algorithmic efficiency can be thought of as analogous to engineering productivity for a repeating or continuous process. algorithmic probability In algorithmic information theory, algorithmic probability, also known as Solomonoff probability, is a mathematical method of assigning a prior probability to a given observation. It was invented by Ray Solomonoff in the 1960s. AlphaGo A computer program that plays the board game Go. It was developed by Alphabet Inc.'s Google DeepMind in London. AlphaGo has several versions including AlphaGo Zero, AlphaGo Master, AlphaGo Lee, etc. In October 2015, AlphaGo became the first computer Go program to beat a human professional Go player without handicaps on a full-sized 19×19 board. ambient intelligence Electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people. The concept was pioneered by Philips Research in the early 2000s as a vision for a post-PC era in which computing power would be embedded invisibly into everyday objects and spaces. An AmI environment


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
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asymptotic computational complexity In computational complexity theory, asymptotic computational complexity is the usage of asymptotic analysis for the estimation of computational complexity of algorithms and computational problems, commonly associated with the usage of the big O notation. attention mechanism Machine learning-based attention is a mechanism mimicking cognitive attention. It calculates "soft" weights for each word, more precisely for its embedding, in the context window. It can do it either in parallel (such as in transformers) or sequentially (such as in recursive neural networks). "Soft" weights can change during each runtime, in contrast to "hard" weights, which are (pre-)trained and fine-tuned and remain frozen afterwards. Multiple attention heads are used in transformer-based large language models. attributional calculus A logic and representation system defined by Ryszard S. Michalski. It combines elements of predicate logic, propositional calculus, and multi-valued logic. Attributional calculus provides a formal language for natural induction, an inductive learning process whose results are in forms natural to people. augmented reality (AR) An interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real-world are "augmented" by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory, and olfactory. autoencoder A type of artificial neural


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-3.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
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bees algorithm A population-based search algorithm which was developed by Pham, Ghanbarzadeh and et al. in 2005. It mimics the food foraging behaviour of honey bee colonies. In its basic version the algorithm performs a kind of neighborhood search combined with global search, and can be used for both combinatorial optimization and continuous optimization. The only condition for the application of the bees algorithm is that some measure of distance between the solutions is defined. The effectiveness and specific abilities of the bees algorithm have been proven in a number of studies. behavior informatics (BI) The informatics of behaviors so as to obtain behavior intelligence and behavior insights. behavior tree (BT) A mathematical model of plan execution used in computer science, robotics, control systems and video games. They describe switchings between a finite set of tasks in a modular fashion. Their strength comes from their ability to create very complex tasks composed of simple tasks, without worrying how the simple tasks are implemented. BTs present some similarities to hierarchical state machines with the key difference that the main building block of a behavior is a task rather than a state. Its ease of human understanding make BTs less error-prone and


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-4.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
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brute-force search Also exhaustive search or generate and test.A very general problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm that consists of systematically enumerating all possible candidates for the solution and checking whether each candidate satisfies the problem's statement. Although simple to implement, brute force search is often inefficient for large problem spaces due to its high computational cost. == C == capsule neural network (CapsNet) A machine learning system that is a type of artificial neural network (ANN) that can be used to better model hierarchical relationships. The approach is an attempt to more closely mimic biological neural organization. case-based reasoning (CBR) Broadly construed, the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. chatbot Also smartbot, talkbot, chatterbot, bot, IM bot, interactive agent, conversational interface, or artificial conversational entity. A computer program or an artificial intelligence which conducts a conversation via auditory or textual methods. cloud robotics A field of robotics that attempts to invoke cloud technologies such as cloud computing, cloud storage, and other Internet technologies centred on the benefits of converged infrastructure and shared services for robotics. When connected to the cloud, robots can benefit from the powerful computation, storage, and communication resources of modern


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-5.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
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computational problem In theoretical computer science, a computational problem is a mathematical object representing a collection of questions that computers might be able to solve. computational statistics Also statistical computing. The interface between statistics and computer science. computer-automated design (CAutoD) Design automation usually refers to electronic design automation, or Design Automation which is a Product Configurator. Extending Computer-Aided Design (CAD), automated design and computer-automated design are concerned with a broader range of applications, such as automotive engineering, civil engineering, composite material design, control engineering, dynamic system identification and optimization, financial systems, industrial equipment, mechatronic systems, steel construction, structural optimisation, and the invention of novel systems. More recently, traditional CAD simulation is seen to be transformed to CAutoD by biologically inspired machine learning, including heuristic search techniques such as evolutionary computation, and swarm intelligence algorithms. computer audition (CA) See machine listening. computer science The theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It involves the study of algorithms that process, store, and communicate digital information. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems. computer vision An interdisciplinary scientific field that deals with how computers can be made


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-6.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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data science An interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from data in various forms, both structured and unstructured, similar to data mining. Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and their related methods" in order to "understand and analyze actual phenomena" with data. It employs techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of mathematics, statistics, information science, and computer science. data set Also dataset. A collection of data. Most commonly a data set corresponds to the contents of a single database table, or a single statistical data matrix, where every column of the table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given member of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set. Each value is known as a datum. The data set may comprise data for one or more members, corresponding to the number of rows. data warehouse (DW or DWH) Also enterprise data warehouse (EDW). A system used for reporting and data analysis. DWs are central repositories


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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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Also epigenetic robotics. A scientific field which aims at studying the developmental mechanisms, architectures, and constraints that allow lifelong and open-ended learning of new skills and new knowledge in embodied machines. diagnosis Concerned with the development of algorithms and techniques that are able to determine whether the behaviour of a system is correct. If the system is not functioning correctly, the algorithm should be able to determine, as accurately as possible, which part of the system is failing, and which kind of fault it is facing. The computation is based on observations, which provide information on the current behaviour. dialogue system Also conversational agent (CA). A computer system intended to converse with a human with a coherent structure. Dialogue systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel. diffusion model In machine learning, diffusion models, also known as diffusion probabilistic models or score-based generative models, are a class of latent variable models. They are Markov chains trained using variational inference. The goal of diffusion models is to learn the latent structure of a dataset by modeling the way in which data points diffuse through the latent space. In computer


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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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error-driven learning A sub-area of machine learning concerned with how an agent ought to take actions in an environment so as to minimize some error feedback. It is a type of reinforcement learning. ensemble learning The use of multiple machine learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone. epoch In machine learning, particularly in the creation of artificial neural networks, an epoch is training the model for one cycle through the full training dataset. Small models are typically trained for as many epochs as it takes to reach the best performance on the validation dataset. The largest models may train for only one epoch. ethics of artificial intelligence The part of the ethics of technology specific to artificial intelligence. evolutionary algorithm (EA) A subset of evolutionary computation, a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. An EA uses mechanisms inspired by biological evolution, such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection. Candidate solutions to the optimization problem play the role of individuals in a population, and the fitness function determines the quality of the solutions (see also loss function). Evolution of the population then takes place after the repeated application of the


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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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frame language A technology used for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. Frames are stored as ontologies of sets and subsets of the frame concepts. They are similar to class hierarchies in object-oriented languages although their fundamental design goals are different. Frames are focused on explicit and intuitive representation of knowledge whereas objects focus on encapsulation and information hiding. Frames originated in AI research and objects primarily in software engineering. However, in practice the techniques and capabilities of frame and object-oriented languages overlap significantly. frame problem The problem of finding adequate collections of axioms for a viable description of a robot environment. friendly artificial intelligence Also friendly AI or FAI. A hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would have a positive effect on humanity. It is a part of the ethics of artificial intelligence and is closely related to machine ethics. While machine ethics is concerned with how an artificially intelligent agent should behave, friendly artificial intelligence research is focused on how to practically bring about this behaviour and ensuring it is adequately constrained. futures studies The study of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. fuzzy control system A control system based on


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-10.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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graph database (GDB) A database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. A key concept of the system is the graph (or edge or relationship), which directly relates data items in the store a collection of nodes of data and edges representing the relationships between the nodes. The relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly, and in many cases retrieved with one operation. Graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. Querying relationships within a graph database is fast because they are perpetually stored within the database itself. Relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making it useful for heavily inter-connected data. graph theory The study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. graph traversal Also graph search. The process of visiting (checking and/or updating) each vertex in a graph. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the vertices are visited. Tree traversal is a special case of graph traversal. == H == hallucination A response generated by AI that contains false or misleading information presented as fact. heuristic A technique designed for solving a


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-11.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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intrinsic motivation An intelligent agent is intrinsically motivated to act if the information content alone, of the experience resulting from the action, is the motivating factor. Information content in this context is measured in the information theory sense as quantifying uncertainty. A typical intrinsic motivation is to search for unusual (surprising) situations, in contrast to a typical extrinsic motivation such as the search for food. Intrinsically motivated artificial agents display behaviours akin to exploration and curiosity. issue tree Also logic tree. A graphical breakdown of a question that dissects it into its different components vertically and that progresses into details as it reads to the right. Issue trees are useful in problem solving to identify the root causes of a problem as well as to identify its potential solutions. They also provide a reference point to see how each piece fits into the whole picture of a problem. == J == junction tree algorithm Also Clique Tree.A method used in machine learning to extract marginalization in general graphs. In essence, it entails performing belief propagation on a modified graph called a junction tree. The graph is called a tree because it branches into different sections of data; nodes of variables


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-12.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
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aka lethal autonomous weapon system (LAWS), autonomous weapon system (AWS), robotic weapon, or killer robot type of military drone or military robot, which is autonomous in that it can independently search for and engage targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions. As of 2025, most military drones and military robots are not truly autonomous. LAWs may engage in drone warfare in the air, on land, on water, underwater, or in space. Lisp (programming language) (LISP) A family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. logic programming A type of programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic. Any program written in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. Major logic programming language families include Prolog, answer set programming (ASP), and Datalog. long short-term memory (LSTM) An artificial recurrent neural network architecture used in the field of deep learning. Unlike standard feedforward neural networks, LSTM has feedback connections that make it a "general purpose computer" (that is, it can compute anything that a Turing machine can). It can not only process single data points (such as images), but also entire


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-13.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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multilayer perceptron (MLP) In deep learning, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a name for a modern feedforward neural network consisting of fully connected neurons with nonlinear activation functions, organized in layers, notable for being able to distinguish data that is not linearly separable. multi-swarm optimization A variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on the use of multiple sub-swarms instead of one (standard) swarm. The general approach in multi-swarm optimization is that each sub-swarm focuses on a specific region while a specific diversification method decides where and when to launch the sub-swarms. The multi-swarm framework is especially fitted for the optimization on multi-modal problems, where multiple (local) optima exist. mutation A genetic operator used to maintain genetic diversity from one generation of a population of genetic algorithm chromosomes to the next. It is analogous to biological mutation. Mutation alters one or more gene values in a chromosome from its initial state. In mutation, the solution may change entirely from the previous solution. Hence GA can come to a better solution by using mutation. Mutation occurs during evolution according to a user-definable mutation probability. This probability should be set low. If it is set too high, the search will turn into


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-14.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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neural Turing machine (NTM) A recurrent neural network model. NTMs combine the fuzzy pattern matching capabilities of neural networks with the algorithmic power of programmable computers. An NTM has a neural network controller coupled to external memory resources, which it interacts with through attentional mechanisms. The memory interactions are differentiable end-to-end, making it possible to optimize them using gradient descent. An NTM with a long short-term memory (LSTM) network controller can infer simple algorithms such as copying, sorting, and associative recall from examples alone. neuro-fuzzy Combinations of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic. neurocybernetics Also brain–computer interface (BCI), neural-control interface (NCI), mind-machine interface (MMI), direct neural interface (DNI), or brain–machine interface (BMI). A direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. BCI differs from neuromodulation in that it allows for bidirectional information flow. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. neuromorphic engineering Also neuromorphic computing. A concept describing the use of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) systems containing electronic analog circuits to mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system. In recent times, the term neuromorphic has been used to describe analog, digital, mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI, and software


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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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overfitting "The production of an analysis that corresponds too closely or exactly to a particular set of data, and may therefore fail to fit to additional data or predict future observations reliably". In other words, an overfitted model memorizes training data details but cannot generalize to new data. Conversely, an underfitted model is too simple to capture the complexity of the training data. == P == partial order reduction A technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking or automated planning and scheduling algorithm. It exploits the commutativity of concurrently executed transitions, which result in the same state when executed in different orders. partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) A generalization of a Markov decision process (MDP). A POMDP models an agent decision process in which it is assumed that the system dynamics are determined by an MDP, but the agent cannot directly observe the underlying state. Instead, it must maintain a probability distribution over the set of possible states, based on a set of observations and observation probabilities, and the underlying MDP. particle swarm optimization (PSO) A computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with


id: glossary-of-artificial-intelligence-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-16.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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propositional calculus Also propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, and zeroth-order logic.A branch of logic which deals with propositions (which can be true or false) and argument flow. Compound propositions are formed by connecting propositions by logical connectives. The propositions without logical connectives are called atomic propositions. Unlike first-order logic, propositional logic does not deal with non-logical objects, predicates about them, or quantifiers. However, all the machinery of propositional logic is included in first-order logic and higher-order logics. In this sense, propositional logic is the foundation of first-order logic and higher-order logic. proximal policy optimization (PPO) A reinforcement learning algorithm for training an intelligent agent's decision function to accomplish difficult tasks. Python An interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects. PyTorch A machine learning library based on the Torch library, used for applications such as computer vision and natural language processing, originally developed by Meta AI and now part of the Linux Foundation umbrella. == Q == Q-learning


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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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regularization A set of techniques such as dropout, early stopping, and L1 and L2 regularization to reduce overfitting and underfitting when training a learning algorithm. reinforcement learning (RL) An area of machine learning concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. Reinforcement learning is one of three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised and unsupervised learning. It differs from supervised learning in that labelled input/output pairs need not be presented, and sub-optimal actions need not be explicitly corrected. Instead the focus is finding a balance between exploration (of uncharted territory) and exploitation (of current knowledge). reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) A technique that involve training a "reward model" to predict how humans rate the quality of generated content, and then training a generative AI model to satisfy this reward model via reinforcement learning. It can be used for example to make the generative AI model more truthful or less harmful. representation learning See feature learning. reservoir computing A framework for computation that may be viewed as an extension of neural networks. Typically an input signal is fed into a fixed (random) dynamical system called a reservoir


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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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semantics In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages. It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically valid strings defined by a specific programming language, showing the computation involved. In such a case that the evaluation would be of syntactically invalid strings, the result would be non-computation. Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be shown by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or an explanation of how the program will be executed on a certain platform, hence creating a model of computation. semi-supervised learning Also weak supervision.A machine learning training paradigm characterized by using a combination of a small amount of human-labeled data (used exclusively in supervised learning), followed by a large amount of unlabeled data (used exclusively in unsupervised learning). sensor fusion The combining of sensory data or data derived from disparate sources such that the resulting information has less uncertainty than would be possible when these sources were used individually. separation logic An extension of Hoare logic, a way of reasoning about programs. The assertion language of separation logic


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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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stochastic semantic analysis An approach used in computer science as a semantic component of natural language understanding. Stochastic models generally use the definition of segments of words as basic semantic units for the semantic models, and in some cases involve a two layered approach. Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) An automated planner developed by Richard Fikes and Nils Nilsson in 1971 at SRI International. subject-matter expert (SME) A person who has accumulated great knowledge in a particular field or topic, demonstrated by the person's degree, licensure, and/or through years of professional experience with the subject. superintelligence A hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. Superintelligence may also refer to a property of problem-solving systems (e.g., superintelligent language translators or engineering assistants) whether or not these high-level intellectual competencies are embodied in agents that act within the physical world. A superintelligence may or may not be created by an intelligence explosion and be associated with a technological singularity. supervised learning The machine learning task of learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. It infers a function from labeled training data consisting of a


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence-20.md
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title: Glossary of artificial intelligence
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transhumanism Abbreviated H+ or h+.An international philosophical movement that advocates for the transformation of the human condition by developing and making widely available sophisticated technologies to greatly enhance human intellect and physiology. transition system In theoretical computer science, a transition system is a concept used in the study of computation. It is used to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems. It consists of states and transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible. tree traversal Also tree search.A form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting (checking and/or updating) each node in a tree data structure, exactly once. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the nodes are visited. true quantified Boolean formula In computational complexity theory, the language TQBF is a formal language consisting of the true quantified Boolean formulas. A (fully) quantified Boolean formula is a formula in quantified propositional logic where every variable is quantified (or bound), using either existential or universal quantifiers, at


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology-0.md
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title: Glossary of biology
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source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology
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This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms. It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology, Glossary of environmental science and Glossary of scientific naming, or any of the organism-specific glossaries in Category:Glossaries of biology. == A == absorption (physiology) A process in which one substance permeates another. A fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid. Skin absorption is a route by which substances can enter the body through the skin. acclimatization (physiology) Adaptation to a new climate, as with a new temperature or altitude or environment. acetyl-CoA (biochemistry) Acetyl coenzyme A is a molecule participating in many biochemical reactions in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. acoelomate (zoology) A type of animal, such as a flatworm, with a body plan that lacks a fluid-filled cavity between the body wall and the


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology-1.md
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title: Glossary of biology
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biological organization The hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems, designed to define life through a reductionist approach. biology The scientific study of life. biomass Organic matter derived from living or recently living organisms. Biomass can be used as a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. biomathematics The theoretical use of mathematical models and abstractions of living systems to understand and predict biological problems. biome Any very large ecological area on the Earth's surface containing fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their environment. Biomes are often defined by abiotic factors such as climate, topographical relief, geology, soils, and water resources. biomechanics The study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of "mechanics", which is the branch of physics involving analysis of the actions of forces. biomedical engineering The application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic or therapeutic). biomedical research The pursuit of answers to medical questions. These investigations lead to discoveries, which in turn lead to the development of new preventions, therapies,


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title: Glossary of biology
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central dogma of molecular biology A framework for understanding the movement of genetic information between information-carrying biopolymers within biological systems. Popularly (though simplistically) stated as "DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein", the principle attempts to capture the notion that the transfer of genetic information only naturally occurs between certain classes of molecules and in certain directions. centriole A cylindrical cell structure found in most eukaryotic cells, composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. centrosome An organelle that is the primary site at which microtubules are organized. They occur only in plant and animal cells and help to regulate cell division. chemical compound A chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. The ratio of each element is usually expressed by a chemical formula. chemical equilibrium The state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time in a chemical reaction. chemical reaction A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. chemistry A branch of the physical sciences that studies the composition, structure, properties, and change of matter. Chemical interactions underlie all biological


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title: Glossary of biology
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deciduous Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and it is typically used in botany in order to refer to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally (most commonly during autumn) and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruits when ripe. decomposition The process by which the organic compounds of deceased organisms are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars, and mineral salts. These reactions occur naturally by both biotic means (biodegradation, such as that practiced by many bacteria and fungi) and abiotic means (basic physical and chemical processes, such as hydrolysis). Decomposition recycles matter present in the biosphere, making it an essential part of the nutrient cycle. Organisms that facilitate decomposition are known as decomposers; the scientific study of decomposition is known as taphonomy. decomposer Any organism that facilitates the breakdown of dead or decaying organisms by carrying out the decomposition of complex biomolecules into simpler substances. Decomposers are heterotrophs which obtain energy and nutrition for their own growth and reproduction by recycling the chemical compounds contained in organic substrates. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are the biosphere's


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title: Glossary of biology
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ectoderm The outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis, nerve tissue, and nephridia. ectotherm An organism in which internal physiological sources of heat are of relatively small or quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature compared to ambient sources of heat. Ectotherms generally experience changes in body temperature that closely match changes in the temperature of their environment; colloquially, these organisms are often referred to as "cold-blooded". Contrast endotherm. effector A small molecule that selectively binds to a protein and regulates its biological activity. In this manner, effector molecules act as ligands that can increase or decrease enzyme activity, gene expression, or cell signaling. efferent Conducted or conducting outwards or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied). Contrast afferent. egg The organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own, at which point the developing organism emerges from the egg in a process known as hatching. electrochemical gradient A gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two


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title: Glossary of biology
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epidemiology The study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. epigenetics A sub-field of genetics that studies cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations caused by external or environmental factors which affect how cells express genes, as opposed to those caused by changes in the DNA sequence. epiphyte An organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, marine environments, or from debris accumulating around it. essential nutrient A nutrient required for normal physiological function which cannot be synthesized by a particular organism, either at all or in sufficient quantities, and which therefore must be obtained from external sources such as food. In humans, a set of nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen vitamins, and fifteen minerals are considered essential nutrients. estrogen The primary female sex hormone. ethology The scientific study of non-human animal behaviour (i.e. excluding human behaviour) and usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.


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title: Glossary of biology
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== H == habitat A place for animals, people, and plants and non-living things. habituation A form of learning in which an organism decreases or desists its responses to a stimulus after repeated or prolonged presentations. heredity The passing on of phenotypic traits from parents to their offspring, either through sexual or asexual reproduction. Offspring cells and organisms are said to inherit the genetic information of their parents. hermaphrodite A sexually reproducing organism with both male and female reproductive organs. herpetology The branch of zoology that studies reptiles and amphibians. heterosis The improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. heterotroph histology The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. Hodgkin–Huxley model A mathematical model that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. hormone Any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour. host Any living organism that harbors another living organism (known as a "guest" or symbiont), whether the guest is parasitic, mutualistic, or commensalist in its interactions with the host. The guest typically receives


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title: Glossary of biology
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life The characteristic or collection of characteristics that distinguishes physical entities that undergo biological processes (e.g. living organisms) from that those do not (e.g. non-living, inanimate matter), either because such processes have ceased or because they were not present in the first place. What constitutes "life" is notoriously difficult to define, and there is currently no consensus definition, though some popular criteria are that living things are composed of cells, have a life cycle, undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, adapt to environments, respond to stimuli, reproduce, and evolve. Biology is the scientific study of life and of living organisms. life cycle ligament The fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament. light-independent reactions See Calvin cycle. linked genes Any set of one or more genes which are sufficiently close together on the same chromosome that they are very unlikely to assort independently and therefore are usually inherited together. lipid A substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells.


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title: Glossary of biology
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motor neuron A neuron whose cell body is situated in the motor cortex, brain stem, or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands. mucous membrane A membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs. multicellular Having or consisting of more than one cell, as opposed to being unicellular. mycology The branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. myofibril A basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell. myosin A superfamily of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle contraction and in a wide range of other motility processes in eukaryotes. == N == natural selection A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to


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title: Glossary of biology
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phylum A taxonomic rank or level of classification below kingdom and above class; in botany, the term division is commonly used in place of phylum. physiology The branch of biology dealing with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes. phytochemistry The study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. phytopathology The science of diagnosing and managing plant diseases. piliferous Bearing hair placebo A substance or treatment of no intended therapeutic value. plant plasmolysis The process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. pollination The transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant, enabling later fertilisation and the production of seeds. Pollen is most commonly transported by animals or by wind. polymer A large macromolecule composed of many repeated subunits. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) A technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. polyploidy Having or containing more than two complete sets of chromosomes. population All the organisms of the same group or


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title: Glossary of biology
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parent: glossary-of-biology-20260505-0
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steroid A biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. strain A genetic variant, subtype, or culture identified as a distinct taxonomic subdivision within a species. The term is most commonly used to identify particular types of bacteria and viruses. structural biology The branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. symbiogenesis See endosymbiotic theory. symbiont Any organism involved in any type of symbiosis with another organism, either of the same or a different species. symbiosis Any close and long-term interaction between two different biological organisms, regardless of the nature or degree of the effect on either organism. Examples include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. synthetic biology An interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering combining various disciplines from within these domains, including biotechnology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, systems biology, biophysics, computer engineering, and genetic engineering. systematics The scientific study of biodiversity. It is concerned with the discovering and naming of new species of organisms (nomenclature) and arranging these taxa into classification schemes (taxonomy). A large part of modern


id: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of civil engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:38.982469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary of civil engineering terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts pertaining specifically to civil engineering, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. For a more general overview of concepts within engineering as a whole, see Glossary of engineering. == A == Abney level An instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube, a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale. An internal mirror allows the user to see the bubble in the level while sighting a distant target. It can be used as a hand-held instrument or mounted on a Jacob's staff for more precise measurement. Abrams' law Also Abrams' water-cement ratio law. A law which states that the strength of a concrete mix is inversely related to the mass ratio of water to cement. As the water content increases, the strength of the concrete decreases. abrasion The process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away a substance or substrate. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using an abrasive. Abrasion may also be an undesirable effect of exposure to normal use or exposure to the elements. abrasion resistance absolute electrode potential In


id: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of civil engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:38.982469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
adhesion The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another). The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the function of various kinds of stickers and sticky tape fall into the categories of chemical adhesion, dispersive adhesion, and diffusive adhesion. In addition to the cumulative magnitudes of these intermolecular forces, there are also certain emergent mechanical effects. adiabatic process In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or mass of substances between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. In an adiabatic process, energy is transferred to the surroundings only as work. The adiabatic process provides a rigorous conceptual basis for the theory used to expound the first law of thermodynamics, and as such it is a key concept in thermodynamics. aerobic digestion A process in sewage treatment designed to reduce the volume of sewage sludge and make it suitable for subsequent use. More recently, technology has been developed that allows the treatment and reduction of other organic waste, such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste. aerodynamics The


id: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of civil engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:38.982469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
angular acceleration The rate of change of angular velocity. In three dimensions, it is a pseudovector. In SI units, it is measured in radians per second squared (rad/s2), and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha (α). Anion is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged). annealing anode ANSI Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics. It was formulated by Archimedes of Syracuse. architecture The process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. architectural engineering Also building engineering or architecture engineering. The application of engineering principles and technology to building design and construction. Arrhenius


id: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of civil engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:38.982469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
Dalton's law Also called Dalton's law of partial pressures. In chemistry and physics, a law which states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. This empirical law was first observed by John Dalton in 1801 and published in 1802, and is closely related to the ideal gas laws. damped vibration Darcy–Weisbach equation DC motor decibel definite integral deflection deformation (engineering) deformation (mechanics) degrees of freedom delta robot delta-wye transformer density derivative design engineer An engineer whose profession focuses on the engineering design process in any of the various disciplines of engineering, e.g. civil engineering. Design engineers tend to work on products and systems that involve adapting and using complex scientific and mathematical techniques in order to develop solutions for human society. differential pulley dispersion displacement (fluid) displacement (vector) Doppler effect drag ductility dynamics dyne == E == earthquake engineering elastic modulus elasticity electric charge electric circuit electric current electric displacement field electric generator electric field electric field gradient electric motor electric potential electrical potential energy electric power electrical and electronics engineering electrical conductor electrical insulator electrical network Any interconnection of electrical components (e.g.


id: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of civil engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:38.982469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-civil-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
technical standard An established norm or requirement for a repeatable technical task, especially when written in a formal document that establishes uniform criteria, methods, processes, and practices. A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally by edict, or by groups such as trade associations, industry standards organizations, or governments, often according to the formal consensus of experts in the discipline. temperature tensile force tensile modulus tensile strength tensile testing tension member thermal conduction thermal equilibrium thermal radiation thermodynamics Thévenin's theorem three-phase torque torsional vibration toughness trajectory transducer transportation engineering trimean triple point Trouton's rule truncated mean truss An assembly of two-force structural members such as beams, connected at nodes, where the members are organized such that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single, rigid object. turbine turbomachinery turbulence == U == ultimate tensile strength (UTS) Also ultimate strength or simply tensile strength (TS). The maximum stress that a material under tension can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. Ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the stress versus strain; the highest point of the stress–strain curve is the ultimate tensile strength. Tensile strengths are often important in the design


id: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:41.803753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
A glossary of terms used in clinical research. == A == Activities of daily living The tasks of everyday life. These activities include eating, dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or shower, and using the toilet. Instrumental activities of daily living are activities related to independent living and include preparing meals, managing money, shopping, doing housework, and using a telephone. Also called ADL. (NCI) Adverse drug reaction In the preapproval clinical experience with a new medicinal product or its new usages, particularly as the therapeutic dose(s) may not be established, all noxious and unintended responses to a medicinal product related to any dose should be considered adverse drug reactions. The phrase "responses to a medicinal product" means that a causal relationship between a medicinal product and an adverse event is at least a reasonable possibility, i.e., the relationship cannot be ruled out. Regarding marketed medicinal products: A response to a drug that is noxious and unintended and that occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of diseases or for modification of physiological function. (ICH E6) Adverse effect An unwanted side effect of treatment. (NCI) Adverse event An unexpected


id: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:41.803753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
In a scientific research study or clinical trial, a flaw in the study design or the method of collecting or interpreting information. Biases can lead to incorrect conclusions about what the study or clinical trial showed. (NCI) When a point of view prevents impartial judgment on issues relating to the subject of that point of view. In clinical studies, bias is controlled by blinding and randomization (NLM) The systematic tendency of any factors associated with the design, conduct, analysis and evaluation of the results of a clinical trial to make the estimate of a treatment effect deviate from its true value. Bias introduced through deviations in conduct is referred to as 'operational' bias. The other sources of bias listed above are referred to as 'statistical'. (ICH E9) Bioavailable The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. (NCI) Bioinformatics The science of using computers, databases, and math to organize and analyze large amounts of biological, medical, and health information. Information may come from many sources, including patient statistics, tissue specimens, genetics


id: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:41.803753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called a clinical trial. (NCI) A clinical trial is a research study to answer specific questions about vaccines or new therapies or new ways of using known treatments. Clinical trials (also called medical research and research studies) are used to determine whether new drugs or treatments are both safe and effective. Carefully conducted clinical trials are the fastest and safest way to find treatments that work in people. Trials are in four phases: Phase I tests a new drug or treatment in a small group; Phase II expands the study to a larger group of people; Phase III expands the study to an even larger group of people; and Phase IV takes place after the drug or treatment has been licensed and marketed. (NLM) Any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the clinical, pharmacological, and/or other pharmacodynamic effects of an investigational product(s), and/or to identify any adverse reactions to an investigational product(s), and/or to study absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of an investigational product(s) with the object


id: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:41.803753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
Control is a standard against which experimental observations may be evaluated. In clinical trials, one group of participants is given an experimental drug, while another group (i.e., the control group) is given either a standard treatment for the disease or a placebo. (NLM) Coordinating Committee A committee that a sponsor may organize to coordinate the conduct of a multicenter trial. (ICH E6) Coordinating Investigator An investigator assigned the responsibility for the coordination of investigators at different centers participating in a multicenter trial. (ICH E6) == D == Data and Safety Monitoring Board or Independent Data Monitoring Committee DSMB. An impartial group that oversees a clinical trial and reviews the results to see if they are acceptable. This group determines if the trial should be changed or closed. Also called DSMB. (NCI) An independent committee, composed of community representatives and clinical research experts, that reviews data while a clinical trial is in progress to ensure that participants are not exposed to undue risk. A DSMB may recommend that a trial be stopped if there are safety concerns or if the trial objectives have been achieved. (NLM) An independent data monitoring committee that may be established by the sponsor to assess at


id: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:41.803753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
In clinical trials, an event or outcome that can be measured objectively to determine whether the intervention being studied is beneficial. The endpoints of a clinical trial are usually included in the study objectives. Some examples of endpoints are survival, improvements in quality of life, relief of symptoms, and disappearance of the tumor. (NCI) Overall outcome that the protocol is designed to evaluate. Common endpoints are severe toxicity, disease progression, or death. (NLM) Enrolling The act of signing up participants into a study. Generally this process involves evaluating a participant with respect to the eligibility criteria of the study and going through the informed consent process. (NLM) Epidemiology The branch of medical science that deals with the study of incidence and distribution and control of a disease in a population. (NLM) The study of the patterns, causes, and control of disease in groups of people. (NCI) Equivalence trial A trial with the primary objective of showing that the response to two or more treatments differs by an amount which is clinically unimportant. This is usually demonstrated by showing that the true treatment difference is likely to lie between a lower and an upper equivalence margin of clinically acceptable differences. (ICH


id: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:41.803753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
An individual who is or becomes a participant in research, either as a recipient of the test article or as a control. A subject may be either a healthy human or a patient. (21CFR50.3) Hypothesis A supposition or assumption advanced as a basis for reasoning or argument, or as a guide to experimental investigation. (NLM) == I == Impartial Witness A person, who is independent of the trial, who cannot be unfairly influenced by people involved with the trial, who attends the informed consent process if the subject or the subject's legally acceptable representative cannot read, and who reads the informed consent form and any other written information supplied to the subject. (ICH E6) In vitro In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). (NCI) In vivo In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). (NCI) Incidence The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed each year. (NCI) Inclusion/exclusion criteria The medical or social standards determining whether a person may or may not be allowed to enter a clinical trial. These criteria are based on such factors as age, gender, the type and stage of a


id: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:50:41.803753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
Analysis of clinical trial results that includes all data from participants in the groups to which they were randomized even if they never received the treatment. (NLM) The principle that asserts that the effect of a treatment policy can be best assessed by evaluating on the basis of the intention to treat a subject (i.e. the planned treatment regimen) rather than the actual treatment given. It has the consequence that subjects allocated to a treatment group should be followed up, assessed and analysed as members of that group irrespective of their compliance to the planned course of treatment. (ICH E9) Interaction (Qualitative & Quantitative) The situation in which a treatment contrast (e.g. difference between investigational product and control) is dependent on another factor (e.g. centre). A quantitative interaction refers to the case where the magnitude of the contrast differs at the different levels of the factor, whereas for a qualitative interaction the direction of the contrast differs for at least one level of the factor. (ICH E9) Inter-rater reliability The property of yielding equivalent results when used by different raters on different occasions. (ICH E9) Interim analysis Any analysis intended to compare treatment arms with respect to efficacy or safety


