# kb

id: gravitational-wave-international-committee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_International_Committee-0.md
category: reference
title: Gravitational Wave International Committee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_International_Committee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:42.942029+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gravitational-wave-international-committee-20260505-0
summary:
The Gravitational Wave International Committee (or GWIC) is a panel of gravitational wave detection Laboratory or Observatory directors that promotes cooperation and collaboration between the gravitational wave detector projects and provides direction and advice on the future development of the field. Barry Barish founded the GWIC in 1997 and served as the chair from 1997-2003. == Mission == The mission of GWIC is to facilitate international collaboration and cooperation in the construction, operation and use of the major gravitational wave detection facilities worldwide: Promote international cooperation in all phases of construction and scientific exploitation of gravitational-wave detectors; Coordinate and support long-range planning for new instrument proposals, or proposals for instrument upgrades; Promote the development of gravitational-wave detection as an astronomical tool, exploiting especially the potential for multi-messenger astrophysics; Organize regular, world-inclusive meetings and workshops for the study of problems related to the development and exploitation of new or enhanced gravitational-wave detectors, and foster research and development of new technology; Represent the gravitational-wave detection community internationally, acting as its advocate; Provide a forum for project leaders to regularly meet, discuss, and jointly plan the operations and direction of their detectors and experimental gravitational-wave physics generally. == Relationship to other Organizations ==


id: group-on-earth-observations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations-0.md
category: reference
title: Group on Earth Observations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:44.319156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: group-on-earth-observations-20260505-0
summary:
The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) coordinates international efforts to build a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). It links existing and planned Earth observation systems and supports the development of new ones in cases of perceived gaps in the supply of environment-related information. It aims to construct a global public infrastructure for Earth observations consisting of a flexible and distributed network of systems and content providers. == Concept == Common Earth observation instruments include ocean buoys, meteorological stations and balloons, seismic and Global Positioning System (GPS) stations, remote-sensing satellites, computerized forecasting models and early warning systems. These instruments are used to measure and monitor specific aspects of Earth’s physical, chemical and biological systems. To be useful, the raw data collected must be processed, archived, interpreted, and made available via easy-to-use channels in the form of information comprehensible not only by remote sensing experts. Earth observations are vital for policymaking and assessment in many fields. GEO focuses on facilitating access to Earth observation data for nine priority areas: natural and human-induced disasters, environmental sources of health hazards, energy management, climate change and its impacts, freshwater resources, weather forecasting, ecosystem management, sustainable agriculture, and biodiversity conservation. == History and structure


id: international-humic-substances-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Humic Substances Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:45.635436+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-humic-substances-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Humic Substances Society is a scientific society with a focus on research into natural organic matter (NOM) in soil and water. == History == The International Humic Substances Society was founded in Denver, Colorado, USA, on September 11, 1981 by scientists who saw a need for a society to bring together scientists in the coal, soil, and water with interest in humic substances, and to provide opportunities for them to exchange ideas . As of 2023, the society has about 450 members in 24 country and regional chapters. == Standard and reference sample collection == The International Humic Substances Society maintains a collection of standard and reference samples of humic and fulvic acids extracted and fractionated from leonardite, river water, a mineral soil, and peat, plus natural organic matter isolated from river water by reverse osmosis, without fractionation. These standards, which represent an important fraction of soil and water are sold to scientists around the world for use as standards in environmental and agricultural research, and have been used by scientists in approximately 40 countries for a wide variety studies. == Support of humic sciences == The International Humic Substances Society convenes multidisciplinary biennial international conferences, which bring


id: ice-sheet-mass-balance-inter-comparison-exercise-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Sheet_Mass_Balance_Inter-comparison_Exercise-0.md
category: reference
title: Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Sheet_Mass_Balance_Inter-comparison_Exercise
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:46.925761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ice-sheet-mass-balance-inter-comparison-exercise-20260505-0
summary:
The Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE) is an international scientific collaboration attempting to improve estimates of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet contribution to sea level rise and to publish data and analyses concerning these subjects. IMBIE was founded in 2011 and is a collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, and contributes to assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). IMBIE has led to improved confidence in the measurement of ice sheet mass balance and the associated global sea-level contribution. The improvements were achieved through combination of ice sheet imbalance estimates developed from the independent satellite techniques of altimetry, gravimetry and the input-output method. Going forwards, IMBIE provides a framework for assessing ice sheet mass balance, and has an explicit aim to widen participation to enable the entire scientific community to become involved. == Results == === IMBIE 2012 === The IMBIE project produced its first estimate of ice sheet mass balance in 2012 as a direct contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IMBIE 2012 included an international team of 47 scientists based in 26


id: icesco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICESCO-0.md
category: reference
title: ICESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:48.226798+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: icesco-20260505-0
summary:
The Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICESCO, formerly ISESCO) is a specialized organization that operates under the aegis of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and is concerned with fields of education, science, culture and communication in Islamic countries in order to support and strengthen relations among Member States. The Organization's headquarters is located in Rabat, Morocco, and its director general is Dr. Salim M. Almalik. ICESCO was founded by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in May 1979. With 53 member states, the working languages of ICESCO are Arabic, English and French. == Overview == On 30 January 2020, the 40th session of the Executive Council of the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, held in Abu Dhabi, State of the United Arab Emirates, adopted the modification of the name of the Organization into "Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization" (ICESCO). In this regard, Dr. Salim M. Almalik, ICESCO Director General, stated that the modification of the name of the organization aims to clarify the nature of its missions, and open wide prospects for its presence at the international level. The Director General also highlighted that the new name accurately reflects the nature of the civilizational


id: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:49.562709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-0
summary:
ICRA, the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics is an international research institute for relativistic astrophysics and related areas. Its members are seven Universities and four organizations. The center is located in Rome, Italy. The International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA) was founded in 1985 by Remo Ruffini (University of Rome "La Sapienza") together with Riccardo Giacconi (Nobel Prize for Physics 2002), Abdus Salam (Nobel Prize for Physics 1979), Paul Boyton (University of Washington), George Coyne (former director of the Vatican observatory), Francis Everitt (Stanford University), Fang Li-Zhi (University of Science and Technology of China). It became a legal entity in 1991 with the Ministerial Decree 22/11/1991 from the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research.In 1978 Fang was assigned to host Ruffini, a guest of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. They gave joint university lectures and developed a profound friendship. In 1981 in China they published a small book introducing relativistic astrophysics that became revered among astrophysics students. In 1982 Fang and Ruffini organized the first international conference on astrophysics in China—the third Marcel Grossmann Meeting—and thereafter remained organizers of the Grossmann meetings. Together with Abdus Salam, Riccardo Giacconi, George Coyne, and Francis Everitt, they founded the International Center for Relativistic


id: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics-1.md
category: reference
title: International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:49.562709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Meetings initiated by ICRA === Marcel Grossmann meetings It is believed that in honor of Marcel Grossman's work and collaboration with Einstein, Remo Ruffini and Abdus Salam established in 1975 the Marcel Grossmann meetings (MG) on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, and Relativistic Field Theories which take place every three years in different countries. MG1 and MG2 were held in 1975 and in 1979 in Trieste; MG3 in 1982 in Shanghai; MG4 in 1985 in Rome; MG5 in 1988 in Perth; MG6 in 1991 in Kyoto; MG7 in 1994 at Stanford; MG8 in 1997 in Jerusalem; MG9 in 2000 in Rome; MG10 in 2003 in Rio de Janeiro; MG11 in 2006 in Berlin; MG12 in 2009 in Paris; MG13 in 2012 in Stockholm; MG14 in 2015 in Rome. Italian-Korean Meetings on Relativistic Astrophysics The Italian-Korean Symposia on Relativistic Astrophysics is a series of biannual meetings organized alternatively in Italy and in Korea since 1987. It has been focused on exchange of information and collaborations between Italian and Korean astrophysicists on new issues in the field of Relativistic Astrophysics. The symposia cover topics in astrophysics and cosmology, such as gamma ray bursts and compact stars, high


id: icranet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet-0.md
category: reference
title: ICRANet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:50.885973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: icranet-20260505-0
summary:
ICRANet, the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network, is an international organization which promotes research activities in relativistic astrophysics and related areas. Its members are four countries and three Universities and Research Centers: Armenia, the Federative Republic of Brazil, Italian Republic, the Vatican City State, the University of Arizona (USA), Stanford University (USA) and ICRA. ICRANet headquarters are located in Pescara, Italy. == History of ICRANet foundation: ICRA and ICRANet == === ICRA and ICRANet === In 1985, the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics ICRA was founded by Remo Ruffini (University of Rome "La Sapienza") together with Riccardo Giacconi (Nobel Prize for Physics 2002), Abdus Salam (Nobel Prize for Physics 1979), Paul Boynton (University of Washington), George Coyne (former director of the Vatican observatory), Francis Everitt (Stanford University) and Fang Li-Zhi (University of Science and Technology of China). The Statute and the Agreement establishing ICRANet were signed on March 19, 2003, and they were recognized in the same year by the Republic of Armenia and the Vatican City State. ICRANet has been created in 2005 by a law of the Italian Government, ratified by the Italian Parliament and signed by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi on


id: icranet-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet-1.md
category: reference
title: ICRANet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:50.885973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: icranet-20260505-0
summary:
Albania: Elida Bylyku Armenia: Nouneh Zastoukhova ICRA: Yu Wang Italy: Italian Foreign Ministry, Unità Scientifica e Tecnologica Bilaterale e Multilaterale: Amb. Lorenzo Angeloni, Cons. Alessandro Garbellini, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ragioneria Generale dello Stato, IGAE, Uff. IX: Dr. Antonio Bartolini, Dr. Salvatore Sebastiano Vizzini MIUR: Dr. Vincenzo Di Felice, Dott.ssa Giulietta Iorio Pescara Municipality: Avv. Carlo Masci Stanford University: Francis Everitt University of Arizona: Xiaohui Fan Vatican City State: Guy J. Consolmagno, S.J. The current Chairperson (2019) of the ICRANet Steering Committee is Francis Everitt. The first Chairperson of the Scientific Committee was Riccardo Giacconi, Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002, who ended his term in 2013. The current (2019) Chairperson of the Scientific Committee is Massimo Della Valle. The Scientific Committee in 2019 consists of: Prof. Narek Sahakyan (Armenia), Dr. Barres de Almeida Ulisses (Brazil), Dr. Carlo Luciano Bianco (ICRA), Prof. Massimo Della Valle (Italy), Prof. John Mester (Stanford University), Prof. Chris Fryer (University of Arizona) and Dr. Gabriele Gionti (Vatican City State). The Faculty in 2019 consists of Professors Ulisses Barres de Almeida, Vladimir Belinski, Carlo Luciano Bianco, Donato Bini, Pascal Chardonnet, Christian Cherubini, Filippi Simonetta, Robert Jantzen, Roy Patrick Kerr, Hans Ohanian, Giovanni Pisani, Brian Mathew


id: icranet-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet-2.md
category: reference
title: ICRANet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:50.885973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: icranet-20260505-0
summary:
the possibility of restructuring the mountain side of the Cassino da Urca as the Seat of ICRANet for Brazil and Latin America (with a project by the Italian Architect Carlo Serafini), building of the Brazilian Science Data Center (BSDC), a novel astrophysics data base, built following the concept of the ASI Science Data Center (ASDC) by the Italian Space Agency, which will consist on a unique research infrastructure at the interface between experimental and theoretical astrophysicists. === ICRANet Center in Minsk === The ICRANet-Minsk center has been established at the National Academy of Science of Belarus (NASB), with whom ICRANet has signed a cooperation agreement on 2013. The Protocol for the opening of the ICRANet-Minsk center has been signed in April 2016. The "First ICRANet-Minsk workshop on high energy astrophysics" has been held at the ICRANet-Minsk center from 26 to 28 of April 2017. === ICRANet Center in Isfahan === The ICRANet Center in Isfahan has been established at the Isfahan University of Technology. The Protocol of cooperation, signed in 2016 by Remo Ruffini, Director of ICRANet, and Mahnoud Modarres-Hashemi, Rector of the Isfahan University of Technology, includes the promotion and development of scientific and technological research in the fields


id: icranet-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet-3.md
category: reference
title: ICRANet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRANet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:50.885973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: icranet-20260505-0
summary:
=== International meetings === The Galileo-Xu Guangqi meetings (2009-) The Galileo-Xu Guangqi meetings have been created in the name of Galileo and Xu Guangqi, the collaborator of Matteo Ricci (Ri Ma Dou), generally recognized for bringing to China the works of Euclid and Galileo and for his strong commitment to the process of modernization and scientific development of China. The 1st Galileo - Xu Guangqi Meeting was held in Shanghai, China, in 2009. The 2nd Galileo - Xu Guangqi meeting took place in Hanbury Botanic Gardens (Ventimiglia, Italy) and Villa Ratti (Nice, France) in 2010. The 3rd and 4th Galileo - Xu Guangqi meetings were both held in Beijing, China, respectively in 2011 and 2015. Italian-Korean Symposia (1987-) The Italian-Korean Symposia on Relativistic Astrophysics is a series of biannual meetings, alternatively organized in Italy and in Korea since 1987. The symposia discussions cover topics in astrophysics and cosmology, such as gamma-ray bursts and compact stars, high energy cosmic rays, dark energy and dark matter, general relativity, black holes, and new physics related to cosmology. Stueckelberg Workshops on Relativistic Field Theories (2006–2008) These workshops represent a one-week dialogues on Relativistic Field Theories in Curved Space, which is inspired to the work


id: indian-association-for-angiosperm-taxonomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Association_for_Angiosperm_Taxonomy-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Association_for_Angiosperm_Taxonomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:52.183565+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-association-for-angiosperm-taxonomy-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT) was established in 1990. The IAAT is headquartered at the Department of Botany, Calicut University, Kozhikode, India. The IAAT is affiliated to the International Association for Plant Taxonomy. It promotes Angiosperm taxonomy in India and acts as a gathering organisation for Angiosperm taxonomists. == Publication == The IAAT publishes a journal Rheedea (named after Hendrik van Rheede). == References == == External links == IAAT website IAPT Index Nominum Genericorum


id: united-states-india-science-and-technology-endowment-fund-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States–India_Science_and_Technology_Endowment_Fund-0.md
category: reference
title: United States–India Science and Technology Endowment Fund
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States–India_Science_and_Technology_Endowment_Fund
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:53.446737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: united-states-india-science-and-technology-endowment-fund-20260505-0
summary:
The United States-India Science & Technology Endowment Fund is a joint fund established between the United States and India for the purpose of promoting innovation through science and technology. It is governed by a board representing both India and the United States and provides grants of up to $500,000 for joint projects between the U.S. and India. == History == The U.S.-India Science & Technology Endowment Fund was established in 2009 with a joint agreement between the United States and India, having an annual budget of approximately $2 to $3 million per year. A board with members from both countries was established to award grants on a semi-annual basis. The board was established through the United States Department of State and the India Department of Science & Technology. In May 2012, then United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and former Indian Minister of Science and Technology Vilasrao Deshmukh awarded the first grantee of the fund. The first grantees included a partnership between both countries to develop a cold chain storage for produce, a procedure for metabolic screening of newborns, and a shoe specifically built to assist patients with Parkinson's disease. == See also == India–United States relations == References


id: institut-suisse-des-sciences-no-tiques-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Suisse_des_Sciences_Noétiques-0.md
category: reference
title: Institut Suisse des Sciences Noétiques
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Suisse_des_Sciences_Noétiques
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:54.772544+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institut-suisse-des-sciences-no-tiques-20260505-0
summary:
The Institut Suisse des Sciences Noétiques (Swiss Institute of Noetic Sciences) or ISSNOE is an established public utility nonprofit foundation dedicated to the scientific and comparative study of consciousness. The institute's research focuses on altered states of consciousness (ASC), like near-death experiences (NDEs), extrasensory perceptions (ESPs), and out-of-body experiences (OBEs). == History == The ISSNOE was created in 2012 from a merger between the Noêsis association and the Foundation Odier de Psycho-Physique (Odier Foundation of Psychophysics). The Noêsis association was formed by Sylvie Dethiollaz, a PhD student in molecular biology, in 1999. The Foundation Odier de Psycho-Physique by Marcel & Monique Odier in 1992, whose team included biologist Rémy Chauvin and physicist Olivier Costa de Beauregard. == Work == In addition to the Institute's work investigating non-ordinary states of consciousness and near-death experiences, the Institute also focuses on attempting to better understand the fundamental nature of extrasensory perceptions and deciphering distinctive idiosyncrasies which can lead to out-of-body experiences. The research results are summarized in two books, États Modifiés de Conscience (2011) and Voyage Aux Confins de la Conscience (2018). === Symposia === ISSNOE members welcome and frequently receive lectures and workshops from researchers, philosophers, physicists, psychologists, and prodromic doctors on


id: interamerican-network-of-academies-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterAmerican_Network_of_Academies_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterAmerican_Network_of_Academies_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:56.042919+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: interamerican-network-of-academies-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences (IANAS) is a regional network made up of National Academy of Sciences from the nations in the Americas. It was founded in 2004 as an organization utilizing science diplomacy to "build scientific and technological capacities and strengthen relationships among the countries of the Americas as a tool for societal development." The creation of the organization was in part inspired by the InterAcademy Panel (IAP), to function as a regional network in the manner of the Network of African Science Academies (previously founded with help from the IAP). Support also came from the Organization of American States and the Inter-American Development Bank for the creation of IANAS. The IAP continues to be its principal source of financial support. Current co-chairs are Helena B. Nader, President of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and Karen B. Strier, member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. == Mission == The purpose of the network is to connect and develop the scientific community and institutions in each country, and thus to contribute to sustainable development and help build research capacity . Its main objectives are: 1. "To help improve national scientific capacities, especially as a tool for societal


id: international-academy-for-systems-and-cybernetic-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_for_Systems_and_Cybernetic_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_for_Systems_and_Cybernetic_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:57.333367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-academy-for-systems-and-cybernetic-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences (IASCYS) was an honor society initially created by the International Federation for Systems Research (IFSR). It was disbanded in 2026. The academy identified outstanding scientists in systems and cybernetics and elects them as academicians. The IASCYS was dissolved by Secretary General, Derek Cabrera who has attempted to replace it with his own organization (the Academy of Systems Thinking or AST. The creation of AST was never authorized by the IASCYS membership and AST should not be looked at as a "successor" organization. == Origin == In 2010, the International Federation for Systems Research established an international non-profit association called The International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences. For 6 years the IASCYS was governed as an IFSR partner organization, but in 2016 it became an independent organization having its own statutes, rules of procedure and membership criteria. == List of Academicians == == References ==


id: international-academy-of-quantum-molecular-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:58.661944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-academy-of-quantum-molecular-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (IAQMS) is an international scientific learned society covering all applications of quantum theory to chemistry and chemical physics. It was created in Menton in 1967. The founding members were Raymond Daudel, Per-Olov Löwdin, Robert G. Parr, John Pople and Bernard Pullman. Its foundation was supported by Louis de Broglie. Originally, the academy had 25 regular members under 65 years of age. This was later raised to 30, and then to 35. There is no limit on the number of members over 65 years of age. The members are "chosen among the scientists of all countries who have distinguished themselves by the value of their scientific work, their role of pioneer or leader of a school in the broad field of quantum chemistry, i.e. the application of quantum mechanics to the study of molecules and macromolecules". As of 2006, the academy consisted of 90 members. The academy organizes the International Congress of Quantum Chemistry every three years. The academy awards a medal to a young member of the scientific community who has distinguished themselves by a pioneering and important contribution. The award has been made every year since 1967. == Presidents == Presidents and


id: international-academy-of-sex-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Sex_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Academy of Sex Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Sex_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:59.995300+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-academy-of-sex-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Academy of Sex Research (IASR) is a scientific society for researchers in sexology. According to John Bancroft, retired director of the Kinsey Institute, IASR "can claim...most of the field's leading researchers." IASR is unique among sexology organizations in that individuals must be elected to membership, which requires demonstration of substantial contribution to sexology, including the authorship of 10 or more professional publications. Notable members have included Drs. Ray Blanchard, Milton Diamond, Kurt Freund, Richard Green, Lisa Diamond, Leonore Tiefer, Judith Becker, and Ken Zucker. The official journal of IASR is the Archives of Sexual Behavior. == History == IASR was founded on 1 August 1973. The 53 founding charter members were nominated by the board of the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior, which became the official publication of the IASR. The founding editor of Archives of Sexual Behavior was Richard Green. The current editor is Kenneth Zucker. The first annual IASR meeting was held at the State University of New York at Stony Brook in September 1975. It was hosted by IASR founding president, Richard Green. Presidents Leonore Tiefer (1993) == See also == List of sexology organizations == References == == External links == Official Site of


id: international-association-for-hydro-environment-engineering-and-research-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:01.311245+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-hydro-environment-engineering-and-research-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Hydro-Environment_Engineering_and_Research-0.md

summary:
The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), founded in 1935, is a worldwide, non-profit, independent organisation of engineers and water specialists working in fields related to the hydro-environment and in particular with reference to hydraulics and its practical application. IAHR was called the International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research until 2009. Activities range from river and maritime hydraulics to water resources development, flood risk management and eco-hydraulics, through to ice engineering, hydroinformatics and continuing education and training. IAHR stimulates and promotes both research and its application, and by so doing strives to contribute to sustainable development, the optimisation of world water resources management and industrial flow processes. IAHR accomplishes its goals by a wide variety of member activities including: working groups, research agenda, congresses, specialty conferences, workshops and short courses; Journals, Monographs and Proceedings; by collaborating with international organisations such as UN Water, UNESCO, WMO, IDNDR, GWP, ICSU; and by co-operation with other water-related national and international organisations. IAHR publishes several international scientific journals in collaboration with Taylor & Francis and Elsevier – the Journal of Hydraulic Research, the Journal of River Basin Management, the Journal of Water Engineering and Research, the Revista Iberoamericana del Agua RIBAGUA

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Hydro-Environment_Engineering_and_Research


id: international-association-for-identification-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Identification-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Identification
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Identification
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:02.670443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-identification-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Identification (IAI) is the largest forensic organization in the world. It was originally formed as the International Association for Criminal Identification in October 1915. Through the years it has grown into an educational and certification body with over 6,000 members worldwide. == Missions == The International Association for Identification strives to be the primary professional association for those engaged in forensic identification, investigation, and scientific examination of physical evidence. To accomplish this mission, it has six goals: Educate members about the most current information and research in forensic identification. Affiliate people who are actively engaged in the profession of forensic identification, investigation, and scientific examination of physical evidence in an organized body. In this way, the profession may be standardized, as well as effectively and scientifically practiced. Enlarge and improve the science of forensic identification and crime detection. Encourage research in scientific crime detection. Employ the collective wisdom of the profession to advance the scientific techniques of forensic identification and crime detection. == Presidents == == Awards == === John A. Dondero Memorial Award === The award is presented to an Active Member of the Association, who have made "the most significant and valuable contribution in


id: international-association-for-lichenology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Lichenology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Lichenology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Lichenology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:04.013185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-lichenology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Lichenology (IAL) is an organisation that encourages the understanding of lichens and lichenology, and promotes their study and conservation worldwide. It unites lichenologists across the globe, as well as national and regional organisations into one group. The IAL is affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). The association grew out of discussions at International Botanical Congresses in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1967, Vernon Ahmadjian and Irwin Brodo launched the International Lichenological Newsletter, which became the practical centre of the nascent organisation, and in 1969 IAL was formally recognised at the 11th International Botanical Congress in Seattle. For its first decade the association relied on voluntary effort and an informal structure; a constitution was not circulated until 1980. The IAL organises international symposia, the largest regular meetings in the field, alongside field excursions in regions ranging from the Austrian Alps to Costa Rica and southern Africa. It administers several awards, including the Acharius Medal for lifetime achievement in lichenology. Through committees on lichen terminology and conservation, the association has also served as a forum for professional consensus on foundational questions, including the formal definition of a lichen. Although its membership was long centred in


id: international-association-for-lichenology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Lichenology-1.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Lichenology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Lichenology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:04.013185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-lichenology-20260505-0
summary:
=== Symposia and field trips === The IAL organises field courses and excursions, as well as symposia which are the largest events in lichenology on the international level. The first IAL excursion took place in the Austrian Alps in September 1973, led by Josef Poelt and Maximillian Steiner. This was followed by other meetings, including a joint meeting with the British Lichen Society at the University of Bristol in 1974, which set the course for future IAL meetings. The IAL has also played a role in promoting tropical lichenology. In 1989, a symposium on "Tropical Lichens" was held at the Natural History Museum, London. The fourth IAL symposium, held at the University of Barcelona from 3 to 8 September 2000, brought together lichenologists from around the world to discuss current directions in the field. A later review of the proceedings described the meeting as a forum for lively exchange on recent concepts in lichenological research, noting that the published volume covered a broad range of work extending beyond the symposium itself. Although systematics and phylogeny had figured strongly in the meeting programme, the proceedings also gave substantial attention to bioindication and biogeography, illustrating the disciplinary breadth of lichenology at the


id: international-association-for-lichenology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Lichenology-2.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Lichenology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Lichenology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:04.013185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-lichenology-20260505-0
summary:
== Global reach == Although the IAL began with a membership centred mainly in western Europe and North America, it increasingly served as an international forum for lichenologists in many parts of the world. Through the International Lichenological Newsletter, members circulated reports on research, developing projects and events from a widening geographical range, including China, the Guianas, Australia and Central Asia. Field excursions and meetings also helped extend the association's international character, bringing together participants from numerous countries and drawing greater attention to lichen floras outside the traditional European and North American centres of research. At the same time, the early record described by Kärnefelt and Thell makes clear that this global reach was uneven. In 1977, most members still came from western Europe and North America, while South America was only sparsely represented. By 1990, 379 of the association's 440 members were of European or North American origin, and only 10 represented tropical regions. The 1989 symposium on tropical lichens helped bring that imbalance into sharper focus, linking the association's expanding international ambitions with a more explicit concern for tropical research and representation. A further sign of the association's widening reach came with IAL9: although the 2020 symposium was


id: international-association-for-near-death-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Near-Death Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:05.324917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-near-death-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS) is a nonprofit organization based in Durham, North Carolina in the United States, associated with near-death studies. The Association was founded in the US in 1981, in order to study and provide information on the phenomena of the near death experience (NDE). Today it has grown into an international organization, which includes a network of more than 50 local interest groups, and approximately 1,200 members worldwide. Local chapters, and support groups, are established in major U.S cities. IANDS also supports and assists near-death experiencers (NDErs) and people close to them. In one of its publications the organization has formulated its vision as one of building "global understanding of near-death and near-death-like experiences through research, education, and support". == History == The organization was originally known as the Association for the Scientific Study of Near-Death Phenomena. This group was founded by researchers John Audette, Bruce Greyson, Kenneth Ring and Michael Sabom in 1978. The first president of this association was John Audette, who later served as executive director. In 1981 the organization changed its name to the International Association for Near-Death Studies (also known as IANDS). A headquarter was established in Connecticut, and was


id: international-association-for-near-death-studies-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies-1.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Near-Death Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:05.324917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-near-death-studies-20260505-0
summary:
=== Nancy Evans Bush === Nancy Evans Bush, a former president of IANDS, is an American author, speaker, and researcher best known for her pioneering work on distressing near-death experiences (dNDEs). She brings public attention to NDEs that fall outside the commonly reported narratives of peace and light. Nancy Evans Bush holds a Bachelor's degree from SUNY-Albany and a Master's degree in Pastoral Ministry and Spirituality from St. Joseph University. Her early career included work as a teacher and later as an administrator for the nonprofit International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS), before fully devoting herself to the field of near-death studies. Bush had her own near-death experience in 1962 during the delivery of her second child, which she later described as distressing and spiritually transformative. In her 2002 article "Afterward: Making Meaning after a Frightening Near-Death Experience," Bush described how her near-death experience during childbirth led to an overwhelming encounter with what she later identified as the 'numinous'—an ineffable and terrifying presence. Rather than receiving comfort or clarity, she faced existential dread and a sense of annihilation. Bush later connected the emotional aftermath of this experience, which included depression, isolation, and anxiety, to post-traumatic stress, especially due to the


id: international-association-for-official-statistics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Official_Statistics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Official Statistics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Official_Statistics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:06.723398+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-official-statistics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Official Statistics (IAOS) is an association founded in 1985. It is an international non-governmental organization (NGO), which was created and developed as a specialized section of the International Statistical Institute (ISI). It is thus an Association of physical and legal persons who have scientific or professional interest in the field of official statistics. IAOS brings together producers and users of official statistics. IAOS aims to promote the understanding and advancement of official statistics and related subjects and to foster the development of effective and efficient official statistical services through international contacts among individuals and organizations, including users of official statistics as well as research institutes. Its hosts annual conferences. The Association publishes a quarterly statistical journal, the Statistical Journal of the IAOS (SJIAOS), which includes peer reviewed articles relevant to the field of official statistics. An annual Young Statisticians Prize is awarded to the best paper in the field of official statistics written by a young statistician. == References == == External links == Official website SJIAOS website


id: international-association-for-plant-taxonomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Plant Taxonomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:08.056963+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-plant-taxonomy-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and stability in plant names. The IAPT was founded on July 18, 1950, at the Seventh International Botanical Congress in Stockholm, Sweden. The IAPT headquarters is located in Bratislava, Slovakia. Its president, since 2023, is Lúcia G. Lohmann of the Universidade de São Paulo; vice-president is Fabián Michelangeli of the New York Botanical Garden; and secretary-general is Mauricio Bonifacino of the Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. Both the taxonomic journal Taxon and the series Regnum Vegetabile are published by the IAPT. The latter series includes the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Index Nominum Genericorum, and Index Herbariorum. == Purpose == The IAPT's primary purpose is the promotion and understanding of biodiversity—the discovery, naming, classification, and systematics of plants—for both living and fossil plants. Additionally, it promotes the study and conservation of plant biodiversity, and works to raise awareness of the general public to this issue. The organization also facilitates international cooperation among botanists working in the fields of plant systematics, taxonomy, and nomenclature. This is


id: international-association-for-vegetation-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Vegetation_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Vegetation Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Vegetation_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:09.382058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-vegetation-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS) promotes contact between scientists and others interested in the study of vegetation ecology, promotes research and publication of research results. In 1939 the International Phytosociological Society (IPS) was founded, with its headquarters in Montpellier, France. After the Second World War it was reconstituted as the Internationale Vereinigung für Vegetationskunde (IVV), which adopted a constitution at the International Botanical Congress of 1954. The current name was adopted in 1981–82. == History == In 1939, the predecessor organization of the IAVS was founded as the International Phytosociological Society (IPS) with headquarters in Montpellier. After World War II, a meeting of former members and new interested parties was held in Amsterdam in 1949. In 1954, at the International Botanical Congress in Paris, the International Phytosociological Society was re-founded as the International Association for Plant Science (IVV). Reinhold Tuxen and Willem Karel de Leeuw were the founding members of this organization. This organization was primarily intended for German-speaking Europe, and it held annual international conferences from 1956 to 1981. These conferences soon became the most important meetings related to vegetation, first in Europe and later even worldwide. In 1981-1982, a new form of organization was created with


id: international-association-of-arabic-dialectology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Arabic_Dialectology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Arabic Dialectology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Arabic_Dialectology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:10.669577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-arabic-dialectology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Arabic Dialectology (French: Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe, AIDA– International Association of Arabic Dialectology / الرابطة الدولية لدراسة اللهجات العربية) is an association of researchers in Arabic dialects, from all over the world. == History == AIDA was founded in 1993, in Paris, by a group of distinguished Arabists. Their aim was to encourage and promote the study of various Arabic dialects. AIDA has become an international association in this field of research. Scholars from around the world leverage this organisation to discuss and share aspect of Arabic dialectology, including dialects which have not been described yet, dialectal geography, phonology, morphology and syntax, code-switching, koiné language, pidgin, creole, the lexicon of Arabic dialects, dialectal atlases, comparative and diachronic studies, sociolinguistics, and the teaching of Arabic dialects. == Conferences == AIDA organizes conferences that are held in well-known universities approximately every two years. 15th AIDA Conference – Malta 2024 14th AIDA Conference – Granada 2022 13th AIDA Conference – Kutaisi 2019 12th AIDA Conference – Marseille 2017 11th AIDA Conference – Bucharest 2015 10th AIDA Conference – Doha 2013 9th AIDA Conference – Pescara 2011 8th AIDA Conference – Colchester 2008 7th AIDA Conference – Vienna 2006


id: international-association-of-empirical-aesthetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Empirical_Aesthetics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Empirical Aesthetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Empirical_Aesthetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:12.010620+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-empirical-aesthetics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Empirical Aesthetics (IAEA) is a psychological organization founded to scientifically investigate the nature of aesthetic experience and aesthetic behavior. The group has members in over 25 countries. IAEA was founded at the first international congress in Paris in 1965 by Daniel Berlyne, Robert Francés, Carmelo Genovese, and Albert Wellek. == Background == Although IAEA has been active for half a century, the domain of experimental aesthetics is much older. It is the second-oldest branch of scientific psychology, traditionally dating from 1876, the year Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887) published his Vorschule der Aesthetik (Preschool of Aesthetics). Fechner, who also is credited with founding psychophysics, established methods for examining aesthetic response to a variety of visual forms, including an exploration of the venerable Golden Section hypothesis. Since the inception of IAEA in 1965, research on empirical aesthetics has continued to progress, with many pioneers prominent in its membership: witness, for instance, such classic books such as Daniel Berlyne's (1971) Aesthetics and Psychobiology, Colin Martindale's (1990) The Clockwork Muse: The Predictability of Artistic Change, or a variety of more recent contributions from IAEA's current members. == Current situation == The International Association of Empirical Aesthetics (IAEA) is an organization


id: international-association-of-geoanalysts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geoanalysts-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Geoanalysts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geoanalysts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:13.381968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-geoanalysts-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG) is an international not-for-profit learned society dedicated to the advancement and promotion of geoanalytical science, the analysis of geological and environmental materials. == Activities == The association aims to improve and promote the assessment of measurement uncertainty and data quality as fit for purpose through proficiency testing and the development and use of geochemical reference materials. The IAG organises meetings, conferences, workshops and short courses, is associated with journal publishing, and operates two proficiency testing schemes: GeoPT, initiated in 1996, intended for analytical chemistry laboratories dealing with whole-rock geochemical analyses and G-Probe for microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS geochemical laboratories. The IAG also carries out the certification of geological and environmental reference materials in accordance with its own Certification Protocol, and holds liaison membership of ISO-REMCO to represent the views of the geochemical research community particularly in matters of metrology. The IAG has a legal-commercial arm, IAGeo Limited, which distributes, markets and develops reference materials for scientific research. == History == The International Association of Geoanalysts was founded on 2 June 1997 during the 'Geoanalysis 97' Conference held at Vail, Colorado, USA. It is a successor organisation to the International Working Group-Groupe International de


id: international-association-of-geochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_GeoChemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of GeoChemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_GeoChemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:14.760571+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-geochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The IAGC (International Association of GeoChemistry, formerly known as the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry) is affiliated with the International Union of Geological Sciences and has been one of the pre-eminent international geochemical organizations for over thirty-five years. The principal objective of the IAGC is to foster co-operation in, and advancement of, geochemistry in the broadest sense. This is achieved by: working with any interested group in planning symposia and other types of meetings related to geochemistry, sponsoring publications in geochemistry of a type not normally covered by existing organizations and, the activities of working groups which study problems that require, or would benefit from, international co-operation. The scientific thrust of the IAGC takes place through its Working Groups (many of which organize regular symposia) and the official journal, Applied Geochemistry. The specific objectives of the IAGC are: To foster the use of the tools and techniques of chemistry to advance the understanding of the earth and its component systems for the benefit of mankind and modern society; To contribute to advancement in geochemical research throughout the world, including both fundamental geochemical research aimed at understanding the global earth system and applied geochemical research that addresses problems of particular


id: international-association-of-geodesy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Geodesy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:16.077632+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-geodesy-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Geodesy (IAG) is a constituent association of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics focusing on the science which measures and describes the Earth's shape, its rotation and gravity field. == History == The precursors to the IAG were arc measurement campaigns. The IAG was founded in 1862 as the Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung (Central European Arc Measurement), later became the Europäische Gradmessung (European Arc Measurement) in 1867, the Internationale Erdmessung (Association Geodésique Internationale in French and "International Geodetic Association" in English) in 1886, and took its present name in 1946. As early as 1861, Johann Jacob Baeyer sent a memorandum to the King of Prussia recommending international collaboration in Central Europe with the aim of determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth. At the time of its creation, the association had sixteen member countries: Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Belgium, Denmark, seven German states (Grand Duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of Hanover, Mecklenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Saxony, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), Kingdom of Italy, Netherlands, Russian Empire (for Poland), United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, as well as Switzerland. The Central European Arc Measurement created a Central Office, located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute,


id: international-association-of-geodesy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy-1.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Geodesy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:16.077632+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-geodesy-20260505-0
summary:
The definition of the length of a metre in the 1790s was founded upon Arc measurements in France and Peru with a definition that it was to be 1/40 millionth of the circumference of the earth measured through the poles. Such were the inaccuracies of that period that within a matter of just a few years more reliable measurements would have given a different value for the definition of this international standard. That does not invalidate the metre in any way but highlights the fact that continuing improvements in instrumentation made better measurements of the earth's size possible. Since the metre was originally defined, each time a new measurement is made, with more accurate instruments, methods or techniques, it is said that the metre is based on some error, from calculations or measurements. When Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero took part to the remeasurement and extension of the arc measurement of Delambre and Méchain, mathematicians like Legendre and Gauss had developed new methods for processing data, including the "least squares method" which allowed to compare experimental data tainted with observational errors to a mathematical model. The Earth measurements thus underscored the importance of the scientific method at a time


id: international-association-of-geodesy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy-2.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Geodesy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:16.077632+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-geodesy-20260505-0
summary:
International Gravimetric Bureau (French: Bureau Gravimétrique International) (BGI) International Center for Global Earth Models (ICGEM) International Digital Elevation Model Service (IDEMS) International DORIS Service (IDS) International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) International Gravity Field Service (IGFS) International GNSS Service (IGS) International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) International Service for the Geoid (ISG) Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) is the observing arm of the IAG that focuses on proving the geodetic infrastructure to measure changes in the earth's shape, rotation and mass distribution. The International GNSS Service (IGS), part of GGOS, archives and processes GNSS data from around the world. IGS data is used in the 2021 reference frame (G2139) of WGS84. === Journal === IAG sponsors the Journal of Geodesy, published by Springer. === Awards === The IAG's awards for outstanding achievement in geodesy include the Guy Bomford Prize (inaugurated in 1975), the Levallois Medal (inaugurated in 1979), and the IAG Young Author's Award (inaugurated in 1993). == See also == Arc measurement of Delambre and Méchain Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero – president of


id: international-association-of-geomagnetism-and-aeronomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geomagnetism_and_Aeronomy-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Geomagnetism_and_Aeronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:17.399732+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-geomagnetism-and-aeronomy-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) is an international scientific association that focuses on the study of terrestrial and planetary magnetism and space physics. IAGA is one of the eight associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. It is a non-governmental body funded through the subscriptions paid to IUGG by its member countries. IAGA have been responsible for developing and maintaining the International Geomagnetic Reference Field, a reference for the magnetic field of the Earth that was adopted in 1968 and is updated every five years. The most recent version is IGRF-12. == History == IAGA has a long history and can trace its origins to the Commission for Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, part of the World Meteorological Organization originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. At the First IUGG General Assembly (Rome, 1922), the Section de Magnétisme et Electricité Terrestres became one of the constituent sections of the Union. At the IV IUGG General Assembly (Stockholm, 1930), it became the International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity. It took its present name at the X IUGG General Assembly (Rome, 1954). == Commissions == IAGA is subdivided into the following


id: international-association-of-hydrological-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrological_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Hydrological Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrological_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:18.673737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-hydrological-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) is a non-profit, non-governmental scientific organization committed to serving the science of hydrology and the worldwide community of hydrologists. The IAHS was established in 1922, and presently claims a membership in excess of 12,000 with members in over 170 countries. Ten international scientific commissions deal with the hydrological cycle, water resources, and specific techniques. Other working groups and initiatives address particular issues. == Governance == IAHS is one of the eight associations that comprise the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. In accordance with the IAHS statutes and by-laws, the IAHS officers and commissioners are elected every four years by national representatives at the IAHS plenary during the IUGG General Assembly == National representation == Official contact between the IAHS and member countries is made via the national representative in each country, who acts as a focal point and channel for communication. If there is a national IUGG committee (usually appointed by the national academy of sciences or equivalent), the IAHS representative is nominated by it or its IUGG subcommittee. Member countries may also appoint national correspondents for the commissions. == Publications == IAHS Press fulfills the IAHS mission of worldwide dissemination of


id: international-astronomical-union-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union-0.md
category: reference
title: International Astronomical Union
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:19.992816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-astronomical-union-20260505-0
summary:
The International Astronomical Union (IAU; French: Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is an international non-governmental organization (INGO) with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreach, education, and development through global cooperation. It was founded on 28 July 1919 in Brussels, Belgium, and is based in Paris, France. The IAU is composed of individual members, who include both professional astronomers and junior scientists, and national members, such as professional associations, national societies, or academic institutions. Individual members are organised into divisions, committees, and working groups centered on particular subdisciplines, subjects, or initiatives. As of May 2024, the Union had 85 national members and 12,734 individual members, spanning 90 countries and territories. Among the key activities of the IAU is serving as a forum for scientific conferences. It sponsors nine annual symposia and holds a triannual General Assembly that sets policy and includes various scientific meetings. The Union is best known for being the leading authority in assigning official names and designations to astronomical objects, and for setting uniform definitions for astronomical principles. It also coordinates with national and international partners, such as UNESCO, to fulfill its mission. The IAU is a member of the International Science


id: international-astronomical-union-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union-1.md
category: reference
title: International Astronomical Union
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:19.992816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-astronomical-union-20260505-0
summary:
issues of a "primarily scientific nature" (as determined by the Executive Committee), upon which voting is restricted to individual members, and all other matters (such as Statute revision and procedural questions), upon which voting is restricted to the representatives of national members. On budget matters (which fall into the second category), votes are weighted according to the relative subscription levels of the national members. A second category vote requires a turnout of at least two-thirds of national members to be valid. An absolute majority is sufficient for approval in any vote, except for Statute revision which requires a two-thirds majority. An equality of votes is resolved by the vote of the President of the Union. === List of national members === === Terminated national members === Azerbaijan Cuba North Macedonia Uzbekistan == General Assemblies == Since 1922, the IAU General Assembly meets every three years, except for the period between 1938 and 1948, due to World War II. After a Polish request in 1967, and by a controversial decision of the then President of the IAU, an Extraordinary IAU General Assembly was held in September 1973 in Warsaw, Poland, to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus,


id: international-behavioural-and-neural-genetics-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Behavioural_and_Neural_Genetics_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Behavioural_and_Neural_Genetics_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:21.273683+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-behavioural-and-neural-genetics-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society (IBANGS) is a learned society that was founded in 1996. The goal of IBANGS is "promote and facilitate the growth of research in the field of neural behavioral genetics". == Profile == === Mission === The IBANGS mission statement is to promote the field of neurobehavioural genetics by: organizing annual meetings to promote excellence in research on behavioural and neural genetics publishing a scholarly journal, Genes, Brain and Behavior in collaboration with Wiley-Blackwell === Awards === Each year IBANGS recognizes top scientists in the field of neurobehavioral genetics with: The IBANGS Distinguished Investigator Award for distinguished lifetime contributions to behavioral neurogenetics The IBANGS Young Scientist Award for promising young scientists Travel Awards to attend an IBANGS Annual Meeting for students, postdocs, and junior faculty, financed by a meeting grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism A Distinguished Service Award for exceptional contributions to the field is given on a more irregular basis and as of 2020 has been awarded only three times, to Benson Ginsburg (2001), Wim Crusio (2011), and John C. Crabbe (2015). == History == IBANGS was founded in 1996 as the European Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society,


id: international-biodeterioration-and-biodegradation-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biodeterioration_and_Biodegradation_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biodeterioration_and_Biodegradation_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:22.588151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-biodeterioration-and-biodegradation-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS) is a scientific society with an international membership. It is a charity registered in the UK. IBBS belongs to the Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS), along with national organizations from European countries and appears in the Yearbook of International Organisations On-line, published by the Union of International Associations. The aim of IBBS is to promote and spread knowledge of Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. Conferences are arranged on specific topics and every three years an International Symposium covering a wide range of research in these scientific areas is organized; the 17th International Symposium, IBBS17, was held in Manchester, UK. Members can apply for various grants or bursaries. The most recently inaugurated offers funding for inter-laboratory research worker visits. The Society's journal, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, is published by Elsevier. == Aims and early history == The International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS) is a learned scientific society with a worldwide membership coming from academia and industry. Its aims are to promote the sciences of Biodeterioraion and Biodegradation by means of international meetings, conferences and publications. It appears in the Yearbook of International Organisations On-line, published by the Union of International Associations, in cooperation with


id: international-bone-and-mineral-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bone_and_Mineral_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Bone and Mineral Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bone_and_Mineral_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:23.895383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-bone-and-mineral-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Bone and Mineral Society (IBMS), formerly International Conferences on Calcium Regulating Hormones, is or was a learned society in the field of bone and mineral metabolism. There is no indication of activities or publications by the society since 2017. == History == The International Bone and Mineral Society has its origins in the Parathyroid Conferences, a triennial event run from 1960 to 1977. The conferences started off focusing on the biology related to parathyroid hormones and calcitonin, but widened the scope to match participants' interests, and began covering osteoporosis, vitamin D, and the cellular and molecular biology of bone. In 1980, the group was incorporated in Quebec, Canada, under the name International Conferences on Calcium Regulating Hormones (ICCRH). The organization's rules were changed to make international representation on the board mandatory, thus becoming the only truly international society in the field. In 1995, at a meeting in Melbourne, Australia, co-hosted by the Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society (ANZBMS), the name was changed to International Bone and Mineral Society (IBMS). and it was registered as a 501(c)(3) organization with headquarters in Washington, D.C., United States. At each conference and joint meeting, participant numbers grew. Joint meetings


id: international-botanical-congress-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Botanical_Congress-0.md
category: reference
title: International Botanical Congress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Botanical_Congress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:25.195166+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-botanical-congress-20260505-0
summary:
International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotating between different continents. The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900; the XX IBC was in Madrid, Spain, July 2024. The XXI IBC is planned to be in Cape Town, South Africa, in July 2029. The IBC has the power to alter the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), which was renamed from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) at the XVIII IBC. Formally the power resides with the Plenary Session; in practice this approves the decisions of the Nomenclature Section. The Nomenclature Section meets before the actual Congress and deals with all proposals to modify the Code: this includes ratifying recommendations from sub-committees on conservation. To reduce the risk of a hasty decision the Nomenclature Section adopts a 60% majority requirement for any change not already recommended by a committee. == History == Prior to the first International Botanical Congress, local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large, and a more


id: international-carnivorous-plant-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Carnivorous Plant Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:26.480199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-carnivorous-plant-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS) is a non-profit organization founded in 1972. It is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for carnivorous plants. As of June 2011, the society had around 1400 members. The ICPS publishes a quarterly publication, the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. == Conservation efforts == The ICPS has set up the Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project (NcSP) to facilitate ex situ conservation of this species. With only an estimated 15 plants remaining in the wild as of 1995, Nepenthes clipeata is the most endangered of all known tropical pitcher plants. It is estimated that there are only three or four genetically-distinct lines of "white market" (legally collected) plants in cultivation. The ICPS partially funded the establishment of The Rare Nepenthes Collection, which aims to conserve four of the rarest Nepenthes species: N. aristolochioides, N. clipeata, N. khasiana, and N. rigidifolia. == See also == North American Sarracenia Conservancy == References == == Further reading == == External links == Official website


id: international-center-for-biosaline-agriculture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Biosaline_Agriculture-0.md
category: reference
title: International Center for Biosaline Agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Biosaline_Agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:27.782177+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-center-for-biosaline-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) (Arabic: المركز الدولي للزراعة الملحية) is an international, not-for-profit applied agricultural research center with a unique focus on marginal environments. It identifies, tests and introduces resource-efficient, climate-smart crops and technologies that are best suited to different regions affected by salinity, water scarcity and drought. Through its work, ICBA aims to improve food security, nutrition and livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities around the world. Headquartered in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, ICBA implements research-for-development programs in over 30 countries. The center is a founding member of the Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA). It is also a member of the Middle East and North Africa Network of Water Centers of Excellence and the Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI). == Mission and vision == ICBA’s vision: "Sustainable livelihoods and food security in marginal environments". The center’s mission: “To work in partnership to deliver agricultural and water scarcity solutions in marginal environments". The strategic objectives of ICBA are: Promote sustainable management of natural resources; Provide climate change solutions; Enhance agricultural value chains; Advance sustainable food, feed and biofuel agri-technologies. == History == In 1992, the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) initiated a


id: international-commission-for-acoustics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Acoustics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Acoustics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Acoustics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:29.274371+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-acoustics-20260505-0
summary:
The purpose of the International Commission for Acoustics (ICA) is to promote international development and collaboration in all fields of acoustics including research, development, education, and standardisation. The ICA is a Scientific Associate of the International Council for Science (ICSU), an Affiliated Commission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), and an Affiliated Organization of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM). The ICA has a membership of over 40 national acoustical societies, and has affiliate members including the European Acoustics Association (EAA), the IberoAmerican Federation of Acoustics (FIA), the International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV), the Western Pacific Acoustics Commission (WESPAC) and the International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU). The ICA convenes the triennial International Congresses on Acoustics, sponsors specialty symposia in acoustics, and coordinates the main international meetings within acoustics. == History == The International Commission on Acoustics (ICA) was instituted in 1951 as a subcommittee to the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). New Statutes were adopted by the International Commission on Acoustics in Antwerp 1996 March 31 and were approved by the IUPAP General Assembly in Uppsala Sweden 1996 September 20.


id: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Optics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:30.702327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission for Optics (ICO) was created in 1947 with the objective to contribute, on an international basis, to the progress and dissemination of the science of optics and photonics and their applications. It emphasises the unity of the crossdisciplinary field of optics. Optics and photonics are defined as the fields of science and engineering encompassing the physical phenomena and technologies associated with the generation, transmission, manipulation, detection, and use of light. It extends on both sides of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum as far as the same concepts apply. In particular, the ICO promotes international cooperation and facilitates the rapid exchange of information, by encouraging and furthering the organisation, on an international basis, of scientific meetings and summer schools. It emphasises actions for the education and training in optics and photonics internationally. It undertakes special actions for the development of optics and photonics in regions where particular support is needed. It strives to improve the recognition of optics and photonics as fields of science with a significant impact on economy. It works also for the promotion of international agreements on nomenclature, units, symbols and standards. It is a Scientific Associate of the International Council for Science


id: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics-1.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Optics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:30.702327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
summary:
=== The ICO Preparatory Meeting, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1947 === In January 1947 the General Assembly of IUPAP approved the appointment of a Preparatory Committee, with Prof. Pierre Fleury as Secretary, to consider forming an International Commission for Optics. The preparatory committee met in Prague, Czechoslovakia, 2–7 June 1947, with Prof Josef Hrdlicka as host. Fifteen delegates attended, representing eight countries, (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden). Replies were received from five other countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Switzerland, and the USA) that their representatives would be unable to attend, and Argentina and the USSR did not respond. The attendees agreed that an International Commission for Optics should be formed as a self-governing affiliated commission of IUPAP. Each member country would form a national committee for ICO, which would select that country's representative to the ICO Bureau meetings. A set of provisional Statutes was adopted (patterned after the Statutes of IUPAP), and a provisional bureau was elected, (subject to approval by IUPAP and re-confirmation by the national committees at the first official meeting.) Thomas Smith of London was elected president; Pierre Fleury of Paris, secretary; Albert Arnulf of Paris, treasurer; and Josef Hrdlicka of Prague a vice-president,


id: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics-2.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Optics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:30.702327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
summary:
=== The First Congress, ICO-1, Delft, Netherlands, 1948 === The first official meeting of ICO took place 12–17 July 1948 at the Physics Laboratory of the Technische Hogeschool, Delft, Netherlands. Forty-four delegates from eleven countries attended the meetings. At the first session Prof Fleury announced that IUPAP had cordially accepted the affiliation of ICO and had approved the Statutes provisionally adopted at Prague. The appointment of officers elected in 1947 was confirmed, and two additional vice-presidents were elected: S.S. Ballard (USA) and A.C.S. van Heel (Netherlands). Thus the eleven countries represented at Delft became the founding member countries of the ICO; Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. In addition to the sessions devoted to reports on the problem areas that had been assigned at Prague, the participants heard four invited lectures: by M. Françon (France); T. Smith (Great Britain); D.B. Judd (USA); and A.C.S. van Heel (Netherlands). On the first day of the meeting Prof van Heel hosted a reception at his home, and on the last evening the group held a formal dinner. During the week there were several local visits to research laboratories: de Oude Delft; the Kammerlingh-Onnes Laboratory


id: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:32.190674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography-0.md

summary:
The International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography (ICHTH) is an international non-profit organization affiliated with the International Committee of Historical Sciences (ICHS). Established in 1980, the Commission is composed of historians, theorists of history and other specialists in related fields, who work together on a global scale to promote research and the exchange of ideas in two core areas: the history of historiography and the philosophy of historiography. Among other activities, it regularly organizes conferences and workshops, promotes publications and awards prizes for books and doctoral theses. == Background == === History === Originally called the International Commission for the History of Historiography, it was founded in 1980 during the 15th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Bucharest. It changed to its present name in 1995, during the 18th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Montreal, to better reflect its two main fields of interest: the history of historiography and the theory of historiography. It is currently headed by Antoon De Baets (2022-2027), prof. em. of History, Ethics and Human Rights at the University of Groningen. === Mission === The Commission seeks to promote the study of the history and theory of historiography, as well as the


id: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-1
category: reference
title: International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:32.190674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography-1.md

summary:
=== Honorary Members === The Commission's honorary members include its co-founders Lucian Boia and Bianca Valota Cavallotti, as well as Frank Ankersmit, Peter Burke, Jürgen Kocka, Jörn Rüsen, Masayuki Sato, Joan Wallach Scott, Romila Thapar, and, in memoriam, Natalie Zemon Davis, Georg Iggers, Richard Vann, and Hayden White. == References == === Footnotes === === Sources === Boia, Lucian, ed. (6 December 1989). Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9-780-31-324517-6. Boia, Lucian, ed. (25 June 1991). Great Historians of the Modern Age: An International Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9-780-31-327328-5. Carbonell, Charles-Olivier (1982). "Pour une histoire de l'historiographie" (PDF). Storia della Storiografia (1): 7–25. Erdmann, Karl Dietrich (June 2005). Toward a Global Community of Historians: The International Historical Congresses and the International Committee of Historical Sciences, 1898–2000. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-434-0. Iggers, Georg (April 2019). "The Historian as an Engaged Intellectual: Historical Writing and Social Criticism – A Personal Retrospective". In Berger, Stefan (ed.). The Engaged Historian: Perspectives on the Intersections of Politics, Activism and the Historical Profession. Berghahn Books. pp. 277–299. ISBN 978-1-78920-199-4. Paul, Herman (25 October 2020). "History and Philosophy of History (HPH): A Call for Cooperation". In Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti (ed.). Philosophy of


id: international-commission-on-mathematical-instruction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Mathematical_Instruction-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on Mathematical Instruction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Mathematical_Instruction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:33.696956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-mathematical-instruction-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on Mathematical Instruction (ICMI) is a commission of the International Mathematical Union and is an internationally acting organization focusing on mathematics education. ICMI was founded in 1908 at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Rome and aims to improve teaching standards around the world, through programs, workshops and initiatives and publications. It aims to work a great deal with developing countries, to increase teaching standards and education which can improve life quality and aid the country. == History == ICMI was founded at the ICM, and mathematician Felix Klein was elected first president of the organisation. Henri Fehr and Charles Laisant created the international research journal L'Enseignement Mathématique in 1899, and from early on this journal became the official organ of ICMI. A bulletin is published twice a year by ICMI, and from December 1995 this bulletin has been available at the organisation's official website, in their 'digital library'. In the years between World War I and World War II there was little activity in the organization, but in 1952 ICMI was reconstituted. At this time the organization was reorganized, and it became an official commission of the International Mathematical Union (IMU). As a scientific organization,


id: international-commission-on-stratigraphy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on Stratigraphy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:34.923941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-stratigraphy-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), sometimes unofficially referred to as the International Stratigraphic Commission, is a daughter or major subcommittee grade scientific organization that concerns itself with stratigraphical, geological, and geochronological matters, worldwide. It is the largest subordinate body of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The ICS is essentially a permanent working subcommittee, which meets far more regularly than the quadrennial meetings scheduled by the IUGS, when it meets as a congress or membership of the whole. == Aims == One of its main aims, a project begun in 1974, is to establish a multidisciplinary standard and global geologic time scale that will ease paleontological and geobiological comparisons region to region by benchmarks with stringent and rigorous strata criteria called Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSPs) within the fossil record. (i.e. section of the rock record as of a core sample section or accessible exposed strata, which when a core sample are usually "trayed" in long pieces, also called "sections" about a meter in length.) == Methodology == Additionally the ICS defines an alternative type of benchmark and criteria called Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSAs) where the characteristics and dating criteria set solely by physical sciences


id: international-commission-on-the-history-of-geological-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Geological_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Geological_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:36.238849+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-the-history-of-geological-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) promotes ongoing research into the history of the earth sciences, particularly the history of geology. It has 20 Honorary Senior Members and 301 members (2018) worldwide. == History == INHIGEO has been established by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and is also affiliated with the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS). The suggestion for the establishment of INHIGEO in 1967 was chiefly due to the ideas and efforts of the distinguished Russian geologist Vladimir Tikhomirov (1915–1994) from the Geological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. === Board of Management === President: Secretary-General: == Objective == The primary objective of the Commission on the History of Geological Sciences involves promoting studies in the history of geological disciplines. In so doing, the Commission endeavours to stimulate and coordinate the activities of regional, national, and international organizations having shared purposes. The Commission also works to foster the publication of individual and collective works that illuminate the history of the geological sciences. INHIGEO achieves its objective by sponsoring a major annual symposium with associated field activities. It also promotes publication of individual and collective works on the history


id: international-commission-on-the-history-of-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on the History of Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:37.545982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-the-history-of-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on the History of Mathematics was established in 1971 to promote the study of history of mathematics. Kenneth O. May provided its initial impetus. In 1974, its official journal Historia Mathematica began publishing. Every four years the Commission bestows the Kenneth O. May Medal upon a deserving historian of mathematics. In 1981, in Bucharest, the first in a series of symposia was held in conjunction with the International Congress of History of Science. In 1985, the ICHM became an inter-union commission of both the International Mathematical Union and the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. In 1989 the first Kenneth O. May Prize was awarded to Dirk Struik and Adolf P. Yushkevich. Joseph Dauben became chair of the executive committee of the ICHM in 1985 and proceeded to assemble the global contributions from 40 historians for the 2002 publication Writing the History of Mathematics: Its Historical Development, published by Birkhäuser. In his review, Donald Cook noted, "Because the book is not designed to completely explore issues, it may raise questions for readers." The ICHM began awarding the Montucla Prize, for the best article by an early career scholar in Historia Mathematica, in 2009. The award


