# kb

id: data-collaboratives-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collaboratives-1.md
category: reference
title: Data collaboratives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collaboratives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:40.563232+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-collaboratives-20260505-0
summary:
AI4BetterHearts: A global data cooperative established by the Novartis Foundation and Microsoft to improve cardiovascular health with the aim of using AI and data analytics to tackle heart disease. The Chicago Data Collaborative: An effort by newsrooms, academics, and non-profit organizations to source data from public agencies, organize and document the data, and link it for a better and comprehensive understanding of the criminal justice system. The Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative: A data collaborative working to curb human trafficking through data contributed by various countries and is maintained by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Polaris. CubeIQ: An offline intelligence and measurement company helping marketers understand the true impact of their cross-channel advertising in the offline world. Their "Data For Good" program provides access to anonymous, privacy-compliant location data for academic research and humanitarian initiatives related to human mobility. Data Collaborative for Justice: A project at the John Jay College that leverages community data to research the operations of the criminal justice system and create informed and transparent frameworks for criminal justice reform. The Health Data Collaborative: A multi-agency, multilateral effort active in five African countries that provides a collaborative platform to leverage technical and financial resources at all


id: data-commons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Commons-0.md
category: reference
title: Data Commons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Commons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:41.760415+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-commons-20260505-0
summary:
Data Commons is an open-source platform created by Google that provides an open knowledge graph, combining economic, scientific and other public datasets into a unified view. Ramanathan V. Guha, a creator of web standards including RDF, RSS, and Schema.org, founded the project, which is now led by Prem Ramaswami. The Data Commons website was launched in May 2018 with an initial dataset consisting of fact-checking data published in Schema.org "ClaimReview" format by several fact checkers from the International Fact-Checking Network. Google has worked with partners such as the United Nations (UN) to populate the repository, which also includes data from the United States Census, the World Bank, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Wikipedia, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The service expanded during 2019 to include an RDF-style knowledge graph populated from a number of largely statistical open datasets. The service was announced to a wider audience in 2019. In 2020 the service improved its coverage of non-US datasets, while also increasing its coverage of bioinformatics and coronavirus. In 2023, the service relaunched with a natural-language front end powered by a large language model. It also launched as the back end to the


id: data-sharing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing-0.md
category: reference
title: Data sharing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:42.943003+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-sharing-20260505-0
summary:
Data sharing denotes the dissemination of research datasets to enable access and use by other investigators. Policies governing this practice are increasingly instituted by funding agencies, academic institutions, and scholarly journals, reflecting the consensus that transparency and openness constitute foundational principles of the scientific method. A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of peer-reviewed papers to share any supplemental information (raw data, statistical methods or source code) necessary to understand, develop or reproduce published research. A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, data sharing is at the discretion of the scientists themselves. In addition, in certain situations governments and institutions prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests, national security, and subject/patient/victim confidentiality. Data sharing may also be restricted to protect institutions and scientists from use of data for political purposes. Data and methods may be requested from an author years after publication. In order to encourage data sharing and prevent the loss or corruption of data, a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on data archiving. Access to publicly archived data


id: data-sharing-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing-1.md
category: reference
title: Data sharing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:42.943003+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-sharing-20260505-0
summary:
The idea is: An article about computational science in a scientific publication is not the scholarship itself, it is merely advertising of the scholarship. The actual scholarship is the complete software development environment and the complete set of instructions which generated the figures. The Data Observation Network for Earth (DataONE) and Data Conservancy are projects supported by the National Science Foundation to encourage and facilitate data sharing among research scientists and better support meta-analysis. In environmental sciences, the research community is recognizing that major scientific advances involving integration of knowledge in and across fields will require that researchers overcome not only the technological barriers to data sharing but also the historically entrenched institutional and sociological barriers. Dr. Richard J. Hodes, director of the National Institute on Aging has stated, "the old model in which researchers jealously guarded their data is no longer applicable". The Alliance for Taxpayer Access is a group of organizations that support open access to government sponsored research. The group has expressed a "Statement of Principles" explaining why they believe open access is important. They also list a number of international public access policies. This is no more so than in timely communication of essential information to


id: data-gov-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov-0.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:44.164134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-20260505-0
summary:
Data.gov is a U.S. government website launched in late May 2009 by the federal chief information officer of the United States, Vivek Kundra. Data.gov aims to improve public access to high value, machine-readable datasets generated by the Executive Branch of the federal government. The site is a repository for federal, state, local, and tribal government information made available to the public. == History and background == On March 5, 2009, shortly after his appointment as the first federal chief information officer, Vivek Kundra announced the creation of Data.gov. The website is managed and hosted by the U.S. General Services Administration, Technology Transformation Services. The site introduced the philosophy of digital open data to the U.S. Federal government, an approach which according to the book Democratizing Data will have benefits for states including "rebuilding confidence in government and business". Data.gov has grown from 47 datasets at launch to over 370,000 datasets. Jeanne Holm, Chief Knowledge Architect for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was the Evangelist and knowledge architect for Data.gov, James Hendler, an artificial intelligence researcher at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was at the time named the "Internet Web Expert" and tasked with helping Data.gov exploit advanced Web technologies. Data.gov


id: data-gov-in-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.in-0.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov.in
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.in
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:45.338996+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-in-20260505-0
summary:
Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India or data.gov.in is a platform for supporting Open data initiative of Government of India. This portal is a single-point access to datasets, documents, services, tools and applications published by ministries, departments and organisations of the Government of India. It combines and expands the best features of India government's India.gov.in and the U.S. government's data.gov project. == History == After announcing the launch of the site in June 2011, the site was launched in October 2012. part of the Open Government Initiative was launched during October 2012, in compliance with the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) of India, Gazette notified in March 2012. According to the preamble of NDSAP, there has been an increasing demand by the community that data collected with the deployment of public funds should be made more readily available to all, for enabling rational debate, better decision making and use in meeting civil society needs. The policy envisages proactive dissemination of data by Government ministries, departments, organizations. == Overview == The site is based on Drupal Framework, and has four major modules: Data Management System (DMS): This facilitates publishing of datasets/applications by authorised users from Ministries/Departments/Organisations. Content Management System


id: data-gov-uk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk-0.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov.uk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:46.481888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-uk-20260505-0
summary:
data.gov.uk is a UK Government project to make available non-personal UK government data as open data. It was launched as closed beta in 30 September 2009 (2009-09-30), and publicly launched in January 2010 (2010-01). As of February 2015, it contained over 19,343 datasets, rising to over 40,000 in 2017, and more than 47,000 by 2023. data.gov.uk is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org. == Beta version and launch == The beta version of data.gov.uk has been online since the 30 September 2009 (2009-09-30), and by January 2010 2,400 developers start experimenting with the data. When the project was officially launched in January 2010, it contained 2,500 data sets. == Data available == data.gov.uk contains over 30,000 data sets from many UK Government departments. All data is non-personal, and provided in a format that allows it to be reused. data.gov.uk intends to increase the use of Linked Data standards, to allow people to provide data to data.gov.uk in a way that allows for flexible and easy reuse. As of April 2010, the following UK Government departments and agencies have provided data sets to data.gov.uk: BusinessLink, the Cabinet Office, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the Department for


id: data-gov-uk-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk-1.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov.uk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:46.481888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-uk-20260505-0
summary:
== Current technology infrastructure == The site uses the CKAN platform for data publishing. There is high variability in the format and presentation of the data; some data files are available as structured raw data in a machine-readable format such as CSV, while others are only available as analysed data in a human-friendly format such as a PDF file containing a pivot table. data.gov.uk functions as a searchable data catalogue, with links to data that is hosted by the individual UK Government departments, and does not host data itself. == Previous technology infrastructure == In addition to the data searchable through the data.gov.uk site, from 2016 until 2021, a very small number of datasets were made available as 'registers' through the Registers Service. Registers were structured raw datasets that are intended to be a canonical, reliable, and always up-to-date source of data. Registers shared a common API, and can be read by both humans and machines. They were offered as JSON, CSV, and RDF files, the latter allowing to link multiple registers together. The Registers service was retired on 15 March 2021. == Similar projects in other countries == The European Public Sector Information (PSI) Platform maintains a list of


id: dataverse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataverse-0.md
category: reference
title: Dataverse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataverse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:47.696642+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dataverse-20260505-0
summary:
The Dataverse is an open source web application to share, preserve, cite, explore and analyze research data. Researchers, data authors, publishers, data distributors, and affiliated institutions all receive appropriate credit via a data citation with a persistent identifier (e.g., DOI, or handle). A Dataverse repository hosts multiple dataverses. Each dataverse contains dataset(s) or other dataverses, and each dataset contains descriptive metadata and data files (including documentation and code that accompany the data). In 2019, Dataverse won the Duke's Choice Award for university and higher education. == Background == The Dataverse Project is housed and developed by the Dataverse Team at the Institute for Quantitative Social Science (IQSS) at Harvard University. Coding of the Dataverse (previously known as Dataverse Network) software began in 2006 under the leadership of Mercè Crosas and Gary King. The earlier Virtual Data Center (VDC) project, which spanned 1999-2006, was organized by Micah Altman, Gary King, and Sidney Verba as a collaboration between the Harvard-MIT Data Center (now part of IQSS) and the Harvard University Library. Precursors to the VDC date to 1987, comprising such entities as a stand-alone software guide to local data, preweb software, and tools to transfer cataloging information by FTP to other sites


id: dataviva-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataViva-0.md
category: reference
title: DataViva
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataViva
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:48.890666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dataviva-20260505-0
summary:
DataViva is an information visualization engine created by the Strategic Priorities Office of the government of Minas Gerais. DataViva makes official data about exports, industries, locations and occupations available for the entirety of Brazil through eight apps and more than 100 million possible visualizations. The first set of datum – also available at ALICEWEB – is provided by MDIC (Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade) / SECEX (Secretariat of Foreign Trade), an official institution of the Government of Brazil and shows foreign trade statistics for all exporting municipalities in the country. The other database, provided by Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE – Ministry of Labor and Employment), shows information about all the industries and occupations in Brazil (RAIS – Annual Social Information Report). The platform consists of eight core applications, each of which allows different ways of visualizing the data available. Some applications are descriptive, that is, showing data aggregated at various levels in a simple and comparative way, such as Treemapping. Others are prescriptive, using calculations that allow an analytic visualization of the data, based on theories such as the Product Space. All the applications are generated using D3plus, an open source JavaScript library built on top


id: dbpedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia-0.md
category: reference
title: DBpedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:50.111747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dbpedia-20260505-0
summary:
DBpedia (from "DB" for "database") is a project aiming to extract structured content from the information created in the Wikipedia project. This structured information is made available on the World Wide Web using OpenLink Virtuoso. DBpedia allows users to semantically query relationships and properties of Wikipedia resources, including links to other related datasets. The project was heralded as "one of the more famous pieces" of the decentralized linked data effort by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. As of June 2021, DBpedia contained over 850 million semantic triples. == Background == The project was started by people at the Free University of Berlin and Leipzig University in collaboration with OpenLink Software, and is now maintained by people at the University of Mannheim, Leipzig University, and the University of Pennsylvania. The first publicly available dataset was published in 2007. The data is made available under free licenses (CC BY-SA), allowing others to reuse the dataset; it does not use an open data license to waive the sui generis database rights. Wikipedia articles consist mostly of free text, but also include structured information embedded in the articles, such as "infobox" tables (the pull-out panels that appear in the top


id: dbpedia-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia-1.md
category: reference
title: DBpedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:50.111747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dbpedia-20260505-0
summary:
== DBpedia Spotlight == DBpedia Spotlight is a tool for annotating mentions of DBpedia resources in text. This allows linking unstructured information sources to the linked open data cloud through DBpedia. DBpedia Spotlight performs named entity extraction, including entity detection and name resolution (in other words, disambiguation). It can also be used for named entity recognition, and other information extraction tasks. DBpedia Spotlight aims to be customizable for many use cases. Instead of focusing on a few entity types, the project strives to support the annotation of all 3.5 million entities and concepts from more than 320 classes in DBpedia. The project started in June 2010 at the Web Based Systems Group at the Free University of Berlin. DBpedia Spotlight is publicly available as a web service for testing and a Java/Scala API licensed via the Apache License. The DBpedia Spotlight distribution includes a jQuery plugin that allows developers to annotate pages anywhere on the Web by adding one line to their page. Clients are also available in Java or PHP. The tool handles various languages through its demo page and web services. Internationalization is supported for any language that has a Wikipedia edition. == Archivo ontology database == From


id: deklarator-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarator-0.md
category: reference
title: Deklarator
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarator
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:51.256333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: deklarator-20260505-0
summary:
The Declarator (Russian: Декларатор) is a russian online service for processing anti-corruption declarations of officials. As of 2025, the service contains records of more than 1.3 million public officials. == Project background and development == Declarator was created in 2011 with the aim of increasing the transparency and accessibility of information on the income and property of Russian officials. The project was a response to the introduction in Russia in 2008 of mandatory income and property declarations for civil servants. Initially, the project team was engaged in manually collating data from declarations into spreadsheets. However, this approach was not efficient enough to process large volumes of information. This led to the decision to develop a specialized database and a website for publishing the collected information. In 2013 to 2014, the project received support from the Civil Initiatives Committee of Russia, thanks to which declarations from a number of federal and regional authorities were processed and the technical base of the Declarator was improved. A significant contribution to the development of the project was made by the HSE Project and Training Laboratory of Anti-Corruption Policy, whose students and interns participated in the creation of the database architecture and information processing. In


id: economics-of-open-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_open_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Economics of open data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_open_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:52.452447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: economics-of-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
The economics of open data refers to the production, or loss, of wealth related to the use of open data. The cost of open data is a primary concern that can deter governments any companies from the opening up of data. While open data may theoretically have a low production cost, the cost of creating the original data set as well as maintaining that data once it is produced can be expensive. Though the creation of data may be expensive governments around the world such as France, the United States, and Japan, are anticipating substantial economic growth. == Open Data vs. Paid Data == Open data has the capability to increase economic benefit through both individuals' and companies' use of the information. As of March 2016, it was estimated that open data was generating 0.5% more GDP compared to paid data. The creation of open data relies on either funding from government to create and maintain the data or funding in the form of grants and volunteers. Data made open by governments largely relies on the publication of public service research. Because the data has already been created for a purpose, there is no creation cost for it to be


id: emissionml-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmissionML-0.md
category: reference
title: EmissionML
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmissionML
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:53.680528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emissionml-20260505-0
summary:
EmissionML (Emission Event Modeling Language) is an open and interoperable ontology and data model standard developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to enable consistent representation, sharing, and integration of emission event data across sectors and technologies. It provides a machine-readable, spatio-temporal data model for describing the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, making it easier to trace, audit, and reconcile emission reports with observational data sources. == History == EmissionML was initiated in 2024 through the formal proposal of an OGC Standards Working Group (SWG). The proposal is open for public comment in August 2024. The EmissionML SWG was officially launched at the 132nd OGC Technical Committee meeting in Mérida, Mexico, in June 2025. In June 2025, the EmissionML SWG also welcomed collaboration with the Open Footprint Forum, with both standards seen as complementary: EmissionML focuses on raw emission event modeling, while the Open Footprint Data Model emphasizes corporate footprint accounting. == References ==


id: eu-open-data-portal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portal-0.md
category: reference
title: EU Open Data Portal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:54.811316+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eu-open-data-portal-20260505-0
summary:
Before data.europa.eu, the EU Open Data Portal was the point of access to public data published by the EU institutions, agencies and other bodies. On April 21, 2021 it was announced to be merged with the European Data Portal to create a unified data.europa.eu portal.[1] Public data can be used and reused for commercial or non‑commercial purposes. The portal was a key instrument of the EU open data strategy. By ensuring easy and free access to data, their innovative use and economic potential can be enhanced. The goal of the portal was also to make the institutions and other EU bodies more transparent and accountable. == Legal basis and launch of the portal == Launched in December 2012, the portal was formally established by Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 (2011/833/EU) on the reuse of Commission documents to promote accessibility and reuse. Based on this decision, all the EU institutions were invited - and are still today - to publish information such as open data and to make it accessible to the public whenever possible. The operational management of the portal was the task of the Publications Office of the European Union. Implementation of EU open data policy was the


id: european-data-portal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Data_Portal-0.md
category: reference
title: European Data Portal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Data_Portal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:56.026214+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-data-portal-20260505-0
summary:
The European Data Portal is a web portal providing open data published by EU Institutions, national portals of EU Member states and non-member states, as well as international organisations of predominantly European scope, launched on April 21, 2021. The portal consolidates datasets previously available via the EU Open Data Portal and the European Data Portal into a single meta-catalogue. The European Data Portal, launched in its beta version on November 16, 2015, was an initiative of the European Commission, and part of the Digital Single Market. Currently, more than 1,600,000 datasets are published on the portal, originating from 178 catalogues. The portal is a metadata catalogue: in it, metadata from other data and geospatial data catalogues are published following a common ontology, namely the DCAT Application Profile for data portals in Europe (DCAT-AP) with the aim of fostering and facilitating re-use of open data, promotion and support for the publication of (meta)data of high quality and use of Linked Open Data. The contents of the portal are available in all 24 EU Official Languages and can be freely re-used for any purpose as Open Data, following the specific license terms of datasets. == Legal basis == Directive 2003/98/EC on the


id: european-genome-phenome-archive-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Genome-phenome_Archive-0.md
category: reference
title: European Genome-phenome Archive
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Genome-phenome_Archive
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:57.213474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-genome-phenome-archive-20260505-0
summary:
European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) is a repository for human biomolecular and phenotypic data in the United Kingdom and Spain. It involves the secure storage of all potentially identifiable genetic data, phenotypic and clinical data generated by biomedical research programs. As of March 2022, it stores and harvest data regarding over 4,500 research studies from over 1,000 institutions worldwide. == History == EGA was launched in 2008 by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) to support the voluntary archiving and dissemination of human genomic data requiring secure storage and distribution only to authorized researchers in a manner that "respects the consent agreements signed by the study subjects." Later, the EGA has expanded its scope of collaboration with the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona. === Controlled access === It offers the essential security required to regulate access, safeguard patient confidentiality, and provide access to those researchers and clinicians authorized to view controlled access data. Nevertheless, decisions about data access are not made by the EGA but rather by the appropriate data access-granting organization (DAO). == External links == ega-archive.org == References ==


id: factgrid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactGrid-0.md
category: reference
title: FactGrid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactGrid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:58.410814+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: factgrid-20260505-0
summary:
FactGrid provides projects with historical research interests with a collectively organized Wikibase graph database, allowing them to interconnect research data both on the platform and into external research repositories. Persistent identifiers for previously undocumented objects of research, the use of competing ontologies, the multilingual availability of data sets, and the long-term maintenance of the data sets, which remain collectively editable, are key features of the platform. The platform was initiated by Olaf Simons in 2017/2018 in a cooperation between the Gotha Research Centre of the University of Erfurt and Wikimedia Germany. It is currently (as of January 2026) supported by around 700 users in about 50 projects ranging from Assyriology to Contemporary History. The number of 1 million database items was passed on 13 October 2024. All services are free and - since March 2023 financed by the NFDI4Memory consortium of the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI). The Historical Data Center of Saxony-Anhalt and the NFDI4Memory data connectivity team working there under Katrin Moeller are playing a key role in project support since April 2023. == Technical basis == FactGrid uses Wikidata's Wikibase software without major modifications of the user interface (Horace-Bénédict de Saussure's Cyanometer is providing the logo


id: fair-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data-0.md
category: reference
title: FAIR data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:14.579094+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fair-data-20260505-0
summary:
FAIR data is data which meets the 2016 FAIR principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability (FAIR). The FAIR principles emphasize machine-actionability (i.e., the capacity of computational systems to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data with none or minimal human intervention) because humans increasingly rely on computational support to deal with data as a result of the increase in the volume, complexity, and rate of production of data. The abbreviation FAIR/O data is sometimes used to indicate that the dataset or database in question complies with the FAIR principles and also carries an explicit data‑capable open license. == FAIR principles published by GO FAIR == Findable The first step in (re)using data is to find them. Metadata and data should be easy to find for both humans and computers. Machine-readable metadata are essential for automatic discovery of datasets and services, so this is an essential component of the FAIRification process. F1. (Meta)data are assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier F2. Data are described with rich metadata (defined by R1 below) F3. Metadata clearly and explicitly include the identifier of the data they describe F4. (Meta)data are registered or indexed in a searchable resource Accessible Once the user finds the


id: fichier-des-personnes-d-c-d-es-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées-0.md
category: reference
title: Fichier des personnes décédées
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:15.709298+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fichier-des-personnes-d-c-d-es-20260505-0
summary:
The Fichier des personnes décédées (transl. Register of deceased persons) is a central register of persons who have died in France since 1970. It is maintained by the national statistics bureau Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee). Since October 2019, the register has been accessible online free of charge and without registration. == Data in the register == The register contains deaths since 1970, inclusively. For the current year, there are monthly and quarterly files. For past years, the data are summarised in one file per calendar year. Each entry concerns one person and contains the surname, first names, sex, date of birth, the Insee code of the place of birth (or country of birth for those born abroad), the name of the place of birth (for those born abroad also the name of the country of birth), the date of death, the Insee code of the place of death and the number in the death register of the respective municipality. The text fields contain only capital letters without diacritics. Each data set is included in the file that corresponds to its date of processing at the Insee, not the date of death. The law gives


id: figshare-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare-0.md
category: reference
title: Figshare
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:16.915793+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: figshare-20260505-0
summary:
Figshare is an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data. Figshare is one of a number of portfolio businesses supported by Digital Science, a subsidiary of Springer Nature. == History == Figshare was launched in January 2011 by Mark Hahnel and has been supported by Digital Science since a January 2012 relaunch. Hahnel first developed the platform as a personal custom solution for the organization and publication of diverse research products generated in support of his PhD in stem cell biology. In January 2013, Figshare announced a partnership with PLOS to integrate Figshare data hosting, access, and visualization with their associated PLOS articles. In September 2013, the service launched a hosted institutional repository service. In December 2013, they announced integration with ImpactStory to support the collection of altmetrics. Figshare also hosts the Reproducibility Collection as a founding member of The Reproducibility Initiative, which acts as an independent and blinded validator for replication of submitted data. Figshare releases 'The State of Open Data' each year to assess the changing academic landscape


id: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-0.md
category: reference
title: Financial Instrument Global Identifier
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-0
summary:
The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) /ˈfɪ.gi/ (formerly Bloomberg Global Identifier (BBGID)) is an open standard, unique identifier of financial instruments that can be assigned to instruments including common stock, options, derivatives, futures, corporate and government bonds, municipals, currencies, and mortgage products. == History == In 2009, Bloomberg released Bloomberg’s Open Symbology ("BSYM"), a system for identifying financial instruments across asset classes. As of 2014 the name and identifier called 'Bloomberg Global Identifier' (BBGID) was replaced in full and adopted by the Object Management Group and Bloomberg with the standard renamed as the 'Financial Instrument Global Identifier' (FIGI). The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) standard was given "approved status" by the Object Management Group (OMG) Architecture Board as of September 2015. === Adoption === FIGIs have been adopted in the market data feeds of the following exchanges: Ace Commodity Exchange (ACE) Banja Luka Stock Exchange Bermuda Stock Exchange Bucharest Stock Exchange Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE), formerly the Canadian National Stock Exchange (CNSX) Euro-TLX Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) FTSE Real-Time Index (FTSE) Hi-MTF Multilateral Trading Facilities (Hi-MTF) Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (ICDX) Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE) Mercari Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) National Stock Exchange of Australia (NSX)


id: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-1.md
category: reference
title: Financial Instrument Global Identifier
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-0
summary:
The purpose of the restriction is to reduce the chances that the resulting identifier may be identical to an ISIN string. (Strictly speaking, a duplicate is not a problem as the strings designate different things, but care has been taken to reduce ambiguity.) The way that ISIN is constructed is that the first two characters correspond to the country of issuance. The third character, depending on the issuing organization, is typically a numeral. However, in the case of the United Kingdom, the letter "G" is assigned. As we are using the letter "G" as our third character (see below), the only combinations that may come up within ISIN that only incorporates consonants are BSG (Bahamas), BMG (Bermuda), GGG (Guernsey), GBG (United Kingdom) and VGG (British Virgin Islands). The reason for this is that the United Kingdom issues ISIN numbers for entities within its broader jurisdiction. Character 3: * The upper case letter G (for "global") Characters 4 – 11: * Any combination of upper case consonants and the numerals 0 – 9 Character 12: * A check digit (0 – 9) which is calculated as follows: Letters are converted to integers using a letter to integer look-up table provided in


id: gdelt-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: GDELT Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:19.325191+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gdelt-project-20260505-0
summary:
The GDELT Project, or Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, created by Kalev Leetaru of Yahoo! and Georgetown University, along with Philip Schrodt and others, describes itself as "an initiative to construct a catalog of human societal-scale behavior and beliefs across all countries of the world, connecting every person, organization, location, count, theme, news source, and event across the planet into a single massive network that captures what's happening around the world, what its context is and who's involved, and how the world is feeling about it, every single day." Early explorations leading up to the creation of GDELT were described by co-creator Philip Schrodt in a conference paper in January 2011. The dataset is available on Google Cloud Platform. == Data == GDELT includes data from 1979 to the present. The data is available as zip files in tab-separated value format using a CSV extension for easy import into Microsoft Excel or similar spreadsheet software. Data from 1979 to 2005 is available in the form of one zip file per year, with the file size gradually increased from 14.3 MB in 1979 to 125.9 MB in 2005, reflecting the increase in the number of news media and the


id: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Ghana Open Data Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:20.513306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
Ghana Open Data Initiative (GODI) was started in January 2012 by the National Information Technology Agency (NITA) in partnership with the Web Foundation (WF), to make Government of Ghana data available to the public for re-use. The establishment of GODI is meant to promote efficiency, transparency and accountability in governance as well as to facilitate economic growth by means of the creation of Mobile and Web applications for the Ghanaian and world markets. The project was scheduled for completion in 2014 and aimed to create a sustainable Open Data ecosystem for Ghana. GODI was launched with a 100 data sets categorized as political, legal, organizational, technical, social or economic. The vision of GODI is to develop an open data community involving the Government of Ghana, civil society organizations, industry, developer communities, academia, media practitioners, and the citizenry, to interact with one another with the aim of developing an open data portal to bring about transparency, accountability and efficiency in government. == History == At the close of 2011, the president of the Republic of Ghana, His Excellency Prof. J.E. Mills, signed the Open Government Partnership (OGP), a global initiative started by the United States government. The OGP is a new


id: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-1.md
category: reference
title: Ghana Open Data Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:20.513306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
== Benefits == Ghana's decision to create an open data portal was informed by the fact the Open Government Data (OGD) programs around the world have demonstrated multiple benefits. GODI perceives that Ghana can gain all the benefit of open data which are grouped around three main themes: === Transparency and accountability === Increased transparency of governments Greater accountability of officials by citizens being able to see and challenge individual spending and purchasing decisions Behaviour change due to the possibility of greater scrutiny Better understanding by civil society of the reasons for government decisions Better democracy and increased civic capital Better informed and balanced journalism; i.e. data journalism === Improved public services === Increased number of services to people due to an increased base of potential service providers New synergies among government, public administration and civil society organizations Increased citizen participation and inclusion through extended offers of services closer to people's needs Closer cooperation between central and local government Increased internal government efficiency and effectiveness === Economic growth === New business opportunities for services to businesses and citizens using government data Better functioning of the economy through easy access to core reference information held by the government Increased employment for


id: gigadb-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB-0.md
category: reference
title: GigaDB
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:21.692096+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gigadb-20260505-0
summary:
GigaDB (GigaScience DataBase) is a disciplinary repository launched in 2011 with the aim of ensuring long-term access to massive multidimensional datasets from life science and biomedical science studies. The datasets are diverse and include genomic, transcriptomic, and imaging data. The datasets are curated by GigaDB biocurators who are employed by BGI and China National GeneBank. In its inception, GigaDB was designed as the supporting archive for large-scale research data submitted to the GigaScience Press data journals GigaScience and GigaByte whose focus are on ensuring reproducibility and reusability of biological and biomedical research. The scope of GigaDB has broadened to include computational research objects such as synthetic data, software and workflows. The database uses Genomics Standard Consortium (GSC)-approved sample attributes and standards, also collaborating with the GSC to ensure data are comprehensive and discoverable. Datasets hosted in GigaDB are defined as a group of files and metadata that support a specific article or study. For each published GigaDB dataset, a DataCite digital object identifier is assigned and the data are indexed and discoverable in NCBI Datamed and the Clarivate Analytics Data Citation Index. GigaDB has also collaborated with Repositive to boost the discoverability of their human datasets. == References == ==


id: global-research-identifier-database-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Research Identifier Database
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:22.862993+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-research-identifier-database-20260505-0
summary:
Global Research Identifier Database (GRID) is a database of educational and research organizations worldwide, created and maintained by Digital Science & Research Solutions Ltd., part of the technology company Digital Science. In 2021 public releases of the database were discontinued in favor of Research Organization Registry (ROR) as the leading open organization identifier. Each organization is assigned a unique GRID ID, and there is a corresponding web address and page for each ID in the database. The dataset contains the institution's type, geo-coordinates, official website, and Wikipedia page. Name variations of institutions are included, as well. The first public release of GRID occurred on 22 September 2015, and it contained entries for 47,648 institutes. The 30th public release of GRID was on 27 August 2018, and the database contained 89,506 entries. It is available in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) specification as linked data, and can therefore be linked to other data. Containing 14,401 relationships, GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations In December 2016, Digital Science released GRID under a Creative Commons CC0 licence — without restriction under copyright or database law. The database


id: global-urban-evolution-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Urban Evolution Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:24.085549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-urban-evolution-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Global Urban Evolution Project is an international collaborative project which was started by Marc T. J. Johnson at the Centre for Urban Environments of the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM). It includes partners from at least 5 continents, 26 countries, and 160 cities. As a field study of evolution, and as a global study of the effects of urbanization on evolution, its scale is unprecedented. It has been described as "the best replicated test of parallel evolution, on the largest scale ever attempted". The project uses white clover as a model organism for studying global urbanization and urban evolution. White clover was chosen because it already grew in most cities worldwide. It examines the plant's production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in urban and more rural environments ("urban-rural clines"). Hydrogen cyanide deters herbivores and increases clover's tolerance for water stress. The project has demonstrated that urban environments are altering the ways in which plants evolve locally, and that similar changes are occurring globally, a demonstration of parallel evolution. It enables researchers to better understand the nature of urban environments, the adaptive capacity of species, and their ability to deal with rapid global environmental changes. == Project history == In 2018,


id: govhack-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack-0.md
category: reference
title: GovHack
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:25.289834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: govhack-20260505-0
summary:
GovHack is a significant annual open government and open data hackathon, attracting over 15,000 participants since 2009. First run as a small Canberra-based event, it quickly expanded to an international competition with simultaneous events taking place in major cities across Australia and New Zealand each year, with virtual events for remote and international participants. Since its inception, over 2,500 projects have been published by participants to demonstrate the practical value of open data. == Format == The competition requires small teams of competitors to produce a project using open data within 46 hours, from Friday evening to Sunday afternoon. The format of the project is unspecified, but web applications, mobile apps, and visualisations are common, with games and art also being encouraged. Although competitors may use any available open data, certain prize categories mandate the use of certain datasets, such as "Best Geoscience Award" or "Best Use of Taxation Statistics Award". Typically, participating sponsors and government departments release new datasets for the competition each year. Each team must produce evidence of work, such as source code, and are judged on a three-minute video they must produce about their project. Teams are required to publish their projects using an open license.


id: gtfs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-0.md
category: reference
title: GTFS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:26.510824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gtfs-20260505-0
summary:
GTFS, or the General Transit Feed Specification, is a general transit feed specification which defines a common data format for public transportation schedules and associated geographic information. GTFS contains only static or scheduled information about public transport services, and is sometimes known as GTFS Static or GTFS Schedule to distinguish it from the GTFS Realtime extension, which defines how information on the realtime status of services can be shared. == History == What was to become GTFS started out as a side project of Google employee Chris Harrelson in 2005, who "monkeyed around with ways to incorporate transit data into Google Maps when he heard from Tim and Bibiana McHugh, married IT managers at TriMet, the transit agency for Portland, Oregon". McHugh is cited with being frustrated about finding transit directions in unfamiliar cities, while popular mapping services were already offering easy-to-use driving directions at the time. Bibiana and Tim McHugh eventually got into contact with Google and provided the company with CSV exports of TriMet's schedule data. In December 2005, Portland became the first city to be featured in the first version of Google's "Transit Trip Planner". In September 2006, five more US cities were added to the Google


id: gtfs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-1.md
category: reference
title: GTFS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:26.510824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gtfs-20260505-0
summary:
==== routes ==== The routes table identifies distinct routes. This is to be distinguished from distinct routings (or paths), several of which may belong to a single route. Required fields: route_id (primary key) route_short_name route_long_name route_type background_color foreground_color ==== trips ==== Required fields: trip_id (primary key) route_id (foreign key) service_id (foreign key) Optional fields: block_id - The block ID indicates the schedule block to which a trip belongs. ==== stop_times ==== Required fields: stop_id (primary key) trip_id (foreign key) arrival_time departure_time stop_sequence Note that dwell time may be modelled by the difference between the arrival and departure times. However, many agencies do not seem to model dwell time for most stops. ==== stops ==== The stops table defines the geographic locations of each and every actual stop or station in the transit system as well as, and optionally, some of the amenities associated with those stops. Required fields: stop_id (primary key) stop_name stop_lon stop_lat ==== calendar ==== The calendar table defines service patterns that operate recurrently such as, for example, every weekday. Service patterns that don't repeat such as for a one-time special event will be defined in the calendar_dates table. Required fields: service_id (primary key) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday


id: health-data-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: Health Data Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:27.704244+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: health-data-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Health Data Consortium (HDC) is a Washington, D.C.–based public–private partnership that advocates for the availability and use of health data, in particular government health datasets, and the improvement of health and health care through patient data accessibility and innovative use of data. HDC is a 501(c)(3) organization. == History == In 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the Health Data Initiative to make its data available for public use and, in collaboration with the Institute of Medicine, hosted a public forum featuring various private, non-profit, and entrepreneurial stakeholder groups to explore how the data could be used to promote innovation that would improve people's health. This forum was held again in 2011 and 2012, wherein it was rebranded into its current iteration as the Health Datapalooza. Due to the success of the forum and growing industry interest, HHS, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the California HealthCare Foundation, and other parties involved believed that there needed to be a structured organization independent of the government that could convene stakeholder groups and promote the health data mission year-round. They approached Forum One Communications to help establish this organization as a public-private partnership, which was named the Health


id: hypothes-is-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is-0.md
category: reference
title: Hypothes.is
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:28.837350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hypothes-is-20260505-0
summary:
Hypothes.is is an open-source software project that aims to collect comments about statements made in any web-accessible content, and filter and rank those comments to assess each statement's credibility. It has been summarized as "a peer review layer for the entire Internet." == Concept == The project is a system which allows annotation of web pages, using comments contributed by individuals and a reputation system for rating the comments. The plan is that the comments will be stored in the Internet Archive. Normal use is with a browser plug-in (Chrome) or a bookmarklet (others), and the plan is that links to specific comments will also be viewable without needing a plug-in. == People == The project is led by Dan Whaley, co-founder of GetThere, one of the first online travel booking systems in 1995. Its advisors have included John Perry Barlow, Charles Bazerman, Philip Bourne and Brewster Kahle. == Project == A Kickstarter drive to raise $100,000 to fund a working prototype narrowly reached its goal on November 13, 2011. The effort is organized as a non-profit. It has received financial support from the Shuttleworth Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Helmsley Trust, the Knight Foundation and the Andrew


id: international-open-data-charter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter-0.md
category: reference
title: International Open Data Charter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:30.007454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-open-data-charter-20260505-0
summary:
The International Open Data Charter is a set of principles and best practices for the release of governmental open data. The charter was formally adopted by seventeen governments of countries, states and cities at the Open Government Partnership Global Summit in Mexico in October 2015. The original signatories included the governments of Chile, Guatemala, France, Italy, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea, the United Kingdom and Uruguay, the cities of Buenos Aires, Minatitlán, Puebla, Veracruz, Montevideo, Reynosa, and the Mexican states of Morelos and Xalapa. As of 2025, 172 national and subnational governments are signatories and the Charter has been endorsed by 81 organisations and non-state actors. == Principles == The charter mandates that data released by governments comply with these principles: Open by Default Timely and Comprehensive Accessible and Usable Comparable and Interoperable For Improved Governance and Citizen Engagement For Inclusive Development and Innovation == Implementation == === New Zealand === New Zealand joined the Open Data Charter in 2017. The charter supports and builds on the New Zealand Declaration on Open and Transparent Government and the Data and Information Management Principles. The goals of New Zealand are to enforce its commitment to open data, ensure it remains internationally aligned, and


id: international-open-data-day-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day-0.md
category: reference
title: International Open Data Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:31.178217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-open-data-day-20260505-0
summary:
International Open Data Day is an annual event that promotes awareness and use of open data. The event takes place globally, usually in February or March. Typical activities include talks, seminars, demonstrations, hackathons, training or the announcement of open data releases or other milestones in open data. In some countries it occurs along with Code Across coding events. == History == International Open Data Day was first proposed by David Eaves in 2010. The idea followed discussions with Edward Ocampo-Gooding, Mary Beth Baker, Daniel Beauchamp, Pedro Markun, and Daniela Silva. Today, the event coordination is done through its google mailing list. The date for the event is chosen by the group members taking into consideration different cultural events. From 2015, Open Knowledge Foundation - in cooperation with other NGOs from the open data world - has offered mini-grants to support the facilitation of events around the globe. === Dates === December 4, 2010 December 3, 2011 February 23, 2013 February 22, 2014 February 21, 2015 March 5, 2016 March 4, 2017 March 3, 2018 March 2, 2019 March 7, 2020 March 6, 2021 March 5, 2022 March 4 - March 10, 2023 March 2 - March 8, 2024 March 1


id: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-0.md
category: reference
title: Journal Article Tag Suite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:32.381175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-0
summary:
The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) is format used to describe scientific literature published online. It is a technical standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and approved by the American National Standards Institute with the code Z39.96-2012. The NISO project was a continuation of the work done by NLM/NCBI, and popularized by the NLM's PubMed Central as a de facto standard for archiving and interchange of scientific open-access journals and its contents with XML. With the NISO standardization the NLM initiative has gained a wider reach, and several other repositories, such as SciELO and Redalyc, adopted the XML formatting for scientific articles. The JATS provides a set of XML elements and attributes for describing the textual and graphical content of journal articles as well as some non-article material such as letters, editorials, and book and product reviews. JATS allows for descriptions of the full article content or just the article header metadata; and allows other kinds of contents, including research and non-research articles, letters, editorials, and book and product reviews. == History == Since its introduction, NCBI's NLM Archiving and Interchange DTD suite has become the de facto standard for journal article markup in scholarly publishing. With


id: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-1.md
category: reference
title: Journal Article Tag Suite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:32.381175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-0
summary:
The DOCTYPE header is optional, a legacy from SGML and DTD-oriented validators. The dtd-version attribute can be used even without a DTD header. The root element article is common for any version of JATS or "JATS family", as NLM DTDs. The rules for front, body and back tags validation, depends on the JATS version, but all versions have similar structure, with good compatibility in a range of years. The evolution of the schema preserves an overall stability. Less common, "only front", "only front and back" variations are also used for other finalities than full-content representation. The general article composition (as an DTD-content expression) is (front, body?, back?, floats-group?, (sub-article* | response*)) == Tools == There are a variety of tools for create, edit, convert and transform JATS. They range from simple forms to complete conversion automation: === Conversion to JATS === Take as input a scientific document, and, with some human support, produce a JATS output. OpenOffice (LibreOffice) and MS Word documents to JATS: Typeset: provides automated set of converters for MS-Word to JATS XML. OxGarage: can convert documents from various formats into "National Library of Medicine (NLM) DTD 3.0". meTypeset: meTypeset "is a fork of the OxGarage stack" "to


id: library-linked-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Library linked data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:33.559791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: library-linked-data-20260505-0
summary:
Library linked data (LLD) is the use of linked data standards by libraries. These standards are usually applied to bibliographic and authority data sets, with the hope of decreasing redundant cataloging work; and increasing visibility of library resources and interoperability with non-library systems. == Use cases == In 2010, Byrne and Goddard have written that the "killer [library linked data] example isn't out there yet," and warned that implementation work will be hampered if clear use cases don't exist. Many groups have examined this issue, including the W3C Library Linked Data Incubator Group, the Bibliographic Framework Initiative, and the LD4L project. == Conferences == The Hochschulbibliothekszentrum des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen and the German National Library of Economics sponsor the annual international Semantic Web in Libraries (SWIB) conference == See also == BIBFRAME Library of Congress Linked Data Service (LC LDS) Resource Description and Access and RDA vocabularies Universal Bibliographic Control == References ==


id: licence-ouverte-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte-0.md
category: reference
title: Licence Ouverte
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:34.732597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: licence-ouverte-20260505-0
summary:
The Licence Ouverte / Open Licence is a French open license published on October 18, 2011 by Etalab for open data from the State of France. The license was designed to be compatible with Creative Commons Licenses, Open Government License, and the Open Data Commons Attribution License. Information released under the Open License may be re-used with attribution, such as a URL or other identification of the producer. The Open License is used by the city of Bordeaux, France to release data sets. == References == == External links == License Ouverte by Etalab


id: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-0.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Linked Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
In natural language processing, linguistics, and neighboring fields, Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) describes a method and an interdisciplinary community concerned with creating, sharing, and (re-)using language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles. The Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud was conceived and is being maintained by the Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) of the Open Knowledge Foundation, but has been a point of focal activity for several W3C community groups, research projects, and infrastructure efforts since then. == Definition and Development == Linguistic Linked Open Data describes the publication of data for linguistics and natural language processing using the following principles: Data should be openly licensed using licenses such as the Creative Commons licenses. The elements in a dataset should be uniquely identified by means of a URI. The URI should resolve, so users can access more information using web browsers. Resolving an LLOD resource should return results using web standards such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Links to other resources should be included to help users discover new resources and provide semantics. The primary benefits of LLOD have been identified as: Representation: Linked graphs are a more flexible representation format for linguistic data. Interoperability: Common RDF models


id: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-1.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Linked Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
LOD2. Creating Knowledge out of Interlinked Data (11 EU countries + Korea, 2010–2014) MONNET. Multilingual Ontologies for Networked Knowledge (5 EU countries, 2010–2013) LIDER. Linked Data as an enabler of cross-media and multilingual content analytics for enterprises across Europe (5 EU countries, 2013–2015) QTLeap. Quality Translation by Deep Language Engineering Approaches (6 EU countries, 2013–2016) LiODi. Linked Open Dictionaries (BMBF eHumanities Early Career Research Group, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, 2015–2020) FREME. Open Framework of E-Services for Multilingual and Semantic Enrichment of Digital Content (6 EU countries, 2015–2017) POSTDATA. Poetry Standardization and Linked Open Data (ERC Starting Grant, UNED, Spain, 2016–2021) Linking Latin (ERC Consolidator Grant, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy, 2018–2023) Pret-a-LLOD (5 EU countries, 2019–2021) NexusLinguarum. European network for Web-centred linguistic data science (COST Action, 35 COST countries, 2 near neighboring countries, one international partner country, 2019–2023) === Selected resources === As of October 2018, the 10 most frequently linked resources in the LLOD diagram are (in order of the number of linked datasets): The Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA, linked with 74 datasets) provide reference terminology for linguistic annotations and grammatical metadata; WordNet (linked with 51 datasets), a lexical database for English and pivot for developing similar


id: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-2.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Linked Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
LLOD is defined in relation to Linked Open Data, and LLOD resources (data) should thus conform to licenses in accordance with the Open Definition. For generating the LLOD cloud diagram (and the LOD diagram), this does, however, not seem to be enforced yet, so that the technical criterion is availability over the web and a metadata entry. In the OWLG, it has been repeatedly discussed whether non-commercial (academic) resources could be included with a general consensus of admitting them for the moment (2015) but subsequently enforcing stricter requirements along with the growth of the LLOD cloud. As of January 2018, it was not agreed upon yet when this move was about to happen. As of January 2020, machine-readable license metadata was available for 86 LLOD resources, of these, 82 adopted open licenses, 4 adopted non-commercial licenses. In a broader sense, the term LLOD technology (infrastructures, tools, vocabularies) can also used to refer to the technology independently from whether actually open resources are involved, e.g., in the name of the EU project Pret-a-LLOD that features several commercial business cases. This is justified for applications that consume (rather than provide) open data, but moreover, also when linked data technology and the adoptation


id: linked-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Linked data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:37.046237+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linked-data-20260505-0
summary:
In computing, linked data is structured data which is associated with ("linked" to) other data. Interlinking makes the data more useful through semantic queries. Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the Semantic Web project. Part of the vision of linked data is for the Internet to become a global database. Linked data builds upon standard Web technologies such as HTTP, RDF and URIs, but rather than using them to serve web pages and hyperlinks only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers (machine readable). Linked data may also be open data, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data. == Principles == In his 2006 "Linked Data" note, Tim Berners-Lee outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things. HTTP URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced". Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as RDF, SPARQL, etc. When publishing data


id: open-by-default-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-0.md
category: reference
title: Open by default
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:38.242200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-by-default-20260505-0
summary:
Open by default, as widely used in the contexts of open government and open data, is a principle in which government makes its data accessible to the public by default, unless there is a sufficient justification to explain that greater public interest may be at stake, as a result of disclosure. Since the principle empowers the public's right to know and capacity to oversee government activities, it is closely associated with government transparency, civic engagement, and e-governance in organizing public life. In many cases, the principle is accompanied with the technological commitment to create "metadata standardization for all datasets, publication of a machine-readable data catalogue or inventory of both released and to-be released datasets ... (and) use of open licenses." == Definition == The International Open Data Charter defines open by default as one of the six key principles that enable society to enjoy the full benefits of open government data. The other five principles are Timely and Comprehensive Data, Accessible and Usable Data, Comparable and Inter-operable Data, Data for Improved Governance and Engagement, and Data for Inclusive Development and Innovation. While each principles share some overlapping backgrounds, they respectively strive to propose different deliverable qualifications for government entities. The


id: open-by-default-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-1.md
category: reference
title: Open by default
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:38.242200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-by-default-20260505-0
summary:
In Canada's case, Open by Default principles were first adopted by municipal and provincial levels of government before they took to national platforms. The City of Edmonton, which began its online cataloging of municipal data in 2010, was the first to adopt the International Open Data Charter in Canada and the United States. In the Provincial Government of British Columbia, Premier Christy Clark issued an Open Government initiavies in 2011. Under the initiatives, Open Data policy was adopted and legislated in 2011, providing free and unrestricted use of more than 1000 datasets in its data catalogue through "proactive disclosure". However, in 2013, Information and Privacy Commissioner for BC, Elizabeth Denham saw there are more provincial data to be disclosed "by default," though the nature of such data were not identified in her report. In the Provincial Government of Ontario, Premier Kathleen Wynne launched the Open Government initiatives in 2013, which publicly appointed a team of public and civic experts on open government across Canada. The report highlighted that Open by Default principles should be integral component of Ontario's open government policy, "Ontario should make openness the norm and secrecy the exception." In 2017, the government of Ontario formally adopted the


id: open-contracting-data-standard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Contracting Data Standard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:39.482920+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-contracting-data-standard-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Contracting Data Standard is a standards development initiative issued by the Omidyar Network and the World Bank which commenced in November 2014. It sets out the key documents and data which should be published at each stage of the process of letting a contract for the procurement of goods and services for the public sector. Adoption of the standard requires publishers to release data under an open license, because "publishing data under an open license is an important part of open contracting. Without this, restrictions on re-use can prevent many of the important use cases for open contracting information being realized." Publishers are encouraged to use a scale of publishing complexity, from basic which features just tender notices, to advanced and extended data, which features contract award notices, contract details and persistent URIs. The Open Contracting Partnership, a not for profit organisation promoting openness in contracting, argues that the use of the standard will reduce costs, create more competitive contracting, and prevent fraud and corruption. == Origins == An early version 1.0 was released in July 2015 and version 1.1 was being developed in Q 3 and 4 2015. OCDS was designed with a focus on public procurement


id: open-data-buffalo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Buffalo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:40.689917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-buffalo-20260505-0
summary:
Open Data Buffalo is the open data program developed under the administration of Mayor Byron W. Brown in Buffalo, New York. The initiative is a commitment to proactively release high-quality, updated "publishable City data" through a centralized portal in machine-readable formats, fully accessible and freely available in the public domain. Open Data Buffalo is an official City program designed to foster transparency, innovation, accountability, and efficiency. == History == In May 2013, Buffalo earned a grant through IBM's Smarter Cities Challenge to bring a team of senior IBM executives to the city to offer advice on improving municipal policy with data-driven insights. One of their primary recommendations was for Buffalo to build capacity in "data-sharing and governance." Three years later, Buffalo joined the national network of Bloomberg Philanthropies What Works Cities to expand their use of data. With the support of What Works Cities, Buffalo partnered with The Sunlight Foundation to craft an Open Data Policy with input from the public using the Madison tool, an open source platform provided by OpenGov Foundation. In September 2017, the City of Buffalo selected Socrata as the provider for the municipality's open data platform. The city launched the Open Data Buffalo portal on


id: open-data-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:41.886386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Data Institute (ODI) is a non-profit private company limited by guarantee, based in the United Kingdom. Founded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the ODI's mission is to connect, equip and inspire people around the world to innovate with data. The ODI's global network includes individuals, businesses, startups, franchises, collaborators and governments who help to achieve the mission. == Learning == The Open Data Institute provides in-house and online, free and paid-for training courses. ODI courses and learning materials cover theory and practice surrounding data publishing and use, from introductory overviews to courses for specific subject areas. ODI 'Friday lunchtime lectures' cover a different theme each week surrounding the communication and application of data, and usually feature an external speaker. == ODI themes == In order to bring open data's benefits to specific areas of society and industry, the ODI focuses much of its research, publications and projects around specific themes and sectors. === Data infrastructure === Since its inception in 2012, the ODI has championed open data as a public good, stressing the need for effective governance models to protect it. In 2015, the ODI was instrumental in beginning a global discussion around


id: open-data-institute-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-1.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:41.886386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-institute-20260505-0
summary:
=== Members === ODI Members are organisations and individuals, from large corporations to students, who explore, demonstrate and share the value of data. The ODI grew its network of businesses, startups, academic establishments and individuals to over 1,300 in 2015, and launched student membership in line with its goal to help provide lifelong data expertise for young people around the world. ODI Members (whether sponsors, partners or supporters) are all committed to unlocking the value of data, and are key to developing the ODI's professional network in the UK and internationally. New member companies in 2015, included Deutsche Bank, Ocado Technology, SAP and The Bulmer Foundation. === Startups === Each year the ODI invites new applicants onto its ODI Startup programme in order to support them to develop a sustainable business, from idea to product to growth. ODI Startups are provided with coaching and mentoring from external mentors, ad-hoc office space, discounted training courses, and access to other members of the ODI global network for networking and peer learning. The ODI assesses startups for the programme based on the strength of their idea and team, market opportunity and timing, potential scale, use of open data, and potential impact. 30 ODI


id: open-data-now-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Now
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:43.094504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-now-20260505-0
summary:
Open Data Now is a 2014 book on open data by Joel Gurin. == Reception == A reviewer for the University of California, Berkeley School of Information said the book "is written for the business community, but speaks to the experiences of those in the government, the private sector, or those who make a living advocating for consumers." A reviewer for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation says, "Gurin’s snapshot of Open Data's innovators also serve as an effective guidebook." That reviewer also notes interest in the book's claim, "If Open Data is free, how can anyone build a business on it? The answer is that Open Data is the starting point, not the end point, in deriving value from information. In general, governments have focused more on making the data itself available than on public-facing applications. The private sector can then add value by taking Open Data and building something great with it." Andy Oram, a reviewer for O'Reilly Media, described how the book focused on the cost of data. == Summary == The book is divided into two parts, each of which has chapters. === Part 1 === An opportunity as big as the web The author profiles


id: open-data-partnership-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Partnership
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:44.297957+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-partnership-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Government Partnership (OGP) is a new multilateral initiative introduced by the United States Government that aims to secure concrete commitments from governments to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance by means of Open Data Platforms. In the spirit of multi-stakeholder collaboration, OGP is overseen by a steering committee of governments, civil society organizations and the developer community. == References ==


id: open-database-license-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Database License
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:45.475910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-database-license-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Database License (ODbL) is a copyleft license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use a database while maintaining this same freedom for others. ODbL is published by Open Data Commons, which is part of Open Knowledge Foundation. The ODbL was created with the goal of allowing users to share their data freely without worrying about problems relating to copyright or ownership. It allows users to freely use the data in the database, including in other databases; edit existing data in the database; and add new data to the database. The license establishes the rights of users of the database, as well as the correct procedure for attributing credit where credit is due for the data, and how to make changes or improvements in the data, thus simplifying the sharing and comparison of data. == Freedoms == To Share: To copy, distribute and use the database. To Create: To produce works from the database. To Adapt: To modify, transform and build upon the database. == Conditions == Attribute: You must attribute any public use of the database, or works produced from the database, in the manner specified in the ODbL. For any use or redistribution


id: the-open-definition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition-0.md
category: reference
title: The Open Definition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:46.667417+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-open-definition-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Definition (formerly Open Knowledge Definition) is published by the Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) to define openness for any type of data, content, or other knowledge. The definition's stated purpose is to "[make] precise the meaning of ‘open’ with respect to knowledge". Although it draws philosophically from both the open-source and free software movements, the Open Definition prioritizes license compatibility over copyleft principles requiring derivative works to be released under a free license. The Open Definition contains requirements for content licenses to be considered open licenses, and the OKF maintains a list of compatible licenses. The definition also requires open access, machine readability, and the use of open formats. The OKF's Open Software Service Definition is derived from the Open Definition. == Background == The Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) is a United-Kingdom-based NGO that began work on the definition in 2006. According to the OKF, the Open Definition is "substantially derivative" of Bruce Perens' Open Source Definition and intends to continue Richard Stallman’s "ideals of software freedom". The Open Source Definition, which is the most widely used criteria for determining if a license is open source, is itself is derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Although it is


id: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Energy Modelling Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:47.889040+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Energy Modelling Initiative (openmod) is a grassroots community of energy system modellers from universities and research institutes across Europe and elsewhere. The initiative promotes the use of open-source software and open data in energy modelling for research and policy advice. The Open Energy Modelling Initiative documents a variety of open-source energy models and addresses practical and conceptual issues regarding their development and application. The initiative runs an email list, an internet forum, and a wiki and hosts occasional academic workshops. A statement of aims is available. == Context == The application of open-source development to energy modelling dates back to around 2003. This section provides some background for the growing interest in open methods. === Growth in open energy modelling === Just two active open energy modelling projects were cited in a 2011 paper: OSeMOSYS and TEMOA. Balmorel was also public at that time, having been made available on a website in 2001. As of October 2021, the Open Energy Platform lists 17 open energy frameworks and about 50 open energy models. === Academic literature === This 2012 paper presents the case for using "open, publicly accessible software and data as well as crowdsourcing techniques to develop robust


id: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-1.md
category: reference
title: Open Energy Modelling Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:47.889040+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
=== Public policy support === In May 2016, the European Union announced that "all scientific articles in Europe must be freely accessible as of 2020". This is a step in the right direction, but the new policy makes no mention of open software and its importance to the scientific process. In August 2016, the United States government announced a new federal source code policy which mandates that at least 20% of custom source code developed by or for any agency of the federal government be released as open-source software (OSS). The US Department of Energy (DOE) is participating in the program. The project is hosted on a dedicated website and subject to a three-year pilot. Open-source campaigners are using the initiative to advocate that European governments adopt similar practices. In 2017 the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) issued a position paper calling for free software and open standards to be central to European science funding, including the flagship EU program Horizon 2020. The position paper focuses on open data and open data processing and the question of open modelling is not traversed per se. === Adoption by regulators and industry generally === A trend evident by 2023 is the adoption


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-0.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
Open energy system database projects employ open data methods to collect, clean, and republish energy-related datasets for open use. The resulting information is then available, given a suitable open license, for statistical analysis and for building numerical energy system models, including open energy system models. Permissive licenses like Creative Commons CC0 and CC BY are preferred, but some projects will house data made public under market transparency regulations and carrying unqualified copyright. The databases themselves may furnish information on national power plant fleets, renewable generation assets, transmission networks, time series for electricity loads, dispatch, spot prices, and cross-border trades, weather information, and similar. They may also offer other energy statistics including fossil fuel imports and exports, gas, oil, and coal prices, emissions certificate prices, and information on energy efficiency costs and benefits. Much of the data is sourced from official or semi-official agencies, including national statistics offices, transmission system operators, and electricity market operators. Data is also crowdsourced using public wikis and public upload facilities. Projects usually also maintain a strict record of the provenance and version histories of the datasets they hold. Some projects, as part of their mandate, also try to persuade primary data providers to release their


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-1.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
== Open energy system database projects == Energy system models are data intensive and normally require detailed information from a number of sources. Dedicated projects to collect, collate, document, and republish energy system datasets have arisen to service this need. Most database projects prefer open data, issued under free licenses, but some will accept datasets with proprietary licenses in the absence of other options. The OpenStreetMap project, which uses the Open Database License (ODbL), contains geographic information about energy system components, including transmission lines. Wikimedia projects such as Wikidata and Wikipedia have a growing set of information related to national energy systems, such as descriptions of individual power stations. The following table summarizes projects that specifically publish open energy system data. Some are general repositories while others (for instance, oedb) are designed to interact with open energy system models in real-time. Three of the projects listed work with linked open data (LOD), a method of publishing structured data on the web so that it can be networked and subject to semantic queries. The overarching concept is termed the semantic web. Technically, such projects support RESTful APIs, RDF, and the SPARQL query language. A 2012 paper reviews the use of LOD


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-2.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Data Energy Networks (Open Data Réseaux Énergies or ODRÉ) portal is run by eight partners, led by the French national transmission system operator (TSO) Réseau de Transport d'Électricité (RTE). The portal was previously known as Open Data RTE. The site offers electricity system datasets under a Creative Commons CC BY 2.0 compatible license, with metadata, an RSS feed for notifying updates, and an interface for submitting questions. Re-users of information obtained from the site can also register third-party URLs (be they publications or webpages) against specific datasets. The portal uses the French Government Licence Ouverte license and this is explicitly compatible with the United Kingdom Open Government Licence (OGL), the Creative Commons CC BY 2.0 license (and thereby later versions), and the Open Data Commons ODC-BY license. The site hosts electricity, gas, and weather information related to France. === UK Power Networks Open Data Portal === The Open Data Portal is run by UK Power Networks, a GB Distribution Network Operator (DNO), hosted on the OpenDataSoft platform. The Portal offers electricity network datasets under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 compatible license, with metadata, a newsfeed, and a data request form. Re-users of information obtained from the site


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-3.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
Open Energy Information (OpenEI) is a collaborative website, run by the US government, providing open energy data to software developers, analysts, users, consumers, and policymakers. The platform is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and is being developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). OpenEI launched on 9 December 2009. While much of its data is from US government sources, the platform is intended to be open and global in scope. OpenEI provides two mechanisms for contributing structured information: a semantic wiki (using MediaWiki and the Semantic MediaWiki extension) for collaboratively-managed resources and a dataset upload facility for contributor-controlled resources. US government data is distributed under a CC0 public domain dedication, whereas other contributors are free to select an open data license of their choice. Users can rate data using a five-star system, based on accessibility, adaptability, usefulness, and general quality. Individual datasets can be manually downloaded in an appropriate format, often as CSV files. Scripts for processing data can also be shared through the site. In order to build a community around the platform, a number of forums are offered covering energy system data and related topics. Most of the data on OpenEI is exposed


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-4.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
reegle is a clean energy information portal covering renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate compatible development topics. reegle was launched in 2006 by REEEP and REN21 with funding from the Dutch (VROM), German (BMU), and UK (Defra) environment ministries. Originally released as a specialized internet search engine, reegle was relaunched in 2011 as an information portal. reegle offers and utilizes linked open data (LOD) (described elsewhere on this page). Sources of data include UN and World Bank databases, as well as dedicated partners around the world. reegle maintains a comprehensive structured glossary (driven by an LOD-compliant thesaurus) of energy and climate compatible development terms to assist with the tagging of datasets. The glossary also facilitates intelligent web searches. reegle offers country profiles which collate and display energy data on a per-country basis for most of the world. These profiles are kept current automatically using LOD techniques. As of 2021, the portal is no longer active. === Renewables.ninja === Renewables.ninja is a website that can calculate the hourly power output from solar photovoltaic installations and wind farms located anywhere in the world. The website is a joint project between the Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland and the


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-0.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
Open energy-system models are energy-system models that are open source. However, some of them may use third-party proprietary software as part of their workflows to input, process, or output data. Preferably, these models use open data, which facilitates open science. Energy-system models are used to explore future energy systems and are often applied to questions involving energy and climate policy. The models themselves vary widely in terms of their type, design, programming, application, scope, level of detail, sophistication, and shortcomings. For many models, some form of mathematical optimization is used to inform the solution process. Energy regulators and system operators in Europe and North America began adopting open energy-system models for planning purposes in the early‑2020s. Open models and open data are increasingly being used by government agencies to guide the develop of net‑zero public policy as well. Companies and engineering consultancies are likewise adopting open models for analysis. == General considerations == === Organization === The open energy modeling projects listed here fall exclusively within the bottom-up paradigm, in which a model is a relatively literal representation of the underlying system. Several drivers favor the development of open models and open data. There is an increasing interest in making


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-1.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
=== Surveys === A survey completed in 2021 investigated the degree to which open energy-system modeling frameworks support flexibility options, broken down by supply, demand, storage, sector coupled, and network response. Of the frameworks surveyed, none supported all types, which suggests that the soft coupling of complementary frameworks could provide more holistic assessments of flexibility. Even so, most candidates opt for perfect foresight and do not natively admit probabilistic actions or explicit behavioral responses. == Electricity sector models == Open electricity sector models are confined to just the electricity sector. These models invariably have a temporal resolution of one hour or less. Some models concentrate on the engineering characteristics of the system, including a good representation of high-voltage transmission networks and AC power flow. Others models depict electricity spot markets and are known as dispatch models. While other models embed autonomous agents to capture, for instance, bidding decisions using techniques from bounded rationality. The ability to handle variable renewable energy, transmission systems, and grid storage are becoming important considerations. === AMIRIS === AMIRIS is the open Agent-based Market model for the Investigation of Renewable and Integrated energy Systems. The AMIRIS simulation framework was first developed by the German Aerospace Center


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-2.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
Under development at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), Petten, the Netherlands, Dispa-SET is a unit commitment and dispatch model intended primarily for Europe. It is written in Python (with Pyomo) and GAMS and uses Python for data processing. A valid GAMS license is required. The model is formulated as a mixed integer problem and JRC uses the proprietary CPLEX sover although open source libraries may also be deployed. Technical descriptions are available for versions 2.0 and 2.1. Dispa-SET is hosted on GitHub, together with a trial dataset, and third-party contributions are encouraged. The codebase has been tested on Windows, macOS, and Linux. Online documentation is available. The SET in the project name refers to the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan), which seeks to make Europe a leader in energy technologies that can fulfill future (2020 and 2050) energy and climate targets. Energy system modeling, in various forms, is central to this European Commission initiative. The model power system is managed by a single operator with full knowledge of the economic and technical characteristics of the generation units, the loads at each node, and the heavily simplified transmission network. Demand is deemed fully inelastic. The system is subject


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-3.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
EMMA is the European Electricity Market Model. It is a techno-economic model covering the integrated Northwestern European power system. EMMA is being developed by the energy economics consultancy Neon Neue Energieökonomik, Berlin, Germany. The source code and datasets can be downloaded from the project website. A manual is available. EMMA is written in GAMS and uses the CPLEX commercial solver. EMMA models electricity dispatch and investment, minimizing the total cost with respect to investment, generation, and trades between market areas. In economic terms, EMMA classifies as a partial equilibrium model of the wholesale electricity market with a focus on the supply-side. EMMA identifies short-term or long-term optima (or equilibria) and estimates the corresponding capacity mix, hourly prices, dispatch, and cross-border trading. Technically, EMMA is a pure linear program (no integer variables) with about two million non-zero variables. As of 2016, the model covers Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland and supports conventional generation, renewable generation, and cogeneration. EMMA has been used to study the economic effects of the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE), specifically solar power and wind power, in the Northwestern European power system. A 2013 study finds that increasing VRE shares will depress prices and,


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-4.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
NEMO, the National Electricity Market Optimiser, is a chronological dispatch model for testing and optimizing different portfolios of conventional and renewable electricity generation technologies. It applies solely to the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM), which, despite its name, is limited to east and south Australia. NEMO has been in development at the Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets (CEEM), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia since 2011. The project maintains a small website and runs an email list. NEMO is written in Python. NEMO itself is described in two publications. The data sources are also noted. Optimizations are carried out using a single-objective evaluation function, with penalties. The solution space of generator capacities is searched using the CMA-ES (covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy) algorithm. The timestep is arbitrary but one hour is normally employed. NEMO has been used to explore generation options for the year 2030 under a variety of renewable energy (RE) and abated fossil fuel technology scenarios. A 2012 study investigates the feasibility of a fully renewable system using concentrated solar power (CSP) with thermal storage, windfarms, photovoltaics, existing hydroelectricity, and biofuelled gas turbines. A number of potential systems, which also meet NEM reliability criteria, are


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-5.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
pandapower is a power system analysis and optimization program being jointly developed by the Energy Management and Power System Operation research group, University of Kassel and the Department for Distribution System Operation, Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology (IEE), both of Kassel, Germany. The codebase is hosted on GitHub and is also available as a package. The project maintains a website, an emailing list, and online documentation. pandapower is written in Python. It uses the pandas library for data manipulation and analysis and the PYPOWER library to solve for power flow. Unlike some open source power system tools, pandapower does not depend on proprietary platforms like MATLAB. pandapower supports the automated analysis and optimization of distribution and transmission networks. This allows a large of number of scenarios to be explored, based on different future grid configurations and technologies. pandapower offers a collection of power system elements, including: lines, 2-winding transformers, 3-winding transformers, and ward-equivalents. It also contains a switch model that allows the modeling of ideal bus-bus switches as well as bus-line/bus-trafo switches. The software supports topological searching. The network itself can be plotted, with or without geographical information, using the matplotlib and plotly libraries. A 2016


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-6.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
renpass is an acronym for Renewable Energy Pathways Simulation System. renpass is a simulation electricity model with high regional and temporal resolution, designed to capture existing systems and future systems with up to 100% renewable generation. The software is being developed by the Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems (CSES or ZNES), University of Flensburg, Germany. The project runs a website, from where the codebase can be download. renpass is written in R and links to a MySQL database. A PDF manual is available. renpass is also described in a PhD thesis. As of 2015, renpass is being extended as renpassG!S, based on oemof. renpass is an electricity dispatch model which minimizes system costs for each time step (optimization) within the limits of a given infrastructure (simulation). Time steps are optionally 15 minutes or one hour. The method assumes perfect foresight. renpass supports the electricity systems found in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. The optimization problem for each time step is to minimize the electricity supply cost using the existing power plant fleet for all regions. After this regional dispatch, the exchange between the regions is


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-7.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
SWITCH is a loose acronym for solar, wind, conventional and hydroelectric generation, and transmission. SWITCH is an optimal planning model for power systems with large shares of renewable energy. SWITCH is being developed by the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Hawaii, USA. The project runs a small website and hosts its codebase and datasets on GitHub. SWITCH is written in Pyomo, an optimization components library programmed in Python. It can use either the open source GLPK solver or the commercial CPLEX solver. SWITCH is a power system model, focused on renewables integration. It can identify which generator and transmission projects to build in order to satisfy electricity demand at the lowest cost over a several-year period while also reducing CO2 emissions. SWITCH utilizes multi-stage stochastic linear optimization with the objective of minimizing the present value of the cost of power plants, transmission capacity, fuel usage, and an arbitrary per-tonne CO2 charge (to represent either a carbon tax or a certificate price), over the course of a multi-year investment period. It has two major sets of decision variables. First, at the start of each investment period, SWITCH selects how much generation capacity to build in each of


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-8.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
AnyMOD.jl is a framework for planning macro‑energy systems at a high level of spatio-temporal detail. The framework covers the expansion and operation of short-term and seasonal storage, fossil and renewable generation, transmission infrastructure, and sector coupling technologies. It can be used to plan long‑term pathways under perfect foresight. AnyMOD.jl is implemented in Julia and relies on the JuMP library for optimization and DataFrames.jl for data management. Models are formulated as linear optimization problems and can be solved with open-source libraries like HiGHS or commercial solvers like CPLEX. To increase accessibility and enable version-controlled development, specific models are fully defined using CSV files. Compared to similar tools, AnyMOD.jl puts an emphasis on innovative methods to achieve high detail and capture intermittent renewables, while maintaining a comprehensive scope in terms of regions and sectors. These methods include varying the spatio-temporal resolution by energy carrier within the same model and a scaling algorithm to improve the properties of the underlying optimization problem. Methods from stochastic programming are now being implemented to better address the uncertainties associated with renewable generation. As of 2022, most studies deploying the tool have focused on the German energy system in a European context, for instance investigating the trade‑offs


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-9.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
Calliope is an energy system modeling framework, with a focus on flexibility, high spatial and temporal resolution, and the ability to execute different runs using the same base-case dataset. The project is being developed at the Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. The project maintains a website, hosts the codebase at GitHub, operates an issues tracker, and runs two email lists. Calliope is written in Python and uses the Pyomo library. It can link to the open source GLPK solver and the commercial CPLEX solver. PDF documentation is available. And a two‑page software review is available. A Calliope model consists of a collection of structured text files, in YAML and CSV formats, that define the technologies, locations, and resource potentials. Calliope takes these files, constructs a pure linear optimization (no integer variables) problem, solves it, and reports the results in the form of pandas data structures for analysis. The framework contains five abstract base technologies – supply, demand, conversion, storage, transmission – from which new concrete technologies can be derived. The design of Calliope enforces the clear separation of framework (code) and model (data). A 2015 study uses Calliope to compare the future roles of nuclear power


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-10.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
EnergyPATHWAYS is a bottom-up energy sector model used to explore the near-term implications of long-term deep decarbonization. The lead developer is energy and climate protection consultancy, Evolved Energy Research, San Francisco, USA. The code is hosted on GitHub. EnergyPATHWAYS is written in Python and links to the open source Cbc solver. Alternatively, the GLPK, or CPLEX solvers can be employed. EnergyPATHWAYS utilizes the PostgreSQL object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) to manage its data. EnergyPATHWAYS is a comprehensive accounting framework used to construct economy-wide energy infrastructure scenarios. While portions of the model do use linear programming techniques, for instance, for electricity dispatch, the EnergyPATHWAYS model is not fundamentally an optimization model and embeds few decision dynamics. EnergyPATHWAYS offers detailed energy, cost, and emissions accounting for the energy flows from primary supply to final demand. The energy system representation is flexible, allowing for differing levels of detail and the nesting of cities, states, and countries. The model uses hourly least-cost electricity dispatch and supports power-to-gas, short-duration energy storage, long-duration energy storage, and demand response. Scenarios typically run to 2050. A predecessor of the EnergyPATHWAYS software, named simply PATHWAYS, has been used to construct policy models. The California PATHWAYS model was used to


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-11.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
GENeSYS‑MOD couples the demand sectors covering electricity, buildings, industry, and transport and finds the cost-optimal investment into conventional and renewable energy generation, storage, and infrastructure. The research focus is on long-term system development and pathway analysis. The model was first used to analyze decarbonization scenarios at the global level, broken down into ten regions. However, the framework is highly flexible, allowing for calculations at various levels of detail, from individual households to global aggregations, depending on the desired research question and availability of input data. A 2019 study examined the low‑carbon transition of the European energy system and specifically the problem of stranded assets under a range of scenarios. It found that up to €200 billion in fossil-fueled capacities could be stranded by 2035 unless stronger policy signals are able to address short‑term planning biases. Another 2019 study evaluates China's energy system transformation, highlighting the need to reduce coal consumption by 60% by 2050 to meet global climate targets. Renewable energies, and in particular photovoltaics and onshore wind, emerge as cost-effective solutions, but overcoming local resistance and increasing stakeholder engagement remain crucial for success. A 2021 study investigates the European Green Deal goal of achieving 100% greenhouse gas reductions by


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-12.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
A key paper describing OSeMOSYS is available. A 2011 study uses OSeMOSYS to investigate the role of household investment decisions. A 2012 study extends OSeMOSYS to capture the salient features of a smart grid. The paper explains how to model variability in generation, flexible demand, and grid storage and how these impact on the stability of the grid. OSeMOSYS has been applied to village systems. A 2015 paper compares the merits of stand-alone, mini-grid, and grid electrification for rural areas in Timor-Leste under differing levels of access. In a 2016 study, OSeMOSYS is modified to take into account realistic consumer behavior. Another 2016 study uses OSeMOSYS to build a local multi-regional energy system model of the Lombardy region in Italy. One of the aims of the exercise was to encourage citizens to participate in the energy planning process. Preliminary results indicate that this was successful and that open modeling is needed to properly include both the technological dynamics and the non-technological issues. A 2017 paper covering Alberta, Canada factors in the risk of overrunning specified emissions targets because of technological uncertainty. Among other results, the paper finds that solar and wind technologies are built out seven and five years earlier


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-13.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
The basic functionality of PyPSA is described in a 2018 paper. PyPSA bridges traditional steady-state power flow analysis software and full multi-period energy system models. It can be invoked using either non-linear power flow equations for system simulation or linearized approximations to enable the joint optimization of operations and investment across multiple periods. Generator ramping and multi-period up and down-times can be specified, DSM is supported, but demand remains price inelastic. A 2018 study examines potential synergies between sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a future European energy system constrained to reduce carbon emissions by 95%. The PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 model captures the demand-side management potential of battery electric vehicles (BEV) as well as the role that power-to-gas, long-term thermal energy storage, and related technologies can play. Results indicate that BEVs can smooth the daily variations in solar power while the remaining technologies smooth the synoptic and seasonal variations in both demand and renewable supply. Substantial buildout of the electricity grid is required for a least-cost configuration. More generally, such a system is both feasible and affordable. The underlying datasets are available from Zenodo. As of January 2018, PyPSA is used by more than a dozen research institutes and companies worldwide. Some


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-14.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
In practical terms, the framework allows for modeling competition between technologies that can serve the same purpose, such as power generation, while also providing insights into when and where a specific technology is required. Additionally, it can be applied to transportation problems, where the optimal exchange of a commodity between at least two distinct regions needs to be determined. Furthermore, it addresses storage problems, where the optimal balance between production and consumption at different points in time is calculated. REMix offers several key features that make it a robust tool for energy system modeling. It is designed to handle large-scale models with high spatial and technological resolutions, making it suitable for complex analyses. The framework also incorporates path optimization, allowing for multi-year analyses and strategic planning over extended periods. Ongoing work deals with very large instances involving path optimization using the parallel solver PIPS-IPM++. A notable feature is its custom accounting capability, provided through the indicator module, which enables flexible definitions of what contributes to the objective functions. Additionally, REMix supports flexible modeling, offering multiple approaches to integrate and model technologies, allowing users to tailor the framework to their specific needs. Finally, it supports multi-criteria optimization, where, beyond cost minimization,


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-15.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
The GAMS language requires a proprietary environment and its significant cost effectively limits participation to those who can access an institutional copy. == Programming components == Programming components, in this context, are coherent blocks of code or compiled libraries that can be relatively easily imported or linked to by higher‑level modeling frameworks in order to obtain some well‑defined functionality. === Technology modules === A number of technical component models are now also open source. While these component models do not constitute systems models aimed at public policy development (the focus of this page), they nonetheless warrant a mention. Technology modules can be linked or otherwise adapted into these broader initiatives. Sandia photovoltaic array performance model pvlib photovoltaics facility library hplib heat pump facility library windpowerlib wind turbine library hydropowerlib hydroelectricity library === Auction models === A number of electricity auction models have been written in GAMS, AMPL, MathProg, and other languages. These include: the EPOC nodal pricing model Australian National Electricity Market examples using MathProg can be found at b:GLPK/Electricity markets === Open solvers === Many projects rely on a pure linear or mixed integer solver to perform classical optimization, constraint satisfaction, or some mix of the two. While there


id: open-government-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-0.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy. The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society. It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions. == Components == The concept of open government is broad in scope but is most often connected to ideas of government transparency, participation and accountability. Transparency is defined as the visibility and inferability of information, accountability as answerability and enforceability, and participation is often graded along the "ladder of citizen participation." Harlan Yu and David G. Robinson specify the distinction between open data and open government in their paper "The New Ambiguity of "Open Government". They define open government in terms of service delivery and public accountability.


id: open-government-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-1.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
=== Asia === Taiwan started its e-government program in 1998 and since then has had a series of laws and executive orders to enforce open government policies. The Freedom of Government Information Law of 2005, stated that all government information must be made public. Such information includes budgets, administrative plans, communication of government agencies, subsidies. Since then it released its open data platform, data.gov.tw. The Sunflower Movement of 2014, emphasized the value that Taiwanese citizens place on openness and transparency. A white paper published by the National Development Council with policy goals for 2020 explores ways to increase citizen participation and use open data for further government transparency. The Philippines passed the Freedom of Information Order in 2016, outlining guidelines to practice government transparency and full public disclosure. In accordance with its General Appropriations Act of 2012, the Philippine government requires government agencies to display a "transparency seal" on their websites, which contains information about the agency's functions, annual reports, officials, budgets, and projects. The Right to Information (RTI) movement in India, created the RTI law in 2005 after environmental movements demanded the release of information regarding environmental deterioration due to industrialization. Another catalyst for the RTI law and other


id: open-government-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-2.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
==== For transparency ==== Transparency in government is often credited with generating government accountability, which supporters argue leads to reduction in government corruption, bribery and other malfeasance. This is mentioned later and discussed as accountability with transparency. Some commentators contend that an open, transparent government allows for the dissemination of information, which in turn helps produce greater knowledge and societal progress. Organizations supporting transparency policies such as the OECD and the Open Government Partnership claim that open government reforms can also lead to increased trust in government, although there is mixed evidence to support these claims, with increased transparency sometimes leading to reduced trust in government. Public opinion can also be shifted when people have access to see the result of a certain policy. The United States government has at times forbid journalists to publish photographs of soldiers' coffins, an apparent attempt to manage emotional reactions that might heighten public criticism of ongoing wars; nonetheless, many believe that emotionally charged images can be valuable information. Similarly, some opponents of the death penalty have argued that executions should be televised so the public can "see what is being done in their name and with their tax dollars." Government transparency is beneficial


id: open-government-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-3.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
== Accountability == Accountability focuses on promoting transparency and allowing the public to understand the actions of their government. Public officials are expected to share details about how public resources are used and what their objectives are. Accountability in open government reduces corruption and increases transparency. However, there is transparency with and without accountability in open government. Transparency without accountability is often more difficult to monitor and there is less responsibility needed from the government. Transparency with accountability has proven to be more effective as a trustworthy relationship can be built between government agencies and people governed by them. The argument with or without transparency was mentioned previously and highlights major issues such as losing governmental trust or privacy issues with accountability. Some governments have created portals in order to allow people to see critical data and improve accountability and transparency. Not all data released on these portals is relevant and easily accessible meaning transparency is not always easily attainable. For example, Given the criteria for valuable information, governments should look for quality, completeness, timeliness, and usability when releasing important information that shows transparency and supports accountability. == Relationship between transparency and accountability == Accountability in open government establishes the


id: list-of-open-government-data-sites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites-0.md
category: reference
title: List of open government data sites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:52.865978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-open-government-data-sites-20260505-0
summary:
Many governments publish open data they produce or commission on official websites to be freely used, reused, or redistributed by anyone. These sites are often created as part of open government initiatives. Some open data sites like CKAN and DKAN are open source data portal solutions where as others like Socrata are proprietary data portal solutions. The data sites provide interfaces based on Data and Metadata standards like Dublin core. == List of Supranational Open Government Data Sites == == List of national-level open government data sites == === Unofficial National-level Data Sites === Some countries have unofficial open data portals created citizen initiatives or published by non-governmental organizations. == List of Subnational Open Government Data Sites == == List of Municipal Open Government Data Sites == == See also == CKAN Data.gov List of datasets for machine-learning research Open data Open government Open Government Initiative Open Knowledge Foundation Smart city Socrata == External links == Data.gov List of Open Data Portals DataPortals.org Global Open Data Index Open Data Inception Portals: GitHub Gist RList: Major Smart Cities with Open Data Portals == References ==


id: open-government-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Government Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:54.048123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Government Initiative is an effort by the administration of President of the United States Barack Obama to "[create] an unprecedented level of openness in Government." The directive starting this initiative was issued on January 20, 2009, Obama's first day in office. Since the rapid pace of technological growth at the turn of the century has given rise to the mass distribution of information, so too has the demand for the United States Government to increase the transparency with which they make decisions and create legislation; many civil servants share this sentiment with the public. There exist a few schools of thought regarding why Open Government Data (OGD) would benefit the public, but these can generally be broken into two parts: 1) the general public deserves the information that is being used to represent them and 2) the private sector will be able to create better social and economic conditions with access to this data. Beginning with President Obama's Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government in 2009, the Open Data Movement has led to governments around the world creating similar projects. == Background and influences == The Open Government Initiative began on President Obama's first day in office when


id: open-notebook-science-challenge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Notebook Science Challenge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:55.507375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-notebook-science-challenge-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Notebook Science Challenge is a crowdsourcing research project which collects measurements of the non-aqueous solubility of organic compounds and publishes these as open data; findings are reported in an open notebook science manner. Although anyone may contribute research data, the competition is only open to post-secondary students in the US and UK. The challenge in turn forms part of the UsefulChem project, an ongoing open notebook science effort to synthesize and screen potential new anti-malarial drugs. Data from the Solubility Challenge will be used to build predictive computational models of solubility for use in optimising syntheses. The challenge began on September 28, 2008 and, as of February 2014, involves researchers and their students from at least 4 different institutions and has resulted in the acquisition of over 7672 solubility measurements. == Prizes == To encourage participation, each month an award is given to the student who does, in the opinion of the judges, the best work. In order to participate, students have to be a US or UK resident. The award is a US$500 cash prize. The first three winners also received a year's subscription to the journal Nature. The awards are sponsored by Submeta and Nature. ==


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
Open scientific data or open research data is a type of open data focused on publishing observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse. A major purpose of the drive for open data is to allow the verification of scientific claims, by allowing others to look at the reproducibility of results, and to allow data from many sources to be integrated to give new knowledge. The modern concept of scientific data emerged in the second half of the 20th century, with the development of large knowledge infrastructure to compute scientific information and observation. The sharing and distribution of data has been early identified as an important stake but was impeded by the technical limitations of the infrastructure and the lack of common standards for data communication. The World Wide Web was immediately conceived as a universal protocol for the sharing of scientific data, especially coming from high-energy physics. == Definition == === Scientific data === The concept of open scientific data has developed in parallel with the concept of scientific data. Scientific data was not formally defined until the late 20th century. Before the generalization of computational analysis, data has been mostly an informal terms,


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-1.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
The emergence of scientific data is associated with a semantic shift in the way core scientific concepts like data, information and knowledge are commonly understood. Following the development of computing technologies, data and information are increasingly described as "things": "Like computation, data always have a material aspect. Data are things. They are not just numbers but also numerals, with dimensionality, weight, and texture". After the Second World War large scientific projects have increasingly relied on knowledge infrastructure to collect, process and analyze important amount of data. Punch-cards system were first used experimentally on climate data in the 1920s and were applied on a large scale in the following decade: "In one of the first Depression-era government make-work projects, Civil Works Administration workers punched some 2 million ship log observations for the period 1880–1933." By 1960, the meteorological data collections of the US National Weather Records Center has expanded to 400 millions cards and had a global reach. The physically of scientific data was by then fully apparent and threatened the stability of entire buildings: "By 1966 the cards occupied so much space that the Center began to fill its main entrance hall with card storage cabinets (figure 5.4). Officials became


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-2.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Sharing scientific data on the web (1990-1995) === The World Wide Web was originally conceived as an infrastructure for open scientific data. Sharing of data and data documentation was a major focus in the initial communication of the World Wide Web when the project was first unveiled in August 1991 : "The WWW project was started to allow high energy physicists to share data, news, and documentation. We are very interested in spreading the web to other areas, and having gateway servers for other data". The project stemmed from a close knowledge infrastructure, ENQUIRE. It was an information management software commissioned to Tim Berners-Lee by the CERN for the specific needs of high energy physics. The structure of ENQUIRE was closer to an internal web of data: it connected "nodes" that "could refer to a person, a software module, etc. and that could be interlined with various relations such as made, include, describes and so forth". While it "facilitated some random linkage between information" Enquire was not able to "facilitate the collaboration that was desired for in the international high-energy physics research community". Like any significant computing scientific infrastructure before the 1990s, the development of ENQUIRE was ultimately impeded


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-3.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Policy implementations (2010-…) === After 2010, national and supra-national institutions took a more interventionist stance. New policies have been implemented not only to ensure and incentivize the opening of scientific data, usually in continuation to existing open data program. In Europe, the "European Union Commissioner for Research, Science, and Innovation, Carlos Moedas made open research data one of the EU's priorities in 2015." First published in 2016, the FAIR Guiding Principles have become an influential framework for opening scientific data. The principles have been originally designed two years earlier during a policy ad research workshop at Lorentz, Jointly Designing a Data FAIRport. During the deliberations of the workshop, "the notion emerged that, through the definition of, and widespread support for, a minimal set of community-agreed guiding principles and practice" The principles do not attempt to define scientific data, which remains a relatively plastic concept, but strive to describe "what constitutes 'good data management'". They cover four foundational principles, "that serve to guide data producer": Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability. and also aim to provide a step toward machine-actionability by expliciting the underlying semantics of data. As it fully acknowledge the complexity of data management, the principles do not claim


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-4.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Citation and indexation === The first digital databases of the 1950s and the 1960s have immediately raised issues of citability and bibliographic descriptions. The mutability of computer memory was especially challenging: in contrast with printed publications, digital data could not be expected to remain stable on the long run. In 1965, Ralph Bisco underlined that this uncertainty affected all the associated documents like code notebooks, which may become increasingly out of date. Data management have to find a middle ground between continuous enhancements and some form of generic stability: "the concept of a fluid, changeable, continually improving data archive means that study cleaning and other processing must be carried to such a point that changes will not significantly affect prior analyses" Structured bibliographic metadata for database has been a debated topic since the 1960s. In 1977, the American Standard for Bibliographic Reference adopted a definition of "data file" with a strong focus on the materiability and the mutability of the dataset: neither dates nor authors were indicated but the medium or "Packaging Method" had to be specified. Two years later, Sue Dodd introduced an alternative convention, that brought the citation of data closer to the standard of references of


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-5.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
Research reproducibility: lack of reproducibility is frequently attributed to deficiencies in research transparency and data analysis process. Consequently, as "a rationale for sharing research data, [research reproducibility] is powerful yet problematic". Reproducibility only applies to "certain kinds of research", mostly in regards to experimental sciences. Public accessibility: this rationale that "products of public funding should be available to the public" is "found in arguments for open government". While directly inspired by similar arguments made in favor of open access to publications, its range is more limited as scientific open data "has direct benefits to far fewer people, and those benefits vary by stakeholder" Research valorization: open scientific data may bring a substantial value to the private sector. This argument is especially used to support "the need for more repositories that can accept and curate research data, for better tools and services to exploit data, and for other investments in knowledge infrastructure". Increased research and innovation: open scientific data may significantly enhanced the quality of private and public research. This argument aims for "investing in knowledge infrastructure to sustain research data, curated to high standards of professional practices" Yet collaboration between the different actors and stakeholders of the data lifecycle is


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-6.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
== Legal status == The opening of scientific data has raised a variety of legal issues in regards to ownership rights, copyrights, privacy and ethics. While it is commonly considered that researchers "own the data they collect in the course of their research", this "view is incorrect": the creation of dataset involves potentially the rights of numerous additional actors such as institutions (research agencies, funders, public bodies), associated data producers, personal data on private citizens. The legal situation of digital data has been consequently described as a "bundle of rights" due to the fact that the "legal category of "property" (...) is not a suitable model for dealing with the complexity of data governance problems" === Copyright === Copyright has been the primary focus of the legal literature of open scientific data until the 2010s. The legality of data sharing was early on identified a crucial issue. In contrast with the sharing of scientific publication, the main impediment was not copyright but uncertainty: "the concept of 'data' [was] a new concept, created in the computer age, while copyright law emerged at the time of printed publications." In theory, copyright and author rights provisions do not apply to simple collections of


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-7.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ownership === Copyright issues with scientific datasets have been further complicated by uncertainties regarding ownership. Research is largely a collaborative activity that involves a wide range of contributions. Initiatives like CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy) have identified 14 different roles, of which 4 are explicitly related to data management (Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data curation and Visualization). In the United States, ownership of research data is usually "determined by the employer of the researcher", with the principal investigator acting as the caretaker of the data rather than the owner. Until the development of research open data, US institutions have been usually more reluctant to waive copyrights on data than on publications, as they are considered strategic assets. In the European Union, there is no largely agreed framework on the ownership of data. The additional rights of external stakeholders has also been raised, especially in the context of medical research. Since the 1970s, patients have claimed some form of ownership of the data produced in the context of clinical trials, notably with important controversies concerning 'whether research subjects and patients actually own their own tissue or DNA." === Privacy === Numerous scientific projects rely on data collection of persons, notably in medical


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-8.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Integration to the research workflow === In contrast with the broad incitations for data sharing included in the early policies in favor of open scientific data, the complexity and the underlying costs and requirements of scientific data management are increasingly acknowledged: "Data sharing is difficult to do and to justify by the return on investment." Open data is not simply a supplementary task but has to be envisioned throughout the entire research process as it "requires changes in methods and practices of research." The opening of research data creates a new settlement of costs and benefits. Public data sharing introduces a new communication setting that primarily contrasts with private data exchange with research collaborators or partners. The collection, the purpose, and the limitation of data have to be explicit as it is impossible to rely on pre-existing informal knowledge: "the documentation and representations are the only means of communicating between data creator and user." Lack of proper documentation means that the burden of recontextualization falls on the potential users and may render the dataset useless. Publication requires further verification regarding the ownership of the data and the potential legal liability if the data is misused. This clarification phase becomes


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-9.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
Research data management can be laid out in a data management plan or DMP. Data management plans were incepted in 1966 for the specific needs of aeronautic and engineering research, which already faced increasingly complex data frictions. These first examples were focused on material issues associated with the access, transfer, and storage of the data: "Until the early 2000s, DMPs were utilised in this manner: in limited fields, for projects of great technical complexity, and for limited mid-study data collection and processing purposes" After 2000, the implementation of extensive research infrastructure and the development of open science changed the scope and the purpose of data management plans. Policy-makers, rather than scientists, have been instrumental in this development: "The first publications to provide general advice and guidance to researchers around the creation of DMPs were published from 2009 following the publications from JISC and the OECD (…) DMP use, we infer, has been imposed onto the research community through external forces" Empirical studies of data practices in research have "highlighted the need for organizations to offer more formal training and assistance in data management to scientists" In a 2017-2018 international survey of 1372 scientist, most requests for help and formalization were


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-10.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
The Unesco recommendation of Open Science approved in November 2021 defines open science infrastructures as "shared research infrastructures that are needed to support open science and serve the needs of different communities" Open science infrastructures have been recognized as a major factor in the implementation and the development of data sharing policies. Leading infrastructures for open scientific data include data repositories, data analysis platforms, indexes, digitized libraries, or digitized archives. Infrastructures ensure that individual researchers and institutions do not entirely support the costs of publishing, maintaining, and indexing datasets. They are also critical stakeholders in the definition and adoption of open data standards, especially regarding licensing or documentation. By the end of the 1990s, the creation of public scientific computing infrastructure became a major policy issue: "The lack of infrastructure to support release and reuse was acknowledged in some of the earliest policy reports on data sharing." The first wave of web-based scientific projects in the 1990s and the early 2000s revealed critical issues of sustainability. As funding was allocated on a specific period, critical databases, online tools or publishing platforms could hardly be maintained. Project managers were faced with a valley of death "between grant funding and ongoing operational


id: open-source-geospatial-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Source Geospatial Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:57.984102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-geospatial-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), is a non-profit non-governmental organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data. The foundation was formed in February 2006 to provide financial, organizational and legal support to the broader Libre/Free and open-source geospatial community. It also serves as an independent legal entity to which community members can contribute code, funding and other resources. OSGeo draws governance inspiration from several aspects of the Apache Foundation, including a membership composed of individuals drawn from foundation projects who are selected for membership status based on their active contribution to foundation projects and governance. The foundation pursues goals beyond software development, such as promoting more open access to government produced geospatial data, FAIR_data geodata, and geodata created and maintained by the OpenStreetMap project. Education and training are also addressed. Various committees within the foundation work on implementing strategies. == Governance == The OSGeo Foundation is community driven and has an organizational structure consisting of elected members and nine directors, including the president. Software projects have their own governance structure, by requirement. see FAQ. The OSGeo community collaborates via a Wiki, Mailing Lists and IRC. == Projects == OSGeo projects


id: open-notebook-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Open-notebook science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:59.209356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-notebook-science-20260505-0
summary:
Open-notebook science is the practice of making the entire primary record of a research project publicly available online as it is recorded. This involves placing the personal, or laboratory, notebook of the researcher online along with all raw and processed data, and any associated material, as this material is generated. The approach may be summed up by the slogan 'no insider information'. It is the logical extreme of transparent approaches to research and explicitly includes the making available of failed, less significant, and otherwise unpublished experiments; so called 'dark data'. The practice of open notebook science, although not the norm in the academic community, has gained significant recent attention in the research and general media as part of a general trend towards more open approaches in research practice and publishing. Open notebook science can therefore be described as part of a wider open science movement that includes the advocacy and adoption of open access publication, open data, crowdsourcing data, and citizen science. It is inspired in part by the success of open-source software and draws on many of its ideas. == History == The term "open-notebook science" was first used in 2006 in a blog post by Jean-Claude Bradley, an


id: open-notebook-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-1.md
category: reference
title: Open-notebook science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:59.209356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-notebook-science-20260505-0
summary:
== Drawbacks == The arguments against adopting open notebook science fall mainly into three categories which have differing importance in different fields of science. The primary concern, expressed particularly by biological and medical scientists is that of 'data theft' or 'being scooped'. While the degree to which research groups steal or adapt the results of others remains a subject of debate it is certainly the case that the fear of not being first to publish drives much behavior, particularly in some fields. This is related to the focus in these fields on the published peer-reviewed paper as being the main metric of career success. The second argument advanced against open notebook science is that it constitutes prior publication, thus making it impossible to patent and difficult to publish the results in the traditional peer reviewed literature. With respect to patents, publication on the web is clearly classified as disclosure. Therefore, while there may be arguments over the value of patents, and approaches that get around this problem, it is clear that open notebook science is not appropriate for research for which patent protection is an expected and desired outcome. With respect to publication in the peer-reviewed literature the case is


id: open-source-governance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-0.md
category: reference
title: Open-source governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-governance-20260505-0
summary:
Open-source governance (also known as open governance and open politics) is a political philosophy which advocates the application of the philosophies of the open-source and open-content movements to democratic principles to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of policy, as with a wiki document. Legislation is democratically opened to the general citizenry, employing their collective wisdom to benefit the decision-making process and improve democracy. Theories on how to constrain, limit or enable this participation vary. Accordingly, there is no one dominant theory of how to go about authoring legislation with this approach. There are a wide array of projects and movements which are working on building open-source governance systems. Many left-libertarian and radical centrist organizations around the globe have begun advocating open-source governance and its related political ideas as a reformist alternative to current governance systems. Often, these groups have their origins in decentralized structures such as the Internet and place particular importance on the need for anonymity to protect an individual's right to free speech in democratic systems. Opinions vary, however, not least because the principles behind open-source government are still very loosely defined. == Applications of the principles == In practice, several applications have evolved


id: open-source-governance-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-1.md
category: reference
title: Open-source governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-governance-20260505-0
summary:
== History == The "Imagine Halifax" (IH) project was designed to create a citizens' forum for elections in Halifax, Nova Scotia in fall 2004. Founded by Angela Bischoff, the widow of Tooker Gomberg, a notable advocate of combining direct action with open politics methods, IH brought a few dozen activists together to compile a platform (using live meetings and email and seedwiki followup). When it became clear that candidates could not all endorse all elements of the platform, it was then turned into questions for candidates in the election. The best ideas from candidates were combined with the best from activists – the final scores reflected a combination of convergence and originality. In contrast to most such questionnaires, it was easier for candidates to excel by contributing original thought than by simply agreeing. One high scorer, Andrew Younger, had not been involved with the project originally but was elected and appeared on TV with project leader Martin Willison. The project had not only changed its original goal from a partisan platform to a citizen questionnaire, but it had recruited a previously uninvolved candidate to its cause during the election. A key output of this effort was a glossary of about


id: open-source-governance-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-2.md
category: reference
title: Open-source governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-governance-20260505-0
summary:
== Open politics as a distinct theory == The open-politics theory, a narrow application of open-source governance, combines aspects of the free software and open-content movements, promoting decision-making methods claimed to be more open, less antagonistic, and more capable of determining what is in the public interest with respect to public policy issues. It takes special care for instance to deal with equity differences, geographic constraints, defamation versus free political speech, accountability to persons affected by decisions, and the actual standing law and institutions of a jurisdiction. There is also far more focus on compiling actual positions taken by real entities than developing theoretical "best" answers or "solutions". One example, DiscourseDB, simply lists articles pro and con a given position without organizing their argument or evidence in any way. While some interpret it as an example of "open-source politics", open politics is not a top–down theory but a set of best practices from citizen journalism, participatory democracy and deliberative democracy, informed by e-democracy and netroots experiments, applying argumentation framework for issue-based argument as they evolved in academic and military use through the 1980s to present. Some variants of it draw on the theory of scientific method and market methods, including


id: open-data-gov-sa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa-0.md
category: reference
title: Open.data.gov.sa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:01.642484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-gov-sa-20260505-0
summary:
The Saudi Open Data Platform is a centralized digital portal established in 2019 by the Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). It provides public access to datasets released by various government entities in standardized, reusable formats. The platform is intended to improve data transparency and accessibility, supporting research, analysis, and digital services development. As of June 2025 the platform hosted over 11,439 datasets from 289 organizations, with total downloads exceeding 284,800. It serves as a central repository, allowing users to browse and download government data for a range of purposes. == History and background == The platform is part of Saudi Arabia's broader initiative on open government data, which began with the introduction of policies promoting the release of high-value datasets. The first version of the Saudi Open Data Platform was launched in 2019. A redesigned version was introduced in 2023 under the domain open.data.gov.sa, with SDAIA taking over governance responsibilities. SDAIA is tasked with ensuring dataset availability, data quality, and compliance with national policies. In 2024 SDAIA integrated 320 government systems into the National Data Lake, gathering over 100TB of data from 60+ entities. The Open Data Platform hosted over 8,700 datasets from more than 230 organizations. In


id: opencorporates-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenCorporates
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:02.791177+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: opencorporates-20260505-0
summary:
OpenCorporates is a website that shares data on corporations under the copyleft Open Database License. The company, OpenCorporates Ltd, was incorporated on 18 December 2010 by Chris Taggart and Rob McKinnon, and the website was officially launched on 20th. Data is sourced from national business registries in 140 jurisdictions, and presented in a standardised form. Collected data comprises the name of the entity, date of incorporation, registered addresses, and the names of directors. Some data, such as the ownership structure, is contributed by users. == Recognition == In 2011, the site won third place in the Open Data Challenge. Vice President of the European Commission Neelie Kroes said the site "is the kind of resource the (Digital) Single Market needs and it is encouraging to see that it is being built." The project was represented on the European Union's Core Vocabularies Working Group's Core Business Task Force. In early 2012, the project was appointed to the Financial Stability Board's advisory panel on a Legal Entity Identification for Financial Contracts. In July 2015, OpenCorporates was a finalist in both the Business and Publisher categories at the Open Data Institute Awards. It was announced as the winner of the Open Data Business


id: openei-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenEI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:03.945459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: openei-20260505-0
summary:
Open Energy Information (OpenEI) is a website for policy makers, researchers, technology investors, venture capitalists, and market professionals with energy data, information, analyses, tools, images, maps, and other resources. It was established by the United States Department of Energy on 9 December 2009. == Description == OpenEI provides two primary mechanisms for sharing structured information: a semantic wiki (using MediaWiki and the Semantic MediaWiki extension) for collaboratively-managed resources, and a dataset upload mechanism for contributor-controlled resources. In both cases, the resulting data is made available via Linked Data standards whenever possible. Development of the system is led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in collaboration with other national laboratories. OpenEI, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's effort to make data open, is in the public domain under the CC0 public domain dedication. Users search, edit, add and access data in OpenEI for free. OpenEI serves researchers, entrepreneurs, policy makers, students, and more generally, consumers interested in renewable energy. Region-specific data on OpenEI is organized on a world map. These regional pages derive data from many sources including Reegle's policy information, census information and various energy datasets from the Energy Information Administration. The OpenEI utility rate database includes US


id: openfda-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenFDA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:05.139819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: openfda-20260505-0
summary:
OpenFDA is a project indexing and formatting Food and Drug Administration (FDA) data, and making such data accessible to the public. The ultimate goal of enabling data accessibility is to educate people and to save lives. The currently provided API for accessing data is under a beta version. The project is open source, and the code is available from GitHub. On March 31, 2025, the OpenFDA website was displaying "there is a temporary suspension of updates to the openFDA datasets". == References == == External links == The official website of OpenFDA The code on GitHub


id: overture-maps-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Overture Maps Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:06.302223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: overture-maps-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Overture Maps Foundation is an open data mapping collaboration, launched in mid-December 2022 under the auspices of the Linux Foundation. Its stated mission is "powering current and next-generation map products by creating reliable, easy-to-use, and interoperable open map data." Overture founding members were Amazon, Meta, Microsoft and TomTom. The Overture project is intended to be complementary to the crowdsourced OpenStreetMap project, and the foundation encourages members to contribute data directly to the OSM project. Data will be released under the Community Data License Agreement – Permissive v2, unless required otherwise by licensing conflicts. == Releases == In April 2024, the Foundation released the first version of its dataset, as part of a beta test of its service. The data is available in GeoParquet, an incubating Open Geospatial Consortium standard that adds interoperable geospatial types to Apache Parquet, format via Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure. The schema for the system is still under development. == References == == External links == Official website Online map viewer


id: public-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Public data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:07.439909+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-data-20260505-0
summary:
Public data may refer to: Open data any data that inadvertently becomes public affecting information privacy


id: public-resource-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-0.md
category: reference
title: Public.Resource.Org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:08.613116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-resource-org-20260505-0
summary:
Public.Resource.Org (PRO) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation dedicated to publishing and sharing public domain materials in the United States and internationally. It was founded by Carl Malamud and is based in Sebastopol, California. Public.Resource.Org takes particular interest in digitizing and making accessible the works of the United States Federal Government, which because of US government licensing rules for its own work are almost always in the public domain. Major projects conducted by the organization include the digitizing and sharing of large numbers of court records, US government-produced video, and laws of various places. == Operation strategy == Malamud works on the premise that information in the public domain, and particularly government-generated information of this sort, ought to be as easy as possible for the public to access. In doing this, he identifies interesting collections of information held by organizations which have failed to grant free public access to it. Two typical circumstances are that the creator of the information has failed to make it available online in any form, or that the creator has provided the information to a private company which itself charges fees for access to the information. At this point, Malamud acquires the free information himself, publishes


id: public-resource-org-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-1.md
category: reference
title: Public.Resource.Org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:08.613116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-resource-org-20260505-0
summary:
=== C-SPAN video licensing === In 2007 Malamud petitioned for more open access to some C-SPAN recordings. C-SPAN is a private media company which records and broadcasts the discussions of the United States Congress. The company's business model is to provide its recordings for fees to cable and satellite television broadcasters. In February 2007, Nancy Pelosi was publishing on her blog as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and inserted video clips from C-SPAN into her messages. Persons representing her opposing political party claimed that she was violating copyright in using the videos. C-SPAN investigated the situation and found that in some cases she was and in other cases she was not, and they clarified their position in the media. C-SPAN confirmed that through more than 25 years of operating it had consistently asserted its copyright over all of the material which it created with its own cameras, which was 85-95% of its content. The rest of its content was produced on the House and Senate floors with government cameras, and this material was in fact public domain content as a work of the US federal government. A representative of C-SPAN said that "It is perfectly understandable to


id: pubref-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org-0.md
category: reference
title: PubRef.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:09.849155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pubref-org-20260505-0
summary:
PubRef.org was a short lived project that is now discontinued. The website is not accessible anymore. An old version can be accessed from the Internet Archive. They used the same name PubRef which was a service provided by PubMed for linking bibliographies, defeated by the independent service Crossref. PubRef was a composition and project management application used by researchers and students for scholarly writing and communication. PubRef uses an extended form of Markdown as a primary authoring format and converts this to JATS, the archive format used by the US National Library of Medicine. == Research asset containerization == Researchers manage scholarly writing projects within version-controlled file repositories called containers that function similarly to git repositories and docker containers to provide enhanced reproducibility, transparency and re-usability in digital science publishing. == Manuscript writing == A PubRef manuscript is a Markdown file within a container that contains extra embedded information that describes the essential front matter elements of a scholarly manuscript such as the title, short title, list of authors, author affiliations, key words. This information is captured in embedded YAML blocks within the primary manuscript called Meta. Figures, tables, equations and other special content can be similarly embedded within the


id: ramani-huria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria-0.md
category: reference
title: Ramani Huria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:10.974170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ramani-huria-20260505-0
summary:
Ramani Huria is community-based mapping project in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, training university students and local community members to create highly accurate maps of the most flood-prone areas of the city using OpenStreetMap. == About == The city of Dar es Salaam is on the coast of Tanzania and in the rainy season is vulnerable to large scale flooding. Additionally, there are no current or reliable maps which can be used by aid respondents in the event of flooding. Maps are created specifically in flood prone wards with the aim of providing information for flood resistance. The current population of Dar es Salaam is estimated at over 6 million with a current annual population growth of 5.7%, resulting in 70% of the city being of informal settlements. Ramani Huria is putting these informal settlements on the map, along with drainage systems, roads, building features, and district boundaries. Ramani Huria 1.0 began in 2015, with the second phase, Ramani Huria 2.0 beginning in July 2017. In the first six months of Ramani Huria 2.0, over 51,000 buildings were mapped, and over 2000 community surveys were conducted. The project uses a number of mapping tools including OpenStreetMap, InaSAFE, drone imagery, OpenMapKit Archived


id: real-time-information-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Real Time Information Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:12.146687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: real-time-information-group-20260505-0
summary:
The Real Time Information Group (also RTIG) is an organisation in the United Kingdom supporting the development of bus passenger information systems; its 40+ members include local authorities, bus operators, consultants and system suppliers together with representatives from the UK government. The main output of the group is guidelines, standards, case studies and best practice documents. These documents are produced by RTIG on behalf of its members, usually with the assistance of specialist working groups. == History == In 2000, when real-time information (RTI) systems were beginning to be considered by UK local authorities to provide travellers with up-to-the-minute bus arrival and departure passenger information, it was realised that cross-boundary bus services made it imperative to coordinate projects around the UK. Technical and operational standards would therefore be required. A group of local authorities and bus operators began to meet regularly to discuss how to achieve this; and so RTIG was born. Substantial government funding for projects around the UK, in particular from 2002 to 2004, provided an enormous boost to the development of RTI systems. The expanding and maturing market caused RTIG to reflect on its role, and in 2003 it determined to recreate itself as a subscription group


id: safecast-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast-0.md
category: reference
title: Safecast
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:14.495811+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: safecast-20260505-0
summary:
Safecast is an international volunteer-driven nonprofit organization focused on citizen science and environmental monitoring. Founded in 2011 in the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, it is best known for collecting and publishing open radiation data and for developing community-based environmental sensing projects. Safecast publishes its measurements as open data under a CC0 public-domain dedication and makes them available through a public API and interactive map. Its data and methods have been discussed in both scientific and social-scientific literature as an example of post-disaster citizen sensing and open environmental data production. == History == Safecast was initiated on 12 March 2011, one day after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the beginning of the Fukushima nuclear accident. It was founded by Sean Bonner, Joi Ito, and Pieter Franken in response to the lack of accessible, granular, and trusted public radiation information after the disaster. Initially centered on post-Fukushima radiation monitoring in Japan, the project developed a volunteer-based model for gathering, uploading, and openly sharing geolocated environmental measurements. Over time it expanded into broader environmental sensing, including air-quality monitoring. == Data and methodology == Safecast's principal activity has been the collection and publication of ionizing radiation measurements, especially ambient


id: spotcrime-com-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-0.md
category: reference
title: SpotCrime.com
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:15.670657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spotcrime-com-20260505-0
summary:
SpotCrime.com is a Baltimore-based company founded in October 2007 and privately owned by ReportSee, Inc. Its purpose is to provide nationwide crime information about arrests, arsons, assaults, burglaries, robberies, shootings, thefts and vandalism. SpotCrime generally maps data for any police agency which supplies open data access to crime data. Data mapped by SpotCrime is mainly sourced from police departments and news reports. SpotCrime also provides data on missing persons and a crime tip application, CrimeTip.us. The service advocates for open, equal, and fair access to public crime data. The website originated as a part of the Emerging Technology Center (ETC) in Baltimore. It was included in a research paper funded by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared by SCRA titled 'Survey and Evaluation of Online Crime Mapping'. Notably, the service also created and published the SpotCrime Open Crime Standard (SOCS) in March 2014. == Availability in other applications == SpotCrime.com powers a 'sister' site - MyLocalCrime.com, and a full-screen version of SpotCrime. MyLocalCrime displays the same data as SpotCrime, only in a different format. SpotCrime.info is also viewable on a mobile browser. ReportSee, Inc. (SpotCrime) is also in charge of UCrime.com, a university crime mapping website. SpotCrime has created


id: spotcrime-com-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-1.md
category: reference
title: SpotCrime.com
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:15.670657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spotcrime-com-20260505-0
summary:
=== FOIA and access to public data === SpotCrime periodically utilizes local Freedom of Information Act laws (FOIA) to access public data. In 2020, The University of Florida Brechner Center for Freedom of Information published an op-ed by SpotCrime “Without a trace: How a misfired Florida law makes crimes disappear” covering how Florida's version of the victims rights law known as Marsy’s Law was allowing police agencies to hide public crime data. Also in 2020, SpotCrime won a FOIA appeal in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. SpotCrime requested blotter information, but the city of Harrisburg denied the request claiming that records do not exist, it does not possess the requested report, and is unable to create such a report by extracting information from its database. SpotCrime appealed to the Pennsylvania Office of Open Records (PA ORR) on the basis that the data is available in the city's database and is therefore public information. The PA OOR appeal office noted that “to the extent required information exists in a database, it must be provided; an agency cannot claim otherwise under Section 705 of the RTKL…Information contained within an agency’s database is subject to public access regardless of the agency’s difficulty in retrieving the information”


id: suggested-upper-merged-ontology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology-0.md
category: reference
title: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:16.843647+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: suggested-upper-merged-ontology-20260505-0
summary:
The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. SUMO defines a hierarchy of classes and related rules and relationships. These are expressed in a version of the language SUO-KIF, a higher-order logic that has a LISP-like syntax, as well as the TPTP family of languages. A mapping from WordNet synsets to SUMO has been defined. Initially, SUMO was focused on meta-level concepts (general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain), and thereby would lead naturally to a categorization scheme for encyclopedias. It has now been considerably expanded to include a mid-level ontology and dozens of domain ontologies. SUMO is organized for interoperability of automated reasoning engines. To maximize compatibility, schema designers can try to assure that their naming conventions use the same meanings as SUMO for identical words (for example, "agent" or "process"). SUMO has an associated open source Sigma knowledge engineering environment. Initially, Sumo was developed by the Teknowledge Corporation and now is maintained by Articulate Software. SUMO is open source. The first release was in December 2000. == See also == Semantic translation == References == == External links ==


id: tatoeba-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-0.md
category: reference
title: Tatoeba
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:18.088256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tatoeba-20260505-0
summary:
Tatoeba is a free collection of example sentences with translations geared towards foreign language learners. It is available in more than 400 languages. Its name comes from the Japanese phrase tatoeba (例えば), meaning 'for example'. It is written and maintained by a community of volunteers through a model of open collaboration. Individual contributors are known as "Tatoebans". It is run by Association Tatoeba, a French non-profit organization funded through donations. == History and development == In 2006, Trang Ho was frustrated that unlike some of their Japanese counterparts, German bilingual dictionaries didn't feature full-text search of usage examples with translations. It led her to imagine her ideal dictionary and to build a prototype hosted on SourceForge under the name "multilangdict." The main focus was already the crowdsourcing of translated sentences: "A Wikipedia type of thing, except people add sentences, not articles." Alongside her studies at the University of Technology of Compiègne, Trang Ho gradually improved her website with a few classmates. She rebuilt the project from scratch twice and rebranded it as Tatoeba. In September 2007, about 150,000 English-Japanese sentence pairs from the Tanaka Corpus — a public-domain compilation released in 2001 by Hyogo University professor Yasuhito Tanaka and maintained


id: tatoeba-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-1.md
category: reference
title: Tatoeba
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:18.088256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tatoeba-20260505-0
summary:
=== Second-language acquisition === Tatoeba sentences can be used to build lexicographic references for language learners. The JMdict Japanese-English dictionary selects its example sentences from the Tatoeba Corpus. OpenRussian is a free Russian dictionary built primarily from the content of Wiktionary and Tatoeba. GoodExample tries to automatically extract a diverse set of high-quality example sentences from the English Tatoeba Corpus. Tatoeba datasets can power incidental learning experiences that blend the acquisition of a foreign language with the user's everyday activities like web browsing or book reading. A team at MIT Media Lab used example sentences from Tatoeba in WordSense, a mixed reality platform that enables "serendipitous language learning in the wild." More recently, Japanese researchers implemented a Tatoeba search feature in an integrated writing assistance environment. Although the sentences in the Tatoeba Corpus are not all authentic, they are sometimes used to build data-driven learning applications. BES (Basic English Sentence) Search is a non-commercial tool for finding beginner-level English sentences for use in teaching materials. It has over 1 million sentences, most of them from Tatoeba. Reverso uses Tatoeba parallel corpora in its commercial bilingual concordancer. Example sentences are also used as a base for exercises. Charles Kelly and Paul


id: toronto-open-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data-0.md
category: reference
title: Toronto Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:19.297918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: toronto-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
Toronto Open Data is an open data initiative by the City of Toronto government in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It provides a "world-wide, royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to use, modify, and distribute the datasets in all current and future media and formats for any lawful purpose" with proper credit. Four principles are "transparency, participation, accountability, and accessibility." == History == Toronto Open Data website was launched at the Toronto Innovation Showcase forum on November 2, 2009. To meet the demand and expectations, and to increase the accessibility, the new Open Data Portal was launched in May 2018. During the migration process, the former portal was still recommended until all datasets were ready on the new portal. On February 25, 2019, Open Data Toronto announced the movement had been completed. Key features of the new Open Data Portal include enhanced accessibility, dataset previews, developer APIs for all open datasets, visualizations, and more. == Datasets == As of March 2016, data provided in the City of Toronto's open data catalogue, includes over 200 data sets such as Festivals and Events, Licensed Child Care Centers, Priority Investment Neighbourhoods, Wellbeing Neighbourhood index and transportation data. The former Open Data Portal stopped being updated on January 15,


id: undata-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata-0.md
category: reference
title: UNdata
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:20.526112+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: undata-20260505-0
summary:
UNdata is an Internet search engine, retrieving data series from statistical databases provided by the UN System. UNdata was launched in February 2008. It is a product of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) developed in partnership with Statistics Sweden and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). UNdata allows searching and downloading a variety of statistical resources covering the following areas: Education, Employment, Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture, Health, Human Development, Industry, Information and Communication Technology, National Accounts, Population, Refugees, Trade and Tourism. UNdata has been featured in CNET TV and listed as Best Of The Internet in PC Magazine. UNdata is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org. == PET Lab == UNSD is the lead body for the Privacy-Enhancing Technologies Lab (PET Lab). The PET Lab together with the ITU AI for Good programme jointly organize the Trustworthy AI standardization PET programme of work. == References == == External links == UNdata United Nations Statistics Division United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Economic and social development United Nations Statistical Commission Archived 2015-08-15 at the Wayback Machine


id: unique-property-reference-number-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number-0.md
category: reference
title: Unique Property Reference Number
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:21.686623+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unique-property-reference-number-20260505-0
summary:
The Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) is a unique number (a geocode) for every addressable location—e.g., a building, a bus stop, a post box, a feature in the landscape, or a defibrillator—in Great Britain. Over 42 million locations have UPRNs, which can be found in Ordnance Survey's AddressBase databases. For buildings, a UPRN provides a comprehensive, complete, consistent identifier throughout its life cycle, from planning permission through to demolition. For example, the UPRN for 10 Downing Street is 100023336956, and that for Bristol Central Library is 000000199356. UPRNs, of up to 12 digits allocated by OS and local authorities, do not contain information about the location but identify records in the ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD). UPRNs and USRNs (Unique Street Reference Numbers) are managed by GeoPlace, a joint venture between the Local Government Association and Ordnance Survey to create a definitive national databases of addresses and streets, and are available as open data under an Open Government Licence (OGL). The Government Digital Service mandates the UPRN and USRN as "the public sector standard for referencing and sharing property and street information". == ONSUD == The ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD) relates the UPRN for each addressable location in Great Britain to


id: virtual-usa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA-0.md
category: reference
title: Virtual USA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:22.854979+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: virtual-usa-20260505-0
summary:
Virtual USA (vUSA), is a joint federal and state collaboration on a project that would allow state and local on-line tools and technologies, such as caches of geospatial data, to be interoperable and more useful with the goal of creating a "Virtual USA" for emergency response purposes. The initiative was developed by the DHS Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T), and currently operates as a pilot in eight states — Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Virginia and Tennessee — with plans to incorporate additional states. Virtual USA is part of the DHS' Open Government plan, which is part of the Obama administration's goal to promote a greater amount of transparency and openness between the government and citizens. == Purpose and overview == The stated goal of Virtual USA is to aggregate existing data, from federal, state, local, tribal, and other information into a common operating picture to assist first responders during emergencies. Virtual USA: Virtual USA utilizes current information-sharing platforms to permit new and existing technologies to exchange information with one another. Virtual USA is based on the needs of local and state first responders to manage data access within their own jurisdictions and to share information with relevant


id: wikidata-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-0.md
category: reference
title: Wikidata
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:24.004850+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wikidata-20260505-0
summary:
Wikidata is a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a source of open data released under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. It is for the use of both Wikimedia and external projects. Wikidata is a wiki powered by the software MediaWiki, including its extension for semi-structured data, the Wikibase. As of early 2025, Wikidata had 1.65 billion item statements (semantic triples). == Concept == Wikidata is a document-oriented database, focusing on items, which represent any kind of topic, concept, or object. Each item is allocated a unique persistent identifier called its QID, a positive integer prefixed with the upper-case letter "Q". This makes it possible to provide translations of the basic information describing the topic each item covers without favouring any particular language. Some examples of items and their QIDs are 1988 Summer Olympics (Q8470), love (Q316), Johnny Cash (Q42775), Elvis Presley (Q303), and Gorilla (Q36611). Item labels do not need to be unique. For example, there are two items named "Elvis Presley": Elvis Presley (Q303), which represents the American singer and actor, and Elvis Presley (Q610926), which represents his self-titled album. However, the combination of a label and its description must


id: wikidata-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-1.md
category: reference
title: Wikidata
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:24.004850+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wikidata-20260505-0
summary:
== Development == The creation of the project was funded by donations from the Allen Institute for AI, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Google, Inc., totaling €1.3 million. The development of the project is mainly driven by Wikimedia Deutschland under the management of Lydia Pintscher, and was originally split into three phases: Centralising interlanguage links – links between Wikipedia articles about the same topic in different languages. Providing a central place for infobox data for all Wikipedias. Creating and updating list articles based on data in Wikidata and linking to other Wikimedia sister projects, including Meta-Wiki and the own Wikidata (interwikilinks). === Initial rollout === Wikidata was launched on 29 October 2012 and was the first new project of the Wikimedia Foundation since 2006. At this time, only the centralization of language links was available. This enabled items to be created and filled with basic information: a label – a name or title, aliases – alternative terms for the label, a description, and links to articles about the topic in all the various language editions of Wikipedia (interwikipedia links). Historically, a Wikipedia article would include a list of interlanguage links (links to articles on the same topic in


id: wordnet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-0.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words that links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms. The synonyms are grouped into synsets with short definitions and usage examples. It can thus be seen as a combination and extension of a dictionary and thesaurus. Its primary use is in automatic text analysis and artificial intelligence applications. It was first created in the English language and the English WordNet database and software tools have been released under a BSD style license and are freely available for download. The latest official release from Princeton was released in 2011. Princeton currently has no plans to release any new versions due to staffing and funding issues. New versions are still being released annually through the Open English WordNet website. Until about 2024 an online version was previously available through wordnet.princeton.edu. That version of WordNet has been deprecated, but a new online version is available at en-word.net. There are now WordNets in more than 200 languages. == History and team members == WordNet was first created in 1985, in English only, in the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University under the direction of psychology professor George Armitage Miller. It was later


id: wordnet-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-1.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
== Psycholinguistic aspects == The initial goal of the WordNet project was to build a lexical database that would be consistent with theories of human semantic memory developed in the late 1960s. Psychological experiments indicated that speakers organized their knowledge of concepts in an economic, hierarchical fashion. Retrieval time required to access conceptual knowledge seemed to be directly related to the number of hierarchies the speaker needed to "traverse" to access the knowledge. Thus, speakers could more quickly verify that canaries can sing because a canary is a songbird, but required slightly more time to verify that canaries can fly (where they had to access the concept "bird" on the superordinate level) and even more time to verify canaries have skin (requiring look-up across multiple levels of hyponymy, up to "animal"). While such psycholinguistic experiments and the underlying theories have been subject to criticism, some of WordNet's organization is consistent with experimental evidence. For example, anomic aphasia selectively affects speakers' ability to produce words from a specific semantic category, a WordNet hierarchy. Antonymous adjectives (WordNet's central adjectives in the dumbbell structure) are found to co-occur far more frequently than chance, a fact that has been found to hold for many


id: wordnet-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-2.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
=== Licensed vs. Open WordNets === Some wordnets were subsequently created for other languages. A 2012 survey lists the wordnets and their availability. In an effort to propagate the usage of wordnets, the Global WordNet community had been slowly re-licensing their wordnets to an open domain where researchers and developers can easily access and use wordnets as language resources to provide ontological and lexical knowledge in natural-language processing (NLP) tasks. The Open Multilingual Wordnet provides access to open licensed wordnets in a variety of languages. Version 1 is linked to the Princeton Wordnet of English, while version 2 uses an independent index (the Collaborative Interlingual Index). The goal is to make it easy to use wordnets in multiple languages. == Applications == WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval, automatic text classification, automatic text summarization, machine translation and even automatic crossword puzzle generation. A common use of WordNet is to determine the similarity between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words


id: wordnet-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-3.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
=== Linked data === BabelNet, a very large multilingual semantic network with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Wikipedia using an automatic mapping algorithm. The SUMO ontology has a complete manual mapping [1] between all of the WordNet synsets and all of SUMO (including its domain ontologies, when WordNet contains a word sense for a given SUMO term) which is browsable at, for example [2]. OpenCyc, an open ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets. DOLCE, is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet is the result of an experimental alignment of WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications. DBpedia, a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet. The eXtended WordNet is a project at the University of Texas at Dallas which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the


id: x-road-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road-0.md
category: reference
title: X-Road
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:27.510724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: x-road-20260505-0
summary:
X-Road is a centrally managed distributed Data Exchange Layer (DXL) between information systems. Organizations can exchange information over the Internet using X-Road to ensure confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties. The first X-Road iteration was developed and launched by Estonia's Information System Authority (RIA) in 2001. The source code of its central components were released on October 3, 2016 under an MIT License. By February 7, 2018, Finland's and Estonia's data exchange layers were connected to one another. In 2017, Finland and Estonia established the Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS) to continue the development of the X-Road core. == Features == According to their web page, "The X-Road is an open source data exchange layer solution that enables organizations to exchange information over the Internet. The X-Road is a centrally managed distributed integration layer between Information Systems that provides a standardized and secure way to produce and consume services. The X-Road ensures confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties." A unique differentiator of X-Road compared to other governmental API exchange platforms, is the institution of decentralized peer-to-peer communication for API transactions. In this structure, organizations maintain and provide service endpoints for various transactions. These peer-to-peer transactions


id: yoda-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: YODA Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:28.681392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yoda-project-20260505-0
summary:
The YODA (Yale University Open Data Access) Project is a Yale University project to promote open data in clinical research. The YODA Project has served as a trusted intermediary in a variety of collaborative efforts to make scientific data more broadly available to researchers. It is a response to expanding demands for health information. The YODA Project is currently partnering with Johnson & Johnson. SI-BONE is also a partner. Inquiries for data availability for unlisted trials from these data holders can also be submitted. This project is being examined as a pilot for a new way of sharing information. == See also == Metascience == References == == External links == Official website Krumholz, Harlan M.; Waldstreicher, Joanne (4 August 2016). "The Yale Open Data Access (YODA) Project — A Mechanism for Data Sharing". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 403–405. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1607342. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 27518657.


id: deborah-zarin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin-0.md
category: reference
title: Deborah Zarin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:29.830773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: deborah-zarin-20260505-0
summary:
Deborah Zarin is a program director at the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University. She was formerly a scientist at the National Institutes of Health and the director of ClinicalTrials.gov. Zarin has a reputation as an advocate for open data. In 2014 Zarin accepted a visiting scholar appointment at the Stanford University School of Medicine to research the quality of scientific investigations. == Bibliography == Ross, J. S.; Tse, T.; Zarin, D. A.; Xu, H.; Zhou, L.; Krumholz, H. M. (2012). "Publication of NIH funded trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: cross sectional analysis". BMJ. 344 (jan03 1): d7292–d7292. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7292. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 3623605. PMID 22214755. "Is a Trial For You?", an article from 2005 in The Washington Post Zarin, Deborah A. (2013). "Participant-Level Data and the New Frontier in Trial Transparency". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (5): 468–469. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1307268. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23902488. Zarin, D. A.; Tse, T.; Williams, R. J.; Rajakannan, T. (2017). "Update on Trial Registration 11 Years after the ICMJE Policy Was Established". New England Journal of Medicine. 376: 383–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1601330. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 5813248. == References == == External links == profile at NIH September 2014 interview at the Knoepfler


id: zenodo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo-0.md
category: reference
title: Zenodo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:30.980014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zenodo-20260505-0
summary:
Zenodo is a general-purpose open repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN. It allows researchers to deposit research papers, data sets, research software, reports, and any other research related digital artefacts. For each submission, a persistent digital object identifier (DOI) is minted, which makes the stored items easily citeable. == Characteristics == Zenodo was launched on 8 May 2013, as the successor of the OpenAIRE Orphan Records Repository to let researchers in any subject area comply with any open science deposit requirement absent an institutional repository. It was relaunched as Zenodo in 2015 to provide a place for researchers to deposit datasets; it allows the uploading of files up to 50 GB. It provides a DOI to datasets and other submitted data that lacks one to make the work easier to cite and supports various data and license types. One supported source is GitHub repositories. Zenodo is supported by CERN "as a marginal activity", also receiving financial contributions via the CERN & Society Foundation, and hosted on the high-performance computing infrastructure that is primarily operated for the needs of high-energy physics. Zenodo is run with Invenio (a free software framework for large-scale digital repositories), wrapped by


id: academy-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:33.366892+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Social Sciences (AcSS) is a representative body for social sciences in the United Kingdom. The academy promotes social science through its sponsorship of the Campaign for Social Science, its links with Government on a variety of matters, and its own policy work in issuing public comment, responding to official consultations, and organising meetings and events about social science. It confers the title of Fellow upon nominated social scientists following a process of peer review. The academy comprises over 1000 fellows and 41 learned societies based in the UK and Europe. == History and structure == The academy's origins lie in the formation of a representative body for the social science learned societies in 1982, the Association of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences (ALSISS). From 1999 to 2007 it was called the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences before changing to its current name. The academy is run by a council of 21 members, with Professor Roger Goodman FAcSS as its current chair, and Professor Sir Ivor Crewe FAcSS, Master of University College, Oxford, as its current president. Seven council members are elected by the academy's fellows, 7 by its learned societies and seven are


id: american-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: American Association for the Promotion of Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:34.580885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865) was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, by several high-profile academics. Officers in the first years of the society included William B. Rogers, Thomas Hill, George S. Boutwell, Francis Lieber, Erastus O. Haven, Mary Eliot Parkman, David A. Wells, Emory Washburn, Caroline Healey Dall, Samuel Eliot, F. B. Sanborn, Joseph White, George Walker, Theodore W. Dwight, and James J. Higginson. In 1865, the group intended "to aid the development of social science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of promoting the amendment of laws, the advancement of education, the prevention and repression of crime, the reformation of criminals, and the progress of public morality, the adoption of sanitary regulations, and the diffusion of sound principles on questions of economy, trade, and finance. It will give attention to pauperism, and the topics related thereto; including the responsibility of the well-endowed and successful, the wise and educated, the honest and respectable, for the failures of others. It will aim to bring together the various societies and individuals now interested in these objects, for the purpose of obtaining by discussion the real elements of truth; by which doubts are removed,


id: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The American Educational Research Association (AERA, , AIR-ə) is an organization representing education researchers in the United States. Founded in 1915, the organization represents a range of disciplines, including education, psychology, statistics, sociology, history, economics, philosophy, anthropology, and political science. AERA reports a membership of approximately 25,000 education researchers including scientists, teachers, students, administrators, and policy professionals. According to the organization, its goal is to advance knowledge about education and promote the use of research in educational practices both nationally and abroad. == Early history == AERA (originally known as National Association of Directors of Educational Research) was founded in New York in 1915. It was originally formed by eight individuals as an interest group within the NEA Department of Superintendence. During its early years, the organization mainly focused on testing students' educational achievement. Membership grew as more faculty members from colleges of education nationwide joined and diversified the organization's research. In 1931, AERA became a department of the National Education Association. The association's eight founders – Burdette R. Buckingham, Albert Shiels, Leonard P. Ayres, Frank W. Ballou, Stuart A. Courtis, Edwin Hebden, George Melcher, and Joseph P. O'Hern – were all directors of education research in various parts of


id: american-educational-research-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: American Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
== Education research and policy == AERA participates in the open access movement. AERA currently offers Educational Researcher (journal) open access, as well as an Online Paper Repository and i-Presentation Gallery containing presentations from the 2010 Annual Meeting forward. An open access, peer-reviewed journal, AERA Open, launched in 2014. On the policy front, AERA is involved in revisions to the common rule. Executive Director Felice J. Levine served on the National Research Council committee charged with reviewing proposed regulations. The committee published its report in early 2014. AERA had helped to lead the social science research community to increase federal funding for education research, particularly research in the social and behavioral sciences. AERA selects and appoints scholars as AERA Fellows in a process based on peer nominations. This is an effort to convene researchers who are recognized for their contributions and contribute to the advancement of educational research. In addition, AERA was active in the reauthorization of the Institute of Education Sciences bill, Strengthening Education through Research Act, which was advanced by the United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce in April 2014. == Education research initiatives == AERA is involved in several education research initiatives, ranging from


id: american-social-science-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Social Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:36.943348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-social-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
In 1865, at Boston, Massachusetts, a society for the study of social questions was organized and given the name American Social Science Association. The group grew to where its membership totaled about 1,000 persons. About 30 corresponding members were located in Europe. It published annually the Journal of Social Science and The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW). Members of the group worked in five departments: Education and art Health Trade and finance Social economy Jurisprudence Language and Culture Multidisciplinary of Social Sciences In 1898, the society founded the National Institute of Arts and Letters which developed into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1912, the society founded the National Institute of Social Sciences which absorbed the ASSA in 1928. == Notable people == Lucy M. Hall (1843–1907), physician, writer; Vice President of the ASSA Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1831–1917), one of the founders and recording secretary 1865–1897 == See also == American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865), predecessor to the ASSA National Institute of Social Sciences (est. 1912) == References == This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).


id: association-for-psychosocial-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Psychosocial Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:38.093325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-psychosocial-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Psychosocial Studies (APS) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of psychosocial studies. The association publishes an academic journal, The Journal of Psychosocial Studies The Association for Psychosocial Studies was formed in 2013 in order to formalise and carry forward the work of developing Psychosocial Studies in the UK. The APS emerged from the Psychosocial Studies Network, which had organised annual conferences at the major university bases for Psychosocial Studies since 2008. The APS is a charitable trust and is recognised as a Learned Society by the Academy of Social Sciences. == Founding members == Formed in 2013, the founding members of the association are: John Adlam, Phoebe Beedell, Tamara Bibby, Jo Brown, Rose Capdevila, Zoe Charalambous, Karen Ciclitira, Lita Crociani-Windland, Lynn Froggett, Stephen Frosh, Elizabeth Frost, Andi Fugard, Jason Glynos, Birgitta Haga Gripsrud, Rex Haigh, Ambrose Hogan, Paul Hoggett, Wendy Hollway, Shona Hunter, Rebecca Hutten, Luis Jiminez, David W. Jones, Warren Kinston, Helen Lucey, Jean McAvoy, James Martin, Claudia Megele, Yvonne Parry, Heather Price, Ellen Ramvi, Peter Redman, Barry Richards, Sasha Roseneil, Michael Rustin, Chris Scanlon, Gary Spencer-Humphrey, Paul Stenner, Jem Thomas, Isobel Urquhart, Julie Walsh, and Tom Wengraf.


id: association-for-the-social-scientific-study-of-jewry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:39.263428+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-the-social-scientific-study-of-jewry-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ) is a cross-disciplinary organization of individuals whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world, founded in 1971. == Purpose == The ASSJ comprises primarily academics, but also policy analysts, communal professionals, and activists whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world. Social scientific disciplines represented include sociology, social psychology, social anthropology, demography, contemporary history, social work, political science, economics, and Jewish education. Members work throughout the world but primarily in North America, Israel, and Europe. The ASSJ encourages and facilitates contact among researchers, supports the dissemination of research, and assists in the cultivation of younger scholars. == Past presidents == Mervin F. Verbit (1971-1973) Marshall Sklare (1973-1975) Samuel Klausner (1975-1977) Celia Heller (1977-1979) Chaim Waxman (1979-1981) Harold Himmelfarb (1981-1983) Egon Mayer (1983-1988) Rela Mintz Geffen (1988-1990) Arnold Dashefsky (1990-1996) Allen Glicksman (1996-2000) Sherry Israel (2000-2005) Harriet Hartman (2005-2012) Steven M. Cohen (2012-2016) Leonard Saxe (2016-2020) Judit Bokser Liwerant (2020-2024) Ira Sheskin (2024-) == Past vice presidents == Harriet Hartman Shaul Kelner (2005-2008) Sylvia Barack Fishman (2008-2012) Sergio DellaPergola (2012-2016) Sarah Benor (2016-2018) Judit Bokser Liwerant (2018-2020) Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz (2020-2023) Ariela Keysar (2023-) == Past treasurers == Carmel Chiswick


id: association-for-tourism-in-higher-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Tourism in Higher Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:40.428321+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-tourism-in-higher-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Tourism in Higher Education (ATHE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting tourism as a subject of study in the UK. It encourages high standards in learning, teaching and research. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. == External links == Official website == References ==


id: association-of-social-anthropologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Social Anthropologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:41.637397+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-social-anthropologists-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of social anthropology. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. == References == == External links == Official website


id: berkeley-initiative-for-transparency-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:42.845987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: berkeley-initiative-for-transparency-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences, abbreviated BITSS, is an academic initiative dedicated to advancing transparency, reproducibility, and openness in social science research. It was established in 2012 by the University of California, Berkeley's Center for Effective Global Action. It has worked with the Center for Open Science to define and promote a set of best practices for social scientists to maximize transparency in their research. BITSS has also worked to promote registered reports, supporting journals like the Journal of Development Economics in taking up the review track. In 2015, BITSS began awarding the annual Leamer-Rosenthal Prizes for Open Social Science to honor outstanding achievements and emerging leaders in promoting transparency in social science. Through its Catalyst program, the initiative also supports and empowers over 150 graduate students, faculty, librarians, and early career researchers to advance open science all over the world. Their annual Research Transparency and Reproducibility Training (RT2) provides an overview of and hands-on practice with tools and practices for transparent and reproducible social science research. Their Massive Open Online Course "Transparent and Open Social Science Research,” based on a UC Berkeley course taught by Edward Miguel, is available on the FutureLearn platform. In 2019,


id: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-0.md
category: reference
title: British Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
The British Academy of Management (BAM) is a British learned society dedicated to advancing the academic discipline of management in the United Kingdom. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. The academy runs two flagship peer-reviewed academic journals: the British Journal of Management and the International Journal of Management Reviews as well as an annual conference. Its headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. == History == === Foundation === The British Academy of Management was founded in 1986, exactly 50 years after the AoM was formed in Chicago. Sir Cary Cooper was its first President and Andrew Pettigrew was its first chairman. During the AoM conference in San Diego in 1985 they realize the lack of a multidisciplinary association in the UK and decided to establish BAM. The biggest challenges for this new organisation were to set up a constitution and to exercise good governance through a strong executive committee. The inaugural conference of BAM was at the University of Warwick in 1987. This was organised by Andrew Pettigrew. With over 200 delegates, the conference had an immediate success. === Early days === From the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, the management of the academy was


id: british-academy-of-management-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-1.md
category: reference
title: British Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
== Special interest groups == Special interest groups (SIGs) are networks of researchers that are focused in a specific area of management research. They organize events throughout the year and provide the members with an academic forum for the discussion on relevant topics. SIGs are run by BAM members, with support from the BAM office. They organise workshop and events on topics relevant to their research area, and take the lead in managing the academic programme at the annual BAM Conference. Here are the 23 SIG networks: Corporate Governance Cultural and Creative Industries e-Business and e-Government Entrepreneurship Financial Management Gender in Management Human Resource Management Identity Innovation Inter-Organizational Collaboration: partnerships, alliances and networks International Business and International Management Knowledge and Learning Leadership and Leadership Development Management and Business History Marketing and Retail Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Organisational Psychology Organisational Transformation, Change and Development Performance Management Research Methodology Strategy Sustainable and Responsible Business == Annual conference == The British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference is for business and management scholars. == Journals == === British Journal of Management === The British Journal of Management (BJM) is the official journal of the British Academy of Management. It is published four


id: british-accounting-finance-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Accounting & Finance Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:45.240643+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-accounting-finance-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Accounting and Finance Association (BAFA) is a learned society and research organisation dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and understanding of accounting, finance and financial management. It has over 750 members and edits the British Accounting Review, an academic journal. The association is a UK registered charity no. 299527. == Overview == BAFA promotes the development of innovative approaches to research and teaching in accounting and finance, and celebrates the breadth and diversity of research by UK and international researchers. It collaborates with other organisations, such as the Academy of Social Sciences, the British Academy, and professional accounting bodies, to promote accounting and finance as a social science that influences professional practice and affects the economy and society. In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the British Accounting Review, BAFA hosts an annual conference in April that attracts academics and professionals from around the world. == History == The Association of University Teachers of Accounting (AUTA) was formed in 1947 with Donald Cousins as its first Chairman. It held its inaugural meeting in December of that year at a time when the UK’s first accounting professorships were being created and accountancy was becoming recognised as a subject for


id: british-association-for-american-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: British Association for American Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:46.437750+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-association-for-american-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The British Association for American Studies is a learned society in the field of American studies. It was founded in 1955. It produces the Journal of American Studies, American Studies in Britain, US Studies Online, BAAS Paperbacks, and Resources for American Studies. It has produced many of its own publications, as well as many in partnership with Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh University Press, and Microform Academic Publishers. == BAAS Chairs past and present == Frank Thistlethwaite 1955–59 Herbert Nicholas 1959–62 Marcus Cunliffe 1962–65 Esmond Wright 1965–68 Maldwyn Jones 1968–71 George Shepperson 1971–74 Harry Allen 1974–77 Peter Parish 1977–80 Dennis Welland 1980–83 Charlotte Erickson 1983–86 Howard Temperley 1986–89 Bob Burchell 1989–92 Richard King 1992–95 Judie Newman 1995–98 Philip Davies 1998–2004 Simon Newman 2004–2007 Heidi Macpherson 2007–2010 Martin Halliwell 2010–2013 Susan Currell 2013–2016 Brian Ward 2016–2019 Cara Rodway 2019–2022 Lydia Plath 2022- 2025 Michael Collins 2025 - == See also == American studies in the United Kingdom == External links == Official website


id: british-educational-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:49.904367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Educational Research Association (BERA) is a membership association and learned society committed to advancing research quality, building research capacity and fostering research engagement. BERA's aim is to inform the development of policy and practice by promoting the best quality evidence produced by educational research. == History == Founded in 1974, BERA has since expanded into an internationally renowned association with over 3,000 members. BERA is not discipline-specific and has members from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, theoretical orientations, methodological approaches, sectoral interests and institutional affiliations. BERA holds a major international conference each year alongside a series of events, and publishes high quality research in peer-reviewed journals, reports, book series and the BERA Blog. BERA has an array of awards and fellowships, provides grants for research, support the career development of educational researchers and creates an active peer community organised around networks, forums and special interest groups. BERA is a registered charity and is governed by an elected council, with its president serving a two-year term, and managed by a small office team based in London. BERA holds conferences, publishes research, and pays for research. Their publications includes: "reports of experiments and surveys, discussions of conceptual and methodological


id: british-international-studies-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British International Studies Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:51.074199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-international-studies-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British International Studies Association (BISA) is a learned society that promotes the study of international relations and related subjects through teaching, research, and facilitation of contact between scholars. BISA has an international membership of over 1,500 members, with over 80 countries represented. Chair is Mark Webber (University of Birmingham). He succeeded Richard Whitman (University of Kent), who served as chair until 2015. The national office is based at the University of Birmingham. BISA is a member society of the Academy of Social Sciences. == Foundation == In Jan 1974 an inaugural meeting was held at the 14th Bailey Conference on International Studies at the University of Surrey, and at that time, a draft interim constitution was agreed. The interim executive committee consisted of Alastair Francis Buchan (chairman), RJ Jones (secretary), Susan Strange (treasurer), PA Reynolds, G Goodwin, D Wrightman, CM Mason, T Taylor, A James and J Spence. == Publications == Review of International Studies European Journal of International Security The book series Cambridge Studies in International Relations in collaboration with Cambridge University Press == Annual prizes == BISA awards the following prizes at its annual international conference: Distinguished Contribution Prize Michael Nicholson Thesis Prize Susan Strange Book Prize


id: campaign-for-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Campaign for Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:52.255293+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campaign-for-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Campaign for Social Science was launched in 2011 to advocate social science to the UK Government and to the public, at a time of significant change in the higher education system. It campaigns for the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Science Advisor, promotes social science in the media and on the web, and organises roadshows and other events to emphasise the value of social science. == History == The Campaign was established by the Academy of Social Sciences and was formally launched at the House of Lords in January 2011, at an event that featured speakers including Trevor Phillips, Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, Polly Toynbee, the Guardian columnist, and David Willetts, the then Universities and Science Minister in the Coalition Government. == Structure and funding == The Campaign's Board is chaired by James Wilsdon, Professor of Research Policy, Department of Politics, Director of Impact and Engagement, Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Sheffield and founding director of the Science Policy Centre at the Royal Society. Other members are: Stephen Anderson, executive director of the Academy of Social Sciences; Nick Bibby, Communications Officer at the Centre on Constitutional Change, University of


id: centre-d-tudes-et-de-documentation-conomiques-juridiques-et-sociales-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:53.441827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-d-tudes-et-de-documentation-conomiques-juridiques-et-sociales-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales-0.md

summary:
The CEDEJ (Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales Eng.:Centre for Economic, Judicial, and Social Study and Documentation) is a French sponsored research center located in Cairo (Egypt), created in 1968. The Cedej has the status of a "Joint Entity of French Research Institutes Abroad" (UMIFRE, Unité Mixte des Instituts français de recherche à l’étranger) and is under the aegis of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research). Karine Bennafla is its director since September 2015. It has published numerous books and periodicals in all fields of social sciences in Egypt, the Sudan and the Arabic world. Among these, Egypte/Monde arabe, published from 1990, which is online in full text on the portal revues.org. It includes a social sciences library of more than 35,000 books, most of them in Arabic; a database of geolocated statistics; and a collection of old and new maps of Egypt and its cities. == References == == External links == This article is based on a translation of fr:CEDEJ on French language Wikipedia. Cedej's website Egypte/Monde arabe website

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales


id: centre-for-independent-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Independent Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:54.603324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-independent-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Independent Social Research (CISR) is a nongovernmental research institute in Russia working in four main areas: Social research projects; professional development of young sociologists; the formation of professional networks in the social sciences; Sociological expertise and consultations. The CISR activities are financed mainly through Russian and international scientific funds and philanthropic organizations. Since 2001, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation has been a partner of CISR. == History == The thought of establishing an independent sociological center first arose in the late 1980s and was the idea of Viktor Voronkov and Oleg Vite, who, at the time, were employees of the Leningrad division of the Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Sociology. Inspired by the rapid social and political changes taking place in the country, they gathered a group of enthusiasts and started conducting their own independent research projects. Edward Fomin, Elena Zdravomyslova, and Ingrid Oswald actively participated in the practical fulfillment of this idea. They all shared a desire to create a flexible, democratic research structure that would be capable of responding to the demands of a quickly changing Russian society and of promoting the integration of Russian sociologists into the international sociological community. The Center


id: centre-for-studies-in-social-sciences-calcutta-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:55.830680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-studies-in-social-sciences-calcutta-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC) is a social science and humanities research and teaching institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. == History == Established in 1973 jointly by the Indian Council of Social Science Research and Government of West Bengal, the Centre is one of the top social sciences think tanks of India. The centre was founded by Professor S. Nurul Hasan, when he was the education minister of India. Professor Barun De was appointed as its first director. == Academics == === Centre === The centre specializes in post-colonial, subaltern studies and cultural studies research. === Museum === The museum, called Jadunath Sarkar Resource Centre and Museum, houses an extensive collection of vernacular medium primary and secondary literature. === Research === They have various journals published consistently. They also feature a scholarly journal in collaboration with Sage Publications known as the Media Watch. == Administration == The Centre is administered by a chairman, director and registrar. == Location == Initially located in Jadunath Bhavan, the former residence of Sir Jadunath Sarkar at 10, Jadunath Sarkar Road (earlier Lake Terrace), Calcutta, the research centre is now located in a new building in Patuli, Calcutta. The resource centre


id: centre-of-research-in-theories-and-practices-that-overcome-inequalities-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:57.007521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-of-research-in-theories-and-practices-that-overcome-inequalities-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities-0.md

summary:
The Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities (CREA) was founded in 1991 by a current professor of Sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa of West University of Timișoara and also a recognized researcher in Europe in the Social Science area, Ramon Flecha. After Ramon Flecha's resignation as the Director of CREA, in 2006; Marta Soler, Doctor by Harvard, a current Professor of Sociological Theory, assumed the post. Nowadays, the name of the research centre has changed for this other CREA-Community of Researchers on Excellence for All. CREA, one of the centres that first joined the Scientific Park of Barcelona (University of Barcelona); is interdisciplinary; multicultural and open accepting different ideologies, religions, lifestyles, sexual orientations; transparent, since its knowledge is at everyone's disposal; and it is a centre where the validity of arguments prevails over the positions of power of their members, creating, in this way, an environment of an egalitarian dialogue. This centre is formed by University research professors, researchers and professional collaborators of diverse disciplines (sociology, pedagogy, economy, mathematics, communication, biology, etc). == Dissolution == In December 2025, CREA announced its dissolution in a statement published on its official social media channels.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities


id: the-commission-on-the-humanities-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:59.369074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-commission-on-the-humanities-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences was convened in 2010 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at the request of Senators Lamar Alexander (R-Tennessee) and Mark Warner (D-Virginia) and Representatives Tom Petri (R-Wisconsin) and David Price (D-North Carolina). On June 19, 2013, the Commission issued its initial report The Heart of the Matter, along with a companion film created by brothers Christopher and Erik Ewers, both long-time Ken Burns collaborators. The short film features interviews with Burns, George Lucas, Sandra Day O'Connor, John Lithgow, and Yo-Yo Ma. The commission was chaired by Richard H. Brodhead, president of Duke University, and John W. Rowe, retired chairman and chief executive officer of Exelon Corporation. Other Commission members included university, college, and community college presidents, museum directors, public servants, corporate executives, humanists, social scientists, and artists. The Commission’s report received wide press coverage and statements of support from 15 national and state organizations. == References == == External links == American Academy Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences Archived 2017-05-04 at the Wayback Machine Humanities Indicators, a project of the American Academy American Academy of Arts and Sciences


id: crises-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES-0.md
category: reference
title: CRISES
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:00.504827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crises-20260505-0
summary:
Laboratoire CRISES (or Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires en sciences humaines et sociales) is a French research centre in humanities and social sciences, founded in Montpellier, France, in January 2009. It brings together about 100 scholars and 200 PhD students working in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences : History, History of Art, Archaeology, Classics, Fine Arts, Law, Political Sciences, Economy, Spanish and French Literature, Educational Sciences, Ethnology, Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, Theology. The director of Crises is, for the time being, Frédéric Rousseau (elected in 2008, December), Professor of Contemporary History, University of Montpellier. == References and sources == == External links == Official website


id: development-studies-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Development Studies Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:01.686396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: development-studies-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Development Studies Association (DSA) is a scholarly society. It was formally established at the National Development Research Glasgow Conference in 1978 and currently has 35 institutional members (primarily UK University departments/research centres with some development organisations) and 400 individual and student members. It is governed by a Council made up of academics and practitioners working in international development elected at the Annual General Meeting. The DSA aims to advance knowledge of the alternative processes and methods of socio-economic change, through supporting high quality research, teaching and practice in international development. Its strategic objectives are to: i) Mobilise collective capacity and knowledge ii) Nurture the next generation iii) Invest in development infrastructure in the UK and beyond. Two key activities are its annual conference and its study groups. The DSA annual conference gathers together scholars, practitioners, policy makers and other commentators to focus upon major contemporary international development issues in the largest gathering in the UK of the development community. DSA Study Groups facilitate interaction and networking within the development studies community and encourage the development of new ideas contributing to ongoing debates about development in the UK and Ireland. The study groups are sustained by active development studies professionals


id: duke-university-center-for-international-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Duke University Center for International Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:02.888423+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: duke-university-center-for-international-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Duke University Center for International Studies (DUCIS) is an international studies national resource center housed within the John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies on Duke University's west campus. The current director is Gilbert W. Merkx. The executive director is Rob Sikorski. == Languages == The Duke University Center for International Studies provides salary support for instruction in Persian, Polish, Romanian, Turkish and Wolof. It provides additional academic year and summer funding for students to study a wider range of critical languages including Arabic, Czech, Hungarian and Russian. == Programs == DUCIS' public programs include the University Seminar on Global Governance and Democracy, a popular evening seminar series which draws speakers from across the globe, to present in-progress research on a variety of subjects, ranging from transnational banking trends, to regional election reform, to international concepts of justice. The Duke University Center for International Studies is home to two national organizations: the Association of International Education Administrators and the Council of National Resource Centers. == External links == Duke University Center for International Studies Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine DUCIS Podcasts on iTunes U (requires iTunes)


id: european-academy-of-management-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management-0.md
category: reference
title: European Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:05.302781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
The European Academy of Management (EURAM), founded in 2001, is a learned society dedicated to the advancement of the academic discipline of management in the Europe. It is a member of the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management network. EURAM runs the European Management Review, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons, annual conferences for business and management scholars, and training programmes for PhD students, Post-Docs, Research Directors, and Business School Executives. It is an organization associated with the Academy of Management since inception and also with the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management. == History == The European Academy of Management (EURAM) was founded in 2001 and its head office is in Brussels, Belgium. The first EURAM Annual Conference was titled European Management Research: Trends and Challenges and was hosted by the IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain. EURAM has continued to develop programs and activities to accompany members throughout their professional career life-cycle. Additional initiatives include the creation of the European Management Review in 2003; the Doctoral Consortium started in 2006; Strategic Interest Groups launched in 2009; the European Directors of Research program started in 2009; and the junior faculty program, the


id: european-association-of-development-research-and-training-institutes-20260505-0
category: reference
title: European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:06.483574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-association-of-development-research-and-training-institutes-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes-0.md

summary:
The European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes or EADI is the professional body for development studies and area studies in Europe. In 2010 it had about 300 members in 27 countries. It publishes a journal, the European Journal of Development Research, and every three years holds a general conference. Through the International Accreditation Council for Global Development Studies and Research it provides accreditation for Master's degree programmes; the council is a member of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education. The association receives funding from various sources including membership fees and core funding from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany. Members include the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, the International Institute of Social Studies and the Nordic Africa Institute. == History == The association was founded 1975 in Linz. It was originally based in Vienna, before moving to Tilburg (1982) and Geneva (1988). Since 2000, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, hosted by the German Development Institute, InWEnt and the Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung. The Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH (INWENT), the German Development Institute and the Center for Development Research (ZEF) jointly took over the patronage at the


id: gulbenkian-commission-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission-0.md
category: reference
title: Gulbenkian Commission
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:07.651781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gulbenkian-commission-20260505-0
summary:
The Gulbenkian Commission sought to address inadequacies in the organization of the social science disciplines that developed in the nineteenth century by indicating a direction for social scientific inquiry for the next 50 years. It was founded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. It held three meetings in 1994 and 1995. == Members == Its members included Immanuel Wallerstein (chair), Calestous Juma, Evelyn Fox Keller, Jürgen Kocka, Dominique Lecourt, Valentin Y. Mudimbe, Kinhide Mushakoji, Ilya Prigogine, Peter J. Taylor, Michel-Rolph Trouillot. Six of them were drawn from the social sciences, two from the natural sciences and two from the humanities. The commission sought to produce a book length work that would identify new directions for the organization of knowledge in the next fifty years. The report was published in 1996 by Stanford University as the book, Open the Social Sciences by Immanuel Wallerstein. To foster international debate, the report has been published in numerous languages including English, French, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Czech, Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Romanian, Serbocroat, Turkish, and Japanese. == Debate == The ideas in the report have stimulated debate around the world. For example, in the Indian Magazine Frontline, Sundar Sarukkai discussed its conclusions and


id: gwyneddigion-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Gwyneddigion Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:09.516650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gwyneddigion-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Gwyneddigion Society (Welsh: Cymdeithas y Gwyneddigion) was a London-based Welsh literary and cultural society. The original society was founded in 1770 and wound up in 1843. It was briefly revived in 1978. Its proceedings were conducted through the medium of Welsh. == History == The Gwyneddigion Society was founded in December 1770 by a group of expatriate Welshmen resident in London, its first formal meeting taking place on 4 February 1771. Foremost of the founders was Owen Jones (known as Owain Myfyr), who became the society's first president. Originally from Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr, Jones had moved to London as a young man and had earned his fortune as a furrier. Other notable early members included Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams), William Owen Pughe, Jac Glan-y-gors (John Jones), Siôn Ceiriog (John Edwards), Edward Jones ("Bardd y Brenin"), and Twm o'r Nant (Thomas Edwards). Although the society's name (meaning "Gwynedd scholars") suggests a particular link with the region of Gwynedd, its affiliations were from the start with the whole of North Wales, and later with all parts of Wales. It seems likely that the society was formed in part in reaction to the perceived social and intellectual elitism of the existing London


id: h-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net-0.md
category: reference
title: H-Net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:11.346013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: h-net-20260505-0
summary:
H-Net ("Humanities & Social Sciences Online") is an interdisciplinary forum for scholars in the humanities and social sciences. One of its functions is to host electronic mailing lists organized by academic disciplines. In 2007, H-Net lists reached 180,000 subscribers from over 160 countries, and in 2025 its website stated there were 230,000 subscribers from over 200 countries. The H-Net Network has grown until it is now endorsed by many academic professional organizations. Its over 180 topic- or discipline-specific lists are often the primary internet forum for scholars. Individual lists are edited by a team of scholars and each has a board of editors. The Department of History at Michigan State University hosts H-Net. == Online services == In addition to its email lists, H-Net provides three related online services: H-Net Reviews is resource for coordinating book reviews and website reviews from participating lists, preserving them in searchable annual volumes. There are 46,000+ reviews of books and other publications, commissioned and published on its website and through its listservs. H-Net Job Guide: academic position announcements, available on its website and through email H-Net Academic Announcements: announcements of academic conferences, calls for papers, and programs == Discussion networks == Many of the


id: h-soz-kult-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult-0.md
category: reference
title: H-Soz-Kult
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:12.497867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: h-soz-kult-20260505-0
summary:
H-Soz-u-Kult (Humanities – Sozial und Kulturgeschichte) is an online information and communication platform for historians which disseminates academic news and publications. The project is committed to the principles of open access and community network. Since its founding in 1996 the central editorial office is located at the History Department of the Humboldt University of Berlin. H-Soz-u-Kult is part of H-Net and one of the most important online communication and information services for Historians in the German-speaking world. It is read by more than 20,000 email subscribers in over 70 countries. In 2012, around one million page views by up to 210,000 unique visitors were registered per month on the website. H-Soz-u-Kult publishes a wide range of book reviews, conference reports, job offers, scholarships, tables of contents of academic journals, literature reports and other news from the historical science community. Most publications are in German but the number of English publications continually increases. The book reviews are the main emphasis of H-Soz-u-Kult – more than 12,000 reviews were accessible on its website in 2013. H-Soz-u-Kult’s main editorial office at the Humboldt University of Berlin is supported by a pro bono editorial staff which consists of over 40 researchers from almost all


id: hague-academic-coalition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition-0.md
category: reference
title: Hague Academic Coalition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:13.661805+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hague-academic-coalition-20260505-0
summary:
The Hague Academic Coalition (HAC) is a consortium of academic institutions in the fields of international relations, international law and international development. == Members and Organization == The member institutions are: Carnegie Foundation The Hague Academy of International Law Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (HiiL) International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS) Leiden University Campus The Hague Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' The Hague University of Applied Sciences T.M.C. Asser Instituut The board of the Hague Academic Coalition consists of: Prof. Dr. J. de Vries (Campus The Hague) - President Mr. S. van Hoogstraten (Carnegie Foundation) - Vice President Prof. Dr. L.J. de Haan (ISS) - Treasurer Drs. A.S. Gerards (Hague Academic Coalition) - Secretary Dr. A.S. Muller (HiiL) Mr. R.K. Brons (The Hague University of Applied Sciences) Prof. Dr. J. Colijn (Clingendael) Mrs. A. O'Brien (T.M.C. Asser Instituut) Mr. F.W.H. van den Emster (Raad voor de Rechtspraak) - In an advisory capacity == Current programmes and activities == The Hague Forum for Judicial Expertise (HFJE), providing high level training to judges, magistrates and prosecutors. The Hague Justice Portal (HJP), providing up to date information about the activities of international courts, tribunals and other


id: the-hague-institute-for-global-justice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice-0.md
category: reference
title: The Hague Institute for Global Justice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:14.843182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-hague-institute-for-global-justice-20260505-0
summary:
The Hague Institute for Global Justice, often referred to as simply The Hague Institute or THIGJ, is an international think tank located in The Hague, Netherlands. It was established in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague, an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations and with support from the Dutch government. Its current president is Jordanian businesswoman Sohair Salam Saber. == History == The Hague Institute was founded in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague and an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations, with support from the Dutch government. Its stated aim, to "contribute to, and further strengthen, the global framework for preventing and resolving conflict and promoting international peace." Nico Schrijver, academic director of the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies at Leiden University, served as the Institute's first dean between January and August 2011. Willem van Genugten served as interim dean of the Institute from September 2011 to December 2012. He was succeeded by the Institute's first president, Abiodun Williams, the former senior vice president of the Center for Conflict Management at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) on January 1, 2013. === Williams tenure === In articles


id: human-development-and-capabilities-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Human Development and Capabilities Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:16.020716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-development-and-capabilities-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Human Development and Capabilities Association is an academic and research society whose aim is to promote the field of human development in general and the capability approach in particular. The Association was launched in 2004 with conferences in the UK at Cambridge and in Italy at Pavia and has run conferences annually since. The organisation publishes the peer-reviewed journal: Journal of Human Development and Capabilities: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-Centered Development. (formally 2000–8) known as the Journal of Human Development. == Presidents == Presidents of the HDCA have included the following: Amartya Sen Martha Nussbaum Frances Stewart Kaushik Basu Tony Atkinson Henry Richardson Ravi Kanburs Ingrid Robeyns Jay Drydyk Melanie Walker Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti == References ==


id: iassist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST-0.md
category: reference
title: IASSIST
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:17.245306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iassist-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Social Science Information Service and Technology (or IASSIST) is an international organisation that provides professional development, communication and conferences for data librarians, archivists, and social science aligned information specialists. Each year, the IASSIST Fellow program sponsors members from developing nations to attend events and professional development to further the advancement of information management. == Conferences == IASSIST organizes an annual conference, typically held in May or June, focusing on data sharing and management, data access and repository tools, metadata for research data, best practices for data preservation, global information resources, new technologies, and professional development. The conference location usually rotates to a different region each year. == History == IASSIST was formed in 1974. It emerged to manage and increase access to the growing amount of machine-readable social science data. The first IASSIST conference was held in 1977 in Cocoa Beach, Florida with 29 representatives from Canada and the United States. == Africa Chapter == The IASSIST Africa Chapter is currently the only Regional Chapter of IASSIST. Regional chapters of IASSIST support the expedient and efficient management of IASSIST affairs and activities within their regions. The Africa Chapter was officially launched in 2021 during the first


id: indian-council-of-social-science-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Council of Social Science Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:18.450093+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-council-of-social-science-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) is the national body overseeing research in the social sciences in India. It was established in New Delhi in 1969. == Council == The Council is currently chaired by Prof. Deepak Kumar Srivastava. Current members include Deena Bandhu Pandey, P. Kanagasabapathi, Sanjay Kumar, H.S. Bedi, Harish Chandra Singh Rathore, Panchanan Mohanty, Amita Singh, Kshamadevi Shankarrao Khobragade, T. Subramanyam Naidu, Rakesh Sinha, Aswini Mohapatra, P.V. Krishna Bhatta, Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit, J.K. Bajaj, M.P. Bezbaruah, D.D. Pattanaik, and Madhu Purnima Kishwar. == Activities == It provides funding to scholars and to a network of twenty-nine research institutes, among them: A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna (ANSISS Patna) Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS), Bhubaneswar Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Development Research Centre for Women's Development Studies, Delhi Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad Indian Institute Of Economics, Hyderabad Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi Madras Institute of Development


id: institute-for-international-law-of-peace-and-armed-conflict-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:19.686079+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-international-law-of-peace-and-armed-conflict-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) at Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) is one of the leading research institutes on humanitarian law and humanitarian studies in Europe. It was founded in 1988 on the initiative of Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Knut Ipsen, then rector of Ruhr University Bochum, as a means to conduct research on international conflicts and provide solutions to resolve them. The IFHV’s research is highly interdisciplinary with a focus on international humanitarian studies from a legal and social-scientific perspective. The Institute also provides high-level academic and professional training for the next generation of personnel in the area of humanitarian action. The IFHV’s interdisciplinary angle is put into practice through its Joint Master’s Programme in International Humanitarian Action, part of the European University Network on Humanitarian Assistance (NOHA). Since 2014, the Institute is headed by Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard). Its staff consists of about 25 employees (including student research assistants) and about 10 PhD students. Current professors involved in the Institute’s work are: Prof. Dr. Horst Fischer (IFHV) Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Heintze (IFHV) Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard) (IFHV & Faculty of Law; Managing Director) Prof. Dr. Markus Kaltenborn (Faculty


id: institute-of-social-sciences-new-delhi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:20.865201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-social-sciences-new-delhi-20260505-0
summary:
}} The Institute of Social Sciences studies social, political and economic issues of contemporary relevance. It provides inputs to the policy makers and civil society organisations. The Institute has established the Centre for Multilevel Federalism (CMF) for the study of federalism in India. == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-migration-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: International Migration Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:21.968664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-migration-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The International Migration Institute (IMI) is an international network that promotes research on international migration. It is based at the University of Amsterdam and is part of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). It was established as a research institute at Oxford University in the United Kingdom where it was affiliated with the Oxford Department of International Development. == History == The International Migration Institute was founded in 2006 to complement the work of the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) and the Refugee Studies Centre, both at the University of Oxford. Stephen Castles, who had been director of the Refugee Studies Centre, assumed directorship of IMI upon its formation, and stepped down in August 2009. From September 2009 to September 2011, Robin Cohen was the director. From 2011 to 2016, directorship has been jointly in the hands of Oliver Blackwell and Hein de Haas. In 2017, Mathias Czaika became the director. In 2017, IMI ceased to exist as an institute. In 2019, it relocated to the University of Amsterdam. == Partners == IMI was a member of the Migration Studies Society at Oxford University. The other two members of the society were the Centre on Migration,


id: international-network-for-social-network-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: International Network for Social Network Analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:23.153044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-network-for-social-network-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
The International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA) is a professional academic association of researchers and practitioners of social network analysis. == History == INSNA was founded in 1977 by Barry Wellman, a sociologist. A key function of the organization was to provide a sense of identity for a set of researchers who were widely dispersed geographically and across scientific disciplines. Shortly after INSNA was founded, Linton C. Freeman founded the association's flagship journal, Social Networks, in 1978. Early meetings were invitation-only, but in 1980 H. Russell Bernard and Alvin Wolfe inaugurated the series of annual "Sunbelt" meetings open to all. A full chronology of INSNA leadership is as follows: As of 2018, INSNA has approximately 1,000 active members, while the SOCNET listserv has about 3700 subscribers. As well as publishing a triannual journal Connections on the subject, INSNA also: Runs SOCNET, a listserv mailing-list for the subject. Hosts the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference annually. Facilitates regional and specialized conferences. Publishes a quarterly journal, Social Networks. Publishes the online Journal of Social Structure, irregular periodicity. Provides links to researchers around the world. Provides raw data. == See also == Social network Social network analysis software Dynamic Network Analysis ==


id: john-hope-franklin-center-for-interdisciplinary-and-international-studies-20260505-0
category: reference
title: John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:25.754962+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-hope-franklin-center-for-interdisciplinary-and-international-studies-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies-0.md

summary:
The John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies (JHFC) is located at Duke University in the United States. It is a consortium of programs dedicated to studying and revitalizing theories of how knowledge is gained and exchanged. The more than twenty participants come from a broad range of disciplines, converging to explore intellectual, social, and political issues, including race and race relations, the legacy of the African-American Experience, equality and opportunity amongst populations, and the implications of globalization. In essence, the Center's mission is to facilitate the interactions of humanists and others involved in the social sciences in an intellectual setting amenable to diverse partnerships. == About == The Franklin Center is named after Dr. John Hope Franklin, the James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of History and former professor of Legal History at Duke. An intellectual leader and lifelong civil rights activist, his work has inspired the Center's dedication to creative sharing of ideas and methodologies. One essential aspect of the Franklin Center is its wholehearted embrace of new technologies and innovations to enhance intellectual exchange. Using resources such as multimedia and high-speed videoconferencing, the Center employs advanced technologies both as a means to share ideas and as

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies


id: luxembourg-income-study-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study-0.md
category: reference
title: Luxembourg Income Study
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:28.294713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luxembourg-income-study-20260505-0
summary:
LIS Cross-National Data Center, formerly known as the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), is a non-profit organization registered in Luxembourg which produces a cross-national database of micro-economic income data for social science research. The project started in 1983 and is headquartered in Luxembourg. The database includes over 300 datasets from about 50 high- and middle-income countries, with some countries represented for over 30 years. Nationally representative household income survey data is commonly, though not exclusively, provided by the participant country's national statistics collection agency (e.g. Statistics Canada; the Australian Bureau of Statistics). These and other agencies make annual financial contributions which support the database production and maintenance. The LIS database contains anonymised demographic, income, labour market, and expenditure information at two different levels of analysis (household and persons). The data have, as far as is practical, been transformed to a structure which make different national data equivalent. Data access is only provided for research projects in the social sciences, commercial use is not permitted. For data security reasons the datasets cannot be downloaded or directly accessed. After being granted permission to use the data, users submit SPSS, SAS, R or Stata programs under their username and password to a remote server.


id: madras-institute-of-development-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Madras Institute of Development Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:29.488801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: madras-institute-of-development-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS) is a research institute based in Chennai. It is a joint undertaking of the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu for conducting research on development problems in Tamil Nadu and the rest of India. == History == MIDS was established by Malcolm Adiseshiah and his wife Elizabeth Adiseshiah in January 1971. Malcolm Adiseshiah served as its first director. In March 1977, MIDS was reconstituted as a national research institute under the sponsorship of Government of India through the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The Adiseshiahs donated the land, buildings, furniture, equipment and made cash endowments to the newly constituted institute. Malcolm Adiseshiah resigned as MIDS' director in 1978 and became the chairman and honorary fellow. Professor C.T. Kurien became the next director of MIDS. In 1985, the Reserve Bank of India established a chair for applied research in regional economics, which has since been converted to a fully autonomous unit in 2002. == Administration == MIDS is governed by a governing council and an academic council. The governing council consists of the chairperson, the institute's director as member-secretary, representatives of faculty, the Indian Council of Social


id: metropolis-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Metropolis Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:30.650074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: metropolis-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Metropolis Project is an international network of researchers, policy-makers, international organizations and civil society organizations for the development of comparative research and policy-relevant knowledge on migration, diversity, and immigrant integration in cities in Canada and around the world. The Metropolis Project's principal decision-making body is an International Steering Committee of representatives from over 40 countries. The Project is managed by a Secretariat with offices in Ottawa, Amsterdam and in Asia with functions distributed across organizations in Seoul, Manila and Beijing. The Ottawa Secretariat is responsible for establishing the Project's strategic directions. Howard Duncan is the Project's Executive Head. == Metropolis Professional Development == The Metropolis Project launched in April 2014 a new training program for senior policy-makers, senior managers of settlement agencies, officials of international organizations and the private sector. The programme is intended to provide participants with information, analysis and tools on the management of migration and integration. A pilot training will be offered in June 2014. Metropolis Professional Development has been developed in collaboration with worldwide renowned experts such as Graeme Hugo (University of Adelaide), Jan Niessen (Migration Policy Group), Imelda Nicolas (Commission on Filipinos Overseas) and Peter Schatzer (IOM) among many others. The Metropolis Project is


id: national-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: National Association for the Promotion of Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:31.844491+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (NAPSS), often known as the Social Science Association, was a British reformist group founded in 1857 by Lord Brougham. It pursued issues in public health, industrial relations, penal reform, and female education. It was dissolved in 1886. == Background == The efforts of George Hastings brought together three groups of the 1850s to form the NAPSS: the Society for Promoting the Amendment of the Law, the National Reformatory Union, and the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women (the Langham Place Group). It took as model the British Association for the Advancement of Science, holding an itinerant annual meeting, which provided a forum for social reformers. The objective of the Association was defined as "to coordinate the efforts of the experts and the politicians". One factor in the eventual decline of the NSPSS was that the objectives of medical reformers changed. Legislation and the efforts of central government to improve public health became less important to them. Its first secretary was Isa Knox. == Congresses == Twenty-eight Social Science Congresses took place: == Committees == === Trades Societies and Strikes === A committee of the Association produced Report on Trade Societies


id: national-centre-for-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: National Centre for Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:33.031771+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-centre-for-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
The National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) is a registered charity and is the largest independent social research institute in the UK. The research charity was founded in 1969 by Sir Roger Jowell and Gerald Hoinville with the aim of carrying out social policy research to improve society. Until 1999, it was known as Social and Community Planning Research and gained a reputation for promoting high standards in survey research and pushing the boundaries of survey methods. It hosted for 25 years the ESRC Survey Methods Centre - later, when ESRC funding was not renewed, known as the SCPR Survey Methods Centre a centre of expertise which carried out methodological research, ran popular seminars and published a regular newsletter. SCPR authors produced a handbook, Survey Research Practice., published by Heinemann in 1978, which remained in print for 20 years and was translated into other languages. NatCen is best known for its annual British Social Attitudes Survey, founded by the organisation in 1983. The British Social Attitudes survey is Britain's longest-running annual survey of public attitudes and can be accessed for research through the UK Data Service. It uses a random probability method and face to face interviews with more than


id: national-council-for-the-social-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: National Council for the Social Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:34.157326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-council-for-the-social-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) is a private, non-profit association based in Silver Spring, Maryland, that provides leadership, support, and advocacy for social studies education. The council is affiliated with various regional or state-level social studies associations, including the Middle States Council for the Social Studies, the Washington State Council for the Social Studies, the New York City UFT Association for the Teaching of Social Studies, the Michigan Council for the Social Studies, the Massachusetts Council for the Social Studies, and the Virginia Council for the Social Studies. The association publishes several journals. Its flagship publication, Social Education, is a peer-reviewed journal which, according to its website, aims to strike "a balance of theoretical content and practical teaching ideas." They sponsor the high school honor society Rho Kappa. NCSS is currently a member of the National Coalition Against Censorship. == History == Founded in 1921, NCSS engages and supports educators in strengthening and advocating social studies. With members in all the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and 69 foreign countries, NCSS serves as an umbrella organization for elementary, secondary, and college teachers of history, geography, economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and law-related education. Organized into a network


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
National Social Science Documentation Centre (commonly abbreviated as NASSDOC) is an Indian national-level documentation, library, and information services center for the social sciences. It is a division of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and plays a central role in supporting research, documentation, and dissemination of social science knowledge in India. == History and Background == NASSDOC was established in 1970 as a division of the ICSSR. Its primary purpose is from inception, to provide library and information support to social science researchers across India—especially those in academic institutions, autonomous research organizations, government departments, policy and planning units, and the social science community at large. Over the decades, NASSDOC has expanded in terms of services, automation, digital infrastructure, and outreach to ICSSR’s regional centres and other research institutions. ICSSR provides grants to 27 research institutes and six regional centers in India. == Mission and Objectives == NASSDOC’s mission centers on facilitating social science research by ensuring the collection, preservation, dissemination, and accessibility of relevant documents and information. Its objectives include: Providing robust library, documentation, and reference support to social science researchers and institutions. Acquiring and preserving social science content—especially materials that are not otherwise widely available (e.g., unpublished


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-1.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
== Document Delivery, Inter Library Loan and Reprographic Service == Document Delivery Service: NASSDOC facilitates delivery of documents (books, journal articles, reports) either by borrowing via interlibrary loan (ILL) or providing photocopies of requested materials. Interlibrary Loan: NASSDOC participates in loan arrangements with other libraries to fulfill user demands for materials not held locally. Reprography / Photocopying Services: Users may request photocopies of selected portions of materials (within copyright constraints). == Continuing Education, Training and Outreach Programmes == Recognizing that many scholars and librarians may need new skills to adapt to digital systems, NASSDOC organizes: Short-term workshops, seminars, and lectures on information technology, digital tools, library science, and social science research methods Internships and apprenticeship programs: For MLIS / BLIS students, NASSDOC may offer training, orientation, and exposure to real-world library operations Outreach and professional networking: NASSDOC is a member of library associations (IASLIC, ILA, IFLA, DELNET) and collaborates with ICSSR regional centres to propagate best practices. Sales, Distribution and Publishing Support Financial Assistance for Projects: It offers grants for documentation, bibliographic, and library-oriented projects (e.g. development of guides, catalogues, bibliometric studies). Study Grant Scheme: To assist PhD scholars to visit libraries in other cities for their research work; travel,


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-2.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
=== User Satisfaction and Environment === Studies on work environment in libraries surveyed library professionals across categories including NASSDOC and found that the cumulative perception of “work environment” was positive (71.3% agreement). In particular, special libraries (which include NASSDOC) scored 72.2% in that survey, indicating relatively favorable conditions among staff. However, such studies are library-general and not NASSDOC-specific. They reflect perceptions across institutions, including issues such as lighting, ventilation, social relationships, job prestige and recreational facilities. A recent survey conducted by the National Social Science Documentation Centre (NASSDOC) of the ICSSR revealed the existence of about 1,200 research institutes in India. == Impact and Significance == NASSDOC plays a crucial role in the Indian social sciences ecosystem: It bridges information gaps by collecting rare, unpublished, or less circulated documents that are often unavailable elsewhere. Its bibliographic databases, catalogues, and union listings reduce duplication, improve discovery, and enhance resource sharing among libraries. Through training and outreach, NASSDOC helps build capacity among librarians, researchers, and information professionals to adopt new tools and methodologies. As a central hub for ICSSR’s research infrastructure, it helps maintain coherence, standardization, and inter-institutional linkages across the social science research community. Its digital and e-resource initiatives contribute to


id: programme-on-ecosystem-change-and-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:37.121896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: programme-on-ecosystem-change-and-society-20260505-0
summary:
Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) is a core project of Future Earth. PECS is an international research network that aims to connect and integrate research on the stewardship of social–ecological systems, how these systems support human wellbeing. PECS was established in 2011. It is hosted by Stellenbosch University, from 2011-2019 it was hosted by the Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm University. Since the beginning of 2014 PECS has been part of Future Earth, the global sustainability research platform. A number of research projects have been affiliated with PECS, and it has created a number of regional nodes and thematic projects to integrate social-ecological research. For example, one large active regional group is SAPECS, which brings together social-ecological researchers in South Africa. It has also organised and hosted three open science conferences, the first in 2015 in South Africa, the second in 2017 in Mexico, and the third in 2024 in Canada. == External links == Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society website Earth System Science Partnership website == References ==


id: research4impact-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact-0.md
category: reference
title: Research4Impact
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:38.301388+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research4impact-20260505-0
summary:
Research4Impact is a U.S. based nonprofit organization that matches academic researchers with practitioners so that they might work together on pressing problems in both private and public spheres. == Background == Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers often want to collaborate with each other to better understand and solve problems of mutual concern (e.g., poverty, economic development, climate change, land use, environmental challenges, voter engagement), but they are part of distinct social networks and do not always know how to find or relate to one another. After hearing about these challenges, Adam Seth Levine, Jake Bowers, and Donald Green established Research4Impact in 2017 with the aim of fostering both informal and formal collaborations, launching the organization's website in February 2018. == Activities == === Matchmaking === Research4Impact leverages an evidence-based approach to matchmaking called the Research Impact Through Matchmaking (RITM) method. RITM is based on organizational diversity and emphasizes relationship building in addition to information sharing and has also been adopted by Scholars Strategy Network chapters. In the case of Research4Impact, individuals may contact the organization and ask to be matched with peers. Volunteer staff members then provide a matchmaking service based on responses to anonymized blurbs shared in the organization's newsletter.


id: scholars-strategy-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: Scholars Strategy Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:39.571888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scholars-strategy-network-20260505-0
summary:
The Scholars Strategy Network (SSN) is an association of academics and researchers who coordinate to address public challenges while increasing the accessibility of their findings to those outside of academia. While the work of individual SSN members is typically published in academic journals, the organization encourages its members to write "briefs" about current issues. These shorter pieces, written in consideration of a lay audience, are published on the organization's website. The idea for the Scholars Strategy Network with an associated website was originally conceived of in 2009 by sociologist and political scientist Theda Skocpol. The association is backed by donors Robert Bowditch, Jr. and David desJardins, both of whom are affiliated with the progressive Democracy Alliance, but the Scholars Strategy Network does not take formal positions on policy questions or support or oppose particular political candidates. == Regional networks == An SSN Regional Network includes scholars who live or work in that region, and each is coordinated by a leader or co-leaders who set the regional agenda and organize discussions and public events. == References == == External links == Scholars Strategy Network


id: scotcen-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: ScotCen Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:40.772425+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scotcen-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
ScotCen Social Research is the Scottish branch of the United Kingdom’s largest centre for independent social research, NatCen Social Research. Based in Edinburgh, ScotCen Social Research is a not-for-profit organisation. Employees include survey methodologists, data analysts and expert quantitative and qualitative researchers. It is commissioned by governments and charities to investigate public opinion about social issues. The Centre is known for conducting fieldwork and reporting on studies including the annual Scottish Health Survey, the Scottish Social Attitudes survey, and the Growing Up in Scotland longitudinal study. The research conducted covers: Children and young people Communities Families Crime and justice Equality and diversity Health and wellbeing Housing Income and work Schools, education and training Social and political attitudes Transport == References ==


id: senss-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS-0.md
category: reference
title: SeNSS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:41.930317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: senss-20260505-0
summary:
The South East Network for Social Sciences (SeNSS) is a consortium of ten universities in the UK. All pioneers and world leaders in social-science research, knowledge production and training, the universities cooperate under ESRC to provide funding, expertise and an arena for Social Science and Economics researchers; their ESRC funding was announced in August 2016 after SeNSS's 2015 foundation. In 2016, SAGE Publishing revealed that it would begin a partnership with SeNSS. == Member institutions == SeNSS members are: City, University of London University of East Anglia University of Essex (the co-ordinating institution) Goldsmiths, University of London University of Kent University of Reading University of Roehampton, London Royal Holloway, University of London University of Surrey University of Sussex == Activities == The SeNSS is funded by the ESRC and provides funding for PhD students in the social sciences, training and workshops as well as a yearly conference. SeNSS also provides post-doctoral fellowships, placements and researcher support; SeNSS started accepting applicants in 2017. SeNSS focuses on providing inter-disciplinary research training through engaging its scholars with expertise drawn from different scholarly fields. == References ==


id: social-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:43.060577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Research Association (SRA) is a British and Irish organisation open to practitioners and researchers interested in all branches of social research. It was founded in 1978 by Janet Lewis and Malcolm Cross, and supported by an active board that included Roger Jowell. It is a learned society member of the UK Academy of Social Sciences. In addition to the umbrella organisation, it has branches that cater specifically to researchers in Scotland, Wales and Ireland (including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Among other activities, it publishes a code of conduct for social researchers which is widely adopted as a standard of research ethics by funding agencies in the social sciences. == References == == External links == SRA official website


id: social-science-genetic-association-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science Genetic Association Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:44.224840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-genetic-association-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, abbreviated SSGAC, is a consortium of scientists dedicated to studying the role of genetics in important life outcomes in the social sciences. It has received media coverage for its research looking for genetic variants associated with educational attainment. For instance, the Consortium's first study, published in 2013, found three such variants in a sample of 101,000 people. The SSGAC was founded by Daniel Benjamin (University of Southern California), David Cesarini (New York University), and Philipp Koellinger (VU Amsterdam). According to Benjamin, "One major impetus for the formation of the SSGAC was the growing recognition that most effects of individual genetic markers on behavioral traits are very small and that, consequently, very large samples are required to accurately detect them". It was founded during a meeting of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium on February 12, 2011. The SSGAC continues operates with support from CHARGE. == References == == External links == Official website


id: social-science-history-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science History Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:45.428741+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-history-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Science History Association brings together scholars from disciplines interested in interpreting history with social scientific approaches. The Social Science History Association's core purpose is: "To bring together members of various disciplines (including economics, sociology, demography, anthropology, and history) who work with historical materials." The association publishes the journal Social Science History, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic publication. Its articles address historical evidence analytically, theoretically, and frequently quantitatively. The journal's founders intended to "improve the quality of historical explanation" with "theories and methods from the social science disciplines", and to make generalizations across historical cases. The first issue came out in the fall of 1976. The journal's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives. == History == The association was formed in 1974 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention. The goal was to incorporate historical studies' perspectives from all the social sciences, especially political science, sociology and economics. The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification. However, by the 1980s critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency and warned against naive positivism. Meanwhile, quantification became well-established inside economics in the field


id: social-science-library-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science Library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:46.620697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-library-20260505-0
summary:
The Bodleian Social Science Library, Oxford (SSL) is the main teaching social sciences lending library at the University of Oxford, England. The library supports taught programmes for both undergraduates and postgraduates, and houses a dedicated research collection part of which contains legal deposit material out-housed from the Bodleian Library. The Social Science Library uses the Library of Congress classification scheme. The library is located in the Manor Road Building on Manor Road, Oxford. The Manor Road Building was designed by Foster & Partners. == History == The Social Science Library officially opened 1 October 2004, following a period in which subject collections housed within smaller units were amalgamated into a central library site. The institution was preceded by the Social Studies Libraries; a grouping of three separate libraries: Politics, International Relations, and Sociology Library (PIRS) Economics Library (formerly the Institute of Economics and Statistics (IES) until 1999) Social Policy and Social Work Library (SPSW) These three libraries were the first to be combined, at the site of the existing Economics Library, between 2002 and 2003. Further integration followed with the Criminology Library and Socio-Legal Studies Library moving to the site in 2004. The collections housed at the International Development Centre


id: social-science-research-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science Research Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:47.769432+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-research-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Science Research Laboratory (SSRL) is a component of the College of Arts & Letters at San Diego State University (SDSU) in San Diego, California. == Functions == The SSRL provide comprehensive survey research and program evaluation services to university faculty, administration, students, and regional government and non-profit organizations, and to provide education and training in current survey research and program evaluation methods to SDSU students. The SSRL also provides information on current best practices in survey research methodology and program evaluation to SDSU students, faculty, staff, and the greater San Diego community. === Standards === Activities are conducted in accordance with the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Code of Professional Ethics and Practices. === Affiliations === AAPOR: All of SSRL’s full-time staff are members of the AAPOR. AEA: The SSRL staff specialize in evaluation research, and are members of the American Evaluation Association (AEA). CMOR: The SSRL is a member of the Council on Marketing and Opinion Research (CMOR). EMPAQ: The SSRL is a certified independent data collection contractor for Employer Measures of Production, Absence, and Quality (EMPAQ). == See also == Statistical survey == References == == External links == SDSU Social Science Research Laboratory


id: social-stratification-research-seminar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Stratification Research Seminar
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:48.939842+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-stratification-research-seminar-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Stratification Research Seminar (UK) is an annual research colloquium for original, empirically informed sociological presentations on social stratification. The Social Stratification Research Seminars have been running almost every autumn since 1968. The seminars have mainly been hosted at the University of Cambridge and were often organised by the Social Science Research Group (formerly the Sociological Research Group). The seminars have also been held at the Cardiff University (2003-5), the University of Edinburgh (2014, 2017), the University of Milan (2015), the University of Stirling (2007, 2011) and Utrecht University (2010). The seminar was originally founded by - Professor Robert Blackburn, Professor Ken Prandy, and Professor Alexander Stewart. Since the early 2000s the seminar has been organised by Professor Paul Lambert, who is Professor of Sociology at the University of Stirling. The annual call for papers is usually issued in the spring and the seminar is usually held on two consecutive days in the early September. Proposals for papers for presentations are invited from any area of research into social stratification and social inequality. The organizers do not usually limit the number of delegates attending. There are no parallel sessions and therefore there is an upper limit on the number


id: society-for-disability-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Disability Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:51.186616+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-disability-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Disability Studies is an international academic network of disability studies practitioners. It often abbreviates its name to SDS, though that abbreviation continues to be used by academics and political scientists to describe the Students for a Democratic Society organization in the United States. The society's overall goal is to promote disability studies as a serious academic discipline on par with philosophy, the social sciences, and similar fields. == Definition of disability studies == In 1993 the society adopted an official definition of "Disability Studies": ... examines the policies and practices of all societies to understand the social, rather than the physical or psychological determinants of the experience of disability. Disability Studies has been developed to disentangle impairments from the myths, ideology and stigma that influence social interaction and social policy. The scholarship challenges the idea that the economic and social statuses and the assigned roles of people with disabilities are the inevitable outcomes of their condition. == Founding and history == The organization was founded in 1982 first as the Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability (SSCIID), and renamed Society for Disability Studies in 1986. Its founders are Daryl Evans, Nora Groce, Steve


id: society-of-catholic-social-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Society of Catholic Social Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:52.411769+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-of-catholic-social-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Society of Catholic Social Scientists (SCSS) is a US-based non-profit organization founded in 1992 by Stephen M. Krason of Franciscan University of Steubenville at the Pittsburgh Hilton hotel and recognized as a non-profit by the US Internal Revenue Service in 1999. The SCSS offers a Master of Theology degree program in Catholic social thought at Steubenville, Ohio, as well as holding an annual meeting and conference, and publishing an academic journal, The Catholic Social Science Review. The organization's mission is to "bring rigorous, credible scholarship to political, social and economic questions" through a collegiality of Catholic scholars, professors, researchers, practitioners, and writers who "approach their work in both a scholarly and evangelical spirit." The organization publishes The Catholic Social Science Review, an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal of original articles and reviews in the social sciences and the humanities. They are expected to strictly observe the highest scholarly and professional requirements of their disciplines as they examine their data in light of church teaching and the natural law. In this way, the society seeks to obtain objective knowledge about the social order, provide solutions to vexing social problems, and further the cause of Christ. == References == == External links ==


id: subject-network-for-sociology-anthropology-politics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics-0.md
category: reference
title: Subject Network for Sociology, Anthropology, Politics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:53.661267+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: subject-network-for-sociology-anthropology-politics-20260505-0
summary:
The Subject Network for Sociology, Anthropology, Politics of the Higher Education Academy of the United Kingdom was established in 2000 to support and enhance learning and teaching in performing arts higher education across the UK. It is based at the University of Birmingham. The director is Professor Alasdair Blair. == External links == Network website Higher Education Academy


id: swiss-centre-of-expertise-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:54.866286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-centre-of-expertise-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences (FORS) is a national research infrastructure, created in 2008. FORS is financed by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Lausanne. Its purpose is to provide services to the social science research community, to conduct research, and to publish and disseminate research findings. The activities of the FORS specifically comprise the following: conducting national and international surveys on social and political topics; documenting and providing datasets of all kinds for secondary analyses; enhancing methods and procedures for survey research; advising researchers. The FORS integrates infrastructures and research projects like the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), the Swiss Electoral Studies (Selects), the Social Report, and the current Data and Research Information Services (DARIS). In addition, the FORS organises teaching and learning events, including the annual Swiss Summer School on Methods in the Social Sciences, monthly seminars on research methodology (in collaboration with social science faculty partners (MISC and IMA), workshops at Swiss universities and universities of applied sciences, as well as international conferences. FORS also offers a data portal to public statistics—COMPASS. FORS and its staff collaborate widely with different players in the


id: transaction-publishers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers-0.md
category: reference
title: Transaction Publishers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:56.018102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: transaction-publishers-20260505-0
summary:
Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey–based publishing house that specialized in social-science books and journals. It was located on the Livingston Campus of Rutgers University. The company was sold to Taylor & Francis in 2016 and merged with its Routledge imprint. == History and operations == As of February 1, 2017, Transaction Publishers became a part of Routledge, of the Taylor & Francis Group. Transaction was an academic publisher of the social sciences. It was founded by Irving Louis Horowitz, who served as Transaction's chairman of the board and editorial director until his death in 2012. Transaction began on July 1, 1962, as part of a multiplex grant sponsored by the Ford Foundation at Washington University in St. Louis. From beginnings as a social-science magazine, Transaction: Social Science and Modern Society (later Society), Transaction Publishers evolved into a full-fledged publisher of books (Transaction Books), journals (Transaction Periodicals Consortium), and eBooks. In 1969, Transaction relocatedto the newly formed Livingston College, on the Livingston campus of Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. Many editors, authors, and advisors were drawn from the faculty. Close to 200 faculty members have been authors and editors of Transaction books. AldineTransaction was an imprint of Transaction Publishers.


id: university-of-california-irvine-school-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:57.178268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-california-irvine-school-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The School of Social Sciences is an academic unit of the University of California, Irvine (UCI) that studies the social sciences. The School is the largest academic unit in the university with an enrollment of over 5,300 students. More than a third of the bachelor's degrees conferred at UCI are from the School of Social Sciences. It is home to the departments of Anthropology, Chicano-Latino Studies, Cognitive Science, Economics, Logic and Philosophy of Science, Political Science, International Studies, and Sociology. UC Irvine's School of Social Sciences is also home to several research and educational entities including the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences (IMBS, headed by Donald G. Saari), the Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies (GPACS), the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, and the Center for the Study of Democracy (headed by Bernard Grofman). == History == The School of Social Sciences was founded in 1965. The Social Science Tower at UCI was featured in the film Conquest of the Planet of the Apes in 1972. == Undergraduate studies == The school offers 11 undergraduate majors in 7 different departments, each providing a Bachelor of Arts degree. Departments within the Social of Social Sciences include Anthropology, Chicano/Latino Studies, Cognitive Sciences,


id: university-of-maryland-college-of-behavioral-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:58.399134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-maryland-college-of-behavioral-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences is the school of social sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park. It consists of nine academic departments. == History == The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences began as "The School of Liberal Arts" in 1919, and was headquartered in Morrill Hall; Frederic E. Lee served as the school's first dean. In the 1920s, it became "The College of Arts and Sciences," with five separate divisions. In 1936, the college moved into the newly completed College of Arts and Sciences Building, which was renamed Francis Scott Key Hall in 1955. In the 1940s, the departments of economics, of geography and of government and politics moved into the College of Business and Public Administration. In 1972, the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Business and Public Administration combined to become the new "Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences", one of five divisions in the university. In 1986, the five divisions split into fourteen colleges, and The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences was formed. The college has been headquartered in Millard E. Tydings Hall since 1993. == Departments == == Faculty == There are two endowed chairs within the


id: world-association-for-public-opinion-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: World Association for Public Opinion Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:59.605536+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-association-for-public-opinion-research-20260505-0
summary:
The World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) is an international professional association of researchers in the field of survey research. It is a member organization of the International Science Council. == History == Established in 1947 at the Second International Conference on Public Opinion Research held in Williamstown, Massachusetts as the World Congress on Public Opinion Research, the association acquired its current name in 1948, at the Third International Conference on Public Opinion Research. In 1953, it became the sole nongovernment consultant organization to UNESCO in the field of polling. Its current president is Robert Chung (Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute, in Hong Kong) with Immediate Past President Timothy P. Johnson (University of Illinois Chicago) and a Council of officers Among the former presidents of WAPOR are Juan Linz, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Robert Worcester, Seymour Martin Lipset, and Michael Traugutt. === Membership === Over time, WAPOR's membership has grown and become more international. In 1956, roughly a decade after its founding, the association had 158 members from about 20 countries; by 1962, these figures had risen to approximately 200 and more than 30, respectively. In 1970, WAPOR had more than 300 members from 41 countries. As of 2021, the


id: 314-action-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action-0.md
category: reference
title: 314 Action
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:01.261121+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 314-action-20260505-0
summary:
314 Action is a progressive political action committee (PAC) that seeks to elect science, technology, engineering, and mathematics-educated Democrats to higher office in the United States. The group gets its name from the first three digits of the mathematical constant pi (π). == History == The organization was founded in 2016 by researcher Shaughnessy Naughton. Naughton is a business owner and a chemist who unsuccessfully ran for Congress as a Democrat in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district in 2014 and 2016. She founded the group due to her worry about the election of Donald Trump and Trump's refusal to name any climate change experts to his cabinet, claiming that Trump is "anti-science". 314 Action has stated that the organization was inspired by EMILY's List, a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women to public office. The express goal is to increase the number of STEM-educated Democrats elected to public office. They have stated that they will only support Democrats, and will refuse to work with or contribute to any Republican candidate. Citing the Democratic Party's support of green politics, Naughton stated, "We felt we had to pick a team" arguing that science cannot remain above politics because "politics


id: 500-queer-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: 500 Queer Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:02.494762+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 500-queer-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
500 Queer Scientists is a visibility campaign for LGBTQ+ people working in the sciences. Queer scientists submit short descriptions of their lives to the organization; these are manually checked and proof-read before being posted to the group's website. In collating submissions, the organization intends to show queer people currently working in science that there are others like them, to provide role models for future generations of researchers, and to create a database that can be used when planning events to ensure representation. == History == The group was founded in San Francisco on 4 June 2018, by Lauren Esposito, an arachnology professor at the California Academy of Sciences and Sean Vidal Edgerton, a science illustrator and evolutionary virologist at the academy. In the press release announcing its foundation, the organization referenced, as part of its motivation, a 2016 paper in the Journal of Homosexuality that found that, in 2013, more than 40% of respondents to a survey who identified as LGBTQ+ had not revealed that they were to their colleagues. The campaign was inspired by the group 500 Women Scientists; the two groups are separate, but consider themselves to be "informally partnered". At launch, the site contained 50 scientists' stories;


id: alltrials-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-0.md
category: reference
title: AllTrials
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:06.191454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alltrials-20260505-0
summary:
AllTrials (sometimes called All Trials or AllTrials.net) is a project advocating that clinical research adopt the principles of open research. The project summarizes itself as "All trials registered, all results reported": that is, all clinical trials should be listed in a clinical trials registry, and their results should always be shared as open data. At the center of the organisation is a petition signed by over 85,000 individuals and 599 organisations (as of August 2015): Thousands of clinical trials have not reported their results; some have not even been registered. Information on what was done and what was found in these trials could be lost forever to doctors and researchers, leading to bad treatment decisions, missed opportunities for good medicine, and trials being repeated. All trials past and present should be registered, and the full methods and the results reported. We call on governments, regulators and research bodies to implement measures to achieve this. Ben Goldacre, author of Bad Science and Bad Pharma, is a founder of the campaign and its most public spokesperson. In 2016, he participated in the launch of the OpenTrials database. AllTrials is an international initiative of Bad Science, BMJ, Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Cochrane Collaboration,


id: alltrials-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-1.md
category: reference
title: AllTrials
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:06.191454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alltrials-20260505-0
summary:
== Supporters == The campaign is an initiative of Sense about Science, Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, James Lind Alliance, Cochrane Collaboration, BMJ Group, PLOS, and Bad Science. The petition statement of AllTrials has been signed by organizations including Wellcome Trust, British Library, Medical Research Council (UK), British Heart Foundation, Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, BioMed Central, National Physicians Alliance, Royal Society of Medicine, Health Research Authority, American Medical Student Association, GlaxoSmithKline, and others. As of May 2017, The AllTrials petition has been signed by 90,282 people and 721 organisations. In October 2016, AllTrials published a road map detailing steps that various types of organisations can take to get more trials registered and more results reported. 85 investors with >€3.5 trillion (£2.45trn; $3.83trn) of investments have supported AllTrials (as of July 2015), with Peter van der Werf of RobecoSAM saying: "We deem this to be a financially material factor and encourage all companies to gain credibility regarding their approach to clinical trial transparency by signing up to the AllTrials principles.". The Laura and John Arnold Foundation provided early and ongoing financial


id: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Humanist Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
summary:
The American Humanist Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that advances secular humanism. The American Humanist Association was founded in 1941 and currently provides legal assistance to defend the constitutional rights of secular and religious minorities, lobbies Congress on church-state separation and other issues, and maintains a grassroots network of 250 local affiliates and chapters that engage in social activism and community-building events. The AHA has several publications, including The Humanist, Free Mind, a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholastic journal, Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, and TheHumanist.com. The organization states that it has over 34,000 members. == History == In 1927, an organization named the "Humanist Fellowship" was founded during a gathering in Chicago. In 1928, the Fellowship started publishing the New Humanist magazine with H.G. Creel as its first editor. The New Humanist was published from 1928 to 1936. The first Humanist Manifesto was issued by a conference held at the University of Chicago in 1933. Signatories included John Dewey, but the majority were ministers (chiefly Unitarian) and theologians. They identified humanism as an ideology that espouses reason, ethics, and social and economic justice. By 1935, the Humanist Fellowship had become the "Humanist Press Association", the


id: american-humanist-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: American Humanist Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
summary:
=== Disaster Recovery === In 2014, the American Humanist Association (AHA) and Foundation Beyond Belief (FBB) merged their respective charitable programs, Humanist Charities (established in 2005) and Humanist Crisis Response (established in 2011). AHA's Executive Director Roy Speckhardt commented, "This merger is a positive move that will grow the relief efforts of the humanist community. The end result will be more money directed to charitable activities, dispelling the false claim that nonbelievers don't give to charity." Now Foundation Beyond Belief's Disaster Recovery program serves as a focal point for the humanist response to major natural disasters and complex humanitarian crises worldwide. The program coordinates financial support and trains humanist volunteers to help impacted communities. The Disaster Recovery program is sustained through the ongoing partnership between FBB and AHA, and ensures that our community's efforts are centralized and efficient. Between 2014 and 2018, Humanist Disaster Recovery has raised over $250,000 for victims of the Syrian Refugee Crisis, Refugee Children of the U.S. Border, Tropical Cyclone Sam, the Nepal and Ecuadoran Earthquakes, Hurricane Matthew in Haiti, and Hurricanes Irma and Maria. In addition to grants for recovery efforts, volunteers have also helped rebuild homes and schools in the following locations: Columbia, South


id: american-humanist-association-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-2.md
category: reference
title: American Humanist Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
summary:
== Advertising campaigns == The American Humanist Association has received media attention for its various advertising campaigns; in 2010, the AHA's campaign was said to be more expensive than similar ad campaigns from the American Atheists and Freedom From Religion Foundation. In 2008, it ran ads on buses in Washington, D.C., that proclaimed "Why believe in a god? Just be good for goodness' sake", and since 2009, the organization has paid for billboard advertisements nationwide. One such billboard, which stated "No God... No Problem", was repeatedly vandalized. In 2010, it launched another ad campaign promoting Humanism, which The New York Times said was the "first (atheist campaign) to include spots on television and cable" and was described by CNN as the "largest, most extensive advertising campaign ever by a godless organization". The campaign featured violent or sexist quotes from holy books, contrasted with quotes from humanist thinkers, including physicist Albert Einstein, and was largely underwritten by Todd Stiefel, a retired pharmaceutical company executive. In late 2011 it launched a holiday billboard campaign, placing advertisements in 7 different cities: Kearny, New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; Cranston, Rhode Island; Bastrop, Louisiana; Oregon City, Oregon; College Station, Texas and Rochester Hills, Michigan", cities where


id: brights-movement-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-0.md
category: reference
title: Brights movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brights-movement-20260505-0
summary:
The Brights movement is a social movement whose members, since 2003, refer to themselves as Brights and have a worldview of philosophical naturalism. Most Brights believe that public policies should be based on science (a body of knowledge obtained and tested by use of the scientific method). Brights are likely to oppose the practice of basing public policies on supernatural doctrines. Brights may therefore be described as secularists. == Terminology == The Bright movement has proposed the following terminology: super (noun): someone whose worldview includes supernatural and/or mystical elements bright (noun): someone whose worldview is naturalistic (no supernatural and mystical elements) Bright: a bright who has registered on the Bright website as a member of the movement == History == Paul Geisert, who coined the term bright and co-founded the bright movement is a one-time Chicago biology teacher, professor, entrepreneur and writer of learning materials. In deciding to attend the Godless Americans March on Washington in 2002, Geisert disliked the label "godless" because he thought it would alienate the general public to whom that term was synonymous with "evil". He sought a new, positive word that might be well accepted and improve the image of those who did not believe


id: brights-movement-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-1.md
category: reference
title: Brights movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brights-movement-20260505-0
summary:
== Symbol == The Brights' avatar represents a celestial body viewed from space. As there is no up or down or right or left in outer space, the arrangement of planet and darkness and starlight is changeable. Although the symbol is open to the viewer's interpretation, it is generally meant to invoke transition and a sense of gradual illumination. The intentional ambiguity of the avatar is meant to symbolically reflect an important question: Is the future of humankind becoming luminous or more dim? The Brights aspire "to take the promising route, whereby the imagery brings to mind a gradually increasing illumination for this earth of ours, an escalation of enlightenment". This optimistic interpretation of the Brights' symbol is summarized by the motto "Embrightenment Now!". == Name controversy == The movement has been criticised by some (both religious and non-religious) who have objected to the adoption of the title "bright" because they believe it suggests that the individuals with a naturalistic worldview are more intelligent ("brighter") than non-naturalists, such as philosophical skeptics or idealists, believers in the paranormal, philosophical theists, or the religious. For example, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry published an article by Chris Mooney titled "Not Too 'Bright'" in


id: british-science-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Science Association (BSA) is a charity and learned society founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science. Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA). The current Chief Executive is Hannah Russell. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals. The BSA "envisions a society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn." and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building. The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognise and encourage people to be involved in science. These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, For Thought, The Ideas Fund, along with regional and local events. == History == === Foundation === The Association was founded in 1831 and modelled on the German Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. It was founded during post-war reconstruction after the Peninsula war to improve the advancement of science in England. The prime mover (who


id: british-science-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
The natural relation between these units are clearly, that a unit of electromotive force between two points of a conductor separated by a unit of resistance shall produce unit current, and that this current in a unit of time convey a unit quantity of electricity. The unit system was "absolute" since it agreed with previously accepted units of work, or energy: The unit current of electricity, in passing through a conductor of unit resistance, does a unit of work or its equivalent in a unit of time. === Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature === In 1888, at a meeting of the British Association in Bath, the Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature suggested three new units: the kine for velocity, equal to 1 centimeter per second; the bole for momentum, equal to 1 gram times 1 kine; and the barad for pressure, equal to 1 dyne per square centimeter. The London Electrical Review called the new units "an abomination, and wholly unnecessary" and attributed their creation to a "craze" for naming new units. William Henry Preece noted in 1891 that he had only seen one instance of use of the new units. By 1913, the units had fallen entirely out of use. ===


id: british-science-association-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-2.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
Professor Sir George Porter became the president in September 1985. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 along with Manfred Eigen, and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. When asked about the scientific literacy of Britain, he stated that Britain was the least educated country compared to all the other advanced countries. His idea to solve this problem would be to start scientific education for children at the age of 4. He says his reason for such an early age is because that is the age when children are the most curious, and implementing science at that age will help them gain curiosity towards all disciplines of science. When asked why public ignorance to science matters, his response wasIt matters because among those who are scientifically illiterate are some of those who are in power, people who lead us in politics, in civil service, in the media, in the church, often in industry and sometimes even in education. Think, for example, about the enormous influence of scientific knowledge on one's whole philosophy of life, even one's religion. It is no more permissible for the archbishops of today, who advise their flocks on how to interpret the Scriptures, to ignore the findings


id: british-science-association-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-3.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
In addition to the British Science Festival, the British Science Association organises the British Science Week (formerly National Science & Engineering Week), an opportunity for people of all ages to get involved in science, engineering, technology and maths activities, originating as the National Week of Science, Engineering and Technology. The Association also has a young people's programme, the CREST Awards which seeks to involve school students in science beyond the school curriculum, and to encourage them to consider higher education and careers in science. Huxley Summit Named after Thomas Huxley, the Huxley Summit is a leadership event run by the British Science Association, where 250 of the most influential people in the UK are brought together to discuss scientific and social challenges that the UK faces in the 21st century and to develop a link between scientists and non-scientists to ensure that science can be understood by society as a whole. On 8 November 2016, the British Science Association held the very first Huxley Summit at BAFTA, London. The theme of the summit was "Trust in the 21st Century" and how that would affect the future of science, innovation, and business. Media Fellowship Schemes The British Science Association's Media Fellowship


id: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a bi-monthly, nontechnical academic journal, published by an organization of the same name. The organization named "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" is a nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity. It publishes content both at a free-access website and through the journal. The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former Manhattan Project scientists as the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago immediately following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The organization is also the keeper of the symbolic Doomsday Clock, the time of which is announced each January. == Background == One of the driving forces behind the creation of the Bulletin was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy and rapid technological change at the dawn of the Atomic Age. In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the Bulletin to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers of the nuclear arms race they knew was coming and about the destruction that atomic war could bring about. To convey the particular peril posed by nuclear


id: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-1.md
category: reference
title: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the Bulletin. The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result, Bulletin co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist Martyl Langsdorf to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine. Langsdorf, who was married to Manhattan Project physicist Alexander Langsdorf, first considered using the symbol for uranium but then realized that a clock would better convey "a sense of urgency." The resultant Doomsday Clock, which only has bullets labeling the numbers in the upper left hand corner, has been featured on the cover of the Bulletin many times since its creation. The proximity of the minute hand to midnight has been the Bulletin leadership's way of warning the public about manmade threats to humanity; the Clock is a metaphor, not a prediction. That is, the time on the clock is not to be interpreted as actual time. When it began in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight; in 1953, when the Soviet Union continued to test more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight. This proximity to midnight of


id: campaign-for-science-and-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Campaign for Science and Engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:12.161132+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campaign-for-science-and-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) is a non-profit organisation that is the UK's leading independent advocate for science and engineering. It focuses on arguing for more research funding, promoting a high-tech and knowledge-based economy, highlighting the need for top-quality science and maths education at all levels, and scrutinising the mechanisms by which government uses science and evidence. == History == The Campaign for Science and Engineering was founded as Save British Science (SBS) in January 1986. The organisation started out when 1,500 scientists banded together to pay for an advert in The Times. It called on the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher to 'Save British Science'. The organisation changed its name to the Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) in 2005. == Structure == CaSE is based in London. It receives its funding from over 100 member organisations, which currently include companies such as Astra Zeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Johnson Matthey; universities such as the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge; learned and professional societies such as the Royal Society of Biology, Institute of Physics and Royal Society of Chemistry; and charities including Cancer Research UK. CaSE also has a large number of individual members. CaSE employs a team


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-0.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
The Center for Inquiry (CFI) is a U.S. nonprofit advocacy group that works to mitigate belief in pseudoscience and the paranormal and to fight the influence of religion in government. == History == The Center for Inquiry was established in 1991 by atheist philosopher and author Paul Kurtz. It brought together two organizations: the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (founded by Kurtz in 1976) and the Council for Secular Humanism (founded by Kurtz in 1980). The Center for Inquiry Inc was registered as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization in April 2001. Kurtz, a humanist who founded CFI to offer a positive alternative to religion, led the organization for thirty years. In 2009, Kurtz said he was forced out of CFI after conflict with Ronald A. Lindsay, a corporate lawyer hired to become CEO in 2008. Robyn Blumner succeeded Lindsay as CEO in January 2016 when CFI announced that it was merging with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. == Committee for Skeptical Inquiry == Through the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), and its journal, Skeptical Inquirer magazine, published by the Center for Inquiry, CSI examines evidential claims of the paranormal or supernormal, including psychics,


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-1.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
=== Office of Public Policy === The Office of Public Policy (OPP) is the Washington, D.C., political arm of the Center for Inquiry. The OPP's mandate is to lobby Congress and the Administration on issues related to science and secularism. This includes defending the separation of church and state, promoting science and reason as the basis of public policy, and advancing secular values. The OPP publishes position statements on its subjects of interest. Examples have included acupuncture, climate change, contraception and intelligent design. The Office is an active participant in legal matters, providing experts for Congress testimony and amicus briefs in Supreme Court cases. It publishes a list of bills it considers of interest as they pass through the U.S. legislative process. === "Science and the Public" Master of Education program === In partnership with the Graduate School of Education at the State University of New York at Buffalo, CFI offers an accredited Master of Education program in Science and the Public, available entirely online. Aimed at students preparing for careers in research, science education, public policy, science journalism, or further study in sociology, history, and philosophy of science, science communication, education, or public administration, the program explores the methods


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-2.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
CFI Canada (CFIC) is the Canadian branch of CFI Transnational, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Justin Trottier served as National Executive Director from 2007 to 2011. Originally established and supported in part by CFI Transnational, CFI Canada has become an independent Canadian national organization with several provincial branches. CFI Canada has branches in Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatoon, Calgary, Okanagan (Kelowna), and Vancouver. == Affiliate organizations == === List of affiliates === Organizations affiliated with the Center for Inquiry include: Centre for Inquiry Canada Centre for Inquiry UK Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (see below) Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion (CSER) Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health Practice (CSMMH) International Academy of Humanism Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science === Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society === The Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS) is an organization of writers that promotes the ideas of secularism, democracy and human rights within Islamic society. Founded in 1998 by former Muslims, the best known being Ibn Warraq, the group aims to combat theologically driven fanaticism, violence and terrorism. The organization subscribes to the rule of secular law, freedom of


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-3.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
=== CSH actions against faith-based initiatives === In 2007, CSH sued the Florida Department of Corrections (DOC) to block the use of state funds in contracts to faith-based programs for released inmates, claiming that this use is prohibited under the "No Aid" provision or Blaine amendment of the Florida constitution. The initial decision found in favor of the DOC but, on appeal, the case was remanded in 2010 on just the issue of the unconstitutionality of appropriating state funds for this purpose. While this case was in progress, after the appellate finding, Republican legislators began an effort to amend the Florida constitution to remove the language of the Blaine amendment, succeeding in 2011 to place the measure on the 2012 ballot as amendment 8. The ballot measure failed. In 2015, CHS (now CFI) and the state (along with its co-defendants) both filed for summary judgement. The court granted the state's motion in January, 2016, allowing the contested contracting practice to continue. After consideration, CFI announced in February, 2016, that it would not appeal. === Heckled at the UN === CFI representative Josephine Macintosh was repeatedly interrupted and heckled by the delegation from Saudi Arabia whilst presenting the center's position on


id: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-0.md
category: reference
title: Center for Science in the Public Interest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-0
summary:
The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a Washington, D.C.–based non-profit watchdog and consumer advocacy group. == History and funding == CSPI is a consumer advocacy organization. Its focus is nutrition and health, food safety, and alcohol policy. CSPI was founded in 1971 by the microbiologist Michael F. Jacobson, along with the meteorologist James Sullivan and the chemist Albert Fritsch, two fellow scientists from Ralph Nader's Center for the Study of Responsive Law. In the early days, CSPI focused on various aspects such as nutrition, environmental issues, and nuclear energy. However, after the 1977 departure of Fritsch and Sullivan, CSPI began to focus largely on nutrition and food safety and began publishing nutritional analyses and critiques. CSPI has 501(c)(3) status. Its chief source of income is its Nutrition Action Healthletter, which has about 900,000 subscribers and does not accept advertising. The organization receives about 5 to 10 percent of its $17 million annual budget from grants by private foundations. CSPI has more than sixty staff members and an annual budget from over $20 million. Jacobson now serves as a Senior Scientist at CSPI, with Peter G. Lurie acting as the organization's current President. == Programs and campaigns


id: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-1.md
category: reference
title: Center for Science in the Public Interest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-0
summary:
=== Food safety === One of CSPI's largest projects is its Food Safety Initiative, directed to reduce food contamination and foodborne illness. In addition to publishing Outbreak Alert!, a compilation of food-borne illnesses and outbreaks, the project advocated for the Food Safety Modernization Act, which was signed into law in 2011. The law refocused government attention on preventing food contamination rather than on identifying problems after they caused outbreaks of illnesses. === Food Day: October 24 === Between 2011 and 2016, CSPI sponsored Food Day, a nationwide celebration of healthy, affordable, and sustainably produced food and a grassroots campaign for better food policies. Food Day's goal was to help people "Eat Real", which the project defined as cutting back on sugar drinks, overly salted packaged foods, and fatty, factory-farmed meats in favor of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and sustainably raised protein. This annual event involved some of the country's most prominent food activists, united by a vision of food that is healthy, affordable, and produced with care for the environment, farm animals, and the people who grow, harvest, and serve it. Across the country, several thousand events took place each year, from community festivals in Denver, Savannah, and New York


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Clergy Letter Project is a project that maintains statements in support of the teaching of evolution and collects signatures in support of letters from American Christian, Jewish, Unitarian Universalist, Buddhist, and Humanist clergy. The letters make reference to points raised by intelligent design proponents. There are five separate letters: A Christian Clergy Letter, a Rabbi Letter, a Unitarian Universalist Clergy Letter, a Buddhist Clergy Letter, and a Humanist Clergy Letter. As of October, 2022, there were 15,679 signatures from Christian clergy, 839 signatures from Jewish rabbis, 688 signatures from Unitarian Universalist clergy, 75 signatures from Buddhist clergy, and 58 signatures from Humanist clergy. This effort was initiated in 2004 by the biologist Michael Zimmerman, past vice president for academic affairs and provost at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. The letter was written by John McFadden, pastor of the First Congregational United Church of Christ in Appleton, Wisconsin. The project also encourages congregations to participate in Religion and Science Weekend by sponsoring events in which clergy and congregations are encouraged to learn about and discuss the positive intersections of religion and science. The weekend chosen is the closest Sunday to Charles Darwin's birthday, February 12. Evolution Sunday events first


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-1.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Clergy Letter - from Unitarian Universalist Clergy – An Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science As Unitarian Universalists, we draw from many sources, including "Wisdom from the world's religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life," and "Humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit." While most Unitarian Universalists believe that many sacred scriptures convey timeless truths about humans and our relationship to the sacred, we stand in solidarity with our Christian and Jewish brothers and sisters who do not read the Bible literally, as they would a science textbook. We believe that religious truth is of a different order from scientific truth. Its purpose is not to convey scientific information but to transform hearts. Fundamentalists of various traditions, who perceive the science of evolution to be in conflict with their personal religious beliefs, are seeking to influence public school boards to authorize the teaching of creationism. We see this as a breach in the separation of church and state. Those who believe in a literal interpretation of the Biblical account of creation are free to teach their perspective


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-2.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
We believe that evolution is a foundational scientific truth, one that has stood up to rigorous scrutiny and upon which much of human knowledge and achievement rests. Omitting evolution from science teaching, or treating it dismissively as “only a theory,” miscommunicates its centrality in modern biology and threatens students’ understanding of the very nature of science. Along with our religious allies of other traditions, we ask that science remain science and that religion remain religion. We urge public education authorities to preserve the integrity of the science curriculum by affirming the teaching of evolutionary theory as a core component of human knowledge. == History == The project was organized in 2004 by Michael Zimmerman, then a biology professor and dean of the College of Science and Letters at University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh. He was motivated to create a petition by the actions of the school board in Grantsburg, Wisconsin, which had passed some anti-evolution policies in the summer of 2004. Zimmerman was a veteran of similar disputes in Ohio, when he was a professor at Oberlin College. After Zimmerman watched Christian fundamentalist clergy from Dover, Pennsylvania, on the television program Nightline insisting that decisions about teaching evolution in schools was equivalent


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-3.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
== Reaction from creationists == The creationist Discovery Institute, which arranged its own anti-evolution petition called A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism in 2001 criticized the project. Discovery Institute communications director Rob Crowther asserted that the disputes about evolution was "purely a scientific debate" and that clergy petitions are irrelevant, stating that clergy "don't make any difference," since "We don't think there is anything religious at all to the theory of intelligent design." Zimmerman described this argument as part of the problem, as intelligent design tried to undermine science by changing it from a study of the natural world to include supernatural explanations, and it was important for clergy to defend science against these attacks. Ken Ham and Mark Looy of the creationist organization Answers in Genesis have repeatedly condemned Evolution Sunday/Evolution Weekend activities as a "Darwin praise service" and expressing dismay that "over 10,200 clergy had signed this awful letter." Ham and Looy also criticized Zimmerman's fundraising efforts through the Christian Alliance for Progress. Answers in Genesis published a list of "modern scientists who have accepted the biblical account of creation." The majority are not biologists. The group has also organized "Creation Sunday" in response to Evolution Weekend, and has


id: council-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Council for Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:16.992234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: council-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Council for Science and Technology (CST) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government. Its role is to give advice on issues that cut across government departments to the Prime Minister. It was established in 1993 and reconstituted in 2003. It is based in London. == Evolution == From the 1970s, reforms to government science support drew funding back into departments which had new chief scientists and reduced the role of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser (GCSA). In order to direct this, a central committee was formed to set priorities for applied research in parallel to the advisory board for the research councils (ABRC) which advised on basic research. The advisory functions now in the CST were performed by the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD), from 1976 to 1987, and the Advisory Council on Science and Technology (ACOST) from 1987 to 1993 which included defence as well as civil research. The CST was formed in 1993 to advise the prime minister, bringing departmental chief scientists into the council and absorbing the ABRC into government. The aim of the CST was set out in a white paper on science policy which recognised the role


id: dynasty-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Dynasty Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:18.137948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dynasty-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
Dynasty Foundation was Russia's only private funder of scientific research. It was created by VympelCom founder Dmitry Zimin in 2002. After the Russian Ministry of Justice added Dynasty to its list of foreign agents in 2015 due to Zimin's own contributions coming from his foreign bank account, the Foundation decided to shut down. == History == Dynasty Foundation was founded in 2002 by telecommunications businessman and philanthropist Dmitry Zimin. The priority areas of the Foundation's activities were the development of fundamental science and education in Russia, the creation of conditions for the work of scientists in their homeland, the popularization of science and education. Dynasty has supported the research of young biologists, physicists, and mathematicians; science programs for high-school students in academic institutions; and training for science teachers, among other programs. Dynasty also funded the translation of popular science literature, founded a book award for these writers, and supported lectures and festivals that promoted scientific knowledge. The first program of the foundation was launched in 2002 - grants and scholarships for students and young physicists. In 2007, for the first time in Russian history, the foundation was turned over to a board of trustees appointed from members of the public.


id: evidence-for-democracy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy-0.md
category: reference
title: Evidence For Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:19.372306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evidence-for-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
Evidence for Democracy (E4D) is a non-partisan Canadian non-profit organization which advocates for evidence-based policy-making in the government. It was co-founded by Katie Gibbs (executive director) and Scott Findlay in 2012. == History == In July 2012, prior to forming E4D, Katie Gibbs was one of the organizers for the Death of Evidence protest in Ottawa. Over 2,000 scientists and supporters attended the protest, which was in the form of a mock funeral, to protest then Prime Minister Stephen Harper's government funding cuts to basic science research and in response to Bill C-38. The protest's success prompted Gibbs to co-found E4D. == Organization == E4D advocates for evidence-based policy-making and to build a national culture where science and evidence are valued. E4D primarily launches issue-based campaigns to address current issues which affect science, alongside panels, lectures, workshops and documentary screenings, to provide knowledge and skill-based training to the scientific community, as well as the broader public. == Notable campaigns == On 16 September 2013, E4D collaborated with local organizers to hold Stand Up for Science protests in 17 cities (including Toronto and Vancouver), to voice concerns for the state of science in Canada. Previous science advocacy, coupled with the Stand


id: federation-of-german-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Federation of German Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:21.796446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-german-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Federation of German Scientists - VDW (Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler e. V.) is a German non-governmental organization. == History == Since its founding 1959 by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Otto Hahn, Max Born and further prominent nuclear scientists, known as Göttinger 18, who had previously publicly declared their position against the nuclear armament of the West German Bundeswehr, the Federation has been committed to the ideal of responsible Wissenschaft. The founders were almost identical to the "Göttinger 18" (compare the historical Göttingen Seven). Both the "Göttingen Manifesto" and the formation of the VDW were an expression of the new sense of responsibility felt by Otto Hahn and some scientists after the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The VDW tried to mirror the American Federation of Atomic Scientists. VDW has been identified as West Germany's Pugwash group. Members of VDW feel committed to taking into consideration the possible military, political and economical implications and possibilities of atomic misuse when carrying out their scientific research and teaching. The Federation of German Scientists comprises around 400 scholars of different fields. The Federation of German Scientists addresses both interested members of the public and decision-makers on all levels of politics and


id: foundation-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:22.986925+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation for Science and Technology is a British charity, providing a neutral platform for debate of policy issues that have a science, technology or innovation element. Established in 1977, the Foundation brings together Parliamentarians, civil servants, industrialists, researchers, learned societies, charities and others. It convenes monthly discussion events at the Royal Society, publishes a journal three times a year, hosts a weekly podcast and has recently started to produce a blog on relevant science and technology policy issues. Recent topics of discussion include international research collaboration post- Brexit, facial recognition technologies and their ethics, and digital health data. For the most up to date information regarding events, blogs and podcasts, follow the @FoundSciTech Twitter page. The foundation also organises the Foundation Future Leaders Programme, supporting mid- career professionals from universities, industry and the civil service, meeting regularly to develop links and further their understanding of how science and research are conducted, and how they feed into the policy process. In addition, the Foundation provides guidance on governance issues to Professional and Learned Societies. The Foundation is directed by a council and board of trustees, chaired by The Rt Hon the Lord Willetts FRS. The Chief Executive of the Foundation


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Freedom from Religion Foundation (FFRF) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for atheists, agnostics, and nontheists. Formed in 1976, FFRF promotes the separation of church and state, and challenges the legitimacy of federal and state government support for faith-based programs, such as chaplaincy services. It supports groups such as nonreligious students and clergy who want to leave their faith. == History == The FFRF was co-founded by Anne Nicol Gaylor and her daughter, Annie Laurie Gaylor, in 1976 and was incorporated nationally on April 15, 1978, who split with Madalyn Murray O'Hair's American Atheists, in response to O'Hair's antisemitism. The organization was supported by over 19,000 members in 2012 and operated from an 1855-era building in Madison, Wisconsin, that once served as a church rectory. In March 2011, FFRF, along with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, began The Clergy Project, a confidential on-line community that supports clergy as they leave their faith. In 2012, it gave its first Freedom from Religion Foundation and Clergy Project "Hardship Grant" to Jerry DeWitt, a former pastor who left the ministry to join the atheist movement. FFRF provides financial support to the Secular Student Alliance, an organization that has


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Health care ==== In April 2003, the FFRF, on behalf of Montana residents, sued the Montana Office of Rural Health and its executive director David M. Young along with the Montana State University-Bozeman and the Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. It was alleged that Young favored faith-based nursing parish programs for state funding. In October 2004, the Federal District Court for the District of Montana held that the state's "direct and preferential funding of inherently and pervasively religious parish nursing programs was undertaken for the impermissible purpose, and has the impermissible effect, of favoring and advancing the integration of religion into the provision of secular health care services." According to the court, the state funding of faith-based healthcare violated the First Amendment. In April 2006, the FFRF sued to challenge the pervasive integration of "spirituality" into health care by the Department of Veteran Affairs. Specifically stating that the practice of asking patients about their religion in spiritual assessments, the use of chaplains to treat patients, and drug and alcohol treatment programs that incorporate religion violated the separation of state and church. The case was later dismissed after the Hein decision because of lack of standing. ==== Education ==== In 2001, the


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-2.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Employment issues ==== In 1995, the FFRF sued the state of Wisconsin for designating Good Friday as a state legal holiday. In 1996, the federal district court ruled that Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday was indeed a First Amendment violation because, in reference to Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday law, the "promotion of Christianity is the primary purpose of the law." ==== Public funding ==== FFRF opposed the city of Versailles, Kentucky helping a church get federal funding to create a local disaster relief center. The FFRF is filing a lawsuit on behalf of four residents against the state of South Carolina to oppose the funding to Christian Learning Centers of Greenville County to build a private religious school, and the FFRF is challenging that it is unconstitutional. ==== Religious displays on public property ==== In December 2007, the FFRF, on behalf of a group of concerned Green Bay residents and invoking the First Amendment rights of all of the city's residents, sued the city because of the placement of a nativity scene at Green Bay's city hall. Before the case was heard, the city removed the nativity scene. The judge then dismissed the suit, citing lack of jurisdiction. Since the


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-3.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
In October 2008, the FFRF filed suit against the U.S. government over the statute establishing the National Day of Prayer (NDoP). In 2010, Federal judge Barbara Brandriff Crabb ruled it unconstitutional as it is "an inherently religious exercise that serves no secular function". This ruling was appealed by the U.S. government. In April 2011, the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the FFRF's challenge to the NDoP, holding that the FFRF did not have standing to challenge the NDoP statute or proclamations and that only the President was injured enough to challenge the NDoP statute. The FFRF, in January 2013, after receiving a complaint from a resident, asked the city council of Rapid City, South Dakota, to eliminate its practice of beginning each city council meeting with a Christian prayer. After the FFRF sent a second letter in February 2013, the mayor stated at that time that prayers would continue. Joseph Richardson, of Lake County, Florida, delivered a secular invocation on behalf of "non-religious citizens" at a county commission meeting on Tuesday, December 6, 2022. Following the invocation the director of Lake County Public Works Fred Schneider took the microphone and delivered a prayer at the request of the


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-4.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
At this season of THE WINTER SOLSTICE may reason prevail. There are no gods, no devils, no angels, no heaven or hell. There is only our natural world. Religion is but myth and superstition that hardens hearts and enslaves minds. In 2013, a natural nativity featuring Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein and Mark Twain as the three wise men, the Statue of Liberty and an astronaut as angels and an African American girl baby doll to represent that "humankind was birthed in Africa" was added. === Texas State Capitol === In 2015, the FFRF applied to put a "secular Nativity" scene in the Texas State Capitol. The scene featured the Bill of Rights, three Founding Fathers, and the Statue of Liberty and a sign that wished everyone a "Happy Winter Solstice". The then governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, demanded it be removed. Following a series of legal challenges, in 2018, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that FFRF's rights were violated. The Court also vacated the ruling of the trial court and sent the case back for consideration of FFRF's request for an injunction. === Rhode Island === In 2013, the FFRF was allowed to place


id: international-longevity-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: International Longevity Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:25.380575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-longevity-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The International Longevity Alliance (ILA) is an international nonprofit organization that is a platform for interaction between regional organizations that support anti-aging technologies, usually at the administrative and popularization levels. == Purpose == The declared objectives of the organization are to establish regional organizations' interaction and collaboration, to popularize the idea of the need to combat the aging process as a negative but treatable medical condition of the body, and to provide support for scientific research in all possible ways and at all possible levels around the world (up to cooperation with WHO). == History == ILA began to function in January 2013 as an informal platform for communication between managers and representatives of several organizations. In September 2014, the alliance was formally registered in Paris, France, acquiring the status of an official organization. == Organizations == As of February 2025, ILA includes 70 nonprofit organizations from 37 countries. Some of them are: SENS Research Foundation Healthy Life Extension Society (HEALES) AFT – Technoprog Israeli Longevity Alliance Global Healthspan Policy Institute (GHPI) Council for Public Health and the Problems of Demography (CPHD) I Am Future Foundation Institute of Exponential Sciences Moreover, the ILA's Board of Advisors includes Aubrey de Grey,


id: kansas-citizens-for-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Kansas Citizens for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:26.572386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kansas-citizens-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
Kansas Citizens for Science (KCFS) is a science advocacy organization, incorporated as a not-for-profit 501(c)(3), that "promotes a better understanding of what science is, and does, by: advocating for science education, educating the public about the nature and value of science, and serving as an information resource." KCFS has been active in both local and national evolution-advocacy efforts and served as the prototype for other Citizens for Science organizations. == Formation == By law, Kansas' educational standards require periodic revision. In 1999 a 25 person committee of science educators, businesspeople and other community members was assembled by the state board of education to help perform this revision. Creationists managed to influence the revisions to adopt a more pro-creationism, anti-evolutionary stance for state education standards. A local Lawrence, Kansas group called POSH (Parents for Objective Science and History) began lobbying a local school board for creationist changes to the Lawrence curriculum. When the State Board of Education became deadlocked with a 5-5 split on approving the revisions, the group Creation Science Association of Mid America helped to find the 6th vote and pass the pro-creationism science education standards. Reactions included recruiting those who wrote pro-science letters to newspapers in order to


id: more-than-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: More Than Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:27.824867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: more-than-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
More Than Scientists is a United States-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group. It provides an outreach program for climate scientists to speak publicly about their personal views on climate change. Directed towards the general public, its goal has been to communicate that climate change is real and what it will mean for society. The program presents videos contributed by climate scientists featuring them speaking directly to the viewer. Launched in 2015 with contributions by more than 30 climate scientists, it has grown to more than 80 participating climate scientists and more than 300 videos (as of 2023). Prominent climate scientists who have recorded and contributed videos to More Than Scientists include Kerry Emanuel, John Wallace, Michael Mann, Katharine Hayhoe, Naomi Oreskes, and Kevin Trenberth among others. These scientists represent leading climate science departments including MIT, University of Washington, Harvard, and University of Colorado Boulder. Research centers they work at include the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Western Water Assessment (WWA), the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics


id: national-center-for-science-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: National Center for Science Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:29.030584+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-center-for-science-education-20260505-0
summary:
The National Center for Science Education (NCSE) is a not-for-profit membership advocacy group in the United States whose stated mission is to "promote and defend" science education. The historical focus of the organization has been on educating the press and the public on the scientific and educational aspects of controversies surrounding the teaching of evolution and climate change. The NCSE opposes efforts to incorporate religious and pseudoscientific concepts into public school science education. The NCSE is based in Oakland, California. As of 2012, its membership included more than 4,500 "scientists, teachers, clergy, and citizens of varied religious and political affiliations." The NCSE is a member of the National Coalition Against Censorship and is affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). == History == In 1980 Stanley L. Weinberg, a high school teacher in Iowa, began to organize statewide Committees of Correspondence "committed to the defense of education in evolutionary theory," based upon the committees of correspondence in pre-Revolutionary America. Their purpose was to keep interested parties informed about creationist efforts and to coordinate local political response. This grew into volunteer networks in most states that were coordinated by theCreation/Evolution Newsletter . By 1983, these committees and


