# kb

id: international-behavioural-and-neural-genetics-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Behavioural_and_Neural_Genetics_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Behavioural_and_Neural_Genetics_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:21.273683+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-behavioural-and-neural-genetics-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society (IBANGS) is a learned society that was founded in 1996. The goal of IBANGS is "promote and facilitate the growth of research in the field of neural behavioral genetics". == Profile == === Mission === The IBANGS mission statement is to promote the field of neurobehavioural genetics by: organizing annual meetings to promote excellence in research on behavioural and neural genetics publishing a scholarly journal, Genes, Brain and Behavior in collaboration with Wiley-Blackwell === Awards === Each year IBANGS recognizes top scientists in the field of neurobehavioral genetics with: The IBANGS Distinguished Investigator Award for distinguished lifetime contributions to behavioral neurogenetics The IBANGS Young Scientist Award for promising young scientists Travel Awards to attend an IBANGS Annual Meeting for students, postdocs, and junior faculty, financed by a meeting grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism A Distinguished Service Award for exceptional contributions to the field is given on a more irregular basis and as of 2020 has been awarded only three times, to Benson Ginsburg (2001), Wim Crusio (2011), and John C. Crabbe (2015). == History == IBANGS was founded in 1996 as the European Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society,


id: international-biodeterioration-and-biodegradation-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biodeterioration_and_Biodegradation_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biodeterioration_and_Biodegradation_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:22.588151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-biodeterioration-and-biodegradation-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS) is a scientific society with an international membership. It is a charity registered in the UK. IBBS belongs to the Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS), along with national organizations from European countries and appears in the Yearbook of International Organisations On-line, published by the Union of International Associations. The aim of IBBS is to promote and spread knowledge of Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. Conferences are arranged on specific topics and every three years an International Symposium covering a wide range of research in these scientific areas is organized; the 17th International Symposium, IBBS17, was held in Manchester, UK. Members can apply for various grants or bursaries. The most recently inaugurated offers funding for inter-laboratory research worker visits. The Society's journal, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, is published by Elsevier. == Aims and early history == The International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS) is a learned scientific society with a worldwide membership coming from academia and industry. Its aims are to promote the sciences of Biodeterioraion and Biodegradation by means of international meetings, conferences and publications. It appears in the Yearbook of International Organisations On-line, published by the Union of International Associations, in cooperation with


id: international-bone-and-mineral-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bone_and_Mineral_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Bone and Mineral Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bone_and_Mineral_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:23.895383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-bone-and-mineral-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Bone and Mineral Society (IBMS), formerly International Conferences on Calcium Regulating Hormones, is or was a learned society in the field of bone and mineral metabolism. There is no indication of activities or publications by the society since 2017. == History == The International Bone and Mineral Society has its origins in the Parathyroid Conferences, a triennial event run from 1960 to 1977. The conferences started off focusing on the biology related to parathyroid hormones and calcitonin, but widened the scope to match participants' interests, and began covering osteoporosis, vitamin D, and the cellular and molecular biology of bone. In 1980, the group was incorporated in Quebec, Canada, under the name International Conferences on Calcium Regulating Hormones (ICCRH). The organization's rules were changed to make international representation on the board mandatory, thus becoming the only truly international society in the field. In 1995, at a meeting in Melbourne, Australia, co-hosted by the Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society (ANZBMS), the name was changed to International Bone and Mineral Society (IBMS). and it was registered as a 501(c)(3) organization with headquarters in Washington, D.C., United States. At each conference and joint meeting, participant numbers grew. Joint meetings


id: international-botanical-congress-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Botanical_Congress-0.md
category: reference
title: International Botanical Congress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Botanical_Congress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:25.195166+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-botanical-congress-20260505-0
summary:
International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotating between different continents. The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900; the XX IBC was in Madrid, Spain, July 2024. The XXI IBC is planned to be in Cape Town, South Africa, in July 2029. The IBC has the power to alter the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), which was renamed from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) at the XVIII IBC. Formally the power resides with the Plenary Session; in practice this approves the decisions of the Nomenclature Section. The Nomenclature Section meets before the actual Congress and deals with all proposals to modify the Code: this includes ratifying recommendations from sub-committees on conservation. To reduce the risk of a hasty decision the Nomenclature Section adopts a 60% majority requirement for any change not already recommended by a committee. == History == Prior to the first International Botanical Congress, local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large, and a more


id: international-carnivorous-plant-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Carnivorous Plant Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:26.480199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-carnivorous-plant-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS) is a non-profit organization founded in 1972. It is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for carnivorous plants. As of June 2011, the society had around 1400 members. The ICPS publishes a quarterly publication, the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. == Conservation efforts == The ICPS has set up the Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project (NcSP) to facilitate ex situ conservation of this species. With only an estimated 15 plants remaining in the wild as of 1995, Nepenthes clipeata is the most endangered of all known tropical pitcher plants. It is estimated that there are only three or four genetically-distinct lines of "white market" (legally collected) plants in cultivation. The ICPS partially funded the establishment of The Rare Nepenthes Collection, which aims to conserve four of the rarest Nepenthes species: N. aristolochioides, N. clipeata, N. khasiana, and N. rigidifolia. == See also == North American Sarracenia Conservancy == References == == Further reading == == External links == Official website


id: international-center-for-biosaline-agriculture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Biosaline_Agriculture-0.md
category: reference
title: International Center for Biosaline Agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Biosaline_Agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:27.782177+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-center-for-biosaline-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) (Arabic: المركز الدولي للزراعة الملحية) is an international, not-for-profit applied agricultural research center with a unique focus on marginal environments. It identifies, tests and introduces resource-efficient, climate-smart crops and technologies that are best suited to different regions affected by salinity, water scarcity and drought. Through its work, ICBA aims to improve food security, nutrition and livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities around the world. Headquartered in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, ICBA implements research-for-development programs in over 30 countries. The center is a founding member of the Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA). It is also a member of the Middle East and North Africa Network of Water Centers of Excellence and the Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI). == Mission and vision == ICBA’s vision: "Sustainable livelihoods and food security in marginal environments". The center’s mission: “To work in partnership to deliver agricultural and water scarcity solutions in marginal environments". The strategic objectives of ICBA are: Promote sustainable management of natural resources; Provide climate change solutions; Enhance agricultural value chains; Advance sustainable food, feed and biofuel agri-technologies. == History == In 1992, the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) initiated a


id: international-commission-for-acoustics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Acoustics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Acoustics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Acoustics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:29.274371+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-acoustics-20260505-0
summary:
The purpose of the International Commission for Acoustics (ICA) is to promote international development and collaboration in all fields of acoustics including research, development, education, and standardisation. The ICA is a Scientific Associate of the International Council for Science (ICSU), an Affiliated Commission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), and an Affiliated Organization of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM). The ICA has a membership of over 40 national acoustical societies, and has affiliate members including the European Acoustics Association (EAA), the IberoAmerican Federation of Acoustics (FIA), the International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV), the Western Pacific Acoustics Commission (WESPAC) and the International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU). The ICA convenes the triennial International Congresses on Acoustics, sponsors specialty symposia in acoustics, and coordinates the main international meetings within acoustics. == History == The International Commission on Acoustics (ICA) was instituted in 1951 as a subcommittee to the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). New Statutes were adopted by the International Commission on Acoustics in Antwerp 1996 March 31 and were approved by the IUPAP General Assembly in Uppsala Sweden 1996 September 20.


id: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Optics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:30.702327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission for Optics (ICO) was created in 1947 with the objective to contribute, on an international basis, to the progress and dissemination of the science of optics and photonics and their applications. It emphasises the unity of the crossdisciplinary field of optics. Optics and photonics are defined as the fields of science and engineering encompassing the physical phenomena and technologies associated with the generation, transmission, manipulation, detection, and use of light. It extends on both sides of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum as far as the same concepts apply. In particular, the ICO promotes international cooperation and facilitates the rapid exchange of information, by encouraging and furthering the organisation, on an international basis, of scientific meetings and summer schools. It emphasises actions for the education and training in optics and photonics internationally. It undertakes special actions for the development of optics and photonics in regions where particular support is needed. It strives to improve the recognition of optics and photonics as fields of science with a significant impact on economy. It works also for the promotion of international agreements on nomenclature, units, symbols and standards. It is a Scientific Associate of the International Council for Science


id: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics-1.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Optics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:30.702327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
summary:
=== The ICO Preparatory Meeting, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1947 === In January 1947 the General Assembly of IUPAP approved the appointment of a Preparatory Committee, with Prof. Pierre Fleury as Secretary, to consider forming an International Commission for Optics. The preparatory committee met in Prague, Czechoslovakia, 2–7 June 1947, with Prof Josef Hrdlicka as host. Fifteen delegates attended, representing eight countries, (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden). Replies were received from five other countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Switzerland, and the USA) that their representatives would be unable to attend, and Argentina and the USSR did not respond. The attendees agreed that an International Commission for Optics should be formed as a self-governing affiliated commission of IUPAP. Each member country would form a national committee for ICO, which would select that country's representative to the ICO Bureau meetings. A set of provisional Statutes was adopted (patterned after the Statutes of IUPAP), and a provisional bureau was elected, (subject to approval by IUPAP and re-confirmation by the national committees at the first official meeting.) Thomas Smith of London was elected president; Pierre Fleury of Paris, secretary; Albert Arnulf of Paris, treasurer; and Josef Hrdlicka of Prague a vice-president,


id: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics-2.md
category: reference
title: International Commission for Optics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:30.702327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-optics-20260505-0
summary:
=== The First Congress, ICO-1, Delft, Netherlands, 1948 === The first official meeting of ICO took place 12–17 July 1948 at the Physics Laboratory of the Technische Hogeschool, Delft, Netherlands. Forty-four delegates from eleven countries attended the meetings. At the first session Prof Fleury announced that IUPAP had cordially accepted the affiliation of ICO and had approved the Statutes provisionally adopted at Prague. The appointment of officers elected in 1947 was confirmed, and two additional vice-presidents were elected: S.S. Ballard (USA) and A.C.S. van Heel (Netherlands). Thus the eleven countries represented at Delft became the founding member countries of the ICO; Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. In addition to the sessions devoted to reports on the problem areas that had been assigned at Prague, the participants heard four invited lectures: by M. Françon (France); T. Smith (Great Britain); D.B. Judd (USA); and A.C.S. van Heel (Netherlands). On the first day of the meeting Prof van Heel hosted a reception at his home, and on the last evening the group held a formal dinner. During the week there were several local visits to research laboratories: de Oude Delft; the Kammerlingh-Onnes Laboratory


id: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:32.190674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography-0.md

summary:
The International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography (ICHTH) is an international non-profit organization affiliated with the International Committee of Historical Sciences (ICHS). Established in 1980, the Commission is composed of historians, theorists of history and other specialists in related fields, who work together on a global scale to promote research and the exchange of ideas in two core areas: the history of historiography and the philosophy of historiography. Among other activities, it regularly organizes conferences and workshops, promotes publications and awards prizes for books and doctoral theses. == Background == === History === Originally called the International Commission for the History of Historiography, it was founded in 1980 during the 15th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Bucharest. It changed to its present name in 1995, during the 18th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Montreal, to better reflect its two main fields of interest: the history of historiography and the theory of historiography. It is currently headed by Antoon De Baets (2022-2027), prof. em. of History, Ethics and Human Rights at the University of Groningen. === Mission === The Commission seeks to promote the study of the history and theory of historiography, as well as the


id: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-1
category: reference
title: International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:32.190674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-for-the-history-and-theory-of-historiography-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_History_and_Theory_of_Historiography-1.md

summary:
=== Honorary Members === The Commission's honorary members include its co-founders Lucian Boia and Bianca Valota Cavallotti, as well as Frank Ankersmit, Peter Burke, Jürgen Kocka, Jörn Rüsen, Masayuki Sato, Joan Wallach Scott, Romila Thapar, and, in memoriam, Natalie Zemon Davis, Georg Iggers, Richard Vann, and Hayden White. == References == === Footnotes === === Sources === Boia, Lucian, ed. (6 December 1989). Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9-780-31-324517-6. Boia, Lucian, ed. (25 June 1991). Great Historians of the Modern Age: An International Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9-780-31-327328-5. Carbonell, Charles-Olivier (1982). "Pour une histoire de l'historiographie" (PDF). Storia della Storiografia (1): 7–25. Erdmann, Karl Dietrich (June 2005). Toward a Global Community of Historians: The International Historical Congresses and the International Committee of Historical Sciences, 1898–2000. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-434-0. Iggers, Georg (April 2019). "The Historian as an Engaged Intellectual: Historical Writing and Social Criticism – A Personal Retrospective". In Berger, Stefan (ed.). The Engaged Historian: Perspectives on the Intersections of Politics, Activism and the Historical Profession. Berghahn Books. pp. 277–299. ISBN 978-1-78920-199-4. Paul, Herman (25 October 2020). "History and Philosophy of History (HPH): A Call for Cooperation". In Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti (ed.). Philosophy of


id: international-commission-on-mathematical-instruction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Mathematical_Instruction-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on Mathematical Instruction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Mathematical_Instruction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:33.696956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-mathematical-instruction-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on Mathematical Instruction (ICMI) is a commission of the International Mathematical Union and is an internationally acting organization focusing on mathematics education. ICMI was founded in 1908 at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Rome and aims to improve teaching standards around the world, through programs, workshops and initiatives and publications. It aims to work a great deal with developing countries, to increase teaching standards and education which can improve life quality and aid the country. == History == ICMI was founded at the ICM, and mathematician Felix Klein was elected first president of the organisation. Henri Fehr and Charles Laisant created the international research journal L'Enseignement Mathématique in 1899, and from early on this journal became the official organ of ICMI. A bulletin is published twice a year by ICMI, and from December 1995 this bulletin has been available at the organisation's official website, in their 'digital library'. In the years between World War I and World War II there was little activity in the organization, but in 1952 ICMI was reconstituted. At this time the organization was reorganized, and it became an official commission of the International Mathematical Union (IMU). As a scientific organization,


id: international-commission-on-stratigraphy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on Stratigraphy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:34.923941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-stratigraphy-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), sometimes unofficially referred to as the International Stratigraphic Commission, is a daughter or major subcommittee grade scientific organization that concerns itself with stratigraphical, geological, and geochronological matters, worldwide. It is the largest subordinate body of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The ICS is essentially a permanent working subcommittee, which meets far more regularly than the quadrennial meetings scheduled by the IUGS, when it meets as a congress or membership of the whole. == Aims == One of its main aims, a project begun in 1974, is to establish a multidisciplinary standard and global geologic time scale that will ease paleontological and geobiological comparisons region to region by benchmarks with stringent and rigorous strata criteria called Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSPs) within the fossil record. (i.e. section of the rock record as of a core sample section or accessible exposed strata, which when a core sample are usually "trayed" in long pieces, also called "sections" about a meter in length.) == Methodology == Additionally the ICS defines an alternative type of benchmark and criteria called Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSAs) where the characteristics and dating criteria set solely by physical sciences


id: international-commission-on-the-history-of-geological-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Geological_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Geological_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:36.238849+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-the-history-of-geological-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) promotes ongoing research into the history of the earth sciences, particularly the history of geology. It has 20 Honorary Senior Members and 301 members (2018) worldwide. == History == INHIGEO has been established by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and is also affiliated with the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS). The suggestion for the establishment of INHIGEO in 1967 was chiefly due to the ideas and efforts of the distinguished Russian geologist Vladimir Tikhomirov (1915–1994) from the Geological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. === Board of Management === President: Secretary-General: == Objective == The primary objective of the Commission on the History of Geological Sciences involves promoting studies in the history of geological disciplines. In so doing, the Commission endeavours to stimulate and coordinate the activities of regional, national, and international organizations having shared purposes. The Commission also works to foster the publication of individual and collective works that illuminate the history of the geological sciences. INHIGEO achieves its objective by sponsoring a major annual symposium with associated field activities. It also promotes publication of individual and collective works on the history


id: international-commission-on-the-history-of-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on the History of Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_History_of_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:37.545982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-the-history-of-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on the History of Mathematics was established in 1971 to promote the study of history of mathematics. Kenneth O. May provided its initial impetus. In 1974, its official journal Historia Mathematica began publishing. Every four years the Commission bestows the Kenneth O. May Medal upon a deserving historian of mathematics. In 1981, in Bucharest, the first in a series of symposia was held in conjunction with the International Congress of History of Science. In 1985, the ICHM became an inter-union commission of both the International Mathematical Union and the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. In 1989 the first Kenneth O. May Prize was awarded to Dirk Struik and Adolf P. Yushkevich. Joseph Dauben became chair of the executive committee of the ICHM in 1985 and proceeded to assemble the global contributions from 40 historians for the 2002 publication Writing the History of Mathematics: Its Historical Development, published by Birkhäuser. In his review, Donald Cook noted, "Because the book is not designed to completely explore issues, it may raise questions for readers." The ICHM began awarding the Montucla Prize, for the best article by an early career scholar in Historia Mathematica, in 2009. The award


id: international-commission-on-zoological-nomenclature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature-0.md
category: reference
title: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:53.818525+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-commission-on-zoological-nomenclature-20260505-0
summary:
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 26 commissioners from 20 countries. == Organization == The ICZN is governed by the Constitution of the ICZN, which is usually published together with the ICZN Code. Members are elected by the Section of Zoological Nomenclature, established by the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). The regular term of service of a member of the Commission is six years. Members can be re-elected up to a total of three full six-year terms in a row. After 18 continuous years of elected service, a break of at least three years is prescribed before the member can stand again for election. == Activities == Since 2014, the work of the Commission is supported by a small secretariat based at the National University of Singapore, in Singapore. Previously, the secretariat was based in London and funded by the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. The Commission assists the zoological community "through generation and dissemination of information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals". The ICZN publishes the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (usually


id: international-committee-for-coal-petrology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_for_Coal_Petrology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Committee for Coal Petrology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_for_Coal_Petrology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:54.998595+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-committee-for-coal-petrology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) is an organization that deals with coal petrology and organic petrology. It was founded in 1951. The 200 scientists working for the ICCP seek to develop standardized nomenclature and classification systems that help identify organic constituents in coal and sedimentary organic matter. Such systems, one of which is the 'System 1994' are used in coal petrography and organic petrology research. The ICCP is an affiliate organization of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). Annual meetings and other activities of the ICCP are hosted by various research institutions in Europe. In 2015, the annual meeting was hosted by GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Further meetings took place in Bucharest, Romania (2017), The Hague, Netherlands (2019), Prague, Czech Republic (2021), Patras, Greece (2023), and Oviedo, Spain (2024). The 2026 meeting is planned to take place in Porto/Lisbon, Portugal. == References ==


id: international-committee-of-historical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_Historical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Committee of Historical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_Historical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:56.268406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-committee-of-historical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Committee of Historical Sciences / Comité international des Sciences historiques (ICHS / CISH) is the international association of historical scholarship. It was established as a non-governmental organization in Geneva on May 14, 1926. CISH was founded as an association within the meaning of articles 60 and following of the Civil Code of Switzerland, created in order to promote the historical sciences through international co-operation. The initiative to create the ICHS was taken in 1923. It organizes every five years, in collaboration with the National Committee of the historians of the host country, an International Congress of Historical Sciences. It sets the date of the congress and determines its programme. It may handle, patronize or support financially the publication of reference works of general interest and the organization of scientific symposia or of other events encouraging the spread of historical thought and knowledge. It shall defend freedom of thought and expression in the field of historical research and teaching, and is opposed to the misuse of history and shall use every means at its disposal to ensure the ethical professional conduct of its members. The most recent Congress (23rd) took place in Poznań (Poland) on August 21–27, 2022. The


id: international-committee-of-history-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_History_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Committee of History of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_History_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:57.749283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-committee-of-history-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Committee of History of Science (French: Comité International des Sciences Historiques), abbreviated as CISH, is an is a non-governmental, non-profit organisation, created to promote the historical sciences through international co-operation. It was founded in May 14, 1926, and is based in Geneva. The Committee consists of historical research committees at the national level, and international-affiliated organisations focusing on the same. The Committee holds a general assembly biannually. They organised the First International Congress of History of Science in Paris in 1929. They held the Second International Congress of the History of Science in London in 1931, where they transformed themselves into the International Academy of the History of Science, which was based on individual membership. == External links == Official website CISH Constitution (last amended in 2024) == References ==


id: international-committee-of-slavists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_Slavists-0.md
category: reference
title: International Committee of Slavists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_Slavists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:23:59.062791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-committee-of-slavists-20260505-0
summary:
The International Committee of Slavists is a scholarly organization uniting the national committees of the Slavists of Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The International Committee of Slavists is part of the UNESCO educational system. The International Committee of Slavists was established in Yugoslavia (Belgrade, 1955), with the aim of renewing and continuing international relations in Slavic studies and traditions of the 1st International Congress of Slavists, which was held in Prague in 1929. It took over the organisation of that conference. == See also == Cyrillo-Methodian Studies == References ==


id: international-committee-on-intellectual-cooperation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation-0.md
category: reference
title: International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:00.305797+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-committee-on-intellectual-cooperation-20260505-0
summary:
The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, sometimes League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, was an advisory organisation for the League of Nations which promoted international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals. Established in 1922, it counted such figures as Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Nitobe Inazo, Marie Curie, Gonzague de Reynold, Leonardo Torres Quevedo, and Robert A. Millikan among its members. In its first years the committee worked on the protection of intellectual property copyright, library information science (LIS), educational management, education, youth, the future of culture, international collaboration in arts and literature, protection of historical monuments, cooperation between galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM), etc. This way it gave rise to the United Nations Education Science Culture Organization (UNESCO). == The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (Geneva) == The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICICIC), formally established in August 1922. Having started out with 12 members, its membership later grew to 19 individuals, mostly from Western Europe. The first session was held on August 1, 1922, under the chairmanship of Henri Bergson. During its lifetime, the committee attracted a variety of prominent members, for instance Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Kristine Bonnevie, Jules


id: international-continental-scientific-drilling-program-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Continental_Scientific_Drilling_Program-0.md
category: reference
title: International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Continental_Scientific_Drilling_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:01.614301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-continental-scientific-drilling-program-20260505-0
summary:
The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program is a multinational program to further and fund geosciences in the field of continental scientific drilling. Scientific drilling is a critical tool in understanding of Earth processes and structure. It provides direct insight into Earth processes and critically tests geological models. Results obtained from drilling projects at critical sites can be applied to other areas worldwide. It is, therefore, believed that international cooperation in continental scientific drilling is an essential component for a responsible management strategy for the Earth's natural resources and environment. The ICDP was founded in February 1996 in the German Embassy in Tokyo as a result of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB; 1987-1995). The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences serves as the headquarters for both the current ICDP and the former KTB project. == Motivation == ICDP supports international science teams with a proven need for continental-based drilling. The proposed projects help to answer societal challenges related to dynamics of planet Earth, contributing to major advances in understanding Earth's environment and life, sustainable geo- and energy resources, as well as safeguarding from natural disasters. == Research Areas == === Climate & Ecosystems === ICDP proposals seek to help


id: international-coral-reef-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coral_Reef_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Coral Reef Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coral_Reef_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:03.015499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-coral-reef-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Coral Reef Society (ICRS; previously the International Society for Reef Studies) is an international, not-for profit, scientific society dedicated to the conservation of coral reefs through science and understanding. Founded in 1980, the primary objective of ICRS is the improvement of scientific knowledge and understanding of coral reefs, both living and fossil. == Activities == To achieve its objectives the ICRS prints and distributes the journal Coral Reefs as well as a Society newsletter, Reef Encounter. The ICRS also holds annual meetings and co-sponsors other gatherings, symposia and conferences relating to coral reefs. === Symposium === ICRS helps organize the International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS). The most recent symposium was held in 2022, in Bremen. The symposium has previously been held in Honolulu (2016), Cairns, Queensland, Australia (2012); Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States (2008), Okinawa, Japan (2004), Bali, Indonesia (2000), Panama City, Panama (1996), Guam (1992), Townsville, Queensland, Australia (1988), Tahiti, French Polynesia (1985), Manila, the Philippines (1980), Miami (1977), on board the M.V. Marco Polo in Australian waters (1974), and Mandapam Camp, India (1969, the first symposium). Published proceedings of the ICRS are available at ReefBase. == Awards == The Darwin Medal, the most prestigious award given


id: international-council-for-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Council for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:04.291725+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-council-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Council for Science (ICSU, after its former name, International Council of Scientific Unions) was an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science. Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. In 2017, the ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with the International Social Science Council (ISSC) to form the International Science Council (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in Paris. == Mission and principles == The ICSU's mission was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international scientific community to: Identify and address major issues of importance to science and society. Facilitate interaction amongst scientists across all disciplines and from all countries. Promote the participation of all scientists – regardless of race, citizenship, language, political stance, or gender – in the international scientific endeavour. Provide independent, authoritative advice to stimulate constructive dialogue between the scientific community and governments, civil society, and the private sector." Activities focused on three areas: International Research Collaboration, Science


id: international-council-for-scientific-and-technical-information-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technical_Information-0.md
category: reference
title: International Council for Scientific and Technical Information
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technical_Information
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:05.557801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-council-for-scientific-and-technical-information-20260505-0
summary:
The International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI) aims to promote cooperation among all those engaged in the scientific communication process by engaging national scientific unions and their respective scientific communities. It is a broad-based, international, not-for-profit membership organization based in Paris, France. The highest authority is the General Assembly consisting of representatives of all members, which convenes once a year. There are normally two meetings in Europe followed by one in North America or another region. The organization is led by an executive board which has all power to carry on the business of ICSTI between meetings of the General Assembly. Jan Brase (TIB – DataCite) is the present president for the 2013–2016 triennium. == Activities == Recent meetings of ICSTI have covered the topics of: Non-Textual Information - Strategy and Innovation Beyond Text, held on 16–17 March 2013 in Hannover, Germany, hosted by the German National Library of Science and Technology - TIB Science, Ethics and the Law ’, held on 15–16 October 2012 in Washington, D.C., hosted by the Library of Congress Delivering Data in Science, held on 3–4 March 2012 in Paris, France, at the Headquarters of ICSU - the International Council for Science Upgrading


id: international-fingerprint-research-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fingerprint_Research_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: International Fingerprint Research Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fingerprint_Research_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:06.919278+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-fingerprint-research-group-20260505-0
summary:
The International Fingerprint Research Group (IFRG) is forensic identification researcher group that gather together to exchange scientific knowledge in forensic identification. The IFRG is regrouping the most active researchers in the world in the forensic identification field and was founded in September 1974. IFRG conferences are attended through personal invitations only. == Foundation and principles == The International Fingerprint Research Group (IFRG) is regrouping every second year to discuss and investigate various aspects of fingermark evidence, including development techniques and fingerprint identification. The IFRG strives to gather together researcher under the Gordon Research Conferences principles, encouraging formal and informal exchanges, where international representatives present and discuss frontier research in the biological, chemical, and physical sciences, and their related technologies. It also support integration of young scientist in the field. == Conferences == 1974 - London, UK 1984 - London, UK 1987 - Quantico, USA 1988 - Washington D.C., USA 1991 - Washington D.C., USA 1993 - Washington D.C., USA 1995 - Ne’urim, Israel 1996 - Hertfordshire, UK 1999 - Ottawa, Canada 2001 - Naurod, Germany 2003 - Hertfordshire, UK 2005 - The Hague, The Netherlands 2007 - Canberra, Australia 2009 - Lausanne, Switzerland 2011 - Linköping, Sweden 2013 - Jerusalem,


id: international-flame-research-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Flame_Research_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: International Flame Research Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Flame_Research_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:08.264567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-flame-research-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The International Flame Research Foundation – IFRF is a non-profit research association and network created in 1948 in IJmuiden (Netherlands), established in Livorno (Italy) between 2005 and 2016 (Fondazione Internazionale per la Ricerca Sulla Combustione – ONLUS), and in Sheffield (UK) since 2017. Meredith Thring was one of the founders. The IFRF Membership Network unites some 1000 combustion researchers from 130 industrial companies and academic institutions worldwide, around a common interest in efficient and environmentally responsible industrial combustion, with a focus on flame studies. == History == The IFRF can be traced to a proposal written in 1948 by Meredith Thring, head of the Physics Department in the newly formed British Iron and Steel Research Association (BISRA). Entitled Proposals for the Establishment of an International Research Project on Luminous Radiation, the document resulted in the formation of the International Flame Radiation Research Committee with representatives of the steel, fuel and appliance making industries in France, Holland and England - specifically the British Iron and Steel Research Association (BISRA), the Iron and Steel Research Association of France (IRSID) and the Royal Dutch Iron and Steel Company (KNHS). == Publications == The IFRF is the publisher of technical reports and regular publications:


id: international-geoscience-education-organization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geoscience_Education_Organization-0.md
category: reference
title: International Geoscience Education Organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geoscience_Education_Organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:09.439717+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-geoscience-education-organization-20260505-0
summary:
The International Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO) is an international non-governmental organization aimed to promote the improvement of the quality of geoscience education worldwide. == About == The International Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO) was created in the framework of the 3rd International Conference on Geoscience Education in Sydney, Australia. It conducts activities to enhance the quality of geoscience education worldwide and search for policies on that subject. IGEO collaborates with the Commission on Geoscience Education of the International Union of Geological Sciences. == Activities == IGEO organizes the following events: GeoSciEd: The conference on Geoscience Education which take placesevery 4fouryears. Sessions on geoscience education during the International Geological Congress. IESO: International Earth Sciences Olympiad, one of the major activities of IGEO. Geoscience Education Survey: IGEO reports on the subject of collaborating with nations around the world in looking for solutions on the inclusion of geosciences in the curricula properly, especially in the countries where mining resources are the base of economy. == Teaching Resources == IGEO share content to be used by teachers in education at school level. The material is reviewed by experts with the goal of including in the scholar curricula and ctive teaching methods in geoscience education. ==


id: international-geoscience-programme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geoscience_Programme-0.md
category: reference
title: International Geoscience Programme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geoscience_Programme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:10.610158+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-geoscience-programme-20260505-0
summary:
The International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGCP) is a cooperative enterprise of UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It was launched in 1972 and originally termed the International Geological Correlation Programme, the source of the acronym IGCP which it retains. For decades the programme was known as the International Geoscience Programme. In November 2015 the name was changed to International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme as the global geoparks were made part of the programme. The aim of the IGCP is to facilitate research cooperation among geoscientists across frontiers and national boundaries, through joint research work, meetings and workshops. At the present time IGCP has about 400 active projects involving thousands of scientists from about 150 countries. == References == UNESCO.org. "International Geoscience Programme website". Retrieved June 17, 2025.


id: international-geosphere-biosphere-programme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geosphere-Biosphere_Programme-0.md
category: reference
title: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geosphere-Biosphere_Programme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:11.869814+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-geosphere-biosphere-programme-20260505-0
summary:
The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) was a research programme that ran from 1987 to 2015 dedicated to studying the phenomenon of global change. Its primary focus was coordinating "international research on global-scale and regional-scale interactions between Earth's biological, chemical and physical processes and their interactions with human systems." The International Council of Scientific Unions, a coordinating body of national science organizations, launched IGBP. It looked at the total Earth system, the changes that are occurring, and the manner in which changes are influenced by human actions. IGBP aimed to describe and understand how the physical, chemical and biological processes regulate the Earth system. It also sought to increase knowledge of how humans are influencing global processes, such as the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, water cycle and phosphorus cycle. "It delivers scientific knowledge to help human societies develop in harmony with Earth's environment." IGBP research was organised around six projects representing the Earth system – land, atmosphere, ocean and where they meet (land-atmosphere, land-ocean, atmosphere-ocean) and two further projects looking at the Earth system as a whole: Past Global Changes (PAGES), which looks at palaeoclimate, and the Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System (AIMES), which helps set


id: international-life-sciences-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Life_Sciences_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: International Life Sciences Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Life_Sciences_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:13.275678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-life-sciences-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) is a global nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization headquartered in Washington, DC, United States that publishes peer-reviewed studies on nutrition and food safety. It was founded in 1978 by Alex Malaspina, a former Coca-Cola executive (who was affiliated with ILSI until 2001), and it is partially financed by its 300+ members, which has included food and chemical corporations such as BASF, McDonald's, Syngenta and Pepsi. In 2020, the organization's revenue was US$10.1 million. In 2021 ILSI North America rebranded as the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences (IAFNS). == Structure == Until 2018, ILSI operated as a member organization, whose members were exclusively food and beverage, agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical companies. In November 2018, ILSI restructured as a global federation of entities, consisting of non-profit organizations with public and private sector members. Based on its 2020 annual report, 70.8% of its revenue comes from membership dues and committee assessments; 19.2% from grants and contributions; and the remaining from publications and conference registration. According to ILSI's bylaws, at least 51% of its Board of Trustees must come from the public sector (i.e. academic, government and non-governmental organization representatives). The remainder of the Board is


id: international-liquid-crystal-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liquid_Crystal_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Liquid Crystal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liquid_Crystal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:14.473520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-liquid-crystal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Liquid Crystal Society (ILCS) was founded in 1990 and currently has over 900 members in 43 countries worldwide. The ILCS was conceived in 1987 by Lui Lam and took three years to be founded at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, during the 13th International Liquid Crystal Conference. Specifically, the ILCS was born on July 27, 1990, in Vancouver, with 22 Members. The aim of the Society is to unite scientists, engineers and students working in the broad field of fundamental and applied aspects of different liquid crystal systems, including thermotropic, lyotropic, polymer and polymer-modified liquid crystals. ILCS publishes two online publications on liquid crystals, Liquid Crystals Today, appearing under the sponsorship of Taylor & Francis, and archive-style electronic liquid crystal communications platform, e-lc. == References == == External links == International Liquid Crystal Society


id: international-listening-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Listening_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: International Listening Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Listening_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:15.680102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-listening-association-20260505-0
summary:
The International Listening Association (ILA) is an organization developed to promote the study, development, and teaching of listening. The association is "dedicated to learning more about the impact that listening has on all human activity". The ILA was founded in 1979 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, US. The ILA holds annual conferences throughout the US and chooses locations outside of the US every three to five years. Conference presenters have included people of varied backgrounds related to listening to provide a full range of interesting perspectives on listening, for example: communication professors, corporate trainers, audiologists, musicians, researchers and more. The Purpose of the Association is to advance the practice, teaching, and research of listening throughout the world. The purpose of the Association will be accomplished in the following ways: the Association will establish a network of professionals committed to promoting the study and development of effective listening members will exchange information by sharing teaching objectives, learning activities, promotional methods and materials, and additional professional experiences; members are encouraged to pursue listening research as listening affects humanity on multi-levels of economics, education, race, culture, and international relations; members will pursue management strategies and efforts promoting effective listening in government and business == Publication


id: international-measurement-confederation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Measurement_Confederation-0.md
category: reference
title: International Measurement Confederation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Measurement_Confederation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:16.956078+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-measurement-confederation-20260505-0
summary:
The International Measurement Confederation (abbreviated IMEKO, from German: Internationale Meßtechnische Konföderation) is a non-governmental federation of metrological organizations. It was founded in 1958 in Budapest, Hungary. == Structure == IMEKO has member organizations (MOs) in the following countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Congo (Democratic Republic), Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. IMEKO is entirely staffed by volunteers from its MOs - scientific societies or institutes of the corresponding member countries. They delegate specialists in the different fields of metrology to contribute to the work of IMEKO in the General Council, the boards and the Technical Committees (TCs). The MOs organise IMEKO events (congresses, conferences, workshops, symposia). General Council (GC) The General Council is the governing body, containing one or two delegates from each Member Organization. Sessions are held annually. Technical Board (TB) The purpose of the Technical Board is to supervise the Technical Committees. The TB is chaired by the President-Elect.


id: international-meteor-organization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Meteor_Organization-0.md
category: reference
title: International Meteor Organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Meteor_Organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:18.188993+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-meteor-organization-20260505-0
summary:
The International Meteor Organization (IMO) was formally founded in 1988 from predecessor gatherings over many years. IMO has several hundred members and was created in response to an ever-growing need for international cooperation on amateur and professional meteor work. The collection of meteor observations by several methods from all around the world ensures the comprehensive study of meteor showers and their relation to comets and interplanetary dust. IMO publishes a bimonthly journal called WGN and holds an annual International Meteor Conference (IMC) in September. == See also == American Meteor Society List of astronomical societies Meteoritics == Notes == == References == == External links == Official website WGN, the Journal of the International Meteor Organization


id: international-mineralogical-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mineralogical_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: International Mineralogical Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mineralogical_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:19.420927+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-mineralogical-association-20260505-0
summary:
Founded in 1958, the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) is an international group of 40 national societies. The goal is to promote the science of mineralogy and to standardize the nomenclature of the 5000 plus known mineral species. The IMA is affiliated with the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The Association supports the activities of Commissions and Working Groups involved on certain aspects of mineralogical practice and facilitates interactions among mineralogists by sponsoring and organising meetings. In particular, the IMA holds its general meeting every four years. The last meeting was scheduled in 2022 in Lyon, France. == Presidents == The presidents of the IMA have been: since 2024: Eiji Ohtani Tohoku University 2022–2024: Hans-Peter Schertl Bochum University 2020–2022: Anhuai Lu Peking University 2018–2020: Patrick Cordier Université de Lille 2016–2018: Peter C. Burns University of Notre Dame 2014–2016: Sergey V. Krivovichev Saint Petersburg State University 2012–2014: Walter V. Maresch Ruhr University Bochum 2010–2012: Ekkehart Tillmanns Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, University of Vienna Mineral: tillmannsite (IMA2001-010) 2006–2010: Takamitsu Yamanaka Osaka University 2002–2006: Ian Parsons University of Edinburgh 1998–2002: Anthony (Tony) J. Naldrett University of Toronto Mineral: naldrettite (IMA2004-007) 1994–1998: Stefano Merlino University of Pisa Mineral: merlinoite (IMA1976-046) 1990–1994: Xiande Xie


id: international-mycological-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mycological_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: International Mycological Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mycological_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:20.636446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-mycological-association-20260505-0
summary:
The International Mycological Association (IMA) is a professional organization that promotes mycology, the study of fungi. It was founded in 1971 during the first International Mycological Congress, which was held in Exeter (UK). The IMA publishes the open access scientific journal IMA Fungus. It represents the interests of over 30,000 mycologists worldwide. == Awards == The society makes several awards for contributions to mycology: De Bary Medal to long-established mycologists based on their career achievement Ainsworth Medal for services to the world of mycology Young Mycologists awards through a series of medals recognising the achievements of young mycologists working in different regions around the world: Ethel Mary Doidge Medal (Africa); Keisuke Tubaki Medal (Asia); Carlos Luis Spegazzini Medal (Latin America); Elias Magnus Fries Medal (Europe); Arthur Henry Reginald Buller Medal (North America); Daniel McAlpine Medal (Australasia) == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-network-in-biolinguistics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_in_Biolinguistics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Network in Biolinguistics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_in_Biolinguistics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:21.958763+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-network-in-biolinguistics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Network in Biolinguistics is an international network to do research on the biological basis of the language faculty, linking theoretical linguistics, developmental psychology, theoretical biology, evolutionary biology and psychology, molecular biology, genetics, and physics. It has members from varieties of discipline across the globe. == Members == Michael A. Arbib, Evan Balaban, Robert Berwick, Thomas G. Bever, Cedric Boeckx, Johan J. Bolhuis, Lisa Cheng, Noam Chomsky, Anna Maria Di Sciullo, Ansgar Endress, Simon E. Fisher, W. Tecumseh Fitch, Angela D. Friederici, Roland Friedrich, Koji Fujita, Alessandra Giorgi, Kleanthes K. Grohmann, Mohamed Guerssel, Heidi Harley, Marc Hauser, Lyle Jenkins, Richard S. Kayne, Peter Kosta, Marie Labelle, Richard Larson, Howard Lasnik, Giuseppe Longobardi, John S. Lumsden, Jing Luo, James McGilvray, Ningombam Bupenda Meitei, Partha Mitra, Andrea Moro, Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, David Poeppel, Luigi Rizzi, Kenneth Safir, Uli Sauerland, Fuzhen Si, Karin Stromswold, Juan Uriagereka, Elly Van Gelderen, Andrew Wedel, Kenneth Wexler, Charles Yang. == Conferences == === 2013 === Sur la complexité des langues humaines, UQAM, February 8, 2013 This miniworkshop on language complexity is in French. === 2011 === New Perspectives on Language Creativity: Composition and Recursion, UQAM, September 25–27, 2011 === 2010 === The Language Design, UQAM, May 27–30,


id: international-noble-gas-experiment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Noble_Gas_Experiment-0.md
category: reference
title: International Noble Gas Experiment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Noble_Gas_Experiment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:23.196405+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-noble-gas-experiment-20260505-0
summary:
The International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE) was formed in 1999 as an informal expert's group of developers of radioactive xenon measurement systems for the International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) (signed in 1997, but which has not entered into force). The group originally consisted of research and development groups from Germany, France, Russia, Sweden, and the United States, as well as personnel from Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization CTBTO. The INGE group was formed to test aspects of measuring xenon fission product radionuclides released by nuclear explosions. The systems developed and participating in the INGE measure xenon isotopes in the atmosphere and includes 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe. Since the INGE was formed in 1999, the group has expanded somewhat and now includes R&D and operational groups from many locations around the world. Although there is no official list of INGE members, the group is informally composed of scientists, engineers, and others from Argentina, Austria, Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Russia, the United States, and several other countries. These members regularly contribute to better understanding radioactive xenon measurements through operation of samplers, measurements of


id: international-organization-for-biological-crystallization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Biological_Crystallization-0.md
category: reference
title: International Organization for Biological Crystallization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Biological_Crystallization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:24.430678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-organization-for-biological-crystallization-20260505-0
summary:
The International Organization for Biological Crystallization (IOBCr) is a non-profit, scientific organization for scientists who study the crystallization of biological macromolecules and develop crystallographic methodologies for their study. It was founded in 2002 to create a permanent organ for the organization of the International Conferences for the crystallization of Biological Macromolecules (ICCBM). The ICCBM conferences are organized biannually with venues that change regularly to maintain an international character. The objective of the IOBCr is the exchange of research results and encourage practical applications of biological crystallization. It organizes and supports interdisciplinary workshops. The attendance at the ICCBM meetings includes bio-crystallographers, biochemists, physicists, and engineers. == ICCBM meeting locations == == ICCBM Proceedings == ICCBM-14 Crystal Growth & Design Volume vi, Issue 10, (September 2012) ICCBM-13 Crystal Growth & Design Volume vi, Issue 7, (September 2012) ICCBM-12 Crystal Growth & Design Volume 8, Issue 12, pp 4193–4193 (November 2008) ICCBM-11 Crystal Growth & Design Volume 7, Issue 11 Pages 2123–2371 (November 2007) ICCBM-10 Acta Crystallographica D Volume 61, Part 6 (June 2005) ICCBM-9 Acta Crystallographica D Volume 58, Part 10 (October 2002) ICCBM-8 Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 232, Issues 1–4, Pages 1–647 (November 2001) ICCBM-7 Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume


id: international-organization-for-the-study-of-the-old-testament-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament-0.md
category: reference
title: International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:25.761998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-organization-for-the-study-of-the-old-testament-20260505-0
summary:
The International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament (IOSOT) is a scientific organization of Old Testament scholars, established in 1950 in Leiden. The first congress was held in 1953 in Copenhagen. == List of congresses and presidents == == Bibliography == Rudolf Smend Jr. and David E. Orton (Translator): "Fifty Years International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament and Vetus Testamentum" In: Vetus Testamentum 50 (2000), pp. 14–26. == References ==


id: international-organization-of-legal-metrology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Legal_Metrology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Organization of Legal Metrology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Legal_Metrology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:27.105472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-organization-of-legal-metrology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Organization of Legal Metrology (French: Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale - OIML), is an intergovernmental organisation that was created in 1955 to promote the global harmonisation of the legal metrology procedures that underpin and facilitate international trade. Such harmonisation ensures that certification of measuring devices in one country is compatible with certification in another, thereby facilitating trade in the measuring devices and in products that rely on the measuring devices. Such products include weighing devices, taxi meters, speedometers, agricultural measuring devices such as cereal moisture meters, health related devices such as exhaust measurements and alcohol content of drinks. Since its establishment, the OIML has developed a number of guidelines to assist its Members, particularly developing nations, to draw up appropriate legislation concerning metrology across all facets of society and guidelines on certification and calibration requirements of new products, particularly where such calibration has a legal impact such as in trade, health care and taxation. The OIML works closely with other international organisations such as the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to ensure compatibility between each organisation's work. The OIML has no legal authority to impose solutions on its Members, but


id: international-organization-of-legal-metrology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Legal_Metrology-1.md
category: reference
title: International Organization of Legal Metrology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Legal_Metrology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:27.105472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-organization-of-legal-metrology-20260505-0
summary:
== Participation and membership == The OIML has two categories of membership; "Member State" and "Corresponding Member". The Member State category is for countries or economies that are prepared to finance and actively participate in the work of the OIML and which have acceded to the OIML Convention. The Corresponding Member category is for countries or economies that want to be informed of OIML activities, but cannot, or prefer not to, be a Member State. As of May 2024, a total of 64 states are Member States and 63 are Corresponding Members. Member StatesCorresponding Members == Work == === Technical Committees === The technical work of the OIML is carried out by Technical Committees (TC), each committee having responsibility for a different aspect of legal metrology. In some cases the Technical Committee is broken up into one or more Subcommittees (SC). Within each TC or SC the actual technical work is carried out by Project Groups led by conveners. TCs, SCs and Project Groups are led by volunteer experts from OIML Member States. As of March 2022 there are 18 Technical Committees and 46 Subcommittees. The Technical Committees are: TC 1 Terminology TC 2 Units of measurement TC 3 Metrological


id: international-organization-of-legal-metrology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Legal_Metrology-2.md
category: reference
title: International Organization of Legal Metrology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Legal_Metrology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:27.105472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-organization-of-legal-metrology-20260505-0
summary:
OIML Issuing Authorities are participants from Member States that issue OIML type evaluation reports and OIML Certificates under the OIML-CS. Utilizers are participants from OML Member States that accept and utilise OIML Certificates and/or OIML type evaluation reports issued by OIML Issuing Authorities. Associates are participants from Corresponding Members that accept and utilise OIML Certificates and/or OIML type evaluation reports issued by OIML Issuing Authorities. Associates do not have voting rights in the Management Committee. The requirements for the participation of OIML Issuing Authorities and their associated Test Laboratories in Scheme A or Scheme B are the same, but the method of demonstrating compliance is different. OIML Issuing Authorities are required to demonstrate compliance with ISO/IEC 17065 and Test Laboratories are required to demonstrate compliance with ISO/IEC 17025. For participation in Scheme B, it is sufficient to demonstrate compliance on the basis of “self-declaration” with additional supporting evidence. However, for participation in Scheme A, compliance shall be demonstrated by peer evaluation on the basis of accreditation or peer assessment. == Relationships == The work of the OIML overlaps with the work of a number of other international organisations. In order to minimise the impact of this overlap and also to


id: international-permafrost-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Permafrost_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: International Permafrost Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Permafrost_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:28.396662+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-permafrost-association-20260505-0
summary:
The International Permafrost Association (IPA), founded in 1983, is an international professional body formed to foster the dissemination of knowledge concerning permafrost and to promote cooperation among individuals and national or international organisations engaged in scientific investigation and engineering work related to permafrost and seasonally frozen ground. The IPA became an Affiliated Organisation of the International Union of Geological Sciences in July 1989. The Association’s primary responsibilities are to convene International Permafrost Conferences, undertake special projects such as preparing databases, maps, bibliographies, and glossaries, and coordinate international field programmes and networks. The International Conference On Permafrost (ICOP) is regularly held since 1965. == International Conference on Permafrost (ICOP) == The first International conference (ICOP) was held at West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, in 1963, followed by Yakutsk, Siberia (1975); Edmonton, Canada (1978); Fairbanks, Alaska (1983); Trondheim, Norway (1988); Beijing, China (1993); Yellowknife, Canada (1998); and Zurich, Switzerland (2003: ICOP 2003). The Ninth International Conference on Permafrost (NICOP) was held in Fairbanks, Alaska, June 29-July 3, 2008 and the Tenth took place in Salekhard, Russia, June 25–29, 2012 (TICOP 2012). The Eleventh International Conference on Permafrost was held in Potsdam, Germany, June 20-14, 2016. The 12th International Conference on Permafrost was


id: international-permafrost-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Permafrost_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: International Permafrost Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Permafrost_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:28.396662+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-permafrost-association-20260505-0
summary:
== Other major activities == The IPA coordinates and cooperates with several other major international programmes and organizations. Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) is a WMO network for monitoring of the active layer and the Thermal State of Permafrost (TSP). The IPA manages the GTN-P. The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program has 125 reporting stations, and TSP has identified over 800 boreholes; both include a total of over 15 participating countries. Arctic Coastal Dynamics (ACD) is a joint programme with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), and the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) programme to estimate the organic carbon content and mineral transfer for eroding permafrost onto the Arctic shelves. The IPA collaborates with the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). The IPA has a Memorandum of Understanding with the Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) programme of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The main areas of cooperation are on the roles of permafrost on water and carbon balances, and data assimilation and modelling. Beginning in 1995, the IPA and the International Geographical Union (IGU) developed an Agreement of Cooperation, thus making IPA an affiliate of the IGU. The current IGU collaboration


id: international-planetary-data-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: International Planetary Data Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:29.689643+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-planetary-data-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The International Planetary Data Alliance (IPDA), founded in 2006, is a closely cooperating partnership to maintain the quality and performance of data (including data formats) from planetary research using instruments in space. Specific tasks include promoting the international exchange of high-quality scientific data, organized by a set of standards to facilitate data management. NASA's Planetary Data System is the de facto standard for archiving planetary data. Member organizations participate in both its Board and on specific projects related to building standards and interoperable systems. In 2008, a Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) resolution made the IPDA an official body to set standards around the world regarding the archiving of planetary data. == See also == Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Centre National d'Études Spatiales European Space Agency German Aerospace Center Indian Space Research Organisation Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration UK Space Agency == References == == External links == The International Planetary Data Alliance ESA Planetary Science Archive NASA Planetary Data System


id: international-primatological-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Primatological_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Primatological Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Primatological_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:31.046437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-primatological-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Primatological Society (IPS) is a scientific, educational, and charitable organization focused on non-human primates. It encourages scientific research in all areas of study, facilitates international cooperation among researchers, and promotes primate conservation. Together with the IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group (IUCN/SSC PSG) and Conservation International (CI), it jointly publishes a biannual report entitled Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates. Jan van Hooff served as secretary general of the organization. == See also == International Journal of Primatology == References == == External links == International Primatological Society Archived 2012-12-03 at the Wayback Machine - Official site


id: international-research-association-for-talent-development-and-excellence-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Research Association for Talent Development and Excellence
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:32.332223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-research-association-for-talent-development-and-excellence-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Research_Association_for_Talent_Development_and_Excellence-0.md

summary:
The International Research Association for Talent Development and Excellence (IRATDE) is a non-profit professional organization of international scientists in the fields of talent development, creativity, innovation and excellence. Founded in 2008, the IRATDE seeks to promote collaboration and cooperation between scholars, professionals, and organizations. == Activities == The IRATDE hosts a biennial international conference on gifted and talented children, innovation and invention, and excellence across domains. The conference is held in odd years during the months of September through November. The first biennial IRATDE conference was entitled the International Conference on the Cultivation and Education of Creativity and Innovation and was held in Xi'an, China from October 30 to November 2, 2009. The second was scheduled in Jubail, Saudi Arabia, from November 26–30, 2011. In addition, the IRATDE periodically hosts scientific symposia, such as the symposium Nurturing Giftedness Starts Early at King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia from May 31 to June 2, 2010. The IRATDE publishes a twice-annual peer-reviewed scholarly journal, Talent Development & Excellence, containing original research or theory in the fields of talent development, excellence, innovation, or expertise. The organisation also has a newsletter, Talent Talks, for IRATDE members. == Membership == The IRATDE currently has approximately

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Research_Association_for_Talent_Development_and_Excellence


id: international-science-and-technology-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_and_Technology_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: International Science and Technology Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_and_Technology_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:33.562795+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-science-and-technology-center-20260505-0
summary:
The International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) is an intergovernmental organization focused on nonproliferation, biosafety (and similar topics) connecting scientists with their peers and research organizations in other countries. The ISTC Headquarters is currently in Astana, Kazakhstan. Member governments have included Armenia, the European Union, Georgia, Japan, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Norway, Tajikistan, and the United States. Scientists from nearly 60 countries have participated in ISTC activities. ISTC facilitates international science projects and assists the global scientific and business community to source and engage scientists and institutes that develop or possess an excellence of scientific know-how. == History == The ISTC was established in 1992. Its headquarters were originally in Moscow and it governed further scientific centers in the former Soviet Union in order to redirect the expertise of CBRN scientists to civil research fields. In July 2015, the ISTC moved to Astana’s Nazarbayev University after The Russian Federation demanded more secrecy and withdrew from the activity. == See also == Science and Technology Center in Ukraine Nunn-Lugar Act about financing the Cooperative Threat Reduction program == References == == External links == ISTC website Archived 4 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in English) Russia forests Annual


id: international-science-reserve-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_Reserve-0.md
category: reference
title: International Science Reserve
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_Reserve
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:34.925887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-science-reserve-20260505-0
summary:
The International Science Reserve (ISR) is an initiative of the New York Academy of Sciences that mobilizes a global network of scientists and partners to prepare for and help mitigate complex, transnational crises. It coordinates readiness exercises, scenario planning, and access to specialized scientific resources when emergencies are declared. The concept was profiled in 2021 by Axios as a "LinkedIn for science" intended to enable rapid, cross-border collaboration ahead of future pandemics and climate-related disasters. == History == Planning for the ISR was publicly discussed in mid-2021, and the initiative was formally activated on 14 April 2022 with the announcement of its Executive Board and an initial focus on wildfire prevention and management. On the same day, Axios reported that more than 1,000 "rapid response" scientists in the ISR community were set to tackle wildfires through scenario-based readiness exercises. In June 2022, the ISR published a white paper summarizing lessons from its first readiness exercise on wildfires, including recruitment of more than 1,000 scientists from over 90 countries and simulated scenarios in the United States, Greece, and Indonesia. A contemporaneous industry article also described the wildfire exercise and its aims to match researchers with specialized resources during crises. In August


id: international-scientific-association-for-probiotics-and-prebiotics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Scientific_Association_for_Probiotics_and_Prebiotics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Scientific_Association_for_Probiotics_and_Prebiotics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:36.370981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-scientific-association-for-probiotics-and-prebiotics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) is an international non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the science behind probiotics and prebiotics. ISAPP participates in science-based written and oral communications and responds to emerging scientific issues regarding probiotics and prebiotics. The primary means through which ISAPP accomplishes its goals are annual meetings and follow up publications from that meeting. In addition, ISAPP collaborates with a number of related organizations (such as the American Gastroenterological Association, World Gastroenterology Organisation, National Academies of Sciences, International Life Sciences Institute of Europe and ILSI-North America, Harvard Division of Nutrition, Food Chemicals Codex and the New York Academy of Sciences) on common goals, such as sponsorship of meetings, preparation of probiotic and prebiotic usage guidelines, or preparation of position papers. The business of ISAPP is conducted by a board of directors, currently composed of 10 globally recognized, academic scientists. In addition, an Executive Director and a representative from the ISAPP Industry Advisory Committee (IAC) are non-voting members of the board. Its source of revenue is from companies whose membership dues earn them a seat on the IAC. All ISAPP activities are focused on science, not promotion of specific products. Industry scientists are invited to


id: international-social-cognition-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Cognition_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: International Social Cognition Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Cognition_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:37.655306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-social-cognition-network-20260505-0
summary:
The International Social Cognition Network (ISCON) was formed in 2003 as a joint enterprise between the European Social Cognition Network (ESCON) and the Person Memory Interest Group (PMIG) to act as an umbrella society to advance the international study of social cognition. Among the objectives of ISCON are to advance the understanding of social cognition by encouraging research and the preparation of papers and reports, holding meetings for the presentation of scientific papers, sponsoring or issuing publications containing scientific papers and other relevant material, establishing professional honors and awards to recognize excellence in social cognition research, and cooperating with other scientific and professional societies. == Official journal == The official journal of ISCON is Social Cognition, published bimonthly by Guilford Press. == Conferences == ISCON sponsors the Social Cognition Preconference that precedes the annual conference of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. It organizes a similar preconference for the tri-annual meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology. ISCON also is a sponsor of the annual conference of the Person Memory Interest Group that precedes the annual conference of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. == Awards == In cooperation with the Personal Memory Interest Group, ISCON honors career


id: international-society-for-analysis-its-applications-and-computation-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Society for Analysis, its Applications and Computation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Analysis,_its_Applications_and_Computation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:38.894502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-analysis-its-applications-and-computation-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Analysis,_its_Applications_and_Computation-0.md

summary:
The International Society for Analysis, its Applications and Computation (ISAAC) was founded at the University of Delaware in 1996 and is dedicated to the promotion of mathematical analysis and its applications. It has organized international congresses biannually since 1996 and supported regional conferences in various fields of analysis in developing countries since then. The society has members from all continents. Robert Gilbert (University of Delaware), Heinrich Begehr (Free University Berlin), MW Wong (York University), Michael Ruzhansky (Imperial College London), Luigi Rodino (University of Turin) and Michael Reissig (TU Bergakademie Freiberg) served as its past presidents. The current president is Uwe Kähler (University of Aveiro). == Conferences == International congresses organized by ISAAC took place in: University of Delaware, Newark, USA (1996) Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (1998) Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany (2001) York University, Toronto, Canada (2003) University of Catania, Catania, Italy (2005) Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey (2007) Imperial College London, London, UK (2009) Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia (2011) Pedagogical University of Krakow, Cracow Poland (2013) University of Macao, Macau, China (2015) Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden (2017) University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (2019) Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (2021) (in online form) University of São Paulo,


id: international-society-for-antiviral-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Antiviral_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Antiviral Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Antiviral_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:40.179745+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-antiviral-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Antiviral Research (ISAR) is a scientific society that focuses on the discovery and clinical application of antiviral agents. It was founded in 1987 to encourage the exchange of information and collaborative research on the development of biological and chemical antiviral agents. ISAR sponsors the International Conference on Antiviral Research (ICAR), held yearly since 1988 when the second ICAR occurred in Williamsburg, Virginia. ISAR also provides scientific information through peer-reviewed scientific journals and administers several international awards. As of May 25, 2024, the president of the society was Luis M Schang and the president-elect was David Durantel. Previously, Johan Neyts was president from 2018-2020, succeeded as president by Kara Carter (2020-2022), and then Katherine Seley-Radtke (2022-2024). == Founding == The foundation for the International Society for Antiviral Research (ISAR) was laid at meetings held in Rotterdam, Netherlands (April 30 – May 3, 1985) and in Il Ciocco, Italy (May 10-23, 1987) by NATO. The society, in the persons of William M. Shannon, Earl R. Kern, and Richard J. Whitley registered articles of incorporation in the United States in the state of Alabama, on May 14, 1987. The society's stated purpose was "the promotion and advancement of scientific


id: international-society-for-bayesian-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Bayesian_Analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Bayesian Analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Bayesian_Analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:41.534172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-bayesian-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Bayesian Analysis (ISBA) is a society with the goal of promoting Bayesian analysis for solving problems in the sciences and government. It was formally incorporated as a not for profit corporation by economist Arnold Zellner and statisticians Gordon M. Kaufman and Thomas H. Leonard on 10 November 1992. It publishes the electronic journal Bayesian Analysis and organizes world meetings every other year. ISBA is an "official partner" of the Joint Statistical Meetings. == List of presidents == The president of ISBA is elected annually. Service typically lasts three years, since the offices of President Elect and Past President are also official positions. == References == == External links == The Official Website of the ISBA


id: international-society-for-biofabrication-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biofabrication-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Biofabrication
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biofabrication
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:42.776801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-biofabrication-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Biofabrication (ISBF) is an international, non-profit scientific and professional organization established in 2010 to support and represent the global biofabrication community. The society promotes research, education, and technological development across biofabrication, with a focus on interdisciplinary integration and translation from fundamental science to medical and clinical applications. == History == ISBF was founded in response to the emergence of biofabrication as a distinct, rapidly expanding field combining biology, materials science, engineering, and medicine. Since its inception, the society has provided a central platform for international collaboration and knowledge exchange, most notably through the annual International Conference on Biofabrication, where the General Assembly convenes to elect officers, amend statutes, and guide the society's strategic direction under the leadership of the president and board of directors. == Journal == Biofabrication is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official journal of the International Society for Biofabrication, publishing research on biofabrication technologies, biological constructs, and their modeling and maturation. == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-society-for-biosemiotic-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biosemiotic_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Biosemiotic Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biosemiotic_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:44.022680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-biosemiotic-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Biosemiotic Studies (ISBS) is an academic society for the researchers in semiotic biology. The Society was established in 2005. Its official journal is Biosemiotics, published by Springer and launched in 2008. As Thomas Sebeok states, the International Biosemiotics Society (IBS) was founded in Glottertal on June 8, 1990. Although it did not actually began operating, the Glottertal meetings gave rise to an international biosemiotics group that (re)founded the society in 2005. The purpose of the ISBS is to constitute an organizational framework for the collaboration among scholars dedicated to biosemiotic studies, including the interdisciplinary research of sign processes in living systems, organic codes, and biocommunication. The ISBS attempts to develop the qualitative research methods in biology. Among the central focuses is also theoretical semiotics as a basis for theoretical biology. The ISBS assures the organization of regular meetings on research into the semiotics of nature, as well as promotes publication of scholarly work on the semiotics of life processes. The ISBS organizes the annual international conferences (Gatherings in Biosemiotics) that were started by Copenhagen and Tartu biosemioticians and have taken place regularly already since 2001. The first President of the ISBS was Jesper Hoffmeyer (Copenhagen University),


id: international-society-for-clinical-electrophysiology-of-vision-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Clinical_Electrophysiology_of_Vision-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Clinical_Electrophysiology_of_Vision
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:45.351423+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-clinical-electrophysiology-of-vision-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) is an association that promotes research and applications of electrophysiological methods (e.g. electroretinogram, electrooculogram, and visual evoked potentials) in clinical diagnosis of ophthalmological diseases. The society was founded in 1958 as the International Society for Clinical Electroretinography (ISCERG) and holds annual meetings that take place at changing locations. The official journal is Documenta Ophthalmologica. The society also establishes standards for electrophysiological diagnosis. == References == Documenta Ophthalmologica


id: international-society-for-extracellular-vesicles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Extracellular_Vesicles-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Extracellular Vesicles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Extracellular_Vesicles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:46.655257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-extracellular-vesicles-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) is an international scientific organization that focuses on advancing global extracellular vesicle (EV) research. These membrane-bound particles are released from all known cells and include exosomes, ectosomes, exophers, oncosomes, and more. Established in 2011, the society is a nonprofit organization. It is governed by a Board of Directors and Executive Committee. The current president is Kenneth Witwer. Previous presidents were Edit Buzás (2022-2024), Clotilde Théry (2018-2022), Andrew Hill (2016-2018) and founding president Jan Lötvall (2011-2016). The society's journals are the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles and the Journal of Extracellular Biology. ISEV also publishes the international consensus guidelines for EV studies, the "Minimal information for studies of EVs" (MISEV). ISEV has several committees (Meetings and Programs, Science and Journals, Rigor and Standardization, Education, Translation, Regulation, and Advocacy Committee, and Communications and Membership) focused on advancing research and promoting awareness in the EVs. Each committee has specific roles and goals. == Meetings == As part of its mission to promote scientific research and education, the society hosts annual meetings and educational event as well as numerous workshops on defined EV-related topics. The society also co-sponsors or endorses related events. === Workshops and scientific seminars ===


id: international-society-for-forensic-genetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Forensic_Genetics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Forensic Genetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Forensic_Genetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:47.934153+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-forensic-genetics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) is an international non-profit scientific society founded in 1968. The goal of the society is to advance the field of forensic genetics, also termed DNA profiling. ISFG holds bi-annual conferences, as well as workshops and seminars and published the journal Forensic Science International: Genetics. == History == The International Society for Forensic Genetics – ISFG – was founded in 1968 in Mainz, Germany, under the name Gesellschaft für forensische Blutgruppenkunde (Society for Forensic Haemogenetics). The society was founded as a non-profit organisation according to German civil law. The original aim of the society was to promote the science of genetic markers in human blood for use in forensic science. In 1989, the society was transformed to an international society (International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics – ISFH). In 1991, based on the transition from traditional serological markers in blood to universal DNA polymorphisms the name was changed into International Society for Forensic Genetics. The ISFG's goal is to support research interests in forensic genetics, also including non-human DNA studies, RNA-based test systems, and large-scale sequencing technologies. == Membership and activities == === Membership === In January 2020, the society had approximately 1,400 individual members


id: international-society-for-intelligence-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Intelligence_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Intelligence Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Intelligence_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:49.170290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-intelligence-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Intelligence Research (ISIR) is a scientific society for researchers in human intelligence. It was founded by Douglas K. Detterman of Case Western Reserve University in 2000. The society advocates for ongoing support for scientific research on cognitive ability, supporting early career researchers, advocating for intelligence, student scholarships, and hosting an annual conference. A 2018 New Statesman article called two editors of Intelligence "eugenicists" and that ISIR conferences have included speakers who are part of "the infiltration of mainstream academia by eugenicists". Until 2023, Intelligence was the journal of the society. With the advent of additional journals focussed on the topic it has become agnostic to recommending a single journal. == Presidents == The following persons are or have been president of the society: 2010 – Douglas K. Detterman 2011 – Earl B. Hunt 2012 – Linda Gottfredson 2013 – David Lubinski 2014 – Aljoscha C. Neubauer 2015 – Michael A. McDaniel 2016 – Richard J. Haier 2017 – Timothy Bates 2018 – William Revelle 2019–2020 – Rex Jung 2021–2023 – Rosalind Ardern 2024 – Thomas Coyle == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-society-for-microbial-ecology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Microbial_Ecology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Microbial Ecology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Microbial_Ecology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:50.537275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-microbial-ecology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME) is the principal scientific society for the burgeoning field of microbial ecology and its related disciplines. ISME is a non-profit association and is owner of the International Symposia on Microbial Ecology and also owner of The ISME Journal which is published by Springer Nature (impact factor 2016 9.6 - Reuters Thomson). The ISME Office is based at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) in Wageningen, The Netherlands. The ISME maintains the SeqCode. It is unrelated to the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, which maintains the Prokaryotic Code. == Goals == ISME fosters the exchange of scientific information by organizing international symposia as well as specific workshops, sponsoring publications, and promoting education and research. ISME provides services to the scientific as well as the wider community. The society enjoys close collaborations with other key scientific organizations, and has established effective scientific interactions in all geographical regions through a network of scientific leaders who serve as ISME National Ambassadors. Anyone with an interest in Microbial Ecology can become a member of ISME. == History of microbial ecology == The important role of microorganisms in natural environments was recognized by leading microbiologists in the late


id: international-society-for-microbial-ecology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Microbial_Ecology-1.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Microbial Ecology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Microbial_Ecology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:50.537275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-microbial-ecology-20260505-0
summary:
== ISME established == There were many obstacles in transferring from a Committee to a Society. However, Prof. J. Tiedje, who acted as the Chairperson of ICOME since 1995, took the active initiative for creating the new Society and consulted with various international organizations and with editors and publishers of journals. He suggested to change the status of ICOME to an International Society of Microbial Ecology (ISME) which has its own journal. He asked the ICOME executive committee to consider and discuss his proposal, and put forward the further steps needed for the establishment of the Society. According to his scheme, the Executive Committee set the framework of the Society and the journal including the scope, editorial board and journal policy. The proposal for the establishment of the Society was presented and endorsed at ISME-8 in Halifax, Canada, 1998. The foundation of ISME is obviously an important step for future development of microbial ecology, and we owe Prof. Tiedje for his tireless effort and patience during the long process of establishing the Society. The Association founded and registered in East Lancing, MI, USA, and later relocated and established in its registered office is in Geneva. Meanwhile, Prof. Tiedje consulted with


id: international-society-for-nanoscale-science-computation-and-engineering-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Society for Nanoscale Science, Computation, and Engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:51.820481+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-nanoscale-science-computation-and-engineering-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Nanoscale_Science,_Computation,_and_Engineering-0.md

summary:
The International Society for Nanoscale Science, Computation, and Engineering (ISNSCE, pronounced like "essence") is a scientific society specializing in nanotechnology and DNA computing. It was started in 2004 by Nadrian Seeman, founder of the field of DNA nanotechnology. According to the society, its purpose is "to promote the study of the control of the arrangement of the atoms in matter, examine the principles that lead to such control, to develop tools and methods to increase such control, and to investigate the use of these principles for molecular computation, and for engineering on the finest possible scales." ISNSCE sponsors two academic conferences each year: the first is Foundations of Nanoscience (FNANO), and the second is the International Conference on DNA Computing and Molecular Computation (DNA Computing). The FNANO conference has been held in Snowbird, Utah each year in April since 2004, and focuses on molecular self-assembly of nanoscale materials and devices. DNA Computing focuses on biomolecular computing and DNA nanotechnology, and has been held annually since 1995. The proceedings of DNA Computing were published as part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series until 2019, and since 2020 have been published as part of the Leibniz International Proceedings in

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Nanoscale_Science,_Computation,_and_Engineering


id: international-society-for-photogrammetry-and-remote-sensing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:53.047819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-photogrammetry-and-remote-sensing-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) is an international non-governmental organization that enhances international cooperation between the worldwide organizations with interests in the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences. Originally named International Society for Photogrammetry (ISP), it was established in 1910, and is the oldest international umbrella organization in its field, which may be summarized as addressing “information from imagery”. ISPRS achieves its aims by: Advancing knowledge in the areas of interest of ISPRS by encouraging and facilitating research and development, scientific networking and inter-disciplinary activities Facilitating education and training with particular emphasis in less-developed countries Enhancing public recognition of the contributions of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences for the benefit of humankind and the sustainability of the environment The ISPRS' scientific and technical programs are organized by five technical commissions. Each commission is sponsored by an ISPRS member organization for the four-year period between congresses. The five technical commissions have established around 60 working groups which are responsible for particular topics within the commissions’ areas of interest. All technical commissions hold a symposium within their country in 2018. Smaller workshops will be organized by the working groups before the 2020 congress from


id: international-society-for-photogrammetry-and-remote-sensing-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing-1.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:53.047819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-photogrammetry-and-remote-sensing-20260505-0
summary:
ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (P&RS) is the official peer-reviewed publication of the ISPRS. It is published by Elsevier twelve times per year and contains scientific and technical articles and reviews; its impact factor is 7.319. ISPRS Open Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, the sister journal of P&RS, also published by Elsevier, four times a year. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, an international scientific open access journal on geo-information, also the official peer-reviewed publication of the ISPRS. It is published online by MDPI every three months; its impact factor is 2.239. Other peer-reviewed publications include: ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences contain selected double-blind peer-reviewed scientific contributions of ISPRS congresses, symposia and a number of workshops. The series was newly established in 2012. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences contain the proceedings and the scientific and technical presentations of all ISPRS congresses, symposia and selected workshops. ISPRS Book Series includes high quality refereed papers from ISPRS congresses, symposia or workshops to provide information to a wider international audience. It also has the following publishing venues: ISPRS eBulletin is the official bulletin of the society, published and


id: international-society-for-the-history-of-pharmacy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_History_of_Pharmacy-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for the History of Pharmacy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_History_of_Pharmacy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:55.517242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-the-history-of-pharmacy-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for the History of Pharmacy (ISHP) is a non profit international society devoted to the academic study of the history of pharmacy. The umbrella organization of 29 national societies promotes research, teaching and publication in pharmaceutical history. It regularly organizes congresses and awards a research grant every two years. Publication organs are an annual newsletter and the peer-reviewed journal Pharmaceutical Historian, which is published in cooperation with the British Society for the History of Pharmacy. == History == On August 18, 1926, Otto Raubenheimer from the US, the Austrian Ludwig Winkler and the Germans Fritz Ferchl, Georg Urdang, Walther Zimmermann, founded the Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie (Society for the History of Pharmacy) in Innsbruck, Austria The Second World War interrupted the society's activities but after that it reformed and in 1949 gave itself the name Internationale Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie and also appears under equivalent English- or French-language names: International Society for the History of Pharmacy or Société Internationale d'Histoire de la Pharmacie. == International congresses == The society holds a biennial International Congress. These congresses are an open platform for research presentations and also discussions about history of pharmacy in an truly international context.


id: international-society-for-twin-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Twin_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Twin Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Twin_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:56.853363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-twin-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) is an international, non-profit scientific organization. The aim of the society is to advance research and knowledge in all fields of science related to twins and/or twin studies, for the benefit of both twins and their families as well as worldwide scientific communities. == International Congress on Twin Studies == The International Congress on Twin Studies (ICTS) is a tri-ennial conference organised by the ISTS. Past locations include Budapest, Florence, Seoul, Ghent, Odense, London and others. == Journal == Twin Research and Human Genetics is the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. == James Shields Award == The James Shields Award for Lifetime Contributions to Twin Research is an award created in 1980 in honor of James Shields, a pioneering researcher in human behavior genetics. Winners usually receive the award at the International Congress on Twin Studies or at the annual meeting of the Behavior Genetics Association. Past winners include Lindon Eaves, Peter Propping, Nick Martin, Dorret Boomsma, Nancy Segal, Matt McGue, Robert Plomin, John K. Hewitt and others. == References == == External links == International Society for Twin Studies: web site


id: international-society-of-biometeorology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Biometeorology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society of Biometeorology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Biometeorology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:58.063472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-of-biometeorology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society of Biometeorology (ISB) is a professional society for scientists interested in biometeorology, specifically environmental and ecological aspects of the interaction of the atmosphere and biosphere. The organization's stated purpose is: "to provide one international organization for the promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration of meteorologists, physicians, physicists, biologists, climatologists, ecologists and other scientists and to promote the development of Biometeorology". The International Society of Biometeorology was founded in 1956 at UNESCO headquarters in Paris, France, by S. W. Tromp, a Dutch geologist, H. Ungeheuer, a German meteorologist, and several human physiologists of which F. Sargent II of the United States became the first President of the society. ISB affiliated organizations include: the International Association for Urban Climate, the International Society for Agricultural Meteorology, the International Union of Biological Sciences, the World Health Organization, and the World Meteorological Organization. ISB affiliate members include: the American Meteorological Society, the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, the German Meteorological Society, the Society for the Promotion of Medicine-Meteorological Research e.V., International Society of Medical Hydrology and Climatology, and the UK Met Office. == Publications == ISB publishes the following journals: Bulletin of the Society of Biometeorology International Journal of Biometeorology == References == ==


id: international-society-of-critical-health-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Critical_Health_Psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society of Critical Health Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Critical_Health_Psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:24:59.503778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-of-critical-health-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society of Critical Health Psychology (ISCHP) is a society devoted to debate about critical ideas within health psychology and developing new ways of health psychology practice. Critical Health Psychology is concerned with analysis of ways in which health, illness and health care are shaped by social, economic, and political issues. To these ends, ISCHP's members commonly make use of qualitative methods and participatory research methods to address social, political and cultural issues within health psychology. == Conferences == The Society organizes a biennial conference. These conferences have been held in: St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada (1999); Birmingham, UK (2001); Auckland, New Zealand (2003); Sheffield, UK (2005); Boston, USA (2007); Lausanne, Switzerland (2009); Adelaide, Australia (2011); Bradford, UK (2013); Grahamstown, South Africa (2015); Loughborough, UK (2017); Bratislava, Slovakia (2019); Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand (2021); and Rancagua, Chile (2023). The most recent conference was held in July 2025 in Galway, Ireland . The next ISCHP biennial conference will be held at the University of Szeged in Szeged, Hungary in early July 2027. == Membership == ISCHP welcomes membership from anyone who is aligned with its aims, regardless of disciplinary affiliation. There is no membership fee. Detail on how to join can


id: international-society-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Electrochemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society of Electrochemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Electrochemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:00.854126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) is a global scientific society founded in 1949. The Head Office of ISE is located now in Lausanne, Switzerland. ISE is a Member Organization of IUPAC. The Society has now more than 1900 Individual Members, 15 Corporate Members (Universities and non-profit research organizations from Belgium, Croatia, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and Serbia) and 16 Corporate Sustaining Members. ISE has also 8 Divisions and Regional Representatives. ISE's objectives are: to advance electrochemical science and technology to disseminate scientific and technological knowledge to promote international cooperation in electrochemistry to maintain a high professional standard among its members. == See also == Electrochemistry Quantum electrochemistry Revaz Dogonadze Rudolph A. Marcus == External links == International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) IUPAC


id: international-society-of-limnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Limnology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society of Limnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Limnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:02.066311+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-of-limnology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society of Limnology (SIL) is an international scientific society that disseminates information among limnologists, those who study all aspects of inland waters, including their physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and management. It was founded by August Thienemann and Einar Naumann in 1922 as the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology and Societas Internationalis Limnologiae. It had about 2800 members in 2008. SIL celebrated its 100th anniversary at a meeting in Berlin, Germany, in August 2022. SIL publishes the following scientific publications: the journal Fundamental and Applied Limnology:Archiv für Hydrobiologie ISSN 1863-9135 ; prior to 2007, it was called Archiv für Hydrobiologie. Communications (Mitteilungen), irregular publication. Limnology in Developing Countries, a book series. Congress proceedings, until 2007, published as Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. SIL has discontinued publication of the Verhandlungen and has replaced it with a peer-reviewed journal entitled Inland Waters. The new journal was launched at the 31st SIL Congress in Cape Town 2010, with first publication in 2011. The journal is supported by the electronic submission and tracking system of the Freshwater Biological Association. Manuscripts will be published consecutively online (as accepted) and quarterly in paper format. Access to the electronic version is


id: international-society-of-psychiatric-genetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Psychiatric_Genetics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society of Psychiatric Genetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Psychiatric_Genetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:03.273347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-of-psychiatric-genetics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG) is a learned society that aims to "promote and facilitate research in the genetics of psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders and allied traits". To this end, among other things, it organizes an annual "World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics". It also awards each year the "Ming Tsuang Lifetime Achievement Award" for scientists who have made major contributions to the field of psychiatric genetics and the "Theodore Reich Young Investigator Award" for work of exceptional merit by researchers under 40 years of age. == Presidents == The following people have been president of the society: 1992–1996: Theodore Reich 1996–2000: Peter McGuffin 2000–2005: Mike Owen 2005–2010: Ming Tsuang 2010–2012: Nick Craddock 2012–2016: Francis J. McMahon 2016–present: Thomas G. Schulze == Ming Tsuang Lifetime Achievement Award == The annual Ming Tsuang Lifetime Achievement Award is given to a distinguished senior scientist who has made significant and sustained contributions to the advancement of the field of psychiatric genetics. It is named for Ming Tsuang, who was the recipient of the award in 1995. The following persons have received this award: == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-society-on-general-relativity-and-gravitation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_General_Relativity_and_Gravitation-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_General_Relativity_and_Gravitation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:04.510450+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-on-general-relativity-and-gravitation-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation (ISGRG) is a learned society established in 1971 with the goal to promote research on general relativity (GR) and gravitation. To that end, it encourages communication between relativity researchers, in particular by organizing the triennial international GR conferences, sponsoring the Hyperspace website, and publishing the journal General Relativity and Gravitation. The society also serves as the Affiliated Commission 2 (AC.2) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. The society's president is always a prominent gravitational physicist. In the past, the office has been held by Christian Møller (1971–74), Nathan Rosen (1974–77), Peter Bergmann (1977–80), Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat (1980–83), Dennis Sciama (1983–86), Ezra Ted Newman (1986–89), George Ellis (1989–92), Roger Penrose (1992–95), Jürgen Ehlers (1995–98), Werner Israel (1998–2001), Robert Wald (2001–04), Clifford Will (2004–07), Abhay Ashtekar (2007–10), Malcolm A. H. MacCallum (2010–13), Gary Horowitz (2013–16), Eric Poisson (2016–19), and Nils Andersson (2019- 2022). The current president is Emanuele Berti. The society awards two thesis prizes every three years. One is the Bergmann-Wheeler prize for an outstanding PhD thesis in the broad area of quantum gravity. The other is the Jürgen Ehlers prize for an outstanding PhD thesis in numerical or mathematical relativity.


id: international-society-on-thrombosis-and-haemostasis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_Thrombosis_and_Haemostasis-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_Thrombosis_and_Haemostasis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:05.745243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-on-thrombosis-and-haemostasis-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) is a not-for-profit global membership organization of specialists in the field of blood coagulation and its disorders, such as thrombosis and hemophilia. It was founded in 1954 as the International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ICTH). The society was reorganized in 1969 as the ISTH. It currently represents about 5,000 members from 98 different countries. The society initiates and promotes education and outreach initiatives, research activities, scientific meetings, peer-reviewed publications, expert committees and the development of standards allowing a common language and approach to basic and clinical science all over the world. It also publishes the medical journal Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis and its open access counterpart, Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. == Mission statement == The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) advances the understanding, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of conditions related to thrombosis and hemostasis. == Scientific and standardization committee == The Scientific and Standardization Committee (SSC) began in 1954 as the International Committee for the Standardization of the Nomenclature of the Blood Clotting Factors. The SSC is a permanent committee of the ISTH and is its scientific working arm. Conducted through 20 subcommittees and working


id: international-society-on-toxinology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_Toxinology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society on Toxinology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_Toxinology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:06.943307+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-on-toxinology-20260505-0
summary:
International Society on Toxinology (IST) is a global society of scientists and clinicians working for the advancement of venoms, poisons and toxins. It was founded in 1962 with an aim to advance knowledge on venoms, poisons and toxins of animal, plant and microbial origin. == Origin == === Pioneer research === In 1664 an Italian polymath Francesco Redi wrote his first monumental work Osservazioni intorno alle vipere (Observations about the Viper) in which he first elucidated the scientific basis of snakebite and venom of the viper. He showed that the venom is produced from the fang, it is not poisonous when swallowed, and dangerous only when it enters the bloodstream. He even showed how to stop or slow down the venom action in the blood by tight ligature before the wound. This work is heralded as the foundation of toxinology and the beginning of experimental toxicology. === Foundation === In 1962 a group of scientists and clinicians who have made significant contributions to toxinology joined forces to establish a working society. The Society had its first international meeting in 1966 in Atlantic City, USA. Findlay E. Russell was the first president of the Society. == Organisation and Membership == The


id: international-soil-reference-and-information-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Soil_Reference_and_Information_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: International Soil Reference and Information Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Soil_Reference_and_Information_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:08.202698+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-soil-reference-and-information-centre-20260505-0
summary:
ISRIC, also known as the International Soil Reference and Information Centre, is an independent science-based foundation that provides quality-assessed soil information and knowledge to address pressing global environmental and societal challenges. It was established in 1966, following a recommendation by the International Society of Soil Science (ISSS, now known as the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS)) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). ISRIC's mission is to increase the availability and use of quality-assessed soil data, information and knowledge to: (i) contribute to a better understanding of the Earth system, and (ii) support informed decision-making for sustainable land management worldwide. ISRIC's work and expertise is focused in four main areas: Soil collections and education Development of standards for soil information Development of harmonised global and continental soil information products Strengthening Soil Information Systems on national, regional, and continental level Information products and services to assist decision making for sustainable land management Since 1989, ISRIC has been accredited as the World Data Centre for Soils (WDC-Soils) by the World Data System (WDS) of the International Science Council (ISC). ISRIC is home to the World Soil Museum and the World Soil Reference Collection. ISRIC's flagship soil information products


id: international-space-development-conference-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Development_Conference-0.md
category: reference
title: International Space Development Conference
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Development_Conference
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:09.399255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-space-development-conference-20260505-0
summary:
The International Space Development Conference (ISDC) is the annual conference of the National Space Society (NSS). Now in its 41st year, these conferences connect the general public and the NSS membership with leaders of contemporary space efforts. The ISDC provides a nexus for industry, government, scientists, advocates, and the public to meet and discuss the latest issues in space technology, science, policy, commerce, medicine, exploration, settlement and much more. Winners of the annual NSS Space Settlement Contest attend and give lectures at the conference, with several interesting activities and programs. With National Space Society's major goal being to accelerate the process of space exploration and development they also foster astronautics for students by encouraging them and getting them involved. == 1982 == The first ISDC was held in Los Angeles in 1982. The CoChairmen were Jerry Pournelle and Milton Stevens, and most of the convention staff were volunteers from the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society (LASFS), although it was emphasized that the conference was professional in nature, and would not be a science fiction convention. The Professional Guest of Honor was Fred Haise of Apollo 13, then CEO of Grumman. Attendees included Buzz Aldrin, Max Hunter, General Daniel Graham, Dick


id: international-space-development-conference-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Development_Conference-1.md
category: reference
title: International Space Development Conference
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Development_Conference
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:09.399255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-space-development-conference-20260505-0
summary:
=== ISDC public webcasts === ISDC 2007 was broadcast "live" from Dallas via streaming video from May 25 through May 28, 2007 – courtesy of the helloWorld website. Available to anyone with access to a computer and internet connection, the general public was able to follow key remarks and presentations by running their computer's mouse or cursor over the TV broadcast tower graphic entitled "Shows" and clicking the "On the Air Now!" link. Archived files of past ISDC conferences can also be reviewed via the IslandOne Archived September 1, 2005, at the Wayback Machine website. == 2006 == Although typically held over the Memorial Day holiday weekend, ISDC '06 was moved up to the first weekend in May to coincide with Space Day activities sponsored nationwide by Lockheed Martin. The "Silver Anniversary" conference was held May 4 through May 7, 2006 in Los Angeles, California – coming full circle to the very first ISDC 25 years earlier. Held at the LAX Sheraton Gateway Hotel, this was also the first ISDC to be jointly co-sponsored with the Pasadena, California-based Planetary Society. Speakers and special guests included Buzz Aldrin, Burt Rutan, Elon Musk, Hugh Downs, Dennis Tito, Gregory Olsen, Bill Nye, Kim


id: international-space-station-multilateral-coordination-board-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board-0.md
category: reference
title: International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:10.694123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-space-station-multilateral-coordination-board-20260505-0
summary:
The International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board (MCB) is the highest-level cooperative body in the International Space Station programme. It was set up under the Memoranda of Understanding for the ISS, originally signed in 1998. The MCB has members from each of the cooperating ISS partner organizations: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. The MCB sets policies for the ISS, including approving policies such as the Code of Conduct for International Space Station Crews that implement the International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement that, together with the MOUs, provides the legal basis for the ISS program. == References == == See also == Space law


id: international-test-and-evaluation-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Test_and_Evaluation_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: International Test and Evaluation Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Test_and_Evaluation_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:11.899460+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-test-and-evaluation-association-20260505-0
summary:
The International Test and Evaluation Association (ITEA) is a professional body founded in 1980. Its primary purpose is to further the exchange of technical information in the field of test and evaluation. Membership is open to professionals, students and corporate bodies involved in the development and application of policy and techniques used to assess the effectiveness, reliability, and safety of new and existing systems and products. == External links == ITEA Website


id: international-union-for-cooperation-in-solar-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:13.161780+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-for-cooperation-in-solar-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research was an international organization dedicated to solar research between 1905 and 1913. It is one of the precursor organizations of the International Astronomical Union. == Description == The Union was the brain-child of George Ellery Hale, who had realized the potential value of an international organization to coordinate scientific research and, by virtue of his extensive travels throughout Europe, had many contacts among eminent astronomers and solar physicists. Hale suggested to the National Academy of Sciences of the US the formation of a committee with the aim of forming such an international organization, and, as the committee's chairman, began contacting various scientific academies. His efforts led to a meeting at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904 and included representatives from 16 national scientific societies, but notably not from the Prussian Academy of Sciences, which had declined the invitation. (Instead, German delegates from the German Physical Society were present.) The delegates proceeded to appoint a committee that was to create the Union as a permanent international scientific organization; the new organization had its first constituted meeting at Oxford in England a year later. Further meetings were held in Paris in 1907 and at


id: international-union-for-quaternary-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union for Quaternary Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:14.446184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-for-quaternary-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) was founded in 1928. It has members from a number of scientific disciplines who study the environmental changes that occurred during the glacial ages, the last 2.6 million years. One goal of these investigators is to document the timing and patterns in past climatic changes to help understand the causes of changing climates. INQUA is a member of the International Science Council (ISC). INQUA holds an international congress normally every four years. The congresses serve as an educational forum as well as the opportunity for the various commissions, committees, and working groups to conduct business in person. Past congresses have been held in Copenhagen (1928), Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) (1932), Vienna (1936), Rome (1953), Madrid (1957), Warsaw (1961), Boulder (1965), Paris (1969), Christchurch (1973), Birmingham (1977), Moscow (1982), Ottawa (1987), Beijing (1991), Berlin (1995), Durban (1999), Reno (2003), Cairns (2007), Bern (2011) and Nagoya (2015). The most recent INQUA Congress (XIX) was held in Rome, Italy, in July 2023. In 2027 the INQUA Congress (XXI) will take place in Lucknow, India between January and February. == Climate change == In 2007, the union issued a statement on climate change in which it reiterated the


id: international-union-for-the-scientific-study-of-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Population-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:15.632559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-for-the-scientific-study-of-population-20260505-0
summary:
International Union for the Scientific Study of Population is an international union for the study of human population, which was founded in 1928. == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-union-for-the-study-of-social-insects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Study_of_Social_Insects-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union for the Study of Social Insects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Study_of_Social_Insects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:16.879321+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-for-the-study-of-social-insects-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union for the Study of Social Insects has at its purpose to promote and encourage the study of social insects and other social organisms in the broadest sense. Both research and the dissemination of knowledge about social insects and other social organisms through publications, educational programs, and activities are encouraged. The Union further pursues these objectives via the organization of Congresses and Symposia, publication of the journal Insectes Sociaux, and recognition of distinguished service with awards. National and regional sections play a key role in the IUSSI, with the sections organizing meetings, symposia, and newsletters. The Union was founded in 1951 as a result of discussions at the International Entomological Congress in Amsterdam. Key figures in the establishment of the IUSSI were Pierre-Paul Grassé (France), T. C. Schneirla (U.S.A.), Carlo Jucci (Italy), K. Gösswald (Germany), D. R. Gonçalves (Brazil), and Tohru Uchida (Japan). Grassé took the lead in many matters in the early years of the IUSSI, including establishment of the Union's quarterly scientific journal, published since 1954, called Insectes Sociaux. The Union was also originally referred to by its name in French, L'Union Internationale pour l'Étude des Insectes Sociaux, or UIEIS Union Officers include a Secretary-General, who


id: international-union-for-vacuum-science-technique-and-applications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Vacuum_Science,_Technique_and_Applications-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Vacuum_Science,_Technique_and_Applications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:18.124365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-for-vacuum-science-technique-and-applications-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique, and Applications (IUVSTA) is a union of 35 science and technology national member societies that supports collaboration in vacuum science, technique and applications. Founded in 1958, IUVSTA is an interdisciplinary union which represents several thousands of physicists, chemists, materials scientists, engineers and technologists who are active in basic and applied research, development, manufacturing, sales and education. IUVSTA finances advanced scientific workshops, international schools and technical courses, worldwide. The main purposes of the IUVSTA are to organize and sponsor international conferences and educational activities, as well as to facilitate research and technological developments in the field of vacuum science and its applications. == History == In 1958 Emil Thomas founded the International Union For Vacuum Science and Technology (IVOST) in Namur, Belgium. The IVOST was then dissolved in 1962, and a new constitution was drafted in Brussels, Belgium,forming the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique, and Application (IVUSTA), with Medard W. Welch chosen as its president. The structure of the IUVSTA differed from its predecessor organization as members were represented by delegates from local vacuum organizations in their respective countries, whereas the IVOST consisted of individual members from various countries == Membership == IUVSTA


id: international-union-of-crystallography-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Crystallography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:21.857704+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-crystallography-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) is an organisation devoted to the international promotion and coordination of the science of crystallography. The IUCr is a member of the International Science Council (ISC). == Objectives == The objectives of the IUCr are to promote international cooperation in crystallography and to contribute to all aspects of crystallography, to promote international publication of crystallographic research, to facilitate standardization of methods, units, nomenclatures and symbols, and to form a focus for the relations of crystallography to other sciences. The IUCr fulfils these objectives by publishing in print and electronically primary scientific journals through the Acta Crystallographica journal series, as well as Journal of Applied Crystallography, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, IUCrJ, the series of reference volumes International Tables for Crystallography, distributing the quarterly IUCr Newsletter, maintaining the online World Directory/Database of Crystallographers, awarding the Ewald Prize and organising the triennial Congress and General Assembly. == History == In 1944 the yearly meeting of the X-ray Analysis Group (XRAG) of the UK Institute of Physics was held in Oxford, and the distinguished German crystallographer Paul Peter Ewald, who then taught at Queen's University Belfast, was invited to give the evening lecture. In it he gave a


id: international-union-of-geodesy-and-geophysics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geodesy_and_Geophysics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geodesy_and_Geophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:23.098498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-geodesy-and-geophysics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG; French: Union géodésique et géophysique internationale, UGGI) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the scientific study of Earth and its space environment using geophysical and geodetic techniques. The IUGG is a member of the International Science Council (ISC), which is composed of international scholarly and scientific institutions and national academies of sciences. == History == The IUGG was established in Brussels, Belgium in 1919. == Objectives == IUGG's objectives are the promotion and coordination of studies related to Earth's physical, chemical and mathematical representation. This includes geometrical shape, internal structure, gravity and magnetic fields, seismicity, volcanism, hydrologic cycle, glaciers, oceans, atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere of Earth. It also includes solar, lunar and planetary studies. Some areas within its scope are environmental preservation, reduction of the effects of natural hazards, and mineral resources. == Structures == The IUGG consists of eight semi-autonomous associations: International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) International Association of Geodesy (IAG) International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) International Association of Seismology and Physics of


id: international-union-of-geological-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Geological Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:24.315435+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-geological-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to global cooperation in the field of geology. As of 2023, it represents more than 1 million geoscientists around the world. == About == Founded in 1961, the IUGS was established to maintain collaboration between the International Geological Congresses, which have taken place every four years since 1875. It is a Scientific Union member of the International Science Council (ISC), formerly the International Council for Science (ICSU), which it recognizes as the co-ordinating body for the international organization of science. Currently, geologists from 121 countries (and regions) are represented in the IUGS. A broad range of scientific topics is covered by its commission, task groups, joint programmes and affiliated organizations. IUGS promotes and encourages the study of geological problems, especially those of worldwide significance, and supports and facilitates international and inter-disciplinary co-operation in the earth sciences. The Union's Secretariat is currently located at the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in Beijing, China. == Activities == IUGS is a joint partner with UNESCO for the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) and also participates in the Global Geoparks Network (GGN). The Geological Society of London oversees the production and distribution


id: international-union-of-history-and-philosophy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_History_and_Philosophy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of History and Philosophy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_History_and_Philosophy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:25.561884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-history-and-philosophy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology is one of the members of the International Science Council (ISC). It was founded in 1955 by merging the International Union of History of Science (IUHS) and the International Union of Philosophy of Science (IUPS), and consists of two divisions, the Division of History of Science and Technology (DHST) and the Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science and Technology (DLMPST). == Structure and governance == The IUHPST does not have its own membership structure and governance, but is an umbrella organisation for its two Divisions, DHST and DLMPST. It is governed by the officers of the two Divisions in a rotational system where the Presidency of the Union rotates between the Presidents of the two Divisions. The current IUHPST President is Marcos Cueto (President of DHST), the current IUHPST Vice President is Valentin Goranko (President of DLMPST), the current IUHPST Secretary General is Liesbeth De Mol (Secretary General of DHST), and the current IUHPST Treasurer is Milada Sekyrková (Treasurer of DHST). == DHST == The Division of History of Science and Technology (DHST) is an international non-governmental organisation devoted to international cooperation in the fields of history


id: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:26.765753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC ) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology. It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC). IUPAC is registered in Zürich, Switzerland, and its administrative office, known as the "IUPAC Secretariat", is in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States. IUPAC was established in 1919 as the successor of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry for the advancement of chemistry. Its members, the National Adhering Organizations, can be national chemistry societies, national academies of sciences, or just other bodies representing chemists. There are a total of fifty-four National Adhering Organizations and three Associate National Adhering Organizations. IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IUPAC nomenclature) is the recognized world authority in developing standards for naming chemical elements and compounds. Since its creation, IUPAC has been run by many different committees with different responsibilities. These committees run different projects; of those which include standardizing nomenclature, finding ways to bring chemistry to the world, and publishing works. IUPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry, but they have publications in many science fields


id: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry-1.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:26.765753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
== Amino acid and nucleotide base codes == IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify amino acids and nucleotide bases. It needed a coding system that represented long sequences of amino acids. This would allow for these sequences to be compared to try to find homologies. These codes can consist of either a one-letter code, or a three-letter code. These codes make it easier and shorter to write down the amino acid sequences that make up proteins. The nucleotide bases are made up of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine or uracil). These nucleotide bases make up DNA and RNA. And they make the genome of an organism much smaller and easier to read. The codes for amino acids (22 amino acids and six special codes) are: == Publications == === Non-series books === === Experimental Thermodynamics book series === The Experimental Thermodynamics books series covers many topics in the fields of thermodynamics. === Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems === === Coloured cover book and website series (nomenclature) === IUPAC colour code their books in order to make each publication distinguishable. == International Year of Chemistry == IUPAC


id: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:27.977018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP; ) is an international non-governmental organization whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity. It was established in 1922 and the first General Assembly was held in 1923 in Paris. The Union is domiciled in Geneva, Switzerland. IUPAP carries out this mission by: sponsoring international meetings; fostering communications and publications; encouraging research and education; fostering the free circulation of scientists; promoting international agreements on the use of symbols, units, nomenclature and standards; and cooperating with other organizations on disciplinary and interdisciplinary problems.Therefore it is very important . IUPAP is a member of the International Science Council. IUPAP is the lead organization promoting the adoption of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development, a proposal to be considered by the 76th session of the UN General Assembly. == History == In 1919 was formed the International Research Council "was largely through the representatives of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, and of the Royal Society, London, to coordinate international efforts in the different branches of sciences,


id: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-physics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics-1.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:27.977018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-pure-and-applied-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The IUPAP Young Scientist Prize, approved and adopted at the 2005 General Assembly for all commissions. The prize was renamed Early Career Scientist Prize at the General Assembly 2021. The SUNAMCO Medal, given by the Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (C2) The Boltzmann Medal, awarded by the Commission on Statistical Physics (C3) The Shakti Duggal Award, established in 1983, to recognize outstanding work by a young scientist in the field of cosmic ray physics, awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4), on behalf of the Bartol Research Institute. The Yodh Prize, awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4) on behalf of the University of California Irvine Foundation The Fritz London Memorial Prize, given by the Commission on Low Temperature Physics (C5) The Young Author Best Paper Award, established by the Commission on Semiconductors (C8) and sponsored by the semiconductor industries of USA, Japan and Europe ICM Award in Magnetism, established by the Commission on Magnetism (C9) The Kennedy Reed Medal for Outstanding Contributions to the Enhancement of Physics in Developing Countries (C13) The ICPE Medal, sponsored by the Commission on Physics Education (C14) Penning Award Excellence in Low-Temperature Plasma Physics, established by the


id: international-union-of-soil-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Soil_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Soil Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Soil_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:29.184175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-soil-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), founded in 1924 under the name International Society of Soil Science, is a scientific union and member of the International Science Council (ISC). The Union has 86 national and regional member societies with about 60,000 scientists in several countries and individual members in 57 countries. Every four years, the IUSS holds the World Congress of Soil Science. As of January 2023, the secretariat was taken over by the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics of Italy. Previously, the secretariat was managed by Sigbert Huber, an officer of the Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt), located in Vienna. == Mission == The purpose of the IUSS is to promote all branches of soil science and its applications, to promote contacts among scientists and other persons engaged in the study and the application of soil science; to stimulate scientific research and to further the application of such research. The IUSS is a founding partner of the International Year of Planet Earth and supports all of its activities. The IUSS has contributed to the International Year of Planet Earth's brochure "Soil – earth's living skin", which has been translated into several languages. The IUSS publishes monthly the IUSS


id: international-union-of-theoretical-and-applied-mechanics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Theoretical_and_Applied_Mechanics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Theoretical_and_Applied_Mechanics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:30.371913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-theoretical-and-applied-mechanics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) is an international non-governmental scientific organization whose primary mission is to promote theoretical and applied mechanics as a scientific discipline, especially by organizing international congresses, symposia and summer schools. A deed of incorporation was executed on November 4th 2022 to register IUTAM as an incorporated Association with full legal capacity, with a KVK registration number 88085457. IUTAM was established in 1946 in Paris but actually originates from the series of International Applied Mechanics Conferences (ICAM), the first of which was held in Delft in 1924. In 2022, IUTAM was registered as a Dutch association, domiciled in Amsterdam. IUTAM is a member of the International Science Council and thereby contributes to a global voice on science. == History == IUTAM was organized in 1946 at the sixth International Congress of Applied Mechanics (ICAM) in Paris. The first ICAM was held in 1924 in Delft, Netherlands, under the guidance of Jan Burgers, with 214 participants from 21 countries. The Delft congress was the first in a series of International Congresses of Applied Mechanics. The second was held in 1926 in Zurich. Afterwards these congresses were convened in four-year intervals: 1930 in Stockholm, 1934


id: interop-vlab-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTEROP-VLab-0.md
category: reference
title: INTEROP-VLab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTEROP-VLab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:31.670456+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: interop-vlab-20260505-0
summary:
The INTEROP V-Lab (International Virtual Laboratory for Enterprise Interoperability) is a network of organizations, which links scientists, research centers, representatives of industry, and small and medium-sized enterprises. The members come from several European countries and represent 250 scientists and 70 organizations. INTEROP-VLab was founded in 2007 and is the continuation of the INTEROP Network of Excellence (Interoperability research for networked enterprise applications and software), a research initiative of the European Union founded early 2000s, which developed the Model Driven Interoperability (MDI) Framework. In 2012 Guy Doumeingts was appointed general manager of INTEROP-VLab. == Overview == INTEROP-VLab is an initiative that is working within the context of interoperability, in particular the so-called Enterprise Interoperability (EI). It aims to link together in a network researchers and research institutions and industry representatives, engaged in developing approaches and integrative solutions to connect heterogeneous industrial systems, public administrations or organizations. The basic objective of INTEROP-VLab is the defragmentation of the European research and scientific landscape and support the cooperation of other regions of the world: through support of research, teaching and innovation in the field of Enterprise Interoperability through the work of a center of excellence in the field of Enterprise Interoperability world == Activities


id: isc-world-data-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_World_Data_System-0.md
category: reference
title: ISC World Data System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_World_Data_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:32.840893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: isc-world-data-system-20260505-0
summary:
The World Data System (WDS) was created by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the predecessor to the International Science Council (ISC), at their 29th General Assembly in October 2008. The mission of the World Data System is to enhance the capabilities, impact and sustainability of member data repositories and data services by creating trusted communities of scientific data repositories, strengthening the scientific enterprise throughout the entire lifecycle of all data related components - creating first-class data that feeds first-class research output, and advocating for accessible data and transparent and reproducible science. The World Data System consists of two offices: the International Program Office (IPO) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, and the International Technology Office (ITO) in Victoria, Canada. == Historical Background == WDS builds on the 50+ years legacy of the World Data Centers and Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services established by the International Council for Science (ICSU) to manage data generated by the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). It became clear after the International Polar Year (2007–2008) that these bodies could not respond fully to modern data needs. Consequently, they were disbanded by the ICSU General Assembly in 2008 and replaced by the World Data


id: iupac-inorganic-chemistry-division-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_Inorganic_Chemistry_Division-0.md
category: reference
title: IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_Inorganic_Chemistry_Division
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:34.051712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iupac-inorganic-chemistry-division-20260505-0
summary:
The Inorganic Chemistry Division of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), also known as Division II, deals with all aspects of inorganic chemistry, including materials and bioinorganic chemistry, and also with isotopes, atomic weights and the periodic table. It furthermore advises the Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (Division VIII) on issues dealing with inorganic compounds and materials. For the general public, the most visible result of the division's work is that it evaluates and advises the IUPAC on names and symbols proposed for new elements that have been approved for addition to the periodic table. For the scientific end educational community the work on isotopic abundances and atomic weights is of fundamental importance as these numbers are continuously checked and updated. == Subcommittees == The division has the following subcommittees and commissions: Subcommittee on Isotopic Abundance Measurements Interdivisional Subcommittee on Materials Chemistry Subcommittee on Stable Isotope Reference Material Assessment Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) == Running Projects == List of Running Projects of IUPAC Division II Recommendations for Isotope Data in Geosciences Priority claims for the discovery of elements with atomic number greater than 111 Evaluation of Isotopic Abundance Variations in Selected Heavier


id: l5-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L5_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: L5 Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L5_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:35.288528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: l5-society-20260505-0
summary:
The L5 Society was founded in 1975 by Carolyn Meinel and Keith Henson to promote the space colony ideas of Gerard K. O'Neill. In its early years, the L5 Society was deeply rooted in 1970s counterculture, driven by utopian goals of establishing space-based settlements as havens for communal living, environmental preservation, and social experimentation. However, internal tensions eventually rose over the potential weaponization of this space infrastructure. Ultimately, the Society's focus gradually shifted away from utopian settlements and more toward space commercialization and the Reagan administrations conservative space agenda. During the 1980s, the L5 Society's advocacy for large-scale space infrastructure heavily influenced the development of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). In 1981, L5 board member Jerry Pournelle helped form the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy, a group heavily populated by L5 members that drafted influential reports laying the intellectual groundwork for President Ronald Reagan's 1983 SDI announcement. Similarly, when Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham founded the High Frontier missile defense lobbying project, he recruited extensively from the L5 Society's grassroots membership. This ideological overlap led several space settlement advocates into formal defense roles. Planetary scientist Stewart Nozette translated his early L5 concepts for asteroid mining into dual-use space


id: latin-american-council-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Council_of_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Latin American Council of Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Council_of_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:36.580367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: latin-american-council-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) is an national non-governmental institution, created in 1967 from an initiative of UNESCO, an institution in which it has Associative status. Currently, it brings together 680 research centers and postgraduate programs (masters and doctorates) in various fields of the social sciences and humanities, located in 51 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in the United States, Africa and Europe. Its headquarters are in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The current executive secretary of the organization is Karina Batthyány (period 2019-2021). The objectives of the Council are the promotion and development of research and teaching of Social Sciences; the strengthening of exchange and cooperation between institutions and researchers from within and outside the region; and the adequate dissemination of the knowledge produced by social scientists among social forces and movements and civil society organizations. Through these activities CLACSO contributes to rethinking, from a critical and plural perspective, the integral problems of Latin American and Caribbean societies. == General Assembly == The highest governing body is the General Assembly that takes place every three years. Its main powers are to choose the Executive Secretary and the members of the Steering Committee; decide


id: international-association-for-mathematics-and-computers-in-simulation-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Mathematics_and_Computers_in_Simulation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:37.758758+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-mathematics-and-computers-in-simulation-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Mathematics_and_Computers_in_Simulation-0.md

summary:
The International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS) has the goal to establish means of communication between researchers on simulation. It is incorporated in the United States and Belgium, with affiliates in other countries. IMACS organizes conferences, and publishes scientific journals and books in affiliation with commercial publishers. == IMACS journals == Applied Numerical Mathematics (Elsevier) Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (Elsevier) Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics (World Scientific) == References == == External links == Official website


id: mdpi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI-0.md
category: reference
title: MDPI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:39.020628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mdpi-20260505-0
summary:
MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) is a publisher of open-access scientific journals. It publishes over 390 peer-reviewed, open-access journals. MDPI is among the largest publishers in the world in terms of journal article output, and was the largest publisher of open access articles in 2020. This publisher has been the subject of ongoing debate regarding its publishing practices. It was founded by Shu-Kun Lin as a chemical sample archive. Between 2016 and 2020, the number of peer-reviewed papers published by MDPI grew significantly, with year-over-year growth of over 50% in 2017, 2018 and 2019, attracting attention to their very fast article processing times. In a review of 26 open-access "mega-journals" that published over 3,500 papers in 2022, 11 (42%) of the journals were from MDPI. Besides launching its own journals, MDPI has acquired journals from other publishers, such as Tomography from Grapho Publications in 2021, and Nursing Reports and Audiology Research from PagePress Publications in 2020. As of January 2024, MDPI publishes 433 academic journals, including 92 journals indexed within the Science Citation Index Expanded, 7 journals indexed within the Social Sciences Citation Index, 138 journals listed in SciFinder, and 270 in Scopus. Its journals are included in the DOAJ.


id: mdpi-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI-1.md
category: reference
title: MDPI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:39.020628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mdpi-20260505-0
summary:
=== Who's Afraid of Peer Review? === In 2013, the MDPI journal Cancers rejected a fake paper submitted to it in the "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" sting operation. === Inclusion in Beall's list === MDPI was included on Jeffrey Beall's list of predatory open access publishing companies in February 2014. Beall's concern was that "MDPI's warehouse journals contain hundreds of lightly-reviewed articles that are mainly written and published for promotion and tenure purposes rather than to communicate science." Beall also claimed that MDPI used email spam to solicit manuscripts and that the company listed Nobel laureates on its journals' editorial boards without their knowledge. MDPI responded to Beall's claims, seeking to debunk them. Chemist Peter Murray-Rust criticized the inclusion of MDPI in Beall's list, stating that his criticism of the publisher "lacks evidence" and is "irresponsible". MDPI made a successful appeal to the Beall's list appeals board in October 2015, and was removed from the list. Even after its removal, Beall remained critical of MDPI; in December 2015 he wrote: "it is clear that MDPI sees peer review as merely a perfunctory step that publishers have to endure before publishing papers and accepting money from the authors," and "it's


id: mdpi-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI-2.md
category: reference
title: MDPI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:39.020628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mdpi-20260505-0
summary:
=== Assessments in the Nordic countries === MDPI has been criticized by scientific bodies in Norway, Finland, and Denmark that rank academic journals for their quality and relevance. In the Finnish and Danish lists, the majority of MDPI journals do not meet the criteria of the body to be ranked in the list. The Norwegian Scientific Index has been less critical, giving the vast majority of individual MDPI journals designations as "level 1", denoting a publisher as academic; although some journals are ranked "level 0" denoting non-academic status, including one of MDPI's flagship journals, Sustainability. In 2021, following a survey sent to Norwegian scientists, the Norwegian Scientific Index also created a special rank called "level X", which was used to denote journals undergoing evaluation as possible predatory journals, specifically citing concerns over MDPI journals for the new rank's creation. The head of the National Publication Committee of Norway and a number of Norwegian scholars have been highly critical of MDPI, with some lobbying to remove MDPI from the Norwegian Scientific Index entirely. They cite the poor reputation of MDPI among Nordic scientific bodies, how there are many academics that boycott MDPI journals outright, or accuse MDPI journals of having a


id: mdpi-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI-3.md
category: reference
title: MDPI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:39.020628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mdpi-20260505-0
summary:
=== Controversial articles === In December 2011, the MDPI journal Life published Erik D. Andrulis' theoretical paper, "Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life", aiming at presenting a framework to explain life. It attracted coverage by the popular science and technology magazines Ars Technica and Popular Science, which characterized it as "crazy" and "hilarious". A member of Life's editorial board resigned in response. In 2013, another MDPI journal, Entropy, published a review paper claiming glyphosate may be the most important factor in the development of obesity, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and infertility. The paper itself does not contain any primary research results. It was criticized as pseudo-science by the popular science magazine Discover. With regard to the same controversial study, Jeffrey Beall rhetorically asked, "When publishers like MDPI disseminate research by science activists like Stephanie Seneff and her co-authors, I think it's fair to question the credibility of all the research that MDPI publishes. Will MDPI publish anything for money?". A study published in the MDPI journal Nutrients in 2011 went through a series of corrections first in August 2011, then in April 2012, and then again in February


id: mdpi-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI-4.md
category: reference
title: MDPI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:39.020628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mdpi-20260505-0
summary:
== Proliferation of special issues == Paolo Crosetto, research director at INRAE-GAEL, first noted the proliferation of MDPI special issues in his blog in April 2021, giving them, alongside a fast turnaround time, credit for MDPI's success. He reported that in 2013, MDPI published 388 special issues, or about 5 per journal, while in 2021, the number grew to nearly 40,000, or about 500 per journal. Special issues usually are proposed by scientists to a journal, which then makes the decision of whether or not the special issue is suitable for the journal. Crosetto noted that in contrast, "at MDPI, it is the publisher who sends out invitations for Special Issue [sic], and it is unclear which role, if any, the editorial board of the normal issues has in the process." In July 2021, Oviedo-García analysed the number of special issues published by MDPI journals in 2019 and 2020. In 2019, the numbers varied greatly, from 14 in the journal Vaccines, to 500 in the journal International Journal of Molecular Sciences, with the average number of special issues in each journal being 113. The number of special issues was more than double the number of regular issues in over 90%


id: national-space-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: National Space Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:40.299793+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-society-20260505-0
summary:
The National Space Society (NSS) is an American international nonprofit 501(c)(3) educational and scientific organization specializing in space advocacy. It is a member of the Independent Charities of America and an annual participant in the Combined Federal Campaign. The society's vision is: "People living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth, and the use of the vast resources of space for the dramatic betterment of humanity." The society supports human spaceflight and robotic spaceflight, by both public (e.g., NASA, Russian Federal Space Agency and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and private sector (e.g., SpaceX, Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic, etc.) organizations. == History == The society was established in the United States on March 28, 1987, by the merger of the National Space Institute, founded in 1974 by Wernher von Braun, and the L5 Society, founded in 1975 based on the concepts of Gerard K. O'Neill. The society has an elected volunteer Board of Directors and a Board of Governors. The Board of Directors provides day-to-day operational oversight for the organization, and the Board of Governors provide strategic oversight and advisory to the Directors in the form of recommendations and guidance with respect to the broad strategies, overall policies, objectives, and


id: national-space-society-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Society-1.md
category: reference
title: National Space Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:40.299793+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-society-20260505-0
summary:
=== Space Pioneer Awards === Space Pioneer Awards or NSS Space Pioneer Awards are the annual awards given by National Space Society, an independent non-profit educational membership organisation, to individuals and teams who have opened the space frontier. Space Pioneer Award Winners: 2024 — Rod Pyle, Brian McManus, José Hernández 2023 — Jared Isaacman, Dr. Pascal Lee, Dr. David Livingston 2022 — Peter Beck, Rocket Lab, Kathryn Lueders, Ingenuity Mars Helocopter Team 2021 — Dr. Robert D. Braun, Robert Manning 2020 - Isaac Arthur, Steve Jurvetson, Dr. Peggy Whitson, Mission Juno Team, Dr. Scott J. Bolton, Dr. Phil Plait === Other scholarships and award activities === Other scholarships and award activities NSS provides or assists with include the following awards: The NSS-ISU scholarship, worth $10,000, to the International Space University was offered from 2005–2008. The 2005 recipient was Robert Guinness of St. Louis. The Gerard K. O'Neill Space Settlement Contest, an annual competition for students in grades 6 to 12 to design and present a permanent space settlement in the form of a research paper, essay, or artwork. The Martine Rothblatt Space Settlement in our Lifetime Prize, an annual competition for teams or individuals to submit complete business plans that


id: nato-science-for-peace-and-security-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Science_for_Peace_and_Security-0.md
category: reference
title: NATO Science for Peace and Security
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Science_for_Peace_and_Security
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:41.531930+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nato-science-for-peace-and-security-20260505-0
summary:
Science for Peace and Security (SPS) is a NATO programme supporting non-military cooperation focused on scientific research, technological innovation and knowledge exchange. The SPS Programme in its current form was established in 2006, building on over 60 years of scientific cooperation at NATO. SPS offers funding, expert advice and support to tailor-made and security-relevant activities that enable cooperation among scientists, researchers and government officials in NATO member states and NATO partner countries. A distinctive feature of the Programme is that every activity it funds requires the involvement of at least two entities, one in a NATO member state and one in an eligible NATO partner country, who must work together to address shared security challenges. The Programme's funding opportunities are announced via calls for proposals posted on its website up to three times a year. SPS supports four types of grants: research and development Multi-Year Projects, Advanced Research Workshops, Advanced Training Courses, and Advanced Study Institutes. == Thematic focus == The SPS Programme's focus is set by a list of thematic priorities agreed by NATO members. In April 2024, SPS announced the adoption of a revised list of thematic priorities to strengthen its alignment with NATO's strategic outlook and partnership


id: north-american-society-of-toxinology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Society_of_Toxinology-0.md
category: reference
title: North American Society of Toxinology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Society_of_Toxinology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:25:42.787414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: north-american-society-of-toxinology-20260505-0
summary:
The North American Society of Toxinology (NAST) is a North America-based, international, multidisciplinary organization dedicated to the advancement of the science of all things venomous. It was founded in 2012 and is a 501(c)(3) organization under the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. == Origin == The progenitor meeting of Venom Week Symposiums, "Snakebites in the New Millennium," was held in 2005 in Omaha, NE. The first meeting named as Venom Week was held in 2007 in Tucson, AZ . and subsequent meetings were held on an ad hoc basis until 2012, when NAST was founded at the combined Venom Week IV/International Society on Toxinology meeting in Honolulu to take on the organizing, and become the primary sponsor of, future Venom Week Symposiums. == Foundation == At the Venom Week VI meeting (Kingsville, TX, 2018), in recognition of their roles in the founding of NAST, the "Founder Award" was given to James Armitage, Leslie Boyer, Sean Bush, Dan Keyler, Steven Seifert and Carl-Wilhelm Vogel. == Organization and Membership == Members include medical clinicians, veterinarians, basic scientists, zoo and collection managers, animal scientists, herpetologists, antivenom researchers and developers, and others with an interest in venomous animals and their venoms. Additional information regarding membership


id: organization-for-human-brain-mapping-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping-0.md
category: reference
title: Organization for Human Brain Mapping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:19.198370+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: organization-for-human-brain-mapping-20260505-0
summary:
The Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) is an international society of scientists dedicated to advancing the understanding of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain using neuroimaging. Among its main activities is the organization of annual conferences named "Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping." The organization was established in 1995 in Paris, where its inaugural meeting, named “International Conference on Human Brain Mapping,” took place with over 800 people attending it. Its senior organizers were Bernard Mazoyer, Rüdiger Seitz, and Per Roland. In the following years, OHBM, in coordination with the International Society for Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (ISCBFM), organized several additional conferences, namely, in Boston, Copenhagen, and Cologne. Although the 1999 meetings of the two societies were still coordinated, ISCBFM and OHBM have since split completely. OHBM's stated mission is "to advance the understanding of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain" by bringing "together scientists of various backgrounds who are engaged in investigations relevant to human brain organization" and engaging "in other activities to facilitate communication among these scientists and promote education in human brain organization." OHBM's past and present council members include, among others, David Van Essen, Russell


id: partnership-for-observation-of-the-global-ocean-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Observation_of_the_Global_Ocean-0.md
category: reference
title: Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Observation_of_the_Global_Ocean
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:20.442754+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: partnership-for-observation-of-the-global-ocean-20260505-0
summary:
The Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO), which was founded in 1999, is a consortium of major oceanographic institutions around the world, represented by their directors. POGO's goal is to promote global operational oceanography, the implementation of a Global Ocean Observing System, and the importance of ocean observations for society. As of 2023, POGO has 56 member organizations. The current chair is Captain Francisco Arias Isaza (INVEMAR, Colombia). It is supported from annual dues subscribed by the members, as well as by grants from charitable foundations. The establishing funds for POGO were provided by the Alfred P. Sloan and Richard Lounsbery foundations. POGO provides a forum (at the annual meetings and intersessionally) for members to meet with peers and senior officials of partner organisations to discuss issues of mutual concern. To ease the shortage in trained observers of the ocean in developing countries, it has developed a suite of programmes in capacity building, and works with relevant partner organisations in the marine field SCOR, IOC, GOOS, GEO). It engages in outreach activities to the general public such as hosting exhibits at international events such as Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea, UNFCCC COP Meetings and AGU-ASLO-TOS Ocean Sciences Meetings. ==


id: permafrost-young-researchers-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost_Young_Researchers_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: Permafrost Young Researchers Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost_Young_Researchers_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:21.689122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: permafrost-young-researchers-network-20260505-0
summary:
The Permafrost Young Researcher’s Network (PYRN) is a network formed in 2005 to formally facilitate and strengthen contacts among young scientists in the permafrost community. It arose from the need for an integrated single source of information for specific resources vital to young scientists (fellowships, conference travel funding, position opportunities, etc.). Additionally, the imminence of the International Polar Year (IPY) prompted the need for a visible representation of the young permafrost community at the international level. The Permafrost Young Researchers Network has therefore been formally established within the International Permafrost Association (IPA) framework and has created and maintains means of communication among young researchers involved in permafrost research. It reports on young researchers’ activities to the IPA membership and working parties and represents permafrost scientists and engineers within broader international and national assemblages. == Activities == The PYRN website is hosted by the Arctic Portal [1]. On the site information on conferences, events, job and graduate positions, research and other topics related to permafrost science is available. It distributes an electronic newsletter to the young researchers’ communities related to the aforementioned topics and seeks to promote and publicize research undertaken by young researchers. PYRN membership is now up to 1100+


id: plazi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi-0.md
category: reference
title: Plazi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:22.984497+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: plazi-20260505-0
summary:
Plazi is a Swiss-based international nonprofit association supporting and promoting the development of persistent and openly accessible digital bio-taxonomic literature. Plazi is cofounder of the Biodiversity Literature Repository and is maintaining this digital taxonomic literature repository at Zenodo to provide access to FAIR data converted from taxonomic publications using the TreatmentBank service, enhances submitted taxonomic treatments by creating a version in the XML format Taxpub, and educates about the importance of maintaining open access to scientific discourse and data. It is a contributor to the evolving e-taxonomy in the field of Biodiversity Informatics. The approach was originally developed in a binational National Science Foundation (NSF) and German Research Foundation (DFG) digital library program to the American Museum of Natural History and the University of Karlsruhe, respectively, to create an XML schema modeling the content of bio-systematic literature. The TaxonX schema is applied to legacy publications using GoldenGATE, a semiautomatic editor. In its current state GoldenGATE is a complex mark up tool allowing community involvement in the process of rendering documents into semantically enhanced documents. Plazi developed ways to make distribution records in published taxonomic literature accessible through a TAPIR service that is harvested by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).


id: pugwash-conferences-on-science-and-world-affairs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs-0.md
category: reference
title: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:24.456973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pugwash-conferences-on-science-and-world-affairs-20260505-0
summary:
The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an international organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats. It was founded in 1957 by Joseph Rotblat and Bertrand Russell in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada, following the release of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto in 1955. Rotblat and the Pugwash Conference jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 for their efforts on nuclear disarmament. International Student/Young Pugwash groups have existed since founder Cyrus Eaton's death in 1979. == Origin of the Pugwash Conferences == The Russell–Einstein Manifesto, released July 9, 1955, called for a conference for scientists to assess the dangers of weapons of mass destruction (then only considered to be nuclear weapons). Cyrus Eaton, an industrialist and philanthropist, offered on July 13 to finance and host the conference in the town of his birth, Pugwash, Nova Scotia. This was not taken up at the time because a meeting was planned for India, at the invitation of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. With the outbreak of the Suez Crisis the Indian conference was postponed. Aristotle Onassis offered to finance a meeting in Monaco instead, but


id: pugwash-conferences-on-science-and-world-affairs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs-1.md
category: reference
title: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:24.456973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pugwash-conferences-on-science-and-world-affairs-20260505-0
summary:
== Contributions to international security == Pugwash's first fifteen years coincided with the Berlin Crisis, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Vietnam War. Pugwash played a useful role in opening communication channels during a time of otherwise-strained official and unofficial relations. In 1965, addressing a meeting at UNESCO House in Paris, Robert Oppenheimer gave his tribute to Albert Einstein for the Pugwash movement. Oppenheimer confidently asserted: "I know it to be true that it [averting the disaster of the arms race] had an essential part to play in the Treaty of Moscow, the limited test-ban treaty, which is a tentative, but to me very precious, declaration that reason might still prevail." It provided background work to the Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), the Biological Weapons Convention (1972), and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Former US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara has credited a backchannel Pugwash initiative (code named PENNSYLVANIA) with laying the groundwork for the negotiations that ended the Vietnam War. Mikhail Gorbachev admitted the influence of the organisation on him when he was leader of the Soviet Union. In addition, Pugwash has been credited


id: pugwash-conferences-on-science-and-world-affairs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs-2.md
category: reference
title: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:24.456973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pugwash-conferences-on-science-and-world-affairs-20260505-0
summary:
Earl (Bertrand) Russell, 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature, a founder of the movement, was its natural head in its initial years. The formal office of the presidency was established at the Quinquennial Conference in Ronneby, in 1967. The president's role was to "preside over the Annual Pugwash Conferences and, in addition, between Conferences, to offer his counsel and advice to the members of the Continuing Committee and the Secretary-General, and thereby assist them in the execution of the activities of the Movement." Sir John Cockcroft, joint recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles, was elected as the first president in 1967, though he died suddenly ten days later. Lord Florey, who shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for extraction of penicillin, was then invited to become president, though he also died within weeks. At that point the Continuing Committee decided to have a rotating presidency for a term of one year, to have that office held by a distinguished person in the country where the annual conference would be held each year. Francis Perrin (1968), had worked with Frederic Joliot's team to


id: rnai-global-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAi_Global_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: RNAi Global Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAi_Global_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:25.704877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rnai-global-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The RNAi Global Initiative is an alliance of international biomedical researchers that has been established to increase and accelerate the utility of genome-wide RNAi libraries. Genome-wide RNAi screening has the potential to fundamentally change biological research by increasing scientists' ability to understand disease mechanisms and facilitating faster drug discovery and development. The RNAi Global Initiative provides a forum for member institutions to share research protocols, establish experimental standards, and develop mechanisms for exchanging and comparing screening data. This ongoing interaction between the RNAi Global Initiative members is expected to help researchers optimize high-throughput human-genome-wide RNAi screening and accelerate drug discovery. Membership is open to non-profit biomedical research institutions across the globe. The RNAi Global Initiative was established and is being coordinated under the auspices of the Dharmacon Product line of GE Healthcare, whose Research and Development scientists actively contribute to the Initiative. == MIARE == Through collaboration and the meaningful exchange of information and data, the RNAi Global Initiative intends to draw a comprehensive roadmap of human gene function and use this as a foundation to revolutionize the way medicine and healthcare are delivered. To this end, members of the RNAi Global Initiative are actively engaged in promoting the concept


id: scandinavian-prostate-cancer-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Prostate_Cancer_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Prostate_Cancer_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:27.040757+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scandinavian-prostate-cancer-group-20260505-0
summary:
The Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group (SPCG) is a group of scientific researchers who have conducted a series of clinical trials of treatments for prostate cancer. The group was founded in 1981 and the first study, SPCG-1, began in 1984. == Clinical trials == The studies conducted by the SPCG include the following: SPCG-1 – estramustine phosphate versus diethylstilbestrol for high-risk advanced prostate cancer SPCG-2 – orchiectomy plus cyproterone acetate versus placebo for metastatic prostate cancer SPCG-3 – cancelled SPCG-4 – radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting for localized prostate cancer SPCG-5 – polyestradiol phosphate versus triptorelin or orchiectomy plus flutamide for advanced prostate cancer SPCG-6 – bicalutamide monotherapy versus standard care (watchful waiting) for localized prostate cancer SPCG-7 – endocrine therapy with versus without radiotherapy for locally advanced or aggressive localized prostate cancer SPCG-8 – cancelled SPCG-9 – cancelled SPCG-10 – cancelled SPCG-11 (Zometa European Study [ZEUS]) – zoledronic acid with standard prostate cancer therapy versus standard prostate cancer therapy alone for prevention of bone metastases in high-risk localized prostate cancer SPCG-12 – docetaxel versus surveillance after radical prostatectomy without androgen deprivation therapy for high-risk localized prostate cancer SPCG-13 – docetaxel versus surveillance after radical prostatectomy with androgen deprivation therapy for


id: science-and-technology-center-in-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Center_in_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: Science and Technology Center in Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Center_in_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:28.274118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-and-technology-center-in-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
The Science and Technology Center in Ukraine commonly known as the STCU, is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the non-proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weaponry and related technologies. It was established in 1993, through an international multilateral treaty to help scientists and researches involved in the research, development and production of nuclear, biological and chemical assets in former Soviet member states to transition from military to civilian, market oriented careers in their fields of expertise. The STCU was established and continues to receive its funding from Canada, Sweden (later the European Union) and the United States to provide grants and funding for projects which employ these scientists and engineers. == Background == By 1984 close to a quarter of the Soviet Unions Gross National Product had been allocated for defense spending. The former Soviet Union conducted research, development and deployed nuclear, biological and chemical weaponry and had employed several thousand scientists, physicists and engineers with expertise in these areas. The collapse of the Soviet Union lead to the unemployment of many of these scientists and engineers while others had not received payments for their employment. The West believed that the dissemination of expert knowledge in these areas or the


id: cardiovascular-system-dynamics-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_System_Dynamics_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_System_Dynamics_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:29.561714+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cardiovascular-system-dynamics-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society (CSDS), founded on 5 October 1976 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by organ system physiologist and biomedical engineers, was a historic first in its mathematical and quantitative approach to cardiovascular mechanics. == Organisation == Currently the society includes investigators in muscle and vascular biology, subcellular and sarcomere dynamics, the microcirculation, cardiovascular biology, clinical disease, and modeling. The primary theme remains cardiovascular function, its physiologic and molecular mechanisms, with an aim to understand how these features integrate to achieve overall performance. An important component of the overall approach remains inclusion of mathematical predictive and causal models for the micro to the macro level. == Conferences == Biannual conferences rotate between Europe, North America and Japan. == References ==


id: the-shad-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shad_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: The Shad Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shad_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:30.796551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-shad-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Shad Foundation is an international non-profit 501(c)(3) organization established in 1996 for the study, protection, and celebration of shads around the world. Currently, there are more than 30 recognized shad species worldwide. Shad, which are members of the herring family, are widely distributed, and many are anadromous, meaning that they migrate from fresh to salt water as juveniles and return to freshwater for the express purpose of spawning. Many species are threatened by water pollution, overfishing, habitat destruction, and obstacles to migration, such as dams. == How it started == In the summer of 1995, Rich Hinrichsen and Curtis Ebbesmeyer peered into a fish ladder through an algae-stained window, hoping to witness a great biologic event: the return of the Columbia River's Pacific salmon. The fish ladders at Bonneville Dam were in fact filled with silver migrants, but oddly, few salmon could be counted among them. Another fish—once foreign to the Columbia—accounted for the great silvery flood: the American shad. American Shad made their way to the Columbia after 1871 when Seth Green planted some fry in the Sacramento River, California. By 1938, when Bonneville Dam was completed and counts at the fishways were first tallied, only 5,000 were


id: sigma-xi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi-0.md
category: reference
title: Sigma Xi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:32.078479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sigma-xi-20260505-0
summary:
Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society (ΣΞ) is an international non-profit honor society for scientists and engineers. Sigma Xi was founded at Cornell University by a faculty member and graduate students in 1886 and is one of the oldest honor societies. Membership in Sigma Xi is by invitation only, where members nominate others on the basis of their research achievements or potential. The society was a founding member of the Association of College Honor Societies in 1925, but withdrew in 1933 and, much later, helped form the Honor Society Caucus. == History == Sigma Xi was founded in November 1886 at the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Its founders were Henry Shaler Williams, a Cornell faculty member, junior faculty Frank Van Vleck, and engineering graduate students John J. Berger, William A. Day, John Knickerbacker, William A. Mosscrop, William H. Riley, William N. Sanderson, Henry E. Smith, and Charles B. Wing. Their goal was to created a scientific society comparable to Phi Beta Kappa. The society's primary objective was to acknowledge significant scientific research and foster cooperation among scientists from various disciplines. Williams was its first president. In 1887, Sigma Xi became a


id: sigma-xi-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi-1.md
category: reference
title: Sigma Xi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:32.078479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sigma-xi-20260505-0
summary:
== Activities == In addition to publishing American Scientist magazine, Sigma Xi provides grants annually to promising young researchers. It also sponsors a variety of programs and lectures supporting ethics in research, science and engineering education, the public understanding of science, international research cooperation and the overall health of the research enterprise. === William Procter Prizes === The William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement is an award presented by Sigma Xi. This prestigious prize is given to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to scientific research and has demonstrated an ability to communicate the significance of this research to scientists in other disciplines. The prize was established in 1950 in honor of William Procter, a distinguished business leader and philanthropist who had a strong commitment to scientific research and development. Procter was an heir to the Procter & Gamble Company and served as its president and chairman. Recipients of the William Procter Prize are recognized for their achievements in both research and communication, reflecting the dual emphasis of Sigma Xi on promoting both scientific excellence and interdisciplinary communication. Along with the recognition, the awardee also delivers a lecture at the society's annual meeting or another appropriate occasion. Over


id: society-for-ethnobotany-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Ethnobotany-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Ethnobotany
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Ethnobotany
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:33.316503+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-ethnobotany-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Ethnobotany (formerly Society for Economic Botany) is an international learned society covering the fields of ethnobotany and economic botany. It was established in 1959. In 2022 the Society voted to change its name from the Society for Economic Botany to the Society for Ethnobotany, going into effect in June 2023. Its official journal is Economic Botany, published on their behalf by Springer Science+Business Media and the New York Botanical Garden Press. The society also publishes a biannual newsletter, Plants and People. The society organizes annual meetings at different locations around the world, where it awards the prize of Distinguished Ethnobotanist to particularly meritorious individuals. == Distinguished Ethnobotanist prize == In 2022 the Society voted to change the name of this award to the Distinguished Ethnobotanist award, going into effect in June 2023. Recent recipients of the Distinguished Economic Botanist prize include: == Past presidents == Past presidents of the society include: == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-the-preservation-of-natural-history-collections-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Preservation_of_Natural_History_Collections-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Preservation_of_Natural_History_Collections
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:35.866198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-preservation-of-natural-history-collections-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (abbreviated SPNHC, often pronounced "spinach") "is an international society whose mission is to improve the preservation, conservation and management of natural history collections to ensure their continuing value to society". Founded in 1985, the society was created to cater to the needs of those involved in the care, management and development of natural history collections. Society activities include annual meetings, the publication of a newsletter, and an active list-serv in which members consult one another about natural history collections management issues. The mission of SPNHC continues to grow, broadly encompassing archival materials such as field notes, and new and growing efforts in digitization and mobilization of collections resources. == References == == External links == Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections Annual Meeting Information


id: society-for-the-scientific-study-of-psychopathy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Psychopathy-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Psychopathy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:37.106653+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-scientific-study-of-psychopathy-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy (abbreviated SSSP) is an international learned society dedicated to promoting and advancing scientific research on the personality disorder psychopathy. It was established in 2005 and held its first meeting that year in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Since then, the society has held biennial conferences to provide a venue for psychopathy researchers to present their most recent findings. As of 2009, the society had over 160 members, most of whom were from the United States. == Presidents == The current president of the SSSP is Adelle Forth. Previous presidents include: Joseph P. Newman (2005–2007) Paul Frick (2009–2011) David S. Kosson (2011–2013) Scott Lilienfeld Christopher J. Patrick == References == == External links == Official website


id: iucn-species-survival-commission-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Species_Survival_Commission-0.md
category: reference
title: IUCN Species Survival Commission
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Species_Survival_Commission
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:38.363693+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iucn-species-survival-commission-20260505-0
summary:
The IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC) is one of the six commissions of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Species Survival Commission, the largest of the IUCN's six commissions, is a science-driven network consisting of 9,000 volunteer experts working in more than 160 Specialist Groups, including 17 invertebrate groups, Red List Authorities, and Task Forces. The IUCN Species Strategic Plan outlines conservation priorities, with the current plan covering the period from 2021 to 2025. Vivek Menon is the chair of the commission. == Specialist Groups == SSC Specialist Groups are primarily taxon-specific volunteer organizations made up mostly of research biologists and natural historians. Some groups focus on conservation issues specific to certain plants, animals, and fungi, while others work on broader goals like species reintroduction into former habitats, addressing climate change, wildlife health, and promoting sustainable use and trade. National Species Specialist Groups are also another type of specialists groups promoted by the SSC to create national species expert networks aimed at reversing biodiversity loss and addressing emerging sustainability challenges related to nature. == Species Actions Plans == Since 1986 the SSC has been publishing Species Action Plans. Action Plans are developed by SSC Specialist Groups.


id: spie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIE-0.md
category: reference
title: SPIE
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIE
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:39.602587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spie-20260505-0
summary:
SPIE (formerly the Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers, later the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers) is an international not-for-profit professional society for optics and photonics technology, founded in 1955. It organizes technical conferences, trade exhibitions, and continuing education programs for researchers and developers in the light-based fields of physics, including: optics, photonics, and imaging engineering. The society publishes peer-reviewed scientific journals, conference proceedings, monographs, tutorial texts, field guides, and reference volumes in print and online. SPIE is especially well-known for Photonics West, one of the laser and photonics industry's largest combined conferences and tradeshows which is held annually in San Francisco. SPIE also participates as partners in leading educational initiatives, and in 2020, for example, provided more than $5.8 million in support of optics education and outreach programs around the world. == Former names == On July 1, 1955, SPIE was founded as the Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers in California to specialize in the application of photographic instrumentation. In 1964 the society changed its name to the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. In 1977, SPIE moved its headquarters to Bellingham, Washington, and in 1981 the Society began doing business as (DBA) SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering to reflect


id: spie-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIE-1.md
category: reference
title: SPIE
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIE
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:39.602587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spie-20260505-0
summary:
Gold Medal of the Society Award (since 1977) SPIE Visionary Award (since 2005) SPIE President's Award (since 1966) SPIE Directors' Award (since 1963) A.E. Conrady Award in Optical Engineering (since 1990) Aden and Marjorie Meinel Technology Achievement Award (since 1979) Biophotonics Technology Innovator Award (since 2013) Britton Chance Biomedical Optics Award (since 2012) Chandra S. Vikram Award in Optical Metrology (since 2009) Dennis Gabor Award in Diffractive Optics (since 1983) Diversity Outreach Award (since 2020) Early Career Achievement Awards (since 2008) Frits Zernike Award for Microlithography (since 2004) G.G. Stokes Award in Optical Polarization (since 2004) George W. Goddard Award in Space and Airborne Optics (since 1961) Harold E. Edgerton Award (since 1989) Harrison H. Barrett Award in Medical Imaging (since 2019) Joseph W. Goodman Book Writing Award (since 2006) Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award in Photonics decrypt{h!dd3n_d1fr@ct10n_p@tt3rn} (since 2020) Maria J. Yzuel Educator Award (since 2003) Mozi Award (since 2018) Rudolf and Hilda Kingslake Award in Optical Design (since 1974) Prism Awards for Photonics Innovation (since 2008) SPIE-Franz Hillenkamp Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (since 2018) SPIE Presidential Award for Outstanding Student Chapter (since 2022) == See also == American Institute of Physics European Photonics Industry Consortium IEEE, IEEE Photonics Society, IEEE Communications


id: unesco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-0.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It has 194 member states and 12 associate members, as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector. Headquartered in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions. UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the events of World War II, is to advance peace, sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations. It pursues this objective through five major programme areas: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that improve literacy, provide technical training and education, advance science, protect independent media and press freedom, preserve regional and cultural history, and promote cultural diversity. The organization prominently helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance. UNESCO is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programmes


id: unesco-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-1.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
=== Development === Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was Claude Lévi-Strauss) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice. In 1955, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to "interference" in the country's "racial problems". It rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela. One of the early work of UNESCO in the education field was a pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, which was launched in 1947. Following this project one of expert missions to other countries, included a 1949 mission to Afghanistan. UNESCO recommended in 1948 that Member countries should make free primary education compulsory and universal. The World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, started a global movement in 1990 to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. In 2000, World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal, led member governments to commit for achieving basic education for all in 2015. The World Declaration on Higher Education was adopted


id: unesco-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-2.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
==== Russia ==== In 2023, Russia was not renewed as member of the executive committee for the first time, after failing to get sufficient votes. === Cultural policies and sustainable development === In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and United Nations-wide efforts to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, the UNESCO reactivated in 2022 the cycle of MONDIACULT Conferences (World Conference on Cultural Policies and Sustainable Development) whose first edition had been held in Mexico City in 1982. The 2022 MONDIACULT conference was held again in Mexico, and a 2025 edition is planned in Barcelona, Spain. == Activities == UNESCO implements its activities through five programme areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information. UNESCO supports research in comparative education, provides expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. UNESCO Chairs, an international network of 644 UNESCO chairs, involving more than 770 institutions in 126 countries Environmental Conservation Organization Convention against Discrimination in Education adopted in 1960 Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report Publication


id: unesco-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-3.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
=== New proposed lists === Two new UNESCO lists have been proposed. The first proposed list would focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list could include cultural objects, such as the Jōmon Venus of Japan, the Mona Lisa of France, the Gebel el-Arak Knife of Egypt, The Ninth Wave of Russia, the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük of Turkey, the David (Michelangelo) of Italy, the Mathura Herakles of India, the Manunggul Jar of the Philippines, the Crown of Baekje of South Korea, The Hay Wain of the United Kingdom, and the Benin Bronzes of Nigeria. The second proposed list would focus on the world's living species. == Media == UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines. Created in 1945, The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to "promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate". Since March 2006 it has been available free online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017. In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact


id: unesco-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-4.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
=== Field offices by region === The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office. ==== Africa ==== ==== Arab States ==== Amman – National Office to Jordan Beirut – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Palestine Cairo – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for Egypt and Sudan Doha – Cluster Office to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen Iraq – National Office for Iraq (currently located in Amman, Jordan) Khartoum – National Office to Sudan Manama – Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage Rabat – Cluster Office to Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia Ramallah – National Office to the Palestinian Territories ==== Asia and Pacific ==== Almaty – Cluster Office to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Apia – Cluster Office to Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Tokelau (Associate Member) Bangkok – Regional Bureau for


id: unesco-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-5.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
=== Israel === Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since then. In 2010, Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem – both in the West Bank – as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians. In October 2010, UNESCO's executive board voted to declare the sites as "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs" and "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb" and stated that they were "an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories" and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law. UNESCO described the sites as significant to "people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions", and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites. Israel in turn accused UNESCO of "detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage", and accused it of being politically motivated. The Rabbi of the Western Wall said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site. Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a "part of Palestinian escalation". Zevulun


id: unesco-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-6.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
==== Islamic University of Gaza controversy ==== In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences, fueling controversy and criticism. Israel bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move. The head, Kamalain Shaath, defended UNESCO, stating that "the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development". Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with. He never provided any evidence to support his claim of ties to Hamas. The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith criticized the move as well. === Listing Nanjing Massacre documents === In 2015, Japan threatened to halt funding of UNESCO because of the organization's decision to include documents related to the 1937 Nanjing massacre in the latest listing for its "Memory of the World" program. In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4 billion had been suspended, although


id: unesco-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO-7.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:40.967187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-20260505-0
summary:
=== Information processing tools === UNESCO develops, maintains, and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS). CDS/ISIS – a generalized information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux, and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows users to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications. OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary, but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open source. IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS == See also == Academic mobility network – International university exchange program League of Nations archives – Collection of the historical records and official documents of the League of Nations UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58, sculpture by Henry Moore UniRef – Humanitarian organization based in Switzerland International Charter


id: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: World Academy of Art and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:42.340242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
The World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS), founded in 1960, is an international non-governmental scientific organization and global network of more than 800 scientists, artists, and scholars in more than 90 countries. It serves as a forum for scientists, artists, thinkers, political and social leaders to address global challenges from a transnational, transdisciplinary perspective independent of political boundaries and prevailing orthodoxies. Fellows are elected for their accomplishments in the sciences, arts and the humanities. It has been granted special consultative status by the UN Economic and Social Council and consultative status by UNESCO. Originally established in Geneva, Switzerland in 1960, the academy was founded with the aim of creating an informal world association of the highest scientific and ethical norms and standards. In 2011 WAAS was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) public benefit charitable organization in the State of California. The Academy maintains offices in Napa, Bucharest, and Pondicherry, and has a special division for southeastern Europe. == History == An early concept for the foundation of the academy, and a set of world scientific and youth scientist and science journalist associations, was proposed in an article in Time magazine on October 1, 1938, by philosopher Etienne Gilson in the


id: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: World Academy of Art and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:42.340242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
== Research programs == WAAS conducts research, conferences and other activities in collaboration with a global network of partner organizations, including UN agencies and other international organizations, academies and research institutions, universities and civil society organizations. The Academy has an on-going focus on issues related to peace, nuclear disarmament and global governance. === Global Challenges === A major focus of WAAS is an examination of the root causes of the multidimensional challenges that confront humanity today. The academy and fellows search for policy frameworks that offer solutions and opportunities for the 21st century. A view commonly expressed by WAAS President Garry Jacobs is that if these challenges are seen from a global evolutionary perspective, it can help identify the characteristics, which they all share. Fellows of WAAS work to address crises that are global in scope and that have a chance of being resolved through cooperative global action. In numerous papers by leading intellectuals, they have called for a paradigm change in thinking that is synthetic and integrated. The Global Challenges project commenced officially at an international conference in Geneva in 2013, in collaboration with the United Nations Office. It aimed to consider in-depth the multiple challenges before the international


id: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science-2.md
category: reference
title: World Academy of Art and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:42.340242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Abolition of Nuclear Weapons === Since its founding, WAAS has expressed concern over the role of science in the development and application of technologies that might endanger lives and threaten the ecosystem of Earth. Multiple papers on the topic have been published by academy fellows, such as John Scales Avery. Nuclear weapons have been a central concern based on the prominent role of some of the founding members of WAAS — J. Robert Oppenheimer, Joseph Rotblat, Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell. Much of the technical work was taken up by Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs — a parallel organization to WAAS in which several scientists were founding members of both organizations. This included Rotblat, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize together with Pugwash in 1995, "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms". Following the end of the Cold War, WAAS promoted initiatives that supported the complete abolition of nuclear weapons under the leadership of Harlan Cleveland (WAAS President 1990–98). Cleveland had previously served as US Assistant Secretary of State for International Relations during the Cuban Missile Crisis under President Kennedy


id: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science-3.md
category: reference
title: World Academy of Art and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:42.340242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Funding the Sustainable Development Goals === WAAS collaborates with London-based social impact investment firm Force for Good to implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Force For Good is a strategic research center of WAAS and is the author of five reports on ways to close the gap in the implementation of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals. They work to leverage the strengths of governments, private companies, and NGOS to solve big world problems. They support major organizations in their efforts to tackle urgent global issues, including climate change, social inclusion, and sustainable growth. Their reports suggest strategies to mobilize private sector investments, harness the power of scalable technologies such as AI and quantum computing, and examine how science policy can be adapted to benefit the needs of society. === WAAS Innovative Finance Initiatives (WIFI) === The Future Capital Initiative (FCI), was launched in New York on September 11, 2019 at the [United Nations] headquarters on the initiative of the United Nations Office for Partnerships (UNOP), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and WAAS. FCI is an alliance of thought leaders, economic and financial experts convened to promote initiatives which enhance investments in the 17 sustainable


id: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science-4.md
category: reference
title: World Academy of Art and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:42.340242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Economy and Employment === The 2008 financial crisis led to the adoption of quantitative easing, the creation and injection of funds by central governments to support financial institutions, markets, and the general economy. As the true magnitude of this multidimensional crisis and its long-term impacts on employment, incomes, and environmental sustainability became more apparent, a team of WAAS researchers embarked on a research project and created Cadmus, a journal founded by Fellows of the Academy, to reexamine the fundamental facts of prevailing economic theory in an article entitled "The Wealth of Nations Revisited." Over the next six years, this led to a series of international conferences and colloquia at Trieste (2013), San Paolo (2014), Gainesville, Florida (2015), Lisbon (2016), Cape Town, (2017) and Paris (2018). These discussions led to the establishment of an international multidisciplinary working group on new economic theory consisting of more than fifty researchers from WAAS, the Club of Rome, and other institutions working on issues related to economy, finance, business, psychology, sociology, law, political science, ecology, and environment. It led to more than 100 research papers on the economy, ecology, employment, money, and finance. Prominent members of the transdisciplinary working group included Tomas Björkman, Stefan


id: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science-5.md
category: reference
title: World Academy of Art and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:42.340242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-academy-of-art-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Mind, Thinking and Creativity === The Academy has concluded that current pressing global challenges reflect fundamental limitations in prevailing modes of intellectual thinking and analysis. It has called for radical advances in the approach to major social problems from fragmented, disciplinary analysis and piecemeal policies which address each issue as separate and independent of the others and mechanistic systems thinking which links together and aggregates phenomena without considering their underlying social dynamics. WAAS proposes a shift to integrated thinking that recognizes the underlying deeper level factors, forces and processes at work in all social dynamics. It approaches individual aspects and dimensions of social reality in relation to the whole and examines the interdependences as well as the deeper level of transdisciplinary principles at work. It also seeks to reconcile the objectivity of the natural sciences with the subjective value-based and ethical dimensions so central to the social sciences. This project is tied to the Academy's central mission of integration of art and science, and its work developing new pedagogy, transdisciplinary social theory and an integrated organization of knowledge in education. As mathematician and deep thinker William Byers stated, "Learning is also about moving from one way of thinking about


id: world-association-of-young-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: World Association of Young Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:43.664448+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-association-of-young-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The World Association of Young Scientists (WAYS; formerly the World Academy of Young Scientists) is a global network of young scientists established in 2004, in partnership with UNESCO and ICSU. It provides a Web 2.0 platform for scientific exchange, thereby linking individuals and existing networks with a regional or disciplinary focus. == History == At the World Conference on Science in Budapest in 1999, the International Forum of Young Scientists identified a need to promote the involvement of younger generation of scientists in the dialogue between government authorities, parliaments, educational institutions and to develop national science policies taking into consideration needs, opportunities and perspectives of young researchers. To that end, a World Academy of Young Scientists was proposed, to serve as a resource and network for young scientists and to harness their energy and expertise. This idea was further developed with the support of UNESCO and ICSU, culminating in the first General Assembly of WAYS in Marrakesh in 2004. The 1st World Academy of Young Scientists General Assembly, jointly organized by UNESCO in cooperation with ISESCO, the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), the Ministry of National Education, Higher Education, Executive Training and Scientific Research, Morocco and the Morocco UNESCO National


id: world-climate-research-programme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Climate_Research_Programme-0.md
category: reference
title: World Climate Research Programme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Climate_Research_Programme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:44.929524+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-climate-research-programme-20260505-0
summary:
The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) is an international programme that helps to coordinate global climate research. The WCRP was established in 1980, under the joint sponsorship of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Council for Science (ICSU), and has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO since 1993. The programme is funded by its three sponsors and additional contributions by nation states or other donors. WCRP uses these funds to organize science workshops or conferences and support collaboration between climate scientists at an international level. Its expert groups also develop international standards for climate data and propose future emphasis areas in international climate research, among others. == History == The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) came into existence in 1980, with the International Science Council (ISC)—known as the International Council for Science (ICSU) until its reorganization in July 2018—and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) acting as its founding sponsors. The sponsorship circle widened in 1993 when the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO joined as a sponsor. Over a span of more than 40 years, the WCRP has been instrumental in propelling the advancement of climate science. It has fostered the ability of


id: world-commission-on-protected-areas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas-0.md
category: reference
title: World Commission on Protected Areas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:46.239326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-commission-on-protected-areas-20260505-0
summary:
The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is one of six commissions of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). == History == In 1948, the IUCN established a Committee on National Parks. Two decades later the IUCN had been asked by the international community to take responsibility for preparing a world list of national parks in keeping with its role as a network to share the world's knowledge on nature conservation, and in 1960, the IUCN raised the status of the committee to that of a permanent Commission, with the creation of the Commission on National Parks. In 1996, the World Commission on Protected Areas took on its current name with the approval of the IUCN congress. == Organizational structure == WCPA is a network of volunteers. Secretariat support is provided by staff of the IUCN Programme on Protected Areas, with whom WCPA implements a shared strategic plan and work plan. The commission has a Steering Committee, and the chair is elected every four years at the IUCN World Conservation Congress. The World Conservation Congress is set for June 11 to 19, 2019, in Marseilles, France. The WCPA Steering Committee is the principal governing body of WCPA. The


id: world-data-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Data_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: World Data Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Data_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:47.586243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-data-center-20260505-0
summary:
The World Data Centre (WDC) system was created to archive and distribute data collected from the observational programmes of the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The WDCs were funded and maintained by their host countries on behalf of the international science community. Originally established in the United States (WDC A), Soviet Union (WDC B), Europe and Japan (WDC C), the WDC system expanded to other countries and to new scientific disciplines. The WDC system included up to 52 Centres in 15 countries, with some data centres replicating another. All data held in WDCs were available for the cost of copying and sending the requested information. In 1968 the ICSU Panel on World Data Centers (Geophysical, Solar, and Environmental) was established to coordinate activities and to establish operating criteria for the WDCs. At the end of 2008, following the ICSU General Assembly in Maputo (Mozambique), the World Data Centres were reformed and a new ISC World Data System (WDS) established in 2009. Expanding on the 50-year heritage of the ICSU World Data Centre system (WDC) and the ICSU Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data-analysis Services, most of the legacy data centers and services continued


id: world-federation-of-engineering-organizations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations-0.md
category: reference
title: World Federation of Engineering Organizations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:48.829146+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-federation-of-engineering-organizations-20260505-0
summary:
The World Federation of Engineering Organizations (French: Federation Mondiale des Organisations d'Ingenieurs; WFEO) is an international, non-governmental organization representing the engineering profession worldwide. Founded in 1968 by a group of regional engineering organizations, under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) in Paris, WFEO is a non governmental international organization that brings together national engineering organizations from over 90 nations and represents some 20 million engineers from around the world. WFEO is part of the United Nations system as an NGO in official relations with UNESCO (associate status) since its foundation, and as taking part in the work of its main bodies, mainly the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and its specialized agencies, notably the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme. At the UN ECOSOC, WFEO co-organizes with the International Science Council the Scientific and Technological Community Major Group. In 2019, based on proposal by WFEO, the UNESCO's General Conference approved the creation of the UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development, to be celebrated on 4 March of each year. Since then, WFEO has been coordinating the related celebrations around the world, through its membership and partnering institutions.


id: world-federation-of-scientific-workers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers-0.md
category: reference
title: World Federation of Scientific Workers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:50.094840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-federation-of-scientific-workers-20260505-0
summary:
The World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFSW) is a non-governmental international organization, an official partner of UNESCO. It was founded in 1946 at the initiative of very high level scientific personalities and a British Trade Union, the British Association of Scientific Workers. The existence of the WFSW constitutes above all a call to the entire scientific community to contribute to placing science and technology at the service of the well-being of mankind. This is why the WFSW is a group of either professional or trade unionist organizations and of individual scientific personalities. The WFSW became more a group of organizations of this type than one of individual scientific personalities. By acting together with its affiliated organizations to obtain a Recommendation by UNESCO in 1974 on Science and Scientific Researchers, updated on Novembers 2017, the WFSW helped enable scientists to conduct emancipated professional activity. Today scientific knowledge has become decisive in most human activities. Scientific workers, men and women, whether they are researchers, teachers, engineers or technicians, are increasingly challenged about their responsibility for the impact of their knowledge and research on the future of society and sustainability of its development. Faced with the feeling that science is all-powerful in both


id: world-federation-of-scientific-workers-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers-1.md
category: reference
title: World Federation of Scientific Workers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:50.094840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-federation-of-scientific-workers-20260505-0
summary:
== Organization == The Associations highest body is the general assemble which meets every two to three years. Between meetings of the assembly the organisation is run by the executive council and in between meeting of that body by the bureau. The Executive Council consisted of 27 members of whom 17 were elected on an individual basis at the general assembly, and ten by regional organisations. The WFSW bureau consisted of the president, vice-presidents, treasurer, the Executive Councils' chairman and vice-chairmen, the chairmen of the editorial board (who also had to be a member of the council) and the head of the regional centers. Further officials – the secretary general, assistant secretary general and five honorary assistant secretaries – are appointed and participate in the work of the bureau with a voice, but no vote. The Executive Council also elects a 16-member editorial board. The headquarters of the organisation have historically been in London. In 1966 it was located at 40 Goodge Street London, W1, while the secretary general operated out of an office at 10 rue Vaquelin, Paris 5. The headquarters have been moved to France and are now at 265 av. de Paris, 93000 Montreuil-sous-Bois, France – Métro


id: world-federation-of-scientific-workers-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers-2.md
category: reference
title: World Federation of Scientific Workers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:50.094840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-federation-of-scientific-workers-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other publications === The social responsibility of scientists: report of meeting held in Peking, on 3 April 1956 to celebrate the 10. anniversary of the founding of the World Federation of Scientific Workers Peking : All-China Federation of Scientific Societies, 1956 Unmeasured hazards; an analysis of the effects of tests of atomic and thermonuclear weapons. London: World Federation of Scientific Workers, 1956 (published in English, French, Russian, Chinese, German, and Japanese) International Symposium on the Relations Between Science and Technology, 22–26 September Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, [World Federation of Scientific Workers] 1969 Kurt Baudischl ABC weapons, disarmament and the responsibility of scientists: report on an International Conference of the World Federation of Scientific Workers, Berlin (GDR), 21–23 November 1971. Berlin] Published by the Executive Council of Gerverkschaft Wissenschaft for the World Federation of Scientific Workers 1971 Chemical weapons must be banned! an analysis of the level of development reached in the field of chemical warfare agents, the implications of their use and the possibilities of achieving an unconditional ban on all such agents London World Federation of Scientific Workers 1974 Ending the arms race, the role of the scientist: with a glossary of terms commonly used in relation to the arms


id: world-federation-of-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: World Federation of Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:51.340858+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-federation-of-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The World Federation of Scientists is an international association of scientists founded in 1973. It emerged from scientific initiatives of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Italy, and has been associated with efforts to promote international scientific cooperation and to address global challenges at the intersection of science, society, and security. == History == The World Federation of Scientists (WFS) is described by the Union of International Associations as an international association of scientists. It was founded by Antonino Zichichi, who served as its president until his death in 2026. Its activities are closely linked with the International Seminars on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies, a series of meetings held annually in Erice from the early 1980s that brought together scientists and policy-makers to address global risks arising from science and technology. The 57th International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies took place in Erice in 2025. The seminar was opened by Fabrizio Zichichi, vice president of the Ettore Majorana Foundation, and was co-chaired by Cristian Galbiati, a physicist at Princeton University. The seminar consisted of eight plenary sessions addressing risks, including nuclear proliferation, viruses, artificial intelligence, biodiversity, wildfires and water security. These scientific


id: world-future-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Future_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: World Future Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Future_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:52.572672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-future-society-20260505-0
summary:
The World Future Society (WFS), founded in 1966, is an international community of futurists and future thinkers. == History == Prominent members and contributors have included Ray Kurzweil, Peter Drucker, Carl Sagan, and Neil deGrasse Tyson. == Leadership == === Current board chair & CEO === Julie Friedman Steele: 2016–Present === Past presidents and executive directors === Amy Zalman: 2014–2016 Timothy Mack, Esq.: 2004–2014 Edward Cornish: 1966–2004 == Publications == === The Futurist magazine === The Futurist magazine was established in 1967, with Edward Cornish serving as the founding editor. From 1967 to 2015, it was a full-color bi-monthly magazine. Today, it is an online publication that reports on technological, societal, and public policy trends, along with topics related to the future of human purpose. The Futurist was nominated for a 2007 Utne Independent Press Award for Best Science and Technology Coverage. === World Future Review academic journal === The World Future Society previously published the academic journal World Future Review. This journal was published independent from the World Future Society starting with Volume 8. == References == == External links == World Future Society (WFS) official website The Futurist magazine archives


id: world-meteorological-organization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization-0.md
category: reference
title: World Meteorological Organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:53.926875+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-meteorological-organization-20260505-0
summary:
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics. The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), a nongovernmental organization founded in 1873 as a forum for exchanging weather data and research. Proposals to reform the status and structure of the IMO culminated in the World Meteorological Convention of 1947, which formally established the World Meteorological Organization. The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an intergovernmental organization within the United Nations System. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members. It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to environmental protection, climate change, resource management, and socioeconomic development. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.


id: world-meteorological-organization-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization-1.md
category: reference
title: World Meteorological Organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:53.926875+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-meteorological-organization-20260505-0
summary:
== Membership == As of 2023, WMO Members include a total of 187 Member States and 6 Member Territories. Eight United Nations member states are not members of WMO: Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and San Marino. Cook Islands and Niue are WMO Members but non-members of the United Nations. Vatican City and State of Palestine and the states with limited recognition are not members of either organization. The six WMO Member Territories are the British Caribbean Territories (joint meteorological organization and membership), French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Macau, Curaçao and Sint Maarten (joint meteorological service and membership) and New Caledonia. === Membership by regional associations === ==== Regional Association I (Africa) ==== Region I consists of the states of Africa and a few former colonial powers. Region I has 57 member states and no member territories: Non-member Equatorial Guinea ==== Regional Association II (Asia) ==== Region II has 33 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are: The member territories are: Hong Kong Macau ==== Regional Association III (South America) ==== Region III consists of the states of South America, including France as French Guiana is an


id: worldwide-dragonfly-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Dragonfly_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Worldwide Dragonfly Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Dragonfly_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:55.211314+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: worldwide-dragonfly-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Worldwide Dragonfly Association (WDA) is an association that aims to advance public education and awareness through the promotion of the study and conservation of dragonflies and damselflies order Odonata and their natural habitats in all parts of the world. The WDA was founded in 1997. It publishes the research journal The International Journal of Odonatology (IJO), and Agrion, the WDA's semi-annual bulletin. WDA also organises the biennial International Congress of Odonatology (ICO). == References ==


id: y-chromosome-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Chromosome_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: Y Chromosome Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Chromosome_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:56.448150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: y-chromosome-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) was a collection of scientists who worked toward the understanding of human Y chromosomal phylogenetics and evolution. The consortium had the following objective: web resources that communicate information relating to the non-recombinant region of the Y-chromosome including new variants and changes in the nomenclature. The consortium sponsored literature regarding updates in the phylogenetics and nomenclature. == See also == Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) == References == == External links == ISOGG website about Y Chromosome Consortium Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree at ISOGG


id: young-engineers-future-leaders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Engineers_/_Future_Leaders-0.md
category: reference
title: Young Engineers / Future Leaders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Engineers_/_Future_Leaders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:57.649865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: young-engineers-future-leaders-20260505-0
summary:
Young Engineers/ Future Leaders is a Standing Committee of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations. Its membership includes engineering students and engineers are the start of their careers. The current chair is Zainab Garashi from Kuwait. Vice Chair is Kathryn Johnson from United States and secretary is Christopher Chukwunta from Nigeria. == Structure == The YE/FL is run by the YE/FL council. The YE/FL Council is the highest decision making board. Each national engineering association is asked to appoint one official delegate for the YE/FL Council. The Council meets at the regular committee meeting. While absence of the YE/FL council the chair manages the main tasks, which are to guide the committee through its work, take care of administrative YE/FL responsibilities in between official meetings, to moderate official meetings, and set mile stones to help handle matters on time. == History == The YE/FL was founded in 2009 during the WFEO Engineering Congress on alternative energy in Kuwait on 3–5 November 2009. The founding members are Zainab Garashi (Chair, Kuwait), Kathryn Johnson (Vice Chair, United States) and Felix Firsbach (Secretary, Germany). YE/FL met yearly during the WFEO conferences 2010 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2011 in Geneva, Switzerland and so on.


id: academy-of-sciences-of-the-democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:26:59.354183+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-sciences-of-the-democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원) or State Academy of Sciences, formerly the National Academy of Sciences, is the national academy of sciences of North Korea. It was founded in 1952, and until 1981 was responsible for all research conducted in the country before various organizational reforms led to the restructuring of academic facilities. It continues to be a prominent centre for scientific research and education in the country. The Academy played a role in the nuclear weapons program of North Korea until a separate military-run Academy of National Defense Science was established to take on this role. Within the academy there are many branches and departments which look after individual domains such as physics, biology, economics, chemistry, history, engineering and mathematics. == History == Preparations to establish the Academy began in the spring of 1952, and the Academy was founded on 1 December 1952. When the Academy was founded, it had 10 full and 15 candidate members in nine research institutes alongside 43 smaller research laboratories. Its first president was Hong Myng-hi, who according to Andrei Lankov, was not a skilled administrator and chosen for his political loyalty. Hong was followed by


id: academy-of-sciences-of-turkmenistan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Turkmenistan-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Turkmenistan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:00.598693+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-sciences-of-turkmenistan-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Ylymlar akademiýasy) is a state body in Turkmenistan founded in 1951, which is responsible for the implementation of Turkmen scientific and technical policy. The academy was closed under president Saparmurat Niyazov and reopened by his successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow. == Structure == The academy has three departments: Humanitarian and economic sciences Physical and mathematical, chemical, geological and engineering sciences Medical, biological and agricultural sciences This work is organized in five institutes: "1. The Magtymguly National Institute of Language, Literature and Manuscripts 2. Institute of History and Archaeology. 3. Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics. 4. Institute of Chemistry. 5. Center for Technology." The academy pursues research in six priority areas: "1. Nanotechnology, chemical technology, new materials research and energy. 2. Biotechnology, molecular biology, agriculture, ecology and genetics. 3. Information and telecommunication systems, computer technology. 4. Modern medicine and drug production technologies. 5. Innovative economics. 6. Humanities." === Publications === The academy publishes four journals, Наука и техника в Туркменистане (Science and Technology in Turkmenistan), Проблемы освоения пустынь (Problems of Desert Development), Мирас (Heritage), and Наука и техника молодёжи (Science and Technology for Youth). == History == The academy's lineage dates back to the


id: advisory-council-of-egypt-s-scientists-and-experts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_council_of_Egypt's_scientists_and_experts-0.md
category: reference
title: Advisory council of Egypt's scientists and experts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_council_of_Egypt's_scientists_and_experts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:01.821028+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: advisory-council-of-egypt-s-scientists-and-experts-20260505-0
summary:
The advisory council of Egypt's scientists and experts, Arabic: المجلس الأستشارى لعلماء و خبراء مصر is an advisory council formed by the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in September 2014. Made up of academics and experts, according to the Presidency, the council aims to provide a strategic vision for the state in the future and to provide advisory opinions on projects such as the new Suez Canal development project. President Sisi also said that the council will help aid in correcting religious discourse, improving media discourse and improving the quality of education and linking it to the needs of the market. == Formation == The advisory council members include: === Education and scientific research === Dr. Ahmed Zewail, Nobel laureate, Professor of Physics and the director of the Physical Biology Centre for the Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology. Dr. Nabil Aly, Construction and rehabilitation of structures Professor at Berlin University. Dr. Vector Rizkallah, Former Vice president at Leibniz University Hannover and former president of Engineers chamber in Germany. Dr. Nabil Fouad Grees, Head of engineering department and director of Center for innovative materials research (CIMR) at Lawrence Technological University. === Megaprojects === Eng. Hany Azer,


id: international-academy-of-sciences-san-marino-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Sciences_San_Marino-0.md
category: reference
title: International Academy of Sciences San Marino
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Sciences_San_Marino
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:03.055936+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-academy-of-sciences-san-marino-20260505-0
summary:
The International Academy of Sciences San Marino (Esperanto: Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino, AIS) was a scientific association. It was established in 1983 and had its first convention, SUS 1, around New Year 1984 in the City of San Marino. After the Sammarinese skeleton law on higher education had been passed the academy was officially founded on 13 September 1985 (1985-09-13), in the presence of the Captains-Regent. Its name uses the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto. Although the juristical association was officially dissolved at the end of 2020, the AIS is still active. == History == The AIS was founded on an initiative of scientists from various countries, such as Helmar Frank, Humphrey Tonkin, and Reinhard Selten. The Sammarinese government at first gave the academy broad moral support. When, however, the università degli studi was founded at San Marino in 1988, it gained priority over the AIS, which then concentrated on working abroad from San Marino. Conventions and summer schools were held in Bulgaria, Korea, the Czech Republic, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Sweden. == Structure == The AIS was divided into the following four sectors: Scientific Sector (SciS) Technological Sector (TeS) Artistic Sector (ArS)


id: academy-of-sciences-of-albania-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Sciences of Albania
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:04.326915+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-sciences-of-albania-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of Albania (Albanian: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë), founded in 1972, is the most important scientific institution in Albania. In the 1980s, several research institutes began at the University of Tirana were transferred to the Academy's jurisdiction. The institution includes the most distinguished scientists, also called "academics", that are involved in research centers and other organisations inside and outside Albania. As of 2009, the Academy had 23 regular members, 10 associated members, one permanent member, and 26 honor members. The Academy was among several dozen of the world's scientific academies which endorsed through signature the Summit Statement emerging from the New Delhi Population Summit of 1994. The Academy is housed in a former palace of King Zog. == Organization == In 2023, the Academy of Albanological Studies was integrated into the Academy of Sciences, while the latter was reorganized. === Institutions and Centres === Institute of Archeology Institute of History Institute of Linguistics and Literature Institute of Anthropology Centre for Art Studies Centre for Encyclopedic and Albanological Publications === Temporary Research Units === Biotechnology and Genetics Geophysics Water Resources Geosciences and Geoengineering Artificial Intelligence NanoAlb Energy National Institute of Physics National Institute of Mathematics Research and


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-argentina-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Argentina-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of Argentina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Argentina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:05.544593+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-argentina-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of Argentina is an organisation tasked with promoting and supporting Argentine scientific and technological policy. According to its Statute, the academy is led by a Directive Board of sixteen Academy members, who are elected by the vote of all its members residing in the country. == History == National Academy of Sciences of Argentina was created in 1869 by President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento in the city of Cordoba, Argentina, as a scientific corporation supported by the Federal Government. It was the first Academy to be supported by the Federal Government. It was finally consolidated legally in 1878 by presidential decree. Since its inception, the academy has advocated for the development and outreach of exact and natural sciences, the exploration of the Argentine territory and has served as advisor to the National Government, provincial governments and other scientific institutions. The academy also awards prizes, publishes a journal and keeps a library and organizes conferences and other events. The building of the academy was inaugurated in 1897 and was declared a National Historical Monument in 1994. Many important scientists are or have been members of the academy including: Charles Darwin, Benjamin Gould, Henri Milne-Edwards and, more recently,


id: armenian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Armenian National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:06.819856+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: armenian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia (NAS RA) (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա, ՀՀ ԳԱԱ, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yan gitut’yunneri azgayin akademia) is the Armenian national academy, functioning as the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Armenia. It is a member of the International Science Council. == History == Yerevan State University, which temporarily operated from Alexandropol starting in 1919, served as the Republic's initial hub for cultural, educational, and scientific activities. During Armenia's First Republic period, the University conducted research across cultural, historical, and economic fields. Following the establishment of the Second Republic in 1921, a cultural and historical research institute was founded in Etchmiadzin, later reorganized in 1925 as an institution focused on advancing studies in natural sciences, technical fields, and humanities. Additional research facilities emerged during this period, covering areas such as plant conservation, construction materials, geological studies, therapeutic mineral waters, seismic monitoring, and various other scientific disciplines. These separate research organizations were consolidated in 1935 to form the Armenian division of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, with Franz Julievich Levinson-Lessing serving as its first director. By 1938, Hovsep Orbeli had become the


id: australian-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Australian Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:08.255820+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Australian Academy of Science is a scientific academy. It was founded in 1954 by a group of distinguished Australians, including Australian Fellows of the Royal Society of London, after its forerunner, the Australian National Research Council had been dissolved. The Academy Secretariat is in Canberra, at the Shine Dome. == History == On 21 August 1919 the Australasian Research Council, based in Sydney, was established to represent Australia on the International Research Council. The council was formalised by the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and renamed the Australian National Research Council (ANRC) in July 1921. In 1951, following a scientific conference organised by the Australian National University, a new body, the Australian Academy of Science was proposed, after it was generally agreed that the ANRC "had failed to achieve the status that was required of a national body with such weighty responsibilities". The new academy was established in 1954, and, after it had assumed most of functions of the ANRC, the ANRC was dissolved in 1955, the final meeting taking place in Canberra on 16 August 1955. The academy was founded by a group of Australians, among them Australian Fellows of the Royal Society in London.


id: australian-academy-of-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: Australian Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:08.255820+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Shine Dome (previously known as Becker House) is a well-known Canberra landmark, notable for its unusual structure, and colloquially referred to as "The Martian Embassy", an allusion to its shape and the fact that as the capital of Australia, Canberra is the home of foreign embassies. It was designed by architect Sir Roy Grounds, of Grounds, Romberg and Boyd. When completed in 1959 its 45.75-metre-diameter dome was the largest in Australia. On 1 December 1956, the academy's building design committee met in Adelaide to look over plans submitted by six architects. The plan accepted involved a 710-tonne reinforced concrete dome, which had to be supported by 16 thin supports. The concrete is approximately 60 cm thick at the base supports, and 10 cm at the top. The dome supports itself, with no internal wall holding it up. It cost £200,000 to build. The foundation stone, laid on 2 May 1958 by Prime Minister of Australia, Robert Menzies, was originally part of the pier of the Great Melbourne Telescope constructed in 1869 under the supervision of the Royal Society and transferred to Mount Stromlo Observatory in the 1940s. The building was named Becker House, for benefactor and Fellow of the


id: azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:09.482188+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası, AMEA), located in Baku, is the main state research organization and the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Azerbaijan. It was established on 23 January 1945. The President of ANAS is Acad. Isa Habibbayli. One section of the ANAS is Republican Seismic Survey Center of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. == History == The Academy was based on the Azerbaijan Society for Scientific Research and Studies, which was first affiliated with Baku State University and later with the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1923, the Azerbaijan Society for Researches and Studies that included history, ethnography, economics, and natural sciences, was established as the leading scientific institution of Azerbaijan by the initiative of Nariman Narimanov. In 1929, the Society was reorganized into the Azerbaijan State Scientific Research Institute (ASSRI). ASSRI were coordinating scientific research works, and training scientific cadres for specialized high and secondary schools. In 1932, the Azerbaijani Branch of the Transcaucasian Affiliate of the USSR Academy of Sciences, consisting of 11 divisions and several committees, was organized on the basis of ASSRI. The head of the Branch


id: azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:09.482188+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Members == The full members of the Academy are selected from among the Corresponding Members of the Academy, who are the citizens of Azerbaijan, and conduct scientific researches, and enrich scientific knowledge. Just citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan can be elected as a correspondent member of the Academy. These candidates should have weighty services in the development of science abroad, as well as in Azerbaijan. Foreign members of the Academy are selected among the scholars who make valuable contributions to the world and Azerbaijani science of foreign countries. Honorary members of the Academy are selected from among the citizens of Azerbaijan, foreigners, and stateless persons, recognized worldwide as the state, public, scientific and cultural figures. Honorary members of the Academy may also be elected at the Presidium, along with the General Meeting of the Academy. The full and correspondent members of the Academy are selected for a lifetime. The number of full and correspondent members of the Academy is determined by the president of Azerbaijan, taking into consideration the decision of the General Meeting of the Academy. Members of the Academy should assist in the application of scientific achievements, prepare scientific staff, carry out scientific-organizational assignments of the


id: gurban-yetirmishli-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurban_Yetirmishli-0.md
category: reference
title: Gurban Yetirmishli
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurban_Yetirmishli
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:10.726166+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gurban-yetirmishli-20260505-0
summary:
Gurban Jalal Yetirmishli (Azerbaijani: Qurban Cəlal oğlu Yetirmişli; September 4, 1952) — doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences, corr. member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS). General director of Republican Seismic Survey Center of ANAS head of seismology division == General information == Gurban Jalal oglu Yetirmisli was born on 4 September 1952, in Marneuli city, Georgia Republic. In 1974, was graduated from Azerbaijan State University (BSU), faculty of geology. From 1980 to 2008, was Deputy General Director of RCSS ANAS. Since 2008, is general director of the Republic Seismic Survey Center. He was elected a corresponding member of ANAS in 2014.PhD in geology and mineralogy, professor. He was elected a corresponding member of ANAS in 2014. In 2015, by degree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist. He is the general director of the Republican Seismic Survey Center of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences since 2008. He was elected head of seismology division. Held a number of scientific researches in geodynamics, in difficult conditions of seismic active zones, evaluation of deep layers of oil and the prospects of Lower Kura depression, author 246 scientific articles. A number of articles have been


id: gurban-yetirmishli-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurban_Yetirmishli-1.md
category: reference
title: Gurban Yetirmishli
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurban_Yetirmishli
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:10.726166+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gurban-yetirmishli-20260505-0
summary:
== Names of scientific works == Deep Earthquakes beneath the Northern Caucasus: Evidence of Active or Recent Subduction in Western Asia. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.102, No.2, April 2012, pp. 862–866.R.J.Mellors, J.Jackson, S.Myers, R.Gok, K.Priestley, G.Yetirmishli, N.Turkelli, T.Godoladze. Г.Д.Етирмишли. Развитие сейсмологических и сейсмопрогностических исследований в Азербайджане. Azərbaycan ərazisində seysmoproqnoz müşahidələrin kataloqu, 2012, c. 151-166 Етирмишли Г.Д., Казымова С.Э. Скоростная модель земной коры Азербайджана по данным цифровых сейсмических станций. Геология и Геофизика Юга России, No.1/2012, ISSN 2221-3198, с. 59-73 Г.Д.Етирмишли. Развитие сейсмологических и сейсмопрогностических исследований в Азербайджане. Azərbaycan ərazisində seysmoproqnoz müşahidələrin kataloqu, 2012, c. 151-166 G.Yetirmishli. Seismological and seismo-predicting research in Azerbaijan. ESC 2012, Book of Abstracts European Seismological Commission 33rd General Assembly 19–24 August 2012 and Young Seismologist Training Course 25–30 August 2012, Moscow-Obninsk, Russia, pp. 192–193 Г.Д.Етирмишли, Р.Р.Абдуллаева. Кавказ: Азербайджан. Землетрясения Северной Евразии в 2007г., РАН Геофизическая Служба, Обнинск 2013, с. 79-86 Г.Д.Етирмишли, С.Э.Казымова, Э.С.Гаравелиев, С.С.Исмаилова. ЛЕРИКСКОЕ-II ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЕ 11 июля 2007 г. с КР=12.3, МW=5.2, I0=6 (Азербайджан). Землетрясения Северной Евразии в 2007г., РАН Геофизическая Служба, Обнинск 2013, с. 373-384 Г.Д.Етирмишли, Э.С.Гаравелиев, Ш.К.Исламова. АХСУИНСКОЕ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЕ 23 августа 2007 г. с КР=11.6, Мs=3.8, I0=5 (Азербайджан). Землетрясения Северной Евразии в 2007г., РАН Геофизическая Служба, Обнинск 2013, с. 408-414 Г.Д.Етирмишли,


id: bangladesh-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:11.987572+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bangladesh-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) is an academic forum for Bangladeshi scientists and technologists. Established in 1973, it aims to fulfill the role of promoting research and development of sciences in Bangladesh. == History == After the partition of Indian subcontinent, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences was established in 1953. After the liberation of Bangladesh, 12 Bangladeshi fellows of the academy formed the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences in 1973, becoming 'Foundation Fellows'. Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda served the founding president role until 1976. Since 2014, BAS has administered the digital library Bangladesh Journals OnLine (BanglaJOL). == Presidents == Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda (1973–1976) M Osman Ghani (1976–1988) S.D. Chaudhuri M. Shamsher Ali (2004–2012) Mesbahuddin Ahmad (2012–2015) Aminul Islam (2016–2017) Quazi Abdul Fattah (2017–2019) Abul Kalam Azad Chowdhury (2019–2025) Zahurul Karim (2025-current) == Fellows == The Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) awards fellowships to distinguished individuals from Bangladesh and abroad in recognition of their exceptional contributions to various branches of science. The Academy elects 'National Fellows' from among the most eminent scientists and technologists of Bangladesh. === Types of Fellowships === National Fellows: The Academy elects National Fellows in recognition of their outstanding fundamental contributions to various branches of science. The number of National Fellows


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-belarus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:13.250700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-belarus-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NASB; Belarusian: Нацыянальная акадэмія навук Беларусі, romanized: Nacyjanalnaja akademija navuk Biełarusi; Russian: Национальная академия наук Беларуси, romanized: Natsional'naya akademiya nauk Belarusi, НАН Беларуси, NAN Belarusi, НАНБ, NANB) is the national academy of Belarus. == History == === Inbelkult - predecessor to the Academy === The Academy has its origins in the Institute of Belarusian Culture (Inbelkult), a Belarusian academic and research institution founded on 30 January 1922. In the early 1920s, a key policy of newly established Soviet Belarus was the advancement of science, aimed at accelerating the technological, economic and social development of the republic and resolving a broad range of regional issues. The idea of creating a Belarusian academic and research institution was discussed during 1920 - 1921 and by November 1921, a commission consisting of academicians Yefim Karsky, Jazep Dyla and Ściapan Niekraševič prepared a founding charter of Inbelkult. Pursuant to the charter, Inbelkult was both research and cultural-educational institution, a multidisciplinary organisation focusing on ethnographic, linguistic, literary, artistic, cultural, historical, natural and geographical studies. The first meeting of Inbelkult took place on 30 January 1922, which is considered its foundation date. At first Inbelkult consisted of two departments -


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-belarus-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:13.250700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-belarus-20260505-0
summary:
scientific support for the economic, social and state-legal development of the Republic of Belarus, its culture, as well as the rational use and protection of nature; organisation and coordination of fundamental and applied scientific research carried out by all subjects of scientific activity, including in the fields of nano- and biotechnologies, robotics, fundamental and applied scientific research, developments in the most important areas of natural, technical, humanitarian, social sciences and arts in order to obtaining new knowledge about a person, society, nature and artificially created objects, increasing the scientific, technical, intellectual and spiritual potential of the Republic of Belarus; implementation of a unified state policy, coordination and state regulation of the activities of organizations in the field of exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, with the exception of planning, distribution and efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum; organising and conducting research into the polar regions of the Earth; ensuring the introduction of domestic technologies in pharmaceuticals, agro-industrial complex, biotechnological production, industries of new materials and other high-tech sectors of the economy; implementation of scientific and methodological support for the organisation of fundamental and applied scientific research carried out by all subjects of scientific activity; determination and


id: royal-academies-for-science-and-the-arts-of-belgium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:14.465917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academies-for-science-and-the-arts-of-belgium-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) is a non-governmental association that promotes and organises science and the arts in Belgium by coordinating the national and international activities of its constituent academies such as the National Scientific Committees and the representation of Belgium in international scientific organisations. The RASAB was formed as a non-profit organization (Association without lucrative purpose) in 2001 by the Dutch-speaking academy KVAB (Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten i.e. Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts) and by the French-speaking academy ARB (Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique i.e. The Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium). The association is headquartered in the buildings of the former Royal Stables at the Academy Palace, Rue Ducale/Hertogstraat 1, 1000 Brussels. == History == === Academies === The RASAB was founded in 2001 by the two Belgian academies that are connected through their working language either to the Flemish community or to the French community of Belgium as a collaborative association with the aim of promoting the science and the arts on a national and international level in Belgium. To meet


id: royal-academies-for-science-and-the-arts-of-belgium-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:14.465917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academies-for-science-and-the-arts-of-belgium-20260505-0
summary:
==== RASAB's liaison office ==== The Belgian Academies have the advantage of being located in the heart of Brussels, at walking distance from the European institutions. Given the context a liaison office was founded within the RASAB, which makes sure that the advice from the Belgian as well as the European academies are heard by the European policy makers. The office has the following responsibilities and duties: to gather information on the upcoming EU policy measures, which may benefit from an independent scientific and technical guidance. to increase the visibility of the Belgian and European Academies and its global umbrella organisations as a source of independent, peer-reviewed and scientific information of high quality to develop policy measures. to establish a more regular contact with key figures in the European Commission, the Parliament and the Council, who show an interest in science and technique as an input for policy preparations. to organise meetings between key figures of the Academies with those from the European Institutions. === IAP === InterAcademy Panel (IAP) is a worldwide network of National Academies of Science. The Panel was founded in 1993. The main objective is to promote the cooperation between its Member Academies and to give


id: royal-academy-of-science-letters-and-fine-arts-of-belgium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Science,_Letters_and_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Science,_Letters_and_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:15.696464+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academy-of-science-letters-and-fine-arts-of-belgium-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium (French: Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique [akademi ʁwajal de sjɑ̃s de lɛtʁ e de boz‿aʁ də bɛlʒik], sometimes referred to as La Thérésienne [la teʁezjɛn]) is the independent learned society of science and arts of the French Community of Belgium. One of Belgium's numerous academies, it is the French-speaking counterpart of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts. In 2001 both academies founded a joint association for the purpose of promoting science and arts on an international level: The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB). All three institutions are located in the same building, the Academy Palace in Brussels. == History == A preexisting literary society was founded in 1769 under the auspices of Karl von Cobenzl, plenipotentiary of the Austrian Netherlands under Empress Maria Theresa (hence its nickname "La Thérésienne"). In 1772 Cobenzl's successor Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg continued the efforts of his predecessor by expanding the society to a scientific academy. This academy was granted the right to bear the title of Imperial and Royal Academy of Science and Letters of Brussels


id: academy-of-sciences-and-arts-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:16.979555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-sciences-and-arts-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine; Академија наука и умјетности Босне и Херцеговине) is the national academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Academy, based in the capital city of Sarajevo, is the leading non-university public research institution in the country. The institution was established in 1951, during the time when the PR Bosnia and Herzegovina was a constituent part of Yugoslavia, as the Scientific Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina and upgraded into the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1966. == History == The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina arose out of the Scientific Society, founded in 1951, by the decision of the Assembly of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the highest state authority in the country, on the formation of the Scientific Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Scientific Society continued to operate as the highest-level institution concerned with science until the Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina passed a Law on the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1966. Its first president between 1966 and 1968 was Vaso Butozan. The Academy of Sciences


id: bosniak-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniak_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Bosniak Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniak_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:18.209021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bosniak-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Bosniak Academy of Sciences and Arts (Bosnian: Bošnjačka akademija nauka i umjetnosti, BANU) is an academic institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The institution is based in Sarajevo and has divisions in both Sarajevo and Novi Pazar to better reflect Bosniak interests in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak. The institution was founded on 9 July 2011 in Novi Pazar under the initiative of Muamer Zukorlić, chief Mufti of the Islamic Community in Serbia. As per the decision of the founding assembly, Ferid Muhić was unilaterally proclaimed president while Dževad Jahić and Lamija Hadžiosmanović were named vice-presidents. The Grand Mufti of Bosnia, Dr. Mustafa ef. Cerić, was proclaimed President of the Senate. == Prominent members == Mustafa ef. Cerić, Grand Mufti (founder) Muhamed Filipović, historian Ferid Muhić, historian Nedžad Ibrišimović, author Šerbo Rastoder, politician Ejup Ganić, politician Muamer Zukorlić, Mufti == References ==


id: academia-nacional-de-medicina-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Medicina-0.md
category: reference
title: Academia Nacional de Medicina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Medicina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:19.431306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-nacional-de-medicina-20260505-0
summary:
The Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM) is the Brazilian national academy of medicine. The academy was founded during the Brazilian imperial period on 30 June 1829, under the name of Sociedade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro. On 8 May 1835, it received a charter from the imperial regency to become the Imperial Academy of Medicine. After the proclamation of the First Brazilian Republic, its name was changed to its current name. Its first president was Joaquim Cândido Soares de Meirelles. == References == == External links == Official website (in Portuguese)


id: brazilian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Brazilian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:20.658766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brazilian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Brazilian Academy of Sciences (Portuguese: Academia Brasileira de Ciências or ABC) is the national academy of Brazil. It is headquartered in the city of Rio de Janeiro and was founded on May 3, 1916. == Publications == It publishes a large number of scientific publications, among them the Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2020 IF 1.280). At the same time, it is in charge of granting prestigious international awards for outstanding work in scientific endeavors. == People == === Presidents === 1916–1926 Henrique Charles Morize 1926–1929 Juliano Moreira 1929–1931 Miguel Osório de Almeida 1931–1933 Eusébio Paulo de Oliveira 1933–1935 Arthur Alexandre Moses 1935–1937 Álvaro Alberto da Mota e Silva 1937–1939 Adalberto Menezes de Oliveira 1939–1941 Inácio Manuel Azevedo do Amaral 1941–1943 Arthur Alexandre Moses 1943–1945 Cândido Firmino de Melo Leitão 1945–1947 Mario Paulo de Brito 1947–1949 Arthur Alexandre Moses 1949–1951 Álvaro Alberto da Mota e Silva 1951–1965 Arthur Alexandre Moses 1965–1967 Carlos Chagas Filho 1967–1981 Aristides Pacheco Leão 1981–1991 Maurício Peixoto 1991–1993 Oscar Sala 1993–2007 Eduardo Krieger 2007–2016 Jacob Palis Jr. 2016– Luiz Davidovich === Notable members === ABC has a distinguished array of national and international members, among them: == References == == External links == Official


id: cameroon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Cameroon Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:21.942804+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cameroon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Cameroon Academy of Sciences (CAS) is a non-governmental organization that supports the progression of science and technology for the economic, social, and cultural development of Cameroon. It was established in 1990 by a group of Cameroonian scholars during a symposium on agriculture and agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa in Douala, Cameroon. The academy provides unbiased advice to the government and other stakeholders on issues related to science and technology. == History == The idea of creating a national academy of sciences in Cameroon was first proposed in 1972 by the Council for Higher Education and Scientific Research. In 1982, the council proposed a draft decree for the creation of the academy. However, it was not until 1990 that the academy was formed by a group of Cameroonian scholars during a symposium on agriculture and agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa in Douala, Cameroon. The symposium was organized by the International Foundation for Science and the Third World Academy of Sciences. The founding members of the academy, 25 scientists from various disciplines, elected Jean-Pierre Tignol as the first president of the academy. The academy was officially inaugurated on 10 February 1993 in Yaoundé, Cameroon, by then Prime Minister Simon Achidi Achu.


id: royal-society-of-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society of Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:23.146668+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-of-canada-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society of Canada (RSC; French: Société royale du Canada, SRC), also known as the Academies of Arts, Humanities, and Sciences of Canada (French: Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada), is the senior national, bilingual council of distinguished Canadian scholars, humanists, scientists, and artists in Canada. As Canada's national academy, the RSC exists to promote Canadian research and scholarly accomplishment in both of Canada's official languages; advise governments, non-governmental organizations, and Canadians generally on matters of public interest; recognize academic and artistic excellence; and mentor young scholars and artists. == History == In the late 1870s, the Governor General of Canada, John Campbell, Marquis of Lorne, determined that Canada required a cultural institution to promote national scientific research and development. Since that time, succeeding governors general have remained involved with the affairs of the Society. In 1882, the Royal Society of Canada was founded with the personal patronage of Lord Lorne. A year later, in 1883, the Society was incorporated by an act of the Parliament of Canada. From its founding until the early 1900s, the structure of the RSC imitated the model of the Royal Society of London, but with the important addition of


id: chinese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Chinese Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:24.452695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chinese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; Chinese: 中国科学院) is the national academy for natural sciences and the highest consultancy for science and technology of the People's Republic of China. It is the world's largest research organization, with 106 research institutes, 2 universities, 71,300 full-time employees, and 79,000 graduate students, and ranked first in the 2025 SCImago Institutions Rankings. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republican era and was formerly also known by that name until the 1980s. The academy functions as the national scientific think tank and academic governing body, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy, social development, and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in Beijing, with affiliate institutes throughout China. It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises, Lenovo being one of the most famous. CAS also runs the University of Science and Technology of China and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, both of which were among the world's top three academic institutions in the Nature Index rankings as of 2024. CAS has also founded and spun off multiple companies, such as Sugon and GoLaxy. == Membership == Membership of


id: chinese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Chinese Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:24.452695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chinese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Office of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Bureau of Academic Departments Bureau of Frontier Science and Basic Research Bureau of Major Science and Technology Tasks Bureau of Sustainable Development Research Bureau of Science and Technology Basic Capabilities Development Planning Bureau Finance and Asset Management Bureau Personnel Bureau Party Committee of the Immediate Organs Bureau of International Cooperation Bureau of Supervision and Audit Bureau of Retired Cadres Work === Directly affiliated institutions === ==== Directly affiliated research units ==== ===== Beijing units ===== Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Institute of Physics Institute of Theoretical Physics Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physical and Chemical Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences National Center for Nanoscience Ecological and Environmental Research Center Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources National Astronomical Observatory Yunnan Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Changchun Artificial Satellite Observatory Nanjing Institute of Astronomy and Optics Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Tibetan Plateau Studies,


id: chinese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: Chinese Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:24.452695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chinese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
==== Direct management and public support units ==== Science and Technology Innovation and Development Center Administration of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Computer Network Information Center Documentation and Intelligence Center (National Science Library) Chengdu Literature and Intelligence Center Wuhan Center for Documentation and Intelligence ==== Direct news publishing units ==== China Science Daily ==== Other directly affiliated institutions ==== Beijing Integrated Research Center Qingdao Sanatorium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhiyuanlou Hotel) Chinese Academy of Sciences Lushan Sanatorium (Poyangkou Hotel) === Enterprise units directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences === The enterprise units directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences are wholly owned or controlled by the Chinese Academy of Sciences State-owned Assets Management Co. Chinese Academy of Sciences Holdings Limited Legend Holdings China Science Industrial Group (Holdings) Limited Oriental Science and Technology Holding Group Limited China Science & Technology Publishing & Media Group China Science and Technology Industry Investment Management Beijing Zhongke Keji Beijing CAS Software Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Architectural Design and Research Institute Beijing Zhongke Resources Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology Shenyang Scientific Instrument Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Guangzhou Chemistry Guangzhou Electronic Technology Chengdu Organic Chemistry Chengdu Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Science and


id: academia-nacional-de-ciencias-costa-rica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_(Costa_Rica)-0.md
category: reference
title: Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_(Costa_Rica)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:25.680182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-nacional-de-ciencias-costa-rica-20260505-0
summary:
The Academia Nacional de Ciencias (ANC, English: National Academy of Sciences) is Costa Rica's Academy of Sciences. It was created as a “permanent forum for discussion and scientific analysis,” and serves both as an honorific society and a source of scientific advice for the government. Its mandate is to promote scientific culture and progress within Costa Rica, and collaboration between national and international agencies. It maintains membership in international organizations such as the International Council for Science (ICSU), the InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences (IANAS) and the Third World Network (TWN). Its headquarters are in San Pedro in the province of San José. == Mission == The ANC has several key missions: 1. Promoting the distribution of scientific knowledge within the general public—for example, holding monthly conferences for Costa Rican professors to present their work to anyone who wishes to attend. 2. Promoting careers in science—for example, sponsoring field trips for young people to visit places like the Ad Astra Rocket Company and the National Laboratory of Materials and Structural Models at the University of Costa Rica. 3. Maintaining connections with Costa Ricans working abroad. In part this is carried out through “La red TICOTAL,” an ANC program that


id: croatian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:26.994975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: croatian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Latin: Academia Scientiarum et Artium Croatica; Croatian: Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, HAZU) is the national academy of Croatia, located in the centre of Zagreb. It operates under the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Act. HAZU was founded under the patronage of the Croatian bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer under the name Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (Croatian: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, JAZU) since its founder wanted to make it the central scientific and artistic institution of all South Slavs. Today, its main goals are encouraging and organizing scientific work, applying the achieved results, developing of artistic and cultural activities, carrying about the Croatian cultural heritage and its affirmation in the world, publishing the results of scientific research and artistic creativity and giving suggestions and opinions for the advancement of science and art in areas of particular importance to Croatia. The academy is divided into nine classes; social sciences, mathematical, physical and chemical sciences, natural sciences, medical sciences, philological sciences, Literature, Fine Arts, Musical Arts and Musicology, technical sciences. The academy started in 1866 with 16 full members which grew to today's 160. Besides full, members can also be honorary, corresponding


id: croatian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-1.md
category: reference
title: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:26.994975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: croatian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
== Criticism == In the 2000s, the academy has been criticized to the effect that membership and activities are based on academic cronyism and political favor rather than on scientific and artistic merit. In 2006 matters came to a head with the academy's refusal to induct Dr. Miroslav Radman, an accomplished biologist, a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and an advocate of a higher degree of meritocracy and accountability in Croatian academia. His supporters within the academy and the media decried the decision as reinforcing a politically motivated, unproductive status quo. Dr. Ivo Banac, a Yale University professor and then a deputy in the Croatian parliament, addressed the chamber in a speech decrying a "dictatorship of mediocrity" in the academy, while Globus columnist Boris Dežulović satirized the institution as an "academy of stupidity and obedience". Dr. Vladimir Paar and others defended the academy's decision, averring that it did take pains to include accomplished scientists but that, since Dr. Radman's work has mostly taken place outside Croatia, it was appropriate that he remain a corresponding rather than a full member of the academy. Nenad Ban, a distinguished molecular biologist from ETH Zurich and a member of the German Academy


id: czech-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Czech Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:28.265346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: czech-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Czech Academy of Sciences (abbr. CAS, Czech: Akademie věd České republiky, abbr. AV ČR) was established in 1992 by the Czech National Council as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and its tradition goes back to the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences (founded in 1784) and the Emperor Franz Joseph Czech Academy for Sciences, Literature and Arts (founded in 1890). The academy is the leading non-university public research institution in the Czech Republic. It conducts both fundamental and strategic applied research. It has three scientific divisions, namely the Division of Mathematics, Physics, and Earth Sciences, Division of Chemical and Life Sciences, and Division of Humanities and Social Sciences. The academy currently manages a network of sixty research institutes and five supporting units staffed by a total of 6,400 employees, over one half of whom are university-trained researchers and Ph.D. scientists. The Head Office of the academy and forty research institutes are located in Prague, the remaining institutes being situated throughout the country. == History == The establishment of the academy in 1992 follows several previous organizations: Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences (Královská česká společnost nauk), 1784–1952 Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts (Česká akademie věd


id: nuclear-physics-institute-of-the-czech-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Physics_Institute_of_the_Czech_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Physics_Institute_of_the_Czech_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:29.800915+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nuclear-physics-institute-of-the-czech-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Czech: Ústav Jaderné Fyziky Akademie věd ČR) is a public research institution located in Řež, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic. It was established in 1972 from the Physics Section of the former institute of Nuclear Research of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. == History == In 1955 the Nuclear Research Institute CSAS (originally called the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) was founded as a basic institution for nuclear research. As the nuclear power industry developed in the Czech Republic, the institute was in 1972 divided into several parts. The largest part was subsided to the Czechoslovak Commission for Atomic Energy under the name Nuclear Research Institute and later privatized. The second largest part the Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS remains under the Academy of Sciences. Former Institute of Radiation Dosimetry CAS in Prague was connected to NPI as a detached branch in 1994. == Research == Primary focus of the institute is nuclear physics, both theoretical and experimental. It carries out studies in the nuclear spectroscopy of beta and gamma radiation, nuclear reactions including the collisions of heavy ions and hyper-nuclear physics. Its work is


id: serikbek-daukeev-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikbek_Daukeev-0.md
category: reference
title: Serikbek Daukeev
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikbek_Daukeev
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:31.027542+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serikbek-daukeev-20260505-0
summary:
Serikbek Zhusupbekovich Daukeev (Kazakh: Серікбек Жүсіпбекұлы Дәукеев, Serıkbek Jüsıpbekūly Däukeev) is a Kazakh politician and geologist, who held various ministerial and äkimship positions and was the President of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences. == Biography == After graduation from Kazakh Polytechnic Institute named after Lenin (currently – Satbayev University) in Alma-Ata in 1972 with a degree in Mining Engineering and Geophysics, he joined a land seismic seismic crew. By 1983, he had already become the Chief Engineer of Kazgeofizika (Alma-Ata Geophysical Exploration Company). In 1986 Serikbek Daukeev came to the helm of Alma-Ata Geophysical Exploration Company after completing a program in Setting Up Industrial Production under the aegis of the Ministry of Geology of the USSR. The company was tasked with implementing new geophysical technologies in Kazakhstan under the guidance of the Minister of Geology of the USSR. In 1992, Serikbek Daukeev spearheaded a reform of the whole system of subsoil resource use in his capacity as the First Deputy Minister of Geology, then Minister of Geology (between 1993 and 2000), and Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection after the governmental reform. Serikbek Daukeev successfully defended his doctoral dissertation on Geology and Mineralogy in 1996. From 2000 to 2002,


id: estonian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Estonian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:32.261554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: estonian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Founded in 1938, the Estonian Academy of Sciences (Estonian: Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Estoniae) is Estonia's national academy of science in Tallinn. As with other national academies, it is an independent group of well-known scientists whose stated aim is to promote research and development, encourage international scientific cooperation, and disseminate knowledge to the public. As of March 2026, it had 77 full members and 19 foreign members. Since 2024, the president of the academy is the molecular biologist Mart Saarma. == Divisions == The academy has four divisions: Division of Astronomy and Physics (Estonian: Astronoomia ja füüsika osakond) Division of Informatics and Engineering (Estonian: Informaatika ja tehnikateaduste osakond) Division of Biology, Geology and Chemistry (Estonian: Bioloogia, geoloogia ja keemia osakond) Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences (Estonian: Humanitaar- ja sotsiaalteaduste osakond) == History == The academy was established in 1938 as a learned society. When Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union the academy was dissolved on July 17, 1940. In June 1945 it was reestablished as the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR (Estonian: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia). In Soviet times, it consisted of a central library and four divisions containing 15 research institutes as


id: european-academies-science-advisory-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academies'_Science_Advisory_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: European Academies' Science Advisory Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academies'_Science_Advisory_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:33.531860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-academies-science-advisory-council-20260505-0
summary:
The European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) is a regional association of National Academies of science. EASAC comprises 29 member institutions: the national science academies of the European Union (EU) Member States, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the pan-European organisations Academia Europaea and ALLEA. EASAC was founded in June 2001 and since 1 January 2024 it is hosted by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. EASAC was set up as a mechanism of collaboration for its member Academies, in particular for providing “science-for-policy” advice to the institutions of the EU. This means that through EASAC scientific advice is offered jointly by the Academies to the European Commission and the European Parliament EASAC's work also aims to help inform national policy-making across Europe, and engage European media and societies. EASAC aims to provide science-based analysis and recommendations on questions that are of relevance to EU policy thinking and development, e.g. on plastics in the circular economy, genetically modified crops, climate change and health, forest biomass for energy, or decarbonisation of transport. The association is funded by EASAC member Academies. Since 2012 the IAP - The InterAcademy Partnership has also provided funds to EASAC which functions as IAP’s regional affiliated


id: european-academies-science-advisory-council-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academies'_Science_Advisory_Council-1.md
category: reference
title: European Academies' Science Advisory Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academies'_Science_Advisory_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:33.531860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-academies-science-advisory-council-20260505-0
summary:
=== Secretariat === Originally managed and hosted by the British Royal Society, the Secretariat was hosted by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle until 31 December 2022. EASAC’s Brussels Office at the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium is also part of the Secretariat. As of January 1, 2024, the EASAC Secretariat is hosted by the Austrian Academy of Sciences and is based in Vienna. The Secretariat is responsible for maintaining the working process of EASAC's groups, including the organisation of meetings of Council, Bureau, Programme Steering Panels, and working groups. It oversees management of EASAC working groups' outputs towards publication, launch and dissemination of EASAC reports, statements, and commentaries. It liaises with EU policy-makers, EU institutions, and other EU and national agencies of relevance to EASAC's work. The Secretariat maintains contact with EASAC member Academies and liaises with other Academy networks. The Secretariat also manages EASAC's communication activities, such as press releases, newsletters, website, and social media pages. === Members === Academia Europaea All European Academies Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Cyprus Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts Royal


id: finnish-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:34.738736+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finnish-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Finnish: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia ry; Latin: Academia Scientiarum Fennica) is a Finnish learned society. It was founded in 1908 and is thus the second oldest academy in Finland. The oldest is the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, which was founded in 1838. == Members == The academy has a total of 328 seats for Finnish members. When a member of the academy turns 65 years, his seat is free for selection of a new member, but he remains a full member until death. The seats are divided into two sections === Section of Science === Mathematics and Computer Science 28 members Physics and Astronomy 26 members Geosciences 24 members Chemistry 21 members Biology 22 members Agriculture and Forestry 22 members Medicine 46 members 189 seats === Section of the Humanities === Theology and Religion 11 members Philosophy and Aesthetics 12 members Psychology and Pedagogy 14 members History and Archaeology 17 members Finno-Ugric Studies 17 members Linguistics 21 members Jurisprudence 18 members Social sciences 29 members 139 seats == Foreign members == Since 1924, foreign members have also been invited to the academy. A foreign scientist who has proven to be a leading researcher


id: finnish-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:35.959689+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finnish-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters (Swedish: Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten r.f., Finnish: Suomen Tiedeseura r.y., Latin: Societas Scientiarum Fennica) is a Finnish learned society for natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. It is a bilingual (Swedish and Finnish) science academy and the oldest of the four science academies in Finland. The society was founded in 1838 and is based in Helsinki. It has a total of 120 full ordinary Finnish members, excluding members who have reached the age of 67 (a member who reaches the age of 67 retains the rights as a member but leaves his or her chair open for election of a new member), and about 120 foreign members. It is divided into four sections: I: mathematics and physics, II: biosciences, III: humanities, and IV: social sciences. The society publishes a yearbook, Sphinx, and the book series Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium, Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk and The History of Learning and Science in Finland 1828-1918. It also awards a number of prizes and grants for scientific and scholarly work. In addition to the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, there are three other academies in Finland: the Finnish Academy of Science


id: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: French Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:37.238748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences [akademi de sjɑ̃s]) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest Academies of Sciences. Currently headed by Patrick Flandrin (President of the academy), it is one of the five Academies of the Institut de France. == History == The Academy of Sciences traces its origin to Colbert's plan to create a general academy. He chose a small group of scholars who met on 22 December 1666 in the King's library, near the present-day Bibliothèque Nationale, and thereafter held twice-weekly working meetings there in the two rooms assigned to the group. The first 30 years of the academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution. In contrast to its British counterpart, the academy was founded as an organ of government. In Paris, there were not many membership openings, to fill positions there were contentious elections. The election process was at least a 6-stage


id: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: French Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:37.238748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics Mechanics Astronomy Physics Chemistry Mineralogy Botany Agriculture Anatomy and Zoology Medicine and Surgery The last two sections are bundled since there were many good candidates fit to be elected for those practices, and the competition was stiff. Some individuals like François Magendie had made stellar advancements in their selected fields of study, that warranted a possible addition of new fields. However, even someone like Magendie, who had made breakthroughs in physiology and impressed the academy with his hands-on vivisection experiments, could not get his study into its own category. Despite Magendie being one of the leading innovators of his time, it was still a battle for him to become an official member of the academy, a feat he would later accomplish in 1821. He further improved the reverence of the academy when he and anatomist Charles Bell produced the widely known Bell–Magendie law. From 1795 until 1914, the first world war, the French Academy of Science was the most prevalent organization of French science. Almost all the old members of the previously abolished Académie were formally re-elected and retook their ancient seats. Among the exceptions was Dominique, comte de Cassini, who refused to take his seat. Membership in the


id: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: French Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:37.238748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: french-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Decline == Although the academy still exists today, after World War I, the reputation and status of the academy was largely questioned. One factor behind its decline was the development from a meritocracy to gerontocracy: a shift from those with demonstrated scientific ability leading the academy to instead favoring those with seniority. It became known as a sort of "hall of fame" that lost control, real and symbolic, of the professional scientific diversity in France at the time. Another factor was that in the span of five years, 1909 to 1914, funding to science faculties considerably dropped, eventually leading to a financial crisis in France. == Present use == Today the academy is one of five academies comprising the Institut de France. Its members are elected for life. Currently, there are 150 full members, 300 corresponding members, and 120 foreign associates. They are divided into two scientific groups: the Mathematical and Physical sciences and their applications and the Chemical, Biological, Geological and Medical sciences and their applications. The academy currently has five missions that it pursues. These being the encouraging of the scientific life, promoting the teaching of science, transmitting knowledge between scientific communities, fostering international collaborations, and ensuring


id: georgian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Georgian National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:38.506354+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: georgian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) (Georgian: საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია, romanized: sakartvelos metsnierebata erovnuli ak'ademia) is the main learned society of Georgia. It was named the Georgian SSR Academy of Sciences until November 1990. The Academy coordinates scientific research in Georgia and develops relationships with the academies and scientific centers of foreign countries. == History == GNAS was established in February 1941, in Tbilisi. It integrates 9 scientific research institutions of the Georgian branch of the All-Soviet Academy of Sciences, as well as the Georgian National Museum, the Geological Institute, the I. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, etc., a total of 14 scientific research institutions, covering linguistics, physiology, mathematics, botany, geology and other fields, divided into the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and the Department of Social Sciences. The founder Academicians of the Academy were Giorgi Akhvlediani (linguistics), Ivane Beritashvili (physiology), Arnold Chikobava (Ibero-Caucasian languages), Giorgi Chubinashvili (arts), Simon Janashia (history), Alexander Janelidze (geology), Korneli Kekelidze (philology), Niko Ketskhoveli (botany), Tarasi Kvaratskhelia (subtropical cultures), Niko Muskhelishvili (mathematics, mechanics; first President of the Academy), Ilia Vekua (mathematics; second President of the Academy), Akaki Shanidze (linguistics), Alexander Tvalchrelidze (mineralogy), Dimitri Uznadze (psychology), Kiriak Zavriev (constructive mechanics) and Philip Zaitsev (zoology).


id: german-academy-of-sciences-at-berlin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin-0.md
category: reference
title: German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:39.908255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-academy-of-sciences-at-berlin-20260505-0
summary:
The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, German: Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (DAW), in 1972 renamed the Academy of Sciences of the GDR (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, abbreviated to AdW), was the most eminent research institution of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR). The DAW was the continuation of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (founded as Brandenburg Society of Sciences in 1700 by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz), which after end of war 1945 adapted to new conditions and therefore had performed denazification, changed its structure, its statute and its name. It was then reopened 1946 in the Eastern Sector of Berlin by the Russian military government SMAD. The academy was a learned society (scholarship society), in which awarded membership via election constituted scientific recognition. Unlike other academies of science, the DAW was also the host organization of a scientific community of non-academic research institutes. Upon German reunification, the Academy's learned society was dissociated from its research institutes and any other affiliates and eventually dissolved in 1992. Since 1993, activities of the AdW's members and college have been continued by the newly established Leibniz Scientific Society (Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften). The AdW's pending and unfinished research projects and holdings were


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-0.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (German: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina – Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften), in short Leopoldina, is the national academy of Germany, and is located in Halle (Saale). Founded on 1 January 1652, based on academic models in Italy, it was originally named the Academia Naturae Curiosorum until 1687 when Emperor Leopold I raised it to an academy and named it after himself. It was since known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared to be Germany's National Academy of Sciences. == History == The Leopoldina was founded in the imperial city of Schweinfurt on 1 January 1652 under the Latin name Academia Naturae Curiosorum, sometimes translated into English as "Academy of the Curious as to Nature." It was founded by four local physicians – Johann Laurentius Bausch, the first president of the society, Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Metzger, and Georg Balthasar Wohlfarth; and was the only academy like it at the time making it the oldest academy of science in Germany. The archives of Leopoldina are some of the oldest in the world based on the fact that the records date back to the 17th


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-1.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
At first, the society conducted its business by correspondence and was located wherever the president was working., pp. 8–9 After Schweinfurt, the Academy was rooted in many places before it was permanently located in Halle in 1878. Following Schweinfurt in chronological order: Nuremberg, Augsburg, Altdorf, Erfurt, Halle, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bonn, Breslau (currently Wrocław, Poland), Jena, Dresden, and finally Halle., pp. 8–9 There were many efforts during years of national prosperity to elevate the Academy to the status of a 'national institute,' but all such early efforts failed. In those times the Academy was not on the nation's agenda at a political or academic level. Later, however, its members began to enrich the Academy with an obligation to be present at its proceedings so as to improve their public standing. Thus they began to hold regular monthly meetings, even in the challenging conditions of 1924,, pp. 8–9 which had to be attended by all local members. When Adolf Hitler became Germany's Chancellor in 1933, the Leopoldina started to exclude its Jewish members. Albert Einstein was the first victim because of public pressure. In 1938 there followed a declaration to the Nazi government that all Jewish members had been excluded, while in


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-2.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
Three quarters of the members are from German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and one quarter from about 30 other nations. The election to membership of the Leopoldina is the highest academic honour awarded by an institution in Germany. Some laureates are also fellows of the Leopoldina. Among the most noted of fellows are for instance: Christian Ludwig Brehm Adolf Butenandt James B. Conant Manfred Eigen Albert Einstein (excluded 1933 for being Jewish) Gerhard Ertl Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Ernst Haeckel Otto Hahn Theodor W. Hänsch Paula Hertwig Joseph Lister Alexander Oparin Wilhelm Ostwald Max Planck Carl Friedrich von Weizäcker Members might also attribute discoveries and success to the academy. For example, the asteroid 893 Leopoldina is named in its honour. == Leadership == At the head of the Academy there is a Presidium, elected by the Senate, consisting of the President, acting as the chair, four Vice Presidents, and other members at large. These position terms are five years long and can only be held twice by the same person. The Senate of the Academy currently consists of 39 members representing different sections and disciplines of science, as well as representatives from Switzerland and Austria. Senate members serve for four


id: hellenic-agricultural-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Agricultural_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Hellenic Agricultural Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Agricultural_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:42.433480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hellenic-agricultural-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Hellenic Agricultural Academy, also known as HAA (Greek: Ελληνική Γεωργική Ακαδημία), is an independent, non-profit Greek scientific organization (academy) based in Athens at the Agricultural University of Athens. It is active in the scientific fields of agronomy and forestry, biotechnology, veterinary medicine and animal science, food sciences and nutririon, ecology and natural environment, and agricultural economics. == History == The Hellenic Agricultural Academy was founded in 2000 by a group of scientists representing a wide range of disciplines, including agricultural sciences, forestry, veterinary medicine, food technology, and environmental sciences. Following its establishment, the academy joined the Union of European Academies for Sciences applied to Agriculture, Food and Nature (UEAA). Since 2001, it has been a full member of the UEAA, a pan-European network of academies that promotes scientific research and cooperation on issues related to agriculture, food, and the environment. The UEAA supports networking among scientists at the European level and the exchange of knowledge among its member states. For the 2024–2026 term, President of the HAA is Dr. Sophia Efstratoglou, Emerita Professor at the Agricultural University of Athens, and Vice President is Dr. Georgios-Ioannis Nychas, Emeritus Professor at the Agricultural University of Athens. == Core purpose and mission


id: historical-and-literary-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_and_Literary_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Historical and Literary Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_and_Literary_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:43.743201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: historical-and-literary-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Historical and Literary Society, (Polish: Towarzystwo Historyczno-literackie, French: Société historique et littéraire polonaise – SHLP) a successor organisation to the Literary Society, was founded in Paris in 1832 as a Polish political and cultural association by a group that included Alexandre Walewski, Napoleon's natural son and future minister of foreign affairs of Napoleon III. Its founding chairman was Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and from 1861, his son, Wladyslaw Czartoryski. The society's original aim was "to collect and publicise materials relating to the former Kingdom of Poland, its current circumstances and future prospects, in the context of maintaining and encouraging in the opinion of nations the sympathy they have directed towards Poland. It found not only sympathy but support and practical assistance in the higher échelons of French society. It is co-owner of the Polish Library in Paris. == History == The society was called into being by the first wave of Polish émigrés fleeing the aftermath of the collapse of the November uprising in partitioned Poland. The society's charter was signed on 29 April 1832. Among its original founding members were Józef Bem, Teodor Morawski, Ludwik Plater, Andrzej Plichta, Jan Nepomucen Umiński. Among influential French supporters were the part Scots,


id: hungarian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Hungarian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:45.060294+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hungarian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲoʃ ˈɒkɒdeːmijɒ], MTA) is Hungary's foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The academy's primary functions include the advancement of scientific knowledge, the dissemination of research findings, the support of research and development, and the representation of science in Hungary both domestically and around the world. == History == The origins of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences date back to 1825, when Count István Széchenyi offered one year's income from his estate to establish a Learned Society. He made this offer during a session of the Diet in Pressburg (Pozsony, now Bratislava), then the seat of the Hungarian Parliament. Inspired by his gesture, other delegates soon followed suit. The Society's mission was defined as the development of the Hungarian language and the promotion of sciences and the arts in the Hungarian language. It was officially named the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1845. The academy's central building, designed in the Renaissance Revival architecture by architect Friedrich August Stüler, was inaugurated in 1865. == Sections == Within the academy, scientific sections are organized according


id: imperial-mexican-academy-of-science-and-literature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature-0.md
category: reference
title: Imperial Mexican Academy of Science and Literature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:01.849574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imperial-mexican-academy-of-science-and-literature-20260505-0
summary:
The Imperial Academy of Science and Literature (Academia Imperial de Ciencias y Literatura) was founded by Emperor Maximilian under the Second Mexican Empire by a decree published on April 10, 1865, with the aim of promoting and protecting the activities of professional academics. It was to be composed of three departments: science and mathematics, philosophy and history, and philology and literature. José Fernando Ramírez was named president and named to the philosophy and history department. To the science and mathematics department was named Leopoldo Río de la Loza, Miguel F. Jiménez, head of the school of medicine, Joaquin de Mier y Teran professor of mathematics at the College of Mining, and Antonio del Castillo. To the philosophy and history department were named the lawyers Pascual Almazan, Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, and the lawyer Manuel Orozco y Berra. To the philology and literature department were named Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Jose Maria Barcena, Francisco Pimentel and José María Lacunza. The academy was inaugurated on July 6 in the grand ballroom of Chapultepec Castle in the presence of both the Emperor and the Empress. Maximilian gave a speech highlighting government efforts to improve the technology of the nation including in the fields of agriculture,


id: national-academy-of-sciences-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences, India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:03.071948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-india-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences, India, also known as NASI, was established in 1930 and is the oldest science academy of India. It is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Prof. Meghnad Saha was the founder president. == Fellows == Sneh Bhargava Suddhasatwa Basu Sudha Bhattacharya Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah Vinod Krishan Suhas S. Joshi Neelam Sangwan Rajender Singh Sangwan Ram Parikshan Roy == Publications == Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India was a peer-review scientific journal established in 1930. It split in two parts in 1942. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences The academy also publishes National Academy Science Letters. NASI published the Proceedings of NASI, Sec. A & B, each in IV parts and National Academy Science Letters in VI parts, in collaboration with the Springer Nature, every year. National Academy Science Letters received Impact Factor (IF) as 1.2 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; about 1200 papers were received from thirty countries/regions every year. PNASI, Sec. A received Impact Factor (IF) as 0.80 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; and about 450 papers were received from twenty-five countries/regions every year. The


id: indian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:04.337906+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore was founded by Indian Physicist and Nobel Laureate C. V. Raman, and was registered as a society on 27 April 1934. Inaugurated on 31 July 1934, it began with 65 founding fellows. The first general meeting of Fellows, held on the same day, elected Raman as president, and adopted the constitution of the Academy. == Objectives == The aims of the Academy are to: Promote progress in pure and applied branches of science. Encourage important research in various branches of science. Represent the scientific work of India internationally. Publish work relating to scientific research initiated by the Academy, Provincial Academies, Universities and Government Scientific Institutions. Organise meetings of Committees and Conferences to discuss papers submitted to the Academy. Advise Government and other bodies on scientific and other matters referred to the Academy. == Publications == The first issue of the Academy Proceedings appeared in two sections in July 1934. They were split into two in July 1935 – one part devoted to physical sciences and the other to life sciences. In 1973 the Academy's publications were further split into several journals aimed as specific scientific disciplines. Since 1978 the Academy has published a monthly


id: indian-national-science-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian National Science Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:05.620222+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-national-science-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is a national academy in New Delhi for Indian scientists in all branches of science and technology. In 2015 INSA has constituted a junior wing for young scientists in the country named Indian National Young Academy of Sciences (INYAS) in line with other national young academies. INYAS is the academy for young scientists in India as a national young academy and is affiliated with Global Young Academy. INYAS is also a signatory of the declaration on the Core Values of Young Academies, adopted at World Science Forum, Budapest on 20 November 2019. Prof.Shekhar C. Mande is the serving president (2026-present). == History == The origins of INSA can be traced back to the founding of National Institute of Sciences in India (NISI) in the year 1935 in Calcutta (now Kolkata). The basic objective was and continues to be to promote, nurture and safeguard the interests of sciences and scientists. The NISI was recognized by the Government of India, as a Premier National Scientific Society. NISI moved to its present premises in Delhi in 1951. A Government of India's decision in 1968 mandated INSA to represent India in all the international science fora. In 1970,


id: indonesian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Indonesian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:06.862893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indonesian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Indonesian Academy of Sciences (Indonesian: Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (AIPI)) is an independent nonstructural Indonesian institution that was formally regulated and established in 1990, formed in 1956 as Indonesian Assembly of Sciences (Majelis Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, MIPI) then restructured in 1967 to become Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), to assemble leading Indonesian scientists for the purposes of giving opinions, suggestions, and considerations on their own initiatives and/or requests regarding the mastery, development, and utilization of science and technology for the national government and its citizen. == External links == AIPI's official website


id: institute-of-history-of-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of History of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:08.086747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-history-of-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Abbasgulu Bakikhanov of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a scientific research institute affiliated with ANAS. == History == Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences of History and Ethnology Institute was established in 1935 as an independent History, Archeology and Ethnography Institute which was subject to Azerbaijani Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The institute has been operating since 1936. Within the structure of USSR Academy of Sciences’ Azerbaijani branch, the institute started function as a separate scientific research institution since 1940. When the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences was organized in 1945 the History Institute was incorporated into its structure as an independent scientific institution. Later, in 1951, the Institute of History was transformed into the Institute of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR and in 1956, after the creation of the Philosophy Sector affiliated with EA of Azerbaijan, it again began to function as an independent institute. In 1974, the Archeology and Ethnography Sector was established which initially operated as dependent bodies on History Institute, but since 1993, it has become a body. == Heads of the institute == The Institute of History and


id: institute-of-physics-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:09.274097+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-physics-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Physics of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a research institution that is part of the structure of Physical, Mathematical and Technical Sciences Department of the National Academy of Sciences. The director of the institute is academician Nazim Mammadov. The institute is located in Baku city. == History == In 1945, the Institute of Physics and Mathematics was established on the basis of the physics sector of the Azerbaijani branch of the Transcaucasian section of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1959, Institute of Physics and Mathematics were reorganized and became 2 independent institutes: Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics and Institute of Physics. The first chairman of the department was academician İ.Q.Yesman. In 1950-1954, the department was headed by academician Y.Mammadaliyev. Between 1954 and 1957, academician M. Naghiyev took this position and served as academician-secretary (it shortly before had replaced "chairman" position). From 1957 to 1993, the director of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics, and then the Institute of Physics, was Academician Hasan Abdullayev. == Structure == The following sectors exist within the structure of Institute; Independent Trade Union, Women Council, Council of Young Scientists and Specialists, Information Sector, Interdisciplinary Sector, Innovation Sector and General


id: iraqi-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Iraqi Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:10.487333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iraqi-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Iraqi Academy of Sciences (Arabic: المجمع العلمي العراقي) is an academy in Baghdad founded in 1947 for the purpose of developing and regulating the Arabic language in Iraq and the Arab World. The Academy also has two other departments to regulate and develop Kurdish and Aramaic (Syriac) in Iraq; those two departments were founded in 1963. It was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The current president is Mohammed Husayn Al Yaseen, professor of Arabic at University of Baghdad. == See also == List of language regulators == References == == External links == Homepage in Arabic


id: israel-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities-0.md
category: reference
title: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:11.728636+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: israel-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
summary:
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, based in Jerusalem, was established in 1961 by the State of Israel to foster contact between Israeli scholars in the sciences and humanities and create a think tank for advising the government on research projects of national importance. Its members include many of Israel's most distinguished scholars. The offices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities are located next door to the official residence of the President of Israel and the Council for Higher Education in Israel in Albert Einstein Square in Jerusalem. In the sciences, the Academy funds projects on the geology, flora, and fauna of Israel, and facilitates the participation of Israeli scientists in research at international projects, such as high-energy physics at CERN and synchrotron radiation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Israel has the highest concentration of scientists and engineers in the world. The academy funds a number of prestigious awards in the sciences including the Alon Prize. In the humanities, research is funded into the study of the Tanakh and Talmud, Jewish history, Jewish philosophy, Jewish art, and the Hebrew language, as well as Hebrew prose and poetry. The Academy administers the Einstein Fellowships fund, which fosters relations


id: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-0.md
category: reference
title: Accademia dei Lincei
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
summary:
The Accademia dei Lincei, anglicised as the Lincean Academy, was an Italian accademia active from 1603 to 1651. It was established in Rome in 1603 by Federico Cesi, and was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the acuity that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. Cesi died in 1630, and the academy was dissolved in or before 1651. During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Papal States and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, established in 1936, claims this heritage as the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynx-Eyed"), founded in 1847, descending from the first two incarnations of the academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns. == First Accademia == The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from Rome) who was passionately interested in natural history – particularly botany. Cesi's father disapproved


id: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-1.md
category: reference
title: Accademia dei Lincei
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
summary:
=== Members === Federico Cesi – founder Giovanni Demisiani – Greek theologian, chemist, mathematician, coined name "telescope" Anastasio de Filiis – polymath Johannes van Heeck – Dutch physician Giambattista della Porta – Italian scholar, polymath and playwright Adam Elsheimer – German artist Johann Faber – German physician and botanist, coined name "microscope" Galileo Galilei – Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath Francesco Stelluti – mathematician Nicola Antonio Stigliola – Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor Luca Valerio – Italian mathematician Giovanni Ciampoli – poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII Virginio Cesarini – poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII == Accademia re-foundation == In 1801, Abbot Feliciano Scarpellini and Gioacchino Pessuti, with the patronage of Francesco Caetani, founded the Accademia Caetani which took the name of Accademia dei Lincei. The period from 1801 to 1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s. During the French domination of the Accademia,


id: istituto-lombardo-accademia-di-scienze-e-lettere-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere-0.md
category: reference
title: Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:15.427341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: istituto-lombardo-accademia-di-scienze-e-lettere-20260505-0
summary:
The Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere is an Italian academy founded by Napoleon in 1797. At the time of the foundation the Istituto was an institution of the Cisalpine Republic and its name was Istituto Nazionale della Repubblica Cisalpina. The first location of the Istituto was Bologna and the academy was bound to include no more than 60 members. The first 31 were appointed by Napoleon in 1802 and the first president was Alessandro Volta, who started serving in 1803. The Istituto was concerned with Natural Sciences, Political Sciences and Arts. Upon requests of its members, in 1810 Napoleon changed the name of the Istituto in Istituto Reale di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Its new location was Palazzo Brera in Milan, where it is still located nowadays. Additional sections were then added in Bologna, Verona, Padua and Venice. At Napoleon's fall the Istituto passed under the administration of the Austrian government and then, since 1859 until 1935, under the administration of the Italian government. From 1935 the Istituto is a private no profit association. In 1959 Istituto Lombardo moved to a new location, Palazzo Landriani, where are now located the library and the archive, many storages and the


id: royal-academy-of-italy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academy of Italy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:16.617048+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academy-of-italy-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academy of Italy (Italian: Reale Accademia d'Italia) was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree, but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was effectively dissolved in 1943 with the fall of Mussolini, and was finally suppressed on 28 September 1944. All of its functions and assets, including the Villa Farnesina, were passed to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Until 25 April 1945 it continued some activity in the Villa Carlotta on Lake Como near Tremezzo in Lombardy. The declared purpose of the academy was "to promote and coordinate Italian intellectual activity in the sciences, the humanities, and the arts, to preserve the integrity of the national spirit, according to the genius and tradition of the race, and to encourage their diffusion [abroad]". == Structure and history == The Academy was modelled upon the prestigious French Academy. The Academy selected sixty Italians chosen for their scientific, literary, and artistic achievements. Those sixty members were divided into four groups of fifteen, representing the physical sciences, moral sciences (including history), arts, and letters (literature). Politically the Academy served to unify and strengthen the Fascist regime's hold on intellectual


id: japan-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Japan Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:17.869026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: japan-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Japan Academy (Japanese: 日本学士院, Nihon Gakushiin) is an honorary organisation and science academy founded in 1879 to bring together leading Japanese scholars with distinguished records of scientific achievements. The Academy is currently an extraordinary organ of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology with its headquarters located in Taito, Tokyo, Japan. Election to the Academy is considered the highest distinction a scholar can achieve, and members enjoy life tenure and an annual monetary stipend. == History == In 1873, Meiroku-sha (Meiroku Society) was founded. The main people of Meiroku-sha involved in Meiroku-sha were from Kaiseijo (later transformed into University of Tokyo) and Keio Gijuku. In an effort to replicate the institutional landscape found in many Western nations, the leaders of the Meiji government sought to create a national academy of scholars and scientists modelled to the British Royal Society. In 1879, Nishi Amane was made the head of what was then called the Tokyo Academy. In 1906, it was renamed the Imperial Academy, and in 1947 it was renamed the Japan Academy. == Prizes awarded == The Imperial Prize and Japan Academy Prize are awarded to persons who have achieved notable research landmarks or who have authored


id: kazakhstan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:19.093553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kazakhstan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) is the highest scientific organization of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Academy of Sciences was founded on 1 June 1946 on the basis of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The central office is located in Almaty. It is a state institution that joins active members (academicians), corresponding members, and leading scientists of Kazakhstan. The main activities of the Academy are scientific research, analysis and forecasting of the development of science, priorities of science development and scientific personnel training, support, formation, and coordination of scientific programs, promotion of international cooperation, innovation and investment in science-based development. Areas of research include earth sciences, mathematics, computer science, physics, remote sensing and space technologies, chemistry, new materials, biologically active substances, biochemistry and physiology of plants, botany, soil sciences, social sciences and humanities. The incumbent president (as of 2022) is Professor Murat Zhurinov. == History of Academy == The first scientific institutions appeared in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. At the first stage, these were agricultural institutions that was conducting research on seed variety. === Kazakh


id: kyrgyz-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:20.329787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyrgyz-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences (official name: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan), (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук илимдер академиясы), originally part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was established as an independent entity by government decree in December 1993. The aims of the academy are to carry out research in natural, engineering, and social sciences, to train scientists in all fields of knowledge, to advise the government in matters of scientific policy, and to disseminate knowledge. The academy defines the research topics in the national research institutions, coordinates basic research funded by the state, participates in international organizations, and organizes symposia and conferences to discuss scientific issues and coordinate research. As of 2008, there are 37 academicians, 57 corresponding members, and 7 foreign members. Academician Kanat Abdrakhmatov was elected to a position as the new president of the Academy on 28 November 2022. == History == The history of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences begins in 1943 when Kyrgyz Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. It included institutes of geology, biology, chemistry, language, and history. An increasing potential of the branch resulted in establishing the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR by a


id: latvian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Latvian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:21.591374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: latvian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Latvian Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Latviensis) is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the country's foremost scientists. The academy was founded as the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija). It is located in Riga. The current president of the academy is Ivars Kalviņš. == Building == The Academy of Sciences edifice was built after World War II, between 1951 and 1961, collecting the necessary financing from the newly established kolkhozes in Latvia and – as further expenses increased, collecting the finances as "voluntary donations" deducted from the salaries of the Latvian rural population. The building is decorated with several hammer and sickle symbols as well as Latvian folk ornaments and motifs. The spire was originally decorated with a wreath and a five pointed star, which was removed after Latvia regained independence in 1991. Being 108 metres (354 ft) tall, it was the first skyscraper in the republic and was the tallest building until the construction of the Swedbank Headquarters in Latvia (121 metres, 397 ft), and at the time, one of the highest reinforced concrete buildings in the world. The building, designed by Osvalds


id: lebanese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lebanese Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:22.788041+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lebanese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Lebanese Academy of Sciences, known officially by its French name Académie des Sciences du Liban (ASL), is a learned society dedicated to promoting the growth, invigoration, and dissemination of the sciences in Lebanon, and to fostering a world-class scientific culture in the country. The ASL was recognized by a decree of the Government of the Republic of Lebanon in August 2007. == Mission == According to its charter, the ASL aims to Provide independent advice and guidance to governmental and private institutions on matters of scientific research and education. Encourage, initiate and aid research and educational programs in the sciences. Help the dissemination and promulgation of the results of scientific research. Facilitate the exchange of ideas and results with similar institutions around the world. Bestow awards and honors on distinguished scientists. Exhort young Lebanese men and women to consider careers in the sciences. Strengthen the links between the sciences and society by addressing the needs of the population, public health, the economy and the environment. == History == The formation of the ASL was shepherded by the French Academy of Sciences, which also hosted the first meeting of the ASL in Paris on June 27, 2008. The first meeting


id: lithuanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:24.125974+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lithuanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences or LMA (Lithuanian: Lietuvos mokslų akademija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Lithuaniae) is a state-funded independent organization in Lithuania dedicated for science and research. Its mission is to mobilize prominent scientists and initiate activities that would strengthen the welfare of Lithuania and contribute to the scientific, social, cultural and you economic development of the country. == History == The idea of establishing the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was proposed in 1773 by Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt and other members of Vilnius University in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but it was not implemented due to wars and conflicts in the region. The idea of an independent institution for science and research was revived during the Lithuanian National Revival with the main proponents of it being the members of the Lithuanian Scientific Society, including Jonas Basanavičius and Jonas Šliūpas. However, the implementation began only in 1939, initially with the establishment of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. The institute was a basis of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences which was formally established on 16 January 1941. Its first president was Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius. On 9 June 1988, the Sąjūdis movement was started from the Academy’s conference hall. In 1989, the


id: macedonian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:25.351190+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macedonian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Macedonian: Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, МАНУ, romanized: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, MANU) is an academic institution in North Macedonia. == History == The Academy of Sciences and Arts was established by the Socialist Republic of Macedonia's assembly on 23 February 1967 as the highest scientific, scholarly and artistic institution in the country with the aim of monitoring and stimulating the sciences and arts. The Academy's objectives are to survey the cultural heritage and natural resources, to assist in the planning of a national policy regarding the sciences and arts, to stimulate, co-ordinate, organize and conduct scientific and scholarly research and to promote artistic achievement, especially where particularly relevant to North Macedonia. In 2009, MANU published the Macedonian Encyclopedia, a scientific encyclopedia of North Macedonia. The issuance of the encyclopedia caused a serious protest due to its content, and its authors have been subjected to severe criticism. Such reactions arose in the neighboring Greece, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Albania. It was urgently withdrawn. The reason behind this was political pressure from US and UK diplomats. In February 2021 the members of the MANU requested that the recent Law proposal for the


id: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias) is a non-profit organization comprising over 1800 Mexican scientists, attached to various institutions in the country, as well as a number of foreign colleagues, including various Nobel Prize winners. == Principles and mission == To maintain its independent status To serve as a spokesman for the scientific community with society and the Mexican state To advocate quality, professionalism and honesty in scientific research, training and dissemination To foster the development and consolidation of the Mexican scientific community To ensure that the aim of the production, implementation and dissemination of scientific knowledge is always to develop the creative and intellectual capacities of individuals and society == Objectives == To group together the most outstanding researchers in Mexico in the various areas of science and to promote public recognition of their work To encourage scientific research, training and dissemination in Mexico To advocate the fullest utilization of Mexican researchers' production To seek national and international recognition of Mexican scientists To promote and direct exchange with scientific organizations and communities in other countries == Executive Board of Directors == According to AMC's statutes, the Directive Council is responsible for supervising and managing all the


