# kb

id: list-of-digital-library-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of digital library projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:02:54.428267+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-digital-library-projects-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of digital library projects. == See also == Bibliographic database List of academic databases and search engines List of online databases List of online encyclopedias List of open-access journals List of search engines == References ==


id: list-of-online-digital-musical-document-libraries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_digital_musical_document_libraries-0.md
category: reference
title: List of online digital musical document libraries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_digital_musical_document_libraries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:02:55.730352+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-online-digital-musical-document-libraries-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of online digital musical document libraries. Each source listed below offers access to collections of digitized music documents (typically originating from printed or manuscript musical sources). They may contain scanned images, fully encoded scores, or encodings designed for music playback (e.g., via MIDI). Some (e.g., KernScores) are adapted for music analysis. == See also == Virtual Library of Musicology List of online music databases == References ==


id: list-of-distributed-computing-conferences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_conferences-0.md
category: reference
title: List of distributed computing conferences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_conferences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:02:56.993816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-distributed-computing-conferences-20260505-0
summary:
This is a selected list of international academic conferences in the fields of distributed computing, parallel computing, and concurrent computing. == Selection criteria == The conferences listed here are major conferences of the area; they have been selected using the following criteria:- the notability of the conference has been confirmed by multiple independent sources; for example, it has been mentioned in textbooks or other sources, or it has received a high ranking the conference focuses on distributed and parallel computing (instead of having a much broader scope such as algorithms in general) the conference covers a reasonably large part of the fields of distributed and parallel computing (instead of focusing on a narrow sub-topic). For the first criterion, references are provided; criteria 2–3 are usually clear from the name of the conference. == Conferences == CCGrid — IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Internet Computing sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Scalable Computing (TCSC) and ARC SIGARCH Organized annually since 2001 DISC — International Symposium on Distributed Computing formerly: WDAG — Workshop on Distributed Algorithms on Graphs organized in cooperation with the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) ICDCS — International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems


id: list-of-dvd-authoring-software-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_software-0.md
category: reference
title: List of DVD authoring software
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_software
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:02:58.334449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-dvd-authoring-software-20260505-0
summary:
The following applications can be used to create playable DVDs. == Free software == Free software implementations often lack features such as encryption and region coding due to licensing restrictions issues, and depending on the demands of the DVD producer, may not be considered suitable for mass-market use. DeVeDe (Linux) DVD Flick (Windows only) DVDStyler (Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux using wxWidgets. Recent versions are bundled with Potentially Unwanted Programs that may accidentally be installed unless care is taken during installation.) == Professional studio software == MAGIX Vegas DVD Architect (previously known as Sony Creative Software's DVD Architect Pro) (discontinued) Apple DVD Studio Pro (Mac) (discontinued) Sonic DVDit Pro (formerly DVD Producer) (discontinued) Adobe Encore (EOL / discontinued) Sonic DVD Creator (discontinued) == Professional corporate software == MAGIX Vegas DVD Architect (previously known as Sony Creative Software's DVD Architect Pro) (discontinued) Adobe Encore (Last version is CS6, bundled with Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 / EOL) (discontinued) Sonic Scenarist SD/BD/UHD MediaChance DVD-lab (discontinued) == Home == Apple iDVD (Mac) (discontinued) CyberLink Media Suite Nero Vision Pinnacle Studio Roxio Easy Media Creator Roxio Toast (for Mac OS) Sonic MyDVD TMPGEnc DVD Author Ulead DVD MovieFactory Windows DVD Maker (discontinued) WinDVD Creator


id: list-of-dvd-manufacturers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of DVD manufacturers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:02:59.630755+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-dvd-manufacturers-20260505-0
summary:
This aims to be a complete list of DVD manufacturers. This list may not be complete or up to date. If you see a manufacturer that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly. This list is only a list of brand names for DVDs and not an actual manufacturers list. == A == Aiwa Akai Alba Amazon Amstrad Apex Digital Apple Acme Acer Asus == B == Bang & Olufsen BenQ Bose Bush == C == CMC Magnetics Craig Electronics == D == Daewoo Electronics Denon Dell == E == Emerson == F == Facebook Funai Fukuda == G == GE Google Grundig == H == Harman/kardon Hitachi Hewlett-Packard == I == Imation == J == JVC == K == == L == Lenovo LG LiteOn Loewe == M == Magnavox Marantz Maxell Medion Memorex Microsoft Windows Mitsubishi Electric Moser Baer == N == NEC == O == Onn Oppo Orion Electric == P == Panasonic Philips Pioneer ProScan == R == RCA Ritek Ricoh == S == Samsung Sanyo Sharp Sony Sylvania Symphonic SM Pictures == T == Teac Technics Technika Thomson Toshiba == U == Ultradisc ==


id: list-of-early-microcomputers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_microcomputers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of early microcomputers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_microcomputers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:00.793747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-early-microcomputers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s. These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. Most early micros came without alphanumeric keyboards or displays, which had to be provided by the user. RAM was quite small in the unexpanded systems (a few hundred bytes to a few kilobytes). By 1976 the number of pre-assembled machines was growing, and the 1977 introduction of the "trinity" of Commodore PET, TRS-80 and Apple II generally marks the end of the "early" microcomputer era, and the advent of the consumer home computer era that followed. == Discrete logic == Before the advent of microprocessors, it was possible to build small computers using small-scale integrated circuits (ICs), where each IC contained only a few logic gates or flip-flops. The Kenbak-1 (1971) used small-scale integration transistor–transistor logic (TTL) ICs and had 256 bytes of memory. It was priced at USD 750 and sold only 40 units. Datapoint 2200 (shipped 1971) was the first machine designed


id: features-new-to-windows-11-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-0.md
category: reference
title: Features new to Windows 11
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:02.179596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: features-new-to-windows-11-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 11 is the current major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. Released on October 5, 2021, Windows 11 succeeds the previous major release, Windows 10. Major updates introduced with the product include a redesigned user interface, new productivity and collaboration features, and updates to security and accessibility. As a current release, the operating system receives annual feature enhancements, such as the addition of artificial intelligence features like Microsoft Copilot which launched in 2023. == Windows Shell == Fluent Design System: Updates the Fluent Design System, a design language introduced by Microsoft in 2017, are featured in Windows 11. According to Microsoft, the design of Windows 11 is "effortless, calm, personal, familiar, complete, and coherent." The redesign focuses on simplicity, ease of use, and flexibility, addressing some of the deficiencies of Windows 10. Most interfaces in Windows 11 feature rounded geometry, refreshed iconography, new typography, and a refreshed color palette. In addition, translucency and shadows are made more prevalent throughout the system. Windows 11 also introduces "Mica", a new opaque Material that is tinted with the color of the desktop wallpaper. Start Menu: The Start menu has been significantly redesigned in Windows 11, adhering to the principles of the


id: features-new-to-windows-11-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-1.md
category: reference
title: Features new to Windows 11
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:02.179596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: features-new-to-windows-11-20260505-0
summary:
== Input == Touch Keyboard: Windows 11 introduces thirteen new themes to customize the touch keyboard, including 3 hardware-matching themes that match the Surface keyboard colors. It also adds a new theme engine that allows the user to create a custom theme using background images. In addition, Windows 11 adds the ability to resize the touch keyboard. Voice Typing: Windows 11 includes a new voice typing launcher to easily start voice typing in a selected field. It is turned off by default, but it can be turned on in Settings and placed in any area of the screen. Touch Improvements: Windows 11 also features an improvement to touch-based interactions. Tablet mode is removed; instead, Windows will automatically adapt when needed. New and improved gestures can be used on tablets and touchscreens. App windows now have larger touch targets and will automatically arrange themselves in split view when the screen is rotated. Windows 11 seems to be optimized for desktops and tablets instead of prioritizing the latter like Windows 8, prioritizing the latter like Windows 8.1, or separating them both and Windows 10. Pen Menu: For digital pen users, a new pen menu has been added, which is accessible by clicking


id: features-new-to-windows-11-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-2.md
category: reference
title: Features new to Windows 11
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:02.179596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: features-new-to-windows-11-20260505-0
summary:
== Bundled software == Microsoft Store, which serves as a unified storefront for apps and other content, is also redesigned in Windows 11. Microsoft now allows developers to distribute Windows API, progressive web applications, and other packaging technologies in the Microsoft Store, alongside the standard Universal Windows Platform apps. The new Microsoft Store will also enable users to install Android apps onto their devices via the Amazon Appstore. This feature will require a Microsoft account, an Amazon account, and a one-time install for Windows Amazon Appstore client. Microsoft Teams: This collaboration platform is directly integrated into Windows 11. Skype is no longer bundled with the OS. Teams will appear as an icon in the Windows taskbar, letting users message and call their contacts instantly. Settings: The app has been redesigned to be visually pleasing and easy to use in Windows 11. It has a left-handed navigation that persists between pages, and it adds breadcrumbs as the user navigates deeper into the settings to help them know where they are and to not get lost. The Settings app also includes brand new pages, with new controls at the top that highlight key information and frequently used settings for the user to


id: fibre-channel-network-protocols-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols-0.md
category: reference
title: Fibre Channel network protocols
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:03.461650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fibre-channel-network-protocols-20260505-0
summary:
Fibre Channel network protocols is used for communication between devices in a fibre channel network == Transmission words and ordered sets == All Fibre Channel communication is done in units of four 10-bit codes. This group of 4 codes is called a transmission word. An ordered set is a transmission word that includes some combination of control (K) codes and data (D) codes. == AL_PAs == Each device has an Arbitrated Loop Physical Address (AL_PA). These addresses are defined by an 8-bit field but must have neutral disparity as defined in the 8b/10b coding scheme. That reduces the number of possible values from 256 to 134. The 134 possible values have been divided between the fabric, FC_AL ports, and other special purposes as follows: == Meta-data == In addition to the transfer of data, it is necessary for Fibre Channel communication to include some metadata. This allows for the setting up of links, sequence management, and other control functions. The meta-data falls into two types, primitives which consist of a 4 character transmission word and non-data frames which are more complex structures. == Primitives == All primitives are four characters in length. They begin with the control character K28.5, followed


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
Computers have often been used as fictional objects in literature, films, and in other forms of media. Fictional computers may be depicted as considerably more sophisticated than anything yet devised in the real world. Fictional computers may be referred to with a made-up manufacturer's brand name and model number or a nickname. This is a list of computers or fictional artificial intelligences that have appeared in notable works of fiction. The work may be about the computer, or the computer may be an important element of the story. Only static computers are included. Robots and other fictional computers that are described as existing in a mobile or humanlike form are discussed in a separate list of fictional robots and androids. == Literature == === Before 1950 === The Engine, a mechanical writer of books featured in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Eric A. Weiss asserts that it is an early fictional device that resembles artificial intelligence (1726) The Machine from E. M. Forster's short story "The Machine Stops" (1909) The Brain from Lionel Britton’s Brain: A Play of the Whole Earth (1930) The Government Machine from Miles J. Breuer's short story "Mechanocracy" (1932) The Brain from Laurence Manning's novel The Man


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-1.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1960s === Vulcan 2 and Vulcan 3, sentient supercomputers in Philip K. Dick's novel Vulcan's Hammer (1960) Great Coordinator or Robot-Regent, a partially to fully sentient extraterrestrial supercomputer, built to control and drive the scientifically and technologically advanced Great Arconide Empire as the Arconides have become decadent and unable to govern themselves. From the science fiction series Perry Rhodan (1961) Merlin from the H. Beam Piper novel The Cosmic Computer (originally Junkyard Planet) (1963) Simulacron-3, the third generation of a virtual reality system originally depicted in the science fiction novel Simulacron-3 (a.k.a. "Counterfeit World") by Daniel F. Galouye (1964) and later in film adaptations World on a Wire (1973) and The Thirteenth Floor (1999) GENiE (GEneralized Nonlinear Extrapolator), from the Keith Laumer novel The Great Time Machine Hoax (1964) Muddlehead, the sapient computer that runs the trade ship Muddlin' Through in Poul Anderson's stories The Trouble Twisters (1965), Satan's World (1969), "Day of Burning" (1967), "Lodestar" (1973), and Mirkheim (1977) Colossus and Guardian: Colossus, a military supercomputer designed to control the nuclear arsenal of the United States of North America, joins with its Soviet counterpart, Guardian, and announces that to prevent war the two computers will rule the human


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-2.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1970s === UniComp, the central computer governing all life on Earth in This Perfect Day by Ira Levin (1970) T.E.N.C.H. 889B, supercomputer aboard the Persus 9 in A Maze of Death by Philip K. Dick (1970) Maxine, from the Roger Zelazny story "My Lady of the Diodes" (1970) The Müller-Fokker computer tapes, in The Muller-Fokker Effect by John Sladek (1970) HARLIE (Human Aanalog Replication, Lethetic Intelligence Engine), protagonist of When HARLIE Was One by David Gerrold (1972). Also in the later When Harlie Was One, Release 2.0 (1988) TECT, from George Alec Effinger's various books. There are several computers named TECT in his novels, even though they are unrelated stories (1972-2002) Dora, starship computer in Time Enough for Love by Robert A. Heinlein (1973) Minerva, executive computer in Time Enough for Love by Robert A. Heinlein (1973) Pallas Athena, Tertius planetary computer in Time Enough for Love by Robert A. Heinlein (1973) Proteus, the highly intelligent computer in the novel Demon Seed by Dean Koontz (1973) Extro, in Alfred Bester's novel The Computer Connection (1975) FUCKUP (First Universal Cybernetic Kynetic Ultramicro-Programmer), from The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson (1975) Murray (Multi-Unit Reactive Reasoning and Analysis


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-3.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1980s === AIVAS (Artificial Intelligence Voice Address System), from Anne McCaffrey's Dragonriders of Pern books (1980s to present) Golem XIV, from Stanisław Lem's novel of the same name (1981) TECT (originally TECT in the name of the Representative), the world-ruling computer in George Alec Effinger's novel The Wolves of Memory (1981) VALIS (Vast Active Living Intelligence System), an alien orbital satellite around a Nixon-era earth, from the Philip K. Dick novel VALIS. Only two novels out of an intended three-book trilogy were ever completed by the author (1981) Hactar, the computer that designed the cricket-ball-shaped doomsday bomb (that would destroy the universe) for the people of Krikkit, in Douglas Adams's Life, the Universe and Everything (1982) Shirka, the Odyssey's main computer in Ulysses 31 (1981–1982) SAL 9000, the counterpart of HAL 9000 in 2010: Odyssey Two (1982) Kendy, the AI autopilot on board the seeder-ramship Discipline in the novels The Integral Trees and The Smoke Ring by Larry Niven (Originally 1983) BC (Big Computer) which is also possibly God, in John Varley's Millennium novel (1983) (unnamed intelligence), in John Varley's "Press Enter _", an intelligence that has evolved on NSA's computer network Apple Eve, a fictional Apple, Inc., wordprocessing-oriented


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-4.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1990s === Thing, a very small box shaped computer owned by the Nomes, from Terry Pratchett's The Nome Trilogy (1990) Grand Napoleon, a Charles Babbage-style mechanical supercomputer from the alternate history novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling (1990) Yggdrasil, a vastly intelligent AI which effectively runs the world, including many virtual environments and subordinate AIs, in Kim Newman's The Night Mayor (1990) Jill, a computer reaching self-awareness in Greg Bear's Queen of Angels and Slant novels (1990 and 1997) Aleph, the computer which not only operates a space station but also houses the personality of a human character whose body became malfunction, from the Tom Maddox novel Halo (1991) Art Fish, a.k.a. Dr. Fish, later fused with a human to become Markt, from Pat Cadigan's novel Synners (1991) Blaine the Mono, from Stephen King's The Dark Tower, a control system for the City of Lud and monorail service; also Little Blaine and Patricia (1991) Center, from S. M. Stirling and David Drake's The General series, an AI tasked to indirectly unite planet Bellevue and restore its civilization, with the eventual goal of restoration of FTL travel and of civilization to the collapsed interplanetary federation; also


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-5.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2000s === Stormbreaker, a learning device containing a deadly virus from the book of the same name from Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider series (2001) Gabriel, an AI computer developed by Miyuki Nakano at Ryukyu University in James Rollins's novel, Deep Fathom (2001) Antrax, a powerful supercomputer built by ancient humans in the novel Antrax by Terry Brooks (2001) Omnius, the sentient computer overmind and ruler of the synchronized worlds in the Legends of Dune series, first appeared in Dune: The Butlerian Jihad by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson (2002) Turing Hopper, the artificial intelligence personality (AIP) turned cybersleuth in You've Got Murder and subsequent books of the mystery series by Donna Andrews (2002) C Cube, a small box-like super computer that can perform virtually any task, from playing a cassette to hacking through high level security measures. It was created by 12-year-old criminal mastermind Artemis Fowl II in the third book of the Artemis Fowl series, Artemis Fowl: The Eternity Code (2003) The Logic Mill, a fictional early–18th century computer designed by Gottfried Leibniz and partially implemented by main character Daniel Waterhouse in the historical fiction series The Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson (2004) Cohen, a 400-year-old AI


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-6.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1970s === Colossus, a massive U.S. defense computer which becomes sentient and links with Guardian, its Soviet counterpart, to take control of the world, from the film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) OMM, a confessional-like computer inside what are called Unichapels in a sub-terranean city in the film THX 1138 (1971), named for the sacred or mystical syllable OM or AUM from the Dharmic and is based on a 1478 oil painting by Hans Memling titled Christ Giving His Blessing LEO, Short for Large-Capacity Enumerating Officiator in How to Frame a Figg (1971) DUEL, the computer which holds the sum total of human knowledge, in The Final Programme (1973) Thermostellar Bomb Number 20, the sentient nuclear bomb from the film Dark Star (1974) Mother, the onboard computer on the spaceship Dark Star, from Dark Star (1974) The Tabernacle, artificial intelligence controlling The Vortexes in Zardoz (1974) Zero, the computer which holds the sum total of human knowledge, in Rollerball (1975) Computer, Citadel's central computer and "Sandman" computer, that sends Logan on a mission outside of the city in Logan's Run (1976) Proteus IV, the deranged artificial intelligence from Demon Seed (1977) MU-TH-R 182 model 2.1 terabyte AI Mainframe/"Mother" (more


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-7.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2000s === Lucille, artificially intelligent spacecraft control interface aboard Mars-1 in Red Planet (2000) Dr. Know (voiced by Robin Williams), housed inside a kiosk, an information-themed computer capable of answering any question, from A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Synapse, worldwide media distribution system which was used against its creators to bring them down Antitrust (2001) Red Queen, the AI from Resident Evil (2002), the name itself, in turn being named after Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, being a reference to the red queen principle Vox, a holographic computer in The Time Machine (2002) I.N.T.E.L.L.I.G.E.N.C.E., computer for Team America: World Police (2004) VIKI (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), the main antagonist in I, Robot (2004) PAL, a spoof of HAL 9000 seen in Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot (2004) E.D.I. (Extreme Deep Invader), the flight computer for an unmanned fighter plane in Stealth (2005) Icarus, the onboard computer of the Icarus II, from the film Sunshine (2007) Roberta is the Fantastic Four's holographic receptionist film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007) J.A.R.V.I.S. (Just A Rather Very Intelligent System), an AI which acts as Tony Stark's butler and first appears in the film Iron Man (2008) R.I.P.L.E.Y, Dr. Kenneth Hassert's supercomputer


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-8.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1960s === The Machine, a computer built to specifications received in a radio transmission from an alien intelligence beyond our galaxy in the BBC seven-part TV series A for Andromeda by Fred Hoyle (1961) Old Man in the Cave, a computer that determines which pre-war foods are safe to eat for a post-apocalyptic town in The Twilight Zone episode, "The Old Man in the Cave" (1963) Batcomputer, large punched card mainframe depicted in the television series Batman, introduced by series producers William Dozier and Howie Horwitz (1964) Agnes, a computer that gives romance advice to a computer technician, from the The Twilight Zone episode "From Agnes—With Love" (1964) WOTAN (Will Operating Thought Analogue), from the Doctor Who serial "The War Machines" (1966) ERIC, a fictional supercomputer which appeared in the two-part episode "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday" (1966) in the TV series I Dream of Jeannie The General, from The Prisoner (1967) The Ultimate Computer, used by the villain organization THRUSH in the series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–68, NBC) BIG RAT, (Brain Impulse Galvanoscope Record And Transfer), a machine capable of recording knowledge and experience and transferring it to another human brain. The Rat Trap is


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-9.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1970s === BOSS (Bimorphic Organisational Systems Supervisor), from the Doctor Who serial "The Green Death" (1973) TIM, from The Tomorrow People, is a computer able to telepathically converse with those humans who have developed psionic abilities, and assist with precise teleporting over long distances (1973) Magnus, a malevolent computer seeking its freedom from human control on the Earth Ship Ark in the Canadian television series The Starlost (1973) Mu Lambda 165, library computer on the Earth Ship Ark in the Canadian TV series The Starlost (1973) Computer (a.k.a. X5 Computer), Moonbase Alpha's primary computer's generic name, most often associated with Main Mission's Jamaican computer operations officer, David Kano, from the TV series Space: 1999 (1975) IRAC or "Ira", from the Wonder Woman TV series, an extremely advanced computer in use by the IADC, workplace of Wonder Woman's alias Diana Prince (1975) The Matrix, database of all Time Lord knowledge in Doctor Who (1976) Omega, a computer that has taken over the minds of the residents of a community encountered by Ark II (1976) Alex7000, from the two-parter episode "Doomsday is Tomorrow" of the TV show The Bionic Woman. It was programmed to set off a nuclear holocaust if anyone


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-10.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1980s === The Vortex, the computer opponent faced by players of BBC2's The Adventure Game (1980) Gambit, game playing computer from the Blake's 7 episode "Games" (1981) Shyrka, the onboard computer of Ulysses' ship the Odyssey in the French animated series Ulysses 31 (1981) Slave, a somewhat subservient computer on the ship Scorpio in Blake's 7 (1981) CML (Centrální Mozek Lidstva [cz], Central Brain of Mankind [en], der Zentraldenker [de]), the main supercomputer managing the fate of humankind and Earth in Návštěvníci (a.k.a. The Visitors / Expedition Adam '84) (1981) Chock-A-Block is an extremely large yellow computer with dials, levers, big buttons and a drawer. Modelled to resemble a mainframe of the time. From the BBC children's series of the same name (1981) K.I.T.T. (Knight Industries Two Thcusand), fictional computer built into a black Trans-Am car from the television show Knight Rider (1982) K.A.R.R. (Knight Automated Roving Robot), prototype (and nemesis) of K.I.T.T. (1982) An unnamed "computer-book" is regularly used by Penny in the Inspector Gadget cartoons. (1983) Automan and Cursor from Automan (1983) R.A.L.F. (Ritchie's Artificial Life Form) is a homebrew computer, built from surplus technology by Richard Adler in the TV Series Whiz Kids. (1983-1984) Functions include


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-11.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1990s === P.J., is a miniaturised computer that can be worn on the wrist. It is Alana's personal computer companion in The Girl from Tomorrow (1990) MAL from Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990) HARDAC, from Batman: The Animated Series, an evil sentient computer that controls various androids toward the goal of world domination (1992) COS (Central Operating System), homicidal computer from The X-Files season 1 episode "Ghost in the Machine" (1993) CAS (Cybernetic Access Structure), homicidal automated building in The Tower (1993) Qwerty, from the video series VeggieTales (1993) SELMA (Selective Encapsulated Limitless Memory Archive), an AI computer and personal assistant disguised as a credit card and carried in the wallet of future cop Darien Lambert (Dale Midriff), from the series Time Trax (1993) CentSys, sweet yet self-assured female-voiced AI computer who brings the crew of the seaQuest DSV (Deep Submergence Vehicle) into the future to deactivate her in the seaQuest DSV episode, "Playtime" (1994) MetroNet, in the RoboCop TV series (1994) is a computer designed as an automation centre, to run autonomously many city services in Detroit. Rather than created as a self-sufficient AI, MetroNet's "conscience" was actually, unbeknownst to many of the characters, a software copy


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-12.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2000s === Andromeda, the AI of the starship Andromeda Ascendant in Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. This AI, played by Lexa Doig, appears as a 2D display screen image, a 3D hologram, and as an android personality known as Rommie. (2000) Magellanic, the AI of the starship Pax Magellanic in Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. This AI appears as a 2D display screen image, a 3D hologram, and as an android personality known as Maggie. (2000) Comp-U-Comp, a supercomputer from the Dilbert television episode "The Return". Dilbert must face-off against Comp-U-Comp when a clerical error results in his not getting the computer he ordered. (2000) Caravaggio, the AI interface of the starship Tulip, from the TV show Starhunter (2000) Persocoms, a line of expensive androids also used as personal computers, from the manga and anime series Chobits (2000–2002) GLADIS, from the animated series Totally Spies! (2001) Cybergirl, Xanda, and Isaac, from the TV show Cybergirl (2001) Computer, from the TV show Invader Zim (2001) SAINT, from RoboCop: Prime Directives (2001) Aura, from .hack//Sign, the Ultimate AI that Morganna, another AI, tries to keep in a state of eternal slumber. Morganna is served by Maha and the Guardians, AI monsters. (2002) Vox, from the


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-13.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2010s === Rattleballs, from the TV show Adventure Time (2010) VY or VAI (The Virtual Artificial Intelligence), from the TV show The Walking Dead (2010) Whisper, from the TV show Tower Prep (2010) Frank, in the telenovela Tempos Modernos (2010) Aya, the Interceptor's AI for the Green Lantern Corps, from the TV series Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2011) The Machine, from the TV series Person of Interest, is a computer program that was designed to detect acts of terror after the events of 9/11, but it sees all crimes, crimes the government consider "irrelevant". (2011) R.A.C.I.S.T., Richard Nixon's computer from the TV series Black Dynamite (2014) Samaritan, from the TV series Person of Interest, is a rival to The Machine built by the Decima Corporation. Unlike the Machine, it can be directed to find specific persons or groups according to its operator's agenda. (2011) An unnamed, apparently omniscient supercomputer, built by Phineas and Ferb in the Phineas and Ferb episode "Ask a Foolish Question" (2011) Comedy Touch Touch 1000 in the TV series Comedy Bang! Bang! (2012) CLARKE, a thinking computer of the ship called Argo, which was on a mission to a far away planet, from the


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-14.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1980s === Fate, the Norsefire police state central computer in V for Vendetta (1982) (DC Comics) Banana, Jr. 6000, from the comic strip Bloom County by Berke Breathed (1984) Max, from The Thirteenth Floor (1984) A.I.D.A. (Artificial Intelligence Data Analyser), from Squadron Supreme (1985) (Marvel Comics) Kilg%re, an alien AI that can exist in most electrical circuitry, from The Flash (1987) (DC Comics) Project 2501, a.k.a. "The Puppet Master", a government computer that becomes so knowledgeable it becomes sentient and transplants itself into a robot, from the seinen manga Ghost in the Shell (1989) Yggdrasil, the system used by the gods to run the Universe in Oh My Goddess! (1989) === 1990s === DTX PC, the Digitronix personal computer from The Hacker Files (1992) (DC Comics) Beast666, Satsuki Yatouji's organic/inorganic supercomputer in Clamp's manga X (1992) H.O.M.E.R. (Heuristically Operative Matrix Emulation Rostrum), Tony Stark's sentient AI computer from Iron Man (1993) (Marvel Comics) The Magi, from the anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995) Toy, from Chris Claremont's Aliens vs. Predator: The Deadliest of the Species (1995) Virgo, an artificial intelligence in Frank Miller's Ronin graphic novel (1995) (DC Comics) Praetorius, from The X-Files comic book series "One Player Only"


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-15.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1990s === E-123 Omega, Team Dark's computer in the Sonic the Hedgehog game series (1991) Noah, antagonist from Metal Max and its remake (1991-1995) Durandal, Leela and Tycho, the three AIs on board the U.E.S.C. Marathon (1994) Traxus IV, AI that went rampant on Mars, in Marathon (1994) LINC and "Joey", from the video game Beneath a Steel Sky (1994) 0D-10, AI computer in the sci-fi chapter from the game Live A Live (1994). It secretly plotted to kill humans on board the spaceship of the same name in order to "restore the harmony". Its name derives from "odio", Latin for "hate". Prometheus, a cybernetic-hybrid machine or 'Cybrid' from the Earthsiege and Starsiege: Tribes series of video games. Prometheus was the first of a race of Cybrid machines, who went on to rebel against humanity and drive them to the brink of extinction. (1994) SEED, the AI that was charged with maintaining the vast network of ecosystem control stations on the planet Motavia in the Sega Genesis game Phantasy Star IV (1994) AM, the computer intelligence from I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream (1995) that exterminated all life on Earth except for five humans he kept alive


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-16.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2000s === Icarus, Daedalus, Helios, Morpheus and The Oracle of Deus Ex — see Deus Ex characters (2000) Mainframe, from Gunman Chronicles (later got a body) (2000) 343 Guilty Spark, monitor of Installation 04, in the video game trilogy Halo, Halo 2, and Halo 3 (2001) Calculator, the computer that controlled the bomb shelter Vault 0. It was not strictly an artificial intelligence, but rather a cyborg, because it was connected with several human brains. It appeared in the video game Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel (2001) Cortana, a starship-grade "smart" AI of the UNSC and companion of the Master Chief in the Halo video games (2001) (also the inspiration for the name of Microsoft's real-world personal assistant in Windows 10) Deadly Brain, a level boss on the second level of Oni (2001) The mascot of the "Hectic Hackers" basketball team in Backyard Basketball (2001) PETs (PErsonal Terminals), the cell-phone-sized computers that store Net-Navis in Megaman Battle Network. The PETs also have other features, such as a cell phone, e-mail checker and hacking device. (2001) Thiefnet computer, Bentley the turtle's laptop from the Sly Cooper series (2002) Adam, the computer intelligence from the Game Boy Advance game Metroid Fusion


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-17.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2010s === Auntie Dot, used in Halo: Reach as an assistant to Noble Team (2010) Alvis, also known as όντως/Ontos, an AI-turned-god who Earth scientists used to create the world of Xenoblade Chronicles, and who remains present throughout the entire game (2010) EDI (Enhanced Defense Intelligence), the AI housed within a "quantum bluebox" aboard the Normandy SR-2 in Mass Effect 2. EDI controls the Normandy's cyberwarfare suite during combat, but is blocked from directly accessing any other part of the ship's systems, due to the potential danger of EDI going rogue. (2010) Harbinger, is the tentative name for the leader of the main antagonist faction of Mass Effect 2. It commands an alien race known as the Collectors through the "Collector General." Like Sovereign, from the original Mass Effect, it belongs to the same race of ancient sentient machines, known as the "Reapers". (2010) Harmonia, the DarkStar One's main AI that controls the player ship's systems in the space-sim game DarkStar One (2010) Legion, the given name for a geth platform in Mass Effect 2, housing a single gestalt consciousness composed of 1,183 virtually intelligent "runtimes", which share information amongst themselves and build "consensus" in a form of networked


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-18.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
== Board games and role-playing games == A.R.C.H.I.E. Three, the supercomputer that arose from the ashes of nuclear war to become a major player in the events of Palladium Books' Rifts The Autochthon, the extradimensional AI that secretly controls Iteration X, in White Wolf Publishing's Mage: The Ascension The Computer, from West End Games' Paranoia role-playing game Crime Computer, from the Milton Bradley Manhunter board game Deus, the malevolent AI built by Renraku from the Shadowrun role-playing game, which took over the Renraku Arcology before escaping into the Matrix Mirage, the oldest AI from Shadowrun, built to assist the US military in combating the original Crash Virus in 2029 Megara, a sophisticated program built by Renraku in Shadowrun, which achieved sentience after falling in love with a hacker Omega Virus, microscopic nano-phages that build a singular intelligence (foreign AI) in the Battlestat1 computer core and take over the space station in the board game by Milton Bradley. == Unsorted works == SARA, TOM's A.I. matrix companion from Toonami The CENTRAL SCRUTINIZER, narrator from Frank Zappa's Joe's Garage Ritsu / Autonomous Intelligence Fixed Artillery, from Assassination Classroom Tandy 400, Compy 386, Lappy 486, Compé, and Lappier, Strong Bad's computers in Homestar


id: list-of-file-signatures-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures-0.md
category: reference
title: List of file signatures
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:07.503634+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-signatures-20260505-0
summary:
A file signature is data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or magic bytes and are usually inserted at the beginning of the file. Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be recognizable when interpreted as text. In the table below, the column "ISO 8859-1" shows how the file signature appears when interpreted as text in the common ISO 8859-1 encoding, with unprintable characters represented as the control code abbreviation or symbol, or codepage 1252 character where available, or a box otherwise. In some cases the space character is shown as ␠. == See also == List of filename extensions - alternative for file type identification and parsing List of file formats Magic number (programming) Substitute character (for the 1Ah (^Z) "end-of-file" marker used in many signatures) file (command) == References == == External links == Gary Kessler's list of file signatures Online File Signature Database for Forensic Practitioners, a private compilation free to Law Enforcement Man page for compress, uncompress, and zcat


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The following lists identify, characterize, and link to more thorough information on file systems. Many older operating systems support only their one "native" file system, which does not bear any name apart from the name of the operating system itself. == Disk file systems == Disk file systems are usually block-oriented. Files in a block-oriented file system are sequences of blocks, often featuring fully random-access read, write, and modify operations. ADFS – Acorn's Advanced Disc filing system, successor to DFS. AdvFS – Advanced File System, designed by Digital Equipment Corporation for their Digital UNIX (now Tru64 UNIX) operating system. APFS – Apple File System is a file system for Apple products. AthFS – AtheOS File System, a 64-bit journaled filesystem now used by Syllable. Also called AFS. BFS – the Boot File System used on System V release 4.0 and UnixWare. BFS – the Be File System used on BeOS, occasionally misnamed as BeFS. Open source implementation called OpenBFS is used by the Haiku operating system. Byte File System (BFS) - file system used by z/VM for Unix applications Btrfs – is a copy-on-write file system for Linux announced by Oracle in 2007 and published under the GNU General Public


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-1.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== File systems with built-in fault-tolerance === These file systems have built-in checksumming and either mirroring or parity for extra redundancy on one or several block devices: Bcachefs – Full data and metadata checksumming, bcache is the bottom half of the filesystem. Btrfs – A file system based on B-Trees, initially designed at Oracle Corporation. HAMMER and HAMMER2 – DragonFly BSD's primary filesystems, created by Matt Dillon. NOVA – The "non-volatile memory accelerated" file system for persistent main memory. ReFS (Resilient File System) – A file system by Microsoft with built-in resiliency features. Reliance – A transactional file system with CRCs, created by Datalight. Reliance Nitro – A tree-based transactional, copy-on-write file system with CRCs, developed for high performance and reliability in embedded systems, from Datalight (Acquired by Tuxera in 2019). ZFS – Has checksums for all data; important metadata is always redundant, additional redundancy levels are user-configurable; copy-on-write and transactional writing ensure metadata consistency; corrupted data can be automatically repaired if a redundant copy is available. Created by Sun Microsystems for use on Solaris 10 and OpenSolaris, ported to FreeBSD 7.0, NetBSD (as of August 2009), Linux and to FUSE (not to be confused with the two zFSes from


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-2.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
CMS file system – The native file system of the Conversational Monitor System component of VM/370 Files-11 – early versions were record-oriented; support for "streams" was added later Michigan Terminal System (MTS) – provides "line files" where record lengths and line numbers are associated as metadata with each record in the file, lines can be added, replaced, updated with the same or different length records, and deleted anywhere in the file without the need to read and rewrite the entire file. OS4000 for GEC's OS4000 operating system, on the GEC 4000 series minicomputers A FAT12 and FAT16 (and FAT32) extension to support database-like file types random file, direct file, keyed file and sequential file in Digital Research FlexOS, IBM 4680 OS and Toshiba 4690 OS. The record size is stored on a file-by-file basis in special entries in the directory table. Sequential access methods for IBM's z/OS and z/VSE mainframe operating systems: Basic Sequential Access Method (BSAM), Basic Partitioned Access Method (BPAM) and Queued Sequential Access Method (QSAM); see Access methods and Data set (IBM mainframe) for more examples Pick Operating System – A record-oriented filesystem and database that uses hash-coding to store data. Shared File System (SFS) for IBM's


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-3.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
Coda from Carnegie Mellon University focuses on bandwidth-adaptive operation (including disconnected operation) using a client-side cache for mobile computing. It is a descendant of AFS-2. It is available for Linux under the GPL. Distributed File System (Dfs) from Microsoft focuses on location transparency and high availability. Available for Windows under a proprietary software license. HAMMER and HAMMER2 – DragonFly BSD's filesystems for clustered storage, created by Matt Dillon. InterMezzo from Cluster File Systems uses synchronization over HTTP. Available for Linux under GPL but no longer in development since the developers are working on Lustre. LizardFS a networking, distributed file system based on MooseFS Moose File System (MooseFS) is a networking, distributed file system. It spreads data over several physical locations (servers), which are visible to a user as one resource. Works on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenSolaris and macOS. Master server and chunkservers can also run on Solaris and Windows with Cygwin. Scality is a distributed fault-tolerant filesystem. Tahoe-LAFS is an open source secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant filesystem utilizing encryption as the basis for a least-authority replicated design. A FAT12 and FAT16 (and FAT32) extension to support automatic file distribution across nodes with extra attributes like local, mirror on update, mirror on


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-4.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pseudo file systems === devfs – a virtual file system in Unix-like operating systems for managing device nodes on-the-fly procfs – a pseudo-file system, used to access kernel information about processes tmpfs – in-memory temporary file system (on Unix-like platforms) sysfs – a virtual file system in Linux holding information about buses, devices, firmware, filesystems, etc. debugfs – a virtual file system in Linux for accessing and controlling kernel debugging configfs – a writable file system used to configure various kernel components of Linux sysctlfs – allow accessing sysctl nodes via a file system; available on NetBSD via PUFFS, FreeBSD kernel via a 3rd-party module, and Linux as a part of Linux procfs. kernfs – a file system found on some BSD systems (notably NetBSD) that provides access to some kernel state variables; similar to sysctlfs, Linux procfs and Linux sysfs. WinFS - Uses a relational database to manage files wikifs – a server application for Plan 9's virtual, wiki, file system === Encrypted file systems === eCryptfs – a stacked cryptographic file system in the Linux kernel since 2.6.19 EncFS, GPL Encrypted file system in user-space EFS – an encrypted file system for Microsoft Windows systems and AIX.


id: list-of-films-about-computers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of films about computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:10.104885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-films-about-computers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of films about computers, featuring fictional films in which activities involving computers play a central role in the development of the plot. == Artificial intelligence plots == === Motion picture === 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) HAL 9000 The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes (1969) Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) The Questor Tapes (1974) Demon Seed (1977) Blade Runner (1982) Tron (1982) WarGames (1983) Brainstorm (1983) 2010 (1984) HAL 9000 SAL 9000 Hide and Seek (1984, TV movie) Electric Dreams (1984) The Terminator (1984) Terminator Skynet D.A.R.Y.L. (1985) Flight of the Navigator (1986) Short Circuit (1986) Not Quite Human (1987) Short Circuit 2 (1988) Not Quite Human II (1989) Still Not Quite Human (1992) Arcade (1993) Star Trek Generations (1994) Hackers (1995) Johnny Mnemonic (1995) The Net (1995) Star Trek: First Contact (1996) Enemy of the State (1998) Lost in Space (1998) Star Trek: Insurrection (1998) Bicentennial Man (1999) The Matrix (1999) The Thirteenth Floor (1999) Universal Soldier: The Return (1999) Virus (1999) A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) How to Make a Monster (2001) Swordfish (2001) S1M0NE (2002) Star Trek: Nemesis (2002) The Matrix Reloaded (2003) The Matrix Revolutions (2003) I Robot (2004) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the


id: list-of-fujitsu-image-scanners-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Fujitsu image scanners
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:11.298889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fujitsu-image-scanners-20260505-0
summary:
Fujitsu manufactures two series of image scanners: ScanSnap for consumers/SOHO, and fi for business (fi includes SP brand). Popular ScanSnap models include the S1300, a feature-rich scanner that can scan double-sided color originals, and the S1100, one of the world's smallest scanners. By September 2018, ScanSnap had sold more than five million units globally since 2001, and the ScanSnap brand reached the age of twenty years on July 10, 2021. The following is a selection of scanners manufactured under the Fujitsu brand. == Current models == == Discontinued models (but still eligible for extended service coverage) == == Previous models == ScanSnap S300 – portable scanner, 10 sheet ADF, 600 dpi optical resolution, 8 to 0.5 pages per minute depending on mode and AC availability ScanSnap S300M – Macintosh version of S300 with similar specifications ScanSnap S500 ScanSnap S500M ScanSnap S510 ScanSnap S510M ScanSnap S1100 ScanSnap S1300 ScanSnap S1500 ScanSnap S1500M ScanSnap iX500 Deluxe == Other == SP-1425 == References ==


id: list-of-fujitsu-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Fujitsu products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:12.591190+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fujitsu-products-20260505-0
summary:
Fujitsu, a multinational computer hardware and IT services company, provides services and consulting as well as a range of products including computing products, software, telecommunications, microelectronics, and more. Fujitsu also offers customized IT products that go beyond the off-the shelf products listed below. == Products and services == == References ==


id: list-of-functional-programming-topics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of functional programming topics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:13.841447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-functional-programming-topics-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of functional programming topics. == Foundational concepts == Programming paradigm Declarative programming Programs as mathematical objects Function-level programming Purely functional programming Total functional programming Lambda programming Static scoping Higher-order function Referential transparency == Lambda calculus == Currying Lambda abstraction Church–Rosser theorem Extensionality Church numeral == Combinatory logic == Fixed point combinator SKI combinator calculus B, C, K, W system SECD machine Graph reduction machine == Intuitionistic logic == Sequent, sequent calculus Natural deduction Intuitionistic type theory BHK interpretation Curry–Howard correspondence Linear logic Game semantics == Type theory == Typed lambda calculus Typed and untyped languages Type signature Type inference Datatype Algebraic data type (generalized) Type variable First-class value Polymorphism Calculus of constructions == Denotational semantics == Domain theory Directed complete partial order Knaster–Tarski theorem == Category theory == Cartesian closed category Yoneda lemma == Operational issues == Graph reduction Combinator graph reduction Strict programming language Lazy evaluation, eager evaluation Speculative evaluation Side effect Assignment Setq Closure Continuation Continuation passing style Operational semantics State transition system Simulation preorder Bisimulation Monads in functional programming Exception handling Garbage collection == Programming languages == Clean Clojure Elixir Erlang FP F# Haskell Glasgow Haskell Compiler Gofer Hugs Template Haskell ISWIM JavaScript


id: list-of-mergers-and-acquisitions-by-gen-digital-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mergers and acquisitions by Gen Digital
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:15.308579+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mergers-and-acquisitions-by-gen-digital-20260505-0
summary:
Gen Digital, formerly known as Symantec and NortonLifeLock, is a multinational computer software company founded on March 1, 1982. It is an international corporation that specializes in selling security and information management software. Gary Hendrix founded the company in 1982 with the help of a National Science Foundation grant. Symantec was originally focused on artificial intelligence-related projects, and Hendrix hired several Stanford University natural language processing researchers as the company's first employees. After the company's initial public offering in 1989, Hendrix left the company in 1991 and moved to Texas. The company has acquired 57 companies, purchased stakes in 2 firms, and divested 26 companies, in which parts of the company are sold to another company. Of the companies that Symantec has acquired, 50 were based in the United States. Symantec has not released the financial details for most of these mergers and acquisitions. Symantec's first acquisition was C&E Software on January 1, 1984, and the founder of C&E Software, Gordon Eubanks, became the new chief executive officer of Symantec. The company has made five acquisitions with a value greater than $1 billion: LifeLock was acquired on Feb 9, 2017 for $2.3 billion, Blue Coat Systems was acquired on Aug


id: list-of-grid-computing-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of grid computing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:16.471729+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-grid-computing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
This is a comprehensive list of Grid computing infrastructure projects. == Grid computing infrastructure projects == BREIN uses the Semantic Web and multi-agent systems to build simple and reliable grid systems for business, with a focus on engineering and logistics management. A-Ware is developing a stable, supported, commercially exploitable, high quality technology to give easy access to grid resources. AssessGrid addresses obstacles to wide adoption of grid technologies by bringing risk management and assessment to this field, enabling use of grid computing in business and society. Cohesion Platform – A Java-based modular peer-to-peer multi-application desktop grid computing platform for irregularly structured problems developed at the University of Tübingen (Germany) The European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) – A series of projects funded by the European Commission which links over 70 institutions in 27 European countries to form a multi-science computing grid infrastructure for the European Research Area, letting researchers share computer resources GridCOMP provides an advanced component platform for an effective invisible grid. GridECON takes a user-oriented perspective and creates solutions to grid challenges to promote widespread use of grids. neuGRID develops a new user-friendly grid-based research e-infrastructure enabling the European neuroscience community to perform research needed for the pressing study of


id: list-of-groupe-bull-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Groupe Bull products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:17.676658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-groupe-bull-products-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of products from the French-owned computer hardware and software company Groupe Bull. == Computer hardware == Bull Gamma series Gamma 3 (1952) Gamma 55 (1967) (also known as GE 55) Gamma 60 (1960) Gamma 10 (1963) Gamma 30 (1964) (RCA 301) Gamma M 40 (1965) CAB 500 (1961, sold under license from Société d'Electronique et d'Automatisme) Série 300 TI (1962) GE-600 series (1965) GE 400 (1967) GE 115 (1966) GE-265 (1968) CII Iris 50 (1968) CII Mitra 15 (1970) GE 58 (1970) Honeywell 6000 series (1970) Honeywell H200 (1970) CII Iris 80 (1971) CII Iris 60 (1972) Honeywell 6180 for the Multics operating system (1973) HB 2000 (1973) Micral (1973) Mini6 (1978) CII HB 64/40 (1976) CII HB 66/60 (1976) CII HB 61 DPS (1978) Bull DS800 (2007) Bull DPS series DPS 4 (1980) DPS 7 and DPS 7000 (1981) DPS 6 series (1983) DPS 8 (1984) DPS 6 Plus and DPS 8000 (1987) DPS 9000 (1999) Bull DPX series Bull DPX 2 (1992) Bull DPX 20 SM 90 (1981) Correlative Syst. 1982 SPS7 and SPS9 Bull Escala (1994) Bull NovaScale (2004) Novascale bullion (2010) Bull bullx (2009) Bull Estrella Bull Series 4000 Printing System


id: comparison-of-gui-testing-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GUI_testing_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: Comparison of GUI testing tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GUI_testing_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:19.012527+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: comparison-of-gui-testing-tools-20260505-0
summary:
GUI testing tools serve the purpose of automating the testing process of software with graphical user interfaces. == References ==


id: list-of-hackers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of hackers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:20.238522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hackers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable hackers who are known for their hacking acts. == See also == Tech Model Railroad Club List of computer criminals List of fictional hackers List of hacker groups List of hacker conferences Hackerspace Phreaking == References ==


id: list-of-medical-and-health-informatics-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of medical and health informatics journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:21.434703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-medical-and-health-informatics-journals-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable journals related to medical and health informatics. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making BMJ Health & Care Informatics Computers in Biology and Medicine Health Informatics Journal International Journal of Medical Informatics Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Journal of Biomedical Informatics Journal of Information Professionals in Health Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics Journal of Medical Internet Research Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing Methods of Information in Medicine PLOS Digital Health Statistics in Medicine == References == == See also == List of medical journals Lists of academic journals


id: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Hewlett-Packard products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a partial list of products manufactured under the Hewlett-Packard brand. == Printers == HP categories of printers as of November 2014 are: Black and white laser printers Color laser printers Laser multifunction printers Inkjet all-in-one printers Specialty Photo inkjet printers Business ink printers Color inkjet printers HP Designjet large format printers HP Indigo Digital Presses HP Inkjet Digital Web Press HP latex printers HP Scitex large format printers Network print servers === Black and white laser printers === (Current Line: November 2014) High-volume black and white laser printers LaserJet 700 printer LaserJet M806 printer Office black and white laser printers LaserJet 400 printer LaserJet 600 printer LaserJet P2000 printer LaserJet P3000 prin === Color Laser printers === (As of November 2014) === Laser multifunction printers === (As of November 2014) Discontinued models === Inkjet all-in-one printers === (As of November 2014) === Specialty photo inkjet printers === (As of November 2014) Compact photo printers Photosmart A310 Printer Photosmart A430 Portable Photo Studio Series === Business ink printers === (Current Line: November 2014) Business ink multifunction printers Officejet Enterprise Color X585 Multifunction Printer Officejet Pro X476/X576 Multifunction Printer Page wide array printers Officejet Enterprise Color X555 Printer Officejet


id: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-1.md
category: reference
title: List of Hewlett-Packard products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
summary:
A series of notebooks and multimedia notebooks since 1999. Some models released from 2004–2009 had the HP developed QuickPlay software which enabled booting to a linux based DVD/Music player held on a separate partition (models with Windows Vista are unable to boot into QuickPlay due to compatibility issues). === HP Envy === === HP G series === === HP Mini === === HP OmniBook === A series of "Next Gen AI" notebook computers introduced by HP Inc. (Hewlett-Packard's successor) in 2024 that included built-in artificial intelligence features. The name was originally used for a line of business-oriented laptops and notebooks made by Hewlett-Packard from 1993–2002. == Workstations == === PA-RISC based === === Itanium based === === Alpha based (from DEC, via Compaq) === === x86 based === === Blade Workstations === == Servers == === x86 (Intel & AMD Opteron) based === ==== Entry-level servers ==== Entry-level servers used either the NetServer or ProLiant brands. The NetServer line of servers were discontinued following the merger with Compaq in 2002, with the then-newly acquired ProLiant line of servers succeeding it afterwards. The ProLiant line of servers was then acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2015 after HP split up into


id: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-2.md
category: reference
title: List of Hewlett-Packard products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
summary:
rx1600 series – 1U rx1600 rx1620 rx2600 series – 2U rx2600 rx2620 rx2660 rx3600 – 4U rx4610 – 7U rx4640 – 4U rx5670 – 7U rx6600 – 7U rx7600 series – 10U rx7610 rx7620 rx7640 rx8600 series – 17U rx8620 rx8640 HP Superdome SX1000 based – SX2000 based Integrity BL blades Compaq ProLiant Compaq ProLiant DL590/64 (retired) === Alpha based === === PA-RISC based === === Scalable servers and supercomputer nodes === ==== Apollo series ==== ==== SGI series ==== HPE SGI 8600 == Enterprise storage == HP StorageWorks XP storage array StorageWorks EVA storage array (from Compaq) HP AutoRAID storage array (retired) HP VA storage array (retired) HP Jamaica storage enclosure (retired) == "StorageWorks" Storage element managers == Command View XP Command View AE Command View EVA Command View SDM. StorageWorks Command View TL == Storage area management == HP Storage Essentials OpenView Storage Area Manager == ProCurve == ProCurve Networking by HP is the networking division of HP. == Telepresence and videoconferencing == HP Halo, a high-end immersive telepresence system, was sold to Polycom on June 1, 2011. == External hard disk drives == HP External Hard Drive (1 TB, USB 3.0) HP Portable Hard Drive (1 TB,


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-0.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of home computers, sorted alphanumerically, which lists all relevant details of their video hardware. Home computers are the second generation of desktop computers, entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. A decade later they were generally replaced by IBM PC compatible "PCs", although technically home computers are also classified as personal computers. Examples of early home computers are the TRS-80, Atari 8-bit computers, BBC Micro, ZX Spectrum, MSX, Amstrad CPC 464, and Commodore 64. Examples of late home computers are MSX 2 systems, and the Amiga and Atari ST systems. Note: in cases of manufacturers who have made both home and personal computers, only machines fitting into the home computer category are listed. Systems in the personal computer category, except for early Macintosh PCs, are generally based on the VGA standard and use a video chip known as a Graphics Processing Unit. Very early PCs used one of the much simpler (even compared to most home computer video hardware) video display controller cards, using parts like the MDA, the Hercules Graphics Card, the CGA and the EGA standard). Only after the introduction of the VGA standard could PCs really compete with the


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-1.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
=== Video arbitration logic === One major problem that early computer video hardware had to overcome was the video bus arbitration problem. The problem was determining a way to give both the video hardware (VDU) and the CPU continuous read access to the video RAM. The obvious solution, using interleaving time slots for the VDU and RAM was hard to implement because the logic circuits and video memory chips of the time did not have the switching speed necessary to do so. For higher resolutions, the logic and the memory chips were barely fast enough to support reading the display data, let alone for dedicating half the available time for the slow 8-bit CPU. That being said, one system, the Apple II, was one of the first to use a feature of the data-bus logic of the 6502 processor to implement a very early interleaving time slot mechanism to eliminate this problem. The BBC Micro used 4 MHz RAM with a 2 MHz 6502 in order to interleave video accesses with CPU accesses. Most other systems used a much simpler approach, and the TRS-80's video logic was so primitive that it simply did not have any bus arbitration at all.


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-2.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
== Explanation of the terms used in the tables == System Name The name of the system, or if there are many similar versions, the name of the most well-known variant, see Notes. Year The year that the first version of this system came on the market. Chip name The name of the chip that was used as the basis for the video logic. Video RAM The maximum amount of RAM used for the video display, depending on the resolution used the system may use less. Video mode(s) [i.e. Text mode(s) and Graphics modes] The numbers of characters per line and lines of text the system supported and the number of colors they could have. Sometimes more than one mode was possible: The number of horizontal and Vertical pixels the system could display in a high resolution mode and The number of colors each pixel could have in high-resolution mode, where several high-resolution modes exist each one is listed separately. Beginning with the Xerox Alto, systems forwent independent text modes and drew text on a high-resolution graphics screen. This required more video RAM, but also freed computer fonts from a fixed grid. Font extras Describes extra graphical possibilities a video


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-3.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
follows an entry it means that other options than the listed ones may also exist. "Mono" in a table cell means monochrome that is, for example, black on white, or black on green.


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-4.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
== The list of home computers and their video capabilities == === Systems with video logic designed as terminals === === Systems using software-driven video generation === === Systems using discrete logic === ==== With independent text mode(s) ==== ==== Without independent text mode(s) ==== === Systems using simple Video Shift Registers === === Systems using custom logic ICs === ==== With independent text mode(s) ==== ==== Without independent text mode(s) ==== === Systems using a CRTC === ==== MC6845 or second source ==== ===== With independent text mode(s) ===== ===== Without independent text mode(s) ===== ==== Other models ==== === Systems using a Video Interface Controller === ==== MC6847 or second source ==== ===== Text 32×16 9 colors Graphics Full: 64×64 4 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2 or 4 colors or 256×192 2 colors Semi: 64×32 9 colors or 64×48 4 colors color resolution 64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 or 256×192; 64×32 or 64×48 ===== Sources: ==== Other models ==== ===== With independent text mode(s) ===== ===== Without independent text mode(s) ===== === Systems using a video co-processor === ==== With independent text mode(s) ==== ==== Without independent text mode(s) ==== === Systems that fall into multiple classifications === For


id: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of human–computer interaction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:25.355259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human–computer interaction: Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) – the intersection of computer science and behavioral sciences — this field involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. Attention to human-machine interaction is important, because poorly designed human-machine interfaces can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example of this is the Three Mile Island accident where investigations concluded that the design of the human-machine interface was at least partially responsible for the disaster. == Definitions == Human–Computer Interaction can be described as all of the following: A field of science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. An applied science – field that applies human knowledge to build or design useful things. A field of computer science – scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. An application of engineering – science, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, to design and also build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. An application of software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach


id: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of human–computer interaction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:25.355259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-0
summary:
List of input devices unit record equipment barcode scanner keyboard computer keyboard keyboard shortcut ways to make typing more efficient: command history, autocomplete, autoreplace and Intellisense microphone pointing device computer mouse mouse chording List of output devices visual devices graphical output device display device computer display video projector computer printer plotter auditory devices speakers earphones tactile devices refreshable Braille display braille embosser Haptic devices === Interface design methods === activity-centered design Affordance analysis bodystorming Contextual design focus group iterative design participatory design pictive user interface workshop method rapid prototyping Scenario-based design (SBD) task analysis/task modeling user-centered design usage-centered design User scenario Value sensitive design Wizard of Oz experiment === Usability === Usability testing heuristic evaluation cognitive walkthrough usability lab === Models and laws === Hick's law Fitts' law Steering law GOMS – goals, operators, methods, and selection rules Keystroke-level model (KLM) == Cultural influences == === Movies === Motion pictures featuring interesting user interfaces: 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) Alien (1979) Blade Runner (1982) Tron (1982) The Last Starfighter (1984) Ghost in the Shell (1991/1995) The Lawnmower Man (1992) Johnny Mnemonic (1995) The Matrix (1999) Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001) Minority


id: list-of-hypercard-viruses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses-0.md
category: reference
title: List of HyperCard viruses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:26.737944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hypercard-viruses-20260505-0
summary:
Soon after the release of HyperCard in 1987, computer viruses appeared that targeted the application. The viruses were written in the HyperTalk programming language and typically spread by infecting the Home stack and then infecting other stacks from there. == List of viruses == == References ==


id: list-of-former-ia-32-compatible-processor-manufacturers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of former IA-32 compatible processor manufacturers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:28.066761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-former-ia-32-compatible-processor-manufacturers-20260505-0
summary:
As Intel's 32-bit architecture became the dominant computing platform during the 1980s and 1990s, multiple companies have tried to build microprocessors that are compatible with that Intel instruction set architecture. Most of these companies were not successful in the mainstream computing market. So far, only AMD has had any market presence in the computing market for more than a couple of product generations. Cyrix was successful during the 386 and 486 generations of products but did not do well after the Pentium was introduced. List of former IA-32 compatible microprocessor vendors: == Progressed into surviving companies == Centaur Technology – originally subsidiary of IDT, later acquired by VIA Technologies, still producing compatible low-end devices for VIA Cyrix – acquired by National Semiconductor, later acquired by VIA Technologies, eventually shut down NexGen – bought by AMD to help develop the successful K6 device National Semiconductor – low-end 486 (designed in-house) never widely sold; first acquirer of Cyrix, later keeping only low-end IA-32 devices targeted for consumer System-on-a-chips, finally selling them to AMD == Product discontinued/transformed == Harris Corporation – sold radiation-hardened versions of the 8086 and 80286; product line discontinued. Produced 20 MHz and 25 MHz 80286s (some motherboards were equipped


id: list-of-input-methods-for-unix-platforms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_Unix_platforms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of input methods for Unix platforms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_Unix_platforms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:29.309391+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-input-methods-for-unix-platforms-20260505-0
summary:
This is intended as a non-exhaustive list of input methods for Unix platforms. An input method is a means of entering characters and glyphs that have a corresponding encoding in a character set. See the input method page for more information.


id: list-of-intel-manufacturing-sites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Intel manufacturing sites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:30.534158+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-intel-manufacturing-sites-20260505-0
summary:
Intel is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Processors are manufactured in semiconductor fabrication plants called "fabs" which are then sent to assembly and testing sites before delivery to customers. Intel has stated that approximately 75% of their semiconductor fabrication is performed in the United States. Since May 1990, Intel has made an effort to eliminate chlorofluorocarbon consumption for the Oregon, Puerto Rico and Ireland system factories. Both Schumacher, a division of Air Products & Chemicals, and Intel developed chemical that reduce ozone emission using TRANS-LC or trans 1, 2-dichloroethylene to replace from TCA or 1,1,1-Trichloroethane to grow defect free silicon oxide surfaces. The Oregon Governor's Award for Toxics Use Reduction recognising Intel's Hillsboro facility achievement in reducing the use of toxic substance and generation of hazardous wastes. == Current fab sites == == Past fab sites == == Assembly and test sites == AFO, Aloha, Oregon, United States Chandler, Arizona, United States CD1, Chengdu, Sichuan, China CD6, Chengdu, Sichuan, China KMDSDP, Kulim, Malaysia SBDSDP, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia KKDSDP, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia KMO, Kulim, Malaysia KM5, Kulim, Malaysia PG8, Penang, Malaysia VNAT, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Jerusalem, Israel CRAT, Heredia, Belén, Costa


id: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-0.md
category: reference
title: Lightweight markup language
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:31.907383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-0
summary:
A lightweight markup language (LML), also termed a simple or humane markup language, is a markup language with simple, unobtrusive syntax. It is designed to be easy to write using any generic text editor and easy to read in its raw form. It is used in applications where it may be necessary to read the raw document and the final rendered output. For instance, a person downloading a software library might prefer to read the documentation in a text editor rather than a web browser. Another use for such languages is to provide for data entry in web-based publishing, as in blogs and wikis, where the input interface is a simple text box. The server software then converts the input into a common document markup language like HTML. == History == Lightweight markup languages were originally used on text-only displays which could not display characters in italics or bold, so informal methods to convey this information had to be developed. This formatting choice was naturally carried forth to plain-text email communications. Console browsers may also resort to similar display conventions. In 1986 international standard SGML provided facilities to define and parse lightweight markup languages using grammars and tag implication. The


id: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-1.md
category: reference
title: Lightweight markup language
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:31.907383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-0
summary:
=== Heading syntax === Headings are usually available in up to six levels, but the top one is often reserved to contain the same as the document title, which may be set externally. Some documentation may associate levels with divisional types, e.g., part, chapter, section, article or paragraph. This article uses 1 as the top level, but index of heading levels may begin at 1 or 0 in official documentation. Most LMLs follow one of two styles for headings, either Setext-like underlines or atx-like line markers, or they support both. ==== Underlined headings ==== Level 1 Heading =============== Level 2 Heading --------------- Level 3 Heading ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The first style uses underlines, i.e., repeated characters (e.g., equals =, hyphen - or tilde ~, usually at least two or four times) in the line below the heading text. Headings may optionally be overline in reStructuredText, in addition to being underlined. ==== Prefixed headings ==== # Level 1 Heading ## Level 2 Heading ## ### Level 3 Heading ### The second style is based on repeated markers (e.g., hash #, equals = or asterisk *) at the start of the heading itself, where the number of repetitions indicates the (sometimes inverse) heading level.


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of companies, organizations and individuals who have moved from other operating systems to Linux. On desktops, Linux has not displaced Microsoft Windows to a large degree. However, it is the leading operating system on servers. See also: List of BSD adopters == Government == As local governments come under pressure from institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Intellectual Property Alliance, some have turned to Linux and other free software as an affordable, legal alternative to both pirated software and expensive proprietary computer products from Microsoft, Apple and other commercial companies. The spread of Linux affords some leverage for these countries when companies from the developed world bid for government contracts (since a low-cost option exists), while furnishing an alternative path to development for countries like India and Pakistan that have many citizens skilled in computer applications but cannot afford technological investment at "First World" prices. Cost is not the only factor being considered, though – many government institutions (public and military) in North America and the European Union make the transition to Linux because of its superior stability and the openness of the source code, which strengthens information security. === Africa ===


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-1.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
==== South ==== The government of the Argentinian province of Misiones uses workstations that run GobMis GNU/Linux, a distribution with necessary tools for public administration. Also delivers a "generic" distribution without government branding known as "GobLin GNU/Linux". Brazil uses PC Conectado, a program utilizing Linux. In 2004, Venezuela's government approved the 3390 decree, to give preference to using free software in public administration. One result of this policy is the development of Canaima, a Debian-based Linux distribution. === Europe === ==== Austria ==== In 2005, Austria's city of Vienna chose to start migrating its desktop PCs to Debian-based Wienux. However, by 2011, the idea was largely abandoned, because the necessary software was incompatible with Linux. ==== Czech Republic ==== In 2005, Česká pošta (Czech Post) migrated 4,000 servers and 12,000 clients to Novell Linux. ==== France ==== In 2007, France's national police force (the National Gendarmerie) started moving their 90,000 desktops from Windows XP to a Ubuntu based OS, GendBuntu, over concerns about the additional training costs of moving to Windows Vista, and following the success of OpenOffice.org roll-outs. The force saved about €50 million on software licensing between 2004 and 2008. The migration largely completed in 2014. By 2007,


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-2.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
==== Switzerland ==== In 2001, Switzerland's Canton of Solothurn decided to migrate its computers to Linux, but in 2010 the Swiss authority has made a U-turn by deciding to use Windows 7 for desktop clients. ==== United Kingdom ==== In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Hackney London Borough Council used Linux laptops for its 4000 employees to allow working from home. == Education == Linux is often used in technical disciplines at universities and research centres. This is due to several factors, including that Linux scales to run on very large systems that small home computer operating systems cannot. Rarely are 'license costs' or cost of software issues. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) uses Linux on its supercomputers because of security, stability and scalability. The DoD can afford licenses from anyone and doesn't worry about the cost. To some extent, technical competence of computer science and software engineering academics is also a contributor, as is stability, maintainability, and upgradability. IBM ran an advertising campaign entitled "Linux is Education" featuring a young boy who was supposed to be "Linux". Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following: The OLPC XO-1 (also called the MIT $100 laptop


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-3.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
== Home == In 2006, Sony's PlayStation 3 was released and came with a hard disk (20 GB, 60 GB or 80 GB) and was specially designed to allow easy installation of Linux on the system. However, Linux was prevented from accessing certain functions of the PlayStation such as 3D graphics. Sony also released a Linux kit for its PlayStation 2 console (see Linux for PlayStation 2). PlayStation hardware running Linux has been occasionally used in small scale distributed computing experiments, due to the ease of installation and the relatively low price of a PS3 compared to other hardware choices offering similar performance. As of April 1, 2010, Sony disabled the ability to install Linux "due to security concerns" starting with firmware version 3.21. Android, created by Google in 2007, is the smartphone & tablet operating system which, as of late 2013, runs on 80% of smartphones and 60% of tablets, worldwide; it is pre-installed on devices by brand hardware manufacturers. Through 2007 and 2008, Linux distributions with an emphasis on ease of use such as Ubuntu became increasingly popular as home desktop operating systems, with some OEMs, such as Dell, offering models with Ubuntu or other Linux distributions on


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-4.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
Free I.T. Athens, founded in 2005 in Athens, Georgia, United States, is a non-profit organization dedicated to rescuing computers from landfills, recycling them or refurbishing them using Linux exclusively. Burlington Coat Factory has used Linux exclusively since 1999. Ernie Ball, known for its famous Super Slinky guitar strings, has used Linux as its desktop operating system since 2000. Novell is undergoing a migration from Windows to Linux. Of its 5500 employees, 50% were successfully migrated as of April 2006. This was expected to rise to 80% by November. Wotif, the Australian hotel booking website, migrated from Windows to Linux servers to keep up with the growth of its business. Union Bank of California announced in January 2007 that it would standardize its IT infrastructure on Red Hat Enterprise Linux in order to lower costs. WhatsApp is mostly known to run its infrastructure on CentOS since its acquisition by Meta. WhatsApp initially ran on FreeBSD. Netflix is known to have its infrastructure running on FreeBSD. Peugeot, the European car maker, announced plans to deploy up to 20,000 copies of Novell's Linux desktop, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and 2,500 copies of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, in 2007. Mindbridge, a software company, announced


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-5.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
In 2013, NASA decided to switch the International Space Station laptops running Windows XP to Debian 6. Both CERN and Fermilab at one time used Scientific Linux in all their work; this included running the Large Hadron Collider and the Dark Energy Camera as well as the 20,000 internal servers at CERN. With the discontinuation of Scientific Linux (announced in 2019, with support only for SL6 and SL7 until end of life), CERN now uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and AlmaLinux, as well as CentOS 7 (until 30 June 2024); whereas Fermilab uses RHEL and AlmaLinux, as well as Scientific Linux (until end of life in June 2024). WLCG is composed of 576 sites with more than 390,000 processors and 150 petabytes of storage and uses Linux on all its nodes. As of 2009, Canada's largest super computer, the IBM iDataPlex cluster computer at the University of Toronto uses Linux as its operating system. The Internet Archive uses hundreds of x86 servers to catalogue the Internet, all of them running Linux. ASV Roboat autonomous robotic sailboat runs on Linux As of October 2010, Tianhe-I, the world's fastest super computer, located at the National Centre for Supercomputing in Tianjin, China


id: list-of-acquisitions-by-hewlett-packard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard-0.md
category: reference
title: List of acquisitions by Hewlett-Packard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:34.383999+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-acquisitions-by-hewlett-packard-20260505-0
summary:
Hewlett-Packard, commonly referred to as HP, was an electronics technology company based in Palo Alto, California. Before its 2015 split into two companies, it was known as a leading developer and manufacturer of personal computers, enterprise servers, storage devices, networking products, software, and a range of printers and other imaging products, as well as a provider of services and consulting. In 2012, HP was the largest technology company in the world in terms of revenue, ranking 10th in the Fortune Global 500. The company was founded by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard in a small garage on January 1, 1939, initially producing a line of electronic test and measurement equipment. As of 2012, Hewlett-Packard had made a total of 129 acquisitions since 1986;[a] The majority of companies acquired by HP were based in the United States. Its first acquisition was the FL Moseley Company in 1958. This move enabled HP to enter the plotter market, the precursor to its leading role in the printer business. In 1989, HP purchased Apollo Computer for US$476 million, enabling HP to become the largest supplier of computer workstations. In 1995, the company bought another computer manufacturer, Convex Computer, for $150 million. In 2000, HP


id: list-of-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of artificial intelligence algorithms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:35.679506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of artificial intelligence algorithms, including algorithms and algorithmic methods used in artificial intelligence (AI) for search, automated reasoning, knowledge representation and reasoning, planning, machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and related areas. == Search and optimization == A* search algorithm Alpha–beta pruning Beam search Beam stack search Best-first search Breadth-first search Depth-first search Expectiminimax General Problem Solver Hill climbing Iterative deepening A* Iterative deepening depth-first search Minmax algorithm Monte Carlo tree search Simulated annealing SSS* Uniform-cost search == Evolutionary computation and bio-inspired methods == Ant colony optimization algorithms Differential evolution Genetic algorithm Genetic programming Particle swarm optimization == Automated reasoning and logic == Backward chaining Forward chaining Resolution (logic) Rete algorithm == Probabilistic reasoning and uncertain inference == Baum–Welch algorithm Belief propagation Expectation–maximization algorithm Forward–backward algorithm Kalman filter Viterbi algorithm == Planning and decision-making == D* Satplan == Machine learning and statistical classification == == Neural networks and deep learning == Backpropagation Conjugate gradient method Generalized Hebbian algorithm Gradient descent Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm PagedAttention / vAttention Perceptron Quasi-Newton method Wake-sleep algorithm == Reinforcement learning == Actor-critic algorithm Policy gradient method Proximal policy optimization Q-learning State–action–reward–state–action Temporal difference learning == Natural language processing == Byte-pair


id: list-of-artificial-intelligence-companies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of artificial intelligence companies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:36.863172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-artificial-intelligence-companies-20260505-0
summary:
Below is a list of notable companies that primarily focus on artificial intelligence (AI). Companies that simply make use of AI but have a different primary focus are not included. == America == === Canada === === United States === == Asia == === China === === Hong Kong === Artisse AI === India === Haptik Sarvam AI NeuralGarage === Israel === AI21 Labs Hailo Technologies === Japan === Sakana AI === Saudi Arabia === Humain === South Korea === Upstage === United Arab Emirates === G42 == Europe == === France === === Germany === Aleph Alpha DeepL === Netherlands === Axelera AI === Norway === 1X Technologies === Sweden === Lovable === Switzerland === Art Recognition === Ukraine === Respeecher === United Kingdom === == See also == List of university artificial intelligence research centers List of artificial intelligence institutions List of artificial intelligence projects Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software List of chatbots List of self-driving system suppliers == References ==


id: list-of-haskell-software-and-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Haskell_software_and_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Haskell software and tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Haskell_software_and_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:49.532794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-haskell-software-and-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Haskell software and tools, including compilers, interpreters, build tools, package managers, integrated development environments, libraries, and other development utilities. == Compilers, interpreters and editors == Emacs — text editor Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) Hugs — bytecode interpreter (discontinued) IntelliJ IDEA — IDE with Haskell support via plugins Vim — text editor Visual Studio Code — editor/IDE with Haskell support via extensions == Libraries and frameworks == Parsec — parser combinator library Servant — web framework Yesod — web framework == Build tools and package management == Cabal — build system and packaging infrastructure Haskell Platform — bundled distribution of Haskell tools and libraries (deprecated) Stack — build tool and dependency manager == Language tools and static analysis == Fourmolu — code formatter based on Ormolu Haskell Language Server — implementation of the Language Server Protocol for Haskell HLint — source code suggestion and linting tool Hoogle — Haskell API search engine Ormolu — code formatter Stan — static analysis tool Stylish Haskell — source code formatter == Interactive environments == GHCi — interactive REPL for the Glasgow Haskell Compiler IHaskell — Jupyter kernel for Haskell == Debugging and profiling tools == hp2ps — heap profiling


id: list-of-software-by-apple-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple-0.md
category: reference
title: List of software by Apple
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:51.971012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-by-apple-20260505-0
summary:
This list of software by Apple covers software written by Apple Inc., organised by category. == Archiving, backup, restore, and recovery == === Current === Archive Utility – built-in archive file handler Time Machine – built-in backup software === Discontinued === Backup – built-in backup software, discontinued in 2012 with MobileMe == CD and DVD authoring == === Discontinued === DVD Studio Pro – DVD authoring application, the final update was in 2009 and was removed from Final Cut Studio in 2011 iDVD – a basic DVD-authoring application, last updated in 2010 and incompatible since macOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019 (previously part of the iLife suite) == Audio-specific software == === Current === GarageBand – an amateur-oriented digital audio workstation (previously part of the iLife suite) Logic Pro – a digital audio workstation (previously part of Logic Studio) MainStage – music software for use in live performances Shazam === Discontinued === Logic Express – a prosumer music production, discontinued in 2011 Logic Studio – a music-writing studio package, discontinued in 2011 in favour of Logic Pro X Apple Loops Utility – production and organisation of Apple Loops, last updated in 2009 and has been discontinued, with its features


id: list-of-software-by-apple-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple-1.md
category: reference
title: List of software by Apple
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:51.971012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-by-apple-20260505-0
summary:
=== Discontinued === AppleWorks – An office suite containing word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation applications. Discontinued in 2007 and replaced by iWork. Claris Resolve - a spreadsheet computer program, discontinued in 1994 with support ending in 1995 MacProject- a project management and scheduling business application, later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998 MacWrite - word processor application, later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998 == Operating systems == === Current === Darwin – the BSD-licensed and XNU-based core of macOS iOS – operating System for iPhones (known as iPhoneOS until version 4 in 2010) iPadOS – operating System for iPads (called iOS until version 13.1 in 2019) macOS – A Darwin-based Operating system for Macintosh computers. Originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012 and then "OS X" until 2016. tvOS – operating System for Apple TV (called Apple TV Software until version 9 in 2015) visionOS – operating System for Apple Vision Pro watchOS – operating System for Apple Watch XNU – a kernel based on Mach that is used as the core of apple operating systems === Discontinued === A/UX – a Unix-based operating system for Macintosh computers, discontinued in 1995 Apple DOS – a


id: list-of-storage-area-network-management-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storage_area_network_management_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of storage area network management systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storage_area_network_management_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:53.184509+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-storage-area-network-management-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Storage area network (SAN) management systems. A storage area network is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block level data storage. == Systems == Brocade Network Advisor Cisco Fabric Manager Enterprise Fabric Connectivity (EFC) Manager EMC ControlCenter EMC VisualSRM EMC Invista Hitachi Data Systems HiCommand HP OpenView Storage Area Manager IBM SAN Volume Controller Symantec Veritas Command Central Storage KernSafe Cross-Platform iSCSI SAN == References ==


id: list-of-log-structured-file-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of log-structured file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:54.370295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-log-structured-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is an incomplete list of log-structured file system implementations. James T, Brady while in IBM Poughkeepsie Lab conceived a log structured paging file system in 1979 which was implemented in MVS SP2 in 1980. John K. Ousterhout and Mendel Rosenblum implemented the first log-structured file system for the Sprite operating system in 1992. BSD-LFS, an implementation by Margo Seltzer was added to 4.4BSD, and was later ported to 386BSD. It lacked support for snapshots. It was removed from FreeBSD and OpenBSD, but still lives on in NetBSD. Plan 9's Fossil file system is also log-structured and supports snapshots. NILFS is a log-structured file system implementation for Linux by NTT/Verio which supports snapshots. LinLogFS (formerly dtfs) and LFS are log-structured file system implementations for Linux. The latter was part of Google Summer of Code 2005. Both projects have been abandoned. LFS is another log-structured file system for Linux developed by Charles University, Prague. It was to include support for snapshots and indexed directories, but development has since ceased. Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) by NetApp is a file layout that supports large, high-performance RAID arrays, quick restarts without lengthy consistency checks in the event of a crash or power failure,


id: list-of-logitech-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Logitech_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Logitech products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Logitech_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:55.718032+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-logitech-products-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of various Logitech products. Individual products may have their own article. == Software == Logitech MouseWare Logitech SetPoint Logitech Unifying Software Logitech Control Center (LCC) Compatible: macOS 10.8-11.0. Logitech Options Compatible: Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.8 or later. Logitech Options+ Compatible: Windows 10 or later, macOS 10.15 or later. Logitech Gaming Software Compatible: Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.8-10.15. Logitech G Hub Compatible: Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.13 or later. Logi AI Prompt Builder Compatible: Windows 10 or later, macOS 12 or later. == Pointing devices == === Ball mice === === Optical mice === Notes: === Gaming mice === === Trackballs === Notes: === Touchpads === === Cordless presenters === === 3D controllers === Notes: === Other pointing devices === == Keyboards == === Gaming keyboards === === Full-sized keyboards (office keyboard) === === Mobile keyboards === === Numeric pads === == Game controllers == === Gamepads === === Joysticks === === Racing wheels === == Webcams and cameras == === Webcams === === Digital cameras === == Audio products == === PC speakers === === Headphones === === Gaming headphones === *DTS:X Only Headphones can utilize Windows Sonic for Headphones or Dolby


id: list-of-applications-using-lua-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua-0.md
category: reference
title: List of applications using Lua
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:56.980256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-applications-using-lua-20260505-0
summary:
The Lua programming language is a lightweight multi-paradigm language designed mainly for embedded systems and clients. This is a list of applications which use Lua for the purpose of extensibility. == Video games == In video game development, Lua is widely used as a scripting language by game programmers, perhaps due to its perceived ease to embed, fast execution, and short learning curve. In 2003, a poll conducted by GameDev.net showed Lua as the most popular scripting language for game programming. On 12 January 2012, Lua was announced as a winner of the Front Line Award 2011 from the magazine Game Developer in the category Programming Tools. == Other uses == Other applications using Lua include:


id: list-of-applications-using-lua-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua-1.md
category: reference
title: List of applications using Lua
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:56.980256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-applications-using-lua-20260505-0
summary:
3DMLW plugin uses Lua scripting for animating 3D and handling different events. Adobe Photoshop Lightroom uses Lua for its user interface. Aerospike Database uses Lua as its internal scripting language for its user defined function (UDF) abilities, similar to procedures Apache HTTP Server can use Lua anywhere in the request process (since version 2.3, via the core mod_lua module). Ardour hard disk recorder and digital audio workstation application uses Lua for scripting including the ability to process audio and Midi. ArduPilot an open source unmanned vehicle firmware that uses Lua for user scripts Artweaver graphics editor uses Lua for scripting filters. Autodesk Stingray, a game engine which uses Lua for developing video games. Awesome, a window manager, is written partly in Lua, also using it as its configuration file format Blackmagic Fusion can be extended and automated through a comprehensive Lua API, as a faster alternative to the Python API. The Canon Hack Development Kit (CHDK), an open source firmware for Canon cameras, uses Lua as one of two scripting languages. Celestia, the astronomy educational program, uses Lua as its scripting language. Cheat Engine, a memory editor/debugger, enables Lua scripts to be embedded in its "cheat table" files, and even


id: list-of-applications-using-lua-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua-2.md
category: reference
title: List of applications using Lua
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:56.980256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-applications-using-lua-20260505-0
summary:
REAPER digital audio workstation supports Lua scripting to extend function. Reason digital audio workstation uses Lua to describe remote codecs. Redis, an open source key-value database, uses Lua (starting with version 2.6) to write complex functions that run in the server itself, thus extending its function. Renoise audio tracker uses Lua scripting to extend function. RetroShare encrypted filesharing, serverless email, instant messaging, online chat and BBS software, has a Lua plugin for automation and control. Roblox is a game platform with its own game engine. It uses a modified version of Lua 5.1 named Luau. Rockbox, the open-source digital audio player firmware, supports plugins written in Lua. RPM, software package management system mainly developed for Red Hat Linux, comes with an embedded Lua interpreter. SAS integrates Lua with PROC LUA as an alternative to its legacy macro language. Scrap Mechanic is a video game, that uses Lua in mods that can be downloaded from the Steam Workshop. ScyllaDB uses Lua for user-defined functions, which let users deploy server-side scripts to perform data transforms such as aggregations, sums and averages. New versions of SciTE editor can be extended using Lua. Snort intrusion detection system includes a Lua interpreter since 3.0 beta


id: list-of-mobile-app-distribution-platforms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mobile app distribution platforms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:58.284475+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mobile-app-distribution-platforms-20260505-0
summary:
This list of mobile app distribution platforms includes digital distribution platforms, or marketplace 'app stores', intended to provide mobile applications, aka 'apps' to mobile devices. For information on each mobile platform and its market share, see the mobile operating system and smartphone articles. A comparison of the development capabilities of each mobile platform can be found in the article on mobile app development. For cross-platform development, see the mobile development framework. The mobile app article contains other general information. == Mobile app platforms == === Native platforms === These application marketplaces, or 'm' are native to the major mobile operating systems. Anyway, the relative store APK can often be installed in other compatible systems without rooting a device, as it happens for Huawei AppGallery and stock Android. There are 17 native mobile app distribution platforms currently on this list. Notes Google Play — App figures reported by app intelligence firms in 2025 indicate a substantial reduction in listed Play Store apps (from ~3.4M at the start of 2024 to ~1.8M in 2025) following tightened policy enforcement and purges. For details see TechCrunch / The Verge coverage. Huawei AppGallery — commonly reported HMS / AppGallery figures (220k+ HMS apps; ~580M MAU)


id: list-of-network-protocol-stacks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocol_stacks-0.md
category: reference
title: List of network protocol stacks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocol_stacks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:59.422275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-network-protocol-stacks-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of protocol stack architectures. A protocol stack is a suite of complementary communications protocols in a computer network or a computer bus system. == See also == Lists of network protocols IEEE 802


id: list-of-network-protocols-osi-model-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of network protocols (OSI model)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:00.692902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-network-protocols-osi-model-20260505-0
summary:
This article lists protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model. This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family. Many of these protocols are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers. == Layer 1 (physical layer) == Telephone network modems IrDA physical layer USB physical layer EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485 Ethernet physical layer 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX and other varieties Varieties of 802.11 Wi-Fi physical layers DSL ISDN T1 and other T-carrier links, and E1 and other E-carrier links ITU Recommendations: see ITU-T IEEE 1394 interfaces TransferJet Etherloop ARINC 818 Avionics Digital Video Bus G.hn/G.9960 physical layer CAN bus (controller area network) physical layer Mobile Industry Processor Interface physical layer Frame Relay FO Fiber optics X.25 == Layer 2 (data link layer) == ARCnet Attached Resource Computer NETwork ARP Address Resolution Protocol ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol Distributed Multi-Link Trunking Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking DTP Dynamic Trunking Protocol Econet Ethernet FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface Frame Relay ITU-T G.hn


id: list-of-open-file-formats-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_file_formats-0.md
category: reference
title: List of open file formats
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_file_formats
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:02.038494+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-open-file-formats-20260505-0
summary:
An open file format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by a published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open formats, closed formats are considered trade secrets. Open formats are also called free file formats if they are not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions (for example, if they are in the public domain) so that anyone may use them at no monetary cost for any desired purpose. Open formats (in alphabetical order) include: == Multimedia == === Imaging === APNG – It allows for animated PNG files that work similarly to animated GIF files. AVIF – An image format using AV1 compression. FLIF – Free Lossless Image Format. GBR – a 2D binary vector image file format, the de facto standard in the printed circuit board (PCB) industry GIF – CompuServe's Graphics Interchange Format (openly published specification, but patent-encumbered by a third party; became free when patents expired in 2004) JPEG – a lossy image


id: list-of-open-source-hardware-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of open-source hardware projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:04.470158+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-open-source-hardware-projects-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of open-source hardware projects, including computer systems and components, cameras, radio, telephony, science education, machines and tools, robotics, renewable energy, home automation, medical and biotech, automotive, prototyping, test equipment, and musical instruments. == Communications == === Amateur radio === Homebrew D-STAR Radio HackRF One === Audio electronics === Monome 40h – reconfigurable grid of 64 backlit buttons, used via USB; a limited batch of 500 was produced; all design process, specifications, firmware, and PCB schematics are available online Neuros Digital Audio Computer – portable digital audio player Arduinome MIDIbox – modular DIY hardware–software platform for MIDI devices including controllers, synthesizers, sequencers === Telephony === Openmoko – phone framework (first use case: First International Computer (FIC) Neo FreeRunner, released as of mid-2008 OpenBTS and OsmoBTS – software-based GSM base stations Project Ara – modular design, hot swapping pluggable mobile phone; due to enter trial production in 2015, but was suspended in 2016 PiPhone and ZeroPhone Telecom Infra Project – collaborative Open Compute Project focusing on optical broadband networks and open cellular networks to create global access PinePhone – developed by computer manufacturer Pine64, intended for allowing the user to have full hardware and software control over the


id: list-of-open-source-hardware-projects-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware_projects-1.md
category: reference
title: List of open-source hardware projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:04.470158+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-open-source-hardware-projects-20260505-0
summary:
=== 3D printers and scanners === RepRap project – 3D printer-fabber; recyclebots, like the Lyman filament extruder, provide the filament for RepRaps LulzBot – 3D printer design by Aleph Objects; is Respects Your Freedom certified by the Free Software Foundation Voron Design – nonprofit organization developing specifications for 3D printers, including the Voron 0.2, Voron 2.4, and Voron Trident === CNC milling machines === FarmBot Maslow CNC - an open source CNC router project notable for low cost and unique vertical design === Other hardware === Open Source Ecology's Global Village Construction Set (GVCS) – 50 industrial machines needed to build a small civilization with modern comforts Precious Plastic's – plastic recycling tools – Shredder, Extruder, Injector, Compressor, and supplemental resources Defense Distributed/Liberator (gun) Charon (gun) FGC-9 (gun) == Science == === Medical devices === Open Prosthetics Project – design of open-source prosthetics Open-source ventilator === Scientific hardware === Open-Source Lab – documents dozens of scientific tools, but is closed-source itself OpenBCI – EEG amplifier == Satellite == UPSat == Partially open-source hardware == Hardware that uses closed source components === Computers === ==== Single-board computers ==== Tinkerforge RED Brick, executes user programs and controls other Bricks/Bricklets standalone ===== ARM


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-0.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
== Current support == A number of applications support the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications; listed alphabetically they include: === Word processors === AbiWord 2.4+ (import from 2.4.0, export from 2.4.2; used to require separate download and installation of plugins – up to version 2.6.8). Adobe Creative Cloud Apache OpenOffice Writer uses ODT as its native file format. Atlantis Word Processor 1.6.5+ can import ODT documents. Calligra Words uses ODT as its native file format. Collabora Office Writer for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODT as its native file format. Collabora Online Writer uses ODT as its native file format. eyeOS Cloud computing operating system with eyeDocs Word Processor has basic support for ODF text documents. EasiWriter (for RISC OS) Version 9.1 can import/save ODT files on RISC OS. FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad. FocusWriter, a distraction-free word processor. Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application derived from the application Writely. Gwennel, a WYSIWYG word processor written in assembly language, under 200 KB. IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files. IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-1.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
=== Spreadsheets === Calligra Sheets uses ODS as default file format. Collabora Office Calc for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODS as its native file format. Collabora Online Calc uses ODS as its native file format. EditGrid, a web-based (online) spreadsheet service – full support. FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad. Gnumeric can both open and save files in this format and plans to continue to support this format in the future. Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application which can read and save OpenDocument files. IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files. IBM Lotus Symphony Spreadsheets 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued). IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone. JustSystems JUST Suite 2009 Sanshiro (Japanese). LibreOffice Calc (an OpenOffice.org fork) uses ODS as its native file format. Microsoft Excel 2003 and Office XP Excel (with the Open Source OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office) Microsoft Excel 2007 (with Service Pack 2 or 3) supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only) Microsoft Excel 2010 supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only) Microsoft Excel 2013 supports ODF 1.2 (Windows only) Microsoft Excel 2016 and Microsoft


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-2.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
== Search tools == Google supports searching in content of ODT, ODS, and ODP files and also searching for these filetypes. Found files can be viewed directly in a converted HTML view. Google Desktop Search has an unofficial OpenDocument plug-in available, supporting ODT, OTT, ODG, OTG, ODP, OTP, ODS, OTS, and ODF OpenDocument formats. The plug-in does not correctly handle Unicode characters. Apple Spotlight (built into OS X 10.4 and later) supports indexed searching of OpenDocument files using a third-party plug-in from the NeoOffice team. Copernic Desktop Search (Windows). == Other planned support == Ability Office developers declared planned ODF support for the next major version of their office suite. Evermore Integrated Office – EIOffice 2009 will support ODF in the update. As stated on Evermore Software website: "Work is underway to both read and write to this new format as well as *.pdf and *.odf file formats in the update." Last version of EIOffice 2009 (5.0.1272.101EN.L1) cannot open or save ODF files. Haansoft's Hangul Word Processor will support OpenDocument format documents in its next version for Windows, which is planned for the end of 2009. An extension for Mozilla Firefox has been proposed by a developer named Tallinn, according


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-3.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
==== Third party support: Plug-ins for Microsoft Office ==== Sun Microsystems' ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office users (download link no longer available as of 30 March 2013)— was a plugin that allowed users to read and edit ISO-standard Open Document Format (ODF) files in Microsoft Office. It works with Microsoft Office 2007 (with service pack 1 or higher), Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office XP, and even Microsoft Office 2000. ooo-word-filter was a plugin that allowed users to open ODF files in Microsoft Office 2003. OpenOpenOffice (O3), is apparently inactive. OpenOpenOffice was developed by Phase-n, a free and open source software plug-in to enable Microsoft Office to read and write OpenDocument files (and any other formats supported by OpenOffice.org). Instead of installing a complete office application or even a large plug-in, O3 intended to install a tiny plug-in to the Microsoft Office system. This tiny plug-in intended to automatically send the file to some server, which would then do the conversion, returning the converted file. The server could be local to an organization (so private information doesn't go over the Internet) or accessed via the Internet (for those who do not want to set up a server). A beta of the


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-4.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
OpenOffice is expected to work well with existing solutions in MS Windows' on-screen keyboards (etc.) when driven by single-switch access, head-mouse, and eye-gaze systems. On Unix-like systems, GNOME's "On-screen Keyboard" can be used. Also available on both Linux and Windows systems is Dasher, a text-entry alternative released under the GPL for head-mouse and eye-gaze users (35+ word-per-minute typing speeds using nothing but eye movement are possible). If those with disabilities are already using Microsoft Office, then a plug-in enabling them to load and save OpenDocument files using Microsoft Office may give them the same capabilities they already have (assuming the opening/saving cycle is accessible). So from that perspective, OpenDocument is at least as accessible as Microsoft Office. For users using alternatives to Microsoft Office there may be problems, not necessarily due to the ODF file format but rather due to the lower investment to date by assistive technology vendors on these platforms, though there is ongoing work. For example, IBM has stated that its "Workplace productivity tools available through Workplace Managed Client including word processing, spreadsheet and presentation editors are currently planned to be fully accessible on a Windows platform by 2007. Additionally, these productivity tools are currently planned to


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of operating systems. Computer operating systems can be categorized by technology, ownership, licensing, working state, usage, and by many other characteristics. In practice, many of these groupings may overlap. Criteria for inclusion is notability, as shown either through an existing Wikipedia article or citation to a reliable source. == Proprietary == === Acorn Computers === Arthur ARX MOS RISC iX RISC OS === Amazon === Fire OS === Amiga Inc. === AmigaOS AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (Motorola 68000) AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC) Amiga Unix (a.k.a. Amix) === Amstrad === AMSDOS Contiki CP/M 2.2 CP/M Plus SymbOS === Apple === Apple II Apple DOS Apple Pascal ProDOS GS/OS GNO/ME Contiki Apple III Apple SOS Apple Lisa Mac Classic Mac OS A/UX (UNIX System V with BSD extensions) Copland MkLinux Pink Rhapsody macOS (formerly Mac OS X and OS X) macOS Server (formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server) Apple Network Server IBM AIX (Apple-customized) Apple MessagePad Newton OS iPhone and iPod Touch iOS (formerly iPhone OS) iPad iPadOS Apple Watch watchOS Apple TV tvOS Embedded operating systems bridgeOS Apple Vision Pro visionOS Embedded operating systems A/ROSE iPod software (unnamed embedded OS for iPod) Unnamed NetBSD variant for Airport


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-1.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Digital Research, Inc. === CP/M CP/M CP/M for Intel 8080/8085 and Zilog Z80 Personal CP/M, a refinement of CP/M CP/M Plus with BDOS 3.0 CP/M-68K CP/M for Motorola 68000 CP/M-8000 CP/M for Zilog Z8000 CP/M-86 CP/M for Intel 8088/8086 CP/M-86 Plus Personal CP/M-86 MP/M Multi-user version of CP/M-80 MP/M II MP/M-86 Multi-user version of CP/M-86 MP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of MP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs. Concurrent CP/M, the successor of CP/M-80 and MP/M-80 Concurrent CP/M-86, the successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86 Concurrent CP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent CP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs. Concurrent CP/M-68K, a variant for the 68000 DOS Concurrent DOS, the successor of Concurrent CP/M-86 with PC-MODE Concurrent PC DOS, a Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs Concurrent DOS 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs Concurrent DOS 286 Concurrent DOS XM, a real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support Concurrent DOS 386 Concurrent DOS 386/MGE, a Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities Concurrent DOS 68K, a port of Concurrent DOS to Motorola 68000 CPUs with DOS source code portability capabilities FlexOS 1.0 – 2.34, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 286 FlexOS


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-2.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
==== On early mainframes: 1410, 7010, 704, 709, 7090, 7094, 7040, 7044, 7030 ==== BESYS – for the IBM 7090 Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) – developed at MIT's Computation Center for use on a modified IBM 7094 FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS) – for the IBM 709 and 7090 GM OS & GM-NAA I/O – for the IBM 704 IBSYS – tape based operating system for IBM 7090 and IBM 7094 7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) - 7040-PR-150 IJMON – A bootable serial I/O monitor for loading programs for the IBM 1400 series 1410 Processor Operating System (PR-155) for the 1410 and 7010 SHARE Operating System (SOS) – for the IBM 704 and 709 University of Michigan Executive System (UMES) – for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090) ==== On S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes ==== OS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture) PCP (Primary Control Program, a kernel and a ground breaking automatic space allocating file system) MFT (original Multi-programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, replaced by MFT II) MFT II (Multi-Programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, had up to 15 fixed size application partitions, plus partitions


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-3.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
==== On PC and Intel x86 based architectures ==== PC DOS, IBM DOS PC DOS 1.x, 2.x, 3.x (developed jointly with Microsoft) IBM DOS 4.x, 5.0 (developed jointly with Microsoft) PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000, 7.10 OS/2 OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with Microsoft) OS/2 2.x OS/2 Warp 3 (ported to PPC via Workplace OS) OS/2 Warp 4 eComStation (Warp 4.5/Workspace on Demand, rebundled by Serenity Systems International) ArcaOS (Warp 4.52 based system sold by Arca Noae, LLC) IBM 4680 OS version 1 to 4, a POS operating system based on Digital Research's Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 286 1.xx IBM 4690 OS version 1 to 6.3, a successor to 4680 OS based on Novell's FlexOS 286/FlexOS 386 2.3x Toshiba 4690 OS version 6.4, a successor to 4690 OS 6.3 Unix-like on PS/2 AIX (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version) ==== On other hardware platforms ==== IBM Series/1 EDX (Event Driven Executive) RPS (Realtime Programming System) CPS (Control Programming Support, subset of RPS) SerIX (Unix on Series/1) IBM 1130 DMS (Disk Monitor System) IBM 1800 TSX (Time Sharing eXecutive) MPX (Multi Programming eXecutive) IBM 8100 DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive) DPPX (Distributed Processing Programming Executive) IBM System/3


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-4.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Novell === NetWare – network operating system providing high-performance network services. Has been superseded by Open Enterprise Server line, which can be based on NetWare or Linux to provide the same set of services. UnixWare Novell "SuperNOS" – a never released merge of NetWare and UnixWare Novell "Corsair" Novell "Exposé" Open Enterprise Server – the successor to NetWare === Open Mobile Platform === Aurora OS – the successor to Sailfish OS (not to be confused with a different Aurora OS) === Quadros Systems === RTXC Quadros RTOS – proprietary C-based RTOS used in embedded systems === RCA === Time Sharing Operating System (TSOS) – first OS supporting virtual addressing of the main storage and support for both timeshare and batch interface === RoweBots === DSPnano RTOS – 8/16 Bit Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS === Samsung Electronics === Bada Tizen is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) while controlled by Samsung and backed by Intel. Tizen works on a wide range of Samsung devices including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, PCs and wearable. Orsay One UI - Android custom ROM === Scientific


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-5.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
==== Other proprietary non-Unix-like ==== Operating system for Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) and Эльбрус-2 – used for application, job control, system programming, implemented in uЭль-76 (AL-76). Business Operating System (BOS) – developed to be ported across microcomputers. EOS – developed by ETA Systems for use in their ETA-10 line of supercomputers EMBOS – developed by Elxsi for use on their mini-supercomputers GCOS – a proprietary operating system originally developed by General Electric MAI Basic Four – An OS implementing Business Basic from MAI Systems. Michigan Terminal System – Developed by a group of universities in the US, Canada, and the UK for use on the IBM System/360 Model 67, the System/370 series, and compatible mainframes MUSIC/SP – an operating system developed for the S/370, running normally under VM OS ES – an operating system for ES EVM PC-MOS/386 – DOS-like, but multiuser/multitasking Prolog-Dispatcher – used to control Soviet Buran space shuttle. SINTRAN III – an operating system used with Norsk Data computers. SkyOS – commercial desktop OS for PCs SODA – used by the Odra 1204 computers. THEOS TSX-32 – a 32-bit operating system for x86 platform. TX990/TXDS, DX10 and DNOS – proprietary operating systems for TI-990 minicomputers ==== Other proprietary Unix-like


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-6.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Non-Unix === Cosmos – written in C# EmuTOS - open source Atari TOS variant FreeDOS – open source MS-DOS variant Genode – operating system framework for microkernels (written in C++) Google Fuchsia Haiku – open source inspired by BeOS, in development Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) – written in the MIDAS macro assembler language for the PDP-6 and PDP-10 by MIT students LiteOS MagiC - open source Atari TOS variant OpenHarmony - LiteOS kernel and kernel add-ons side of the kernel tree under Kernel Abstract Layer (KAL) structure Uniproton real-time operating system for ultra-low latency and adaptable mixed-critical deployment capabilities contributed by openEuler community and also part of OpenHarmony add-on kernel osFree – OS/2 Warp open source clone OSv – written in C++ Phantom OS – persistent object-oriented ReactOS – open source OS designed to be binary compatible with Windows NT and its variants (Windows XP, Windows 2000, etc.); in development [Redacted] OS - open source made by Developed from Scratch SharpOS – written in .NET C# Visopsys – written in C and assembly by Andy McLaughlin Quantix == Research == === Unix or Unix-like === Plan 9 from Bell Labs – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-7.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
Banyan VINES – by Banyan Systems Cambridge Ring Cisco IOS – by Cisco Systems Cisco NX-OS – previously SAN-OS CTOS – by Convergent Technologies, later acquired by Unisys Data ONTAP – by NetApp ExtremeWare – by Extreme Networks ExtremeXOS – by Extreme Networks Fabric OS – by Brocade JunOS – by Juniper NetWare – networking OS by Novell Network operating system (NOS) – developed by CDC for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers Novell Open Enterprise Server – Open Source networking OS by Novell. Can incorporate either SUSE Linux or Novell NetWare as its kernel Plan 9 – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on Unix design principles but not functionally identical Inferno – distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs SONiC TurboDOS – by Software 2000, Inc. == Generic, commodity, and other == BLIS/COBOL A2 formerly named Active Object System (AOS), and then Bluebottle (a concurrent and active object update to the Oberon operating system) BS1000 by Siemens BS2000 by Siemens, now BS2000/OSD from Fujitsu Siemens (formerly Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme) BS3000 by Siemens (rebadging of Fujitsu's MSP operating system) Contiki for various, mostly 8-bit systems, including the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, and some


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-8.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other embedded === Apache Mynewt ChibiOS/RT Contiki CoRTOS "World's simplest embedded RTOS" ERIKA Enterprise eCos NetBSD Nucleus RTOS NuttX Minix NCOS freeRTOS, openRTOS, safeRTOS Fuchsia OpenEmbedded (or Yocto Project) OpenHarmony pSOS (Portable Software On Silicon) PX5 RTOS QNX – Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market. REX OS – microkernel; usually an embedded cell phone OS RIOT ROM-DOS TinyOS ThreadX Tock RT-Thread DSPnano RTOS Windows IoT – formerly Windows Embedded Windows CE Windows IoT Core Windows IoT Enterprise Wind River VxWorks RTOS. Wombat – microkernel; usually real-time embedded Zephyr LiteOS SuperTinyKernel RTOS === LEGO Mindstorms === brickOS leJOS == Capability-based == Cambridge CAP computer – operating system demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software, also a useful fileserver, implemented in ALGOL 68C Flex machine – Custom microprogrammable hardware, with an operating system, (modular) compiler, editor, * garbage collector and filing system all written in ALGOL 68. HYDRA – Running on the C.mmp computer at Carnegie Mellon University, implemented in the programming language BLISS KeyKOS nanokernel EROS microkernel V – from Stanford, early 1980s HarmonyOS NEXT Google Fuchsia Phantom OS == See also == Comparison of operating systems Comparison of real-time operating


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, machine learning: Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence within computer science that evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory. In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as a "field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed". ML involves the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. These algorithms operate by building a model from a training set of example observations to make data-driven predictions or decisions expressed as outputs, rather than following strictly static program instructions. == How can machine learning be categorized? == An academic discipline A branch of science An applied science A subfield of computer science A branch of artificial intelligence A subfield of soft computing Application of statistics === Paradigms of machine learning === Supervised learning, where the model is trained on labeled data Unsupervised learning, where the model tries to identify patterns in unlabeled data Reinforcement learning, where the model learns to make decisions by receiving rewards or penalties. == Applications of machine learning == Applications of machine learning Bioinformatics Biomedical informatics


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
Timeline of machine learning == Machine learning projects == Machine learning projects: DeepMind Google Brain OpenAI Meta AI Hugging Face == Machine learning organizations == === Machine learning conferences and workshops === Artificial Intelligence and Security (AISec) (co-located workshop with CCS) Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) ECML PKDD International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ML4ALL (Machine Learning For All) == Machine learning publications == === Books on machine learning === Mathematics for Machine Learning Hands-On Machine Learning Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow The Hundred-Page Machine Learning Book === Machine learning journals === Machine Learning Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) Neural Computation == Persons influential in machine learning == Alberto Broggi Andrei Knyazev Andrew McCallum Andrew Ng Anuraag Jain Armin B. Cremers Ayanna Howard Barney Pell Ben Goertzel Ben Taskar Bernhard Schölkopf Brian D. Ripley Christopher G. Atkeson Corinna Cortes Demis Hassabis Douglas Lenat Eric Xing Ernst Dickmanns Geoffrey Hinton Hans-Peter Kriegel Hartmut Neven Heikki Mannila Ian Goodfellow Jacek M. Zurada Jaime Carbonell Jeremy Slovak Jerome H. Friedman John D. Lafferty John Platt Julie Beth Lovins Jürgen Schmidhuber Karl Steinbuch Katia Sycara Leo Breiman Lise Getoor Luca Maria Gambardella Léon Bottou Marcus Hutter Mehryar Mohri Michael Collins Michael I.


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other === Anne O'Tate Ant colony optimization algorithms Anthony Levandowski Anti-unification (computer science) Apache Flume Apache Giraph Apache Mahout Apache SINGA Apache Spark Apache SystemML Aphelion (software) Arabic Speech Corpus Archetypal analysis Arthur Zimek Artificial ants Artificial bee colony algorithm Artificial development Artificial immune system Astrostatistics Averaged one-dependence estimators Bag-of-words model Balanced clustering Ball tree Base rate Bat algorithm Baum–Welch algorithm Bayesian hierarchical modeling Bayesian interpretation of kernel regularization Bayesian optimization Bayesian structural time series Bees algorithm Behavioral clustering Bernoulli scheme Bias–variance tradeoff Biclustering BigML Binary classification Bing Predicts Bio-inspired computing Biogeography-based optimization Biplot Bondy's theorem Bongard problem Bradley–Terry model BrownBoost Brown clustering Burst error CBCL (MIT) CIML community portal CMA-ES CURE data clustering algorithm Cache language model Calibration (statistics) Canonical correspondence analysis Canopy clustering algorithm Cascading classifiers Category utility CellCognition Cellular evolutionary algorithm Chi-square automatic interaction detection Chromosome (genetic algorithm) Classifier chains Cleverbot Clonal selection algorithm Cluster-weighted modeling Clustering high-dimensional data Clustering illusion CoBoosting Cobweb (clustering) Cognitive computer Cognitive robotics Collostructional analysis Common-method variance Complete-linkage clustering Computer-automated design Concept class Concept drift Conference on Artificial General Intelligence Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Confirmatory factor analysis Confusion matrix Congruence coefficient Connect (computer system) Consensus clustering Constrained clustering


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
R (programming language) Rada Mihalcea Rademacher complexity Radial basis function kernel Rand index Random indexing Random projection Random subspace method Ranking SVM RapidMiner Rattle GUI Raymond Cattell Reasoning system Regularization perspectives on support vector machines Relational data mining Relationship square Relevance vector machine Relief (feature selection) Renjin Repertory grid Representer theorem Reward-based selection Richard Zemel Right to explanation RoboEarth Robust principal component analysis RuleML Symposium Rule induction Rules extraction system family SAS (software) SNNS SPSS Modeler SUBCLU Sample complexity Sample exclusion dimension Santa Fe Trail problem Savi Technology Schema (genetic algorithms) Search-based software engineering Selection (genetic algorithm) Self-Service Semantic Suite Semantic folding Semantic mapping (statistics) Semidefinite embedding Sense Networks Sensorium Project Sequence labeling Sequential minimal optimization Shattered set Shogun (toolbox) Silhouette (clustering) SimHash SimRank Similarity measure Simple matching coefficient Simultaneous localization and mapping Sinkov statistic Sliced inverse regression Snakes and Ladders Soft independent modelling of class analogies Soft output Viterbi algorithm Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference SolveIT Software Spectral clustering Spike-and-slab variable selection Statistical machine translation Statistical parsing Statistical semantics Stefano Soatto Stephen Wolfram Stochastic block model Stochastic cellular automaton Stochastic diffusion search Stochastic grammar Stochastic matrix Stochastic universal sampling Stress majorization String kernel Structural equation modeling Structural risk minimization


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
== Further reading == Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani and Jerome H. Friedman (2001). The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer. ISBN 0-387-95284-5. Pedro Domingos (September 2015), The Master Algorithm, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-06570-7 Mehryar Mohri, Afshin Rostamizadeh, Ameet Talwalkar (2012). Foundations of Machine Learning, The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01825-8. Ian H. Witten and Eibe Frank (2011). Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques Morgan Kaufmann, 664pp., ISBN 978-0-12-374856-0. David J. C. MacKay. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-64298-1 Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart, David G. Stork (2001) Pattern classification (2nd edition), Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-05669-3. Christopher Bishop (1995). Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853864-2. Vladimir Vapnik (1998). Statistical Learning Theory. Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-03003-1. Ray Solomonoff, An Inductive Inference Machine, IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp., 56–62, 1957. Ray Solomonoff, "An Inductive Inference Machine" A privately circulated report from the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on AI. == References == == External links == Data Science: Data to Insights from MIT (machine learning) Popular online course by Andrew Ng, at Coursera. It uses GNU Octave. The course is a free version of Stanford University's


id: list-of-performance-analysis-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performance_analysis_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of performance analysis tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performance_analysis_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:09.736625+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-performance-analysis-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of performance analysis tools for use in software development. == General purpose, language independent == The following tools work based on log files that can be generated from various systems. time (Unix) - can be used to determine the run time of a program, separately counting user time vs. system time, and CPU time vs. clock time. timem (Unix) - can be used to determine the wall-clock time, CPU time, and CPU utilization similar to time (Unix) but supports numerous extensions. Supports reporting peak resident set size, major and minor page faults, priority and voluntary context switches via getrusage. Supports sampling procfs on supporting systems to report metrics such as page-based resident set size, virtual memory size, read-bytes, and write-bytes, etc. Supports collecting hardware counters when built with PAPI support. == Multiple languages == The following tools work for multiple languages or binaries. == C and C++ == Arm MAP, a performance profiler supporting Linux platforms. AppDynamics, an application performance management service for C/C++ applications via SDK. AQtime Pro, a performance profiler and memory allocation debugger that can be integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio, and Embarcadero RAD Studio, or can run as a stand-alone application. IBM


id: list-of-prisma-app-filters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Prisma (app) filters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:10.982064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-prisma-app-filters-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of filters for the photo-editing application Prisma to render images with an artistic effect. == Artists == Artists represented through the app via the filters include Marc Chagall, Hokusai, Wassily Kandinsky, Roy Lichtenstein, Isaac Levitan, Hayao Miyazaki, Piet Mondrian, Alphonse Mucha, Edvard Munch, Francis Picabia, and Pablo Picasso. == List of Prisma filters == == Reception == In July 2016, Wiknix's Jay Bokhiria called Candy, Dreams, Gothic, Mosaic, and Roland the best Prisma filters. The Telegraph's Pramita Ghosh and Riddhima Khanna picked out five filters: Heisenberg, Marcus D – Lone Wolf, Mosaic, Roland, and Udnie. India TV said Bobbie, #FollowMeTo, Mondrian, The Scream, and Udnie were the best filters while "you can ignore the rest." Stuff's Sam Kieldsen favored the Curtain, Electric, and MIOBI filters with "work well with almost any sort of shot you use" as well as Heisenberg "can be brilliantly effective when used with the right base shot." However, Kieldsen critiqued the filters Impression and Mondrian with "rarely seem to produce anything worth looking at." The Kitchn's Ariel Knutson used the filters Candy, Gothic, Femme, Ice Cream, Mononoke, Mosaic, Raoul, Tokyo, and Udnie for various food photography. Knutson called Gothic "the most bold


id: outline-of-computer-programming-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of computer programming
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:12.753055+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-computer-programming-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming: Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem. == History == History of computer science History of computing hardware History of computing hardware (1960s–present) History of programming languages Timeline of programming languages Computer programming in the punched card era Operating systems timeline == Platforms == Computer Computer hardware Analog computer Analytical Engine Digital computer Vacuum-tube computer List of vacuum-tube computers Transistor computer List of transistorized computers Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Home computers IBM PC compatible Personal computer Desktop computer Laptop computer Mobile computer Personal digital assistant (PDA) Smartphone Tablet computer Wearable computer Server Supercomputer Virtual machine Hardware virtualization Runtime system == Paradigms == Agent-oriented Aspect-oriented Automata-based Class-based Concatenative


id: punched-card-input-output-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output-0.md
category: reference
title: Punched card input/output
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:14.676413+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: punched-card-input-output-20260505-0
summary:
A computer punched card reader or just computer card reader is a computer input device used to read computer programs in either source or executable form and data from punched cards. A computer card punch is a computer output device that punches holes in cards. Sometimes computer punch card readers were combined with computer card punches and, later, other devices to form multifunction machines. == History == Many early computers, such as the ENIAC, and the IBM NORC, provided for punched card input/output. Card readers and punches, either connected to computers or in off-line card to/from magnetic tape configurations, were ubiquitous through the mid-1970s. Punched cards had been in use since the 1890s; their technology was mature and reliable. Card readers and punches developed for punched card machines were readily adaptable for computer use. Businesses were familiar with storing data on punched cards and keypunch machines were widely employed. Punched cards were a better fit for some computer applications than other 1950s technologies, such as magnetic tape, because individual cards could easily be updated without having to access a computer. Also file drawers of punched cards served as a low-density offline storage medium for data. == Operation == The standard


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-0.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
There are a large number of QWERTY keyboard layouts used for languages written in the Latin script. Many of these keyboards include some additional symbols of other languages, but there also exist layouts that were designed with the goal to be usable for multiple languages (see Multilingual variants). This list gives general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems, with emphasis on Microsoft Windows. == Specific language variants == === English === ==== Canada ==== English-speaking Canadians have traditionally used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French (CFR) and the Canadian French ACNOR (CFA) keyboard layouts (see below). ==== United Kingdom ==== The United Kingdom and Ireland use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in the (now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822. It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an AltGr key and a larger Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #,


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-1.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The typewriter came to the Czech-speaking area in the late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout. However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards. The Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @$& and others) missing from the Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard. In Czech QWERTZ keyboards the positions of these characters accessed through AltGr differs. Detailed poll made on over 7,500 users showed that 41% use QWERTZ, 18% use Czech QWERTY, 12% use Czech QWERTY Programmers, 15% use US QWERTY and 13% use other keyboard layout. === Danish === Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å/å, Æ/æ and Ø/ø, but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on the Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä. On some systems, the Danish keyboard


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-2.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The "hybrid" keyboard layout, often referred incorrectly as "canadian multilingual" or "bilingual" is a mix between the US English and the Canadian French layout over an ISO keyboard. This layout has been developed by manufacturers as a cost saving strategy first for their low end laptops. They tend to be extended to the mid-range laptops in the recent years and sold wrongly as a "French" keyboard. Today, this layout seems to be criticized by both anglophones and francophones. The anglophones accustomed to the ANSI keyboard complain about the small ISO shift on left and francophones can find these legends hard to read and messy. In this keyboard, the key names are translated in both French and English. This keyboard can be nevertheless useful for programming. In 1988, the Quebec government has developed a new keyboard layout, using proper keys for Ù,Ç,É,È,À, standardized by the CSA Group and adopted also by the federal government. This layout is known as Canadian French (Legacy) today on Windows and is considered to be the ancestor to the actual Canadian Multilingual Standard. The CMS on Windows and Linux is based on the CAN/CSA Z243.200-92 standard (launched in 1992 by the CSA Group, revised in 2021).


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-3.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
=== Latvian === Although rarely used, a keyboard layout specifically designed for the Latvian language called ŪGJRMV exists. The Latvian QWERTY keyboard layout is most commonly used; its layout is the same as the United States one, special characters (āčēģīķļņōŗšūž) can be entered by pressing AltGr and basic letter (like in Polish and Romanian programmers layouts) or dead key. The most common dead key is the apostrophe ('), which is followed by Alt+Gr (Windows default for Latvian layout). Some prefer using the tick (`). === Lithuanian === Where in standard QWERTY the number row is located, you find in Lithuanian QWERTY: Ą, Č, Ę, Ė, Į, Š, Ų, Ū, Ž, instead of their counterparts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, =. If you still want to use the numbers of the mentioned 'number row', you can create them in combination with the AltGr-key. Aside from these changes the keyboard is standard QWERTY. Besides QWERTY, the ĄŽERTY layout without the adjustment of the number row is used. === Maltese === The Maltese language uses Unicode (UTF-8) to display the Maltese diacritics: ċ Ċ; ġ Ġ; ħ Ħ; ż Ż (together with à À; è È; ì Ì; ò Ò;


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-4.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The Brazilian computer keyboard layout is specified in the ABNT NBR 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric portion) and 10347 (numeric portion) standards. Essentially, the Brazilian keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics in use in the language; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilha in Portuguese, has its own key. In some keyboard layouts the AltGr+C combination produces the ₢ character (Unicode 0x20A2), symbol for the old currency cruzeiro, a symbol that is not used in practice (the common abbreviation in the eighties and nineties used to be Cr$). The cent sign ¢, is accessible via AltGr+5, but is not commonly used for the centavo, subunit of previous currencies as well as the current real, which itself is represented by R$. The Euro sign € is not standardized in this layout. The masculine and feminine ordinals ª and º are accessible via AltGr combinations. The section sign § (Unicode U+00A7), in Portuguese called parágrafo, is nowadays practically only used to denote sections of laws. Variant 2 of the Brazilian keyboard, the only which gained general acceptance (MS Windows treats both variants as the same layout), has a unique mechanical layout, combining some features of the ISO 9995-3


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-5.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
On some keyboards, the c-cedilla key (Ç) is located one or two lines above, rather than on the right of, the acute accent key (´). In some cases it is placed on the right of the plus sign key (+), while in other keyboards it is situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡). ==== Latin America, officially known as Spanish Latinamerican sort ==== The Latin American Spanish keyboard layout is used throughout Mexico, Central and South America. Before its design, Latin American vendors had been selling the Spanish (Spain) layout as default; this is still being the case, with both keyboard layouts being sold simultaneously all over the region. Its most obvious difference from the Spanish (Spain) layout is the lack of a Ç key. While it has the tilde (~), it is not a dead key on Windows (available on Linux as an option to be enabled). It also has the circunflex (^) and the grave accent (`) available as tertiary position characters on AltGr+{ and AltGr+} while in the Spanish Spain layout the grave has its own key and the diaeresis can be typed using ⇧ Shift as a secondary position character. This is


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-6.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
== Multilingual variants == Multilingual keyboard layouts, unlike the default layouts supplied for one language and market, try to make it possible for the user to type in any of several languages using the same number of keys. Mostly this is done by adding a further virtual layer in addition to the ⇧ Shift-key by means of AltGr (or 'right Alt' reused as such), which contains a further repertoire of symbols and diacritics used by the desired languages. This section also tries to arrange the layouts in ascending order by the number of possible languages and not chronologically according to the Latin alphabet as usual. === Canadian CSA Z243.200:92 === The CSA keyboard layout (also named Canadian Multilingual Standard – CMS) is used by some Canadians, mostly in Quebec and New Brunswick. Though the caret (^) is missing, it is easily inserted by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. This layout use three levels and two groups, up to 5 characters per key. Alt-Gr key is used to type a character on the level 3 ⇮AltGr and the Group 2 has a dedicated key ⇨Group 2 instead of the Right-Ctrl ⎈Ctrl. === United Kingdom (Extended) Layout === ====


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-7.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
Dead keys `+letter produces grave accents (e.g., à/À) (`+` produces a standalone grave sign). AltGr+2(release)letter produces diaeresis accents (e.g., ä/Ä) AltGr+6(release)letter produces circumflex accents (e.g., â/Â) AltGr+= (release) letter produces (mainly) comma diacritic or cedilla below the letter e.g., ş/Ş AltGr+⇧ Shift+= (release) letter produces a hook (diacritic) on vowels (e.g., ą/Ą) AltGr+[ same as AltGr+2 AltGr+] same as AltGr+# AltGr+{(release)letter produces overrings (e.g., å/Å) AltGr+}(release)letter produces macrons (e.g., ā/Ā) AltGr+j(release)letter produces mainly horn (diacritic)s (e.g., ả/Ả) AltGr+⇧ Shift+j(release)letter produces an adjacent horn (e.g., ư/Ư) AltGr+;(release)letter produces acute accents (e.g., ź/Ź) AltGr+⇧ Shift+;(release)letter produces double acute accents on some letters (e.g., Ő/ő) that exist in Unicode as pre-composed characters AltGr+'(release)letter produces acute accents (e.g., á/Á) AltGr+⇧ Shift+'(release)letter produces caron (haček) diacritics (e.g., ǎ/Ǎ) AltGr+#(release)letter produces tilde diacritics (e.g., ã/Ã) AltGr+⇧ Shift+#(release)letter produces inverted breve diacritics (e.g., ă/Ă) AltGr+/(release)letter produces mainly underdots (e.g., ạ/Ạ) AltGr+⇧ Shift+/(release)letter produces mainly overdots (e.g., ȧ/Ȧ) Finally, any arbitrary Unicode glyph can be produced given its hexadecimal code point: ctrl+⇧ Shift+u, release, then the hex value, then space bar or ↩ Return. For example ctrl+⇧ Shift+u (release) 1234space produces the Ethiopic syllable SEE, ሴ. === US-International === ==== Windows and Linux ==== An alternative layout uses


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-8.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The visual layout used in Finland is basically the same as the Swedish layout. This is practical, as Finnish and Swedish share the special characters Ä/ä and Ö/ö, and while the Swedish Å/å is unnecessary for writing Finnish, it is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns and to write Swedish family names which are common. However, it lacks the letters Š/š and Ž/ž which are used in some Finnish loanwords like šaahi 'shah' and džonkki 'junk'. As of 2008, there is a new standard for the Finnish multilingual keyboard layout, developed as part of a localization project by CSC. All the engravings of the traditional Finnish–Swedish visual layout have been retained, so there is no need to change the hardware, but the functionality has been extended considerably, as additional characters (e.g., Æ/æ, Ə/ə, Ʒ/ʒ) are available through the AltGr key, as well as dead keys, which allow typing a wide variety of letters with diacritics (e.g., Ç/ç, Ǥ/ǥ, Ǯ/ǯ). Based on the Latin letter repertory included in the Multilingual European Subset No. 2 (MES-2) of the Unicode standard, the layout has three main objectives. First, it provides for easy entering of text in both Finnish and Swedish, the two official languages of


id: list-of-search-appliance-vendors-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_appliance_vendors-0.md
category: reference
title: List of search appliance vendors
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_appliance_vendors
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:19.660880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-search-appliance-vendors-20260505-0
summary:
A search appliance is a type of computer which is attached to a corporate network for the purpose of indexing the content shared across that network in a way that is similar to a web search engine. It may be made accessible through a public web interface or restricted to users of that network. A search appliance is usually made up of: a gathering component, a standardizing component, a data storage area, a search component, a user interface component, and a management interface component. == Vendors of search appliances == Fabasoft Google InfoLibrarian Search Appliance™ Maxxcat Searchdaimon Thunderstone == Former/defunct vendors of search appliances == Black Tulip Systems Google Search Appliance Index Engines Munax Perfect Search Appliance == References == == External links == 7 Enterprise Search Appliances That Can Save the Day


id: list-of-security-assessment-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_security_assessment_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of security assessment tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_security_assessment_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:20.825315+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-security-assessment-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of available software and hardware tools that are designed for or are particularly suited to various kinds of security assessment and security testing. == Operating systems and tool suites == Several operating systems and tool suites provide bundles of tools useful for various types of security assessment. === Operating system distributions === Kali Linux (formerly BackTrack), a penetration-test-focused Linux distribution based on Debian Pentoo, a penetration-test-focused Linux distribution based on Gentoo ParrotOS, a Linux distro focused on penetration testing, forensics, and online anonymity. == Tools == == External links == SecTools.org: Top 125 Network Security Tools – a list of security tools suggested by a community


id: list-of-simile-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of SIMILE projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:22.082168+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-simile-projects-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of SIMILE projects. The SIMILE tools assist in the storage, querying, transformation and mapping of very large collections of RDF data. The tools developed within SIMILE are meant to allow people who are not Semantic Web developers to create ontologies which describe their specialized metadata, create RDF and convert other types of metadata into RDF. These open source tools are designed to be scalable and provide for cross-community sharing of metadata at low cost. == Longwell == Longwell is a faceted browser which enables the user to visualize and browse any RDF data set, allowing the user to quickly build a user-friendly web site out of the RDF data without requiring the user to write any RDF code. Facets are metadata fields considered important for a given data set. In its default configuration, the collection of facets is returned along the right-hand side of the page, and clicking on any facet causes the refinement of facets in relation to the data retrieved. Longwell then displays only the subset of the data which meet those restrictions. This appears on the left-hand side of the page. Previously selected restrictions can be removed, which causes a broadening of


id: list-of-sinclair-ql-clones-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Sinclair QL clones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:23.331087+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sinclair-ql-clones-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of clones of Sinclair Research's Sinclair QL microcomputer: Sandy QLT / Futura (only produced in prototype form) CST Thor series (Thor 1 / Thor 20 / Thor XVI) Qubbesoft Aurora (a replacement QL motherboard) Peter Graf's Qx0 series of motherboards: Q40, Q40i and Q60 Peter Graf's Q68 (a stand-alone FPGA-based SMSQ/E-machine) and QIMSI Gold (an FPGA-based expansion for the original QL's ROM port that basically is a Q68) The ZX Spectrum Next FPGA-based computer The following hardware devices provided QL compatibility for other computer platforms: Futura Datasenter QL Emulator for the Atari ST Jochen Merz's QVME card for the Atari MEGA STE and Atari TT Miracle Systems QXL and QXL II cards for PC compatibles The ICL One Per Desk (also sold as the BT Merlin Tonto or the Telecom Australia Computerphone) shared some hardware components with the QL but was not intended to be software-compatible. In addition, several software emulators of the QL exist including QPC, uQLX, QLay and Q-emuLator. Not exactly software emulators, but rather QDOS-like OS replacements for other 68k-based machines are SMSQ/E for the Atari ST QDOS Clasic for the Amiga == References ==


id: list-of-smart-tv-platforms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of smart TV platforms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:24.671276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-smart-tv-platforms-20260505-0
summary:
The following list encompasses notable smart TV platforms and application software that are used as software framework and middleware platforms used by more than just one manufacturer. == Smart TV middleware providers to multiple third parties == For TV sets and companion boxes vendors, available under OEM license. === Smart TV framework platforms managed by standardization bodies or technology consortium === === Smart TV framework platforms managed by single companies or foundations === == Smart TV platforms utilized by vendors == Includes first and third-party solutions. == See also == Smart TV Digital media player Home theater PC Comparison of digital media players Next Generation Broadcasting Network TVOS, a Chinese-only operating system announced in December 2008 == References ==


id: index-of-software-engineering-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_software_engineering_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of software engineering articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_software_engineering_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:26.053083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-software-engineering-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to software engineering. == 0–9 == 2D computer graphics — 3D computer graphics == A == Abstract syntax tree — Abstraction — Accounting software — Ada — Addressing mode — Agile software development — Algorithm — Anti-pattern — Application framework — Application software — Artificial intelligence — Artificial neural network — ASCII — Aspect-oriented programming — Assembler — Assembly language — Assertion — Automata theory — Automotive software — Avionics software == B == Backward compatibility — BASIC — BCPL — Berkeley Software Distribution — Beta test — Boolean logic — Business software == C == C — C++ — C# — CAD — Canonical model — Capability Maturity Model — Capability Maturity Model Integration — COBOL — Code coverage — Cohesion — Compilers — Complexity — Computation — Computational complexity theory — Computer — Computer-aided design — Computer-aided manufacturing — Computer architecture — Computer bug — Computer file — Computer graphics — Computer model — Computer multitasking — Computer programming — Computer science — Computer software — Computer term etymologies — Concurrent programming — Configuration management — Coupling — Cyclomatic complexity == D == Data structure — Data-structured language —


id: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of software engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to software engineering: Software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is the application of engineering to software. The ACM Computing Classification system is a poly-hierarchical ontology that organizes the topics of the field and can be used in semantic web applications and as a de facto standard classification system for the field. The major section "Software and its Engineering" provides an outline and ontology for software engineering. == Software applications == Software engineers build software (applications, operating systems, system software) that people use. Applications influence software engineering by pressuring developers to solve problems in new ways. For example, consumer software emphasizes low cost, medical software emphasizes high quality, and Internet commerce software emphasizes rapid development. Business software Accounting software Analytics Data mining closely related to database Decision support systems Airline reservations Banking Automated teller machines Cheque processing Credit cards Commerce Trade Auctions (e.g. eBay) Reverse auctions (procurement) Bar code scanners Compilers Parsers Compiler optimization Interpreters Linkers Loaders Communication E-mail Instant messengers VOIP Calendars — scheduling and coordinating Contact managers Computer graphics Animation Special effects for video


id: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of software engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
=== Life cycle phases === Development life cycle phase Requirements gathering / analysis Software architecture Computer programming Testing, detects bugs Black box testing White box testing Quality assurance, ensures compliance with process. Product Life cycle phase and Project lifecycle Inception First development Major release Minor release Bug fix release Maintenance Obsolescence Release development stage, near the end of a release cycle Alpha Beta Gold master 1.0; 2.0 Software development lifecycle Waterfall model — Structured programming and Stepwise refinement SSADM Spiral model — Iterative development V-model Agile software development DSDM Chaos model — Chaos strategy === Deliverables === Deliverables must be developed for many SE projects. Software engineers rarely make all of these deliverables themselves. They usually cooperate with the writers, trainers, installers, marketers, technical support people, and others who make many of these deliverables. Application software — the software Database — schemas and data. Documentation, online and/or print, FAQ, Readme, release notes, Help, for each role User Administrator Manager Buyer Administration and Maintenance policy, what should be backed-up, checked, configured, ... Installers Migration Upgrade from previous installations Upgrade from competitor's installations Training materials, for each role User Administrator Manager Buyer Support info for computer support groups. Marketing and sales materials


id: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of software engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
== Related fields == Computer science Information engineering Information technology Traditional engineering Computer engineering Electrical engineering Software engineering Domain engineering Information technology engineering Knowledge engineering User interface engineering Web engineering Arts and Sciences Mathematics Computer science Information science Application software Information systems Programming Systems Engineering == See also == Index of software engineering articles Search-based software engineering SWEBOK Software engineering body of knowledge CCSE Computing curriculum for software engineering Computer terms etymology, the origins of computer terms Complexity or scaling Second system syndrome optimization Source code escrow Feature interaction problem Certification (software engineering) Engineering disasters#Failure due to software Outline of software development List of software development philosophies == References == == External links == ACM Computing Classification System Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) Archived 2009-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Professional organizations British Computer Society Association for Computing Machinery IEEE Computer Society Professionalism SE Code of Ethics Professional licensing in Texas Archived 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine Education CCSE Undergraduate curriculum Standards IEEE Software Engineering Standards Internet Engineering Task Force ISO Government organizations European Software Institute Software Engineering Institute Agile Organization to promote Agile software development Test driven development Extreme programming Other organizations Online community for software


id: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of software package management systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable software package manager systems, categorized first by package format (binary, source code, hybrid) and then by operating system family. == Binary packages == The following package manager systems distribute software in binary package form; i.e., all executables are compiled and ready to install and use. === Unix-like === ==== Linux ==== dpkg: Originally used by Debian and now by Ubuntu and derivatives. Uses the .deb format and was the first to have a widely known dependency resolution tool, APT. The ncurses-based front-end for APT, aptitude, is also a popular package manager for Debian-based systems; Flatpak: A containerized/sandboxed packaging format formerly named xdg-app; Snap: Cross-distribution containerized package manager, non-free on the server-side, originally developed for Ubuntu; Nix: Aims to make package management reliable and reproducible. It provides atomic upgrades and rollbacks, side-by-side installation of multiple versions of a package, multi-user package management, and easy setup of build environments; GNU Guix: Used by the GNU Guix System. It is based on Nix, with Guile Scheme APIs. The default channel in the GNU Guix System omits proprietary software, but users can add third party channels without this restriction; Pacman: Used in Arch Linux, Frugalware and DeLi Linux.


id: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems-1.md
category: reference
title: List of software package management systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Windows === Microsoft Store: Official app store for Universal Windows Platform apps on Windows NT and Windows 10 Mobile. As of Windows 11, it distributes video games and films as well; Windows Package Manager (aka winget): Free and open-source package manager designed for Microsoft Windows; Chocolatey: Open-source decentralized package manager for Windows in the spirit of Yum and apt-get. Usability wrapper for NuGet; Cygwin: Free and open-source software repository for Windows NT. Provides many Linux tools and an installation tool with package manager; Homebrew: a port of the MacOS package manager meant for use with Windows Subsystem for Linux, using the already existing Linux port as its base; Ninite: Proprietary package manager for Windows NT; NuGet: A Microsoft-official free and open-source package manager for Windows, available as a plug-in for Visual Studio, and extendable from the command-line; Pacman: MSYS2-ported Windows version of the Arch Linux package manager; Scoop Package Manager: free and open-source package manager for Windows wpkg: Open-source package manager that handles Debian packages on Windows. Started as a clone of dpkg, and has many apt-get like features too; Superseded: Windows Phone Store: Former official app store for Windows Phone. Now superseded by Microsoft Store; === z/OS ===


id: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems-2.md
category: reference
title: List of software package management systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
summary:
== Application-level package managers == Bitnami: a library of installers or software packages for web applications Cargo: is Rust's build system and package manager. It downloads, compiles, distributes, and uploads packages—called crates CocoaPods: a dependency manager for Swift and Objective-C Cocoa projects Composer: a dependency manager for PHP Conda: a package manager for open data science platform of the Python and R CPAN: a programming library and package manager for Perl CRAN: a programming library and package manager for R CTAN: a package manager for TeX Deno: a JavaScript runtime that functions as its own package manager Docker: Docker, a system for managing containers, serves as a package manager for deploying containerized applications Enthought Canopy: a package manager for Python scientific and analytic computing distribution and analysis environment Gradle: a build system and package manager for Groovy and other JVM languages, and also C++ Ivy: a package manager for Java, integrated into the Ant build tool, also used by sbt Leiningen: a project automation tool for Clojure LuaRocks: a programming library and package manager for Lua Maven: a package manager and build tool for Java npm: a programming library and package manager for Node.js and JavaScript NuGet: the package manager


id: list-of-software-patents-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-0.md
category: reference
title: List of software patents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:29.879474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-patents-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of software patents, which contains notable patents and patent applications involving computer programs (also known as a software patent). Software patents cover a wide range of topics and there is therefore important debate about whether such subject-matter should be excluded from patent protection. However, there is no official way of identifying software patents and different researchers have devised their own ways of doing so. This article lists patents relating to software which have been the subject of litigation or have achieved notoriety in other ways. Notable patent applications are also listed and comparisons made between corresponding patents and patent applications in different countries. The patents and patent applications are categorised according to the subject matter of the patent or the particular field in which the patent had an effect that brought it into the public view. == Business methods == == Data compression == === Data compression in general === US 5016009 – (Main article: Stac Electronics) US 4701745 – also granted as GB 2172127 - now expired Stac Electronics sued Microsoft for patent infringement when Microsoft introduced the DoubleSpace data compression scheme into MS-DOS. Stac was awarded $120 million by a jury in 1994 and


id: list-of-software-patents-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-1.md
category: reference
title: List of software patents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:29.879474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-patents-20260505-0
summary:
== User interfaces == US 6275213 and US 6424333 related to EP application 0864145 Immersion Corporation sued Sony under these US patents in 2002. They relate to force-feedback technology such as that used in PlayStation 2 DualShock controllers. Sony lost the case and Immersion were awarded $90.7 million, an injunction (stayed pending appeal), and a compulsory license. The claims of the related European patent application require the device to be attached to a body part and were, in any event, refused by the examining division of the European Patent Office for lacking an inventive step. EP 0394160 US 5301348 The patent relates to a progress bar. Filed in 1989, it was highlighted in 2005 by Richard Stallman in New Scientist and The Guardian as an example of a software patent granted by the European Patent Office, that would impede software development and would be dangerous. The claims as granted describe a process of breaking down a task to be performed by a computer into a number of equal task units and updating a display each time a unit is completed and therefore does not cover progress bars which operate in different ways. == Miscellaneous == === Notable due to proprietor


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-0.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
This article discusses a set of tactics useful in software testing. It is intended as a comprehensive list of tactical approaches to software quality assurance (more widely colloquially known as quality assurance (traditionally called by the acronym "QA")) and general application of the test method (usually just called "testing" or sometimes "developer testing"). == Installation testing == Installation testing evaluates whether a software system can be successfully installed in its intended environments (including operating systems, hardware, and specific system configurations). This tactic may also verify upgrade and uninstall procedures, as well as check for incorrect configurations and errors during setup. == The box approach == Software testing methods are traditionally divided into white-box, black-box, and grey-box testing. These three approaches differ in the extent of visibility the test engineer has into the software product's internal algorithms and data structures when designing test cases. === White-box testing === White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, because the tester sees the source code) focuses on internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system, as well


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-1.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Visual testing ==== The aim of visual testing is to provide developers with the ability to examine what was happening at the point of software failure by presenting the data in such a way that developers can easily find the required information, and the information is expressed clearly. At the core of visual testing is the idea that showing someone a problem (or a test failure), rather than just describing it, greatly increases clarity and understanding. Visual testing therefore requires the recording of the entire test process – capturing everything that occurs on the test system in video format. Output videos are supplemented by real-time tester input via picture-in-a-picture webcam and audio commentary from microphones. Visual testing provides a number of advantages. The quality of communication is increased drastically because testers can show the problem (and the events leading up to it) to the developer as opposed to just describing it, eliminating the need to replicate test failures in many cases. Developers obtain all necessary evidence of a test failure and can instead focus on identifying and fixing its root cause. Visual testing is particularly well-suited for environments that deploy agile methods in their development of software, since agile


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-2.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Abstraction of application layers as applied to automated testing === There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit-, integration-, and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model. Other test levels are classified by the testing objective. There are two different levels of tests from the perspective of customers: low-level testing (LLT) and high-level testing (HLT). LLT is a group of tests for different level components of software application or product. HLT is a group of tests for the whole software application or product. ==== Unit testing ==== Unit testing refers to tests that verify the functionality of a specific section of code, usually at the function level. In an object-oriented environment, this is usually at the class level, and the minimal unit tests include the constructors and destructors. These types of tests are usually written by developers as they work on code (white-box


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-3.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library. == Smoke and sanity testing == Sanity testing determines whether it is reasonable to proceed with further testing. Smoke testing consists of minimal attempts to operate the software, designed to determine whether there are any basic problems that will prevent it from working


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-4.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
Performance testing is generally executed to determine how a system or sub-system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage. Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing. Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. Stability testing (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period. There is little agreement on what the specific goals of performance testing are. The terms load testing, performance testing, scalability testing, and volume testing, are often used interchangeably. Real-time software systems have strict timing


id: list-of-computer-hardware-manufacturers-in-the-soviet-union-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers_in_the_Soviet_Union-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers_in_the_Soviet_Union
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:32.410714+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-hardware-manufacturers-in-the-soviet-union-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union: == List == Major Soviet hardware manufacturers and ministry affiliations in 1988: === Ministry of the Electronics Industry === Elka Plant Leningrad Svetlana Association Exiton Plant in Pavlovskiy Posad (завод «Экситон») Voronezh Elektronika Association (НПО «Электроника») Zelenograd Complex === Ministry of Instrument Making === V. I. Lenin Kiev Elektronmash Production Association (Киевское производственное объединение «Электронмаш» им. В. И. Ленина) Kiev Plant of Computers and Electronic Control Machines (VUM) (Киевский завод вычислительных и управляющих машин - ВУМ) Kishinev Calculating Machine Plant Kursk Calculating Machines Plant Leningrad Electrical Machines Plant (Ленинградский Электромашиностроительный Завод) Livny Experimental Factory of Computer Graphics (Ливенский завод средств машинной графики) Moscow Elektronmash Scientific Production Association Orel Computer Machines Plant Ryazan Order of Lenin Factory of Calculating Analytical Machinery Impulse Severodonetsk Scientific Production Association (Северодонецкое научно-производственное объединение «Импульс») Smolensk Calculating Machine Factory Taurage Calculating Machine Assemblies Plant (Tauragės skaičiavimo mašinų elementų gamykla) Tbilisi Control Computer Works Lenin Vilnius Computer Factory Vilnius Sigma Association Vinnytsia Terminal Plant (Завод «Терминал») === Ministry of Radio Technology === Kazan Computer Plant (Казанский завод ЭВМ) Minsk Computer Technology Production Corporation (Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники) Moscow Calculating Machines Plant (SAM; Московский завод


id: list-of-soviet-computer-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_computer_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Soviet computer systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_computer_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:33.596602+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-soviet-computer-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is the list of Soviet computer systems. The Russian abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means "electronic computing machine" (Russian: электронная вычислительная машина). == List of hardware == The Russian abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means "electronic computing machine" (Russian: электронная вычислительная машина). === Ministry of Radio Technology === Computer systems from the Ministry of Radio Technology: Agat (Агат) — Apple II clone ES EVM (ЕС ЭВМ), IBM mainframe clone ES PEVM (ЕС ПЭВМ), IBM PC compatible M series — series of mainframes and mini-computers Minsk (Минск) Poisk (Поиск) — IBM PC-XT clone Setun (Сетунь) — unique balanced ternary computer. Strela (Стрела) Ural (Урал) — mainframe series Vector-06C (Вектор-06Ц) === Ministry of Instrument Making === Computer systems from the Ministry of Instrument Making: Aragats (Арагац) Iskra (Искра) — common name for many computers with different architecture Iskra-1030 — Intel 8086 XT clone KVM-1 (КВМ-1) SM EVM (СМ ЭВМ) — most models were PDP-11 clones, while some others were HP 2100, VAX or Intel compatible === Ministry of the Electronics Industry === Computer systems from the Ministry of Electronics Industry: Elektronika (Электроника) family DVK family (ДВК) — PDP-11 clones Elektronika BK-0010


id: list-of-spreadsheet-mistakes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_mistakes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of spreadsheet mistakes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_mistakes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:34.807577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-spreadsheet-mistakes-20260505-0
summary:
A 2017 study concluded that up to 90% of spreadsheets had errors that affected their results. Below is a list of examples of spreadsheet mistakes that are caused by a variety of reasons. == See also == Model risk § Spreadsheet Errors Spreadsheet § Spreadsheet risk == External links == EuSPRIG Horror Stories - European Spreadsheet Risk Interest Group Data Organization in Spreadsheets for Ecologists == References ==


id: list-of-sql-reserved-words-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words-0.md
category: reference
title: List of SQL reserved words
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:36.009606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sql-reserved-words-20260505-0
summary:
This list includes SQL reserved words – aka SQL reserved keywords, as the SQL:2023 specifies and some RDBMSs have added. A dash (—) means that the keyword is not reserved. == See also == SQL SQL syntax List of relational database management systems == External links == Page listing all reserved words in the SQL standard, from SQL-92 to SQL:2016: Standard SQL Reserved Words Summary. == References ==


id: list-of-standard-networks-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Standard_Networks_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Standard Networks products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Standard_Networks_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:37.258884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-standard-networks-products-20260505-0
summary:
This list of Standard Networks products includes all major standalone services and programs created by Standard Networks, a Madison, Wisconsin-based software company founded in 1989 and acquired by Ipswitch, Inc. in 2008. All products listed are well into their gold releases. This list also includes previous products that are no longer being actively developed. == Client Applications == === Secure File Transfer === === Terminal Emulation === == Server Applications == === Secure File Transfer === == Previous Projects == == References ==


id: list-of-sun-microsystems-employees-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Sun Microsystems employees
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:40.955441+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sun-microsystems-employees-20260505-0
summary:
Sun Microsystems, from its inception in 1982 to its acquisition by Oracle Corporation in 2010, became known for being "something of a farm system for Silicon Valley." It had a number of employees credited with notable achievements before, during or after their tenure there. == A == Brian Aker, MySQL Director of Technology Ken Arnold, Sun Microsystems Laboratories, co-author of The Java Programming Language Valerie Aurora, ZFS programmer == B == Carol Bartz, head of SunFed, Sun service and worldwide operations; Autodesk CEO, Yahoo! CEO Andy Bechtolsheim, Sun co-founder, systems designer and Silicon Valley investor Joshua Bloch, author of Effective Java Frederick Bloom, Sun Micro System's Senior Java Architect, Core J2EE Patterns (Reference implementation Architect, Lead Developer, PMd. Jon Bosak, chair of the original XML working group Jeff Bonwick, slab-allocator, vmem and ZFS Steve Bourne, creator of the Bourne shell Tim Bray, Sun Director of Web Technologies David J. Brown, SUN workstation at Stanford; Solaris at Sun Paul Buchheit, engineer at Sun from May 1997 to August 1997; Creator of Gmail == C == Bryan Cantrill, of 2005 Technology Review "Top 35 Young Innovators", co-inventor of DTrace Alfred Chuang, co-founder of BEA Systems Danny Cohen, co-creator of Cohen-Sutherland line clipping


id: list-of-sysml-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SysML_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of SysML tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SysML_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:42.406206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sysml-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This article compares SysML tools. SysML tools are software applications which support some functions of the Systems Modeling Language. == General == == Features == == See also == List of MBSE Tools List of SysML v2 Tools == References ==


id: list-of-tcp-and-udp-port-numbers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of TCP and UDP port numbers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:43.652541+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tcp-and-udp-port-numbers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols for operation of network applications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) only need one port for bidirectional traffic. TCP usually uses port numbers that match the services of the corresponding UDP implementations, if they exist, and vice versa. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for maintaining the official assignments of port numbers for specific uses. However, many unofficial uses of both well-known and registered port numbers occur in practice. Similarly, many of the official assignments refer to protocols that were never or are no longer in common use. This article lists port numbers and their associated protocols that have experienced significant uptake. == Table legend == == Well-known ports == The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 (0 to 210 − 1) are the well-known ports or system ports. They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services. On Unix-like operating systems, a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the well-known ports. == Registered ports == The


id: technology-transfer-in-computer-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer_in_computer_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Technology transfer in computer science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer_in_computer_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:44.964496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technology-transfer-in-computer-science-20260505-0
summary:
Technology transfer in computer science refers to the transfer of technology developed in computer science or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the private sector. These technologies may be abstract, such as algorithms and data structures, or concrete, such as open source software packages. == Examples == Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include: == References ==


id: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing-0.md
category: reference
title: Ubiquitous computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:46.169407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-0
summary:
Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering, hardware engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear seamlessly anytime and everywhere. In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing implies use on any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop computers, tablets, smart phones and terminals in everyday objects such as a refrigerator or a pair of glasses. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include the Internet, advanced middleware, kernels, operating systems, mobile codes, sensors, microprocessors, new I/Os and user interfaces, computer networks, mobile protocols, global navigational systems, and new materials. This paradigm is also described as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, or "everyware". Each term emphasizes slightly different aspects. When primarily concerning the objects involved, it is also known as physical computing, the Internet of Things, haptic computing, and "things that think". Rather than propose a single definition for ubiquitous computing and for these related terms, a taxonomy of properties for ubiquitous computing has been proposed, from which different kinds or flavors of ubiquitous systems and applications can be described. Ubiquitous computing themes include: distributed computing, mobile computing, location computing,


id: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing-1.md
category: reference
title: Ubiquitous computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:46.169407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-0
summary:
== Examples == One of the earliest ubiquitous systems was artist Natalie Jeremijenko's "Live Wire", also known as "Dangling String", installed at Xerox PARC during Mark Weiser's time there. This was a piece of string attached to a stepper motor and controlled by a LAN connection; network activity caused the string to twitch, yielding a peripherally noticeable indication of traffic. Weiser called this an example of calm technology. A present manifestation of this trend is the widespread diffusion of mobile phones. Many mobile phones support high speed data transmission, video services, and other services with powerful computational ability. Although these mobile devices are not necessarily manifestations of ubiquitous computing, there are examples, such as Japan's Yaoyorozu ("Eight Million Gods") Project in which mobile devices, coupled with radio frequency identification tags demonstrate that ubiquitous computing is already present in some form. Ambient Devices has produced an "orb", a "dashboard", and a "weather beacon": these decorative devices receive data from a wireless network and report current events, such as stock prices and the weather, like the Nabaztag, which was invented by Rafi Haladjian and Olivier Mével, and manufactured by the company Violet. The Australian futurist Mark Pesce has produced a highly configurable


id: list-of-unified-modeling-language-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Unified Modeling Language tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:47.419904+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unified-modeling-language-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This article compares UML tools. UML tools are software applications which support some functions of the Unified Modeling Language. == General == == Features == == See also == List of requirements engineering tools == References == == External links == Media related to UML tools at Wikimedia Commons


id: list-of-univac-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of UNIVAC products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:48.659058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-univac-products-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of UNIVAC products. It ends in 1986, the year that Sperry Corporation merged with Burroughs Corporation to form Unisys as a result of a hostile takeover bid launched by Burrough's CEO W. Michael Blumenthal. == The Remington Rand years (1950 to 1955) == === Calculating devices === UNIVAC 40 UNIVAC 60 UNIVAC 120 === Computer systems === UNIVAC I UNIVAC 1101 UNIVAC 1102 UNIVAC 1103 UNIVAC 1104 === Peripherals === ==== Storage ==== UNISERVO tape drive ==== Display and print ==== UNIVAC High speed printer 600 line/min printer === Offline tape handling units === UNIPRINTER 10 char/s printer with tape drive UNITYPER keyboard with tape drive UNIVAC Tape to Card converter card punch with tape drive UNIVAC Card to Tape converter card reader with tape drive UNIVAC Paper Tape to Tape converter paper tape reader with tape drive == The Sperry Rand years (1955 to 1978) == === Calculating devices === UNIVAC 1004 UNIVAC 1005 === Computer systems === ==== Embedded systems ==== AN/USQ-17 – the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) or M-460 AN/USQ-20 – updated NTDS, aka UNIVAC 1206 or G-40 AN/UYK-5 18-bit (octal) digital CPU Military System (Navy/Marines) used for logistics/pay/maintenance management (Navy Shipboard,


id: list-of-users-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_users'_groups-0.md
category: reference
title: List of users' groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_users'_groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:49.810893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-users-groups-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable computer users' groups categorized by interest. == General == Chaos Computer Club Computer Measurement Group (CMG) ComputerTown UK Homebrew Computer Club Port7Alliance == Hardware platforms == Adamcon (Coleco Adam user group) Toronto PET Users Group (TPUG) SHARE Macintosh User Groups in the UK DUsers, the first Macintosh users group, based at Drexel University IIUG International Informix Users Group COMMON for Power Systems (IBM i, AS/400, iSeries, System i, AIX and Linux) users in North America. == Linux == Bangalore Linux User Group Beijing GNU/Linux User Group Linux Users' Group of Davis ILUG-Delhi Lanka Linux User Group Linux Australia Linux Users of Victoria LinuxChix Loco team NYLUG Portland Linux/Unix Group RLUG SEUL Southern California Linux Expo Tehlug == Programming languages == Z User Group == Markup languages == TeX Users Group Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX


id: list-of-video-connectors-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_connectors-0.md
category: reference
title: List of video connectors
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_connectors
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:51.345801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-video-connectors-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of physical RF and video connectors and related video signal standards. == Physical connectors == === D-subminiature family === === DVI-related === === DIN/Mini-DIN === === Others === == By signal standard == == See also == Computer display standard == References == == External links == Monitor Ports Pinouts and other technical information; lacks more recent interfaces such as HDMI PC Graphics standard overview Simple table of PC video standards thru XGA with DB9 pinouts Standard and device-specific video interfaces pinouts Numerous standards described and categorized, including such recent ones as DVI and HDMI List of computer video standards and connectors pinouts Wiki format (including community updates and free redistribution); broad coverage including HDMI


id: list-of-web-service-specifications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications-0.md
category: reference
title: List of web service specifications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:53.775257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-web-service-specifications-20260505-0
summary:
There are a variety of specifications associated with web services. These specifications are in varying degrees of maturity and are maintained or supported by various standards bodies and entities. These specifications are the basic web services framework established by first-generation standards represented by WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI. Specifications may complement, overlap, and compete with each other. Web service specifications are occasionally referred to collectively as "WS-*", though there is not a single managed set of specifications that this consistently refers to, nor a recognized owning body across them all. == XML specification == XML (eXtensible Markup Language) XML Namespaces XML Schema XPath XQuery XML Information Set XInclude XML Pointer == Messaging specification == SOAP (formerly known as Simple Object Access Protocol) SOAP-over-UDP SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism WS-Addressing WS-EndpointResolution WS-Notification WS-BaseNotification WS-Topics WS-BrokeredNotification WS-Transfer WS-Eventing WS-Enumeration WS-MakeConnection WS-MessageData WS-MessageDelivery (see WS-Addressing § History) == Metadata exchange specification == JSON-WSP WS-Policy WS-PolicyAssertions WS-PolicyAttachment WS-Discovery WS-Inspection WS-MetadataExchange Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) WSDL 2.0 Core WSDL 2.0 SOAP Binding Web Services Semantics (WSDL-S) WS-Naming == Security specification == WS-Security XML Signature XML Encryption XML Key Management (XKMS) WS-SecureConversation WS-SecurityPolicy WS-Trust WS-Federation WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile Web Services


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows 7 contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows Vista were removed or changed. The following is a list of features that were present in Windows Vista and earlier versions but were removed in Windows 7. == Windows shell == === Windows Explorer === Column headers for item properties only appear in the Details icon view mode. Additionally, even in Details view, column headers in Windows 7 only allow filtering items; there no longer are options in drop-down menus to group, sort, or stack items (Sort, Group, and Stack by Property options are removed). Filtering can only be done in Details view; grouping must be done from the context menu in every icon view mode; and sorting must be done by either clicking the column header itself in Details view, or by selecting the Sort By context menu in all other icon view modes. In Windows Vista, column headers could be used to filter, group, sort, and stack items regardless of the active icon view mode. Control Panel views are limited to Category, Small icons, and Large icons (which is actually Tiles view). List,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
=== Taskbar === 16-bit applications can no longer display their icon on the taskbar when running. The taskbar instead shows the icon for NTVDM.exe, which is the 32-bit host process for running 16-bit applications. Always on Top for the taskbar is mandatory in Windows 7; in previous versions of Windows this was possible to disable. Clicking a grouped application's taskbar button or thumbnail when it is active (in the foreground) does not minimize it unlike in previous Windows versions; only ungrouped application buttons minimize upon being clicked again. Floating deskbands (toolbars) are no longer available. The feature was previously deprecated in Windows Vista; all toolbars can only be located on the taskbar. It is no longer possible to place toolbars on the other (non-taskbar) edges of the desktop. Grouping (placing next to each other) taskbar buttons belonging to the same application cannot be disabled; users can still disable combining multiple taskbar buttons of the same type under a single button. Icons have been removed from the tooltips for the notification area Date and Time, Network, Power, and Volume system icons. Network activity animation on the Network system icon in the notification area is no longer available; the icon now only


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
Arrange By (called Stack By in Windows Vista) is now only available for libraries and folders included in libraries (when it was available for all folders and all Saved Searches in Windows Vista). Users can now only stack items by predefined properties depending on the library type in Windows 7. For example, in the Music library, users can only stack by Album, Artist, and Genre, but in Windows Vista, users could stack items by any valid property that exists for a music item (e.g., Album, Artist, Genre, Part of Set, Period, Sample Rate, Track Number, and Year). Compositional stacking introduced in Windows Vista is no longer available for all items; users can still stack items, but they cannot browse into one stack then navigate into another stack. Column header drop-down menus now display dates of items ordered from the oldest to the most recent (e.g., A long time ago, Last month, Last week, Today) instead of displaying them by order from the most recent to the oldest (e.g., Today, Last week, Last month, A long time ago) as in Windows Vista. Saved Searches in the Searches folder from Windows Vista (Recent Documents, Recent E-mail, Recent Music, Recent Pictures and Videos,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-3.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pen and touch input === Pointer Options of the Pen and Touch (Pen and Input Devices in Windows Vista) Control Panel applet is no longer available; users can no longer configure enabling or disabling pen cursors, or choose to show either pen cursors or mouse cursors when using pens to interact with the screen. The Touch Pointer toolbar in Windows Vista, which displays a button on the Windows taskbar to quickly show or hide the touch pointer interface when using touch input is no longer available. Under the Touch tab in Pen and Touch, the previous Practice using your finger instead of a mouse or a tablet pen option of Windows Vista that opened a wizard interface for training with touch input is no longer available. === Other Shell features === About in bundled Windows applications such as Microsoft Paint or Windows Calculator (as well as winver) no longer displays the system's RAM capacity, a detail that was previously included in this dialog of NT-based Windows versions since Windows NT 3.5. Beginning with Windows 7, AutoPlay disables AutoRun entries and only supports optical media such as CDs and DVDs due to security issues associated with automatically executing content on


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-4.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
The ability to lock the player while in full-screen mode using a 4-digit PIN has been removed. The option to adjust the bit rate when burning data CDs has been removed. Windows Media Player's taskbar-integrated Mini-player has been removed. The thumbnail preview which replaces this lacks volume control and a progress bar. The ability to start the miniplayer only for certain files based on specific text in their file names was also removed. Enhancements are only accessible from Now Playing view in a floating window. They do not dock to the Now Playing window, and do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, their position does not get saved. Left/Right balance control has been removed from the graphic equalizer and is no longer possible. Several player preferences are not saved and restored upon restarting the player. The playlist pane in Now Playing view is not shown automatically. Enhancements do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, the previous position of the Now Playing window and enhancements is not retained. The context menu entry "Find In Library" which allowed locating the Now Playing song in the library was removed.


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-5.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
== Other Windows applications and features == To preserve the digital signature of a Windows Installer (MSI) file during uninstall, embedded cabinets are no longer automatically stripped off by Windows Installer 5.0 to save disk space. As a result, MSIs cached in the %Windir%\Installer directory take more disk space than earlier Windows versions with no option to disable the caching. Transient Multimon Manager (TMM), a Windows Vista feature to automatically detect hot-Plug and Play displays as well as configure and save the multi-monitor setup is removed in favor of Win+P. The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes the ability to change or specify the font as a result of which keyboard layouts of fonts which use Dingbats and Unicode characters in place of alphabetic characters can no longer be viewed. The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes direct access to function keys. Function keys are now accessed using the 'Fn' key. Windows Remote Assistance does not support file transfer and clipboard sharing in Windows 7. The Offline Files cache can be relocated, however, an existing cache with previously cached files cannot be moved without resetting it as was possible in Windows Vista using Windows Easy Transfer or in Windows XP/2000 using Cachemov.exe


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 8
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 8 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 7. Several features that originated in earlier versions of Windows and that were included in versions up to Windows 7 are no longer present in Windows 8. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and Windows 8.1). == Windows Shell == Start button was removed from the taskbar (although it was added again in Windows 8.1). Replacement methods for invoking Start screen include a hotspot in the lower left corner of the screen, where the Start screen tile pops up, and a Start button among "the charms". "Recent documents" menu is removed from Start screen. Windows 8.1 no longer automatically adds newly installed programs to Start screen. Unified search is removed. A category-specific search replaces the former. It can search "Apps", "Settings", "Files" or within an app-specific index (such as, for example, e-mails from the Mail app) but not all at once. The default category is Apps, but can be changed before or after performing a search. Windows 8.1 restores this feature partially although unified search still does not search keywords or metadata like scoped search. Windows Desktop Gadgets introduced in Windows Vista and included


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 8
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
summary:
== User accounts and security == Windows CardSpace was removed. Windows Defender: Can no longer schedule automatic system scans; it is now part of Action Center's maintenance schedule No longer shows the currently processed item == Media features == Windows Media Center is no longer included with any of Windows 8 editions and is no longer offered as an add-on by Microsoft. It was available until 2015-10-30 as a US$9.99 add-on (and before 2013-01-31 as a promotional free add-on) from Microsoft's now discontinued Windows 8 Feature Packs web site and through the now discontinued Add features to Windows 8 service for Windows 8 Pro (via the Media Center Pack) and Windows 8 core edition (via the Pro Pack). DVD-Video and MPEG-2 Video codecs are no longer included. Video DVDs can be played in Windows Media Center for those who acquired that add-on while it was available. Windows DVD Maker was removed in favor of third-party software. Windows Media Center cannot run on startup or on top of other windows because of "new Windows OS requirements and behaviors". Windows Media Player no longer has the Media Guide feature and the DVD tab in the Options menu. Windows 2000 Display Driver Model


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 10 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 8.1. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, and further changes in features offered have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 10. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases). == Features removed in version 1507: (RTM) == === Windows shell === The charms are removed, and replaced with the Action Center. In Windows Runtime apps, a menu button appears on the title bar that can be used to access the functions that previously required its usage. Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft account. A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications they want to emphasize on each device that they use, rather than use the same configuration across each device. The ability to automatically install a Windows app across all devices associated with an account was also removed. Dragging and dropping items from or within the start menu and the list of recent files (accessible from right click on a taskbar shortcut) is no


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
== Features removed in version 1607 == Cortana can now operate in a feature-limited mode with basic web and device search functionality, if users have not opted into data collection and personalization. On previous versions, a generic "Search" experience without Cortana branding was shown if the user had not granted permission to activate Cortana. In April 2016, Microsoft announced that it will no longer allow Cortana web searches to be executed through any other web browser and search engine combination but Microsoft Edge [Legacy] and Bing, intentionally disregarding user settings. Microsoft alleges that other web browsers and search engines results in a "compromised experience that is less reliable and predictable", and that only Microsoft Edge [Legacy] supports direct integration with Cortana within the browser itself. The ability to change the Exit Windows, Windows Logoff, and Windows Login sounds was hidden in Version 1607, although these features can be enabled by going to the Windows Registry and under the EventLabels folder and setting the value to 0. However, even changing these sounds in the sounds panel has not had any effect since Windows 8. Certain features related to embedded advertising in the operating system can no longer be disabled on non-Enterprise


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
== Features removed in version 2004 == Certain capabilities of Cortana have been removed, such as music and connected home. Windows To Go introduced in Windows 8 and included up to Windows 10 version 1909 is removed. The Mobile Plans and Messaging apps are removed for non-cellular devices and are not installed by default. == Features removed in version 21H1 == Adobe Flash Player is removed in Control Panel\System and Security. == Features removed in version 22H2 == The ability to install feature updates cumulatively is no longer available in version 22H2 as it requires at least Windows 10, version 2004 to be installed first. Since IE11 was disabled, the option to set Internet Explorer as the default browser in Internet Settings has been removed. However, shortcuts to the browser remain. This can also be seen in Windows 11. The bigger-looking search bar in File Explorer has been replaced with the pre-1909 search bar, starting with the KB5034203 and KB5034122 updates. == Deprecated features == Microsoft has published a list of Windows features that are no longer actively developed. Microsoft states that these features may potentially be removed in future updates to Windows 10. My People in the shell no


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-11-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 11
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:58.606809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-11-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 11 is the latest major release of the Windows NT operating system and the successor of Windows 10. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 10, and further changes in older features have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 11. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases). == Features removed in original release == === Bundled software === ==== No longer available ==== The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11 and no longer available. Internet Explorer Wallet Windows Mixed Reality Skype ==== Not bundled, but available ==== The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11, but can still be installed from the Microsoft Store. 3D Viewer OneNote for Windows 10 === Windows shell === The following parts of the Windows shell are no longer available in Windows 11. Lock Screen's quick status Toggleable tablet mode (now is automatically enabled on touch devices) Timeline feature in Task View Save Search option in File Explorer In addition: The touch keyboard no longer docks in screens larger than 18 inches. Windows no longer synchronizes desktop wallpapers across devices with a Microsoft account. Windows no longer shows


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-phone-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Phone
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:11.370270+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-phone-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows Phone contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous versions up to Windows Mobile 6.5 were removed or changed. Until Windows Mobile 6.5, the previous version did always cover the complete feature range of the predecessor version. The following is a list of features which were present in Windows Mobile 6.5 but were removed in Windows Phone 7.0. == Calling == The list of past phone calls is now a single list, and cannot be separated into inbound, outbound or missed calls == Sync == Windows Phone does not support USB sync with Microsoft Outlook's Calendar, Contacts, Tasks and Notes as opposed to older versions of Windows Mobile with Desktop ActiveSync. Syncing Contacts and Appointments is done via cloud-based services (Windows Live, Google, or Exchange Server), and no method to sync this information directly with a PC is provided. Third-party software, such as Akruto Sync, provides some of this functionality. A petition to Microsoft was filed to reinstate USB sync for Outlook. == Other == Adobe Flash Ability to open .exe files (desktop Windows executeables), such as 7-Zip 32-bit for desktop. == Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 7.5


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows Vista contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows XP were removed or changed – some of which were later re-introduced in Windows 7 and later versions. The following is a list of features that were present in Windows XP and earlier versions but were removed in Windows Vista.


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Explorer == Windows Briefcase no longer allows synchronizing items across multiple computers and a removable media device. Windows Briefcase cannot sync files or folders in locations protected by User Account Control. This removes the ability to sync many locations. Grouping items by name in Explorer no longer groups them under each individual letter of the alphabet (A, B, C... Z) like in Windows XP. When using Group By Name, items are always combined into just a few groups (A-H, I-P, Q-Z). This removes the ability to locate items by their first letter. If hidden files are not allowed to be shown in Windows Explorer, the Status bar does not report how many hidden files are present. In addition, if all items within a folder are selected at once (by pressing Ctrl+A or Select all), the user is not alerted to hidden files being selected. Even after setting the ForceCopyAclwithFile and MoveSecurityAttributes values as documented in KB310316, permissions are not retained/copied when Windows Explorer is used to copy or move objects across volumes or in the same volume. A hotfix is available (KB2617058) to restore the MoveSecurityAttributes value but not ForceCopyAclwithFile. Thumbnails can no longer be forced to regenerate


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
Ability to add a password to a ZIP file (compressed folder) has been removed. Though this has no effect on third-party compression tools, such as WinZip or 7-Zip, Windows Explorer can no longer open ZIP files that are protected with a password. Filmstrip view is replaced by the Preview pane; however the state of the preview pane is not saved per folder. It can be globally enabled or disabled. Also, the preview pane does not show previews for folders whereas filmstrip view showed the preview of images within a folder if a folder was selected. Other functions available in filmstrip view such as rotating photos and navigating using Next and Forward buttons are only available in Windows Photo Gallery. Support for enabling a folder for web sharing with Internet Information Services via the Windows Explorer interface was removed. The "Computer Description" field is no longer shown on the Explorer view of a workgroup. It can be viewed from the command line using net view. The Status bar does not show file information shown in the infotips when the file is selected. It no longer shows the total space used by a folder when displaying a folder's contents. Some file information


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-3.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Taskbar == The Power icon on the taskbar only appears for laptops, and desktop computers with a USB-based UPS. The Network icon on the taskbar does not give direct access to the connection settings, connection status, firewall settings, or disabling the connection. The taskbar cannot be resized to zero height when unlocked, hiding it manually (users were unable to continue using the taskbar buttons after resizing the taskbar to zero height accidentally). Toolbars such as "Quick Launch" can no longer be "dragged off" the taskbar as floating minibars or docked to another edge of the screen, though physical folders can be dragged onto the desktop edge in a similar manner. The Language Bar is the only toolbar that can float on the desktop. Double clicking on the Printer icon in the notification area while printing does not open the printer's status window that allows managing print jobs. == Start menu == Neither the new nor the Classic Start menu shows infotips for folders stored inside the folder's desktop.ini. The All Programs mode has changed to an inline scrollable menu. As such, it is not possible to expand the All Programs menu in the Vista Start menu into flyout cascading


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-4.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== User accounts and winlogon.exe configuration == It is no longer possible to safely relocate the profiles directory (C:\Users) to another partition without using unsupported methods. Microsoft recommends against moving the user profile folder. In Windows XP, the WinNT.sif file allowed relocating "Documents and Settings" to another partition than C: before Windows installation completed. Subfolders under the user's profile can however still be redirected. Windows 7 further alleviates this issue by introducing Libraries which allow user's data to be located on another partition. Windows Installer and the Shell in Windows Vista do not support per-user app installs without the need to show the UAC prompt. This has been corrected in Windows 7. Winlogon no longer shows details of password complexity policy requirements due to the removal of GINA. The Biologon API to programmatically create a new interactive user session using the InitiateInteractiveLogon function has been removed. Unlike Windows XP, an administrator can no longer unlock the computer when another standard user has locked it. Protected Storage (PStore) has been deprecated and therefore made read-only in Windows Vista. Microsoft recommends using DPAPI to add new PStore data items or manage existing ones. However existing applications such as Outlook 2002 which used


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-5.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Win32 console == The Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) does not support all DOS video modes and therefore DOS-based and Win32 console programs can no longer run in full-screen mode. If Windows XP Driver Model (XPDM) graphics drivers are installed or if booted into safe mode, console programs can be run in full-screen mode, however they do not support DWM and therefore Windows Aero. In previous versions of Windows, it was possible to save different settings for each console window. Windows would ask the user whether to apply settings for the current window or the shortcut that started the window. Windows Vista, however, saves settings for all console windows without asking the user. Dragging and dropping a folder or file into a Win32 console window no longer pastes the path of the folder or file. This no longer works as a result of User Interface Privilege Isolation. == Graphics == When using Windows Aero, all GDI, GDI+ and DirectDraw applications run in the new compositing window manager known as Desktop Window Manager. The GDI or DirectDraw render paths are redirected through DWM; however GDI or DirectDraw are not hardware-accelerated when they are redirected. Hardware overlays are not supported when


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-6.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Media Player features == The List Pane no longer allows deleting or editing items by right clicking items. Categories in the player library such as Music, Pictures, Videos, Recorded TV show limited media information (metadata) columns, relevant only to their content type. In previous versions, all possible metadata columns were shown for all category types. Buttons to always show full-screen controls, show or hide the playlist while in full-screen mode and directly close Windows Media Player from full-screen have been removed. Auto sorting in the media library (similar to auto sorting in Windows Explorer) cannot be turned off. Grouping cannot be turned off. Library content is always grouped by the criteria by which it is sorted. The ability to add media to the library for searching local or network files and selectively adding only new files or existing files has been removed. Media can only be added from monitored folders. The seek slider cannot be always shown when playing media. The mouse must be hovered over the progress bar above the playback controls to reveal the seek slider. The sort order is not preserved in the library like Windows Media Player 10 as long as the player is


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-7.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== DirectX features == Since Windows Vista features a rewritten audio stack and does not inherit the Hardware Abstraction Layer for audio that was present under prior versions of Windows, there is no hardware acceleration of DirectSound and DirectSound3D APIs. DirectSound and DirectMusic are emulated entirely in software. As a result, hardware accelerated audio and 3D spatialization in games utilizing DirectSound3D is no longer supported. Direct3D Retained Mode (D3DRM) has been removed. DirectPlay was removed. Furthermore, DirectPlay Voice and DirectPlay's NAT Helper have been removed. Some DirectInput functionality (action-mapper UI) has been removed as well. The DirectMusic kernel mode synthesizer that supplies the DirectMusic components with a high-resolution timer has been removed. Support for the DirectX 7 and DirectX 8 interfaces for Visual Basic 6.0 was removed in Windows Vista. == Media features == Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 digital media components such as Windows Audio Converter, Windows Dancer, Windows CD Label Maker, Party Mode, Plus! screensavers and Windows Media Player skins and visualizations have been removed. Video content support is removed from Windows Image Acquisition for Windows Vista in favor of the newer Windows Portable Devices API. As a result, the Windows Vista version of Windows Movie Maker


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-8.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== File system, drivers, memory and hardware == Windows Task Manager no longer shows the peak commit charge. It only shows current commit charge and the maximum limit. The driver-signing policy post installation is always set to Warn, eliminating the Ignore and Block options that were available in Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000. For Plug-and-play hardware which is plugged in after Windows Vista is installed, it is not possible to choose from a list of available staged or on-disk device drivers in the Found new hardware wizard which starts automatically. The Found new hardware wizard automatically searches for the driver and fails if it does not find a driver in the driver store or Windows Update. Only the Update Driver wizard which can be invoked from Device Manager then allows manually choosing a driver from a list. Windows Management Instrumentation Driver Extensions to WDM are no longer supported. Unsigned 64-bit kernel-mode device drivers can no longer be installed. Advanced settings for PS/2 mice such as sample rate, input buffer length and fast initialization are not available in Mouse properties in Device Manager. Offline Files (Client Side Caching) has been completely rewritten for Vista, dropping backward compatibility of


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-9.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows applications and features == System Restore System Restore no longer supports configuring its settings through the registry. The GUI to configure the disk space utilized for System Restore points is not available in Windows Vista. File types and directories can no longer be included or excluded from monitoring by System Restore by editing %windir%\system32\restore\Filelist.xml as was possible in Windows XP. This file no longer exists in Windows Vista. Backup Unlike NTBackup, it is not possible to include or exclude specific files or folders during a backup using the Windows Vista backup application. Only categories of file types can be archived. Because of this, it is not possible to backup files located in a specific path or a network location(s). The backup application in Windows Vista does not support the use of tape drives to back up data. In the RTM release of Windows Vista, files encrypted using the Encrypting File System (EFS) were not archived by the operating system's backup application; this feature was reinstated in Service Pack 1. Windows Vista Backup does not have all the features and command line parameters supported by NTBackup. It also does not support the NTFS archive bit and granular restores. Diagnostics


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-10.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
Moreover, it cannot save in lossless (uncompressed) WAV format when run without using any switches; instead, it saves in lossy 96 kbit/s WMA format. Only the version of Sound Recorder from the N editions of Windows Vista saves audio in WAV format by default. Also, all the basic audio processing features such as format conversion, sample rate conversion, adding echo, reversing the audio, changing volume and playback speed, splitting, inserting and mixing audio have been removed. The graphical viewing of the sound wave spectrum has been replaced with a level meter. Support for Microsoft Office Word documents (*.DOC) has been removed from WordPad, partial support for the newer Office Open XML-based DOCX format with limited features was added later in Windows 7 and later versions. Microsoft recommends the freely downloadable Word Viewer for viewing these documents. The Unicode IME has been removed. It is included again in Windows 7. ClipBook Viewer is not included. Internet Backgammon, Internet Hearts (not to be confused with Hearts), Internet Reversi, Internet Spades, and Internet Checkers have been removed. Although freely playable online on MSN Games, they now require signing into a Windows Live ID. Internet Backgammon, Spades and Checkers returned in Windows 7, and


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-11.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Networking == The SMB 2 protocol unlike SMBv1 does not support determining if a file on a remote volume is a hard link or not. There is no longer a notification area icon for Ethernet connections and quick access to enable/disable/repair them, or view their status and properties. Windows Vista no longer automatically creates shortcuts to previously visited network shares in the Network Explorer which replaces My Network Places. There is no balloon notification when a new connection is connected or when the wired or wireless adapters have limited or no connectivity. IPsec tunneling when the computer is behind an NAT device is no longer possible. The Wireless Provisioning Services feature to automatically configure wireless hotspots by downloading XML files supplied by Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) is not supported. Audio (voice) sessions and sending invitations via mailto: are not supported in Windows Remote Assistance. The 1-click "Repair" function to perform a series of steps that quickly reset the network connection has been replaced by the Network Diagnostics feature which attempts to perform troubleshooting and offer suggestions. The Web Folders client is not included by default in any version in favor of the WebDAV mini-redirector. It is not available


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-12.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy features and other changes == Object Packager, a legacy tool for packaging non-OLE objects and embedding/linking them inside OLE objects, is not included; however, objects can still be inserted in OLE applications such as WordPad. Program Manager has been removed altogether. Previously, in Windows XP Service Pack 2, running the executable did not launch it (it just acts as a compatibility stub to Windows Explorer), but it contained several old icons dating back to Windows 3.1. The Web Publishing Wizard is no longer available. The Desktop Cleanup Wizard is no longer available. The Windows Classic theme colors (Brick, Eggplant, Rainy Day, Wheat, Pumpkin, etc.) have been removed. The graphical world map has been removed from the Time Zone tab on Date and Time control panel setting in Windows Vista. The ability to install service packs cumulatively is no longer available in Windows Vista Service Pack 2 as it requires at least Service Pack 1 to be installed first. Cumulative slipstreaming, however, is possible and supported, however the Component Based Servicing introduced in Windows Vista is a form of layered servicing, meaning when files are updated or slipstreamed, the component is updated but the older files are not removed.,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows XP
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
summary:
As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others. == Shell == The dialog box that warns the users when removing external flash storage devices without safe unmounting has been removed. The Line Up Icons command on the desktop was removed and replaced by the Align to Grid option. Due to this being a toggle, simply aligning desktop icons once without further constraining their placement requires an extra click. The Minimize all windows command on the taskbar was removed. The purported replacement, Show the desktop, co-existed with this feature on Windows 2000 and in any case only hides windows temporarily instead of actually minimizing them. It is still accessible through the ⊞ Win+M keyboard shortcut but it is not available through the mouse. The Show icons using all possible colors (which was previously introduced in Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0) option in Display Properties has been removed. Icons are always shown using all possible colors. Microsoft states that this is by design. The VGA screen resolution and 8-bit color depth options have been removed from


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows XP
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Explorer == Small Icons view was removed from Windows Explorer. Web view in folders was disabled by default but can be reinstated by editing the registry. Additionally, the Customize This Folder Wizard was removed. Due to the removal of Web view, pie charts showing disk space are no longer available immediately upon opening a drive. The status bar no longer shows the free space remaining on the given disk when browsing through folder paths of shell namespace extensions, removable drives, and network shares when the navigation pane (Folders) in Windows Explorer is turned on, unlike in Windows 2000. It continues to show the free space remaining only for paths on local drives. In combination with the Web view-related lack of pie charts previously mentioned, this means it is no longer possible to immediately view the amount of space remaining in these three cases. The Directory icon was removed from My Network Places. The default sort order in Windows Explorer has changed but can be restored by editing the registry. == Media components == Deluxe CD Player, which was also first part of Microsoft Plus! 98 before being included in Windows 2000, was removed. Some functionality, including uploading and


id: index-of-forestry-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of forestry articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:15.760324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-forestry-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Articles on forestry topics include:. == A == Afforestation - Aldo Leopold - Analog forestry - Ancient woodland - Angle gauge - Appalachian balds - Arboriculture - Arborist - Forestry in Argentina - Assarting == B == Backpacking (hiking) - Forestry in Bangladesh - Bernard Fernow - Forestry in Bhutan - Biltmore Forest School - Biltmore stick - Biochar - Biscuit Fire publication controversy - Bog-wood - Borderline tree - Botany - Bottomland hardwood forest - British timber trade - Buchonia - Buffer strip == C == Caliper - Canopy research - Canopy walkway - Carl A. Schenck - Cellulosic ethanol - Certified wood - Forestry in Chad - Charcoal - Clearcutting - Clinometer - CODIT - Community forestry - Conservation biology - Coppicing - Cork - Creosote - Cultigen - Cultivar - Cultblock == D == Deforestation - Deforestation during the Roman period - Dendrochronology - Desertification - Diameter tape - Drunken trees == E == Ecoforestry - Ecological succession - Ecological thinning - Ecological yield - Eloise Gerry - Energy forestry - Forestry in Ethiopia - Exploration Logging - Extended rotation forest == F == Faustmann's Formula - Firewood - Forbidden Forest - Forest dwellers - Forest fire


id: list-of-forestry-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:16.954971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-journals-20260505-0
summary:
This list includes notable peer-reviewed scientific journals in forestry, forest science, and related fields. More than 180 forestry journals were being published in 2008. == List of journals == == See also == Forestry literature List of botany journals List of environmental journals List of environmental social science journals List of forestry universities and colleges List of historic journals of forestry List of scientific journals == References == === Notes === === Bibliography === ScienceWatch.com. 2010, March 4. "Journals ranked by impact: forestry" Scimago Lab. 2011. "Journal rankings: forestry" Vanclay, Jerome K. 2008. "Ranking journals of forestry using the h-index," Journal of Informetrics 2(4): 326–334.


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry: Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in creating and modifying habitats, and affects ecosystem services provisioning. A practitioner of forestry is a forester. Below is a structured list of topics in forestry. == Focus of forestry == Tree – organism, whose species, age, vitality, growth, health, and size, are considered individually or more often, as part of a whole; Forest – defined as either a geographic area or delineated by the general composition of individuals; Biome – ecologically defined by its forest structure, leaf types, tree spacing, and climate == Branches of forestry == Agroforestry – integration of forests into agricultural systems in order to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and minimize negative side effects of farming Boreal forestry – analyzes the particular challenges of forestry in the world's boreal regions Close to


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
== Types of trees and forests == Types of trees List of trees and shrubs by taxonomic family List of tree species by shade tolerance – tree grouped by shade tolerance, a determinant in successional status List of woods – commonly used in the timber and lumber trade Types of forests By ecological factors (climate, composition, etc.) Boreal forests (taiga) – occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous Coniferous forests Temperate forests – forests in temperate zones Broadleaf forests, for example: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Evergreen coniferous forests, for example: Temperate coniferous forests Temperate rainforests Broadleaf evergreen forests – supported in warm temperate zones. Examples include: Laurel forests Tropical and subtropical forests Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests By physical structure or developmental stage Old growth forest Secondary forest By dominant tree species, for example Ponderosa pine forests Douglas-fir forests List of types of formally designated forests – various institutionally designated types of forest areas, generally classified by use or ownership == Geography of forests == List of countries by forest area – using data from the CIA's World Factbook, presents the total area in


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
Even-aged timber management Clearcutting – harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and size Coppicing – cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stump Seed-tree – cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cut Uneven-aged timber management Selection – harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning) Shelterwood – removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged stand Variable retention – removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversity Other Salvage logging – harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lost Sanitation harvest – removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affected Biomass harvest – harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestry Underwater logging – harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
Site index – a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years Stocking – a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density which varies according to management purpose even on the same site Stand Density Index – a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area Volume table – a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume Stand density management diagram – model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition Units of measurement Cord – very common measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet (3.6 m3), corresponding to a pile of wood, bark, and air 4 feet wide by 4 feet high and 8 feet long Stère – invented in France, equivalent to a cubic meter of cut wood with space for air Board foot – specialized unit of measure for lumber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
==== Log transportation tools ==== Ground Peavey – a traditional tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook with a sharp tip, used to spear the log for handling and moving Cant Hook – tool with the same premise as the peavey but with blunt teeth-bearing tip Yarder – in cable logging, a piece of equipment utilizing a pulley system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landing Forwarder – second half of the CTL system, the vehicle that carries logs clear off the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing Skidder – vehicle that drags logs along the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing Michigan logging wheels – historical skidder, consisting of a specially designed large set of wooden wagon wheels and could be used in unfrozen soil conditions Skid cone – a steel or plastic cone placed on the end of a log while being skidded, in order to ease its transportation or protect residual trees Water Splash dam – a dam built to temporarily raise the water level of a river to float timber downstream Flume – chutes specifically constructed to transport lumber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-5.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
==== Contemporary forestry ==== Urban forestry Plant a million trees Environmental forestry Forest aesthetics Forest restoration Analog forestry Ecological forestry === History of forestry institutions === ==== History of forestry law ==== History of forestry law United States Forest Reserve Act of 1891 Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 required multiple use of federal forest land Organic Act of 1897 Right of Way Act of 1901 – an act relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands (H.R. 11973) Transfer Act of 1905 – an act providing for the transfer of forest reserves from the Department of Interior to the Department of Agriculture (H.R. 8460, Public Resolution No. 34) American Antiquities Act of 1906 Appropriations Act Forbidding Further National Forests ("An Act Making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight", 1907) – also forbidding renaming forest reserves to National Forests (H.R. 24815, Public Act No. 242:2) Hong Kong Forests and Countryside Ordinance (1997) India Indian Forest Act, 1927 Forest Rights Act (India) – a historic law passed in 2006 protecting the rights of scheduled tribes and other forest dwellers International International Tropical Timber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-6.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable people == John Evelyn (1620–1706) – known for his knowledge of trees, and his treatise Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber (1664) Henrik Dávid Wilckens (1763–1832) – Austro-Hungarian founder of the Schemnitz Forestry Institute, 1809, later to become the Mining and Forestry Academy, in what today is Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia Heinrich Cotta (1763–1844) – German silviculturist and pioneer of modern scientific forestry, founder of the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry Georg Ludwig Hartig (1764–1837) – prominent forest manager, author, and founder of one of the first dedicated schools of forestry in Europe; affiliated in his later years with the University of Berlin Alfonse Romanovich Vargas de Bedemar (1816–1902) – "one of the founders of the Russian school of forest mensuration" Franklin B. Hough, MD (1822–1885) – chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the "father of American forestry" Sir Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – considered the "father of tropical forestry" Sir William Schlich (1840–1925) – founder of Oxford University's forestry program Bernhard Fernow (1851–1923) – laid the groundwork for the United States Forest Service, founding dean of the first professional forestry school in the United States Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946) – first chief of


id: arbor-day-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-0.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season. == Origins and history == === First Arbor Day === The Spanish village of Mondoñedo held the first documented arbor plantation festival in the world organized by its mayor in 1594. The place remains as Alameda de los Remedios and it is still planted with lime and horse-chestnut trees. A humble granite marker and a bronze plate recall the event. Additionally, the small Spanish village of Villanueva de la Sierra held the first modern Arbor Day, an initiative launched in 1805 by the local priest with the enthusiastic support of the entire population. While Napoleon was ravaging Europe with his ambition in this village in the Sierra de Gata lived a priest, don Juan Abern Samtrés, which, according to the chronicles, "convinced of the importance of trees for health, hygiene, decoration, nature, environment and customs, decides to plant trees and give a festive air. The festival began on Carnival Tuesday with the ringing of two bells of the church,


id: arbor-day-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-1.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === The day was founded by Sir George William Ross, later the premier of Ontario, when he was minister of education in Ontario (1883–1899). According to the Ontario Teachers' Manuals "History of Education" (1915), Ross established both Arbour Day and Empire Day—"the former to give the school children an interest in making and keeping the school grounds attractive, and the latter to inspire the children with a spirit of patriotism" (p. 222). This predates the claimed founding of the day by Don Clark of Schomberg, Ontario for his wife Margret Clark in 1906. In Canada, National Forest Week is the last full week of September, and National Tree Day (Maple Leaf Day) falls on the Wednesday of that week. Ontario celebrates Arbour Week from the last Friday in April to the first Sunday in May. Prince Edward Island celebrates Arbour Day on the third Friday in May during Arbour Week. Arbour Day is the longest running civic greening project in Calgary and is celebrated on the first Thursday in May. On this day, each grade 1 student in Calgary's schools receives a tree seedling to be taken home to be planted on private property. === Central African Republic


id: arbor-day-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-2.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
Historically, Kenya celebrated National Tree Planting Day on April 21. Often, people plant palm trees and coconut trees along the Indian Ocean that borders the east coast of Kenya. They plant trees to remember Prof. Wangari Maathai, who won a Nobel Peace Prize for planting of trees and caring for them all over Kenya. With the Kenyan government launching a campaign to plant 15 billion trees by 2032, they launched National Tree Growing Day with very aggressive targets for the number of trees to be planted. The first national public holiday was November 13, 2023. The second was May 10, 2024, with a goal to plant one billion trees in a single day. === Korea === North Korea marks "Tree Planting Day" on March 2, when people across the country plant trees. This day is considered to combine traditional Asian cultural values with the country's dominant Communist ideology. In South Korea, April 5, Singmogil or Sikmogil (식목일), the Arbor Day, was a public holiday until 2005. Even though Singmogil is no longer an official holiday, the day is still celebrated, with the South Korean public continuing to take part in tree-planting activities. === Lesotho === National Tree Planting Day is


id: arbor-day-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-3.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
=== Philippines === Since 1947, Arbor Day in the Philippines has been institutionalized to be observed throughout the nation by planting trees and ornamental plants and other forms of relevant activities. Its practice was instituted through Proclamation No. 30. It was subsequently revised by Proclamation No. 41, issued in the same year. In 1955, the commemoration was extended from a day to a week and moved to the last full week of July. Over two decades later, its commemoration was moved to the second week of June. In 2003, the commemorations were reduced from a week to a day and was moved to June 25 per Proclamation No. 396. The same proclamation directed "the active participation of all government agencies, including government-owned and controlled corporations, private sector, schools, civil society groups and the citizenry in tree planting activity". It was subsequently revised by Proclamation 643 in the succeeding year. In 2012, Republic Act 10176 was passed, which revived tree planting events "as [a] yearly event for local government units" and mandated the planting of at least one tree per year for able-bodied Filipino citizens aged 12 years old and above. Since 2012, many local arbor day celebrations have been commemorated,


id: list-of-chainsaw-carving-competitions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of chainsaw carving competitions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:20.829768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-chainsaw-carving-competitions-20260505-0
summary:
Chainsaw carving competitions are competitive events held all over the world where contestants display their skills in the act of chainsaw carving. == Australia == Australian Chainsaw Carving Championship, Melbourne == Canada == Chetwynd (International) Chainsaw Carving Competition (Championship), Chetwynd, British Columbia held annually since 2005 Brigade Days/Hope Chainsaw Carving Competition, Hope, British Columbia, biannually Prince George Chain Saw Carving Competition, Prince George, British Columbia == Japan == Tōei, Aichi, since 2001 == United Kingdom == Carve Carrbridge, Carrbridge, Scotland, held annually since 2003 English Open Chainsaw Carving Competition, Tatton Park, Cheshire, England, since 2005 == United States == === Arkansas === Arkansas State Championship Chainsaw Carving Competition, Russellville, Arkansas, annually since 2021 on the first weekend of May each year as part of Balloons over Russellville === Alaska === Seldovia Craft Invitational Chainsaw Competition, Seldovia, Alaska, annually since 2006 === Montana === Kootenai Country Montana International Chainsaw Carving Championship, Libby, Montana === Oregon === Reedsport Chainsaw Carving Competition/Oregon Divisional Chainsaw Sculpting Championship, Reedsport, Oregon, held annually since 2000 === Pennsylvania === Chainsaw Carvers Rendezvous, Ridgway, Pennsylvania, held annually since 2000 === Washington === Burning Bear, Ocean City, Washington Sedro Woolley Loggerodeo Longest running 4th of July Celebration in Washington


id: timeline-of-dendrochronology-timestamp-events-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of dendrochronology timestamp events
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:21.994409+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-dendrochronology-timestamp-events-20260505-0
summary:
A timeline of dendrochronology timestamped events. == Timelines == === Timeline from all sub-regions === === Cliff dwellings, etc, the Americas === for the Americas, see also: Timeline of Chacoan history == References ==


id: forest-cover-by-province-or-territory-in-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by province or territory in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:23.242854+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-province-or-territory-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of forest cover in Canada by province and territory. == Provinces == British Columbia: ~60% (Ministry of Students) Alberta: 58% (NAIT) Saskatchewan: 50% (SK Environmental Society) Manitoba: 48% (MB Forestry Branch) Ontario: 66% (Ontario Forest Industries Association) Quebec: 45% (McGill University) or ~50% Nova Scotia: ~75% Prince Edward Island: 45% (2000, PEI ) New Brunswick: ~85% (Riparian Habitat Restoration) Newfoundland and Labrador: ~45% of Newfoundland. 60% of Labrador (NF Heritage Society) == Territories == Northwest Territories: ~50% Nunavut: ~25% Yukon: ~55% == See also == Forest cover by state, U.S. Forest cover by state in India Forest cover by federal subject in Russia == References ==


id: forest-cover-by-state-and-territory-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by state and territory in the United States
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:24.548052+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-state-and-territory-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, the forest cover by state and territory is estimated from tree-attributes using the basic statistics reported by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Forest Service. Tree volumes and weights are not directly measured in the field, but computed from other variables that can be measured. This is only the total amount of timberland. Actual forest cover for each state may be significantly higher. == List by state, district, or territory == === List by region === == See also == Forests of the United States Forest cover by province or territory in Canada Forest cover by federal subject in Russia Forest cover by state in India == References == == Notes == == Further reading == US Department of Agriculture. US Forest Resource Facts and HIstorical Trends. 2012. 64 p. Archived 2021-04-28 at the Wayback Machine


id: forest-cover-by-state-in-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by state in India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:25.873987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-state-in-india-20260505-0
summary:
List of how many forests and percentage of forest cover in India by state. == Tree density == Tree density is the quantification of how closely the trees are growing in a hectare area. It is not the exact number of trees in the forest but, serves as an estimate to the foresters. The tree density of an area should be mentioned by the working Plan officer (WPO) or Divisional Forest Officer (Working Plan) after his field inspection of the lowest possible forest unit or compartment in the CH-4 form of compartment history. The compartment history forms are to be maintained at the Forest range and Forest division offices. The working Plan code-2014 mentions in para 105 that the density should also be mentioned on the stock map prepared by the WPO/DFO in decimal figures. The crown density is similar to the tree density. A forest area with a density of more than 0.4 is considered a good forest area and a forest area with less than 0.4 tree density is considered degraded forest. == Forest cover == Forest cover is the total geographical area declared as forest by the government. As of 2021, the total forest cover in India


id: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-0.md
category: reference
title: List of historic schools of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of historic schools of forestry, by founding date. Also included is information about each school's location, founder(s), present status, and (where applicable) closing date. Many remain active. == 1700s == 1778 - A course of study in forestry formally added to the curriculum at the University of Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holy Roman Empire 1785 - Master school of forestry established by Heinrich von Cotta and his father, in Kleine Zillbach, near Wasungen, Thuringia 1787 or 1789 - Master school of forestry established at Hungen, Hesse, by Georg Ludwig Hartig; moved to Dillenburg, Hesse, 1797–1805; reestablished in Berlin; then, in 1830, moved to Eberswalde, about 30 km away (see below) 1790 - School of forestry established in Munich, Bavaria 1798 - Waldau Forest Institute (Forstlehranstalt zu Waldau) established by Friedrich Ludwig von Witzelben, in the Kassel district of Hesse, Germany; closed 1815 == 1800-1849 == 1800 - First formal training of foresters in Russia; 'forstmeister' course established at the Naval Cadet Corps Academy, Saint Petersburg 1803 - Royal Forestry School (or 'Practical Forestry School'), in Tsarskoye Selo (near Saint Petersburg), Russia; in 1811, moved to Saint Petersburg to become the Imperial Forestry Institute, later the S. M. Kirov


id: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-1.md
category: reference
title: List of historic schools of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
1912 - Madras Forest Academy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, South India 1913 - School of Forestry, University of Montana. Established by the 12th Legislature of Montana. 1919 - Moscow Forest Engineering Institute, Russia's "first higher education institution for training forest engineers"; now Moscow State Forest University 1920 - Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Studies in the field of forestry began in 1920 as the Department of Forestry at the Agricultural Faculty in Belgrade. The Faculty of Forestry became separate in 1949, the first independent forestry faculty in the former Yugoslavia. 1926 - Australian Forestry School, Canberra, Australia. Foundation Principal Charles Lane Poole. Became part of the Australian National University in 1965. 1932 - Saasveld Forestry College, George, South Africa; now part of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) 1948, June 16 - Forestry Specialist School, Shanxi Province, China (established by the Chinese Communist Party) == 1950-present == 1951 - University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, established its Faculty of Forestry. The school would absorb students from Hungary's Sopron School in 1957. 1952 - Beijing Forestry University, China, with faculty from Tsinghua University, Peking University, and the Beijing Agricultural University 1962 - Forestry school established in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil,


id: list-of-forest-research-institutes-in-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forest research institutes in India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:28.394086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forest-research-institutes-in-india-20260505-0
summary:
This is a List of forest research institutes in India. == Autonomous research institutes == === Ministry of Environment and Forests === Institutes under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora (GBPIHED) Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI), Bengaluru Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun === Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education === Institutes under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Headquartered in Dehradun Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension (CFLE), Agartala Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Chhindwara Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation, Prayagraj Forest Research Institute (India), Dehradun Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur Van Vigyan Kendra (Forest Science Centres) == Other national institutes == Other research institutes under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Subordinate offices Forest Survey of India, Dehradun Indira Gandhi


id: list-of-forestry-ministries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry ministries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:29.650014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-ministries-20260505-0
summary:
A forestry ministry (also called a forestry agency, forestry department, or forest service) is a high, often cabinet-level government ministry charged with forestry. The ministry is often headed by a minister for forestry. Specific duties may relate to forest conservation, management, reforestation, education, forest protection, wildfire management, and related areas. == Forestry ministries by country == (Where a national forestry agency, forestry department, forest administration or parastatal corporation exists as a high-level agency within a multi-purpose ministry, it has been added to this list within parentheses.) == See also == == References ==


id: list-of-plants-known-as-oil-palm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm-0.md
category: reference
title: List of plants known as oil palm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:30.808716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-plants-known-as-oil-palm-20260505-0
summary:
Oil palm refers to several palms that yield oil from fruit pulp and seeds, primarily Elaeis guineensis, the African oil palm, the major palm oil crop species but also: Attalea maripa, the maripa palm Cocos nucifera, the coconut palm, which yields coconut oil from its seeds Elaeis oleifera, the American oil palm The genus Elaeis, with just two species, E. guineensis and E. oleifera, referred to as the oil-palm genus == See also == Wax palm


id: list-of-forest-research-institutes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forest research institutes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:32.089111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forest-research-institutes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of forest research institutes around the world, by continent and country. It includes research institutions with a primary focus on forest science, forestry, forest management, and related fields. == International == Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia Center for Tropical Forest Science, Panama City, Panama European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Vienna, Austria == Africa == === Algeria === Institut national de recherche forestière (INRF) (in French) === Ethiopia === Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute === Ghana === Forestry Research Institute of Ghana === Kenya === Kenya Forestry Research Institute === Malawi === Forestry Research Institute of Malawi === Nigeria === Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria === South Africa === Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Institute for Commercial Forestry Research Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria Forestry and Forest Products Research Center, Durban, "a joint venture between CSIR's Natural Resources and the Environment operating unit and the University of KwaZulu-Natal" Merensky === Uganda === Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation == Americas == === Canada === Atlantic Forestry Centre Canadian Wood Fibre Centre Centre for Forest Biology, Victoria, British Columbia Great Lakes Forestry Centre,


id: list-of-forestry-technical-schools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry technical schools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:33.313046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-technical-schools-20260505-0
summary:
(For higher educational institutions offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry and related fields see: List of forestry universities and colleges.) This is a list of notable secondary, tertiary, technical schools, and practical training institutes around the world offering one- or two-year forestry technician degrees, along with related diplomas or certificates, grouped by continent and country. == Africa == === Mali === Forestry Practical Training Centre of Tabakoro (CFPF) === Nigeria === Audu Bako School of Agriculture === Tunisia === Sylvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka, University of Jendouba === Zambia === Zambia Forestry College == Americas == === Bolivia === Technical School of Forestry, Universidad Mayor de San Simón === Canada === Forest Technology Program, Maritime College of Forest Technology, New Brunswick Forest Technology Program, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) Forestry Resources Technology Programme, Vancouver Island University, British Columbia === United States === Source: (alphabetized by state) Reedley College, Reedley, California Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, Maine Allegany College of Maryland, Cumberland, Maryland Itasca Community College, Grand Rapids, Minnesota Vermilion Community College, Ely, Minnesota Thompson School, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Paul


id: list-of-tree-cities-usa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Tree Cities USA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:34.618675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tree-cities-usa-20260505-0
summary:
There are more than 3,400 Tree Cities USA. The following is a partial listing of Tree Cities USA. To be a Tree City, the community must meet four standards set by the National Arbor Day Foundation and the National Association of State Foresters: The community must have a tree board or department. The community must have established a community ordinance for tree care. There must be a community forestry program with an annual budget of at least $2 per capita. The community must have an Arbor Day observance and proclamation. == States == == See also == Tree Cities of the World == References == == External links == "Tree City USA Directory". The Arbor Day Foundation.


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of tertiary educational institutions around the world offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry, agronomy, animal sciences, or related fields. Where noted, the country's accreditation board standard has been used and cited. They are grouped by colleges. (For educational institutions with forestry technician or professional certificate programs see: List of forestry technical schools.) == Africa == === Algeria === Abou Bakr Belkaïd University - Tlemcen === Benin === Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, National University of Benin National School of wildlife and Protected Areas Management of Kandi, University of Parakou Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou === Burkina Faso === Institute of Rural Development (IDR), Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso Life and Earth Sciences (UFR/SVT), University of Ouagadougou === Cameroon === The National Forestry School of Cameroon, location: Mbalmayo, the centre region of Cameroon French Abbre.: Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts de Mbalmayo === Côte d'Ivoire === College of Agronomy, Félix Houphouët-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute, Yamoussoukro === Egypt === Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. === Ethiopia === Burie College of Forestry, Debremarkos University Haramaya College of Forestry, Haramaya University Wollo University Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-1.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand [ICFRE (An autonomous government body governed by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change)]. Faculty of Forestry, Benhama, Ganderbal, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh College of Horticulture and Forestry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana College of Forestry, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth University (BSKKV), Dapoli, Maharashtra College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University College of Forestry, Ponnampet, UAHS, Shimoga College of Forestry, Sirsi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar now with VCSG University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Uttarakhand College of Horticulture and Forestry, Maharana Pratap University, Jhalawar, Rajasthan now with Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan Department of Applied Science, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam Department of Forestry, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Tanhril, Aizawl, Mizoram Department of Forest Sciences, Desh Bhagat University (DBU), Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab Department of Forestry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth University (PDKV), Akola, Maharashtra Department of


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-2.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Philippines === Bilar Campus, Bohol Island State University (BISU) Cabagan Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Environmental Sciences MSU-Naawan College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Caraga State University (CarSU) College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development (CAFSD), Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) College of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (CAFF), Negros Oriental State University (NoRSU) College of Agriculture, Forestry Department (SLSU-Lucban Quezon) College of Forestry, Benguet State University (BSU) College of Forestry, Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University (CMU) College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Mindanao State University (MSU) College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Visayas State University (VSU) College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) Department of Forestry University of Southeastern Philippines (USeP-, Tagum-Mabini Campus, Tagum City, Davao del Norte) Echague Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) Forestry and Environmental Studuies University of Mindanao (UM) Davao City Gonzaga Campus, Cagayan State University (CSU) Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC - Sta. Maria Campus) Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Tarlac College


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-3.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Germany === Department of Forest Sciences, Dresden University of Technology Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (FH) Faculty of Forest and Environment Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing, Rosenheim University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Forestry, Rottenburg University of Applied Forest Sciences Faculty of Forestry, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich Faculty of Resource Management, HAWK - University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen Department of Wood and Forestry, University of Hamburg Faculty of Forest Science, University of Munich === Greece === Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, School of Geosciences, International Hellenic University Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karpenisi, Agricultural University of Athens Department of Forestry, Management of the Environment and Natural Resources at Orestiada, Democritus University of Thrace Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Technological Educational Institute of Larissa Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karditsa Department of Wood & Furniture Design and Technology at Karditsa === Hungary === Faculty


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-4.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== United Kingdom === Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department, University of Reading Centre for Rural Development and Training, University of Wolverhampton Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford University School of Forestry, University of Edinburgh School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography (SENRG) Bangor University Scottish School of Forestry, University of the Highlands and Islands == North America == === Canada === Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University Faculty of Forestry, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Université Laval, Quebec City Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick University of Northern British Columbia Faculty of Natural Resources Management Faculty of Forestry Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto === Mexico === Department of Forestry, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Division of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Facultad de Agrobiología "Presidente Juarez"- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Faculty of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-5.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Brazil === Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES Department of Forestry Engineering, Federal University of The Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri - UFVJM Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, AM Faculty of agricultural sciences (FCA) - Department of Forestry Sciences (DCF), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Forestry Engineering Course, Campus Universitário Curitibanos, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Curitibanos, SC Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, PR Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Lavras, MG Forestry Engineering Course, Forestry Department, State University of Midwestern Paraná - Paraná (UNICENTRO), Irati, PR Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) Forestry Engineering Course, University of São


id: index-of-geography-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of geography articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:41.993199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-geography-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This page is a list of geography topics. Geography is the study of the world and the distribution of life on Earth, including human populations and the effects of human activity. Geography research examines both the questions of where and why geographical patterns occur. It is a broad discipline that seeks to understand human and natural complexities—how features originated, how they are arranged, and how they have changed over time. == 0–9 == == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == K == == L == == M == == N == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == See also == Lists of places Outline of geography


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography: Geography – study of Earth and its people. == Nature of geography == === Geography as === an academic discipline – a body of knowledge given to − or received by − a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the Earth and its human and natural complexities − not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called 'the world discipline'. a field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. This field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many geography-related scientific journals. a natural science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of the natural environment (physical geography). a social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society (human geography). an interdisciplinary field – a field that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Fields of human geography ==== Cultural geography – study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. Children's geographies – study of places and spaces of children's lives, characterized experientially, politically and ethically. Children's geographies rest on the idea that children as a social group share certain characteristics that are experientially, politically, and ethically significant and worthy of study. The pluralization in the title is intended to imply that children's lives will be markedly different in differing times and places and in differing circumstances such as gender, family, and class. The range of foci within children's geographies includes: Children and the city Children and the countryside Children and technology Children and nature, Children and globalization Methodologies of researching children's worlds Ethics of researching children's worlds Otherness of childhood Animal geographies – studies the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture because social life and space are heavily populated by animals of many different kinds and in many differing


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Approaches of human geography ==== Behavioral geography – Approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach Cognitive geography – Interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography Critical geography – Variant of social science that seeks to interpret and change the world Feminist geography – Approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism Marxist geography – Strand of critical geography Non-representational theory – Post-structuralist human geography theory Postcolonialism – Study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism Post-structuralism – Philosophical school and tradition – Qualitative geography – qualitative research tools and methods applied to geography. === Integrated geography === Integrated geography – branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, ecology, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment. === Technical geography === Technical geography – branch of geography and the discipline of studying, developing, and applying methods to gather, store, process, and deliver geographic or spatially referenced information. It is a widespread interdisciplinary field that includes the tools and techniques used in land


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Exploration – Investigating an unfamiliar area Geocode, also known as Geospatial Entity Object Code – Process of turning a place name/address to coordinatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Geographic information system (GIS) – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data Globe – Scale model of a celestial body Map – Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships Atlas – Collection of maps Cartography – Study and practice of making maps Outline of cartography – Overview of and topical guide to cartography Map projection – Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane Demographics – Study of human populations and their structuresPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Spatial analysis – Techniques to study geometric data Surveying – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them === Types of geographic features === Geographic feature – component of a planet that can be referred to as a location, place, site, area, or region, and therefore may show up on a map. A geographic feature may be natural or artificial. ==== Location and place ==== Location – Absolute location – Point or an area on Earth's surface or elsewherePages displaying short descriptions


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Natural body of water types ==== Natural bodies of water – Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface Bodies of seawater – Water from a sea or an ocean Channel – Narrow body of water Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits Harbor – Sheltered body of water where ships may shelter Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature Gulf – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lakePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet Creek (tidal) – Inlet or estuary that is affected by ebb and flow of ocean tidesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity Kettle – Depression formed by glaciers or floodwaters Kill – Creek, tidal inlet, river, strait, or arm of the sea Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-5.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Settlement – Community of any size, in which people live Rural area – Geographic area outside towns and cities Hamlet (place) – Small human settlement in a rural area – rural settlement which is too small to be considered a village. Historically, when a hamlet became large enough to justify building a church, it was then classified as a village. One example of a hamlet is a small cluster of houses surrounding a mill. Village – Human settlement smaller than a town – clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand (sometimes tens of thousands). Town – Type of human settlement – human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while many British "small towns" would qualify as cities in the United States. Urban hierarchy – Rank of cities based on their population – ranks the structure of towns within an area. 1st-order towns –


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-6.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Abstract geographic feature – does not exist physically in the real world, yet has a location by definition and may be displayed on maps. Geographical zone – Major regions of Earth's surface demarcated by latitude Hardiness zone – Region defined by minimum temperature relevant to the plant survival Time zone – Area that observes a uniform standard time Political division – A territorial entity for administration purposes Nation – Community based on common ethnic, cultural or political identity Administrative division – Territorial entity for administration purposes – a designated territory created within a country for administrative or identification purposes. Examples of the types of administrative divisions: Bailiwick – Area of jurisdiction of a bailiff Canton – Type of administrative division of a country Commune – An urban administrative division having corporate status County – Geographical and administrative region in some countries Department – Administrative or political division in some countriesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets District – Administrative division in some countries, managed by a local government Duchy – Territory ruled by, or representing the title of, a duke or duchess Emirate – Territory ruled by an emir Federal state – Type of political entity Parish – Ecclesiastical subdivision


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-7.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Eratosthenes (276 – 194 BC) – who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of geodesy. Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. 168) – who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia. Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973 – 1048 AD) – considered the father of geodesy. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037) – whose observations in Kitab Al-Shifa contributed to later formulations of the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism. Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100 – c.1165) – who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times. Piri Reis (1465 – c.1554) – whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the Americas and possibly Antarctica Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) – an innovative cartographer and originator of the Mercator projection. Bernhardus Varenius (1622–1650) – Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650) – first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography. Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) – father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology. Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) – considered the father of modern geography. Published Kosmos and founded the study of biogeography. Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – who noted the structure of glaciers


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-0.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
This list of battles is organized geographically and alphabetically, by country in its present territory. == Afghanistan == == Albania == == Algeria == == Angola == == Argentina == == Armenia == == Australia == == Austria == == Azerbaijan == == Bahamas == == Bahrain == == Bangladesh == == Barbados == == Belarus == == Belgium == == Belize == == Benin == == Bolivia == == Bosnia and Herzegovina == == Botswana == == Brazil == == Bulgaria == For Fall of the Western Roman Empire, see List of battles during the fall of the Western Roman Empire Siege of Dorostolon - 896 For Rus'–Byzantine War (970–971), see Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria Battle of Dristra - 1087 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars Battle of Beroia - 1122 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars For Bulgarian–Ottoman wars, see List of battles during the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars Battle of Çamurlu - 1413 - Ottoman Interregnum Battle of Zlatitsa – 1443 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) Battle of Varna – 1444 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) For World War I, see Bulgaria during World War I For World War II, see


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-1.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle of the Maule – c. between 1471-1493 or 1532– Inca Empire wars of conquest Battle of Reynogüelén – 1536 Battle of Lincoya Fortress - 1563 Battle of Castro - 1600 - War of the Straits Battle of Yerbas Buenas – 1813 Battle of San Carlos (1813) – 1813 Siege of Chillán – 1813 Battle of El Roble – 1813 Battle of Talca (1814) – 1814 Battle of El Quilo – 1814 Battle of Membrillar – 1814 Battle of Valparaíso – 1814 – War of 1812 (Sixty Years' War) Battle of Cancha Rayada (1814) – 1814 Battle of Quechereguas (1814) – 1814 Battle of Las Tres Acequias – 1814 Battle of Rancagua – 1814 Battle of Chacabuco – 1817 Battle of Curapalihue – 1817 Battle of Cancha Rayada (1818) – 1818 Battle of Maipú – 1818 Battle of Lircay – 1830 – Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 Combat of Monte de Urra – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution Battle of Loncomilla – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution Battle of Papudo – 1865 – Chincha Islands War Battle of Abtao – 1866 – Chincha Islands War Battle of Iquique – 1879 – War of the Pacific Battle of Punta Gruesa –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-2.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Croatia == Battle of Cibalae - 316 - Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Mursa Major - 351 - Roman civil war of 350–353 Siege of Trsat - 799 Battle of Makarska - 887 - Croatian–Venetian wars Battle of Drava River - 925 - Croatian–Hungarian Wars Battle of Syrmia - 960 - Hungarian-Serbian War (c. 960) Siege of Zadar (998) - 998 - Croatian–Bulgarian wars Siege of Lastovo - 1000 - Croatian–Venetian wars Battle of Gvozd Mountain - 1097 - War of the Croatian Succession Battle of Pašman - 1190 Siege of Zara - 1202 - Fourth Crusade Battle of Grobnik Field - 1242 - First Mongol invasion of Hungary Battle of Curzola - 1298 - War of Curzola Battle of Bliska - 1322 Battle of Una - 1483 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Vrpile - 1491 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Krbava Field - 1493 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Dubica - 1513 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Siege of Knin - 1522 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Siege of Klis - 1536 - Croatian–Ottoman wars Battle of Gorjani - 1537 - Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) Battle of Otočac (1543)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-3.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
For Danish Civil War, see Military engagements during the Danish Civil War Battle of Copenhagen (1289) – 1289 – War of the Outlaws Battle of Skanör – 1289 – War of the Outlaws Naval Battle of the Sound (1427) - 1427 - Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428) – 1428 – Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) Battle of Bornholm (1457) – 1457 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) Battle of Bornholm (1535) – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) Battle of Little Belt – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) Battle of Bornholm (1563) – 1563 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Action of 4 June 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Action of 7 July 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Battle of Kolding (1644) – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) Action of 16 May 1644 – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Møn (1657) – 1657 – Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] Battle of the Sound – 1658 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) Siege of Kolding (1658)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-4.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Estonia == Battle of Iron Gate – 1032 Battle of Ösel – 1206 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Viljandi – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lehola – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Otepää (1217) – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of St. Matthew's Day – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lyndanisse – 1219 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lihula – 1220 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Tallinn – 1221 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ösel – 1222 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ümera – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Viljandi (1223) – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Tartu (1224) – 1224 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Muhu – 1227 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle on the Ice – 1242 – Livonian campaign against Rus' and Northern Crusades (Crusades) Battle of Wesenberg (1268) or Battle of Rakvere or Battle of Rakovor – 1268 – Northern Crusades (Crusades) Battle of Karuse – 1270 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-5.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Finland == Battle at Herdaler – 1007 – 1008 Battle of Hogland (1713) – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Pälkäne – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Napue – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Gangut – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Grengam – 1720 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Villmanstrand – 1741 – Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) (War of the Austrian Succession) Battle of Porrassalmi – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Uttismalm – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Kaipiais – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Parkumäki – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Svensksund (1789) – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Elgsö – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Valkeala – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Pardakoski–Kärnakoski – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Fredrikshamn – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Keltis – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Savitaipal – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Svensksund – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Pyhäjoki – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-6.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== France == Battle of Alalia – between 540 BC and 535 BC – Carthaginian Expansion Battle of Rhone Crossing – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Burdigala – 107 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Arausio – 105 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Aquae Sextiae – 102 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Magetobriga – 63 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of the Arar – 58 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Bibracte – 58 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Vosges – 58 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of the Axona – 57 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of the Sabis – 57 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Avaricum – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Gergovia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Lutetia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Alesia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Siege of Uxellodunum – 51 BC – Gallic Wars Siege of Massilia – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Tauroento – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Forum Julii – 69 – Year of the Four


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-7.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
469 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Arles (471) – 471 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Soissons (486) – 486 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Strasbourg (506) – 506 – Clovis I's campaigns Battle of Vouillé – 507 – Franco-Visigothic Wars Battle of Compiègne – 715 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Vincy – 717 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Soissons (718) – 718 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Toulouse – 721 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of the River Garonne – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of Tours – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Avignon (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Narbonne (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of the River Berre – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Nîmes – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Laon - 741 Siege of Narbonne (752–759) – 752 – 759 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of Orbieu River - 793 - Reconquista Battle of Fontenoy (841) - 841 - Carolingian civil war Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-8.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
James – 1426 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Montargis – 1427 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Orléans – 1428 – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of the Herrings or Battle of Rouvray – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] and Anglo-Scottish Wars Battle of Jargeau – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Meung-sur-Loire – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Beaugency (1429) – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Patay – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Siege of Paris (1429) – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of La Charité – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Compiègne – 1430 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Bulgnéville - 1431 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War Battle of Gerberoy – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Saint-Denis (1435) – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Calais (1436) – 1436 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-9.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Quentin (1557) – 1557 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Siege of Calais (1558) – 1558 – Anglo-French War (1557–1559) (Italian War of 1551–1559) [Italian Wars] Siege of Thionville (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Battle of Gravelines (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Siege of Rouen (1562) – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Vergt – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Dreux – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Siege of Orléans (1563) – 1563 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Vescovato - 1564 Siege of Valenciennes (1567) – 1566 – 1567 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Wattrelos – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Lannoy – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Saint-Denis – 1567 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Siege of Chartres (1568) – 1568 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-10.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Quentin (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War Battle of Buzenval (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War Battle of Mulhouse - 1914 - World War I Battle of Lorraine - 1914 - World War I Battle of the Trouée de Charmes - 1914 - World War I Siege of Maubeuge - 1914 - World War I Battle of Le Cateau - 1914 - World War I Battle of St. Quentin (1914) - 1914 - World War I First Battle of the Marne – 1914 – World War I First Battle of the Aisne – 1914 – World War I Battle of La Bassée – 1914 – World War I First Battle of Champagne – 1914–1915 – World War I Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf - 1915 - World War I First Battle of Artois – 1915-1915 – World War I Battle of Neuve Chapelle – 1915 – World War I Second Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I Second Battle of Champagne – 1915 – World War I Battle of Loos – 1915 – World War I Third Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt - 1915 - World War I Battle of Verdun


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-11.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
235 – Crisis of the Third Century and Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Solicinium – 368 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Mainz - 406 - Vandal–Frankish war Battle of Tolbiac – 496 – Clovis I's campaigns Battle of the Unstrut River (531) – 531 Battle of Cologne – 716 – Frankish Civil War and Frisian–Frankish wars Battle of Epfach - 743 Battle of Süntel – 782 – Saxon Wars Battle of the Hase - 783 - Saxon Wars Battle of Lüne and the Elbe - 795 - Saxon Wars Battle of Bornhöved (798) – 798 – Saxon Wars Battle of Andernach (876) - 876 - Franco-Breton wars Battle of Lüneburg Heath - 880 Battle of Norditi - 884 Battle of Eisenach (908) – 908 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Lechfeld (910) – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Rednitz – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of the Inn – 913 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Püchen – 919 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Siege of Gana - 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Lenzen – 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Riade – 933 – Hungarian invasions of Europe


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-12.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Georgia == == Ghana == Battle of Guinea – 1478 – War of the Castilian Succession Battle of Elmina (1625) – 1625 – Dutch–Portuguese War Battle of Elmina (1637) – 1637 – Dutch–Portuguese War


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-13.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Greece == Battle of Deres – c. 684 BC – Second Messenian War Battle of the Great Foss – c. 682 BC – Second Messenian War Battle of Hysiae (c. 669 BC) – c. 669 BC Siege of Naxos (499 BC) – 499 BC – Greco-Persian Wars Siege of Eretria – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Marathon – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Thermopylae – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Artemisium – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Salamis – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Achaemenid destruction of Athens – 480 BC – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Plataea – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Aegina – 458 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Tanagra (457 BC) – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Oenophyta – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Coronea (447 BC) – 447 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Sybota – 433 BC


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-14.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
873 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Cephalonia – 880 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Euripos – 883 – Arab–Byzantine wars Sack of Thessalonica (904) – 904 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Chandax – 960 – 961 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Thessalonica (995) – 995 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Spercheios – 997 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (1004) – 1004 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Kreta – 1009 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (1014) – 1014 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Setina – 1017 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Lemnos (1024) - 1024 - Rus'-Byzantine wars Battle of Thessalonica (1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (2nd 1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Ostrovo – 1041 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Larissa – 1083 – First Norman invasion of the Balkans Sack of Thessalonica (1185) – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans Battle of Demetritzes – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-15.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Grenada == Capture of Grenada (1779) – 1779 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Grenada – 1779 – American Revolutionary War == Guatemala == Battle of La Arada – 1851 == Guyana == Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) Capture of Demerara and Essequibo – 1782 – American Revolutionary War == Haiti == Capture of Fort Rocher – 1654 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Cap-Français – 1757 – Seven Years' War Battle of the Windward Passage – 1760 – Seven Years' War Action of 2 January 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets – 1792 – Haitian Revolution Siege of Port-au-Prince (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Cap-Français (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution Capture of Fort-Dauphin (1794) – 1794 – Haitian Revolution and War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) Battle of the Acul – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Saint-Raphaël – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Gonaïves – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Port-Républicain – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Jean-Rabel – 1797 – Haitian Revolution Action of 1 January 1800 – 1800 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-16.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Hungary == Battle of Bolia – 469 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Raab - 791 - Saxon Wars Battle of Ménfő - 1044 - German-Hungarian War Battle of Vértes - 1051 Battle of the Theben Pass - 1060 - Hungarian civil war Battle of Kemej – 1074 Battle of Mogyoród – 1074 Battle of Mohi – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary Siege of Esztergom (1241) – 1242 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary Battle of the Leitha River - 1246 Battle of Isaszeg (1265) – 1265 – Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) Battle of Lake Hód - 1282 - Feudal anarchy in Hungary Battle of Rozgony - 1312 - Charles I's wars for the centralized power Siege of Güns – 1526 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] Battle of Mohács – 1526 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Sződfalva – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) Battle of Tarcal – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) Siege of Buda (1530) – 1530 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] Siege of Güns – 1532 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-17.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
14th century BC Sack of Kausambi - 497 - First Hunnic War First Battle of Eran - 498 - First Hunnic War Second Battle of Eran - 510 - First Hunnic War Sack of Pataliputra - 520 - Second Hunnic War Battle of Sondani - 528 - Second Hunnic War Siege of Banavasi - 540 Conquest of the Revati Island - 599 Battle of Pullalur - 618 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Narmada - 619 Battle of Manimangala - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Vatapi - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Peruvallanallur - 674 Siege of Nandigrama - 760 Battle of Venbai - 760 Battle of Ganges-Yamuna Doab - 791 Battle of Monghyr - 816 - Gurjara–Gauda War Battle of Tellaru - 830 Battle of Thirupurambiyam - 879 Battle of Niravadyapura - 894 Battle of Peruvanguru - 894 Battle of Vallala - 911 Battle of Vellore - 915 Sack of Kannauj - 916 Battle of Takkolam - 948 - Krishna's Southern Expedition Sack of Manyakheta - 972 Battle of Kandalur Salai - 988 - Chola Expansions under Rajaraja Battle of Rattapadi - 992 Battle of Puri - 997 - Western Chalukya expansion Battle of Donur - 1007 -


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-18.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
– Anglo-Nepalese War Battle of Khadki – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Sitabuldi – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Mahidpur – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Koregaon – 1818 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Shopian – 1819 – Afghan–Sikh Wars Battle of Mudki – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Ferozeshah – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Sohana – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Baddowal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Aliwal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Sobraon – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Asal Uttar – 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Battle of Longewala – 1971 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Battle of Tololing – 1999


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-19.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Indonesia == Chola invasion of Srivijaya - 1025 - South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I Battle of Genter – 1222 Battle of Bubat – 1357 Battle of Palembang – 1407 – Ming treasure voyages Battle of Trowulan - 1478 - Spread of Islam in Indonesia Battle of Aceh – 1521 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Lingga - 1525 - Malay–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Sunda Kelepa - 1527 Battle of Aceh – 1528 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Tidore - 1536 Battle of Aceh – 1569 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Bantam – 1601 – Dutch–Portuguese War Capture of Amboina – 1605 – Dutch-Portuguese War Fall of Jayakarta – 1619 First Battle of Passempe – 1643 Second Battle of Passempe – 1646 Battle of Gegodog – 1676 – Trunajaya rebellion Battle of Surabaya – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion Fall of Plered – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion Assault of Kediri – 1678 – Trunajaya rebellion Action of 9 September 1796 – 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars Battle of Java Sea – 1942 - Pacific War Battle of Kotabaru – 1945 - Indonesian National Revolution Battle of Medan – 1945 Battle of Semarang – 1945 Battle of Ambarawa – 1945 Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-20.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Iran == Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Battle of Ulai – c. 653 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam Battle of Susa – 647 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam Battle of Hyrba – 552 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of the Persian Border – c. 551 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Pasargadae – c. 550 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of the Uxian Defile – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Battle of the Persian Gate – 330 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Battle of Paraitakene – 317 BC – Second War of the Diadochi Battle of Gabiene – 315 BC – Second War of the Diadochi Battle of Ecbatana – 129 BC – Seleucid–Parthian Wars Battle of Hormozdgan – 224 Battle of Avarayr – 451 Battle of the Blarathon – 591 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) and Sasanian civil war of 589–591 Siege of Shushtar – 641 – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Siege of Gundishapur – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-21
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-21.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Iraq == Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Battle of Halule – 691 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Siege of Babylon – 689 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Fall of Tarbisu – 615 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Fall of Assur – 614 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Battle of Nineveh (612 BC) – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Battle of Opis – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Fall of Babylon – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Gaugamela – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great First siege of Babylon (311 BC) – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of the Tigris – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Second siege of Babylon (310 BC) – 310 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Third siege of Babylon (309 BC) – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of the 25 of Abu – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of Ctesiphon (165) – 165 – Roman–Parthian


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-22
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-22.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Israel == Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC) – 1457 BC – Thutmose III's first campaign in the Levant Siege of Azekah – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Siege of Lachish – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Assyrian siege of Jerusalem – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Fall of Ashdod – c. 655 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) – c. 597 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) – 589 BC – 587 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon Battle of Panium – 200 BC – Fifth Syrian War Battle of Adasa – 161 BC – Maccabean Revolt Battle of Cana – 84 BC Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC) – 63 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) and Hasmonean Civil War Siege of Sepphoris (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Sack of Jaffa (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Geva – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Beth Horon (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Pillage of Ein Gedi – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War Siege of Sepphoris (67) – 67 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-23
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-23.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Italy == Battle of Cumae – 524 BC Battle of Lake Regillus – c. 496 BC – Latin War (498–493 BC) (Roman–Latin wars) Battle of Himera (480 BC) – 480 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of the Cremera – 477 BC – Roman–Etruscan Wars Battle of Cumae – 474 BC Battle of Mount Algidus – 458 BC – Roman–Italic wars Battle of the Himera River (446 BC) – 446 BC Battle of Corbio – 446 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) – 435 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns Battle of Selinus – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Himera (409 BC) – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Akragas (406 BC) – 406 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Gela (405 BC) – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars Sack of Camarina – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Motya – 398 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Segesta (397 BC) – 398 BC or 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Messene – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Catana (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Syracuse (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-24
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-24.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
376 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of the Anio River (361 BC) – 361 BC – Roman–Gallic wars Battle of Pedum (358 BC) – Roman–Gallic wars Siege of Syracuse (343 BC) – 344 BC – 343 BC or 342 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Vesuvius – 340 BC – Latin War Battle of Trifanum – 340 BC – Latin War Battle of Mount Gaurus – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of Saticula – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of Suessula – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of the Crimissus – 339 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Pedum (338 BC) – 338 BC – Latin War Capture of Neapolis – 327 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Imbrinium – 325 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of the Caudine Forks – 321 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Lautulae – 315 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of the Himera River (311 BC) – 311 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Syracuse (311–309 BC) – 311 BC – 309 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) – 310 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Bovianum – 305


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-25
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-25.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
69 – Year of the Four Emperors First Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors Second Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors Siege of Aquileia – 238 – Year of the Six Emperors (Crisis of the Third Century) Battle of Verona (249) – 249 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Interamna Nahars – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of the Sanguinarian Bridge – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Mediolanum – 259 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Lake Benacus – 268 or 269 – Roman–Germanic wars and Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Placentia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Fano – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Pavia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Siege of Segusio – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Turin (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Brescia (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Verona (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of the Milvian Bridge – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Siege of Asti (402) –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-26
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-26.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
538 or 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Auximus – 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Ravenna (539–540) – 539 – 540 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Treviso – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Verona – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Faventia – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Mucellium – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Naples (542–543) – 542 – 543 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Sack of Rome (546) – 546 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Rome (549–550) – 549 – 550 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Sena Gallica (551) – 551 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Taginae – 552 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Mons Lactarius – 552 or 553 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of the Volturnus – 554 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Forino - 663 Battle of Coronate - 689 Battle of Ravenna (729) - 729 Siege of Pavia (773–774) - 773 Siege of Syracuse (827–828) – 827 – 828 – Muslim


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-27
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-27.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Jamaica == Invasion of Jamaica – 1655 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Battle of Ocho Rios – 1657 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Battle of Rio Nuevo – 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Action of 15 January 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Action of 17 February 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-28
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-28.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Japan == Battle of Shigisan - 587 - Soga–Mononobe conflict Battle of Sufuse - 789 - Thirty-Eight Years' War Siege of Kuriyagawa - 1062 - Former Nine Years' War Battle of Uji (1180) – 1180 – Genpei War Siege of Nara – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Ishibashiyama – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Fujigawa – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Sunomata-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War Battle of Yahagi-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War Siege of Hiuchi – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Kurikara – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Shinohara – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Mizushima – 1183 – Genpei War Siege of Fukuryūji – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Muroyama – 1183 – Genpei War Siege of Hōjūjidono – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Uji (1184) – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Awazu – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Ichi-no-Tani – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Kojima – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Yashima – 1185 – Genpei War Battle of Dan-no-ura – 1185 – Genpei War Battle of Uji (1221) - 1221 - Jōkyū War Battle of Bun'ei – 1274 – Mongol


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-29
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-29.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Jordan == Battle of Gadara – 93 BC Siege of Machaerus – 72 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Mu'tah – 629 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Fahl – 635 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Siege of Kerak – 1183 – Crusades Siege of Al-Karak (1834) – 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine == Kazakhstan == Battle of Zhizhi – 36 BC – Han–Xiongnu War Irghiz River Skirmish – 1209 or 1219 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Siege of Otrar – 1219 – 1220 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire == Kenya == == Korea == == Kosovo == Battle of Pantina - 1067 - Byzantine–Serbian wars Battle of Kosovo - 1389 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441) - 1440 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars Battle of Kosovo (1448) - 1448 - Hungarian–Ottoman Wars == Kuwait == == Kyrgyzstan == == Laos == == Latvia == Battle of Cēsis – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ümera – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Turaida – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Riga – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Durbe


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-30
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-30.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Libya == Siege of Tripoli (1551) – 1551 – Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) and Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Action of 1 August 1801 – 1801 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) First Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1802 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Action of 22 June 1803 – 1803 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1804 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Battle of Derna (1805) – 1805 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Battle of Tripoli (1825) – 1825 – Sardinian-Tripolitanian war of 1825 Bombardment of Tripoli (1828) – 1828 – Tripolitan-Neapolitan War == Lithuania == Battle of Saule – 1236 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Memel (1257) – 1257 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Skuodas (1259) – 1258 or 1259 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Christmemel – 1315 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Medininkai – 1320 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Memel (1323) – 1323 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Medvėgalis – 1329 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Pilėnai – 1336 – Lithuanian Crusade


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-31
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-31.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Mexico == Battle of Tlatelolco - 1473 Battle of Atlixco - 1503 - Flower war Battle of Catoche - 1517 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Centla - 1519 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Cempoala - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas La Noche Triste - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Otumba - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Fall of Tenochtitlan - 1521 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568) – 1568 – Anglo-Spanish trade war (1568-1573) Raid on Tabasco (1599) – 1599 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Spanish attack on San Lorenzo maroons - 1610 - Slave Revolts in North America Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Monte de las Cruces – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of El Veladero – 1810 – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Calderón Bridge – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Puerto de Piñones – 1811 – Mexican War of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-32
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-32.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Montenegro == Battle of Bar - 1042 - Byzantine–Serbian wars Siege of Castelnuovo – 1539 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) Battle of Lješkopolje - 1604 Battle of Perast – 1654 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) Battle on Vrtijeljka – 1685 – Great Turkish War Battle of Čevo - 1755 Battle of Martinići (1796) - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Battle of Krusi - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Battle of Lopate - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Siege of Cattaro – 1813 – 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition and Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) == Morocco == Battle of the Muthul – 109 BC – Jugurthine War Siege of the fortress at Muluccha – 106 BC – Jugurthine War Battle of the Nobles – 740 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) Battle of Bagdoura – 741 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) Battle of Salé – 1260 – Reconquista Battle of Tangier (1437) – 1437 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista Conquest of Asilah – 1471 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista Battle of Azemmour – 1513 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) Fall of Agadir – 1541 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) Battle of Taza (1553) –


