# kb

id: constructing-post-colonial-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing_Post-Colonial_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Constructing Post-Colonial India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing_Post-Colonial_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:16.531482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: constructing-post-colonial-india-20260505-0
summary:
Constructing Post-Colonial India: National Character and the Doon School is a 1998 book by Indian sociologist Sanjay Srivastava that surveys post-colonial Indian identity with a focus on The Doon School, an elite all-boys boarding school founded in 1935 in Dehradun, India. From 1989 through 1993, Srivastava conducted field research at the school, and he interviewed parents and teachers as well as the school's graduates. The book's main argument is that to be post-colonial in India necessitates the espousal of values such as secularism, rationalism, and a modernity that is not Occidental-inspired, but is contextual to the country. == See also == Colonial India Postcolonialism == References == == External links == Official page - Routledge UK


id: the-cultural-creatives-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives-0.md
category: reference
title: The Cultural Creatives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:17.716588+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-cultural-creatives-20260505-0
summary:
The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World is a nonfiction social sciences and sociology book by sociologist Paul H. Ray and psychologist Sherry Ruth Anderson (born 1942). The authors introduced the term "Cultural Creatives" to describe a large segment in Western society who since about 1985 have developed beyond the standard paradigm of modernists or progressives versus traditionalists or conservatives. Ray and Anderson claim to have found 50 million adult Americans (slightly over one quarter of the adult population) can now be identified as belonging to this group. They estimated an additional 80–90 million "Cultural Creatives" exist in Europe as of 2000. == Two types == Ray and Anderson divide "Cultural Creatives" into two subdivisions: === Core "Cultural Creatives" === Just under half of the CC population comprises the more educated, leading-edge thinkers. This includes many writers, artists, musicians, psychotherapists, alternative health care providers and other professionals. They combine a serious focus on their spirituality with a strong passion for social activism. == Characteristics == Ray and Sherry Anderson created a questionnaire to identify "Cultural Creatives" in Western society. The characteristics below were identified as qualities of a "Cultural Creative". Agreement with 10 or more indicates


id: the-gold-standard-and-the-logic-of-naturalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Standard_and_the_Logic_of_Naturalism-0.md
category: reference
title: The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Standard_and_the_Logic_of_Naturalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:20.069462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-gold-standard-and-the-logic-of-naturalism-20260505-0
summary:
The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism is a non-fiction book written by literary theorist and author Walter Benn Michaels and first published in 1988 by the University of California Press. == Content == The book is a treatise on capitalism in the United States and "value creation," by way of literary criticism. The author examines topics such as the alienation of property, the proclivity for masochism, and the battle over free silver, analyzing the cultural forms these phenomena affect and shape. Michaels proclaims a social, economic, and legal examination of literary history, because, as he affirms, if literature is to be understood at all it must be understood both as "a producer and a product of market capitalism." == Reviews == The New York Times, reporting in 1986, on Representations, "one of the hottest newer journals around," focused on its issue devoted to American culture between the Civil War and World War I, which, they claimed, shattered "the shackles of narrow specialization." The report denotes The Gold Standard as a "literary-psychological-economic study" of misers, which brings to relief the fiction of Frank Norris in particular. The work focuses simultaneously on literature and the arts, as well as on


id: linguistic-imperialism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Imperialism-0.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Imperialism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Imperialism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:21.247869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-imperialism-20260505-0
summary:
Linguistic Imperialism is a book written by Robert Phillipson, research professor at Copenhagen Business School's Department of English, published in 1992 by Oxford University Press. In Linguistic Imperialism, Phillipson argues that Western countries have used English as a tool of imperialism to dominate colonies and former colonies. He further explores the ideologies transmitted through the English language. The book was followed by Linguistic Imperialism Continued, first published by Routledge in 2010. == See also == Cultural imperialism English as a lingua franca Hegemony Linguistic imperialism == References == Sources


id: the-little-red-schoolbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Red_Schoolbook-0.md
category: reference
title: The Little Red Schoolbook
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Red_Schoolbook
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:22.438308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-little-red-schoolbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Little Red Schoolbook (Danish: Den Lille Røde Bog For Skoleelever; English: The Little Red Book For School Pupils) is a book written by two Danish schoolteachers, Søren Hansen, Bo Dan Andersen and writer Jesper Jensen, first published in 1969. It was subject to much controversy upon its publication and was translated into many languages in the early 1970s. == Synopsis == The book encourages young people to question societal norms and instructs them on how to do this. Out of 200 pages, it includes 20 pages on sex and 30 on drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. Other topics included adults as "paper tigers", the duties of teachers, discipline, examinations, intelligence, and different schools. == Reception == As a result of its subject matter and its targeted audience of schoolchildren, politicians in many countries criticised the book, fearing it would erode the moral fabric of society and be an invitation for anarchy in schools. The LRSB was banned in France and Italy. In Switzerland, the Bernese cantonal politician Hans Martin Sutermeister led a campaign against the book. He was initially successful in temporarily blocking the introduction of the book into the country. The subsequent controversy, however, ended his political career,


id: the-logic-of-modern-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: The Logic of Modern Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:23.634182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-logic-of-modern-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The Logic of Modern Physics is a 1927 philosophy of science book by American physicist and Nobel laureate Percy Williams Bridgman. The book is notable for explicitly identifying, analyzing, and explaining operationalism for the first time, and coining the term operational definition. Widely read by scholars in the social sciences, it had a huge influence in the 1930s and 1940s, and its major influence on the field of psychology in particular surpassed even that on methodology in physics, for which it was originally intended. == History == The Logic of Modern Physics is a 1927 philosophy of science book by American physicist and Nobel laureate Percy Williams Bridgman notable for explicitly identifying, analyzing, and explaining operationalism for the first time. Pragmatic philosophers like Charles Sanders Peirce in the 1870s had already advanced solutions to the related ontological problems. Also, Sir Arthur Eddington had discussed notions similar to operationalization in 1920 before Bridgman. Bridgman's formulation, however, became the most influential. In 1955 the variant operationism was described by A. Cornelius Benjamin. == Influence == Operationalism can be considered a variation on the positivist theme, and, arguably, a very powerful and influential one. The book was widely read by scholars in the


id: the-myth-of-matriarchal-prehistory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory-0.md
category: reference
title: The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:24.754373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-myth-of-matriarchal-prehistory-20260505-0
summary:
The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why An Invented Past Will Not Give Women a Future is a 2000 book by Cynthia Eller that seeks to deconstruct the theory of a prehistoric matriarchy. This hypothesis, she says, developed in 19th century scholarship and was taken up by 1970s second-wave feminism following Marija Gimbutas. Eller, a retired professor of religious studies at Claremont Graduate University, argues in the book that this theory is mistaken and its continued defence is harmful to the feminist agenda. == Thesis == Eller sets out to refute what she describes as feminist matriarchalism as an "ennobling lie". She argues that the feminist archaeology of Marija Gimbutas had a large part in constructing a late twentieth-century feminist myth of matriarchal prehistory. She questions whether Gimbutas's archaeological findings adequately support the claim that these societies were matriarchal or matrifocal. She says that we know of no cultures in which paternity is ignored and that the sacred status of goddesses does not automatically increase female social status. Eller concludes that inventing prehistoric ages in which women and men lived in harmony and equality "is a burden that feminists need not, and should not bear." In her view, the "matriarchal myth"


id: next-the-future-just-happened-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next:_The_Future_Just_Happened-0.md
category: reference
title: Next: The Future Just Happened
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next:_The_Future_Just_Happened
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:25.917517+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: next-the-future-just-happened-20260505-0
summary:
Next: The Future Just Happened is a book by Michael Lewis published on July 17, 2001 by W. W. Norton & Company. The book argues that rapidly evolving technology will upend the power structure of society. It gives power to the youngster who does not have preconceptions and entrenched interests. By making information readily available, the internet erodes the power and mystique of many professions. == Synopsis == Lewis provides examples including: At the age of twelve, Jonathan Lebed began trading stocks. When he and three friends did well in a stock-picking contest, people began coming to him for advice. By the age of fourteen, he learned that by posting messages in chat rooms he could affect stock prices. This illustrates how internet chat rooms shifted power from seasoned professionals to a fourteen-year-old. In the next chapter, the legal profession suffers a blow to its pride at the hands of fifteen-year-old Marcus Arnold, who became a top-ranked respondent to legal questions on AskMe.com. The British rock band Marillion could not get funds for a promotional tour from their record company so they turned to the internet. By connecting directly with their fans through their website, they were able to raise


id: o-jardim-das-afli-es-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jardim_das_Aflições-0.md
category: reference
title: O Jardim das Aflições
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jardim_das_Aflições
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:27.128115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: o-jardim-das-afli-es-20260505-0
summary:
O Jardim das Aflições – De Epicuro à ressurreição de César: ensaio sobre o Materialismo e a Religião Civil (The Garden of Afflictions – From Epicurus to the Resurrection of Caesar: An Essay on Materialism and Civil Religion) is a book by Brazilian writer Olavo de Carvalho, published in 1995. O Jardim das Aflições along with the other works, A Nova Era e a Revolução Cultural (1994) and O Imbecil Coletivo (1996), make up a trilogy of what the author considers "combat works." On Amazon.com, it is listed among the top 100 bestsellers in the Politics and Social Sciences category, being the second most commercially significant book by the author on the platform. The book inspired a film of the same name, O Jardim das Aflições, released in 2017. == Synopsis == The book is an essay whose fundamental thesis is that the history of the West is marked by the idea of Empire. The expansion of the Empire's domains to the limits of the visible world is a permanent objective through successive attempts at restructuring, even under different guises. It is an original and disturbing book that, starting from the analysis of an apparently minor event, uses it as


id: the-outsourced-self-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsourced_Self-0.md
category: reference
title: The Outsourced Self
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsourced_Self
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:28.316225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-outsourced-self-20260505-0
summary:
The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was published in 2012. It focuses on the "emotional terms of engagement" individuals develop as they increasingly outsource tasks associated with intimate life. These range from for-pay internet dating, long-distance elder care and take-out dinners to "rent-a-friends" and global commercial surrogacy. == References == == External links == The Outsourced Life(NYTimes.com: May 5, 2012)


id: quantum-governance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Governance-0.md
category: reference
title: Quantum Governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:29.467603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quantum-governance-20260505-0
summary:
Quantum Governance is a book about citizen-centric global progress and rewiring the foundation of public policy, written by Fadi Farra and Sir Christopher Pissarides. == Overview == The book was written by Fadi Farra in collaboration with Nobel Prize laureate in Economics, Sir Christopher Pissarides, and published in July 2023 as Quantum Governance: Rewiring the Foundation of Public Policy by Emerald Publishing Limited. Quantum Governance explores the fundamentals of AI economics and its application in shaping public policy. It delves into the concept of 'development' and the evolutionary dynamics of 'progress' within human civilization. The authors explore the transformation of human society, from the earliest urban settlements in Mesopotamia to the modern era's green smart cities, and from the initial agricultural societies to the contemporary knowledge economy. The book discusses how people and governments have built the world we live in and what the future might look like. The book posits that questioning fundamental aspects of human development and progress has become an overlooked practice, both among individuals and policymakers. However, it emphasizes the significance of these foundational inquiries in shaping and understanding the boundaries of human civilization. "Quantum Governance" advocates for the rekindling of this introspective and analytical approach,


id: social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Origins_of_Dictatorship_and_Democracy-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Origins_of_Dictatorship_and_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:30.617898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (1966) is a book by Barrington Moore Jr. The work studied the roots of democratic, fascist and communist regimes in different societies, looking especially at the ways in which industrialization and the pre-existing agrarian regimes interacted to produce those different political outcomes. He drew particular attention to the violence which preceded the development of democratic institutions. Initially, Moore set out to study a large number of countries, but reduced his number of cases to eight. The book took more than ten years to write. It is a cornerstone to comparative historical analysis in social science. == Overall argument == Moore's concern was the transformation of pre-industrial agrarian social relations into "modern" ones. He highlighted what he called "three routes to the modern world" - the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist - each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition. == The route to democracy == In the simplest sense, Social Origins can be summarized with his famous dictum, "No bourgeois, no democracy". However, Moore lists five conditions for the development of Western-style democracy (through


id: the-velvet-underground-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Velvet Underground (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:32.900461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-velvet-underground-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Velvet Underground is a paperback book by journalist Michael Leigh, published in September 1963, that reports on paraphilia in the US. == Content == Leigh investigates "aberrant" sexual behavior between consenting adults; that is, everything other than simple intercourse conducted in privacy by a heterosexual couple, e.g., husband and wife swapping, group sex, sex orgy parties, homosexual activities, sado-masochism. The author reports on the various ways in which such practices are solicited (newspaper advertisements, clubs, etc.), and by following these leads, manages to get into touch with many of its participants, usually through written correspondence. The book liberally includes quotations from this material. This is complemented with quotes from various magazines. The author's general aim is to establish that a shift in attitude toward sexuality is taking place in society that not only allows a large cross-section of the American population to partake in such non-standard sexual practices, but also allows them to believe that what they are doing is perfectly healthy and normal. A central passage in the book is a quote/paraphrase from a 1961 article in the French Esprit magazine, which calls this liberal attitude toward sex the sexual revolution, and attributes it to the general availability


id: why-things-bite-back-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Things_Bite_Back-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Things Bite Back
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Things_Bite_Back
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:34.059970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-things-bite-back-20260505-0
summary:
Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences is a 1997 book by former executive editor for physical science and history at Princeton University Press Edward Tenner that is an account and geography of modern technology. Edward Tenner's book describes how technology has had unintended effects on society. == See also == Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology == References == == Further reading == Tenner, Edward (1997). Why things bite back : technology and the revenge of unintended consequences. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74756-7. OCLC 37570811. Basson, M.S. (1995) South African Water Transfer Schemes and their Impact on the Southern African Region, in Matiza, T., Craft, S. & Dale, P. (Eds.) Water Resource Use in the Zambezi Basin. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Kasane, Botswana, 28 April - 2 May 1993. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Blanchon, D. & Turton, A.R. (2005) Les Transferts Massifs d’Eau en Afrique du Sud. In Lasserre, F. (Ed.) Transferts Massifs d’Eau: Outils de Development ou Instruments de Pouvoir? (In French). Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Presses de l’Université du Québec. (Pp 247 – 283). Cowan, Ruth (1983). More work for mother : the ironies of household technology from the open hearth to


id: 2052-a-global-forecast-for-the-next-forty-years-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2052:_A_Global_Forecast_for_the_Next_Forty_Years-0.md
category: reference
title: 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2052:_A_Global_Forecast_for_the_Next_Forty_Years
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:35.720283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2052-a-global-forecast-for-the-next-forty-years-20260505-0
summary:
2052 – A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years is a 2012 book describing trends in global development. It is written by Jørgen Randers and is a follow-up to The Limits to Growth, which in 1972 was the first worldwide report by the Club of Rome. It differs in three ways from the previous report. First, it does not describe an impending disaster scenario, but shows only trends. Secondly, it is to be read in the light of experience since 1972, namely, that all of humanity has responded to the report, but with a delay of 20 to 40 years. Thirdly, it offers not only future scenarios, it makes concrete proposals on how the individual should respond to emerging developments. Randers repeatedly points out that he does not want to predict specific events, only general trends. == Global forecast == The underlying logic of the prognosis Randers's reflections are based on two central questions: "What will happen to the consumer over the next 40 years?" and "Under what conditions – in which social and natural environment – will this future consumption take place?" (p. 78). He uses computer models to make sure feedback effects are not overlooked. Forecast on


id: atlas-of-ai-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_AI-0.md
category: reference
title: Atlas of AI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_AI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:36.900389+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: atlas-of-ai-20260505-0
summary:
Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence is a book by Australian academic Kate Crawford. It is based on Crawford's research into the development and labor behind artificial intelligence, as well as AI's impact on the world. == Overview == The book is mainly concerned with the ethics of artificial intelligence. Chapters 1 and 2 criticise Big Tech in general for exploitation of Earth's resources, such as in the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine, and human labor, such as in Amazon warehouses and the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Crawford also compares "TrueTime" in Google's Spanner with historical efforts to control time associated with colonialism. In Chapters 3 and 4, attention is drawn to the practice of building datasets without consent, and of training on incorrect or biased data, with particular focus on ImageNet and on a failed Amazon project to classify job applicants. Chapter 5 criticises affective computing for employing training sets which, although natural, were labelled by people who had been grounded in controversial emotional expression research by Paul Ekman, in particular his Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which had been based on posed images; it is implied that Affectiva's approach would not sufficiently attenuate the


id: autopoiesis-and-cognition-the-realization-of-the-living-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis_and_Cognition:_The_Realization_of_the_Living-0.md
category: reference
title: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis_and_Cognition:_The_Realization_of_the_Living
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:38.054217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: autopoiesis-and-cognition-the-realization-of-the-living-20260505-0
summary:
Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living is a cybernetic work in systems theory and the philosophy of biology by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. It was first published under the title De Maquinas y Seres Vivos (English: 'On Machines and Living Beings') in 1972 in Chile by Editorial Universitaria S.A., with a second edition published in 1980 by the D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, and a third edition published in 1991 by Springer. This work defines and explores the concept of autopoiesis, or 'self-creation' in biological systems in an effort to address cognition and autonomy in living systems. Autopoiesis was a core text for the field of second-order cybernetics, which often dealt with themes of self-reference and feedback loops. The book is the 42nd volume in the series Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. == Reception == Autopoiesis and Cognition was most widely read as a work of systems theory. Reviews of the work praise it as an effort by scientists to bring their science to bear while crafting a phenomenology of biology, and addressing such important questions as the basis of life and cognition. However, reviewers also point out inconsistencies in the formal argument that


id: business-dynamics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Dynamics-0.md
category: reference
title: Business Dynamics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Dynamics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:39.206515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: business-dynamics-20260505-0
summary:
Business Dynamics is a book by John Sterman that applies system dynamics to business. The book introduces systems dynamics modeling for the analysis of policy and strategy, with an emphasis on business and public policy applications. System dynamics is both a conceptual tool and a powerful modeling method. This allows the building of computer simulations of complex systems. These simulations can then be used to test the effectiveness of different policies on business outcomes. == References == Sterman, John D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-231135-5. Book website


id: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:40.397733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) is an integrated compendium of twenty one encyclopedias. One of the largest database repositories on the web, dedicated to the health, maintenance and future of the web of life on planet Earth, focusing on the complex connections among all the myriad aspects from natural and social sciences through water, energy, land, food, agriculture, environment, biodiversity, health, education, culture, engineering and technology, management, development and environmental security carrying knowledge for our times. It has been developed under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The EOLSS body of knowledge is a virtual compendium of Twenty One component encyclopedias (Subject Categories). It is regarded as the world’s largest comprehensive professional publication carrying state-of-the-art, high-quality, peer-reviewed, thematically organized archival content in many traditional disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects including the coverage of transdisciplinary pathways. The contributions are from thousands of scholars from over 100 countries and edited by more than 395 subject experts. It also includes up-to-date coverage of various aspects of sustainable development that are relevant to the current state of the world. The objectives are Education for Sustainable Development and Promotion of Life Support Systems Culture of Peace and Social


id: the-fifth-discipline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fifth Discipline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:41.490253+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fifth-discipline-20260505-0
summary:
The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization is a book by Peter Senge about developing learning organizations by focusing on group problem solving using five basic disciplines or "component technologies", the "cornerstone" of which is systems thinking. The other four disciplines are personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, and team learning. == Reception == In 1997, Harvard Business Review identified The Fifth Discipline as one of the seminal management books of the previous 75 years. == See also == Agile management Learning agenda Organizational learning System archetype == References == == External links == Fullerton, John. "Review of The Fifth Discipline". Archived from the original on 2008-05-18.


id: general-system-theory-foundations-development-applications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_System_Theory:_Foundations,_Development,_Applications-0.md
category: reference
title: General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_System_Theory:_Foundations,_Development,_Applications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:42.692094+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: general-system-theory-foundations-development-applications-20260505-0
summary:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications is a 1968 book by the biologist and systems theorist Ludwig von Bertalanffy. The book presents the foundations, development and applications of general system theory and discusses the role of systems in biology, psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences. The volume consists of ten essays and an appendix dealing with general system theory and the study of biological and social organisms and with the unification of science. == Overview == The book argues that systems consist of parts in interaction and that the phenomena of systems can be studied as problems of configuration, complexity and organization. Bertalanffy proposes that there exist models, principles and laws that apply to generalized systems irrespective of their particular kind. The book presents parallels between principles in different disciplines and stresses the relations between biology, psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences. == Concepts == A concept discussed in the book is equifinality, which states that in an open system the same final state can be reached from different initial conditions and in different ways. The work examines open systems and organization as general problems of science. Several chapters also discuss systems theory in biology and the social sciences and


id: grammatical-man-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_Man-0.md
category: reference
title: Grammatical Man
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_Man
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:43.910553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grammatical-man-20260505-0
summary:
Grammatical Man: Information, Entropy, Language, and Life is a 1982 book written by Jeremy Campbell, then Washington correspondent for the Evening Standard. The book examines the topics of probability, information theory, cybernetics, genetics, and linguistics. Information processes are used to frame and examine all of existence, from the Big Bang to DNA to human communication to artificial intelligence. == Part 1: Establishing the Theory of Information == The book's first chapter, The Second Law and the Yellow Peril, introduces the concept of entropy and gives brief outlines of the histories of Information Theory and cybernetics, examining World War II figures such as Claude Shannon and Norbert Wiener. The Noise of Heat gives an outline of the history of thermodynamics, focusing on Rudolf Clausius's 2nd Law and its relation to order and information. In The Demon Possessed Campbell examines the concept of entropy and presents entropy as missing information. Chapter Four, A Nest of Subtleties and Traps, takes its name from a critique of one of the earliest theorems in probability theory, Law of large numbers (Bernoulli, 1713). The chapter outlines the history of probability, touching on characters such as Gerolamo Cardano, Antoine Gombaud, Bernoulli, Richard von Mises, and John Maynard


id: international-encyclopedia-of-systems-and-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Systems_and_Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Systems_and_Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:45.101887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-systems-and-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
The book International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics is an authoritative encyclopedia for systems theory, cybernetics, the complex systems science, which covers both theories and applications in areas as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences. This book first published in 1997 aimed to give an overview over more than 40 years developments in the field of Systems and Cybernetics. This book offers a collection of more than 3000 keywords and articles of Systems and Cybernetics. Many items contain quotes from authors from the field. The book is edited by Belgian systems scientist and diplomat Charles François with an Academic board including members such as John N. Warfield, Robert Trappl, Ranulph Glanville, G. A. Swanson, Nicholas Paritsis, Daniel Dubois, Heiner Benking, Francisco Parra Luna, Anthony Judge, Markus Schwaninger, Gerhard Chroust, G. A. Swanson, Matjaž Mulej and Stuart Umpleby. The first edition was published in 1997 in one volume with 450 pages by publisher K.G. Saur in Munich. The second edition was published in 2004, in two volumes and 741 pages by the same publisher. This update consisted of 1700 articles, some of them with figures, tables and diagrams, and 1500 bibliographical references. The genesis of the Encyclopedia was published by Anthony


id: an-introduction-to-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: An Introduction to Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:46.235790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: an-introduction-to-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
An Introduction to Cybernetics is a book by W. Ross Ashby, first published in 1956 in London by Chapman and Hall. An Introduction is considered the first textbook on cybernetics, where the basic principles of the new field were first rigorously laid out. It was intended to serve as an elementary introduction to cybernetic principles of homeostasis, primarily for an audience of physiologists, psychologists, and sociologists. Ashby addressed adjacent topics in addition to cybernetics such as information theory, communications theory, control theory, game theory and systems theory. A second English edition was published in 1964 by Methuen & Co. with no changes to the original text, alongside the original preface. An Introduction was translated into many languages. Editions were published in Russian and French in 1957, Spanish in 1958, Czech, Polish, and Hungarian in 1959, German in 1965, and Bulgarian and Italian in 1966. == Reception == Reviews of An Introduction to Cybernetics were mostly positive, alongside some mixed opinions. Positive reviews highlighted Ashby's clear explanations of complex concepts, as well as his inclusion of examples and exercises. Detractors were critical of Ashby's marked new vocabulary, replacing the usual terminology even when unnecessary ("components with independence" in lieu of "degrees


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
The Limits to Growth (LTG) is a 1972 report that discussed the possibility of exponential economic and population growth with a finite supply of resources, studied by computer simulation. The study used the World3 computer model to simulate the consequence of interactions between the Earth and human systems. Commissioned by the Club of Rome, the study saw its findings first presented at international gatherings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1971. The report's authors are Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III, representing a team of 17 researchers. The model was based on the work of Jay Forrester of MIT, as described in his book World Dynamics. The report's findings suggest that, in the absence of significant alterations in resource utilization and environmental destruction, it is highly likely that there will be an abrupt and unmanageable decrease in both population and industrial capacity. Although it faced severe criticism and scrutiny upon its release, the report influenced environmental reforms for decades. Subsequent analysis notes that global use of natural resources has been inadequately reformed to alter its expected outcome. Yet price predictions based on resource scarcity failed to materialize in the


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-1.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
==== Interpretations of the exhaustion model ==== Due to the detailed nature and use of actual resources and their real-world price trends, the indexes have been interpreted as a prediction of the number of years until the world would "run out" of them, both by environmentalist groups calling for greater conservation and restrictions on use and by skeptics criticizing the accuracy of the predictions. This interpretation has been widely propagated by media and environmental organizations and authors who, apart from a note about the possibility of the future flows being "more complicated," did not clearly constrain or deny this interpretation. While environmental organizations used it to support their arguments, a number of economists used it to criticize LTG as a whole shortly after publication in the 1970s (Peter Passel, Marc Roberts, and Leonard Ross), with similar criticism reoccurring from Ronald Baily, George Goodman, and others in the 1990s. In 2011 Ugo Bardi, in "The Limits to Growth Revisited," argued that "nowhere in the book was it stated that the numbers were supposed to be read as predictions"; nonetheless, as they were the only tangible numbers referring to actual resources, they were promptly picked as such by both supporters and opponents.


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-2.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
LTG provoked a wide range of responses, including immediate criticisms almost as soon as it was published. Peter Passell and two co-authors published a 2 April 1972 article in the New York Times describing LTG as "an empty and misleading work ... best summarized ... as a rediscovery of the oldest maxim of computer science: Garbage In, Garbage Out." Passell considered the study's simulation simplistic and that it assigned little value to the role of technological progress in solving the problems of resource depletion, pollution, and food production. They charged that all LTG simulations ended in collapse, predicting the imminent end of irreplaceable resources. Passell also charged that the entire endeavour was motivated by a hidden agenda: to halt growth in its tracks. In 1973, a group of researchers at the Science Policy Research Unit at the University of Sussex concluded that simulations in Limits to Growth were very sensitive to a few key assumptions and suggested that the MIT assumptions were unduly pessimistic and the MIT methodology, data, and projections were faulty. However, the LTG team, in a paper entitled "A Response to Sussex," described and analyzed five major areas of disagreement between themselves and the Sussex authors. The


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-3.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
== Positive reviews == In 1980, the Global 2000 Report to the President arrived at similar conclusions regarding expected global resource scarcity and the need for multilateral coordination to prepare for this situation. In a 2008 blog post, Ugo Bardi commented that "Although, by the 1990s LTG had become everyone's laughing stock, among some the LTG ideas are becoming again popular". Reading LTG for the first time in 2000, Matthew Simmons concluded his views on the report by saying, "In hindsight, The Club of Rome turned out to be right. We simply wasted 30 important years ignoring this work." Robert Solow, who had been a vocal critic of LTG, said in 2009 that "thirty years later, the situation may have changed... it will probably be more important in the future to deal intellectually, quantitatively, as well as practically, with the mutual interdependence of economic growth, natural resource availability, and environmental constraints." In a study conducted in 2008, Graham Turner from CSIRO discovered a significant correlation between the observed historical data spanning from 1970 to 2000 and the simulated outcomes derived from the "standard run" limits of the growth model. This correlation was apparent across nearly all the reported outputs. The


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-4.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
=== Comparisons and updated models === In 2008, physicist Graham Turner at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia published a paper called "A Comparison of 'The Limits to Growth' with Thirty Years of Reality." It compared the past thirty years of data with the eleven scenarios laid out in the 1972 book and found that changes in industrial production, food production, and pollution are all congruent with one of the book's eleven scenarios—that of "business as usual." This scenario in Limits points to economic and societal collapse in the 21st century. In 2010, Nørgård, Peet, and Ragnarsdóttir called the book a "pioneering report." They said that "its approach remains useful and that its conclusions are still surprisingly valid ... unfortunately the report has been largely dismissed by critics as a doomsday prophecy that has not held up to scrutiny." Also in 2008, researcher Peter A. Victor wrote that even though the Limits team probably underestimated the price mechanism's role in adjusting outcomes, their critics have overestimated it. He states that Limits to Growth has had a significant impact on the conception of environmental issues and notes that (in his view) the models in the book were


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-5.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus (1798); Man and Nature by George Perkins Marsh (1864); The Coal Question by William Stanley Jevons (1865); Our Plundered Planet by Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. (1948); Road to Survival by William Vogt (1948); The Population Bomb by Paul R. Ehrlich (1968); Overshoot by William R. Catton (1980); State of the World reports issued by the Worldwatch Institute (produced annually since 1984); Our Common Future, published by the UN's World Commission on Environment and Development (1987); Earth in the Balance by Al Gore (1992); Straw Dogs by John Gray (2002); Our Final Hour by Martin Rees (2003); The Party's Over by Richard Heinberg (2003); A Short History of Progress by Ronald Wright (2004); Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond (2005); The Long Emergency by James Howard Kunstler (2005); Storms of My Grandchildren by James Hansen, ISBN 9781608192007 (2009); Requiem for a Species by Clive Hamilton (2010); Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari (2011); The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History by Elizabeth Kolbert (2014); The Uninhabitable Earth by David Wallace-Wells (2017); The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
A New Kind of Science is a book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his company Wolfram Research under the imprint Wolfram Media in 2002. Wolfram explores how rules that control the interactions between cellular automata can generate surprisingly non-chaotic results. == Contents == === Computation and its implications === The thesis of A New Kind of Science (NKS) is twofold: that the nature of computation must be explored experimentally, and that the results of these experiments have great relevance to understanding the physical world. === Simple programs === The basic subject of Wolfram's "new kind of science" is the study of simple abstract rules—essentially, elementary computer programs. In almost any class of a computational system, one very quickly finds instances of great complexity among its simplest cases (after a time series of multiple iterative loops, applying the same simple set of rules on itself, similar to a self-reinforcing cycle using a set of rules). This seems to be true regardless of the components of the system and the details of its setup. Systems explored in the book include, among others, cellular automata in one, two, and three dimensions; mobile automata; Turing machines in 1 and 2 dimensions; several varieties of


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Systematic abstract science === While Wolfram advocates simple programs as a scientific discipline, he also argues that its methodology will revolutionize other fields of science. The basis of his argument is that the study of simple programs is the minimal possible form of science, grounded equally in both abstraction and empirical experimentation. Every aspect of the methodology NKS advocates is optimized to make experimentation as direct, easy, and meaningful as possible while maximizing the chances that the experiment will do something unexpected. Just as this methodology allows computational mechanisms to be studied in their simplest forms, Wolfram argues that the process of doing so engages with the mathematical basis of the physical world, and therefore has much to offer the sciences. Wolfram argues that the computational realities of the universe make science hard for fundamental reasons. But he also argues that by understanding the importance of these realities, we can learn to use them in our favor. For instance, instead of reverse engineering our theories from observation, we can enumerate systems and then try to match them to the behaviors we observe. A major theme of NKS is investigating the structure of the possibility space. Wolfram argues that science


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-2.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Periodicals gave A New Kind of Science coverage, including articles in The New York Times, Newsweek, Wired, and The Economist. Some scientists, including Cosma Shalizi and Scott Aaronson, criticized the book and perceived a fatal flaw—that simple systems such as cellular automata are not complex enough to describe the degree of complexity in evolved systems, and observed that Wolfram ignored the research categorizing the complexity of systems. Although critics accept Wolfram's result showing universal computation, they view it as minor and dispute Wolfram's claim of a paradigm shift. Others found that the work contained valuable insights and refreshing ideas. Wolfram addressed his critics in a series of blog posts. === Scientific philosophy === A tenet of NKS is that the simpler the system, the more likely a version of it will recur in a wide variety of more complicated contexts. Therefore, NKS argues that systematically exploring the space of simple programs will lead to a base of reusable knowledge. But many scientists believe that of all possible parameters, only some actually occur in the universe. For instance, of all possible permutations of the symbols making up an equation, most will be essentially meaningless. NKS has also been criticized for asserting


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-3.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Originality === NKS has been heavily criticized as not original or important enough to justify its title and claims. The authoritative manner in which NKS presents a vast number of examples and arguments has been criticized as leading the reader to believe that each of these is original to Wolfram; in particular, one of the most substantial new technical results presented in the book, that the rule 110 cellular automaton is Turing complete, was not proven by Wolfram. Wolfram credits the proof to his research assistant Matthew Cook. But the book's notes section acknowledges many of the discoveries made by these other scientists, citing their names together with historical facts, although not in the form of a traditional bibliography section. Additionally, the idea that very simple rules often generate great complexity is already an established idea in science, particularly in chaos theory and complex systems. == See also == Digital physics Scientific reductionism Calculating Space Marcus Hutter's "Universal Artificial Intelligence" algorithm == References == == External links == A New Kind of Science free E-Book What We've Learned from NKS YouTube playlist — extensive discussion of each NKS chapter; (As of 2022, Stephen Wolfram discusses the NKS chapters in


id: psycho-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: Psycho-Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:51.041937+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psycho-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
Psycho-Cybernetics is a self-help book written by American writer Maxwell Maltz in 1960. Motivational and self-help experts in personal development, including Zig Ziglar, Tony Robbins, Brian Tracy have based their techniques on Maxwell Maltz. The book combines the cognitive behavioral technique of teaching an individual how to regulate self-concept, using theories developed by Prescott Lecky, with the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener and John von Neumann. The book defines the mind-body connection as the core in succeeding in attaining personal goals. Maltz found that his plastic surgery patients often had expectations that were not satisfied by the surgery, so he pursued a means of helping them set the goal of a positive outcome through visualization of that positive outcome. Patients thinking that surgery will solve their problems is an example of the XY problem. Maltz became interested in why setting goals works. He learned that the power of self-affirmation and mental visualization techniques used the connection between the mind and the body. He specified techniques to develop a positive inner goal as a means of developing a positive outer goal. This concentration on inner attitudes is essential to his approach, as he believes that a person's outer success can never rise


id: steps-to-an-ecology-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: Steps to an Ecology of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:53.444195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: steps-to-an-ecology-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
Steps to an Ecology of Mind is a collection of Gregory Bateson's short works over his long and varied career. Subject matter includes essays on anthropology, cybernetics, psychiatry, and epistemology. It was originally published by Ballantine Books in 1972 (republished 2000 with foreword by Mary Catherine Bateson). == Part I: Metalogues == The book begins with a series of metalogues, which take the form of conversations with his daughter Mary Catherine Bateson. The metalogues are mostly thought exercises with titles such as "What is an Instinct" and "How Much Do You Know." In the metalogues, the playful dialectic structure itself is closely related to the subject matter of the piece. DEFINITION: A metalogue is a conversation about some problematic subject. This conversation should be such that not only do the participants discuss the problem but the structure of the conversation as a whole is also relevant to the same subject. Only some of the conversations here presented achieve this double format. Notably, the history of evolutionary theory is inevitably a metalogue between man and nature, in which the creation and interaction of ideas must necessarily exemplify evolutionary process. Why Do Things Get in a Muddle? (01948, previously unpublished) Why Do


id: systemantics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics-0.md
category: reference
title: Systemantics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:54.605255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: systemantics-20260505-0
summary:
General Systemantics (retitled to Systemantics in its second edition and The Systems Bible in its third) is a systems engineering treatise by John Gall in which he offers practical principles of systems design based on experience and anecdotes. It is offered from the perspective of how not to design systems, based on system engineering failures. The primary precept of the treatise is that large complex systems are extremely difficult to design correctly despite best intentions, so care must be taken to design smaller, less-complex systems and to do so with incremental functionality based on close and continual touch with user needs and measures of effectiveness. == History == The book was initially self-published after Gall received rejection letters from 30 publishers. After several reviews in academic journals, it was picked up by Quadrangle–The New York Times Book Company, who published it in 1977. A condensed version was also published in The New York Times prior to the book's publication. == Title origin == The term systemantics is a commentary on prior work by Alfred Korzybski called general semantics which conjectured that all systems failures could be attributed to a single root cause – a failure to communicate. Gall observes that,


id: systemantics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics-1.md
category: reference
title: Systemantics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:54.605255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: systemantics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Elementary systems functions === A complex system cannot be "made" to work. It either works or it does not. A simple system, designed from scratch, sometimes works. Some complex systems actually work. A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that works. A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be patched up to make it work. One has to start over, beginning with a working simple system. === Advanced systems functions === The Functional Indeterminacy Theorem (F.I.T.): in complex systems, malfunction and even total non-function may not be detectable for long periods, if ever. The Newtonian Law of Systems Inertia: a system that performs a certain way will continue to operate in that way regardless of the need or of changed conditions. Systems develop goals of their own the instant they come into being. Intrasystem goals come first. === System failure === The Fundamental Failure-Mode Theorem (F.F.T.): complex systems usually operate in a failure mode. A complex system can fail in an infinite number of ways. (If anything can go wrong, it will; see Murphy's law.) The mode of failure of a complex system cannot ordinarily be predicted from


id: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Turning Point (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:55.878831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture is a 1982 book by Fritjof Capra, in which the author examines perceived scientific and economic crises through the perspective of systems theory. == Summary == Capra outlines and traces the history of science and economics, highlighting flaws in the Cartesian, Newtonian, and reductionist paradigms which have come to light in the context of contemporary empirical understanding of the physical sciences. He writes that these paradigms are now inadequate to guide human behavior and policy with regard to modern technology and ecology, then argues that society needs to develop the concepts and insights of holism and systems theory to solve its complex problems. His argument is clearly and strongly expressed, for a wide readership, presuming no prior knowledge of any branch of the sciences. For physicists the book is an instructive guide to why and how today's new science may affect tomorrow's society. For non-scientists it will provide a rare insight into the world of scientific endeavours; for all readers alike this will be a useful synthesis of the histories of all branches of qualitative and quantitative enquiry. == Overview == === PART I: Crisis and Transformation === This section introduces


id: the-turning-point-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: The Turning Point (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:55.878831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
summary:
==== The Passage to the Solar Age ==== In the final chapter, Capra concludes that while the revolution is occurring, the decaying culture refuses to compromise, clinging to old notions with increasing tenacity; and the dominant social institutions will not relinquish their leadership roles to the new cultural forces. Capra argues that these institutions will, however, inevitably collapse, while the developing culture will continue to rise and finally take over as the dominant culture. As the turning point advances, he says, the awareness that large-scale evolutionary changes cannot be halted by short-term political manipulation gives us the most optimism for the future. == Reception == A review by Catherine Twomey Fosnot, published by the journal Educational Communication and Technology, stated that Capra's book says nothing regarding education. Yet, due to the fact that it offers a vastly different, contemporary physicist's view of technology, it has the potential of becoming a ‘turning point’. James Connolly of the Bethlehem University Journal expressed in his review that there was a certainty that some individuals would be will be tempted cynically to reflect that they have heard of previous books offering survival mechanisms to humanity, when picking up The Turning Point. However, given the


id: about-time-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: About Time (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:06.308265+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: about-time-book-20260505-0
summary:
About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution (ISBN 978-0-684-81822-1), published in 1995, is the second book written by Paul Davies, regarding the subject of time. His first book on time was his The Physics of Time Asymmetry (1977)(ISBN 0-520-02825-2). The intended audience is the general public, rather than science academics. About Time explores selected mysteries of spacetime, following on from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which Davies believes does not fully explain time as humans experience it. The author explains Important though Einstein's time turned out to be, it still did not solve "the riddle of time". The book delves into the nature of metaphysics, time, motion and gravity, covering a wide range of aspects surrounding the current cosmological debate, across 283 pages in great detail. It includes an index, a bibliography, and numerous diagrams. == See also == Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime Sense of time The Mind of God How to Build a Time Machine, 2002 fiction book by the same author == References ==


id: adam-s-curse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam's_Curse-0.md
category: reference
title: Adam's Curse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam's_Curse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:07.473261+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adam-s-curse-20260505-0
summary:
Adam's Curse: A Future Without Men (also known as Adam's Curse: A Story of Sex, Genetics, and the Extinction of Men) is a 2003 book by Oxford University human genetics professor Bryan Sykes expounding his hypothesis that with the declining sperm count in men and the continual atrophy of the Y chromosome, within approximately 125,000 years men shall become extinct. Sykes thinks one of the options for humanity's survival is unisex reproduction by females: female eggs fertilised by the nuclear X chromosomes of another female and implanted using in vitro fertilisation methods. He also introduces the possibility of moving the SRY and associated genes responsible for maleness and male fertility to another chromosome, which he refers to as "the Adonis chromosome", engendering fertile males with an XX karyotype. == Reception == BBC News reported in 2012 that a US study in Nature suggests the genetic decay has all but ended and that "The conclusion from these comparative studies is that genetic decay has in recent history been minimal, with the human chromosome having lost no further genes in the last six million years, and only one in the last 25 million years." In a review for the Journal of Clinical


id: adding-a-dimension-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_a_Dimension-0.md
category: reference
title: Adding a Dimension
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_a_Dimension
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:08.669199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adding-a-dimension-20260505-0
summary:
Adding a Dimension is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the third of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1964. == Contents == Part I: Mathematics T-Formation (August 1963) One, Ten, Buckle My Shoe (December 1962) Varieties of the Infinite (September 1959) A Piece of Pi (May 1960) Tools of the Trade (September 1960) The Imaginary that Isn't (March 1961) Pre-Fixing It Up (November 1962) Part II: Physics The Rigid Vacuum (April 1963) The Light that Failed (June 1963) The Light Fantastic (August 1962) Part III: Chemistry Slow Burn (October 1962) You, Too, Can Speak Gaelic (March 1963) Part IV: Biology The Lost Generation (February 1963) He's Not My Type (January 1963) Part V: Astronomy The Shape of Things (September 1962) Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star (October 1963) Part VI: General The Isaac Winners (July 1963) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com Adding a Dimension at The Thunder Childv Adding a Dimension title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database


id: the-age-of-em-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Em-0.md
category: reference
title: The Age of Em
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Em
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:09.870865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-age-of-em-20260505-0
summary:
The Age of Em: Work, Love and Life when Robots Rule the Earth is a 2016 nonfiction book by Robin Hanson. == Summary == The book explores the implications of a future world in which researchers have not created artificial general intelligence but have learned to copy humans onto computers, creating "ems," or emulated people, who quickly come to outnumber the real ones. There have been three human eras so far, based on foraging, farming, and industry. The next era is likely to arise from artificial intelligence in the form of brain emulations, sometime in the next century or so. This book paints a detailed picture of this new era. The book's main scenario proposes that in about a hundred years from now, human brains will be scanned at "fine enough spatial and chemical resolution," and combined with rough models of signal-processing functions of brain cells, "to create a cell-by-cell dynamically executable model of the full brain in artificial hardware, a model whose signal input-output behavior is usefully close to that of the original brain." == Reception == Seth Baum reviewed the book in Futures. He commended the book for bringing a social science perspective, for the detail it gives,


id: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: Aid on the Edge of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:11.045498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
Aid on the Edge of Chaos is a 2013 book on applying science and innovation to international development, published by Oxford University Press and written by global development and humanitarian expert Ben Ramalingam. == Synopsis == The book focuses on the need to improve foreign aid and the value of complex systems science and research for how global international aid efforts should be designed, implemented and evaluated. == Critical reception and influence == Described in a leading development journal as 'one of the most lauded contributions to recent mainstream development thinking', Aid on the Edge of Chaos has been endorsed by many top scientists and international leaders, including four Nobel Laureates in Medicine, Economics and Chemistry and the heads of Red Cross and United Nations as well as many NGO leaders. It has been positively reviewed by various press outlets, including The Economist, the Financial Times, The Guardian, New Scientist, Nature, Lancet, Harvard Business Review and the British Medical Journal. It was also the focus of an interview feature with the author in Huffington Post. Aid on the Edge of Chaos was the subject of a public lecture by Ben Ramalingam at the Royal Society of Arts, London, in December


id: annals-of-the-former-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Annals of the Former World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:12.236712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: annals-of-the-former-world-20260505-0
summary:
Annals of the Former World is a book on geology written by John McPhee and published in 1998 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. The book presents a geological history of North America, and was researched and written over the course of two decades beginning in 1978. It consists of a compilation of five books, the first four of which were previously published as Basin and Range (1981), In Suspect Terrain (1983), Rising from the Plains (1986), and Assembling California (1993), plus a final book, Crossing the Craton. A narrative table of contents provides an overview of the project, which largely consisted of a series of road journeys by McPhee across the North American continent in the company of noted geologists. In 2023, the composers and artists John P. Hastings and Benjamin Mayock completed a visual and audio translation of the book entitled The Former World. == References == == External links == Annals of the Former World at Open Library Archived copy of Annals of the Former World, formerly on John McPhee's website New York Times Book Review, July 5, 1998


id: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ape-Man Within
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:13.461251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
summary:
The Ape-Man Within is a 1995 science book by L. Sprague de Camp, published in hardcover by Prometheus Books. == Summary == The book undertakes to demonstrate how humankind's self-inflicted problems are rooted in its evolutionary past, with primitive survival traits appropriate to ancestral primates who were organized in small, foraging bands still manifesting in modern societies as competitive, adversarial behavior. == Contents == 1. Darwinian Man 2. Our Handy Kin 3. The Noble Savage 4. The Breeds of Man 5. The Phantom Aryans 6. Race and Power 7. Goat Island 8. What Makes Us Tick? 9. "And Hate Alone Is True" 10. Conclusions Notes Bibliography == Reception == De Camp's approach to his subject has been criticized for oversimplification and inaccuracy in matters of detail. == Notes == == External links == "The Ape-Man Within by L. Sprague de Camp – Book Review" - a positive book review by Tudor Vieru "Darwinism made too simple" - a negative book review by Jeffrey McKee


id: the-applicability-of-mathematics-in-science-indispensability-and-ontology-20260505-0
category: reference
title: The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:14.689034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-applicability-of-mathematics-in-science-indispensability-and-ontology-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Applicability_of_Mathematics_in_Science:_Indispensability_and_Ontology-0.md

summary:
The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology is a 2012 book on the philosophy of mathematics by Sorin Bangu. It argues for an improved form of indispensability argument based on a Quinean-inspired naturalism and confirmational holism, as well as a position he calls "posit realism". It also explores the applications of mathematics in scientific discovery and explanation. == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Applicability_of_Mathematics_in_Science:_Indispensability_and_Ontology


id: area-51-the-dreamland-chronicles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles-0.md
category: reference
title: Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:15.847703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: area-51-the-dreamland-chronicles-20260505-0
summary:
Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles is a 1997 non-fiction book about Area 51 in Nevada by David Darlington. == Reception == A review in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists called the book "a real service" for readers interested in the early history of the site, but also scolded the author for entertaining "alien seekers, the tragically abducted, and self-appointed aliens ... saucer nuts" whose record "drown[s] out any legitimate inquiry into how much secrecy and how large a restricted compound the government needs to conduct black-budget activities". The A.V. Club called it "a definitive work on the place and its hold on our collective psyche" and "wonderfully even-handed" towards Ufologists who speculate about "the physically impossible". == References == David Bowman (18 December 1997), "David Bowman reviews 'Area 51' by David Darlington", Salon.com == External links == Book discussion with the author, C-SPAN, December 17, 1997


id: bending-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Bending Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:17.077756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bending-science-20260505-0
summary:
Bending Science: How special interests corrupt public health research is a 2008 book by Thomas O. McGarity and Wendy E. Wagner, published by Harvard University Press. Bending Science explores the ways that science is manipulated in the process of making public policy and the law. It has been called a "fascinating and troubling investigation." The authors present a collection of case studies, undertaken largely by industry and designed to distort the scientific process. Thomas McGarity and Wendy Wagner are both University of Texas law professors. == See also == List of books about the politics of science == References ==


id: the-big-book-of-mischief-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Book_of_Mischief-0.md
category: reference
title: The Big Book of Mischief
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Book_of_Mischief
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:18.253155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-big-book-of-mischief-20260505-0
summary:
The Big Book of Mischief (TBBOM) is a book by David Richards. This manual describes the process of creating and detonating a wide variety of explosives. The end products include dry ice bombs and nitroglycerin. Construction of the devices described in the book is generally illegal, in addition to being highly dangerous. According to the file's revision information, a version of TBBOM, then known as The Terrorist's Handbook (by The Jolly Roger), was compiled between 1987 and 1989. The more familiar version, built on the Handbook and other underground BBS text resources, was first posted in the early morning of August 8, 1990, as The Complete Terrorist Today. It assumed its final title with the March 31, 1991, revision. The most common edition of TBBOM is the 1.5 release (1993). In 2018, a British teenager was sent to youth custody for four years and eight months after admitting that he had downloaded the book to his phone. == See also == The Anarchist Cookbook E for Ecstasy == References ==


id: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule-0.md
category: reference
title: The Billion-Dollar Molecule
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:19.425522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
summary:
The Billion-Dollar Molecule is a book by journalist Barry Werth about the founding and early research efforts of the American biotechnology company Vertex Pharmaceuticals, which was founded in 1989 by Joshua Boger and was among the first biotechnology companies to adopt an explicit strategy of rational drug design as opposed to techniques based on combinatorial chemistry. This book is notable as an inside look at a biotechnology company, and the stresses and marketing pressures on funding research into drug design. This book is a mixture of finance and technology. In February, 2014, Barry Werth published a follow-on book, The Antidote, that looks at Vertex 20 years later after his original effort. == References ==


id: binas-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Binas (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:20.616565+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: binas-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Binas (Often written as BiNaS or BINAS) is a Dutch science reference work (a handbook) for the higher levels of secondary school, consisting largely of tables and formulas. The name stands for biologie, natuurkunde, scheikunde (biology, physics, chemistry). It is compiled by NVON (Dutch Association for Education in the Natural Sciences) and has been published by Noordhoff Uitgevers since it became the standard reference work allowed at the central examinations in 1975. An English version of the Binas is also available. == Contents == The Binas is divided into five chapters: general, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Each chapter consists of multiple tables, each with specific information. These tables can be short or can span up to a few pages. To find information, students can use the alphabetical register in the back. The Binas does not make use of page numbers, but instead the register refers you to a table number. General. This chapter contains an extensive overview of units of measurement and quantities in the International System of units. This chapter continues in the back of the Binas with safety and environment. Physics. The contents of this chapter include physical constants, physical properties of materials, and isotopes. Additionally,


id: black-holes-wormholes-and-time-machines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes,_Wormholes_and_Time_Machines-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Holes, Wormholes and Time Machines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes,_Wormholes_and_Time_Machines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:21.780263+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-holes-wormholes-and-time-machines-20260505-0
summary:
Black Holes, Wormholes and Time Machines is a book by physicist Jim Al-Khalili, published in 1999. Al-Khalili talks about a range of modern science topics, from geometry to the theory of relativity. == References ==


id: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:23.032213+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
summary:
A Briefer History of Time is a science humor book by American astronomer Eric Schulman. In it, Schulman presents humorous summaries of what he claims are the fifty-three most important events since the beginning of time. The title and cover are a parody of Stephen Hawking's book A Brief History of Time. Coincidentally, Hawking later wrote a "sequel" entitled A Briefer History of Time. Hawking's publisher Bantam Books was aware that the title had already been used in a popular science book, but proceeded anyway, stating, "The other book was published six years ago, and Professor Hawking is an international figure." In 2004, the author released the book under a creative commons license, CC BY-NC-ND 1.0, as a free download on his website. == Description == Schulman's book is intended to be both humorous and educational. It explores why, even though the Universe is expanding, finding a parking space does not get any easier. Furthermore, the book contains a pulp version of the origin of life ("It was a dark and stormy night. In the shallow tide pool, a nucleic acid base collided with a sugar molecule. An amino acid sank beneath the murky depths . . . ."). ==


id: burn-the-misunderstood-science-of-metabolism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn:_The_Misunderstood_Science_of_Metabolism-0.md
category: reference
title: Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn:_The_Misunderstood_Science_of_Metabolism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:24.184463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: burn-the-misunderstood-science-of-metabolism-20260505-0
summary:
Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism is a 2022 book written by Herman Pontzer in which he discusses metabolism, human health and use of energy in the human body. The book examines research and proposes a constrained approach to total energy expenditure. == References ==


id: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: The Collapse of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:25.424480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
The Collapse of Chaos: Discovering Simplicity in a Complex World (1994) is a book about complexity theory and the nature of scientific explanation written by biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart. In this book Cohen and Stewart give their ideas on chaos theory, particularly on how the simple leads to the complex, and conversely, how the complex leads to the simple, and argue for a need for contextual explanation in science as a complement to reduction. This book dovetails with other books written by the Cohen-Stewart team, particularly Figments of Reality. As with other Cohen-Stewart books, topics are illustrated with humorous science fiction snippets dealing with a fictional alien intelligence, the Zarathustrians, whom Cohen and Stewart use as metaphors of the human mind itself. == Reception == Next Generation commented, "Although the book assumes you have zero knowledge of science (and thus is a little patronizing in the early chapters), it presents the concepts of Complexity Theory as well as anything we've seen." === Additional reviews === Casti, John L. (21 July 1994). "Why is anything ever simple?" (PDF). Nature. 370 (6486): 189. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..189C. doi:10.1038/370189a0. S2CID 4317485. Regis, Ed (12 June 1994). "The World Made Easy". The New York


id: the-coming-generational-storm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Generational_Storm-0.md
category: reference
title: The Coming Generational Storm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Generational_Storm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:26.626161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-coming-generational-storm-20260505-0
summary:
The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America's Economic Future (2004) is a book by Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns. In the Prologue on page xii, the authors say the United States was "heading into one God-awful fiscal storm, the full dimensions of which are hard to fathom." Further, they say on page xiii the book offers suggestions for United States public policy and personal finance to help deflect the "storm". Moreover, they state: We feel we have some unique insights into the demographic and economic problems facing our country based on our own research and that of other economists and financial analysts. Our goal is to leave you with a real sense of what's coming, why it's coming, when it's coming, and where national and personal economic salvation does and does not lie. "Averting America's Bankruptcy with a New New Deal", published by The Economists' Voice - February 2006, outlined some of the solutions promoted in the book.[1] Kotlikoff also discusses his book in the Tax Foundation's podcast titled "Laurence J. Kotlikoff on Long-Term Fiscal Problems in the U.S.".[2] == Table of contents == The following is a copy of the book's table of contents.


id: the-coming-global-superstorm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm-0.md
category: reference
title: The Coming Global Superstorm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:27.815448+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-coming-global-superstorm-20260505-0
summary:
The Coming Global Superstorm (ISBN 0-671-04190-8) is a 1999 book by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber, which claims that global warming might produce sudden and catastrophic climate change. The eBook was published in 2001. == Thesis == First, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic drift would generate a cordon of warm water around the North Pole, which in turn holds in a frozen mass of Arctic air. Second, if the North Atlantic drift were to shut down, that barrier would fail, releasing a flood of frozen air into the Northern Hemisphere, causing a sudden and drastic temperature shift. The book discusses a possible cause of the failure of the Gulf Stream: the melting of the polar ice caps could drastically affect the ocean salinity of the North Atlantic drift by dumping a large quantity of freshwater into the world's oceans. Bell and Strieber contend that such destabilizations have occurred before, and cite seemingly impossible engineering feats by ancient civilizations which must have been catastrophically destroyed since they do not appear in the historical record. Among their examples are the archaeological ruins of Nan Madol, which the book claims were built with exacting tolerances and extremely heavy basalt materials, necessitating a


id: the-complete-guide-to-breast-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Breast_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: The Complete Guide to Breast Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Breast_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:29.045223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-complete-guide-to-breast-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
The Complete Guide to Breast Cancer is a self-help book, published by Vermilion (imprint of Penguin Random House) in 2018, and written by Trisha Greenhalgh, professor of primary health care and retired general practitioner, and Liz O'Riordan, a retired breast surgeon. The book uses their own experiences of having breast cancer and British evidence-based guidelines to educate the reader on its diagnosis, treatment and recovery period. == References ==


id: confessions-of-a-recovering-environmentalist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Recovering_Environmentalist-0.md
category: reference
title: Confessions of a Recovering Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Recovering_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:30.223326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: confessions-of-a-recovering-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
Confessions of a Recovering Environmentalist is a collection of essays by Paul Kingsnorth published in 2017. == Synopsis == Much of the book recounts Kingsnorth's personal history with the environmental movement and with nature. He starts the book with a description of his upbringing, his engagement with the Dongas road protest group, and with his engagement with environmentalism and journalism through his twenties. Kingsnorth then describes how he pivoted into a cynicism with mainstream environmentalism, a cynicism centered on what Kingsnorth feels is a "single-minded obsession with climate change" that "has trumped all other issues," resulting in "a curious, plastic world." He highlights some of the ways that this has occurred in England. Kingsnorth finished his book with a chapter titled The Eight Principles of Uncivilisation, which he presents as his manifesto in how to re-evaluate myths of progress and human centrality. == Reception == In his review for The Guardian, Ian Jack argues that, while Kingsnorth's depiction of environmentalism seems reductionist and unfair, the author "writes insightfully about England - presciently, too." Jack describes the book as "Kingsnorth at his plainest and most provocative," noting that the tone of the book differs significantly from that of Kingsnorth's "romantic" work


id: counting-the-eons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_the_Eons-0.md
category: reference
title: Counting the Eons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_the_Eons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:31.404115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: counting-the-eons-20260505-0
summary:
Counting the Eons is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays written by Isaac Asimov. It was the sixteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between August 1980 and December 1981. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1983. == Contents == The Earth Light as Air? (March 1981) Too Deep for Me (April 1981) Under Pressure (May 1981) The Word I Invented (October 1980) Yes! With a Bang! (June 1981) Let Me Count the Days (October 1981) Counting the Eons (November 1980) The Stars The Runaway Star (July 1981) The Dance of the Stars (August 1981) The Universe Getting Down to Basics (September 1980) And After Many a Summer Dies the Proton (September 1981) Let Einstein Be! (December 1981) Beyond Earth's Eons (December 1980) The Crucial Asymmetry (November 1981) All and Nothing (January 1981) Nothing and All (February 1981) Literature Milton! Thou Shouldst Be Living at This Hour (August 1980) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: critical-rationalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Rationalism-0.md
category: reference
title: Critical Rationalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Rationalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:32.584283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: critical-rationalism-20260505-0
summary:
Critical Rationalism: A Restatement and Defence (1994) is a book on the philosophy of science by the philosopher David Miller. Book reviews include those of John Watkins in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science and Michael Redhead in Analytic Philosophy. The book seeks to restate and extend the epistemology of Karl Popper, whose general philosophy has been termed 'critical rationalism'. The book criticizes the use of "good reasons" in general (including evidence supposed to support the excess content of a hypothesis). He argues that good reasons are neither attainable, nor even desirable. Basically, the case, which Miller calls "tediously familiar", is that all arguments purporting to give valid support for a claim are either circular or question-begging. That is, if one provides a valid deductive argument (an inference from premises to a conclusion) for a given claim, then the content of the claim must already be contained within the premises of the argument (if it is not, then the argument is ampliative and so is invalid). Therefore, the claim is already presupposed by the premises, and is no more "supported" than are the assumptions upon which the claim rests, i.e. begging the question. == References ==


id: the-dark-ground-of-spirit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Ground_of_Spirit-0.md
category: reference
title: The Dark Ground of Spirit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Ground_of_Spirit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:33.809656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-dark-ground-of-spirit-20260505-0
summary:
The Dark Ground of Spirit: Schelling and the Unconscious is a 2012 book by the philosopher Sean J. McGrath, in which the author examines how the psychoanalytical concept of the unconscious originates in German Idealism, especially the work of the German philosopher, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. == Reception == The Dark Ground of Spirit has been reviewed by David Tacey, Benjamin Berger and J. A. F. Marshall. == References ==


id: darwiniana-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwiniana-0.md
category: reference
title: Darwiniana
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwiniana
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:34.974242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darwiniana-20260505-0
summary:
Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism is a collection of essays by botanist Asa Gray, first published in 1876. These widely read essays both defended the theory of evolution from the standpoint of botany and sought reconciliation with theology by arguing theistic evolution — that natural selection is not inconsistent with Christianity. Gray considered natural selection to be the cause of new species, which was itself caused by some inherent power imparted in the beginning by Godhead. == Notes == == References == Gray, Asa (1876). Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton and Company (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; and by Biodiversity Heritage Library). doi:10.5962/bhl.title.19483. ISBN 978-1-108-00196-0. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Gray, Asa (1888), Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism, New York: D. Appleton and Company, retrieved 2008-02-17 Zirkle, Conway (8 May 1964). Review: "Darwiniana", Science, Vol. 144, Issue 3619, pp. 724–725. == External sources == Asa Gray (1876). Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism Miles, Sara Joan (2001), "Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, vol. 53, pp. 196–201, retrieved 2009-02-09 Darwin and design: historical essay.


id: de-natura-fossilium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium-0.md
category: reference
title: De Natura Fossilium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:36.218687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-natura-fossilium-20260505-0
summary:
De Natura Fossilium is a scientific text written by Georg Bauer also known as Georgius Agricola, first published in 1546. The book represents the first scientific attempt to categorize minerals, rocks and sediments since the publication of Pliny's Natural History. This text along with Agricola's other works including De Re Metallica compose the earliest comprehensive "scientific" approach to mineralogy, mining, and geological science. == Notes == == References == == External links == Full text searchable English version and illustrations Archived 2021-05-14 at the Wayback Machine


id: the-discovery-of-grounded-theory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Grounded_Theory-0.md
category: reference
title: The Discovery of Grounded Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Grounded_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:37.428205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-discovery-of-grounded-theory-20260505-0
summary:
The Discovery of Grounded Theory is a 1967 book (ISBN 0-202-30260-1) by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss on grounded theory. After their success with Awareness of Dying, Glaser and Strauss decided to write a book on methodology. The Discovery of Grounded Theory was meant to invite and motivate people to use the newly developed methodology. Unlike later works, it does not provide much advice on how to put the theory into practice. The authors had several goals in mind when writing the book: Legitimize qualitative research. Having a reference book by established authors helped students defend qualitative studies, which were not widely accepted at the time. Criticize functionalists like Talcott Parsons, and his student Robert K. Merton, who in turn had been a teacher of Barney Glaser. Demonstrate the possibility of building theories from data, something that many qualitative researchers doubt to this day, instead choosing to stick with mere ethnographic descriptions. == References == Legewie, Heiner & Schervier-Legewie, Barbara (September 2004). "Forschung ist harte Arbeit, es ist immer ein Stück Leiden damit verbunden. Deshalb muss es auf der anderen Seite Spaß machen". Anselm Strauss interviewed by Heiner Legewie and Barbara Schervier-Legewie. Forum: Qualitative Social Research On-line Journal, 5(3), Art.


id: the-drunkard-s-walk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drunkard's_Walk-0.md
category: reference
title: The Drunkard's Walk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drunkard's_Walk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:49.753379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-drunkard-s-walk-20260505-0
summary:
The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives is a 2008 popular science book by American physicist and author Leonard Mlodinow, which became a New York Times bestseller and a New York Times notable book. == Overview == The Drunkard's Walk discusses the role of randomness in everyday events, and the cognitive biases that lead people to misinterpret random events and stochastic processes. The title refers to a certain type of random walk, a mathematical process in which one or more variables change value under a series of random steps. Mlodinow discusses the contributions of mathematical heavyweights Jacob Bernoulli, Pierre-Simon Laplace, and Blaise Pascal, and introduces basic statistical concepts such as regression toward the mean and the law of large numbers, while discussing the role of probability in examples from wine ratings and school grades to political polls. == Reception == In 2008 the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) awarded Mlodinow the Robert P. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for the book. == References ==


id: dynamical-theory-of-crystal-lattices-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_Theory_of_Crystal_Lattices-0.md
category: reference
title: Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_Theory_of_Crystal_Lattices
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:50.959273+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dynamical-theory-of-crystal-lattices-20260505-0
summary:
Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices is a book in solid state physics, authored collaboratively by Max Born and Kun Huang. The book was originally started by Born in c. 1940, and was finished in the 1950s by Huang in consultation with Born. The text is considered a classical treatise on the subject of lattice dynamics, phonon theory, and elasticity in crystalline solids, but excluding metals and other complex solids with order/disorder phenomena. J. D. Eshelby, Melvin Lax, and A. J. C. Wilson reviewed the book in 1955, among several others. The book introduces the concept of Cauchy–Born rule and Born–Huang approximation. == See also == Bibliography of Max Born Introduction to Solid State Physics == References == == External links == Book website. Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences. Oxford University Press. 5 November 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-850369-9. Retrieved 25 November 2020.


id: the-earth-after-us-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earth_After_Us-0.md
category: reference
title: The Earth After Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earth_After_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:52.207975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-earth-after-us-20260505-0
summary:
The Earth After Us is a 2008 non-fiction book by Jan Zalasiewicz about the geological legacy that humans might one day leave behind them. The paperback version was published in 2009. == See also == The World Without Us Life After People After Man == References == == External links == BBC review Review in Science Daily Review in The Guardian


id: emergence-the-connected-lives-of-ants-brains-cities-and-software-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence:_The_Connected_Lives_of_Ants,_Brains,_Cities,_and_Software
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:53.412528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emergence-the-connected-lives-of-ants-brains-cities-and-software-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence:_The_Connected_Lives_of_Ants,_Brains,_Cities,_and_Software-0.md

summary:
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software is a book written by media theorist Steven Berlin Johnson, published in 2001. Early review drafts had the subtitle “What the New Science Can Teach Us About Our Minds, Our Communities, and Ourselves” instead of the “Connected lives…” == Report == == Quote == “The whole is sometimes smarter than the sum of its parts.” == Achievements == The New York Times — Notable book Voice Literary Supplement – Top25 books of the year Esquire Magazine – Best book of the year == References ==


id: emergency-this-book-will-save-your-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency:_This_Book_Will_Save_Your_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Emergency: This Book Will Save Your Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency:_This_Book_Will_Save_Your_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:54.585866+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emergency-this-book-will-save-your-life-20260505-0
summary:
Emergency: This Book Will Save Your Life (published as Emergency : One Man's Story Of A Dangerous World And How To Stay Alive In It by Canongate) is a 2009 book on survivalist preparedness by Neil Strauss. In the book, the author gains citizenship of the island nation of St. Kitts, visits a ranch called Gunsite to learn to shoot, and learns techniques for tracking and surviving in the wilderness. Comics are used as illustrations throughout the book, detailing survival techniques. The book culminates with author responding to the disaster site of 2008 Chatsworth train collision as an emergency search and rescue team member. == See also == Survival kit Survival skills == References ==


id: encyclopedia-of-analytical-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:55.981998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-analytical-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry is an English-language multi-volume encyclopedia published by John Wiley & Sons. It is a comprehensive analytical chemistry reference, covering all aspects from theory and instrumentation through applications and techniques. Containing over 600 articles and over 6500 illustrations the 15-volume print edition published in 2000. The encyclopedia has been available online since the end of 2006. == References == == External links == Publisher description of the print version http://eu.wiley.com Online Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com


id: encyclopedia-of-reagents-for-organic-synthesis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:57.267104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-reagents-for-organic-synthesis-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis is published in print and online by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The online version is also known as e-EROS. The encyclopedia contains a description of the use of reagents used in organic chemistry. The eight-volume print version includes 3500 alphabetically arranged articles and the online version is regularly updated to include new reagents and catalysts. == References == == External links == e-EROS: Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. 2001. doi:10.1002/047084289X. hdl:10261/236866. ISBN 9780470842898. Print version


id: energy-and-power-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Power-0.md
category: reference
title: Energy and Power
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Power
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:58.475172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: energy-and-power-20260505-0
summary:
Energy and Power is a 1962 science book for children by L. Sprague de Camp, illustrated by Weimer Pursell and Fred Eng, published by Golden Press as part of The Golden Library of Knowledge Series. It has been translated into Portuguese and Spanish. The title blurb summarizes the content as "How man uses animals, wind, water, heat, electricity, chemistry, and atoms to perform work." == Notes ==


id: eternity-our-next-billion-years-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity:_Our_Next_Billion_Years-0.md
category: reference
title: Eternity: Our Next Billion Years
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity:_Our_Next_Billion_Years
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:59.728621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eternity-our-next-billion-years-20260505-0
summary:
Next Billion is a non-fiction book which speculates about the future of mankind written by science writer Michael Hanlon. The book is a combination of non-fiction discussions based on science about what the future might look like, interspersed with more imaginative guesses about what life will look like thousands, and millions of years in the future. Eternity was published on November 25, 2008 by Palgrave Macmillan as part of the Macmillan Science series. == Reception == Critical reception has been mixed. The SF Site gave a positive review and commented that the book was well suited to general audiences and was a good primer for people looking for an introduction to the book's themes. Michael Brooks was more critical of the work, as he felt that it "covers some fascinating ground, but remains only superficially interesting, an hors d'oeuvre rather than the main course. Faced with the prospect of eternity, that's not enough to satisfy." The Globe and Mail was also mixed in their opinion, writing "At its best, Hanlon's book offers the fascination and sense of wonder of good science fiction. At its worst, it reads like an earnest United Nations report on the challenges to be overcome in


id: evil-genes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Genes-0.md
category: reference
title: Evil Genes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Genes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:00.958379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evil-genes-20260505-0
summary:
Evil Genes is a book by Barbara Oakley, a systems engineer, about the neurological and social factors contributing to chronic antisocial behavior. The text was published on October 31, 2008, by Prometheus Books. The book has earned both praise and criticism for its treatment of what Oakley considers gaps in psychological research surrounding "successfully sinister" individuals—those who show subclinical symptoms of personality disorders, and who are often found in positions of authority in politics, religion, business, and academia. == See also == Psychopathy The Mask of Sanity Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work The Psychopath Test == References == == Further reading == Erich Fromm: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness == External links == Official website


id: fact-and-fancy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_and_Fancy-0.md
category: reference
title: Fact and Fancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_and_Fancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:02.168304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fact-and-fancy-20260505-0
summary:
Fact and Fancy is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the first in a series of books collecting his essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, and Asimov's second book of science essays altogether (after Only a Trillion). Doubleday & Company first published it in March 1962. It was also published in paperback by Pyramid Books as part of The Worlds of Science series. After he had written 200 essays for Fantasy and Science Fiction (out of 399 in the end), Asimov wrote of them "To this day I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment I get." The only essay that did not appear in Fantasy and Science Fiction was "Our Lonely Planet", which first appeared in Astounding Science Fiction. == Contents == Part I: The Earth and Away "Life's Bottleneck" (April 1959) "No More Ice Ages?" (January 1959) "Thin Air" (December 1959) "Catching Up with Newton" (December 1958) "Of Capture and Escape" (May 1959) Part II: The Solar System "Catskills in the Sky" (August 1960) "Beyond Pluto" (July 1960) "Steppingstones to the Stars" (October 1960) "The Planet of the Double Sun"


id: false-dawn-the-delusions-of-global-capitalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Dawn:_The_Delusions_of_Global_Capitalism-0.md
category: reference
title: False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Dawn:_The_Delusions_of_Global_Capitalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:03.354320+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: false-dawn-the-delusions-of-global-capitalism-20260505-0
summary:
False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism is a 1998 book by English political philosopher John Gray, in which he argues that free-market globalization is unstable and is in the process of collapsing. In chapter one Gray groups together thinkers such as John Locke and Karl Marx on the basis of striving for an Enlightenment Utopia in which "a diversity of cultures ... [is] a stage to a universal civilization." Specific efforts to impose a "universal civilization" included Victorian-era England, the Soviet Union and, currently, the United States as "the last great power to base its policies on this enlightenment thesis", such as with the Washington Consensus. A 2002 edition includes a foreword that relates the themes of False Dawn to the 11 September 2001 attacks and the new US military posture that led to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Gray notes how the economic shock therapy in post-communist nations has resulted in "the resources of the vast Soviet war machine ... [being] sold to the highest bidder ... [including] non-state forces that were waging unconventional war ... [such as] terrorist networks." Also, the resource-scarcity from global industrialization is contributing to resource wars and a revival of the Great Game.


id: far-as-human-eye-could-see-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_as_Human_Eye_Could_See-0.md
category: reference
title: Far as Human Eye Could See
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_as_Human_Eye_Could_See
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:04.610605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: far-as-human-eye-could-see-20260505-0
summary:
Far as Human Eye Could See: Essays on Science (published 1987) is a collection of science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov, short works which originally appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (F&SF), these being first published between November 1984 and March 1986. == Contents == (with date of original publication): Part One: Physical Chemistry "Made, Not Found" (December 1984) "Salt and Battery" (February 1985) "Current Affairs" (March 1985) "Forcing the Lines" (April 1985) "Arise, Fair Sun!" (May 1985) Part Two: Biochemistry "Poison in the Negative" (July 1985) "Tracing the Traces" (August 1985) "The Goblin Element" (September 1985) "A Little Leaven" (October 1985) "The Biochemical Knife-Blade" (November 1985) Part Three: Geochemistry "Far, Far Below" (January 1985) Part Four: Astronomy "Time is Out of Joint" (February 1986) "The Discovery of the Void" (December 1985) "Chemistry of the Void" (January 1986) "The Rule of Numerous Small" (June 1985) "Superstar:" (March 1986) " Far as Human Eye Could See" (November 1984) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: fat-so-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT!SO-0.md
category: reference
title: FAT!SO?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT!SO?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:05.805100+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fat-so-20260505-0
summary:
FAT!SO?: Because You Don't Have To Apologize For Your Size! is an American non-fiction book by fat activist Marilyn Wann, published in 1998 by Ten Speed Press. The book was followed a website of the same name created by Wann. == Critical reception == Salon, "Reading "Fat!So?" probably won't make you love your body. But it might inspire you to hate it a little bit less."" == References == == External links == FAT!SO? at the Internet Archive


id: finger-prints-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Prints_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Finger Prints (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Prints_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:06.991129+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finger-prints-book-20260505-0
summary:
Finger Prints is a book published by Francis Galton through Macmillan in 1892. It was one of the first books to provide a scientific footing for matching fingerprints and for later acceptance in courts. He collected information from a number of people and recorded their backgrounds, financial situations, likes and dislikes, health, etc. on a large scale. By that time, it was known that the fingerprints of different people were different. He collected fingerprints of a large number of people and invented a method of their classification. Using statistical methods he showed that the possibility of fingerprints of two different people being identical is nearly zero. This result made it possible to identify a person from his fingerprints. This method of identifying criminals was accepted in the judiciary. == References == == External links == The text and high resolution scans of this book


id: flying-saucers-from-outer-space-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucers_from_Outer_Space-0.md
category: reference
title: Flying Saucers from Outer Space
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucers_from_Outer_Space
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:08.132595+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: flying-saucers-from-outer-space-20260505-0
summary:
Flying Saucers from Outer Space is a non-fiction book published in 1953 by Donald Keyhoe about unidentified flying objects (UFOs). == Adaptation == In 1956 a science-fiction film credited as "suggested by" the book was made under the title Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, also known as Invasion of the Flying Saucers. The working titles of the film were Attack of the Flying Saucers, Invasion of the Flying Saucers and Flying Saucers from Outer Space. In a letter contained in the film's production file at the AMPAS Library, blacklisted screenwriter Bernard Gordon stated that he wrote the screenplay for this picture using the pseudonym Raymond T. Marcus. == See also == The Flying Saucers Are Real (1950) The Flying Saucer Conspiracy (1955) == References == == Notes == == External links == Flying Saucers from Outer Space on line version at NICAP


id: foundations-of-the-science-of-knowledge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_the_Science_of_Knowledge-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundations of the Science of Knowledge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_the_Science_of_Knowledge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:09.285559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundations-of-the-science-of-knowledge-20260505-0
summary:
Foundations of the Science of Knowledge (German: Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre) is a 1794/1795 book by the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Based on lectures he had delivered as a professor of philosophy at the University of Jena Fichte created his own system of transcendental philosophy in this book. == Ideas == Science of Knowledge first established Fichte's independent philosophy. The contents of the book, divided into eleven sections, were crucial in the way the thinker grounded philosophy as – for the first time – a part of epistemology. In this book Fichte also claimed that an "experiencer" must be tacitly aware that he is experiencing in order to lead to "noticing". This articulated his view that an individual's experience is essentially the experiencing of the act of experiencing so that his so-called "Absolutely Unconditioned Principle" of all experience is that "the I posits itself". == Reception == In 1798 the German romantic Friedrich Schlegel identified the Wissenschaftslehre together with the French Revolution and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, as "the most important trend-setting events (Tendenzen) of the age." Michael Inwood believes that the work is close in spirit to the works of Edmund Husserl, including Ideas (1913)


id: from-earth-to-heaven-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Earth_to_Heaven-0.md
category: reference
title: From Earth to Heaven
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Earth_to_Heaven
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:10.489038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: from-earth-to-heaven-20260505-0
summary:
From Earth to Heaven is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the fifth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1966. == Contents == "Harmony in Heaven" (F&SF, February 1965) "Oh, East is West and West is East—" (March 1965) "The Certainty of Uncertainty" (April 1965) "To Tell a Chemist" (May 1965) "Future? Tense!" (June 1965) "Exclamation Point!" (July 1965) "Behind the Teacher's Back" (August 1965) "Death in the Laboratory" (September 1965) "The Land of Mu" (October 1965) "Squ-u-u-ush!" (November 1965) "Water, Water, Everywhere—" (December 1965) "The Proton-Reckoner" (January 1966) "Up and Down the Earth" (February 1966) "The Rocks of Damocles" (March 1966) "The Nobelmen of Science" (April 1966) "Time and Tide" (May 1966) "The Isles of Earth" (June 1966) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: fundamentals-of-biochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Fundamentals of Biochemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:11.648724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fundamentals-of-biochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level is a biochemistry textbook written by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet and Charlotte W. Pratt. Published by John Wiley & Sons, it is a common undergraduate biochemistry textbook. As of 2024, the book has been published in 6 editions. == References ==


id: fundamentals-ten-keys-to-reality-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals:_Ten_Keys_to_Reality-0.md
category: reference
title: Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals:_Ten_Keys_to_Reality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:12.880874+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fundamentals-ten-keys-to-reality-20260505-0
summary:
Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality (2021) is a popular science book about advanced physics by Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek. According to the author: This is a book about fundamental lessons we can learn from the study of the physical world. ... Here I've tried to convey the central messages of modern physics as simply as possible, while not compromising accuracy. ...I've selected ten broad principles as my fundamentals. Each forms the theme of one chapter. In the body of each chapter, I explain and document that chapter's theme from different perspectives, and then make some informed guesses about its future developments. == Part I. What There Is (chapters 1–5) == Chapter 1. There's Plenty of Space Chapter 2. There's Plenty of Time Chapter 3. There Are Very Few Ingredients Chapter 4. There Are Very Few Laws Chapter 5. There's Plenty of Matter and Energy == Part II. Beginnings and Ends (chapters 6–10) == Chapter 6. Cosmic History is an Open Book Chapter 7. Complexity Emerges Chapter 8. There's Plenty More to See Chapter 9. Mysteries Remain Chapter 10. Complementarity Is Mind-Expanding == Reception == Wilczek manages to convey advanced physics without overtaxing lay readers with complexities and knotty concepts, and


id: the-future-of-humanity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Humanity-0.md
category: reference
title: The Future of Humanity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Humanity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:14.080921+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-future-of-humanity-20260505-0
summary:
The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond Earth is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book was initially published on February 20, 2018, by Doubleday. The book was on The New York Times Best Seller list for four weeks. == Background == Kaku discusses the future and survival of the human species and discusses topics such as terraforming Mars and interstellar travel. Given that it may take centuries to reach the closest suns and exoplanets, Kaku also explores alternative paths to ensure the survival of humanity, including the possibility of genetic engineering and transferring human consciousness into non-biological machines. == Reception == Kirkus Reviews described Kaku's views as "[a]lways optimistic" and that "Kaku delivers a fascinating and scattershot series of scenarios in which humans overcome current obstacles without violating natural laws to travel the universe." The New York Times praised Kaku for being "adept at drawing from the lexicon of popular science fiction" and noted that "the strength of Kaku's writing is knowing which science fiction ideas are worth following". == References == == External links == Michio Kaku's official website Booksite (part of Michio Kaku's website)


id: the-future-of-the-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_the_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Future of the Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_the_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:15.267014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-future-of-the-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book was initially published on February 25, 2014 by Doubleday. In 2015 the book was translated into Hebrew. == Overview == The book discusses various possibilities of advanced technology that can alter the brain and mind. Looking into things such as telepathy, telekinesis, consciousness, artificial intelligence, and transhumanism, the book covers a wide range of topics. In it, Kaku proposes a "spacetime theory of consciousness". Similarly to Ray Kurzweil, he believes the advances in silicon computing will serve our needs as opposed to producing a generation of robot overlords. == Reception == On March 16, 2014, The Future of the Mind made number one on The New York Times Bestseller list. == References == == External links == Michio Kaku's official website Booksite


id: a-general-view-of-positivism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism-0.md
category: reference
title: A General View of Positivism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:16.434722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-general-view-of-positivism-20260505-0
summary:
A General View of Positivism (French: Discours sur l'ensemble du positivisme) is an 1848 book by the French philosopher Auguste Comte, first published in English in 1865. A founding text in the development of positivism and the discipline of sociology, the work provides a revised and full account of the theory Comte presented earlier in his multi-part The Course in Positive Philosophy (1830–1842). Comte outlines the epistemological view of positivism, provides an account of the manner by which sociology should be performed, and describes his law of three stages. == See also == Religion of humanity Sociological positivism == References == Comte, A.; Bridges, J.H. (tr.), A General View of Positivism; Trubner and Co., 1865 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00064-2) == External links == A General View of Positivism at Standard Ebooks A General View of Positivism public domain audiobook at LibriVox


id: global-catastrophic-risks-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Catastrophic_Risks_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Catastrophic Risks (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Catastrophic_Risks_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:17.614821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-catastrophic-risks-book-20260505-0
summary:
Global Catastrophic Risks is a 2008 non-fiction book edited by philosopher Nick Bostrom and astronomer Milan M. Ćirković. The book is a collection of essays from 26 academics written about various global catastrophic and existential risks. A paperback version was published in 2011. == Content == The risks covered by the book include both anthropogenic (man made) risks and non-anthropogenic risks. Anthropogenic: artificial general intelligence, biological warfare, nuclear warfare, nanotechnology, anthropogenic climate change, global warming, stable global totalitarianism Non-anthropogenic: asteroid impacts, gamma-ray bursts The book also addresses overarching issues such as policy responses and methods for predicting and managing catastrophes. == See also == The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity (book) Our Final Hour (book) == References ==


id: global-neighborhood-watch-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Neighborhood_Watch-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Neighborhood Watch
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Neighborhood_Watch
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:18.808348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-neighborhood-watch-20260505-0
summary:
"Global Neighborhood Watch" is an article by Neal Stephenson that appeared in Wired Magazine in 1998. In it he proposes a specific plan for using information technology to fight crime. According to Stephenson, he is no longer pursuing the idea. == References == == External links == Wired article 1995 interview with Neal Stephenson regarding "Global Neighborhood Watch" Alternative source for the text of the article


id: the-god-equation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_Equation-0.md
category: reference
title: The God Equation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_Equation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:19.953476+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-god-equation-20260505-0
summary:
The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book was initially published on April 6, 2021, by Doubleday. The book debuted at number six on The New York Times nonfiction best-seller list for the week ending April 10, 2021. == Overview == Kaku explores the history of unification theories of physics starting with Newton's law of universal gravitation which unified our experience of gravity on Earth and the motions of the celestial bodies to Einstein's general relativity and quantum mechanics and the Standard Model. He dubs the final Grand Unified Theory and quantum gravity The God Equation with an 11-dimensional string theory as the only self-consistent theory that seems to fit the bill. == References ==


id: great-mambo-chicken-and-the-transhuman-condition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mambo_Chicken_and_the_Transhuman_Condition-0.md
category: reference
title: Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mambo_Chicken_and_the_Transhuman_Condition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:21.207518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: great-mambo-chicken-and-the-transhuman-condition-20260505-0
summary:
Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition is a non-fiction book copyright 1990 by Ed Regis, an American author and educator, that presents a lighthearted look at scientific visionaries planning for a future with "post-biological" people, space colonization, nanotechnology, and cryonics. The book emphasizes the personality and projects of Robert Truax, Eric Drexler, Gerard K. O'Neill, Chris Langton, Freeman Dyson, Hans Moravec, Ralph Merkle, Robert Forward, Keith Henson, Carolyn Meinel, Gary Hudson, Saul Kent, and a number of others. == External links == Book PDF. == References ==


id: hacking-matter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_Matter-0.md
category: reference
title: Hacking Matter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_Matter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:22.382111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hacking-matter-20260505-0
summary:
Hacking Matter is a 2003 book by Wil McCarthy. It deals with "programmable matter" (like colloidal films, bulk crystals, and quantum dots) that, he predicts, will someday be able mimic the properties of any natural atom, and ultimately also non-natural atoms. McCarthy predicts that programmable matter will someday change human life profoundly, and that its users will have the ability to program matter itself - to change it, from a computer, from hard to soft, from paper to stone, from fluorescent to super-reflective to invisible. In his science fiction, he calls this technology "Wellstone". The book includes interviews with researchers who are developing the technology, describes how they are learning to control its electronic, optical, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties, and speculates on its future development. == References == == External links == Book home page, includes free PDF version. Ultimate Alchemy. This article in Wired 9.10 was expanded into this book. "Beyond the Periodic Table: Artificial Atoms and Programmable Matter", Analog Science Fiction, Jan 2002


id: handbook-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Electrochemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of Electrochemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Electrochemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:23.597944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The Handbook of Electrochemistry, edited by Cynthia Zoski, is a sourcebook containing a wide range of electrochemical information. It provides details of experimental considerations, typical calculations, and illustrates many of the possibilities open to electrochemical experimentators. The book has five sections: Fundamentals, Laboratory Practical, Techniques, Applications, and Data - and each contains a series of entries by a range of scholars. == References == == External links == Elsevier's page for the Handbook of Electrochemistry


id: handbook-of-porphyrin-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Porphyrin_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of Porphyrin Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Porphyrin_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:24.811567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-porphyrin-science-20260505-0
summary:
Published by World Scientific, the Handbook of Porphyrin Science: With Applications to Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science, Engineering, Biology and Medicine is a multi-volume reference set edited by scientists Karl Kadish, Kevin Smith and Roger Guilard. The first ten volumes were published in 2010 and the 46th volume was published in 2022. Topics covered include: Developments in Supramolecular Chemistry Based on Porphyrins and Related Systems Involvement of Porphyrins and Related Systems in Catalysis Phototherapy, Radioimmunotherapy and Imaging Advances in Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines and Related Systems Heme Proteins The current work stems from World Scientific's Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (JPP) and from the research interests of the three editors and hundreds of authors who have presented the results of their research in this society-run journal since its founding in 1997. == References == == External links == "Karl Kadish at University of Houston". Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. "The Handbook of Porphyrin Science at World Scientific". Archived from the original on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2009-08-19.


id: houben-weyl-methods-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houben-Weyl_Methods_of_Organic_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Houben-Weyl Methods of Organic Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houben-Weyl_Methods_of_Organic_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:26.052107+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: houben-weyl-methods-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Houben-Weyl Methods of Organic Chemistry (Ger. Methoden der Organischen Chemie) established in 1909 by the German chemist Theodor Weyl, is a classic chemistry text. It consisted initially of two volumes and covered literature published as early as 1834. Heinrich J. Houben revised and reissued it in 1913. It is considered one of the most significant resources for chemists. Up to the 4th edition the work was published in German by Thieme from 1952 to 1987, with supplementary volumes published between 1982 and 1999, some of them (from 1990 on) in English. It consists of 16 volumes, some of which are further divided. Overall, the 4th edition consists of 90 individual books. A new English-language edition was published by Thieme from 2000 to 2010 as Science of Synthesis in 48 volumes. It is constantly updated. == References ==


id: how-not-to-die-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Not_to_Die_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: How Not to Die (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Not_to_Die_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:27.252991+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: how-not-to-die-book-20260505-0
summary:
How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease is a book by Michael Greger, M.D. with Gene Stone, published in 2015 that argues for the health benefits of a whole food plant-based diet. The book was a New York Times Best Seller. In it, Greger defines a plant-based diet as, "an eating pattern that minimizes the intake of meat, eggs, dairy, and processed junk and maximizes consumption of whole plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes (beans, split peas, chickpeas, and lentils), whole grains, nuts and seeds, mushrooms, and herbs and spices.” == Structure == Part 1 of the book consists of 15 chapters. Each chapter is focused on one of the 15 leading causes of death in the United States, and how a whole foods plant-based diet reduces the risk of dying from each cause. Part 2 of the book focuses on the "daily dozen," a list of specific plant based ingredients that Greger suggests improve health and longevity. The daily dozen recommends the following daily portions: 3 servings of beans 1 serving of berries 3 servings of other fruits 1 serving of cruciferous vegetables 2 servings of greens 2 servings of other


id: how-we-decide-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_We_Decide-0.md
category: reference
title: How We Decide
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_We_Decide
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:28.427384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: how-we-decide-20260505-0
summary:
How We Decide is a 2009 book by journalist Jonah Lehrer, that provides biological explanations of how people make decisions and offers suggestions for making better decisions. It is published as The Decisive Moment: How the Brain Makes Up Its Mind in the United Kingdom. On March 1, 2013, following revelations that Lehrer had been caught in numerous falsifications in his books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt announced the book was taken "off sale" after an internal review. == Summary == Sections/chapters of the book are titled as follows: Introduction The Quarterback in the Pocket The Predictions of Dopamine Fooled by a Feeling The Uses of Reason Choking on Thought The Moral Mind The Brain Is an Argument The Poker Hand Coda == See also == Similarly themed books include: Proust Was a Neuroscientist Imagine: How Creativity Works Made to Stick Microtrends Think!: Why Crucial Decisions Can't Be Made in the Blink of an Eye Thinking, Fast and Slow Thinking Strategically == References == == External links == Powells books references commercial reviews Los Angeles Times review Time Magazine review “And Now Jonah Lehrer’s Second Book Is Being Pulled From Stores” “Publisher Pulls Jonah Lehrer’s ‘How We Decide’ From Stores”


id: ideas-on-the-nature-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_on_the_Nature_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Ideas on the Nature of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_on_the_Nature_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:29.597689+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ideas-on-the-nature-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Ideas on the Nature of Science is a book by Canadian author and radio producer David Cayley. It is a compilation of his conversations that took place during the CBC Radio series "How to Think About Science" for the program Ideas. == External links == How to Think About Science


id: the-illustrated-guide-to-the-elements-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_Guide_to_the_Elements-0.md
category: reference
title: The Illustrated Guide to the Elements
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_Guide_to_the_Elements
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:30.804453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-illustrated-guide-to-the-elements-20260505-0
summary:
The Illustrated Guide to the Elements is a book by Jenna Whyte. Published in 2012, the book features factual information about all the chemical elements with drawings to illustrate the information. There was mention of a sequel. == References ==


id: imagine-how-creativity-works-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine:_How_Creativity_Works-0.md
category: reference
title: Imagine: How Creativity Works
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine:_How_Creativity_Works
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:32.041436+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imagine-how-creativity-works-20260505-0
summary:
Imagine: How Creativity Works is the third non-fiction book by Jonah Lehrer, published in 2012. It explores brain science, and creativity and its social aspects. By July 2012, the book had been recalled by its publisher due to factual inaccuracies. == Fabrication of quotations == In July 2012, Lehrer acknowledged that he fabricated some quotes attributed to Bob Dylan. Sale of the electronic book as well as physical shipment of the book has been halted. In an article on August 10, Steve Myers alleged that quotes from magician Teller, of the performance duo Penn and Teller, were fake, after a fan saw a discrepancy in previous quotes from Teller from an article in 2009 in Wired magazine, also by Lehrer. Teller confirmed that the quotes from the Wired article in 2009 were accurate, while the ones from Imagine: How Creativity Works were not. == See also == How We Decide Proust Was a Neuroscientist == References == == External links == The New York Times review The Guardian review The New Republic review Roberts, Russ (June 11, 2012). "Jonah Lehrer on Creativity and Imagine". EconTalk. Library of Economics and Liberty.


id: the-inevitable-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inevitable_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Inevitable (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inevitable_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:33.218383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-inevitable-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Inevitable is a 2016 nonfiction book by Kevin Kelly that forecasts the twelve technological forces that will shape the next thirty years. == Summary == According to Kelly, much of what will happen in the next thirty years is inevitable. The future will bring with it even more screens, tracking, and lack of privacy. In the book he outlines twelve trends that will forever change the ways in which we work, learn and communicate: The chapters are organized by these forces. Becoming: Moving from fixed products to always upgrading services and subscriptions Cognifying: Making everything much smarter using cheap powerful AI that we get from the cloud Flowing: Depending on unstoppable streams in real time for everything Screening: Turning all surfaces into screens Accessing: Shifting society from one where we own assets to one where instead we will have access to services at all times Sharing: Collaboration at mass scale. Kelly writes, "On my imaginary Sharing Meter Index we are still at 2 out of 10." Filtering: Harnessing intense personalization in order to anticipate our desires Remixing: Unbundling existing products into their most primitive parts and then recombining in all possible ways Interacting: Immersing ourselves inside our computers to


id: infinite-in-all-directions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_in_All_Directions-0.md
category: reference
title: Infinite in All Directions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_in_All_Directions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:34.393838+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: infinite-in-all-directions-20260505-0
summary:
Infinite In All Directions (1988) is a book on a wide range of subjects, including history, philosophy, research, technology, the origin of life and eschatology, by theoretical physicist Freeman Dyson. The book is based on the author's Gifford Lectures delivered in Aberdeen in 1985. Infinite in All Directions can roughly be summarized as a treatise on the universe and humanity's role and its responsibilities. The lectures were given in two series, and this book is accordingly divided into two parts. Part 1 is about life as a scientific phenomenon, about our efforts to understand the nature of life and its place in the universe. Part 2 is about ethics and politics, about the local problems introduced by our species into the existence of life on this planet. Freeman Dyson is Professor of Physics at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced Study. That is a title, not a recommendation. What recommends him is his ability to communicate, not merely the interest of science and its application to human activities of every kind, but the sheer delight he takes in the universe. He loves diversity. Frequently throughout the book a passage will reveal his pleasure at being alive and seeing and thinking. He has


id: information-the-new-language-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information:_The_New_Language_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Information: The New Language of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information:_The_New_Language_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:35.566710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: information-the-new-language-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Information: The New Language of Science is a 2003 book by Hans Christian von Baeyer, Chancellor Professor of Physics at the College of William and Mary, examining contemporary information science. == References ==


id: inorganic-syntheses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_Syntheses-0.md
category: reference
title: Inorganic Syntheses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_Syntheses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:36.777842+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: inorganic-syntheses-20260505-0
summary:
Inorganic Syntheses is a book series which aims to publish "detailed and foolproof" procedures for the synthesis of inorganic compounds. Although this series of books are edited, they usually are referenced like a journal, without mentioning the names of the checkers (referees) or the editor. A similar format is usually followed for the series Organic Syntheses. == Volumes == == See also == Organic Syntheses == References ==


id: intelligent-thought-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Thought-0.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent Thought
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Thought
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:38.052715+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-thought-20260505-0
summary:
Intelligent Thought: Science Versus the Intelligent Design Movement is a 2006 book edited by John Brockman and published by Vintage Books. The book is a series of essays which discuss the idea that natural selection and evolution helps explain the world better than intelligent design. The contributors are Daniel Dennett, Scott Atran, Steven Pinker, Nicholas Humphrey, Tim White, Neil Shubin, Marc Hauser, Richard Dawkins, Jerry Coyne, Leonard Susskind, Frank Sulloway, Lee Smolin, Stuart A. Kauffman, Seth Lloyd, Lisa Randall, and Scott Sampson. == Notes == == See also == List of scientific societies rejecting intelligent design


id: introduction-to-mathematical-philosophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy-0.md
category: reference
title: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:39.245893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: introduction-to-mathematical-philosophy-20260505-0
summary:
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book (1919 first edition) by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within the foundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics and no prior experience with the mathematical logic it deals with. Accordingly, it is often used in introductory philosophy of mathematics courses at institutions of higher education. == Background == Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy was written while Russell was serving time in Brixton Prison due to his anti-war activities. == Contents == The book deals with a wide variety of topics within the philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic including the logical basis and definition of natural numbers, real and complex numbers, limits and continuity, and classes. == Editions == Russell, Bertrand (1919), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, George Allen & Unwin. (Reprinted: Routledge, 1993.) Russell, Bertrand (1920), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin / NY: Macmillan, Second Edition, reprintings 1920, 1924, 1930. == See also == Principia Mathematica The Principles of Mathematics Logicism == Footnotes == == External links == Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy at Project Gutenberg


id: the-invisible-gorilla-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Gorilla-0.md
category: reference
title: The Invisible Gorilla
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Gorilla
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:40.443677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-invisible-gorilla-20260505-0
summary:
The Invisible Gorilla is a non-fiction book published in 2010, co-authored by Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons. The title of this book refers to an earlier research project by Chabris and Simons revealing that people who are focused on something can easily overlook something else. To demonstrate this effect, they created a video of students passing a basketball between themselves. Viewers asked to count the number of times the players with the white shirts pass the ball often fail to notice a person in a gorilla suit who appears in the center of the image (see Invisible Gorilla Test), an experiment described as "one of the most famous psychological demos ever". Simons and Chabris were awarded an Ig Nobel Prize for the Invisible Gorilla experiment. == See also == Attention Attentional control Change blindness Inattentional blindness Invisible ships == References == == External links == The video on Daniel Simons' YouTube channel on YouTube


id: kaye-and-laby-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_and_Laby-0.md
category: reference
title: Kaye and Laby
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_and_Laby
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:41.612068+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kaye-and-laby-20260505-0
summary:
Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants and Some Mathematical Functions is a scientific reference work. First compiled and published in 1911 by the physicists G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby, it is more commonly known as Kaye and Laby. It is a standard textbook for scientists and engineers. The final print edition was the 16th in 1995, after which the entire content was made available online in association with the National Physical Laboratory. The online version was removed on 21 May 2019, the day after the revision of the SI. An archived version is still available online, but is no longer maintained, and does not have the updated values of physical constants. == References == == External links == Kaye and Laby online About Kaye and Laby History of Kaye and Laby


id: kirk-s-fire-investigation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk's_Fire_Investigation-0.md
category: reference
title: Kirk's Fire Investigation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk's_Fire_Investigation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:42.825782+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kirk-s-fire-investigation-20260505-0
summary:
Kirk's Fire Investigation by David J. Icove and Gerald A. Haynes has long been regarded as the primary textbook in the field of fire investigation. It is currently in its 8th edition (published in 2017, ISBN 978-0134237923). The book is now in close accordance to the 2017 Edition of NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation; the 2014 Edition of NFPA 1033, Standard for Professional Guidelines for Fire Investigators; and the model curriculum of the Fire Emergency Service Higher Education (FESHE). The title refers to Paul Leland Kirk (1902–1970), the author of the original text Fire Investigation that was the basis for Kirk's Fire Investigation. "Kirk's Fire Investigation," a seminal guide that continues to serve as an essential resource for fire investigators around the globe, reflecting the ongoing relevance of Kirk's foundational insights and methodologies in the field. == References ==


id: the-large-the-small-and-the-human-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Large, the Small and the Human Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:44.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-large-the-small-and-the-human-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind is a popular science book by British theoretical physicist Roger Penrose. The book was published by Cambridge University Press in 1997. == Overview == The book includes criticism of his work on physics and consciousness by Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking. The book was preceded by The Emperor's New Mind, published in 1989, and Shadows of the Mind, published in 1994. == References ==


id: the-left-hand-of-the-electron-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_the_Electron-0.md
category: reference
title: The Left Hand of the Electron
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_the_Electron
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:45.291140+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-left-hand-of-the-electron-20260505-0
summary:
The Left Hand of the Electron is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov, first published by Doubleday & Company in 1972. It was the ninth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The title comes from the topic of the first section which deals with chirality of electroweak interactions and chirality of organic compounds and the possible connection between the two. Other essays in this book concern the effect of electron-spin direction on molecular structure e.g. the "Inverse Sugar" (similar to Inverted sugar syrup) in honey with philosophical reflections on the minority of left handedness in general. == Chapters == A — The Problem of Left and Right 1 — Odds and Evens 2 — The Left Hand of the Electron 3 — Seeing Double 4 — The 3-D Molecule 5 — The Asymmetry of Life B — The Problem of Oceans 6 — The Thalassogens 7 — Hot Water 8 — Cold Water C — The Problem of Numbers and Lines 9 — Prime Quality 10 — Euclid's Fifth 11 — The Plane Truth D — The Problem of the Platypus 12 —


id: let-there-be-light-smith-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Light_(Smith_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Let There Be Light (Smith book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Light_(Smith_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:46.506275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: let-there-be-light-smith-book-20260505-0
summary:
Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmology and Kabbalah, a New Conversation Between Science and Religion is a book by Howard Smith, an astrophysicist. The book, published in 2006, was written for the layperson. It discusses using simple language basic concepts in modern cosmology and Kabbalah (a form of Jewish mysticism), the creation of the universe from nothing via the Big Bang, general relativity, dark matter, cosmic acceleration, quantum mechanics, and free will, among other topics. The book attempts to clearly explains these subjects, and uses them to try to illustrate how religion and science together can enrich one's spiritual and intellectual life. == References == Cohen G. Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmology and Kabbalah-A New Conversation between Science and Religion. Booklist. 2006;103(5):7. Accessed June 7, 2025. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=23260093&lang=ru&site=eds-live&scope=site Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmology and Kabbalah--A New Conversation between Science and Religion. Publishers Weekly. 2006;253(36):51. Accessed June 7, 2025. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=22352168&lang=ru&site=eds-live&scope=site == Bibliography == Howard Smith (2006). Let there be light: modern cosmology and Kabbalah : a new conversation between science and religion. New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-548-3. == External links == Book website


id: life-and-energy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Energy-0.md
category: reference
title: Life and Energy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Energy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:47.746339+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: life-and-energy-20260505-0
summary:
Life and Energy is a 1962 book by Isaac Asimov. It is about the biological and physical world, and their contrasts and comparisons. Thus the book is divided into two sections, which is separated by further sub-sections (i.e. chapters): 1) energy; 2) body. In order to accomplish its goal, the book starts with "layman" discussions about energy and how these can be used to single out human from other living systems, or even living systems from non-living matter, what differentiates a rock from an oyster, and finishes with advanced concepts, how living systems are able to "produce" energy. == First Chapters: Energy == The first chapters covers the common questions of the distinctions between living and inanimate objects. == Following Chapters == Asimov then explains in a step by step manner about the physical world first through slow, but interesting chapters. He writes about the effect and major role of the evolution and advance of man by fire and heat, he tells about thermodynamics (and its laws), he recollects the thoughts of previous scientists, and their painstaking works, and finally, the quantum theory and radiation, which has revolutionised physics and technology. An explanation of electricity and basic chemistry laws and


id: life-in-the-twenty-first-century-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-0.md
category: reference
title: Life in the Twenty-First Century
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Twenty-First_Century
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:48.970778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: life-in-the-twenty-first-century-20260505-0
summary:
Life in the Twenty-First Century is a Penguin Special book, published in Great Britain in 1960. It features predictions by 29 Soviet scientists concerning technology and science. It was edited by M Vassilev and S Gouschev. The English translation was performed by R J Watson and H E Crowcroft. The original British hardback was published by Souvenir Press in London in the same year as the Penguin edition. == References == http://www.worldcat.org/title/life-in-the-twenty-first-century-the-fantastic-world-of-the-immediat-future-as-predicted-by-29-of-russias-leading-scientists/oclc/490906094


id: locationes-mansorum-desertorum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locationes_mansorum_desertorum-0.md
category: reference
title: Locationes mansorum desertorum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locationes_mansorum_desertorum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:50.108981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: locationes-mansorum-desertorum-20260505-0
summary:
Locationes mansorum desertorum is a manuscript of Nicolaus Copernicus, written between 1516–1521. It is from ledgers handwritten by Copernicus when he was an economic administrator in Warmia. == Bibliography == Mikołaj Kopernik, S. Grzybowski, wydanie II, Książka i wiedza, Warszawa 1973. Mikołaj Kopernik i jego epoka, J. Adamczewski, Interpress, Warszawa 1972. Kopernik, astronomia, astronautyka. Przewodnik encyklopedyczny. pod red. Włodzimierza Zonna, Warszawa, PWN, 1973. The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543), Pierre Gassendi, Oliver Thill == External links == The Life of Copernicus 1473-1543


id: making-contact-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Contact_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Making Contact (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Contact_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:51.322025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: making-contact-book-20260505-0
summary:
Making Contact: A Serious Handbook for Locating and Communicating With Extraterrestrials is a book published in 1997. == Contents == Making Contact discusses all aspects of close encounters with extraterrestrials. Editor Bill Fawcett said their existence is "unquestionable". The book includes explanations of signs and symptoms of an alien abduction, such as burns, tinnitus, a metallic taste in the mouth, and double vision. Particular locations, such as Area 51 and Mexico City, are described as giving the best chance of an encounter. == Reception == == References ==


id: the-meaning-of-the-21st-century-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_21st_Century-0.md
category: reference
title: The Meaning of the 21st Century
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_21st_Century
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:52.477028+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-meaning-of-the-21st-century-20260505-0
summary:
The Meaning of the 21st Century: A Vital Blueprint for Ensuring Our Future is a 2006 nonfiction book by British technology consultant James Martin. == Synopsis == It assesses technological challenges, dangers and opportunities facing the human race. The book lists and proposes solutions for 17 interlocked upcoming "megaproblems". Topics include nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, climate change and terrorism. Martin asserts that many global problems have been worsened by past technologies, but could be addressed by new ones. For example, he advocates for "electronic brain appendages" to help think through to a solution to problems such as global warming. == Film == Martin released a film based on the book, narrated by one of his Bermudan neighbors, Hollywood actor Michael Douglas. == References == == External links == Full film


id: merck-index-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index-0.md
category: reference
title: Merck Index
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:53.694685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: merck-index-20260505-0
summary:
The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry. == History == The NFL edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations Merck & Co., forming a separate American company that continued to publish the Merck Index. In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an appendix with monographs on organic named reactions. The 15th edition was published in April 2013. Monographs in The Merck Index typically contain: a CAS registry number synonyms of the substance, such as trivial names and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature a chemical formula molecular weight percent composition a structural


id: mind-at-the-end-of-its-tether-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_at_the_End_of_Its_Tether-0.md
category: reference
title: Mind at the End of Its Tether
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_at_the_End_of_Its_Tether
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:54.891855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mind-at-the-end-of-its-tether-20260505-0
summary:
Mind at the End of Its Tether (1945) is H. G. Wells' last book — only 34 pages long — which he wrote at the age of 78. In it, Wells considers the idea of humanity being soon replaced by some other, more advanced, species of being. He bases this thought on his long interest in the paleontological record. At the time of writing Wells had not yet heard of the atomic bomb (but had predicted a form of it in his 1914 book The World Set Free). == References == == External links == Mind at the End of Its Tether is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive


id: minerals-yearbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Yearbook-0.md
category: reference
title: Minerals Yearbook
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Yearbook
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:56.090283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: minerals-yearbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Minerals Yearbook is an annual publication from the United States Geological Survey. It reviews the mineral and material industries of the United States and other countries. The Minerals Yearbook contains statistical production data as well as information on economic and technical trends. First published in 1933, it was preceded by The Mineral Resources of the United States. == Contents == Current issues are published in three volumes: Volume I – Metals and Minerals contains chapters on around 90 commercially important mined commodities Volume II - Area Reports: Domestic reviews mineral industry of US on a per-State basis Volume III - Area Reports: International reviews world mineral industry on a per-country basis == References == == External links == Digital version of issues from 1994 to present Digitized issues 1933–1993 hosted at the University of Wisconsin Libraries


id: the-mirage-of-a-space-between-nature-and-nurture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirage_of_a_Space_Between_Nature_and_Nurture-0.md
category: reference
title: The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirage_of_a_Space_Between_Nature_and_Nurture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:57.292317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mirage-of-a-space-between-nature-and-nurture-20260505-0
summary:
The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture is a book by Evelyn Fox Keller, an American historian of science, about the nature–nurture debate. It was first published in June 2010 by Duke University Press. The book is unusually short, as it is a mere 107 pages long. Furthermore, just 84 of these pages represent the actual text of the book, as opposed to its notes, index, or bibliography. == Reviews == David Moore reviewed The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture favorably in the journal Science & Education. He concluded, "For its careful analysis of the causes of the confusion that continues to keep the nature/nurture debate alive long after it has become clear that the questions motivating the debate have been ill-formed, Fox Keller’s book can be highly recommended for classroom teachers or teacher educators." Nadine Weidman of Harvard University praised the book as "concise and clearly written", concluding that it "...should be required reading for all those scientists, popularizers, and reporters whose claims for genetic causation of traits commit the very errors that [Keller's] analysis so skillfully elucidates." Similarly, John P. Jackson, Jr. of the University of Colorado Boulder commended the book for shedding


id: molecular-biotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: Molecular Biotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:58.483538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: molecular-biotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
Molecular Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It publishes original research papers and review articles on the application of molecular biology to biotechnology. It was established in 1994 with John M. Walker as founding editor-in-chief. Prof Aydin Berenjian is the current editor-in-chief of the journal. == Abstracting and indexing == The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded PubMed/MEDLINE Scopus Inspec Embase Chemical Abstracts Service CAB International Academic OneFile AGRICOLA Biological Abstracts BIOSIS Previews EI-Compendex Elsevier BIOBASE Food Science and Technology Abstracts Global Health PASCAL == References == == External links == Official website


id: the-mysteryes-of-nature-and-art-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteryes_of_Nature_and_Art-0.md
category: reference
title: The Mysteryes of Nature and Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteryes_of_Nature_and_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:59.991151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mysteryes-of-nature-and-art-20260505-0
summary:
The Mysteries of Nature and Art is a book by John Bate written in 1634. The book acts as a practical guide for amateur scientific experiments, and is divided into four sections: Water Workes; Fyer Workes; Drawing, Colouring, Painting and Engraving; and Divers Experiments. It inspired Isaac Newton during his younger years, in particular the section on fire Drakes, kites with firecrackers tied to their tails. It contains one of the earliest depictions of fireworks and their preparation to be detailed in the English language, in a similar manner to the preceding De la pirotechnia. == References == == External links == "John Bate The Mysteryes of Nature and Art" Book of the Month Special Collections Department, Library of the University of Glasgow, November 2003 Public Domain Review article about The Mysteryes of Nature and Art The mysteries of nature and art, conteined in 4 severall tretises, from the Collections at the Library of Congress.


id: a-natural-history-of-the-senses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Natural_History_of_the_Senses-0.md
category: reference
title: A Natural History of the Senses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Natural_History_of_the_Senses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:01.163768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-natural-history-of-the-senses-20260505-0
summary:
A Natural History of the Senses is a 1990 non-fiction book by American author, poet, and naturalist Diane Ackerman. In this book, Ackerman examines both the science of how the different senses work, and the varied means by which different cultures have sought to stimulate the senses. The book was the inspiration for the five-part Nova miniseries Mystery of the Senses (1995) in which Ackerman appeared as the presenter. “What is most amazing is not how our senses span distance or cultures, but how they span time. Our senses connect us intimately to the past, connect us in ways that most of our cherished ideas never could.” == References == == External links == New York Times Book Review A Natural History of the Senses, Reviews


id: the-next-fifty-years-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Fifty_Years-0.md
category: reference
title: The Next Fifty Years
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Fifty_Years
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:02.327763+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-next-fifty-years-20260505-0
summary:
The Next Fifty Years: Science in the First Half of the Twenty-First Century is a 2002 collection of essays by twenty-five well-known scientists, edited by Edge Foundation founder John Brockman, who wrote the introduction. The essays contain speculation by the authors about the scientific and technological advances that are likely to occur in their various fields in the first half of the 21st century. The collection is divided into two parts; the twelve essays in Part One are devoted to more theoretical speculation, whereas the thirteen essays in Part Two discuss the possible practical applications of scientific and technological advance. The contributing scientists are: Lee Smolin, The Future of the Nature of the Universe Martin Rees, Cosmological Challenges: Are We Alone, and Where? Ian Stewart, The Mathematics of 2050 Brian Goodwin, In the Shadow of Culture Marc D. Hauser, Swappable Minds Alison Gopnik, What Children Will Teach Scientists Paul Bloom, Toward a Theory of Moral Development Geoffrey Miller, The Science of Subtlety Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, The Future of Happiness Robert M. Sapolsky, Will We Still Be Sad Fifty Years from Now? Steven Strogatz, Fermi's "Little Discovery" and the Future of Chaos and Complexity Theory Stuart Kauffman, What Is Life? Richard Dawkins,


id: nine-chains-to-the-moon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Chains_to_the_Moon-0.md
category: reference
title: Nine Chains to the Moon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Chains_to_the_Moon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:03.532229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nine-chains-to-the-moon-20260505-0
summary:
Nine Chains to the Moon is a book by R. Buckminster Fuller, first published in 1938. The title refers to the observation that, when the book was written, the world population of humans (Fuller calls them "earthians"), if stood one atop another, could form chains that would reach back and forth between Earth and the Moon nine times. The book presents Fuller's overview of technological history. It proposes the author's vision of future prosperity driven by ephemeralization, Fuller's term for the process of doing more with less. Fuller believed that this would lead to ever-increasing standards of living and ever-growing population despite finite resources. Fuller uses Henry Ford's assembly line as an example of how ephemeralization can lead to better products at lower cost with no upper bound on productivity. == Editions == Fuller, R. Buckminster (1938). Nine Chains to the Moon: An Adventure Story of Thought (First ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Fuller, R. Buckminster (1963). Nine Chains to the Moon. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. OCLC 217740. Fuller, R. Buckminster (1971). Nine Chains to the Moon. New York: Anchor. Fuller, R. Buckminster (1973). Nine Chains to the Moon. London: Cape. ISBN 0-224-00800-5. == References ==


id: nomenclature-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:04.740313+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nomenclature-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Blue Book, is a collection of recommendations on organic chemical nomenclature published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). A full edition was published in 1979, an abridged and updated version of which was published in 1993 as A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. Both of these are now out-of-print in their paper versions, but are available free of charge in electronic versions. After the release of a draft version for public comment in 2004 and the publication of several revised sections in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry, a fully revised edition was published in print in 2013 and its online version is also available. == See also == IUPAC Color Books Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (the Red Book) Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (the Green Book) Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the Gold Book) Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (the Orange Book) Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (the Purple Book) Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature of Properties Clinical Laboratory Sciences (the Silver Book) Biochemical Nomenclature (the White Book). == References == == External links == Searchable Internet version


id: nonscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonscience-0.md
category: reference
title: Nonscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:05.923380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nonscience-20260505-0
summary:
Nonscience is a 1971 book which claims to have the longest and most complex title in publishing history. Its full title is Nonscience and the Pseudotransmogrificationalific Egocentrified Reorientational Proclivities Inherently Intracorporated In Expertistical Cerebrointellectualised Redeploymentation with Special Reference to Quasi-Notional Fashionistic Normativity, The Indoctrinationalistic Methodological Modalities and Scalar Socio-Economic Promulgationary Improvementalisationalism Predelineated Positotaxically Toward Individualistified Mass-Acceptance Gratificationalistic Securipermanentalisationary Professionism, or How To Rule The World, London: Wolfe Publishing (ISBN 0-7234-0449-6). The book was updated and reissued in 2020 as Nonscience Returns by the Curtis Press. Its author Brian J. Ford pokes fun at those who conceal their lack of real expertise by using long and complicated words, whilst making the serious point that many people are fooled by these so-called experts. Some consider the book prescient, thinking that modern society, where decisions are taken by unseen experts, is much as Ford predicted. == Spanish edition == In the Spanish edition the title was rendered as Como se falsifica la Ciencia; la Nonciencia y las proclividades Reorientacionales egocentrificadas pseudotransmigrificacionalificas inheremente intracorporadas a la Redesplegamentacion Expertistica Cerebrointelecualizada, con especial referencia a la Normatividad Modaistica Cuasi-nocional, las Modilidades Metodologicas adoctrinamientisticas y el Perfeccionamientalismo Escelar Socioeconomico Promulgacionario predelineado Postitotaxativaments Hacia el Profesionalismo Seguripermanentalinicario Gratificionalistico


id: the-oceans-textbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oceans_(textbook)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Oceans (textbook)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oceans_(textbook)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:07.076126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-oceans-textbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology is an oceanographic textbook by Harald Sverdrup, Martin Johnson, and Richard Fleming. Originally written in 1942, it is commonly referred to as the first oceanographic textbook and fundamental in the history of the science. Chapters of the text outline and synthesize the sub-domains of oceanography: Biological, chemical, physical, and geological oceanography. == Table of contents == Preface I. Introduction II. The Earth and the Ocean Basins III. Physical Properties of Sea Water IV: General Distribution of Temperature, Salinity, and Density V. Theory of Distribution of Variables in the Sea VI. Chemistry of Sea Water VII. Organisms and the Composition of Sea Water VIII. The Sea as a Biological Environment IX. Populations of the Sea X. Observations and Collections at Sea XI. General Character of Ocean Currents XII. Statics and Kinematics XIII. Dynamics of Ocean Currents XIV. Waves and Tides XV. The Water Masses and Currents of the Oceans XVI. Phytoplankton in Relation to Physical-Chemical Properties of the Environment XVII. Animals in Relation to Physical-Chemical Properties of the Environment XVIII. Interrelations of Marine Organisms XIX. Organic Production in the Sea XX. Marine Sedimentation Appendix Index == Reception == The text was considered of


id: of-matters-great-and-small-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Matters_Great_and_Small-0.md
category: reference
title: Of Matters Great and Small
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Matters_Great_and_Small
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:08.264840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: of-matters-great-and-small-20260505-0
summary:
Of Matters Great and Small is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the eleventh of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, although it also includes one essay from Science Digest. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1975. == Contents == "Constant as the Northern Star" (F&SF, August 1973) "Signs of the Times" (September 1973) "The Mispronounced Metal" (October 1973) "The Figure of the Fastest" (November 1973) "The Figure of the Farthest" (December 1973) "The Eclipse and I" (January 1974) "Dance of the Luminaries" (February 1974) "The Uneternal Atoms" (March 1974) "A Particular Matter" (April 1974) "At Closest Range" (May 1974) "The Double-Ended Candle" (June 1974) "The Inevitability of Life" (Science Digest, June 1974) "As Easy as Two Plus Three" (F&SF, July 1974) "Updating the Asteroids" (August 1974) "Look Long upon a Monkey" (September 1974) "O Keen-eyed Peerer into the Future!" (October 1974) "Skewered!" (November 1974) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: of-time-and-space-and-other-things-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Time_and_Space_and_Other_Things-0.md
category: reference
title: Of Time and Space and Other Things
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Time_and_Space_and_Other_Things
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:09.427068+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: of-time-and-space-and-other-things-20260505-0
summary:
Of Time and Space and Other Things is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by Isaac Asimov. It was the fourth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1965. == Contents == C for Celeritas (F&SF, November 1959) Just Mooning Around (May 1963) Welcome, Stranger! (November 1963) Roll Call (December 1963) Round and Round and... (January 1964) The Slowly Moving Finger (February 1964) Forget It! (March 1964) A Piece of the Action (April 1964) Ghost Lines in the Sky (May 1964) The Heavenly Zoo (June 1964) Nothing Counts (July 1964) The Days of Our Years (August 1964) The Haste-Makers (September 1964) First and Rearmost (October 1964) The Black of Night (November 1964) A Galaxy at a Time (December 1964) Begin at the Beginning (January 1965) == References == == External links == Review at asimovreviews.net Asimovonline.com


id: on-a-new-organic-base-in-the-coca-leaves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_New_Organic_Base_in_the_Coca_Leaves-0.md
category: reference
title: On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_New_Organic_Base_in_the_Coca_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:10.618342+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-a-new-organic-base-in-the-coca-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves is an 1860 dissertation written by Albert Niemann. Its title in German is Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern. The piece describes, in detail, how Niemann isolated cocaine, a crystalline alkaloid. It also earned Niemann his Ph.D., and is now in the British Library. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that, "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" — as with other alkaloids its name carried the "-ine" suffix. == References ==


id: on-a-piece-of-chalk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Piece_of_Chalk-0.md
category: reference
title: On a Piece of Chalk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Piece_of_Chalk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:11.840724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-a-piece-of-chalk-20260505-0
summary:
On a Piece of Chalk was a lecture given by Thomas Henry Huxley on 26 August 1868 to the working men of Norwich during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. It was published as an essay in Macmillan's Magazine in London later that year. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as "organized common sense". On a Piece of Chalk was republished by Scribner in 1967 with an introduction by Loren Eiseley and illustrations by Rudolf Freund. == Reception == In 1967, Dael Wolfle of the AAAS gave a favorable review for On a Piece of Chalk, writing: That the lessons of paleontology are now so much more widely appreciated than they were when Huxley drew them from a piece of carpenter's chalk is in good measure a tribute to Huxley's genius. We have much more factual knowledge than he had, but we have no better exemplar of the art of explaining in compelling and understandable terms what science is about, nor a more vigorous example of the scientist's obligation to practice that art. In April 2015, physicist and Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg included On


id: on-the-connexion-of-the-physical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:13.016523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-the-connexion-of-the-physical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, by Mary Somerville, is one of the best-selling science books of the 19th century. The book went through many editions and was translated into several European languages. It is considered one of the first popular science books, containing few diagrams and very little mathematics. It describes astronomy, physics, chemistry, geography, meteorology and electromagnetism as they were scientifically understood at the time. In an anonymous review of the book in the March 1834 issue of The Quarterly Review, later attributed to William Whewell, the term "scientist" appeared in print as a proposed collective name for investigators of the material world. == Review and the term "scientist" == In the review, the reviewer wrote: A curious illustration of this result may be observed in the want of any name by which we can designate the students of the knowledge of the material world collectively. We are informed that this difficulty was felt very oppressively by the members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at their meetings at York, Oxford, and Cambridge, in the last three summers. There was no general term by which these gentlemen could describe themselves with reference to their


id: open-skies-closed-minds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Skies,_Closed_Minds-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Skies, Closed Minds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Skies,_Closed_Minds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:14.188811+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-skies-closed-minds-20260505-0
summary:
Open Skies, Closed Minds, a book on ufology, expresses the views of Nick Pope, a former UFO investigator with the British Ministry of Defence (MOD). The book provides an overview of the UFO phenomenon, with the emphasis on Pope's three-year tour of duty as the Ministry of Defence's UFO desk officer. It examines a number of well-known UFO cases, including the Roswell crash and the Rendlesham Forest Incident, as well as a number of less well-known cases from the MOD's UFO case-files. Pope also discusses the politics surrounding the way in which those within government and the military view UFO phenomena. == References ==


id: operation-trojan-horse-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trojan_Horse_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Operation Trojan Horse (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trojan_Horse_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:15.337827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: operation-trojan-horse-book-20260505-0
summary:
Operation Trojan Horse (or UFOs: Operation Trojan Horse) is a book published in 1970 by John Keel. The book was reprinted in 1996 with minor additions. It presents the results of Keel's research on UFOs and similar phenomena. == Overview == Keel, who died in 2009, was a ufologist. According to The Daily Telegraph, "In his much-acclaimed second book, UFOs: Operation Trojan Horse, Keel suggested that many aspects of modern UFO reports, including humanoid encounters, often paralleled ancient folklore and religious visions, and directly linked UFOs with elemental phenomena." The book presents Keel's theory that UFOs are a phenomenon produced by "ultraterrestrials", beings who are able to manipulate matter and our senses, and who in the past manifested themselves as fairies, demons, and so on. Keel explains the title of the book saying, "Our skies have been filled with 'Trojan horses' throughout history, and like the original Trojan horse, they seem to conceal hostile intent." == See also == The Book of the Damned, 1919, a similar book by Charles Fort == References ==


id: the-origins-of-virtue-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_of_Virtue-0.md
category: reference
title: The Origins of Virtue
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_of_Virtue
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:16.520238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-origins-of-virtue-20260505-0
summary:
The Origins of Virtue is a 1996 popular science book by Matt Ridley, which has been recognised as a classic in its field. In the book, Ridley explores the issues surrounding the development of human morality. The book, written from a sociobiological viewpoint, explores how genetics can be used to explain certain traits of human behaviour, in particular morality and altruism. Starting from the premise that society can, on a simplistic level, be represented as a variant of the prisoner's dilemma, Ridley examines how it has been possible for a society to arise in which people choose to cooperate with others, rather than "defect" and act purely in their own self-interest. Ridley examines the history of different attempts to explain the fact that humans in society do not defect, looking at various computer generated models that have been used to explain how such behaviour could arise. In particular, he looks at systems based on the idea of Tit-for-tat, a program developed by Canadian professor Anatol Rapoport, where members of the group only cooperate with those who also cooperate, and exclude those who do not. This results in the optimum solution to the dilemma being to cooperate, allowing altruistic behaviour to


id: our-malady-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Malady-0.md
category: reference
title: Our Malady
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Malady
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:17.728534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-malady-20260505-0
summary:
Our Malady: Lessons in Liberty from a Hospital Diary is a 2020 book by Timothy Snyder. In it, Snyder explores the problems faced by the medical care in the United States. == Background == In December 2019, Timothy Snyder fell seriously ill with abdominal pain and was admitted to a hospital in Munich. The diagnosis of appendicitis was missed. Two weeks later, he had an appendectomy in Connecticut and was discharged after 24 hours. Following another medical misdiagnosis in Florida he developed sepsis and was treated 26 days later in New Haven with a liver abscess. While recuperating from this illness through the coronavirus pandemic he wrote the book about the problems of the for-profit health care system in the USA, and the coronavirus response so far. == Overview == The Prologue "Solitude and Solidarity" is followed by an Introduction "Our Malady". Lesson 1 is entitled "Healthcare is a human right. Here, Snyder explains the history of health care as a human right after the fall of the Third Reich where it arose in Postwar Europe, but was not codified in the United States. In Lesson 2 : "Renewal begins with children" he compares childbirth in Austria and the US


id: out-of-control-kelly-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Control_(Kelly_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Out of Control (Kelly book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Control_(Kelly_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:18.977757+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: out-of-control-kelly-book-20260505-0
summary:
Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World (ISBN 978-0201483406) is a 1992 book by Kevin Kelly. Major themes in Out of Control are cybernetics, emergence, self-organization, complex systems, negentropy and chaos theory. The book can be seen as a work of techno-utopianism. == Summary == The book's central theme is that several fields of contemporary science and philosophy point in the same direction: intelligence is not organized in a centralized structure but is much more like a beehive composed of small, simple components. Kelly applies this view to bureaucratic organizations, intelligent computers, and the human brain. == Reception == Although the book was not widely reviewed upon its initial release in 1992, it gained visibility, was reviewed, and was extensively cited in subsequent years. Reviews often discussed Kelly's hive-mind analogy as a metaphor for the New Economy. Reviewers have called the book a "mind-expanding exploration" (Publishers Weekly) and "the best of an important new genre" (Forbes ASAP). Critics of the book have contended that its position precludes a critical approach to politics and social power. == References == == Further reading == The book's homepage (includes the complete book online)


id: out-of-the-everywhere-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Everywhere-0.md
category: reference
title: Out of the Everywhere
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Everywhere
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:20.185532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: out-of-the-everywhere-20260505-0
summary:
Out of the Everywhere is a 1990 collection of seventeen scientific essays written by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov and originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The book's title comes from the opening lines of George Macdonald's poem "Baby": "Where did you come from, baby dear?" "Out of the everywhere into here." == Contents == Part I: Astronomy "The Very Error of the Moon" (October 1987) "Asking the Right Question" (November 1987) "Out of the Everywhere" (November 1988) "Into the Here" (December 1988) Part II: Humanity "The Road to Humanity" (December 1987) "Standing Tall" (January 1988) "The Longest River" (July 1988) "Is Anyone Listening" (June 1988) Part III: Radiation "The Unrecognized Danger" (February 1988) "The Radiation That Wasn't" (March 1988) Part IV: Magnetism "Iron, Cold Iron" (April 1988) "From Pole to Pole" (May 1988) Part V: Fuel "The Fire of Life" (August 1988) "The Slave of the Lamp" (September 1988) "The Horse Under the Hood" (October 1988) Part VI: Time "The Unforgiving Minute" (January 1989) Part VII: Something Extra "A Sacred Poet" (September 1987) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: pioneers-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Pioneers of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:21.442651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pioneers-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Pioneers of Science (Turkish: Bilimin öncüleri) (ISBN 9786055888039) is a book by Cemal Yıldırım which has run to 22 editions. The book explains the scientific method with anecdotes from significant figures in scientific history such as Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and Marie Curie. == References ==


id: the-planet-that-wasn-t-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planet_That_Wasn't-0.md
category: reference
title: The Planet That Wasn't
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planet_That_Wasn't
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:22.612762+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-planet-that-wasn-t-20260505-0
summary:
The Planet That Wasn't is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the twelfth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. These essays were first published between December 1974 and April 1976. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1976. == Contents == "Star In The East" (F&SF, December 1974) "Thinking About Thinking" (January 1975) "The Rocketing Dutchmen" (February 1975) "The Bridge of the Gods" (March 1975) "The Judo Argument" (April 1975) "The Planet That Wasn't" (May 1975) "The Olympian Snows" (June 1975) "Titanic Surprise" (July 1975) "The Wicked Witch is Dead" (August 1975) "The Wrong Turning" (September 1975) "The Third Liquid" (October 1975) "Best Foot Backward" (November 1975) "The Smell of Electricity" (December 1975) "Silent Victory" (January 1976) "Change of Air" (February 1976) "The Nightfall Effect" (March 1976) "All Gall" (April 1976) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com The Planet That Wasn't at Goodreads.com


id: the-pleasure-of-finding-things-out-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_of_Finding_Things_Out-0.md
category: reference
title: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_of_Finding_Things_Out
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:23.845585+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-pleasure-of-finding-things-out-20260505-0
summary:
The Pleasure of Finding Things Out is a collection of short works from American physicist Richard Feynman, including interviews, speeches, lectures, and printed articles. Among these is his famous 1959 lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", his report on the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, and his speech on scientific integrity in which he coined the term "cargo cult science". The original foreword was written by Freeman Dyson. == References == == External links == Norman, Eric B. (2000). "Reviewed Work: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out by Richard P. Feynman". The American Biology Teacher. 62 (9): 678. doi:10.2307/4451014. JSTOR 4451014. Root-Bernstein, Robert (1999). "The Dubious Pleasure of Yet More Feynman". American Scientist. 87 (5): 462–464. JSTOR 27857907.


id: pocket-ref-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Ref-0.md
category: reference
title: Pocket Ref
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Ref
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:25.024560+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pocket-ref-20260505-0
summary:
Pocket Ref is a general-purpose pocket-sized reference book composed of various tips, tables, maps, formulas, constants and conversions, compiled by Thomas J. Glover. It is published by Sequoia Publishing, and is currently in its fourth edition at 864 pages in length, released in late 2010. It contains references, tables, and instructional guides on such varied subjects as automotive repair; carpentry and construction; chemistry and physics; computers; physical, chemical, and mathematical constants; electronics; money and measurement conversions; advanced first aid; glue, solvents, paints, and finishes; hardware; mine, mill, and aggregate; plumbing; zip codes; rope, cable, and knots; steel and metals; surveying and mapping; and various other topics. The Pocket Ref has been featured on the television series MythBusters. In the "Shop 'til You Drop" episode, Adam Savage noted that "nearly everyone" had asked him about the little black book. The book can sometimes be found imprinted with the name of a store or other third party on its front cover. Although the Pocket Ref is printed on very thin paper, its page count is still limited by the publisher's desire for it to fit in an average shirt pocket, so a more comprehensive work, at 1280 pages, DeskRef, has been published.


id: powershift-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powershift_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Powershift (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powershift_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:26.215120+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: powershift-book-20260505-0
summary:
Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century is the third book in a trilogy written by the futurist Alvin Toffler, following Future Shock (1970) and The Third Wave (1980). The hardcover first edition was published October 1, 1990. == The Trinity of Power == The combination of knowledge, wealth and force is described by Toffler as providing individuals or other entities power. Knowledge is the most powerful form of power, considering we are now living in a Knowledge-based civilization. Wealth is another form of power, and is flexible in nature, since it can be used as punishment (like a stick) or reward (as a carrot). Finally force, in lay terms violence, is noted as another element of power. It isn't as flexible as the other elements of power, since you can't exactly "take back" shooting someone or punching them in the face. However, the psychological capability that you have force available, like a cowboy or police man with a gun in his holster is often all it takes to ensure compliance. == Transformation of Elements of Power == Toffler emphasizes that any of the elements of power can be transformed from one to another such


id: quasar-quasar-burning-bright-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar,_Quasar,_Burning_Bright-0.md
category: reference
title: Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar,_Quasar,_Burning_Bright
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:27.412545+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quasar-quasar-burning-bright-20260505-0
summary:
Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the thirteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. These essays were first published between May 1976 and September 1977. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1978. Its title is derived from the first line of William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger". == Contents == "It's a Wonderful Town!" (May 1976) "Surprise! Surprise!" (June 1976) "Making It!" (July 1976) "Moving Ahead" (August 1976) "To the Top" (September 1976) "Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright" (October 1976) "The Comet That Wasn't" (November 1976) "The Sea-Green Planet" (December 1976) "Discovery by Blink" (January 1977) "Asimov's Corollary" (February 1977) "The Magic Isle" (March 1977) "The Dark Companion" (April 1977) "Twinkle, Twinkle, Microwaves" (May 1977) "The Final Collapse" (June 1977) "Of Ice and Men" (July 1977) "Oblique the Centric Globe" (August 1977) "The Opposite Poles" (September 1977) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: rapture-for-the-geeks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_for_the_Geeks-0.md
category: reference
title: Rapture for the Geeks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_for_the_Geeks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:28.572155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rapture-for-the-geeks-20260505-0
summary:
Rapture for the Geeks: When AI Outsmarts IQ (2009) is a non-fiction book by American Law Professor Richard Dooling. The book provides an alarming window into a hypothetical future technological singularity, where machine intelligence outstrips human intelligence. The book also provides a historical review of man's relationship with machines, including dangers caused by other technologies such as nuclear weaponry. == See also == Technological singularity == References ==


id: the-rational-optimist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rational_Optimist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Rational Optimist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rational_Optimist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:29.810940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-rational-optimist-20260505-0
summary:
The Rational Optimist is a 2010 popular science book by Matt Ridley, author of The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. The book primarily focuses on the benefits of the innate human tendency to trade goods and services. Ridley argues that this trait, together with the specialization linked to it, is the source of modern human civilization, and that, as people increasingly specialize in their skill sets, we will have increased trade and more prosperity. == Reception == Bill Gates praised the book for its key ideas on the importance of trade and the excessive pessimism prevalent in our society. Gates challenged the book's stance against international aid, raised questions about the author's expertise in discussing climate change, and suggested that it downplays the potential for global catastrophic risks. Ricardo Salinas Pliego praised the book as a defence of free trade and globalisation. Michael Shermer gave the book positive reviews in Nature and Scientific American before going on to present similar ideas in conference talks, and writing The Moral Arc partly in response. David Papineau praised the book for refuting "doomsayers who insist that everything is going from bad to worse". George Monbiot criticised the book in


id: rethinking-innateness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethinking_Innateness-0.md
category: reference
title: Rethinking Innateness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethinking_Innateness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:31.005297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rethinking-innateness-20260505-0
summary:
Rethinking Innateness: A connectionist perspective on development is a book regarding gene/environment interaction by Jeffrey Elman, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Elizabeth Bates, Mark Johnson, Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett published in 1996. It has been cited about 4,000 times in scientific articles, and has been nominated as one of the "One hundred most influential works in cognitive science from the 20th Century". == Summary == Rethinking Innateness applied insights from neurobiology and neural network modelling to brain development. It questioned whether some of the "hard nativist" positions, such as those adopted by Noam Chomsky, Steven Pinker and Elizabeth Spelke, are biologically plausible. For example, the authors challenged a claim by Pinker that children are born with innate domain-specific knowledge of the principles of grammar, by questioning how the knowledge that Pinker suggests might actually be encoded in the genes. Elman et al. argue that information concerning something as specific as grammatical rules (which they classify as propositional information) could only be encoded as pre-specified "weights" between neurons in the cortex. But they argue that evidence from a number of sources, such as brain plasticity (the ability of a brain to change its response properties during development) shows that information cannot be hard-wired


id: the-road-to-infinity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Infinity-0.md
category: reference
title: The Road to Infinity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Infinity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:32.204243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-road-to-infinity-20260505-0
summary:
The Road to Infinity is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the fourteenth of a series of books collecting Asimov's science essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It also included a list of all of Asimov's essays in that magazine up to 1979. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1979. == Contents == "The Subtlest Difference" (F&SF, October 1977) "The Sons of Mars Revisited" (November 1977) "Dark and Bright" (December 1977) "The Real Finds Waiting" (January 1978) "The Lost Art" (February 1978) "Anyone For Tens?" (March 1978) "The Floating Crystal Palace" (April 1978) "By Land and By Sea" (May 1978) "We Were the First that Ever Burst" (June 1978) "Second to the Skua" (July 1978) "Rings and Things" (August 1978) "Countdown" (September 1978) "Toward Zero" (October 1978) "Fifty Million Big Brothers" (November 1978) "Where is Everybody?" (December 1978) "Proxima" (January 1979) "The Road to Infinity" (February 1979) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com The Road to Infinity at Asimovreviews.com The Road to Infinity at Goodreads.com


id: r-mpp-encyclopedia-natural-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products-0.md
category: reference
title: Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:33.442922+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-mpp-encyclopedia-natural-products-20260505-0
summary:
The Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products is an encyclopedia of natural products written by German chemists who specialize in this area of science. It is published by Thieme Medical Publishers. == See also == Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon == References == == Further reading == == External links == Official website


id: r-mpp-s-chemistry-lexicon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon-0.md
category: reference
title: Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:34.687863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-mpp-s-chemistry-lexicon-20260505-0
summary:
Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon (German Römpp Lexikon Chemie) is a chemical encyclopedia from Germany. Started by chemistry teacher Hermann Römpp in 1947 it has evolved to the leading chemical encyclopedia in German language. Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon contains around 64,000 entries and 215,000 links. == History == After the first five editions by Hermann Römpp, Erhard Ühlein took over editorship in 1964. He died shortly after publishing the 6th edition. The 7th and 8th edition were edited by Otto-Albrecht Neumüller. In 1988, Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon was transferred to Thieme Medical Publishers, with editorship handled by a team of authors. The 9th edition and 10th edition, the final two print editions, were published in 1992 and 1999, respectively. Since 2002 the Römpp is published online as a web encyclopedia. == Spin-offs == The editorial team has created several spinoffs, e.g. the Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products (2000) and volumes about biotechnology & genetics, environment, food chemistry, and paint & varnish. == References == == External links == Official website


id: school-of-natural-philosophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy-0.md
category: reference
title: School of Natural Philosophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:35.936590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: school-of-natural-philosophy-20260505-0
summary:
School of Natural Philosophy is an 1837 scientific textbook by Richard Green Parker. It is credited with inspiring the inventor Thomas Edison. == References == == External links == Parker's Natural And Experimental Philosophy (Electronic Historical Publications) John H. Lienhard (2006). "Parker's Philosophy". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 2071. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020.


id: science-religion-a-symposium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Religion:_A_Symposium-0.md
category: reference
title: Science & Religion: A Symposium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Religion:_A_Symposium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:37.147280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-religion-a-symposium-20260505-0
summary:
Science & Religion: A Symposium (1931) is a book first published in 1931, consisting of a lightly edited transcription of twelve talks broadcast on the BBC between September and December 1930. In contrast to the 1920s conflicts between science and religion in the U.S. (e.g., the Scopes trial), 1920s Great Britain experienced a concerted effort at reconciliation. These efforts bore some fruit in the early 1930s such as in BBC radio broadcasts (e.g., this text), but ultimately these efforts broke down due in part to rejection from both 1930s conservative Christians and arch secularists (e.g., H.G. Wells). The book contains a foreword by Mihajlo Pupin and twelve talks by Julian Huxley, J. Arthur Thomson, J.S. Haldane, E.W. Barnes, B. Malinowski, H. R. L. Sheppard, B. H. Streeter, C.W. O'Hara, Arthur S. Eddington, S. Alexander, W.R. Inge, and L.P. Jacks. == See also == Relationship between religion and science == References ==


id: science-and-religion-some-historical-perspectives-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Religion:_Some_Historical_Perspectives-0.md
category: reference
title: Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Religion:_Some_Historical_Perspectives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:38.414637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-and-religion-some-historical-perspectives-20260505-0
summary:
Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives is a book on the relationship between science and religion by John Hedley Brooke. The book identifies three traditional views of the relationship between science and religion found in historical analyses: conflict, complementarity, and commonality. The book portrays all three as oversimplifications. It offers up the alternative notion of complexity, which bases the relationship between science and religion on changing circumstances where it is defined upon each particular historical situation and the actual beliefs and ideas of the scientific and religious figures involved. == Reception == The American Historical Review states that the book's bibliographic essay "identifies and … incorporates the results of virtually every significant and relevant article published in the past fifty years." == References == == Further reading == Brooke, John H. (1998). "Essays on Science And Society: Science and Religion: Lessons from History?". Science. 282 (5396): 1985–1986. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1985B. doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.1985. S2CID 159909162. == List of reviews == Cantor, Geoffrey (1992). "Science and Religion (Book Reviews)". The Times Literary Supplement (4639): 27. Howell, Kenneth J. (December 1994). "Book Review: Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. John Hedley Brooke, George Basalla". The Journal of Modern History. 66 (4): 779–782. doi:10.1086/244944. Olson, Richard; Brooke,


id: science-and-theology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Theology-0.md
category: reference
title: Science and Theology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Theology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:39.577950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-and-theology-20260505-0
summary:
Science and Theology: An Introduction is a 1998 book written by the English physicist, theologian, and Anglican priest John Polkinghorne. == References ==


id: science-fiction-and-futurology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Futurology-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Fiction and Futurology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Futurology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:40.754941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-fiction-and-futurology-20260505-0
summary:
Science Fiction and Futurology (Polish: Fantastyka i futurologia) is a monograph of Stanisław Lem about science fiction and futurology, first printed by Wydawnictwo Literackie in 1970. The official Lem website describes the book as a triple feature: an attempt to create a theory of the genre, a self-interpretation of Lem's own works, and a review of the world's science fiction, "a yet another Lem's General Theory of Everything - everything related to science fiction and its role in human knowledge acquisition". In the book, Lem reviews and classifies works of over 400 science fiction writers. The book was acutely critical of Western science fiction. As Lem wrote, "SF became a vulgar mythology of a technological civilization.... This monograph is an expression of my personal utopia, my longing for better SF, the one that should be." In the 1972 edition the criticism was somewhat softened, in particular, in the judgement of the works of Philip K. Dick. Lem confessed that his opinion about Philip K. Dick was based on limited knowledge of his works, not the best ones. == Contents == (Omitting forewords and afterwords) === Volume 1. Structures === I. The language of a literary work II. The world of


id: science-friction-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Friction_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Friction (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Friction_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:41.940309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-friction-book-20260505-0
summary:
Science Friction: Where the Known Meets the Unknown is a 2004 book by Michael Shermer, a historian of science and founder of The Skeptics Society. It contains thirteen essays about "personal barriers and biases that plague and propel science, especially when scientists push against the unknown. What do we know, and what do we not know?" These include an essay relating the author's experience of a day spent learning cold reading techniques well enough to be accepted as a psychic. As well as covering skepticism and pseudoscience, Shermer discusses other topics touching on the subject of encouraging scientific thought, such as sport psychology and the writings of Stephen Jay Gould. Shermer attributes the founding of the skeptical movement to Martin Gardner's 1950 article "The Hermit Scientist" in the Antioch Review. == References == == External links == Science Friction from MichaelShermer.com


id: science-numbers-and-i-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_Numbers,_and_I-0.md
category: reference
title: Science, Numbers, and I
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_Numbers,_and_I
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:43.125259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-numbers-and-i-20260505-0
summary:
Science, Numbers, and I is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the sixth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1968. == Contents == "Balancing the Books" (F&SF, July 1966) "BB or Not BB, That is the Question" (August 1966) "I'm Looking Over a Four-Leaf Clover" (September 1966) "Portrait of the Writer as a Boy" (October 1966) "Old Man River" (November 1966) "The Symbol-Minded Chemist" (December 1966) "Right Beneath Your Feet" (January 1967) "Impossible, That's All" (February 1967) "Crowded!" (March 1967) "A Matter of Scale" (April 1967) "Times of Our Lives" (May 1967) "Non-Time Travel" (June 1967) "Twelve Point Three Six Nine" (July 1967) "Kaleidoscope in the Sky" (August 1967) "The Great Borning" (September 1967) "Music to My Ears" (October 1967) "Knock Plastic!" (November 1967) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: scientific-perspectives-on-divine-action-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Perspectives_on_Divine_Action-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Perspectives_on_Divine_Action
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:44.303945+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-perspectives-on-divine-action-20260505-0
summary:
Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action is a five volume set that represents more than a decade of scientific-theological conferences sponsored by the Vatican Observatory and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences. == Volumes == Neuroscience and the Person: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Quantum Cosmology and the Laws of Nature: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Evolutionary and Molecular Biology: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Quantum Mechanics: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, Robert John Russell (Corporate Author), Philip Clayton (Corporate Author), Kirk Wegter-McNelly (Ed), John Polkinghorne (Ed) == See also == Divine Action and Modern Science Natural theology Theophysics == References ==


id: the-scientist-as-rebel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientist_as_Rebel-0.md
category: reference
title: The Scientist as Rebel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientist_as_Rebel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:45.441407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-scientist-as-rebel-20260505-0
summary:
The Scientist as Rebel is a 2006 book by theoretical physicist Freeman Dyson. A few of the twenty-nine chapters in the book deal with the interactions of religion and science. The book is a collection of essays, prefaces, and book reviews concerning miscellaneous topics. Its title is taken from the title of an essay which originated as a November 1992 talk at a Cambridge, UK meeting of scientists and philosophers. Dyson dedicated his talk to the memory of Eric James, Baron James of Rusholme, who died in May 1992. The book's four sections—"Contemporary Issues in Science," "War and Peace," "History of Science and Scientists," "Personal and Philosophical"—contain information about the author's life, and the general tone is optimistic. He believes that biological engineering will inevitably be enlisted to enhance species or even create new ones (microbes that clean up pollution, for example) and that humans will colonize space. == References ==


id: the-secret-of-the-universe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Universe-0.md
category: reference
title: The Secret of the Universe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Universe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:46.628920+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-secret-of-the-universe-20260505-0
summary:
The Secret of the Universe (1991) is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It is the twenty-second and final of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (F&SF). Asimov died in 1992. The 22 books collect 373 of Asimov's 399 essays for the magazine. == Contents == "The Cosmic Lens" (February 1989) "The Secret of the Universe" (March 1989) "The Moon's Twin" (April 1989) "The Changing Distance" (May 1989) "A Change of Air" (June 1989) "The Importance of Pitch" (July 1989) "Long Ago and Far Away" (August 1989) "The True Rulers" (September 1989) "The Nearest Star" (October 1989) "Massing the Sun" (November 1989) "What Are Little Stars Made Of?" (December 1989) "Hot, Cold, and Con Fusion" (January 1990) "Business as Usual" (February 1990) "Smashing the Sky" (March 1990) "Worlds in Order" (April 1990) "Just Say 'No'?" (May 1990) "The Salt-Producers" (June 1990) == References == == External links == Asimovreviews.net


id: a-short-history-of-the-future-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_Future-0.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of the Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:47.846077+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-the-future-20260505-0
summary:
A Short History of the Future is a book by W. Warren Wagar which was first published in 1989 and underwent two substantive revisions (1992 and 1999). It is a fictitious narrative history of the ensuing two centuries, from the vantage point of the year 2200. The first version imagined a far more prominent role for the Soviet Union, which collapsed shortly after the publication. The final revision incorporates a brief section on the year 1989 as a revolutionary year. == Content == The first section deals with the present time leading up to Wagar's idea of the seminal event of the 21st century — a devastating nuclear conflict between Europe and the United States which is subsequently known as the "catastrophe. What emerges after the "catastrophe" is a socialist world government, which lasts for the next hundred years until the "small revolution" of the late 22nd century, the description of which closes the book. Central to the philosophy of the "world commonwealth government" which rises after the "catastrophe" is what Wagar calls "substantialism". Wagar once stated that what he called "substantialism" in the book was his recasting of the ideas of Jean Jaurès. == Theoretical perspectives == Each chapter


id: the-simple-plant-isoquinolines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simple_Plant_Isoquinolines-0.md
category: reference
title: The Simple Plant Isoquinolines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simple_Plant_Isoquinolines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:49.040246+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-simple-plant-isoquinolines-20260505-0
summary:
The Simple Plant Isoquinolines is a 2002 book written by Alexander Shulgin and Wendy Perry about isoquinoline and tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, for instance the various cyclized phenethylamine mescaline analogues found in many cactus species. It was published by Transform Press. == See also == Bibliography of Alexander Shulgin The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds (2011) PiHKAL (1991) and TiHKAL (1997) Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline Peyote § Constituents Pachycereus pringlei § Constituents and biological effects Keeper Trout == References ==


id: singularity-rising-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Rising-0.md
category: reference
title: Singularity Rising
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Rising
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:01.338115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: singularity-rising-20260505-0
summary:
Singularity Rising: Surviving and Thriving in a Smarter, Richer, and More Dangerous World is a book by James D. Miller that covers a broad spectrum of topics associated with the technological singularity, including cognitive enhancement and AI. == References ==


id: the-sirens-of-mars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Mars-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sirens of Mars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Mars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:02.476736+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sirens-of-mars-20260505-0
summary:
The Sirens of Mars is a 2020 non-fiction book by Sarah Stewart Johnson, focused on the search for life on Mars. == Content and development == The book combines elements of memoir from Johnson with the history and science of attempts to discover life on Mars. The book grew out of miscellaneous notes and observations written down by Johnson which she determined were valuable but not necessarily suitable for strictly scientific publications. == Reception == Kirkus Reviews referred to the book as a "...vivid, poetic account that leaves readers eager to see what's next in the quest to find extraterrestrial life." Hannah Wakeford, writing for BBC Sky at Night, suggested the book could have been improved with the addition of more maps and photographic material. She did, however, refer to it as "...a must-read for fans of our Martian neighbour". == See also == The Sirens of Titan, a science fiction novel by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. == References ==


id: six-degrees-the-science-of-a-connected-age-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees:_The_Science_of_a_Connected_Age-0.md
category: reference
title: Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees:_The_Science_of_a_Connected_Age
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:03.625549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: six-degrees-the-science-of-a-connected-age-20260505-0
summary:
Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age (2004 in paperback, ISBN 0-393-32542-3 and 2003 in hardcover, ISBN 0-393-04142-5) is a popular science book by Duncan J. Watts covering the application of network theory to sociology. The book covers Watts' own work on small-world networks, and continues on to cover scale-free networks, network searching, epidemics and network failures, social decision-making, thresholds in networks, and innovation in large organizations and its lack. In addition to covering the theoretical models and empirical case studies, the book also includes several stories about the character of the researchers who developed this science and their relationships with each other. The case studies used include blackouts in the North American electricity distribution network, the relationships among members of corporate boards of directors, the distribution of wealth in societies, peer-to-peer file-sharing systems, computer viruses, economic bubbles, and the 1997 Aisin fire crisis at Toyota. == See also == Social network == References == Publisher's site Book review in The Guardian (UK Newspaper)


id: social-histories-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Histories_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Histories of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Histories_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:04.844011+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-histories-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
Social Histories of Medicine is a book series from Manchester University Press which covers "all aspects of health, illness and medicine, from prehistory to the present, in every part of the world". It runs in collaboration with the Society for the Social History of Medicine and is the third series that the society has been associated with after Studies in the Social History of Medicine (1989–2009) and Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine. The editors of the current series are David Cantor and Keir Waddington. == Titles == === 2017 === Payment and Philanthropy in British Healthcare, 1918–48. George Campbell Gosling, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1432-7 The Metamorphosis of Autism: A History of Child Development in Britain. Bonnie Evans, 2017. ISBN 978-0-7190-9592-4 The Politics of Vaccination: A global history. Christine Holmberg, Stuart Blume and Paul Greenough (Eds.), 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1088-6 Leprosy and Colonialism: Suriname under Dutch rule, 1750–1950. Stephen Snelders, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1299-6 Medical Misadventure in an Age of Professionalisation, 1780–1890. Alannah Tomkins, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1607-9 Conserving Health in Early Modern Culture: Bodies and Environments in Italy and England. Sandra Cavallo and Tessa Storey (Eds.), 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1347-4 === 2018 === Migrant Architects of the NHS: South Asian


id: the-solar-system-and-back-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solar_System_and_Back-0.md
category: reference
title: The Solar System and Back
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solar_System_and_Back
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:06.035170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-solar-system-and-back-20260505-0
summary:
The Solar System and Back (1970) is a collection of science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It is the seventh in a series of books reprinting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. == Contents == "Nothing" (March 1959) "The First Metal" (December 1967) "The Seventh Metal" (January 1968) "The Predicted Metal" (February 1968) "The Seventh Planet" (March 1968) "The Dance of the Sun" (April 1968) "Backward, Turn Backward—" (May 1968) "Counting Chromosomes" (June 1968) "Little Lost Satellite" (July 1968) "The Terrible Lizards" (August 1968) "The Dying Lizards" (September 1968) "Little Found Satellite" (October 1968) "The Planetary Eccentric" (November 1968) "View from Amalthea" (December 1968) "The Dance of the Satellites" (January 1969) "Uncertain, Coy, and Hard to Please" (February 1969) "Just Right" (March 1969) "The Incredible Shrinking People" (April 1969) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: something-big-is-happening-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Big_Is_Happening-0.md
category: reference
title: Something Big Is Happening
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Big_Is_Happening
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:07.182366+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: something-big-is-happening-20260505-0
summary:
"Something Big Is Happening" is an essay by Matt Shumer, an AI entrepreneur, about the impact of artificial intelligence, published in February 2026, that has since been reportedly viewed more than 80 million times and widely discussed. Shumer noted that the technology has crossed an important threshold, where AI has become capable of creating self-improving systems. Referring to one the most recent AI models, he wrote: "It was making intelligent decisions. It had something that felt, for the first time, like judgment. Like taste." Speaking to CNBC's Power Lunch, Shumer said that his "core message" is "people in the workforce should start to use and experiment with AI tools so they can understand what’s coming". Even as the essay was widely shared and discussed, the essay also elicited criticism. Paulo Carvao, in an essay published by the Forbes Magazine stated that some of his advice is sound, but added: "It reads at times like a sales pitch. He urges readers to subscribe to the most advanced AI tools. He implies that those with access to premium models will outpace those without. He frames paid AI subscriptions as a form of insurance against obsolescence." Writing in The Guardian, Dan Milmo and


id: soul-mind-body-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul,_Mind,_Body_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Soul, Mind, Body Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul,_Mind,_Body_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:08.390879+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soul-mind-body-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
Soul, Mind, Body Medicine: A Complete Soul Healing System for Optimum Health and Vitality is a self-help book written by spiritual healer Zhi Gang Sha which provides a controversial interpretation of Traditional Chinese medicine and quantum physics. Published in 2006, within three weeks of its release the book was placed in the top five of The New York Times Best Seller list. == See also == Self-healing == References ==


id: spook-science-tackles-the-afterlife-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spook:_Science_Tackles_the_Afterlife-0.md
category: reference
title: Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spook:_Science_Tackles_the_Afterlife
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:09.562239+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spook-science-tackles-the-afterlife-20260505-0
summary:
Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife (2005), published by W. W. Norton & Company, a nonfiction work by Mary Roach, is a humorous scientific exploration as to whether there is a soul that survives death. In Britain, the title of the book is Six Feet Over: Adventures in the Afterlife. Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife was the recipient of the Elle Reader's Prize in October 2005. Spook was also listed as a New York Times Notable Books pick in 2005, as well as a New York Times Bestseller, and it was also an October Booksense pick. == Book synopsis == Author Mary Roach investigates the possibility of an afterlife and also attempts to find and define the soul, all while using a scientific approach. The book covers these topics: Investigations of reincarnation Attempts to find the soul (by dissection, weighing, and other methods) Spiritualism, fraudulent mediums, and ectoplasm Modern mediumship, and "medium schools" Attempts to use electronic devices to communicate with the dead, including electronic voice phenomena (EVP) Other forces that make people feel haunted electromagnetic fields, infrasound, etc. Court cases involving ghosts Near-death experiences and out-of-body experiences == References == == External links == Mary Roach's website Roach talks about


id: the-stars-in-their-courses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stars_in_Their_Courses-0.md
category: reference
title: The Stars in Their Courses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stars_in_Their_Courses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:10.765251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-stars-in-their-courses-20260505-0
summary:
The Stars in Their Courses is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer Isaac Asimov. It is the eighth in a series of books collecting his essays from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (May 1969 to September 1970). Doubleday & Company first published the collection in 1971. == Contents == Introduction Part A: Astronomy "The Stars in their Courses" "The Lop-sided Sun" "The Lunar Honor-roll" "Worlds in Confusion" Part B: Physics "Two at a Time" "On Throwing a Ball" "The Man Who Massed the Earth" "The Luxon Wall" "Playing the Game" "The Distance of Far" Part C: Chemistry "The Multiplying Elements" "Bridging the Gaps" "The Nobel Prize That Wasn't" Part D: Sociology "The Fateful Lightning" "The Sin of the Scientist" "The Power of Progression" "My Planet, 'tis of Thee—" == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: the-subatomic-monster-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Subatomic_Monster-0.md
category: reference
title: The Subatomic Monster
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Subatomic_Monster
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:11.933532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-subatomic-monster-20260505-0
summary:
The Subatomic Monster (1985) is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the eighteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between June 1983 and October 1984. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1985. == Contents == "The Properties of Chaos" (June 1983) "Green, Green, Green is the Color ..." (July 1983) "What Truck?" (August 1983) "Where All the Sky is Sunshine" (September 1983) "Updating the Satellites" (October 1983) "More Thinking about Thinking" (November 1983) "Arm of the Giant" (December 1983) "The World of the Red Sun" (January 1984) "The Subatomic Monster" (February 1984) "Love Makes the World Go Round!" (March 1984) "E Pluribus Unum" (April 1984) "Up We Go" (May 1984) "The Two Masses" (June 1984) "The Victorious General" (July 1984) "Coming Full Circle" (August 1984) "The Different Years of Time" (September 1984) "The Different Years of the Universe" (October 1984) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: the-sun-shines-bright-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Shines_Bright_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sun Shines Bright (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Shines_Bright_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:13.143819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sun-shines-bright-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Sun Shines Bright is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the fifteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1981. == Contents == The Sun Out, Damned Spot! The Sun Shines Bright The Noblest Metal of Them All The Stars How Little? Siriusly Speaking Below the Horizon The Planets Just Thirty Years The Moon A Long Day's Journey The Inconstant Moon The Elements The Useless Metal Neutrality! The Finger of God The Cell Clone, Clone of My Own The Scientists Alas, All Human The People The Unsecret Weapon More Crowded! Nice Guys Finish First! == Reception == Dave Langford reviewed The Sun Shines Bright for White Dwarf #44, and stated that "Each essay presents some interesting insight or viewpoint, usually scientific; most of them, alas, are padded and smothered with great wads of facts, statistics and numbers in general, the result being relatively dull." == Reviews == Review by David Langford [as by Dave Langford] (1983) in Paperback Inferno, Volume 7, Number 1 == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: thank-god-for-evolution-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_for_Evolution-0.md
category: reference
title: Thank God for Evolution
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_for_Evolution
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:14.370816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thank-god-for-evolution-20260505-0
summary:
Thank God for Evolution is a book by Michael Dowd that argues for a marriage of science and religion within an evolutionary paradigm. It was published by Council Oak Books in November 2006 and acquired in spring 2007 by Viking Penguin. In the book and in his sermons, Dowd presents evolution as a sacred epic of emerging complexity that can be seen as "14 billion years of grace." == References ==


id: to-be-a-machine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_a_Machine-0.md
category: reference
title: To Be a Machine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_a_Machine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:15.559417+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: to-be-a-machine-20260505-0
summary:
To Be a Machine: Adventures Among Cyborgs, Utopians, Hackers, and the Futurists Solving the Modest Problem of Death is a 2017 nonfiction book by Slate columnist and literary journalist Mark O'Connell, his debut work. Published by Granta, the book is a breezy, but skeptical, gonzo-journalistic tour of transhumanism and radical life extension. It chronicles O'Connell's travels around the world to interview prominent transhumanists. == Description == Interviewees range from mainstream figures, such as computer scientist Stuart J. Russell, to more colorful individuals, such as Zoltan Istvan, who ran for the American Presidency on the "Immortality Ticket". Much of the book focuses on radical life extension (the desire to engineer immortality); in addition, O'Connell visits a group of "grinders" in Pittsburgh who surgically implant sensors into themselves. O'Connell makes it clear that he personally chooses to reject transhumanist philosophy, stating that his child playing horsy with his wife could not be "rendered in code... Their beauty was bodily, in the most profound sense, in the saddest and most wonderful sense." The book also examines existential risk from artificial general intelligence, the fear that superintelligent machines will destroy the human race. An oversimplified example would be a machine that is asked to


id: tomorrowland-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Tomorrowland (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:16.791880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tomorrowland-book-20260505-0
summary:
Tomorrowland: Our Journey from Science Fiction to Science Fact is a 2015 nonfiction book by science journalist Steven Kotler and published by Amazon Publishing. == Content == The book is composed of a series of essay articles that were published by Kotler in various online news publications, including The New York Times, The Atlantic, and Discover. There are sixteen chapters made up of the same number of articles, each dealing with a different topic of technological innovation in a variety of fields. == Critical reception == Kirkus Reviews praised Kotler for not just presenting the technological innovations themselves, but also focusing on the "obsessive people behind the science" and how his insight into their work encompasses a "range from humane and gripping stories of redemption to indifferent research scientists unsure if their developments will even make the world a better place". Library Journal reviewer Talea Anderson also noted the introduction of each essay and discussed technology focusing on "presenting the array of often quirky inventors and early adopters who have engaged with it" and ultimately recommended the book for readers of popular science. In a separate review in Library Journal of the audiobook, reviewer Lisa Youngblood recommended the book and


id: the-tragedy-of-the-moon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_the_Moon-0.md
category: reference
title: The Tragedy of the Moon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_the_Moon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:17.970709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-tragedy-of-the-moon-20260505-0
summary:
The Tragedy of the Moon is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the tenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between March 1972 and July 1973. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1973. == Contents == A — About the Moon 1 — The Tragedy of the Moon 2 — The Triumph of the Moon 3 — Moon Over Babylon 4 — The Week Excuse B — About Other Small Worlds 5 — The World Ceres 6 — The Clock in the Sky C — About Carbon 7 — The One and Only 8 — The Unlikely Twins D — About Micro-organisms 9 — Through The Microglass 10 — Down From The Amoeba 11 — The Cinderella Compound E — About the Thyroid Gland 12 — Doctor, Doctor, Cut My Throat F — About Society 13 — Lost in Non-Translation 14 — The Ancient and the Ultimate 15 — By The Numbers G — And (You Guessed It!) About Me 16 — The Cruise And I (July 1973) 17 — Academe And I ==


id: trait-de-documentation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traité_de_Documentation-0.md
category: reference
title: Traité de Documentation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traité_de_Documentation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:19.153786+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trait-de-documentation-20260505-0
summary:
Traité de documentation: le livre sur le livre, théorie et pratique is a landmark book by Belgian author Paul Otlet, first published in 1934. == Legacy == The book is considered a landmark in the history of information science, with concepts predicting the rise of the World Wide Web and search engines. In [Otlet's] most famous publication of 1934, Traité de Documentation, he wrote of a desk in the form of a wheel from which different projects (workspaces) could be switched as they rotated — foreshadowing the multiple desktops and tabs of contemporary computer interfaces. Inspired by the arrival of radio, phonograph, cinema, and television, Otlet also posited that there were as yet many “inventions to be discovered,” including the reading and annotation of remote documents and computer speech. == See also == Mundaneum Traité de documentation on Wikisource. == References == == External links == Traité de documentation at the Internet Archive Paul Otlet, Pioneer of Information Management Traité de documentation : le livre sur le livre, théorie et pratique at Google Books Internet Dreamers: Paul Otlet “The Web That Wasn’t” and “Augmenting Human Intellect” Internet Visionary Paul Otlet: Networked Knowledge, Decades Before Google


id: tyrocinium-chymicum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrocinium_Chymicum-0.md
category: reference
title: Tyrocinium Chymicum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrocinium_Chymicum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:20.364378+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tyrocinium-chymicum-20260505-0
summary:
Tyrocinium Chymicum was a published set of chemistry lecture notes started by Jean Beguin in 1610 in Paris, France. It has been cited as the first chemistry textbook (as opposed to that for alchemy). Many of the preparations were pharmaceutical in nature. The work was initially written to teach chemistry to apothecaries and medical practictioners, written by Beguin to avoid having to dictate text to his students during lectures. It was later said by Martin Lister to be "the most influential and popular chymical textbook published in the first half of the seventeenth century". == References == == External links == Antonio Clericuzio, Chemical Textbooks in the Seventeenth Century Tyrocinium Chymicum (1643)


id: the-ufo-files-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Files-0.md
category: reference
title: The UFO Files
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Files
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:21.562959+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ufo-files-20260505-0
summary:
The UFO Files: The Inside Story of Real-Life Sightings, published by The National Archives in 2009, is an official history of British UFO reports. The author, David Clarke, is a senior lecturer in journalism at Sheffield Hallam University. The book delves into the United Kingdom's historical relationship with unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and the public's fascination with extraterrestrial phenomena. The book includes a detailed analysis of declassified UFO files from the Ministry of Defence, covering a period from the 1950s to the early 2000s. Topics include alleged UFO sightings, official investigations, and the Ministry of Defence evolving stance on the potential threat posed by UFOs. Notable cases, such as the Rendlesham Forest Incident and the Battle of Los Angeles, are explored within the context of public fear and Cold War paranoia. David Clarke frames this narrative with skepticism, adding emphasis on the role of social and cultural factors in shaping UFO myths. His work is grounded in journalism and archival research, drawing connections between UFO phenomena and broader issues like government transparency and public trust in official institutions. The book was published during an international wave of UFO document declassification, coinciding with similar efforts by the United States, Canada, and


id: the-ultimate-experiment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Experiment-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ultimate Experiment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Experiment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:22.800343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ultimate-experiment-20260505-0
summary:
The Ultimate Experiment: Man-Made Evolution is a 1977 book by science writer Nicholas Wade about the then-new and controversial field of recombinant DNA research ("gene splicing"), much of it drawn from his earlier news and commentary as a writer for Science. An updated edition with a new chapter was published in 1979. == Citations ==


id: van-nostrand-s-scientific-encyclopedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia-0.md
category: reference
title: Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:24.038955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: van-nostrand-s-scientific-encyclopedia-20260505-0
summary:
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia is an encyclopedia published in the United States. Currently in a three volume 10th edition, it was published in two volumes for editions 6 to 9. The 8th edition is available as two CD ROMs. The first edition was published in 1938 by the D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. From about 1976 the encyclopedia was published by the Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. From the late 1990s it was published by John Wiley and Sons and by Wiley-Interscience. More than 4,000 pages long, the work provides a thorough scientific reference, while establishing a midpoint between massive multi-volume science encyclopedias and handheld reference books. This work is sometimes compared to the McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. == References ==


id: view-from-a-height-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Height-0.md
category: reference
title: View from a Height
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Height
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:25.280173+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: view-from-a-height-20260505-0
summary:
View from a Height is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the second of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, written between 1959 and 1962. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1963. The book received a review in Science Magazine. and The American Biology Teacher. The collection includes the essay "By Jove!", the source of the Asimov misquote describing the Solar System (besides the Sun) as "Jupiter plus debris". The actual quote is "4 planets plus debris". == Contents == Part I: Biology "That's About the Size of It" (October 1961) "The Egg and Wee" (June 1962) "That's Life!" (March 1962) "Not as We Know It" (September 1961) Part II: Chemistry "The Element of Perfection" (November 1960) "The Weighting Game" (April 1962) "The Evens Have It" (August 1961) Part III: Physics "Now Hear This!" (December 1960) "The Ultimate Split of the Second" (August 1959) "Order! Order!" (February 1961) "The Modern Demonology" (January 1962) "The Height of Up" (October 1959) Part IV: Astronomy "Hot Stuff" (July 1962) "Recipe for a Planet" (July 1961) "The Trojan Hearse" (December 1961) "By Jove!" (May


id: war-of-the-worldviews-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worldviews-0.md
category: reference
title: War of the Worldviews
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worldviews
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:26.426054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: war-of-the-worldviews-20260505-0
summary:
War of the Worldviews: Science vs. Spirituality is a book written by Deepak Chopra and Leonard Mlodinow, which was published in 2011, and is a debate between views on science and spirituality. == Premise == The book is written as a series of essays by each author on a mutually-agreed-upon list of 18 questions. The science worldview is represented by Mlodinow and the spirituality worldview is represented by Chopra. Each presents his side which is followed by the other person's rebuttal. == Overall == Mlodinow suggests that "the universe operates according to laws of physics while acknowledging that science does not address why the laws exist or how they arise". Chopra says that "the laws of nature as well as mathematics share the same source as human consciousness". == See also == The Tao of Physics == References ==


id: werner-s-nomenclature-of-colours-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner's_Nomenclature_of_Colours-0.md
category: reference
title: Werner's Nomenclature of Colours
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner's_Nomenclature_of_Colours
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:27.601885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: werner-s-nomenclature-of-colours-20260505-0
summary:
Werner's Nomenclature of Colours (1814/1821) is an illustrated colour manual authored by Scottish botanical illustrator Patrick Syme. Containing painted colour swatches, the book was based on the colour system compiled by mineralogist Abraham Gottlob Werner. First published in 1814, Werner's Nomenclature was used by Charles Darwin in his scientific observations on the voyage of HMS Beagle. The publication was influential among nineteenth-century colour theorists, artists and decorators, and can be viewed as a predecessor of modern named colour systems such as Pantone. The colours are illustrated and described, and examples shown of their use in ornithological plates in The Anatomy of Colour by Patrick Baty. == References == == External links == Online edition Scanned book (1821)


id: what-is-this-thing-called-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: What Is This Thing Called Science?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Science?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:28.772373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: what-is-this-thing-called-science-20260505-0
summary:
What Is This Thing Called Science? (1976) is a best-selling textbook by Alan Chalmers. == Overview == The book is a guide to the philosophy of science which outlines the shortcomings of naive empiricist accounts of science, and describes and assesses modern attempts to replace them. The book is written with minimal use of technical terms. What Is This Thing Called Science? was first published in 1976, and has been translated into many languages. == Editions == What Is This Thing Called Science?, Queensland University Press and Open University Press, 1976, pp. 157 + xvii. (Translated into German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and Chinese.) What Is This Thing Called Science?, Queensland University Press, Open University Press and Hackett, 2nd revised edition (6 new chapters), 1982, pp. 179 + xix. (Translated into German, Persian, French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Portuguese, Polish and Danish, Greek and Estonian.) What Is This Thing Called Science?, University of Queensland Press, Open University press, 3rd revised edition, Hackett, 1999. (Translated into Korean.) What Is This Thing Called Science?, University of Queensland Press, Open University press, 4th edition, 2013. == See also == The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by Thomas Kuhn The Logic of Scientific Discovery,


id: whitewash-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Whitewash (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:30.010551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whitewash-book-20260505-0
summary:
Whitewash: The Story of a Weed Killer, Cancer, and the Corruption of Science is a 2017 non-fiction book by American investigative journalist, and former senior Reuters correspondent, Carey Gillam. It was published October 10, 2017 by Island Press, a nonprofit, environmental publisher. Whitewash details how corporate interests influence the science behind American agriculture, allowing the potentially cancer-causing Monsanto herbicide glyphosate to be used liberally throughout the industry. The book contains accounts from farm families with cancers they believe were caused by glyphosate, and scientists whose reputations were impugned for publishing writings that challenged "business interests". Whitewash won the 2018 Rachel Carson Book Award from the Society of Environmental Journalists as well as "Outstanding Book of the Year" from the Independent Publisher Book Awards 2018. It has been translated into Dutch and into Chinese for publication in Taiwan. == References ==


id: why-we-nap-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Nap-0.md
category: reference
title: Why We Nap
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Nap
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:31.270429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-we-nap-20260505-0
summary:
Why We Nap: Evolution, Chronobiology, and Functions of Polyphasic and Ultrashort Sleep is a 1992 book edited by Claudio Stampi, sole proprietor of the Chronobiology Research Institute. It is frequently mentioned by "polyphasic sleepers", as it is one of the few published books about the subject of systematic short napping in extreme situations where consolidated sleep is not possible. According to the book, in a sleep deprived condition, measurements of a polyphasic sleeper's memory retention and analytical ability show increases as compared with monophasic and biphasic sleep (but still a decrease of 12% as compared with free running sleep). According to Stampi, the improvement is due to an extraordinary evolutionary predisposition to adopt such a sleep schedule; he hypothesizes this is possibly because polyphasic sleep was the preferred schedule of ancestors of the human race for thousands of years prior to the adoption of the monophasic schedule. According to EEG measurements collected by Dr. Stampi during a 50-day trial of polyphasic ultrashort sleep with a test subject and published in his book Why We Nap, the proportion of sleep stages remains roughly the same during both polyphasic and monophasic sleep schedules. The major differences are that the ratio of lighter


id: the-world-as-i-see-it-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_I_See_It_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The World as I See It (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_I_See_It_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:32.391882+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-as-i-see-it-book-20260505-0
summary:
The World as I See It is a book by Albert Einstein translated from the German by A. Harris and published in 1935 by John Lane The Bodley Head (London). The original German book is Mein Weltbild by Albert Einstein, first published in 1934 by Rudolf Kayser, with an essential extended edition published by Carl Seelig in 1954. Composed of assorted articles, addresses, letters, interviews and pronouncements, it includes Einstein's opinions on the meaning of life, ethics, science, society, religion, and politics. According to the preface of the first English edition, Albert Einstein believes in humanity, in a peaceful world of mutual helpfulness, and in the high mission of science. This book is intended as a plea for this belief at a time which compels every one of us to overhaul his mental attitude and his ideas. == References == == External links == The World as I See It preview on Google Books Essay "The World as I See It" Essay "Religion and Science" ISBN 978-0806527901


id: the-worlds-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Worlds_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: The Worlds of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Worlds_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:33.588986+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-worlds-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Worlds of Science is a series of science book paperbacks by various authors published by Pyramid Books in the 1960s. The series included both reprints of works originally published independently and new works written especially for the series. Prominent contributors included Isaac Asimov and L. Sprague de Camp, among others. Books in the series include: The Human Brain, by John Pfeifer Maya, by Charles Gallenkamp Nine Planets, by Alan E. Nourse Living Earth, by Peter Farb Chemistry Creates a New World, by Bernard Jaffe The Road to Man, by Herbert Wendt Giants of Science, by Philip Cane Snakes of the World, by Raymond Ditmars The ABC of Physics, by Jerome S. Meyer Computers, by Stanley L. Englebardt Man and Dolphin, by John C. Lilly Kingdom of the Octopus, by Frank W. Lane Dinosaurs, by Nicholas Hotton III The Story of Weather, by Capt. David C. Holmes, USN Fact and Fancy, by Isaac Asimov Electronics, by Stanley L. Englebardt Conquest of the Moon, by William Hines Elephant, by L. Sprague de Camp New Worlds of Oceanography, by Captain John E. Long New Frontiers in Medicine, by Stanley Englebardt The Human Machine, by Harry Moody The Borders of Mathematics, by Willy


id: x-stands-for-unknown-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Stands_for_Unknown-0.md
category: reference
title: X Stands for Unknown
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Stands_for_Unknown
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:34.748304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: x-stands-for-unknown-20260505-0
summary:
'X' Stands for Unknown is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays written by Isaac Asimov. It was the seventeenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between January 1982 and May 1983. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1984. == Contents == Physics 1 Read Out Your Good Book in Verse (May 1982) 2 Four Hundred Octaves (June 1982) 3 The Three Who Died Too Soon (July 1982) 4 X Stands for Unknown (August 1982) Chemistry 5 Big Brother (September 1982) 6 Bread and Stone (October 1982) 7 A Difference of an 'E' (November 1982) 8 Silicon Life After All (December 1982) Astronomy 9 The Long Ellipse (January 1982) 10 Change of Time and State (April 1982) 11 Whatzisname's Orbit (March 1982) 12 Ready and Waiting (February 1983) 13 Dead Centre (April 1983) 14 Out in the Boondocks (May 1983) Mathematics 15 To Ungild Refinèd Gold (January 1983) 16 The Circle of the Earth (February 1982) 17 The Armies of the Night (March 1983) == Reception == Dave Langford reviewed X Stands for Unknown for White Dwarf #79, and stated that "If you're scientifically


id: airstone-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstone-0.md
category: reference
title: Airstone
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstone
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:36.466364+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: airstone-20260505-0
summary:
An airstone, also called an aquarium bubbler, is a piece of aquarium furniture, traditionally a piece of limewood or porous stone, whose purpose is to gradually diffuse air into the tank, eliminating the noise and large bubbles of conventional air filtration systems, and providing other benefits to the health of the fish. "Airstone" is also a brand name stone or brick veneer used by homebuilders. Airstones are sold in a very wide variety of shapes, sizes, and levels of coarseness – from extremely rough, producing larger (though still typically unnoticeable) bubbles and letting in more oxygen – to very fine, producing minuscule bubbles. Airstones are increasingly being made from bonded glass beads and synthetic products like fiberglass. There is some controversy as to the efficiency of airstones versus the conventional powerhead system when used in uplift tubes as part of an under-gravel filter. Arguments can be made in favor of both systems, and both possess certain advantages and disadvantages. Among aquarists, the choice is very much a matter of personal preference, quite often discussed in internet forums. == Protein skimming == The original method of protein skimming, running pressurized air through a diffuser to produce large quantities of micro bubbles,


id: algae-scrubber-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubber-0.md
category: reference
title: Algae scrubber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:37.646457+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: algae-scrubber-20260505-0
summary:
An algae scrubber is a water filtering device which uses light to grow algae; in this process, undesirable chemicals are removed from the water. Algae scrubbers allow hobbyists to operate their saltwater or freshwater tanks or ponds using natural filtration based on primary production, much as occurs in oceans and lakes. == Concepts == An algae scrubber filters water by moving water rapidly over a rough, highly illuminated surface, which causes algae to start growing in large amounts. As the algae grow, they consume nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate, nitrite, ammonia, ammonium and even metals such as copper from the water. These nutrients are normally a problem in aquariums and ponds because they cause nuisance algae to grow, and also because they cause sickness and/or other problems in aquarium fish, invertebrates and corals. An algae scrubber allows algae to grow, but the algae grow inside the filter instead of in the aquarium or pond. This removes excess nutrients (scrubs the water), diminishing nuisance algae in the aquarium or pond . Nuisance algae in the aquarium or pond are not to be confused with the desired algae in the algae scrubber filter itself. The algae that grow in the algae scrubber


id: algae-scrubber-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubber-1.md
category: reference
title: Algae scrubber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:37.646457+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: algae-scrubber-20260505-0
summary:
Dr. Adey built several versions of algae scrubbers for aquariums at the Smithsonian. He called them "Algal Turf Scrubbers", because at the time it was believed that "turf" algae was the best type of algae to grow in a scrubber. He also was granted the first U.S. patent for a dumping-bucket algae scrubber, which described a complex dumping device that poured water onto a horizontal surface, thus simulating waves in a reef environment. After several years of development, he participated in a test of a large algae scrubber on the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium: "The Reef Tank represents the first application of algal scrubber technology to large volume aquarium systems. Aquaria using conventional water purification methods (e.g. bacterial filters) generally have nutrient levels in parts per million, while algal scrubbers have maintained parts per billion concentrations [much lower], despite heavy biological loading in the Reef Tank. The success of the algal scrubbers in maintaining suitable water quality for a coral reef was demonstrated in the observed spawning of scleractinian corals and many other tank inhabitants." Unfortunately, it was not known at the time (1988) that calcium and alkalinity needed to be added to an enclosed reef tank, in order to


id: algae-scrubber-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubber-2.md
category: reference
title: Algae scrubber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_scrubber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:37.646457+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: algae-scrubber-20260505-0
summary:
In addition, "turf" algae, which was the focus of Dr. Adey's dumping-bucket design, is replaced by "green hair algae". This is because turf algae tends to be dark brown and thick (like artificial turf on sports fields), and it blocks the light and water from reaching the screen. This slows the growth (and filtering) of the algae because the bottom layers of algae that are attached to the screen start to die and detach. Green algae, however (especially light-green hair algae), allows light and water to penetrate all the way down to the screen if the growth is kept less than 20 mm thick, which allows the algae to grow faster and absorb more nutrients without dying and losing attachment to the screen. This is fortunate because green hair algae is the exact type of algae that grows automatically in a properly constructed algae scrubber. Some models also use up-flowing air bubbles. This version, which is basically the exact opposite of the waterfall, allows the algae scrubber to be placed underwater in the aquarium, sump or pond, instead of above it. This greatly simplifies construction, since the device does not need to be waterproof, and it allows placement of the


id: aquarist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarist-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquarist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:38.811251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarist-20260505-0
summary:
An aquarist is a person who manages aquariums, either professionally or as a hobby. They typically care for aquatic animals, including fish and marine invertebrates. Some may care for aquatic mammals. Aquarists often work at public aquariums. They may also work at nature reserves, zoos, and amusement parks. Some aquarists conduct field research outdoors. In business, aquarists may work at pet stores, as commercial fish breeders, or as manufacturers. Some aquarists are hobbyists, also known as "home aquarists," who may vary in skills and experience. == History == People have cared for aquatic animals since ancient times. The Sumerians kept fish in ponds as early as 2500 BCE. Pliny the Elder wrote of people who kept fish as oracles, and ancient Agrigent was believed to have fish ponds. The Roman poet Rutilus Namatianus wrote of a Etrurian Jew who kept fish in opaque tanks. By the 10th century, goldfish were popular pets in China. In 1369, Emperor Hung Wu established a porcelain factory to produce large tubs for fish. Around 1500, goldfish came to Sakai, Japan. Two hundred years later, Sato Sanzaemon, from Koriyama, became the first Japanese fish breeder, and fish breeding became popular throughout Japan. Around 1611, goldfish


id: aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
An aquarium (pl.: aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aquatic reptiles, such as turtles, and aquatic plants. The term aquarium, coined by English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse, combines the Latin root aqua, meaning 'water', with the suffix -arium, meaning 'a place for relating to'. The aquarium principle was fully developed in 1850 by the chemist Robert Warington, who explained that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as the numbers of animals did not grow too large. The aquarium craze was launched in early Victorian England by Gosse, who created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and published the first manual, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea in 1854. Small aquariums are kept in the home by hobbyists. There are large public aquariums in many cities. Public aquariums keep fish and other aquatic animals in large tanks. A large aquarium may have otters, dolphins, sharks, penguins, seals, and whales. Many aquarium tanks


id: aquarium-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-1.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Influenced by Gosse, the German Emil Adolf Rossmässler promoted the value of the aquarium movement in the educational field. Rossmässler wrote of its use in an 1855 article in Die Gartenlaube (The Gazebo) and in his 1857 book Das Susswasser-Aquarium (The Freshwater Aquarium), the freshwater aquarium being much easier to maintain in landlocked areas. In 1862 William Alford Lloyd, then bankrupt because of the craze in England being over, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg, to supervise the installation of the circulating system and tanks at the Hamburg Aquarium. During the 1870s, some of the first aquarist societies were appearing in Germany. The United States soon followed. Published in 1858, Henry D. Butler's The Family Aquarium was one of the first books written in the United States solely about the aquarium. According to the July issue of The North American Review of the same year, William Stimson may have owned some of the first functional aquaria, and had as many as seven or eight. Henry Bishop, a bird and fish dealer in Baltimore ("Goldfish King"), is credited with revolutionizing the aquarium business in the US, selling a wide range of tanks and supplies beginning in the 1870s-1880s. The first aquarist society


id: aquarium-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-2.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
==== Glass ==== The first modern aquarium made of glass was developed in the 19th century by Robert Warrington. During the Victorian age, glass aquariums commonly had slate or steel bottoms, which allowed them to be heated underneath by an open-flame heat source. These aquariums had the glass panels attached with metal frames and sealed with putty. Metal-framed aquariums were still available until the mid-1960s, when the modern, silicone-sealed style replaced them. Acrylic aquariums first became available to the public in the 1970s. Laminated glass is sometimes used, which combines the advantages of both glass and acrylic. Today, most aquaria consist of glass panes bonded together by 100% silicone sealant, with plastic frames attached to the upper and lower edges for decoration. The glass aquarium is standard for sizes up to about 1,000 litres (260 US gal; 220 imp gal). However, glass is brittle and has very little give before fracturing, though generally the sealant fails first. Aquaria are made in a variety of shapes, such as cuboid, hexagonal, angled to fit in a corner (L-shaped), and bow-front (the front side curves outwards). Fish bowls are generally either made of plastic or glass, and are either spherical or some other


id: aquarium-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-3.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
An aquarium can range from a small glass bowl containing less than 1 liter (0.26 U.S. gal) of water to immense public aquaria that house entire ecosystems such as kelp forests. Relatively large home aquaria resist rapid fluctuations of temperature and pH, allowing for greater system stability. Beginner aquarists are advised to consider larger tanks to begin with, as controlling water parameters in smaller tanks can prove difficult. Small, unfiltered bowl-shaped aquaria are now widely regarded as unsuitable for most fish. In order to keep water conditions at suitable levels, aquariums should contain at least two forms of filtration: biological and mechanical. Chemical filtration should also be considered under some circumstances for optimum water quality. Chemical filtration is frequently achieved via activated carbon, to filter medications, tannins, and/or other known impurities from the water. Reef aquaria under 100 litres (26 US gal; 22 imp gal) have a special place in the aquarium hobby; these aquaria, termed nano reefs (when used in reefkeeping), have a small water volume, under 40 litres (11 US gal; 9 imp gal). Practical limitations, most notably the weight of water (1 kilogram per litre (8.345 lb/U.S. gal; 10.022 lb/imp gal)) and internal water pressure (requiring thick


id: aquarium-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-4.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Large volumes of water enable more stability in a tank by diluting effects from death or contamination events that push an aquarium away from equilibrium. The bigger the tank, the easier such a systemic shock is to absorb, because the effects of that event are diluted. For example, the death of the only fish in an 11-litre (3 US gal; 2 imp gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in a 400-litre (110 US gal; 88 imp gal) tank with many other fish in it represents only a minor change. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks, as they require less attention. Several nutrient cycles are important in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters the system at the surface water-air interface. Similarly, carbon dioxide escapes the system into the air. The phosphate cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also cycle through the system, entering as food and exiting as waste. Appropriate handling of the nitrogen cycle, along with supplying an adequately balanced food supply and considered biological loading, is enough to keep these other nutrient cycles in approximate equilibrium. An aquarium must be maintained regularly


id: aquarium-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-5.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Of primary concern to the aquarist is management of the waste produced by an aquarium's inhabitants. Fish, invertebrates, fungi, and some bacteria excrete nitrogen waste in the form of ammonia (which converts to ammonium, in water) and must then either pass through the nitrogen cycle or be removed by passing through zeolite. Ammonia is also produced through the decomposition of plant and animal matter, including fecal matter and other detritus. Nitrogen waste products become toxic to fish and other aquarium inhabitants at high concentrations. In the wild, the vast amount of water surrounding the fish dilutes ammonia and other waste materials. When fish are put into an aquarium, waste can quickly reach toxic concentrations in the enclosed environment unless the tank is cycled to remove waste. ==== The process ==== A well-balanced tank contains organisms that are able to metabolize the waste products of other aquarium residents, recreating a portion of the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria known as nitrifiers (genus Nitrosomonas) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from the water and metabolize it to produce nitrite. Nitrite is toxic to fish in high concentrations. Another type of bacteria (genus Nitrospira) converts nitrite into nitrate, a less toxic substance. (Nitrobacter bacteria


id: aquarium-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-6.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
The biological load, or bioload is a measure of the burden placed on the aquarium ecosystem by its inhabitants. High biological loading presents a more complicated tank ecology, which in turn means that equilibrium is easier to upset. Several fundamental constraints on biological loading depend on aquarium size. The water's surface area limits oxygen intake. The bacteria population depends on the physical space they have available to colonize. Physically, only a limited size and number of plants and animals can fit into an aquarium while still providing room for movement. Biologically, biological loading refers to the rate of biological decay in proportion to tank volume. Adding plants to an aquarium will sometimes help greatly with taking up fish waste as plant nutrients. Although an aquarium can be overloaded with fish, an excess of plants is unlikely to cause harm. Decaying plant material, such as decaying plant leaves, can add these nutrients back into the aquarium if not promptly removed. The bioload is processed by the aquarium's biofilter filtration system. ==== Calculating capacity ==== Limiting factors include the oxygen availability and filtration processing. Aquarists have rules of thumb to estimate the number of fish that can be kept in an aquarium.


id: aquarium-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium-7.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:40.028331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Aquaria may be grouped by their species selection. In a community tank, several non-aggressive species live peacefully. In these aquaria, the fish, invertebrates, and plants probably do not originate from the same geographic region, but tolerate similar water conditions and each other. Aggressive tanks, by contrast, house a limited number of species that can be aggressive toward other fish, or are able to withstand aggression well. Most aquarists maintaining marine tanks and tanks housing cichlids have to take species aggressiveness into account when stocking. Specimen tanks usually only house one fish species, along with plants—sometimes those found in the fish species' natural environment—and decorations simulating a natural ecosystem. This type is useful for fish that cannot coexist with other fish, such as the electric eel, as an extreme example. Some tanks of this sort are used simply to house adults for breeding. Biotope aquaria is another type based on species selection. In it, an aquarist attempts to simulate a specific natural ecosystem, assembling fish, invertebrate species, plants, decorations and water conditions all found in that ecosystem. Public aquaria often use this approach. Biotope aquaria simulates the experience of observing in the wild. It typically serves as the healthiest possible artificial


id: aquarium-fish-feeder-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feeder-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium fish feeder
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feeder
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:41.226192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-fish-feeder-20260505-0
summary:
Aquarium fish feeders are electric or electronic devices that are designed to feed aquarium fish at regular intervals. They are often used to feed fish when the aquarist is on vacation or is too busy to maintain a regular feeding schedule. == Design == Fish feeders are usually clamped to the wall of the tank just over the water. Most designs consist of a hopper which is loaded with a variety of dry food, a timer which rotates the hopper at regular intervals (dispensing food in the process), and a method of setting the interval between feeding and the amount of food dispensed. Some designs have individual small hoppers. Whilst this limits the absolute number of feeds, it does allow for more accurate dosing, and delivery of mixed, (both flake and pellet), foodstuffs, which are often important for community tanks. Most feeders can dispense flake, pellet, or freeze dried food. == Benefits == The benefits of electronic aquarium feeders are not only that the fish are fed when the aquarist is not at home, but they are also helpful in maintaining the fish' health. Because they are feeding small portions of food at scheduled intervals and precise feedings at appropriate


id: aquarium-fishery-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fishery-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium fishery
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fishery
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:42.474941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-fishery-20260505-0
summary:
Aquarium fishery is the process of fishing wild fish for sale to private and public aquariums. == Sources == Aquarium fisheries collect primarily saltwater fish, typically colorful reef fish. Major fishery areas are in the waters off the United States (Hawaii, Florida), Fiji Islands, Australia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. According to a report by the National Geographic “tens of millions of marine animals” are collected each year, more than half of them ending up in the US. It is estimated that about 1,800 species of tropical fish are collected and traded. Sea Sherpherd estimates that about 25 million fish are in the commercial pipeline of which “nearly all will die within a year from the point of capture”. Others estimates the number at 30 million animals, the vast majority coming from the Philippines and Indonesia. Aside from fish the pipeline also moves invertebrates and live corals. == Regulation == The industry is largely unregulated and lacks a central data base to assess its impact upon the environment. Different fisheries are regulated or managed differently and with various degrees of oversight. For example, lack of oversight has led to the widespread use of cyanide to stun fish to collect


id: aquarium-furniture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_furniture-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium furniture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_furniture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:43.650411+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-furniture-20260505-0
summary:
Aquarium furniture or aquarium decor refers to the various ornaments and functional items that support an aquarium. == Interior decorations == Ornamental aquarium furniture is used both for aesthetic reasons and to enrich the habitat and provide shelter for fish. Common types of aquarium furniture include artificial plants, caves, and themed decorations. Common tropes include treasure chests, shipwrecks, and vibrantly colored synthetic coral. Using ceramic objects as aquarium furniture is controversial to aquarists, as some types of ceramic glaze can leach heavy metals into aquarium water. Examples of functional aquarium furniture include devices for removing algae from the glass (either a razor or a scouring pad, attached to the glass by a magnet), airstones, water filters, water heaters, and food dispensers. == Exterior stands and cabinetry == Aquarium furniture may also refer to an item of (regular) furniture that features an aquarium in its design. A stand or cabinet that supports the aquarium may be considered aquarium furniture, as well as canopies which may contain metal halide lights. Aquarium stands and canopies are often constructed to the same standards as high quality cabinetry. They can be custom built to not only support the tank itself, but to house control systems


id: aquascaping-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascaping-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquascaping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascaping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:44.858225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquascaping-20260505-0
summary:
Aquascaping is the craft of arranging aquatic plants, as well as rocks, stones, cavework, or driftwood, in an aesthetically pleasing manner within an aquarium—in effect, gardening under water. Aquascape designs include a number of distinct styles, including the garden-like Dutch style and the Japanese-inspired nature style. Typically, an aquascape houses fish as well as plants, although it is possible to create an aquascape with plants only, or with rockwork or other hardscape and no plants. Aquascaping appears to have begun to be a popular hobby in the 1930s in the Netherlands, following the introduction of the Dutch-style aquascaping techniques. With the increasing availability of mass-produced freshwater fishkeeping products and popularity of fishkeeping following the First World War, hobbyists began exploring the new possibilities of creating an aquarium that did not have fish as the main attraction. Although the primary aim of aquascaping is to create an artful underwater landscape, the technical aspects of tank maintenance and the growth requirements of aquatic plants are also taken into consideration. Many factors must be balanced in the closed system of an aquarium tank to ensure the success of an aquascape. These factors include filtration, maintaining carbon dioxide at levels sufficient to support photosynthesis


id: aquascaping-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascaping-1.md
category: reference
title: Aquascaping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascaping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:44.858225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquascaping-20260505-0
summary:
Some hobbyists also refer to a "jungle" (or "wild jungle") style, separate from either the Dutch or nature styles, and incorporating some of the features of them both. The plants are left to assume a natural, untrimmed look. Jungle style aquascapes usually have little or no visible hardscape material, as well as limited open space. Bold, coarser leaf shapes, such as Echinodorus bleheri, are used to provide a wild, untamed appearance. Unlike nature style, the jungle style does not follow clean lines, or employ fine textures. A jungle canopy effect can be obtained using combinations of darker substrates, tall plants growing up to the surface, and floating plants that block light, offering a dappled lighting effect. Other plants used in jungle style aquascapes include Microsorum pteropus, Bolbitis heudelotii, Vallisneria americana, Crinum species, Aponogeton species, Echinodorus species, Sagittaria subulata, Hygrophila pinnatifida, Anubias species, and Limnobium laevigatum. === Biotopes === The styles above often combine plant and animal species based on the desired visual impact without regard to geographic origin. Instead, Biotope aquariums are designed to replicate a particular aquatic habitat at a particular geographic location, not necessarily to provide a gardenlike display. Plants and fish need not be present, but if


id: aquascaping-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascaping-2.md
category: reference
title: Aquascaping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascaping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:44.858225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquascaping-20260505-0
summary:
In addition to design, freshwater aquascaping also requires specific methods to maintain healthy plants underwater. Plants are often trimmed to obtain the desired shape, and they can be positioned by tying them in place inconspicuously with thread. Most serious aquascapers use aquarium-safe fertilizers, commonly in liquid or tablet form, to help the plants fill out more rapidly. Some aquarium substrates containing laterite also provide nutrients. Reverse osmosis filters may be used mitigate damaging effects of hard water on sensitive animals and plants, and filtered water is remineralized to the ideal hardness. It is also necessary to support photosynthesis by providing light. A variety of lighting systems may be used to produce the full spectrum of light, usually at 2–4 watts per gallon (0.5–1 watts per litre). Lights are usually controlled by a timer that allows the plants to be acclimated to a set cycle. Alternatively, some aquarists opt for placing their aquariums near windows (usually north or northeastern-facing, to avoid harsh direct sun), without artificial lighting, thus giving plants a more consistent, natural light cycle. Depending on the number of plants and fish, the aquascape may also require carbon dioxide supplementation. This can be accomplished with a simple homemade system


id: artificial-seawater-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_seawater-0.md
category: reference
title: Artificial seawater
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_seawater
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:46.012093+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: artificial-seawater-20260505-0
summary:
Artificial seawater (abbreviated ASW) is a mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins) that simulates seawater. Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and in marine and reef aquaria, and allows the easy preparation of media appropriate for marine organisms (including algae, bacteria, plants and animals). From a scientific perspective, artificial seawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater since it is a standardized formula. Artificial seawater is also known as synthetic seawater and substitute ocean water. == Industrial and laboratory formulations == A smaller but significant use is in laboratory or fire-fighting applications. In industrial and materials-science contexts, artificial seawater refers to a chemically defined electrolyte used to reproduce the ionic composition and conductivity of natural ocean water for corrosion testing, electrochemical research, and sensor calibration. The most widely cited formulation, ASTM D1141, specifies concentrations of sodium, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, bromide, and strontium that approximate the average composition of seawater with a salinity of about 35 g kg⁻¹. This mixture is deliberately simplified and excludes organic matter or biological nutrients so that the chemical environment is reproducible from batch to batch. It is commonly employed in laboratory methods such as ASTM G31 (immersion corrosion


id: bog-wood-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog-wood-0.md
category: reference
title: Bog-wood
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog-wood
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:47.176451+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bog-wood-20260505-0
summary:
Bog-wood (also spelled bogwood or bog wood), also known as abonos and, especially amongst pipe smokers, as morta, is a material from trees that have been buried in peat bogs and preserved from decay by the acidic and anaerobic bog conditions, sometimes for hundreds or even thousands of years. The wood is usually stained brown by tannins dissolved in the acidic water. Bog-wood represents the early stages in the fossilisation of wood, with further stages ultimately forming jet, lignite and coal over a period of many millions of years. Bog-wood may come from any tree species naturally growing near or in bogs, including oak (Quercus – "bog oak"), pine (Pinus), yew (Taxus), swamp cypress (Taxodium) and kauri (Agathis). Bog-wood is often removed from fields and placed in clearance cairns. It is a rare form of timber that is claimed to be "comparable to some of the world's most expensive tropical hardwoods". == Formation process == Bog-wood is created from the trunks of trees that have lain in bogs, and bog-like conditions such as lakes, river bottoms and swamps, for centuries and even millennia. Deprived of oxygen, the wood undergoes the process of fossilization. Water flow and depth play a special


id: brackish-water-aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish-water_aquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Brackish-water aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish-water_aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:48.361898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brackish-water-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
A brackish-water aquarium is an aquarium where the water is brackish (semi-salty). The range of "saltiness" varies greatly, from near freshwater to near marine and is often referred to as specific gravity (SG) or salinity. Brackish water aquaria is a popular specialization within the fishkeeping hobby. Many species of fish traded as freshwater species are actually true brackish species, for example mollies, Florida flagfish, and some cichlids such as chromides and black-chin tilapia. There are also several popular species traded purely as brackish water fish, including monos, scats, archerfish, and various species of pufferfish, goby, flatfish, and gar. Generally, aquarists need to maintain a specific gravity of around 1.005 to 1.010 depending on the species being kept, but practically all brackish water fish tolerate variations in salinity well, and some aquarists maintain that regularly fluctuating the salinity in the aquarium actually keeps the fish healthy and free of parasites. == Aquarium maintenance == Brackish water species can be kept mainly the same as standard freshwater aquaria, but a hydrometer is used to check the salinity of the water. Certain kinds of brackish water fish need to have their salinity increased slightly every six months. The tank sizes can vary widely


id: calcium-reactor-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_reactor-0.md
category: reference
title: Calcium reactor
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_reactor
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:49.529426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: calcium-reactor-20260505-0
summary:
A calcium reactor is an efficient method to supply calcium and trace elements to a reef aquarium. Reactors may be used in elaborate freshwater and brackish aquariums where freshwater clams and other invertebrates need a constant supply of calcium. In marine and reef aquariums, a calcium reactor dissolves a calcium carbonate media in order to balance alkalinity and introduce other trace elements. An acidic solution is produced by injecting carbon dioxide into a reaction chamber with salt water and calcium rich media. The carbon dioxide lowers the pH by producing a solution high in carbonic acid, and dissolves calcium. This solution is recirculated through the reaction chamber via a recirculating pump. The effluent, which is now rich in elements from the dissolved media, is returned to the reef aquarium where the elements are consumed by organisms, primarily corals when building skeletons. The reactor dissolves the calcium-laden media to provide bicarbonates HCO−3 (alkalinity) and calcium (Ca2+) ions at the same rate as consumed during calcification. Effectively dissolving the media requires an acidic pH. Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher, so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide (CO2) is used. The reaction formula is: CaCO3 + H2O + CO2


id: clean-up-crew-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-up_crew-0.md
category: reference
title: Clean-up crew
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-up_crew
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:50.672663+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clean-up-crew-20260505-0
summary:
The clean-up crew is the term that has been used by many aquarists and vendors since the late 1980s to refer to various small animals commonly sold for use in keeping the reef aquarium clear of pest algae, detritus and parasites. Among the most popular have long been blue-legged hermit crabs, scarlet hermit crabs, emerald crabs and various snails. Other commonly used animals include limpets, sea hares, sea urchins, brittle stars, algae-eating combtooth blennies, neon gobies, reef lobsters, cleaner shrimp, mysid shrimp, copepods, ostracods, isopods and amphipods. Even peppermint shrimp that feed on pest Aiptasia anemones are often included. Sometimes it is used for the shallow sediment-dwelling animals that live in the deep sand bed of marine aquariums or reef aquariums such as sand sifting starfish, spaghetti worms, bristleworms and flatworms. Clean-up crews have also more recently been used in freshwater aquariums to control algae, detritus and pest snails. These often include various snails, shrimp, small crayfish, Gammarus and Hyalella amphipods, Asellus isopods, Cyclops copepods, ostracods, Planaria flatworms, California blackworms, sludge worms, Loricariid and Corydoras catfish, loaches, log suckers and siamese algae-eaters. The term clean-up crew, along with custodian, has also been used for various arthropods, primarily a few established


id: coldwater-fish-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater_fish-0.md
category: reference
title: Coldwater fish
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater_fish
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:51.866431+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coldwater-fish-20260505-0
summary:
The term coldwater fish can have different meanings in different contexts. In the context of fishkeeping, it refers to ornamental fish species that tolerate the temperatures of a typical indoor aquarium well and do not require a heater to remain active, as opposed to tropical fish, which need a heater to survive in the room temperatures of temperate climates; In the context of ecology and fishing, it refers to fish species that prefer to inhabit waterbodies or depth zones with much lower temperatures than the average temperate water. Salmonids (e.g. salmon, trout, char and graylings) are a classic example of such types of fish. == Fishkeeping == Most or all ornamental fish species are able to tolerate temperatures as low as or lower than room temperature, with most stenothermic tropical species having critical thermal minimums of around 10-12 °C. Although these fish are capable of surviving in unheated aquaria, their temperature preferences may vary. For example, koi, goldfish, and pond loaches are commonly considered to be cold-water fish because of their ability to survive at very low temperatures, but their temperature preferences and/or physiological optimal temperatures are 32 °C (90 °F), 24–31 °C (75–88 °F), and 26–28 °C (79–82 °F),


id: community-aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_aquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Community aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:53.041015+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: community-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Community aquaria are tanks that are designed to contain more than one species of fish. Most commonly they include a variety of species that do not normally occur together in nature, for example angelfish from Brazil, swordtails from Mexico, and gouramis from South East Asia. The aim of such communities is to bring together fish that are compatible in temperament and water requirements, while using their different colours and behaviors to add interest and entertainment value. Though not usually called community tanks, most marine aquaria fit into this category too, using fish from places as diverse as the Caribbean, Red Sea, and western Pacific Ocean. Other aquarists prefer communities, called biotopes, that represent particular geographic locations, and combine fish with appropriate decorative materials including endogenous rocks and plants. The most popular of these geographically correct community tanks are those replicating the cichlid habitat of the East African Rift lakes of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi. == Community fish == For freshwater community tanks, there are large numbers of species that make successful community fishes. Most of the livebearers, barbs, tetras, rasboras, danios, and rainbowfishes are peaceful, though a few species are fin nippers, most notably tiger barbs and serpae tetras.


id: deep-sand-bed-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sand_bed-0.md
category: reference
title: Deep sand bed
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sand_bed
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:54.220245+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: deep-sand-bed-20260505-0
summary:
A deep sand bed is a filtration method used in some saltwater aquariums and some freshwater aquariums. A deep sand bed, similar to the Berlin Method, is designed to cultivate anaerobic bacteria in the bottom layers of sand, converting nitrate to nitrogen gas to remove toxic nitrates. == Operation == A deep sand bed is commonly defined as a bed of fine sand with a minimum depth of four to six inches which ensures that a portion of the sand at the bottom will not be exposed to significant circulation of water. An established deep sand bed consists of sand populated with bacteria, algae and other marine organisms such as worms, crabs, snails and stars. The creatures burrow and overturn the top two to three inches of sand in search of food, which causes water to circulate deeper in the sand than it would if the creatures were not present. Deep sand beds may be made of a variety of materials, but typically fine or "superfine" sand is used, with a grain size between 1 mm and 0.05 mm. A larger particle size increases circulation, which in turn requires greater depth to establish anaerobic areas. Larger particles can also inhibit


id: denitrifying-bacteria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrifying_bacteria-0.md
category: reference
title: Denitrifying bacteria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrifying_bacteria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:55.402407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: denitrifying-bacteria-20260505-0
summary:
Denitrifying bacteria are a diverse group of bacteria that encompass many different phyla. This group of bacteria, together with denitrifying fungi and archaea, is capable of performing denitrification as part of the nitrogen cycle. Denitrification is performed by a variety of denitrifying bacteria that are widely distributed in soils and sediments and that use oxidized nitrogen compounds such as nitrate and nitrite in the absence of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. They metabolize nitrogenous compounds using various enzymes, including nitrate reductase (NAR), nitrite reductase (NIR), nitric oxide reductase (NOR) and nitrous oxide reductase (NOS), turning nitrogen oxides back to nitrogen gas (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O). The reducing power can be supplied by organic carbon compounds (termed "heterotrophic denitrification") or inorganic substances such as hydrogen, reduced iron, or sulfur species (termed "autotrophic denitrification"). Some microbes can use either organic or inorganic sources of reducing power (termed "mixotrophs"). == Diversity of denitrifying bacteria == There is a great diversity in biological traits. Denitrifying bacteria have been identified in over 50 genera with over 125 different species and are estimated to represent 10-15% of bacteria population in water, soil and sediment. Denitrifying include for example several species of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes ,


id: denitrifying-bacteria-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrifying_bacteria-1.md
category: reference
title: Denitrifying bacteria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrifying_bacteria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:55.402407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: denitrifying-bacteria-20260505-0
summary:
=== Role of denitrifying bacteria as a methane sink === Denitrifying bacteria have been found to play a significant role in the oxidation of methane (CH4) (where methane is converted to CO2, water, and energy) in deep freshwater bodies of water. This is important because methane is the second most significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential 25 times more potent than that of carbon dioxide, and freshwaters are a major contributor of global methane emissions. A study conducted on Europe's Lake Constance found that anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification – also referred to as nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) – is a dominant sink of methane in deep lakes. For a long time, it was considered that the mitigation of methane emissions was only due to aerobic methanotrophic bacteria. However, methane oxidation also takes place in anoxic, or oxygen depleted zones, of freshwater bodies. In the case of Lake Constance, this is carried out by M. oxyfera-like bacteria. M. oxyfera-like bacteria are bacteria similar to Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera, which is a species of bacteria that acts as a denitrifying methanotroph. The results from the study on Lake Constance found that nitrate was depleted in the water


id: aquarium-filter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filter-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium filter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:56.583496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-filter-20260505-0
summary:
Aquarium filters are critical components of both freshwater and marine aquaria. Aquarium filters remove physical and soluble chemical waste products from aquaria, simplifying maintenance. Furthermore, aquarium filters are necessary to support life as aquaria are relatively small, closed volumes of water compared to the natural environment of most fish. == Overview == Animals, typically fish, kept in fish tanks produce waste from excrement and respiration. Another source of waste is uneaten food or plants and fish which have died. These waste products collect in the tanks and contaminate the water. As the degree of contamination rises, the risk to the health of the aquaria increases and removal of the contamination becomes critical. Filtration is a common method used for maintenance of healthy aquaria. === Biological filtration and the nitrogen cycle === Proper management of the nitrogen cycle is a vital element of a successful aquarium. Excretia and other decomposing organic matter produce ammonia which is highly toxic to fish. Bacterial processes oxidize this ammonia into the slightly less toxic nitrites, and these are in turn oxidized to form the much less toxic nitrates. In the natural environment these nitrates are subsequently taken up by plants as fertilizer and this does


id: aquarium-filter-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filter-1.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium filter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:56.583496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-filter-20260505-0
summary:
=== Power filters === Power or HOB (hang on back) filters, which are impeller powered, remove water from the aquarium, usually with a long siphoning tube, which is then pushed (or pulled) through a series of different filter media and returned to the aquarium. These are the most common type of aquarium filter. They are often more suitable for larger tanks than other types. However, they are not necessarily the best for smaller tanks, since they have a tendency to cause an excess of water flow in smaller tanks. Other types, such as sponge filters, are ideal in this environment. Advantages of this type of filter are that they allow for a selection of different types of filter media depending on the tank needs, and that they are easy to clean without disturbing the inhabitants of the tank because they sit on the outside of the fish tank. Disadvantages of power filters include their smaller capacity for filter media compared to canister filters, their aforementioned tendency to create excessive flow rates, and that they tend to be very noisy, usually resulting from vibrations. ==== Canister filters ==== Compared to filters that hang on the back of the aquarium, canister-style external


id: aquarium-filter-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filter-2.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium filter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:56.583496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-filter-20260505-0
summary:
Algae may be grown purposely, which removes chemicals from the water which need to be removed in order to have healthy fish, invertebrates and corals. This is a natural ("green") filtering method, which lets an aquarium operate the way oceans and lakes operate. Algae and disease-causing organisms can also be removed by treating the water with ultraviolet irradiation, but the drawback of UV is that it will kill beneficial bacteria as well. Therefore, UV treatment is typically used only when needed, and not all the time. ==== Baffle filters ==== Baffle filters are similar to wet and dry, trickle filters in that they are generally situated below the aquarium. This type of filter consists of a series of baffles that the water must pass through in order to reach the pump which is returning water to the aquarium. These baffles then act much like a series of canister filters and can be filled with different filter media for different purposes. ==== Fluidized bed filter ==== The fluidized bed filter (FBF) is a biological reactor only. The principle is to direct water through a sand (or similar media) bed from below so that the sand becomes fluidized – behaves like a


id: aquarium-fish-feed-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed-0.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium fish feed
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:57.725185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-fish-feed-20260505-0
summary:
Aquarium fish feed is plant or animal material intended for consumption by pet fish kept in aquariums or ponds. Fish foods normally contain macronutrients, trace elements and vitamins necessary to keep captive fish in good health. Approximately 80% of fishkeeping hobbyists feed their fish exclusively prepared foods that most commonly are produced in flake, pellet or tablet form. Some fish foods also contain additives such as sex hormones or beta carotene to artificially enhance the color of ornamental fish. == Prepared foods == Prepared foods are those foods that are non-living and are made by the aquarist or bought already prepared for consumption for fish. === Dry foods === Dry food is a type of proprietary or artificially manufactured fish food consumed by a wide variety of tropical and saltwater fish and invertebrates. It is ideally suited to top dwellers and mid-water fish though numerous bottom dwelling species consume flake food once it has settled on the bottom. Flake food is baked to remove moisture, ensuring a longer shelf life. Generally the more moisture a particular example of fish food contains, the more readily it will deteriorate in quality. Dry foods are also available as pellets, sticks, flakes, tablets, granules,


id: aquarium-fish-feed-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed-1.md
category: reference
title: Aquarium fish feed
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:57.725185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aquarium-fish-feed-20260505-0
summary:
=== Sources === Fish meal (protein source) have two basic types: (a) those produced from fishery wastes associated with the processing of fish for human consumption (such as salmon and tuna) and (b) those from specific fish (herring, menhaden and pollack) which are harvested solely for the purpose of producing fish meal. Shrimp mix (shrimp meal) is made from cull shrimp that are being processed before freezing or from whole shrimp that is not of suitable quality for human consumption. The material to be made into shrimp meal is dried (sun-dried or by using a dryer) and then ground. Shrimp meal is a source of pigments that enhances the desirable color in the tissues of fish. It is also a secondary supplemental protein source for fish. Squid meal is made from squid viscera portions from cannery plants including the eggs and testis. Squid Meal is a highly digestible protein source for fish which provides a full range of amino acids, vitamins, minerals and cholesterol (1.0–1.5%) of cholesterol suitable for fish fry and young fish. Brine shrimp (adult Artemia) is a common food source for fish that are available in adult-form, as eggs or freeze-dried. Brine shrimp is a source of


id: fishless-cycling-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishless_cycling-0.md
category: reference
title: Fishless cycling
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishless_cycling
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:58.884976+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fishless-cycling-20260505-0
summary:
Fishless cycling is a form of "maturing" an aquarium. The goal of the process is to establish a robust colony of nitrifiers, with the ammonia source provided to allow nitrifiers ('beneficial bacteria,' although nitrifiers can also be archaea) to grow and reproduce coming from non-fish sources, hence 'fishless.' Fishless cycling can reduce the chance of fish loss resulting from insufficient populations of nitrifiers. == Process == Fishless cycling can be instant or take a long time, up to six months in some reported cases. During this time, the aquarist provides an ammonia source for developing the nitrifier colony. Nitrifiers in the aquarium grow on all surfaces, particularly in areas of high water flow and high surface area, such as the filter. Allowing ammonia to be converted to nitrite and onto the less harmful nitrate minimizes stress and injury to aquarium fish. 'Cycling' is not identical to the 'nitrogen cycle', as here it is referring specifically to the process of establishing nitrification and not the other parts of the nitrogen cycle. Cycling can be sped up via specific methodologies. Seeding the aquarium with nitrifiers, either from established biomedia, or a biological booster product can help. However, not all products have been


id: galway-atlantaquaria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_Atlantaquaria-0.md
category: reference
title: Galway Atlantaquaria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_Atlantaquaria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:00.061817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: galway-atlantaquaria-20260505-0
summary:
Galway Atlantaquaria is an aquarium in Salthill, Galway, Ireland. It is Ireland’s largest aquarium, containing over 170 species. It is a member of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. In 2011, it became the home of "Dessie", a 70-year-old lobster and Northern Ireland's largest lobster. It has many years of expertise in wildlife rehabilitation. == History == In 2017, it began plans to build Ireland's first "Penguinarium", a penguin exhibit. However, the plan was rejected by Galway City Council. In 2024, it was visited by former NASA astronaut Steven Swanson, and a starfish was named "Steve" in his honor. It has hosted an exhibition in collaboration with University of Galway on using algae for the controlled release of medicine. == References ==


id: glen-echo-park-aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Echo_Park_Aquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Glen Echo Park Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Echo_Park_Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:01.754306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glen-echo-park-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Glen Echo Park Aquarium is a small public aquarium located on the premises of historic Glen Echo Park in Glen Echo, Maryland. Labeled as a "Chesapeake Bay Discovery Center," the Aquarium’s stated mission is to "promote awareness of the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed through education, in order to encourage stewardship and conservation." Glen Echo Park Aquarium (GEPA) is currently the only public aquarium in the immediate Washington D.C. area following the closure of the National Aquarium in Washington D.C. in 2013. == History == The Glen Echo Park Aquarium is located on the grounds of the historic Glen Echo Park. It sits on a tract of the park that was previously used for the Living Classrooms Children's Museum, formerly the Discovery Creek Children's Museum. Prior to the museums, the building was used to stable horses in the park. In the summer of 2015, the Glen Echo Park Aquarium soft launched, opening on weekends for summer camp programs. It held its grand opening on September 19, 2015, the date chosen by the Aquarium director, Andrew Wilson, as it coincided with International Talk Like a Pirate Day. Wilson is the founder of Under the Sea, an educational organization focused on


id: live-sand-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_sand-0.md
category: reference
title: Live sand
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_sand
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:02.942964+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: live-sand-20260505-0
summary:
Live sand, a term used in aquarism, is natural reef coral sand populated with large quantities of beneficial bacteria and organisms which aid in the dissolving of organic wastes like ammonia, nitrites and nitrates produced by larger organisms in saltwater aquariums. Live sand can be purchased from aquarium stores, but many hobbyists make their own by seeding dead sand with live sand from other aquarium systems. == See also == Filter (aquarium) Live rock Reef aquarium Sand == Further reading == Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by Jay Hemdal Baumeister, Werner (2002). Akwarystyka morska (in Polish). Łódź: Galaktyka. pp. 20, 21. ISBN 83-87914-58-4. == References ==


id: livebearers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livebearers-0.md
category: reference
title: Livebearers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livebearers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:04.090698+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: livebearers-20260505-0
summary:
Livebearers are fish that retain their eggs inside the body and give birth to live, free-swimming young. They are especially prized by aquarium owners. Among aquarium fish, livebearers are nearly all members of the family Poeciliidae and include: guppy, molly, platy, endler’s and swordtails. The advantages of livebearing to the aquarist are that the newborn juvenile fish are larger than newly-hatched fry, have a lower chance of mortality and are easier to care for. Unusual livebearers include seahorses and pipefish, where the males care for the young, and certain cichlids that are mouthbrooders, with the parent incubating the eggs in the buccal cavity. == Common aquarium livebearers == Species of interest to aquarists are almost always members of the family Poeciliidae, most commonly guppies, mollies, platies, swordtails, Endler's livebearer, and mosquitofish. Most of these are ovoviviparous, with the developing embryos receiving no nourishment from the parent fish, but a few are viviparous, receiving food from the maternal blood supply. Because the newborn fish are large compared to the fry of oviparous fish, which are those that lay eggs, newborn fish of livebearers are easier to feed than the fry of egg-laying species, such as characins and cichlids. This makes them


id: macquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Macquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:05.280728+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macquarium-20260505-0
summary:
A Macquarium is an aquarium made from, or made to sit within, the shell of an Apple Macintosh computer. The term was coined by computer writer Andy Ihnatko as a joke at the outdated Macintosh 512K; Macquariums have since been built both by Ihnatko himself and by others. == History == In the early 1990s, a user wrote into MacUser's help column asking how best to upgrade a Macintosh 512K. Columnist Andy Ihnatko jokingly responded that it should be turned into a fishtank. This resulted in eleven reader letters inquiring how to actually do it, leading Ihnatko to test it for himself. Ihnatko originally designed his Macquarium to use the Compact Macintosh-style shell. In the early 1990s, several Mac models in this form factor (such as the Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K and Macintosh Plus) were becoming obsolete, and Ihnatko considered that turning one into an aquarium might be "the final upgrade", as well as an affordable way to have a color Compact Mac. Ihnatko has mentioned in interviews that he saw attempts to build Macintosh aquariums at trade shows that, among other drawbacks, suffered from noticeable water level lines across the "screen" that spoiled the illusion of a "really good


id: maribor-aquarium-and-terrarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor_Aquarium_and_Terrarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Maribor Aquarium and Terrarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor_Aquarium_and_Terrarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:06.429700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maribor-aquarium-and-terrarium-20260505-0
summary:
Aquarium-Terrarium Maribor (Slovene: Akvarij–terarij Maribor) began operations in 1953. During the interwar period, the building housed the Park Café. In the terrarium, there are more than 100 different reptiles, amphibians and insects. The owner of the aquarium-terrarium is the urban municipality of Maribor, managed by the company Snaga. The acting head of professional and organizational tasks is Branko Kolar. == See also == Piran Aquarium == References == == Books == Zagoršćak, Vesna (2013). Akvarij - terarij Maribor: 60 let. Nigrad. ISBN 978-961-281-164-8.


id: marine-mammal-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal_park-0.md
category: reference
title: Marine mammal park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:07.608387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marine-mammal-park-20260505-0
summary:
A marine mammal park (also known as marine animal park and sometimes oceanarium) is a commercial theme park or aquarium where marine mammals such as dolphins, beluga whales and sea lions are kept within water tanks and displayed to the public in special shows. A marine mammal park is more elaborate than a dolphinarium, because it also features other marine mammals and offers additional entertainment attractions. It is thus seen as a combination of a public aquarium and an amusement park. Marine mammal parks are different from marine parks, which include natural reserves and marine wildlife sanctuaries such as coral reefs, particularly in Australia. == History == Sea Lion Park opened in 1895 at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York with an aquatic show featuring 40 sea lions. It closed in 1903. The second marine mammal park, then called an oceanarium, was established in St. Augustine, Florida in 1938. It was initially a large water tank used to exhibit marine mammals for filming underwater movies, and only later became a public attraction. Today Marineland of Florida claims to be "the world's first oceanarium." In November 1961, Marineland of the Pacific on the Palos Verdes Peninsula near Los Angeles became the


id: nano-aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_aquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Nano aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:08.795914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nano-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Nano aquariums are aquariums with the emphasis on small scale inhabitants inside smaller sized aquariums. They can be either freshwater nano aquariums or saltwater nano aquariums. Nano fish species are chosen from any smaller sized species of tropical fish. Other possible inhabitants are freshwater and seawater shrimps. Any plants for a nano aquarium also have to be of the smaller species. The marine nano aquarium is more difficult to maintain than the nano freshwater aquarium. == See also == Nano reefs == References == == External links ==


id: paludarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paludarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Paludarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paludarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:09.974525+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: paludarium-20260505-0
summary:
A paludarium is a type of vivarium that incorporates both terrestrial and aquatic elements. Paludaria (or paludariums) usually consist of an enclosed container in which organisms specific to the biome being simulated are kept. They may be maintained for purely aesthetic reasons or for scientific or horticultural purposes. The word 'paludarium' comes from the Latin word 'palus' meaning marsh or swamp and '-arium' which refers to an enclosed container. Paludaria can range in size from small, easily displayed boxes to biospheres large enough to contain entire trees. A prominent example of a very large paludarium is the tropical rainforest exhibit at the Montreal Biodome. == Flora and fauna == Since paludaria encompass water, land and air, many different types of fauna can be encompassed in the enclosure. While amphibians, fish and reptiles are the most common, people have kept insects and even birds in them. The animals that are most suited for a paludarium are the animals that naturally live in water/land type environments, swamps, marshes or mangroves. It is like an ecosystem that is placed inside an enclosed container. Flora suited for paludaria include plants that thrive in very humid environments or wetland areas. A common plant is the


id: penguinarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguinarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Penguinarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguinarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:11.136213+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: penguinarium-20260505-0
summary:
A penguinarium is a vivarium for penguins intended to simulate aspects of their natural environment. Penguinariums date back at least to 1968, when the Detroit Zoo opened the first in North America and possibly the world. The Detroit penguinarium was expanded in 2015 with a US$21 million overhaul funded in part by a US$10 million donation, the largest in the zoo's history, from a single donor. In April 2016, the Polk Penguin Conservation Center opened at the Detroit Zoo becoming the world's largest penguinarium. However, the exhibit temporarily closed in 2019 for waterproofing repairs as the penguins were moved back into the 1968 exhibit. The conservation center reopened on February 14, 2022. As of 2005, the world's second largest penguinarium was located on the Spanish island of Tenerife, where twelve tons of artificial snow were generated daily for the penguins at Loro Parque aquarium. == References ==


id: piran-aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piran_Aquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Piran Aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piran_Aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:12.341179+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: piran-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Piran Aquarium (Slovene: Akvarij Piran; Italian: Acquario di Pirano) is a aquarium in Piran, Slovenia, operating since 1964. It stands opposite from the maritime museum, and directly next to the inner quay of the Piran port. It is part of the science center at the University of Primorska. Since 2016 it has been run by veterinarian Manja Rogelja. Before 1991, the aquarium was visited by up to 60,000 visitors a year, many of them Croatian schoolchildren, but then the number of visitors halved. Besides Germans and Hungarians, the majority are Slovenians, with Italian visitors being rare. On 20 March 2007, Minister of Sport Milan Zver, Mayor of Piran Tomaž Gantar and director of Hotel Piran Ana Žerjal signed a letter of intent for the renovation. The ministry financed the renovation of the aquarium's interior. The building was demolished and rebuilt. During the regular winter closure in 2022, the aquarium renovated the main visitor area and souvenir shop, and they began creating an interactive children's corner. The rooms were painted in marine shades. == Postage Stamps == In October 2022, the aquarium released motifs for sea cauliflowers, and in April 2023, released motifs for seahorses. == References == == See also


id: public-aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_aquarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Public aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:13.560222+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
A public aquarium (pl. aquaria; or public water zoo) is the aquatic equivalent of a zoo, which houses living aquatic animal and plant specimens for public viewing. Most public aquariums feature tanks larger than those kept by home aquarists, as well as smaller tanks. Since the first public aquariums were built in the mid-19th century, they have become popular and their numbers have increased. Most modern accredited aquariums stress conservation issues and educating the public. == History == The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in May 1853; the Fish House, as it came to be known, was constructed much like a greenhouse. P.T. Barnum quickly followed in 1856 with the first American aquarium as part of his established Barnum's American Museum, which was located on Broadway in New York City before it burned down. In 1859, the Aquarial Gardens were founded in Boston. A number of aquariums then opened in Europe, such as the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris and the Viennese Aquarium Salon (both founded 1860), the Marine Aquarium Temple as part of the Zoological Garden of Hamburg in Hamburg (1864), as well as aquariums in Berlin (1869) and Brighton (1872). The old Berlin Aquarium opened in


id: public-aquarium-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_aquarium-1.md
category: reference
title: Public aquarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_aquarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:13.560222+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
Public aquariums are often affiliated with oceanographic research institutions or conduct their research programs, and sometimes specialise in species and ecosystems that can be found in local waters. For example, the Vancouver Aquarium in Vancouver, British Columbia, is a centre for marine research, conservation, and marine animal rehabilitation, particularly for the ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest. In 1964, the Vancouver Aquarium became the second aquarium to capture an orca, Moby Doll. He survived in captivity for just under three months, and the aquarium put him on display to the public for a day, but gave greater emphasis to groundbreaking scientific research. The aquarium also captured other orcas, belugas, narwhals and dolphins. The Monterey Bay Aquarium was the first public aquarium to display a great white shark. Beginning in September 2004, the Outer Bay exhibit (now the Open Sea galleries) was the home to the first in a series of great white sharks. The shark was at the aquarium for 198 days (the previous record was 16 days). The shark was released on 31 March 2005. The Adventure Aquarium in New Jersey has hippos. The Aquarium du Québec houses polar bears. == Gallery == == See also == List of aquaria


id: sea-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Sea Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:14.681296+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sea-life-20260505-0
summary:
Sea Life is a chain of commercial sea life-themed aquarium attractions. As of April 2017 there are 53 Sea Life attractions (including standalone Sea Life centres, mini Sea Life features within resort theme parks, and Legoland submarine rides) around the world. The chain is owned by the British company Merlin Entertainments. == History == Some of the aquariums now called Sea Life predate this rebrand and existed under different designations prior to their consolidation. The original named attraction was Sea Life Centre in Oban, Scotland, which opened in 1979. By 1992, nine other Sea Life units were opened. == Locations == === North America === ==== United States ==== Sea Life Legoland California Sea Life Arizona Sea Life at Mall of America Sea Life Caverns at Marine Life Sea Life Charlotte-Concord Sea Life Grapevine Sea Life Kansas City Sea Life Michigan Sea Life New Jersey Sea Life Orlando Sea Life San Antonio === Europe === ==== United Kingdom ==== Alton Towers Resort, Staffordshire, England - Sharkbait Reef by Sea Life Chessington World of Adventures, England - Chessington Sea Life Centre Cornish Seal Sanctuary, Gweek, England Legoland Windsor Resort, England - Atlantis Submarine Voyage National Sea Life Centre, Birmingham, England Sea


id: shark-tunnel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_tunnel-0.md
category: reference
title: Shark tunnel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_tunnel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:15.907169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shark-tunnel-20260505-0
summary:
A shark tunnel (or aquarium tunnel, acrylic tunnel and exhibit tunnel) is an underwater tunnel that passes through an aquarium, typically with sharks and related aquatic life. They are usually made of thick acrylic glass. The first aquarium tunnel in the world was installed in 1985 at Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World in Auckland, New Zealand. Most aquarium tunnels are cylindrical in shape, though tunnels can be made elliptical (to make them wider and still keep the top of the tunnel closer to the visitors), or even square. == List of aquariums with shark tunnels == This list is sorted alphabetically by aquarium name. † — Estimated based on top of tunnel being 4 ft (1.2 m) under the surface and 9 ft (2.7 m) to bottom of tunnel. == See also == Ithaa, an underwater restaurant in the Maldives. List of Aquaria == Notes ==


id: sharks-in-captivity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks_in_captivity-0.md
category: reference
title: Sharks in captivity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks_in_captivity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:17.046548+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sharks-in-captivity-20260505-0
summary:
Several species of sharks are kept in captivity in public aquaria. In home aquaria, size constraints mean that only the smallest sharks are typically viable as pets. == Public aquaria == Until recently only a few benthic species of shark, such as horn sharks, leopard sharks, catsharks, and zebra sharks, had survived in aquarium conditions for up to a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. A better knowledge of sharks has led to more species (including the large pelagic sharks) being able to be kept for far longer. At the same time, transportation techniques have improved and long distance movement of sharks is becoming easier. Several attempts to keep a great white shark in captivity have been made, but most specimens died or had to be released after a short time. One example, placed in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Japan, only survived for three days. The longest a great white was held in captivity was at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, in September 2004. A young female was kept in an outdoor tank for 198 days before releasing her back into


id: shrimp-mix-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_mix-0.md
category: reference
title: Shrimp mix
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_mix
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:18.205899+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shrimp-mix-20260505-0
summary:
Shrimp mix, also known as European shrimp mix, is a frozen fish feed used for fish with special dietary requirements, e.g. Tropheus, which are difficult to maintain using normal fish feed. The basic version is intended for herbivorous fish and is made by blending equal amounts of whole shrimp and green peas to a smooth paste, adding a vitamin supplement, and using either agar-agar or gelatin as binder. There are numerous variants tailored to the specific needs of different species. Common variants replace part of the shrimp or peas with fish meat, spinach, spirulina, or mussel meat, goat heart, and add astaxanthin, ascorbic acid, or garlic. == See also == Aquarium fish feed Commercial fish feed == References ==


id: sump-aquarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_(aquarium)-0.md
category: reference
title: Sump (aquarium)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_(aquarium)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:19.377870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sump-aquarium-20260505-0
summary:
In fishkeeping, a sump is an accessory aquarium tank in which mechanical equipment is kept. A remote sump allows for a clutter-free display tank. It is found mainly in a reef aquarium or marine aquarium. The sump sits below the main tank, and is used as a filter, as well as a holding place for unsightly, miscellaneous equipment such as protein skimmers, calcium reactors, and heaters. The main advantage of having a sump plumbed into an aquarium is the increase of water volume in the system, making it more stable and less prone to fluctuations of pH and salinity, and also mitigating the effects of nutrient buildup or the unintentional introduction of foreign substances. In addition, some sumps have a compartment that can be converted into a refugium, helping to filter out excess nutrients such as nitrates. A sump can also improve aeration of the water in the aquarium. Water movement between the sump and the display tank helps with gas exchange between the water and air. Increased dissolved oxygen is beneficial to fish and can also aid in avoiding Cyanobacteria outbreaks. == References ==


id: touch-pool-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_pool-0.md
category: reference
title: Touch pool
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_pool
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:20.584288+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: touch-pool-20260505-0
summary:
A touch pool or touch tank is a type of aquarium attraction in public aquariums where members of the public, especially young people, are allowed to touch the wildlife within the tanks. Tanks will be stocked with species which are not dangerous to touch to provide an opportunity for individuals to learn more about those species. These can include species like blue crabs, hermit crabs, stone crabs, sea snails and even anemones. Tanks are good for discussion and learning opportunities for children and family, helping with ecological education and understanding of ecosystems. Typical species in installations include rays, catsharks, flatfish, starfish, sea urchins, crabs, mollusks and other shellfish. Touch pools have been critiqued for how sanitary they are: humans are often touching the protective mucus of the fish and other wildlife in the tank, leading to potential health complications. Other critiques include the quality of life for the organisms in the tank, and the lack of mimicry of real aquatic environments. Other researchers have evaluated the elevated risk of health impacts for humans who interact with the animals, through potential health concerns. == See also == Shark tunnel == References ==


id: tropical-fish-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fish-0.md
category: reference
title: Tropical fish
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fish
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:21.777597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tropical-fish-20260505-0
summary:
Tropical fish are fish found in aquatic tropical environments around the world. Fishkeepers often keep tropical fish in freshwater and saltwater aquariums. The term "tropical fish" is not a taxonomic group, but rather is a general term for fish found in such environments, particularly those kept in aquariums. == Aquarium fish == Tropical fish is a term commonly used to refer to fish that are kept in heated aquariums. Freshwater tropical fish are more commonly kept than saltwater tropical fish due to the common availability of fresh water sources, such as tap water, whereas salt water is not commonly available and has to be recreated by using fresh water with sea salt additions. Salt water has to be monitored to maintain the correct salinity because of the effects of evaporation. Freshwater tropical aquariums can be maintained by simply topping up with fresh water. Tropical fish are popular choices for aquariums due to their often bright coloration, which typically derives from both pigmented cells and iridescent cells. Tropical fish may include wild-caught specimens, individuals born in captivity including lines selectively bred for special physical features, such as long fins, or particular colorations, such as albino. Some fish may be hybrids of


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-0.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
The Yukon Harbor orca capture operation was the first planned, deliberate trapping of a large group of orcas (killer whales). 15 southern resident orcas were trapped by Ted Griffin and his Seattle Public Aquarium party on February 15, 1967, in Yukon Harbor on the west side of Puget Sound, in the northwest United States. The first four orcas that had been taken into captivity had been captured singly, and mostly opportunistically. Those four were named Wanda, Moby Doll, Namu, and Shamu—who was then the only surviving one. Through them, public interest in orcas had escalated. The Yukon Harbor operation initiated the "peak cropping years" of the orca capture era in the Salish Sea, when large numbers of resident orcas were captured for sale. This occurred just at the time when the global whaling industry was beginning to become problematic in its viability and in social history. By 1967, there had been a score of attempts to capture orcas by various organizations. All of the deliberate attempts had failed, except for Ted Griffin's capture of Shamu. Many of the capture attempts had resulted in the deaths of orcas. Griffin's project was born of experiential knowledge combined with the geographical advantages of


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-1.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Namu, Inc. === Demand for captive orcas was not lacking, but supply was very problematic. Out of a score of deliberate capture attempts up until then, only the one which had caught Shamu had been successful. And a regular hazard of attempting to collect for aquariums was the death of animals. It appeared, however, that if anyone could catch an orca, it was Ted Griffin. "Namu, Inc., initially founded to control marketing and merchandising for the world's only captive orca, became the whale-catching arm of the Seattle Marine Aquarium" which he owned. == Griffin's preparations == === The project === In the late summer of 1966, Ted Griffin was planning not only to find a replacement for Namu at his Seattle Public Aquarium, but also to fill orders from other enterprises. Few, if any, other humans had spent as much time observing and obsessively chasing orcas. Many years of experience had left him painfully aware of how difficult it was to catch an orca alive. It had been done deliberately only once—by himself. Yet during the fall salmon run when Tacoma waters "teemed with the huge mammals" which "romped to the delight of shoreline spectators," Griffin himself did not


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-2.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
=== The trap === Ted Griffin had lost track of the southern resident orcas in January, but on February 14 he was notified "by the Coast Guard that killer whales had been spotted at Port Angeles, Washington, headed" towards Puget Sound. When they were sighted there on the 15th, he boarded a helicopter, carrying the Greener harpoon rifle with buoys attached to the line. "Griffin's opportunity came when a female and her calf surfaced beneath the helicopter, prompting an adult male to push them back underwater. 'Did you see that?' Griffin yelled to the pilot. 'He's protecting them!' The aquarium owner then fired his harpoon into the bull's right flank." In the following hours, his team on the water "used the three trailing buoys to track the pod." While north bound along the east coast of Vashon Island, the 30 or more orcas split into three groups. In a sheltered cove named Yukon Harbor on the Kitsap Peninsula south of Bainbridge Island, over depths ranging from 42 to 84 feet (13 to 26 metres), the fishing vessel Chinook laid out its 3,960-foot-long (1,210 m) modified seine net. According to a later count, 15 orcas were in a group that was


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-3.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Orcas being herded === February 15 had ended with a large number of southern resident orcas trapped inside a seine net, but "no one had ever attempted to sort and separate killer whales." Also, "while locals would pay to see a killer whale perform at Pier 56, they were less eager to witness a capture right in front of them." Many difficult days followed, as Ted Griffin and his party sought to corral the right orcas into smaller holding pens. "In the past several killer whales [had] been lost during this transfer." Griffin's chief assistant Don Goldsberry explained that they were targeting "whales between 13 and 16 feet (4.0 and 4.9 metres) because those are the ideal size for training or working with for scientific purposes." To the surprise of the Seattle Times reporter, "In a strange saga of the sea, Seattle's modern-day Ahab" was going to throw the big ones back, including a reportedly 30-foot (9.1-metre) bull. The Seattle Times took an especial interest in the problems of this phase of the capture operation, publishing daily reports. Griffin's first goal was to deliver an orca to the Portland Boat Show at the Portland Memorial Coliseum, which opened February


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-4.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
All was still not going well for the aquarium owner, however. On the 28th, Griffin had to report the death of his most spectacular captives—"one of whom was the harpooned bull." "He packed the Greener harpoon rifle away, never to use it again." The two "very large" males "became entangled [on the 27th] in the net at depths of 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 metres) and drowned." It appeared the two bulls had been trying to find a way under the steel submarine net. "Their bodies were turned over to the Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory for autopsies and study, Griffin reported." "Protests grew when photos emerged of one of the dead whales hanging from the boom of the Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory's research vessel." The aquarium lost some of the good-will that had been generated by Namu. Griffin voiced several counter arguments to answer his critics. First, he admitted he did not have all the answers for the innovative business of collecting orcas humanely. Griffin said that "many whales are killed for scientific research without public knowledge." Then he said that in commercial fishing, "one set of a tuna net can kill hundreds of porpoises." Moreover, the International


id: biorepository-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorepository-0.md
category: reference
title: Biorepository
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorepository
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:24.506345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biorepository-20260505-0
summary:
A biorepository is a facility that collects, catalogs, and stores samples of biological material for laboratory research. Biorepositories collect and manage specimens from animals, plants, and other living organisms. Biorepositories store many different types of specimens, including samples of blood, urine, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins. If the samples are from people, they may be stored with medical information along with written consent to use the samples in laboratory studies. == Purpose == The purpose of a biorepository is to maintain biological specimens, and associated information, for future use in research. The biorepository maintains the quality of specimens in its collection and ensures that they are accessible for scientific research. == Operations == The four main operations of a biorepository are; (i) collection (ii) processing, (iii) storage or inventory, and (iv) distribution of biological specimens. (i) Collection or accession occurs when a specimen arrives at the biorepository. Information about the specimen is entered into the laboratory information management system ("LIMS"), which tracks information about all of the specimens in the biorepository. Typical information linked to a specimen would be the specimen's origin and when it arrived at the biorepository. (ii) Processing of specimens is standardized to minimize variation due


id: botanical-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden with a documented collection of living plants for the purpose of scientific research, conservation, display, and education. Plants in larger gardens are often labelled with their botanical names and additional information. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, or plants from particular parts of the world. There may be glasshouses or shadehouses with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants that are not native to the local region. Most are at least partly open to the public, and may offer guided tours, public programming such as workshops, courses, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other entertainment. Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations, and usually have associated herbaria and research programmes in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science. In principle, their role is to maintain documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display, and education, although this will depend on the resources available and the special interests pursued at each particular garden. The staff will normally include botanists as


id: botanical-garden-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-1.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
Worldwide, there are now about 1800 botanical gardens and arboreta in about 150 countries (mostly in temperate regions) of which about 550 are in Europe (150 of which are in Russia), 200 in North America, and an increasing number in East Asia. These gardens attract about 300 million visitors a year. Historically, botanical gardens exchanged plants through the publication of seed lists (called Latin: Indices Seminum in the 18th century). This was a means of transferring both plants and information between botanical gardens. This system continues today, though with attention to the risks of genetic piracy and transmission of invasive species. The International Association of Botanic Gardens was formed in 1954 as a worldwide organisation affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences. More recently, coordination has also been provided by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), which has the mission "To mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet". Regional coordination is seen in the United States with the American Public Gardens Association (formerly the American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta), while in Australasia there is the Botanic Gardens of Australia and New Zealand (BGANZ). == History == The


id: botanical-garden-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-2.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
In the 17th century, botanical gardens began their contribution to a deeper scientific curiosity about plants. If a botanical garden is defined by its scientific or academic connection, then the first true botanical gardens were established with the revival of learning that occurred in the European Renaissance. These were secular gardens attached to universities and medical schools, used as resources for teaching and research. The superintendents of these gardens were often professors of botany with international reputations, a factor that probably contributed to the creation of botany as an independent discipline rather than a descriptive adjunct to medicine. ==== Origins in the Italian Renaissance ==== The botanical gardens of Southern Europe were associated with university faculties of medicine and were founded in Italy at Orto botanico di Pisa (1544), Orto botanico di Padova (1545), Orto Botanico di Firenze (1545), Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia (1558) and Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna (1568). Here the physicians (known in English as apothecaries) delivered lectures on the Mediterranean "simples" or "officinals" that were being cultivated in the grounds. Student education was no doubt stimulated by the relatively recent advent of printing and the publication of the first herbals. ==== Northern Europe ==== The


id: botanical-garden-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-3.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
At this time, British horticulturalists were importing many woody plants from Britain's colonies in North America, and the popularity of horticulture had increased enormously, encouraged by the horticultural and botanical collecting expeditions overseas fostered by the directorship of Sir William Jackson Hooker and his keen interest in economic botany. At the end of the 18th century, Kew, under the directorship of Sir Joseph Banks, enjoyed a golden age of plant hunting, sending out collectors to the South African Cape, Australia, Chile, China, Ceylon, Brazil, and elsewhere, and acting as "the great botanical exchange house of the British Empire". From its earliest days to the present, Kew has in many ways exemplified botanic garden ideals, and is respected worldwide for the published work of its scientists, the education of horticultural students, its public programmes, and the scientific underpinning of its horticulture. In 1728, John Bartram founded Bartram's Garden in Philadelphia, one of the continent's first botanical gardens. The garden is now managed as a historical site that includes a few original and many modern specimens as well as extensive archives and restored historical farm buildings. ==== Plant classification ==== The large number of plants needing description were listed in garden catalogues;


id: botanical-garden-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-4.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, all experienced farmers, shared the dream of a national botanic garden, leading to the founding in 1820 of the United States Botanic Garden, next to the Capitol in Washington DC. In 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden was founded at St Louis, Missouri; it is one of the world's leading gardens specializing in tropical plants. Russia's botanical gardens include Moscow University Botanic Garden ('the Apothecary Garden'), founded in 1706 by Tsar Peter the Great, and the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, (1714). === 20th century === ==== Civic and municipal botanical gardens ==== A large number of civic or municipal botanical gardens were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. These did not develop scientific facilities or programmes, but the horticultural aspects were strong and the plants often labelled. They were botanical gardens in the sense of building up collections of plants and exchanging seeds with other gardens around the world, although their collection policies were determined by those in day-to-day charge of them. They tended to become little more than beautifully maintained parks and were, indeed, often under general parks administrations. ==== Community engagement ==== The second half of the 20th century saw


id: dna-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: DNA bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:28.162558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dna-bank-20260505-0
summary:
DNA banking is the secure, long-term storage of an individual's genetic material. DNA is most commonly extracted from blood, but can also be obtained from saliva and other tissues. DNA banks allow for conservation of genetic material and comparative analysis of an individual's genetic information. Analyzing an individual's DNA can allow scientists to predict genetic disorders, as used in preventive genetics or gene therapy, and prove that person's identity, as used in the criminal justice system. There are multiple methods for testing and analyzing genetic information including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reactions (PCR). == Uses == DNA banking is used to conserve genetic material, especially that of organisms that face extinction. This is a more prominent issue today due to deforestation and climate change, which serve as a threat to biodiversity. The genetic information can be stored within lambda phage and plasma vectors. The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) DNA Bank, for example, collects the DNA of agricultural organisms, such as rice and fish, for scientific research. Most DNA provided by DNA banks is used for studies to attempt to develop more productive or more environmentally friendly agricultural species. Some DNA banks also store the


id: echinobase-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinobase-0.md
category: reference
title: Echinobase
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinobase
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:29.364626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: echinobase-20260505-0
summary:
Echinobase is a Model Organism Database (MOD). It supports the international research community by providing a centralized, integrated web based resource to access the diverse and rich, functional genomics data of echinoderm evolution, development and gene regulatory networks. Genomic research data and tools are available for searching, browsing and bioinformatic analysis of genomes, genes, and transcripts. Echinobase provides a critical data sharing infrastructure for other NIH-funded projects and enhances the availability and visibility of echinoderm data to the broader biomedical research community. == Supported species == Echinobase offers two levels of integration for supported echinoderm species. Full support includes full genome integration in the database, including gene pages, as well as availability of the genomes to BLAST, browsing via JBrowse, and genome download. Partial support provides BLAST, JBrowse, and download options, but no gene page integration. Current level one supported species (at various stages of integration) are: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Purple sea urchin) Patiria miniata (Bat star) Lytechinus variegatus (Green variegated sea urchin) Acanthaster planci (Crown-of-thorns starfish) Current level two supported species (at various stages of integration) are: Lytechinus pictus (painted urchin) Anneissia japonica (Feather star, a crinoid) Asterias rubens (Sugar star) Amphiura filiformis (Brittle star) Ptychodera flava (Yellow acorn worm)


id: european-bank-for-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bank_for_induced_pluripotent_Stem_Cells-0.md
category: reference
title: European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bank_for_induced_pluripotent_Stem_Cells
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:30.538388+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-bank-for-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-20260505-0
summary:
The European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells (EBiSC) is a non-profit induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biorepository and service provider with central facilities in Germany and the United Kingdom. EBiSC was set up between 2014 and 2017 by a consortium that represented researchers, clinicians and industry stakeholders. A second phase of the project runs between 2019 and 2022 with the aim of consolidating EBiSC as a not-for-profit, self-sustainable iPSC bank and service provider. The initiative was funded by the European Commission and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations under the Innovative Medicines Initiative. The European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells performs collection, banking, quality control and distribution of iPSC lines for research purposes. EBiSC's stated goal is to supply academic, non-profit and commercial researchers with quality-controlled, disease-relevant iPSC lines, data and other services. It also seeks to promote the international standardisation of iPSC banking practices and to act as a central hub that ensures the sustainability and accessibility of iPSC lines generated by different research organisations. IPSC lines generated externally can be deposited into EBiSC for storage, banking, quality control and distribution. == Catalogue and facilities == In February 2020, the EBiSC catalogue contained iPSC lines


id: frozen-ark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Ark-0.md
category: reference
title: Frozen Ark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Ark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:44.232785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-ark-20260505-0
summary:
The Frozen Ark is a charitable frozen zoo project created jointly by the Zoological Society of London, the Natural History Museum and University of Nottingham. The project aims to preserve the DNA and living cells of endangered species to retain the genetic knowledge for the future. The Frozen Ark collects and stores samples taken from animals in zoos and those threatened with extinction in the wild. Its current director is Michael W. Bruford (Cardiff University). The Frozen Ark was a finalist for the Saatchi & Saatchi Award for World Changing Ideas in 2006. The project was founded by Ann Clarke, her husband Bryan Clarke and Dame Anne McLaren. Since Bryan Clarke's death in 2014, the Frozen Ark's interim director has been Mike Bruford. == References == == External links == Official website A video on the Frozen Ark


id: gene-pool-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool-0.md
category: reference
title: Gene pool
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:45.394005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gene-pool-20260505-0
summary:
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species. == Description == A large gene pool indicates extensive genetic diversity, which is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense selection. Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) can cause reduced biological fitness and an increased chance of extinction, although as explained by genetic drift new genetic variants, that may cause an increase in the fitness of organisms, are more likely to fix in the population if it is rather small. When all individuals in a population are identical with regard to a particular phenotypic trait, the population is said to be 'monomorphic'. When the individuals show several variants of a particular trait they are said to be polymorphic. == History == The Russian geneticist Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky first formulated the concept in the 1920s as genofond (gene fund), a word that was imported to the United States from the Soviet Union by Theodosius Dobzhansky, who translated it into English as "gene pool." == Gene pool concept in crop breeding == Harlan and de Wet (1971) proposed classifying each crop and its related species by


id: germplasm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm-0.md
category: reference
title: Germplasm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:46.591561+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: germplasm-20260505-0
summary:
Germplasm refers to genetic resources such as seeds, tissues, and DNA sequences that are maintained for the purpose of animal and plant breeding, conservation efforts, agriculture, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of seed collections stored in seed banks, trees growing in nurseries, animal breeding lines maintained in animal breeding programs or gene banks. Germplasm collections can range from collections of wild species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that have undergone extensive human selection. Germplasm collection is important for the maintenance of biological diversity, food security, and conservation efforts. In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture production. == Regulation == In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture production. Specifically for plants, there is the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) which holds > 450,000 accessions with


id: international-moss-stock-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Moss_Stock_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: International Moss Stock Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Moss_Stock_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:47.779066+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-moss-stock-center-20260505-0
summary:
The International Moss Stock Center (IMSC) is a biorepository which is specialized in collecting, preserving and distributing moss plants of a high value of scientific research. The IMSC is located at the Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Biotechnology, at the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany. == Moss collection == The moss collection of the IMSC currently includes various ecotypes of Physcomitrella patens, Physcomitrium and Funaria as well as several transgenic and mutant lines of Physcomitrella patens, including knockout mosses. == Storage conditions == The long-term storage of moss samples in the IMSC is carried out via cryopreservation in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen at temperatures below −135 °C in special freezer containers. It has been shown for Physcomitrella patens that the regeneration rate after cryopreservation is 100%. Trackable accession numbers which may be used for citation purposes in publications are automatically assigned to all samples. == Financial support == The IMSC is supported financially by the Chair Plant Biotechnology of Prof. Ralf Reski and the Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss). == References == == External links == Website International Moss Stock Center (IMSC) Freiburg Website Chair Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg Website Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss)


id: international-society-for-biological-and-environmental-repositories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biological_and_Environmental_Repositories-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biological_and_Environmental_Repositories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:48.929783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-biological-and-environmental-repositories-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER) is a professional society of individuals and organizations involved in biospecimen banking. Its main activities include creating educational and training opportunities, providing an online forum service, showcasing related products and services, and creating opportunities for networking. It also has published works. == Membership == Membership includes organizations and individuals from over 30 countries involved in long-term preservation and storage of animal, environmental, human, microorganism culture, museum, and plant/seed collections. A complete list of members is available on the ISBER website. == Meetings == ISBER holds one international meeting each year. Lectures, workshops, poster presentations, and working group discussions focus on technical issues and challenges such as quality assurance and control, regulations, human subject privacy and confidentiality issues, and provide information about sources of equipment and expertise. === ISBER Annual Meeting Locations === Source: May 7-10, 2019 - Shanghai, China May 20-24, 2018 - Dallas, TX, USA May 9-12, 2017 - Toronto, ONT, Canada May 20–24, 2014 - Orlando, FL, USA 2013 - Sydney, NSW, Australia 2012 - Vancouver, BC, Canada 2011 - Arlington, VA, USA 2010 - Rotterdam, SH, Netherlands 2009 - Portland, OR, USA 2008 - Bethesda, MD, USA 2007


id: jic-germplasm-resources-unit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIC_Germplasm_Resources_Unit-0.md
category: reference
title: JIC Germplasm Resources Unit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIC_Germplasm_Resources_Unit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:50.126291+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jic-germplasm-resources-unit-20260505-0
summary:
The Germplasm Resources Unit is part of the John Innes Centre. Located in the Norwich Research Park, Norwich, England, is a germplasm conservation unit and National Capability supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. This unit houses a number of internationally recognised reference- and working-collections for wheat, oats, barley and peas, which serves UK and non-UK based academic, industrial and non-industrial groups. == History == The collections from the Germplasm Resources Unit were brought together in the mid-1980s from working collection from several research institutes from around the UK that worked with small grain cereals and legumes, including the extinct Plant Breeding Institute. This centralisation effort was supported by the John Innes Institute, and was designed to act as an open collection that would provide access to important resources for ongoing research and breeding. The connection of the unit and the JIC has the advantage of placing germplasm material on sites of active research where a higher level of interaction with the scientific community is possible. This two-way interaction ensures that scientists and students are exposed to, and have greater opportunities to view and discuss genetic variability, while affording staff involvement in research objectives and priorities within both


id: knowledge-ark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_ark-0.md
category: reference
title: Knowledge ark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_ark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:51.287637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: knowledge-ark-20260505-0
summary:
A knowledge ark (also known as a doomsday ark or doomsday vault) is a collection of knowledge preserved in such a way that future generations would have access to it if all other copies of it were lost. Scenarios where access to information (such as the Internet) would become otherwise impossible could be described as existential risks or extinction-level events. A knowledge ark could take the form of a traditional library or a modern computer database. It could also be pictorial in nature, including photographs of important information, or diagrams of critical processes. A knowledge ark would have to be resistant to the effects of natural or man-made disasters in order to be viable. Such an ark should include, but would not be limited to, information or material relevant to the survival and prosperity of human civilization. Other types of knowledge arks might include genetic material, such as in a DNA bank. With the potential for widespread personal DNA sequencing becoming a reality, an individual might agree to store their genetic code in a digital or analog storage format which would enable later retrieval of that code. If a species was sequenced before extinction, its genome would still remain available


id: new-zealand-arthropod-collection-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Arthropod_Collection-0.md
category: reference
title: New Zealand Arthropod Collection
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Arthropod_Collection
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:52.458538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-zealand-arthropod-collection-20260505-0
summary:
The New Zealand Arthropod Collection is a collection of terrestrial invertebrates held by Maanaki Whenua – Landcare Research in Auckland, New Zealand. It specialises in the taxonomy and identification of indigenous and exotic invertebrate species in New Zealand, and is one of New Zealand's Nationally Significant Collections and Databases. The NZAC provides identification guides to the public in the form of insect factsheets, the "What is this bug" website, and illustrations by Des Helmore. == References == == External links == Official website


id: new-zealand-fungarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fungarium-0.md
category: reference
title: New Zealand Fungarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fungarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:53.639251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-zealand-fungarium-20260505-0
summary:
The New Zealand Fungarium (PDD; Māori: Te Kohinga Hekaheka o Aotearoa) is a fungarium and the major collection of New Zealand fungi. It is one of the largest collections in the Southern Hemisphere. The Fungarium is designated a Nationally Significant Collection by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. == History == The accessioning of collections that led to the establishment of the New Zealand Fungarium (PDD): Te Kohinga Hekaheka o Aotearoa began with the appointment of G.H. Cunningham in 1919 by the Department of Agriculture. Cunningham and the collection were transferred to the Department of Science and Industrial Research's Plant Diseases Division in 1936. This is the origin of the PDD acronym. The DSIR was disestablished and reorganised into a number of Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) in 1992 and the Fungarium is now part of and maintained by the Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research CRI. == Collections == The Fungarium houses the collections of R.E. Beever (Agaricales, Boletales), G.H. Cunningham (Aphyllophorales, Gasteromycetes, Uredinales), J.M. Dingley (Ascomycetes), E. Horak (Agaricales), S.J. Hughes (Hyphomycetes, sooty moulds), R.F.R. McNabb (Agaricales, Boletaceae, Dacrymycetaceae, Tremellaceae), R.H. Petersen (Clavariaceae), G.J. Samuels (Ascomycetes), and K. Curtis. Fungal specimens from the herbarium of the Plant Health and Diagnostic


id: ova-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ova_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Ova bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ova_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:56.064738+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ova-bank-20260505-0
summary:
An ova bank, or cryobank, or egg cell bank is a facility that collects and stores human ova, mainly from ova donors, primarily for the purpose of achieving pregnancies of either the donor, at a later time (i.e. to overcome issues of infertility), or through third party reproduction, notably by artificial insemination. Ova donated in this way are known as donor ova. == General == There are currently very few ova banks in existence. Generally, the main purpose of storing ova, at present, is to overcome infertility which may arise at a later age, or due to a disease. The ova are generally collected between 31 and 35 years of age. The procedure of collecting ova may or may not include ovarian hyperstimulation. It can be expected however that ova collection will become more important in the future, i.e. for third party reproduction, and/or for producing stem cells, i.e. from unfertilized eggs (oocytes). == See also == Sperm bank Gene bank Artificial insemination Genetic counseling Genetic testing New eugenics Safe upper age limit for women donating ova Eugenics Infertility Surrogacy Commercial surrogacy Assisted reproduction Designer babies == References ==


id: the-puratos-sourdough-library-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puratos_Sourdough_Library-0.md
category: reference
title: The Puratos Sourdough Library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puratos_Sourdough_Library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:57.255110+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-puratos-sourdough-library-20260505-0
summary:
The Sourdough Library was founded in October 2013 in Saint-Vith, Belgium, and is the only facility in the world dedicated to housing sourdough cultures. The library is housed at the Puratos Center for Bread Flavour, with a mission to conserve and promote sourdoughs from around the world, to conduct research, and to ensure the survival of the various strains for future use. It currently has over 900 strains of wild yeast and lactic acid bacteria recorded. Every new sample that arrives at the library is checked and analyzed in the laboratory, run by Professor Marco Gobbetti. The library is a not-for profit initiative from Puratos and as of 2016 has 87 sourdoughs, including 12 from the United States. == See also == List of sourdough breads == References == == External links == Virtual tour


id: seed-library-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_library-0.md
category: reference
title: Seed library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:59.623185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seed-library-20260505-0
summary:
A seed library is an institution that lends or shares seed. It is distinguished from a seedbank in that the main purpose is not to store or hold germplasm or seeds against possible destruction, but to disseminate them to the public which preserves the shared plant varieties through propagation and further sharing of seed. == History == The first seed library was created in 1975 in Bocking, Essex in the United Kingdom. Established by Lawrence Hills, It was called the HDRA Vegetable Seed Library, now known as the Heritage Seed Library. Run by Garden Organic, the Heritage Seed Library conserves up to 800 varieties of heritage and heirloom vegetable seeds. The first seed library to be established in a public library in America was at the Gardiner Public Library in Gardiner, New York and was developed by Ken Greene in 2004. Since then, the number of seed libraries has grown to over 450 across the globe, with most being established in the United States. == Function == Seed libraries can maintain their collections through donations from members, but may also operate as pure charity operations intent on serving gardeners and farmers. A common attribute of many seed libraries is to


id: sperm-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A sperm bank, semen bank, or cryobank is a facility or enterprise which purchases, stores and sells human semen. The semen is produced and sold by men who are known as sperm donors. The sperm is purchased by or for other persons for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy or pregnancies other than by a sexual partner. Sperm sold by a sperm donor is known as donor sperm. A sperm bank may be a separate entity supplying donor sperm to individuals or to fertility centers or clinics, or it may be a facility which is run by a clinic or other medical establishment mainly or exclusively for their patients or customers. A pregnancy may be achieved using donor sperm for insemination with similar outcomes to sexual intercourse. By using sperm from a donor rather than from the sperm recipient's partner, the process is a form of third party reproduction. In the 21st century artificial insemination with donor sperm from a sperm bank is most commonly used for individuals with no male partner, i.e. single women and coupled lesbians. A sperm donor must generally meet specific requirements regarding age and screening for medical history. In the United States, sperm banks are


id: sperm-bank-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-1.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A sperm bank will aim to provide donor sperm which is safe by checking and screening donors and of their semen. A sperm donor must generally meet specific requirements regarding age and medical history. Requirements for sperm donors are strictly enforced, as in a study of 24,040 potential sperm donors, only 5620, or 23.38% were eligible to donate their sperm. Sperm banks typically screen potential donors for a range of diseases and disorders, including genetic diseases, chromosomal abnormalities and sexually transmitted infections that may be transmitted through sperm. The screening procedure generally also includes a quarantine period, in which the samples are frozen and stored for at least six months after which the donor will be re-tested for the STIs. This is to ensure no new infections have been acquired or have developed during the period of donation. Providing the result is negative, the sperm samples can be released from quarantine and used in treatments. Common reasons for sperm rejection include suboptimal semen quality and STDs. Chromosomal abnormalities are also a cause for semen rejection, but are less common. Children conceived through sperm donation have a birth defect rate of almost a fifth compared with the general population. A sperm


id: sperm-bank-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-2.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A sperm donor will usually be required to enter into a contract with a sperm bank to supply their semen, typically for a period of six to twenty-four months depending on the number of pregnancies which the sperm bank intends to produce from the donor. If a sperm bank has access to world markets e.g. by direct sales, or sales to clinics outside their own jurisdiction, a man may donate for a longer period than two years, as the risk of consanguinity is reduced (although local laws vary widely). Some sperm banks with access to world markets impose their own rules on the number of pregnancies which can be achieved in a given regional area or a state or country, and these sperm banks may permit donors to donate for four or five years, or even longer. The contract may also specify the place and hours for donation, a requirement to notify the sperm bank in the case of acquiring a sexual infection, and the requirement not to have intercourse or to masturbate for a period of usually 2–3 days before making a donation. The contract may also describe the types of treatment for which the donated sperm may be


id: sperm-bank-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-3.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
After the sample has been processed for cryoprotection, the sperm is stored in small vials or straws holding between 0.4 and 1.0 ml of sperm and then cryogenically preserved in liquid nitrogen tanks. Two approaches for sperm cryoperservation include conventional freezing and vitrification. The conventional technique consists of a slow freezing process that is most commonly used for assisted reproduction technologies (ART). Whereas the vitrification method is a faster approach for sperm cryopreservation in converting liquid to solid state. The disadvantage of this latter process is increase in contamination from the liquid nitrogen and smaller sperm sample size to improve the speed for 'high cooling rate'. It has been proposed that there should be an upper limit on how long frozen sperm can be stored; however, a baby has been conceived in the United Kingdom using sperm frozen for 21 years and andrology experts believe sperm can be frozen indefinitely. The UK government places an upper limit for storage of 55 years. Following the necessary quarantine period, which is usually six months, a sample will be thawed. To thaw a sperm sample, the vial or straw is left at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes, and then brought to body


id: sperm-bank-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-4.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
=== Controversy === Based on the statistics presented in earlier discussions, there is controversy with regard to a perceived lack of diversity within the donor sperm pool of many sperm banks. This includes, but is not limited to, height requirements implemented by some sperm banks. As a result, it is alleged that potential sperm recipients often encounter very limited sperm donor pool options. Lack of diversity results in very limited choices especially among ethnic minorities within the United States. Whenever an individual chooses to specify their preferred donor background, the number of available options (sperm donors that meet the particular individual's criteria) can dwindle down to the low single digits. Scott Brown from California Cryobank admitted: "We don't get as many minority applicants as we [would] like." Even after numerous attempts to reach out to numerous ethnic communities, the response can be nearly nonexistent. At the California Cryoback, Brown mentions that one out of 100 would be able to become final sperm donor while Ottey from the Fairfax Cryobank mentions one out of 200 would be able to become ultimate sperm donors. In addition, locations of the California Cryobank are in Los Angeles, Los Altos, California; mid-Manhattan, and Cambridge Massachusetts.


