# kb

id: imagine-cup-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Cup-1.md
category: reference
title: Imagine Cup
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Cup
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:35.350059+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imagine-cup-20260505-0
summary:
Team Graphmasters from Germany. The team members are: Christian Brüggemann, Sebastian Heise and Iulian Nitescu. Team StethoCloud from Australia. The team members are: Hon Weng Chong, Andrew Lin, Mahsa Salehi and Karthik Rajah. Team Vivid from Egypt. The team members are: Noureldien Hussein (Nour El-Dien Hussein), Muhammed Mousa El-Orabi and Fady Fawzy Rafla. Team Cipher256 from Uganda The team members are: Aaron Tushabe, Joshua Okello, Dr. Davis Musinguzi, Josiah Kavuma and Joseph Kaizzi. Team QuadSquad from Ukraine. The team members are: Maxim Osika, Valeriy Yasakov, Anton Stepanov, Anton Posternikov and Dmytro Samoilenko. == Recognition == Imagine Cup participants from around the world who won their regional competitions in 2010 have been recognized by their government leaders. In October 2010, two Imagine Cup 2010 United States finalists (Wilson To from the Mobilifeteam and Christian Hood from BeastWare) were invited to participate in the White House Science Fair. New Zealand's Prime Minister, Hon. John Key sent Team OneBeep from New Zealand a personal letter that congratulated them on their third-place finish. Team Skeek from Thailand, winners of the 2010 Software Design competition, met Dr. Khunying Kalaya Sophonpanich, a member of Parliament and Secretary General of The Rajapruek Institute Foundation. Microsoft Poland and


id: india-science-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Science_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: India Science Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Science_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:40.420388+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: india-science-award-20260505-0
summary:
India Science Award is one of the highest and the most prestigious national recognition by the Government of India for outstanding contribution to science. The primary and essential criterion for the award is demonstrated and widely accepted excellence in science. The award covers all areas of research in science including engineering, medicine and agriculture. The prize money is ₹25 lakhs, and it also carries a citation and a gold medal. The award is announced and presented every year at the Indian Science Congress (ISC). The award was instituted by the 10th Prime Minister of India Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003. The first award, for the year 2004, was given to a renowned chemist Prof CNR Rao, for his works in solid state and material chemistry, by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the inauguration of the 93rd Indian Science Congress on 3 January 2006. == History == India Science Award was launched at the 90th Indian Science Congress on 3 January 2003, held at Bangalore University, by the Prime Minister of India. On 30 June 2003 the Ministry of Science and Technology (India) approved the framework and guidelines of the award. The meeting was attended by 20 eminent scientists, government


id: innovators-under-35-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovators_Under_35-0.md
category: reference
title: Innovators Under 35
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovators_Under_35
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:41.709400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: innovators-under-35-20260505-0
summary:
The Innovators Under 35 is a peer-reviewed annual award and listicle published by MIT Technology Review magazine, naming the world's top 35 innovators under the age of 35. == Background == They have 5 categories of innovators, Visionaries, Pioneers, Inventors, Humanitarians, Entrepreneurs. There are also subcategories, and although they change from year to year, they generally focus on biomedicine, computing, communications, business, energy, materials, and the web. Nominations are sent from around the world and evaluated by a panel of expert judges. In some years, an Innovator of the Year or a Humanitarian of the Year is also named from among the winners. The purpose of the award is to honor "Exceptionally talented young innovators whose work has the greatest potential to transform the world." == History == The award was started in 1999 as the TR100, with 100 winners, but was changed to TR35 (35 winners) starting in 2005. The awards are presented to the winners at the annual Emtech conference on emerging technologies, held in the fall at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where there is an awards ceremony and reception. There are several regional TR35 lists produced by Technology Review also, such as the list of


id: list-of-international-society-for-magnetic-resonance-in-medicine-gold-medal-winners-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine gold medal winners
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:42.948889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-international-society-for-magnetic-resonance-in-medicine-gold-medal-winners-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Society_for_Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine_gold_medal_winners-0.md

summary:
The ISMRM Gold Medal is the highest honor awarded by the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, recognizing individuals who have made major contributions to the development of magnetic resonance techniques in medicine and biology. Recipients are selected by a committee of peers based on the originality and impact of their work in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS). Past awardees include Robert S. Balaban (1994), Peter J. Basser (2008), Zaver M. Bhujwalla (2019), and Peter A. Bandettini (2020). ✰ – 1991 Nobel Prize in Chemistry ★ – 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine == See also == Günther Laukien Prize, presented at the Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference "to recognize recent cutting-edge experimental NMR research with a high probability of enabling beneficial new applications." == References == == External links == Gold Medal, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Society_for_Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine_gold_medal_winners


id: iri-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRI_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: IRI Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRI_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:44.100060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iri-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The IRI Medal, established by the Industrial Research Institute (IRI) in 1946, recognizes and honors leaders of technology for their outstanding accomplishments in technological innovation which contribute broadly to the development of industry and to the benefit of society. One side of the medal depicts a scientist peering into a microscope as a symbol of the never-ending quest for innovation; a pegasus running in the background as a symbol of imagination; and clouds issuing from a retort revealing the practical results of humanity's ability to harness natural forces to meet its needs. The reverse side of the medal is an adaptation of the official seal of the Institute. This award is traditionally presented each spring at the IRI Annual Meeting alongside the IRI Achievement Award. == List of recipients == == See also == Industrial Research Institute IRI Achievement Award Maurice Holland Award == References == == External links == Industrial Research Institute, Inc. (IRI) IRI Medal


id: kamerlingh-onnes-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerlingh_Onnes_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Kamerlingh Onnes Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerlingh_Onnes_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:45.258457+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kamerlingh-onnes-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Kamerlingh Onnes Award is in recognition of special merits of scientists active in the field of refrigeration technology, cryogenics and more generally low-temperature science and technology. It was founded in 1948 by the Royal Dutch Association of Refrigeration (Koninklijke Nederlandse Vereniging voor Koude, KNVvK) The name of the award is intended to keep the memory of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes alive. The award is assigned typically every four years and the winners get a golden medal and a certificate. == List of recipients == 1950 Prof. F. Simon, Oxford, England, Very low temperatures, liquid hydrogen and helium 1955 Prof. R. Plank, Karlsruhe, Germany, Refrigeration technology in a broad sense 1958 Prof. S.C. Collins, M.I.T., USA, Low temperatures, especially with regard to equipment for the production of liquid helium 1958 Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium, Eindhoven, Netherlands, Development of cryogenerator 1963 Dr. F. Kidd and Dr. C. West, Cambridge, England, Research storage conditions of fruit 1968 Prof. P.L. Kapitza, Moscov, Russia, Low temperatures; scientifically and technologically 1973 Ms. Dr. Audrey Smith, Stanmore, England, Introduction of cryoprotectants; cryobiology 1979 Dr. J.E. Kunzler, Bell Labs., USA, Superconductivity 1983 Prof. L. Váhl, Delft, The Netherlands, Refrigeration technology in the broad sense 1988 Ir. T.A. van Hiele,


id: kavli-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Kavli Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:46.537612+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kavli-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Kavli Prize was established in 2005 as a joint venture of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, and the Kavli Foundation. It honors, supports, and recognizes scientists for outstanding work in the fields of astrophysics, nanoscience and neuroscience. Three prizes are awarded every second year. Each of the three Kavli Prizes consists of a gold medal, a scroll, and a cash award of US$1,000,000. The medal has a diameter of 70 millimetres (2.8 in), a thickness of 5 millimetres (0.20 in), and weighs 311 grams (11.0 oz). The first Kavli Prizes were awarded on 9 September 2008 in Oslo, presented by Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway. == Selection committees == The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters appoints three prize committees consisting of leading international scientists after receiving recommendations made from the following organisations: Chinese Academy of Sciences French Academy of Sciences Max Planck Society United States National Academy of Sciences Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Royal Society == Laureates == === Astrophysics === === Nanoscience === === Neuroscience === == See also == List of general science and technology awards List of astronomy awards List of neuroscience awards The


id: k-rber-european-science-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Körber_European_Science_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Körber European Science Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Körber_European_Science_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:47.747721+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: k-rber-european-science-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Körber European Science Prize is a science and technology award, presented annually by the Körber Foundation in Hamburg, honoring outstanding scientists working in Europe for their promising research projects. The prize is endowed with 1 million euro (until 2018: 750,000 euro) and promotes research projects in the life sciences and physical sciences. == History == The prize was initiated by the entrepreneur Kurt A. Körber with the help of Reimar Lüst, the president of the Max Planck Society. The first award was in 1985. At first, European research teams were honored, but since 2005, only individuals qualify. == Selection process == Candidates for the prize need not be from Europe, but they must be living in Europe. Renowned scientists from all over Europe, grouped into two Search Committees, select promising candidates. The awards are annual and alternate between the life and physical sciences. Those who are shortlisted are then asked to submit a detailed proposal for a research project which is then judged in two rounds of assessment by the Search Committee. The work of the Search Committee is supported by international experts. A maximum of five candidates are subsequently recommended to the Trustee Committee which, based on a


id: kyoto-prize-in-basic-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prize_in_Basic_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prize_in_Basic_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:48.996348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyoto-prize-in-basic-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences is awarded once a year by the Inamori Foundation. The Prize is one of three Kyoto Prize categories; the others are the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology and the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy. The first Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences was awarded to Claude Elwood Shannon, the “Establishment of Mathematical Foundation of Information Theory”. The Prize is regarded as a prestigious award available in fields which are traditionally not honored with a Nobel Prize. == Fields == The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences is awarded on a rotating basis to researchers in the following four fields: Mathematical sciences (including pure mathematics) Biological sciences (evolution, behavior, ecology, environment) Earth and planetary sciences, astronomy and astrophysics Cognitive science/Life sciences (molecular biology, cell biology, neurobiology) == Laureates == Source: Kyoto Prize === Biological sciences === === Mathematical sciences === === Earth and planetary sciences, astronomy and astrophysics === === Life sciences === === Cognitive science === == See also == Kyoto Prize Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy List of Kyoto Prize winners List of astronomy awards List of biology awards List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize (German: Förderpreis für deutsche Wissenschaftler im Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz-Programm der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft), or Leibniz Prize, is awarded by the German Research Foundation to "exceptional scientists and academics for their outstanding achievements in the field of research". Since 1986, up to ten prizes have been awarded annually to individuals or research groups working at a research institution in Germany or at a German research institution abroad. It is considered the most important research award in Germany. The prize is named after the German polymath and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). It is one of the highest endowed research prizes in Germany with a maximum of €2.5 million per award. Past prize winners include Stefan Hell (2008), Gerd Faltings (1996), Peter Gruss (1994), Svante Pääbo (1992), Theodor W. Hänsch (1989), Erwin Neher (1987), Bert Sakmann (1987), Jürgen Habermas (1986), Hartmut Michel (1986), and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1986). == Prizewinners == === 2020–2029 === 2026: Klaus Blaum – Experimental Physics, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg Christian Doeller – Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig Christian Hasse – Energy Process Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt Johannes Krause – Archaeogenetics, Max Planck


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-1.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Jens Beckert – Sociology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne Alessandra Buonanno – Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln – Economics, Goethe University Frankfurt Veit Hornung – Immunologie, Gene Center Munich, LMU Munich and Eicke Latz, Immunologie, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn Heike Paul – Amerikanistik, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg Erika L. Pearce – Immunologie, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg/Breisgau Claus Ropers – Experimental Solid-state Physics, University of Göttingen Oliver G. Schmidt – Materials Science, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden and Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Chemnitz University of Technology Bernhard Schölkopf – Machine Learning, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen László Székelyhidi – Applied Mathematics, Leipzig University 2017: Lutz Ackermann – Organic Molecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen Beatrice Gründler – Arabistics, Free University of Berlin Ralph Hertwig – Cognition Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Education Research Karl-Peter Hopfner – Structure Biology, LMU Munich Frank Jülicher – Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems Lutz Mädler – Mechanical Process engineering, University of Bremen Britta Nestler – Material science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Joachim P. Spatz – Biophysics,


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-2.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Jan Born – Neuroendocrinology / Sleep research (University of Lübeck) Peter Fratzl – Biomaterials (Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam) Roman Inderst – Macroeconomics (Goethe University Frankfurt) Christoph Klein – Pediatrics / Oncology (Hannover Medical School) Ulman Lindenberger – Lifespan psychology (Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin) Frank Neese – Theoretical chemistry (University of Bonn) Jürgen Osterhammel – Recent and modern history (University of Konstanz) Petra Schwille – Biophysics (Dresden University of Technology) Stefan Treue – Cognitive Neurosciences (German Primate Center, Göttingen) Joachim Weickert – Digital image processing (Saarland University) === 2009–2000 === 2009: Antje Boetius – Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen Holger Braunschweig – Inorganic chemistry, University of Würzburg Wolfram Burgard – Computer science, University of Freiburg Heinrich Detering – University of Göttingen Jürgen Eckert – IFW Dresden, and Dresden University of Technology Armin Falk – Economist, University of Bonn Frank Kirchhoff – University of Ulm Jürgen Rödel – Materials scientist, Technische Universität Darmstadt Karl Lenhard Rudolph – University of Ulm Burkhard Wilking – University of Münster Martin R. Zirnbauer – University of Cologne 2008: Susanne Albers – theoretical computer science, University of Freiburg Martin Beneke – theoretical particle physics, RWTH Aachen University Holger


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-3.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Jochen Feldmann – optoelectronical component (LMU Munich) Eduard Christian Hurt – molecular biology (Heidelberg University) Hans Keppler – mineralogy (University of Tübingen) Arthur Konnerth – neurophysiology (LMU Munich) Ulrich Konrad – musicology (University of Würzburg) Martin Krönke – immunology/cell biology (University of Cologne) Joachim Küpper – Romantic literary theory (Free University of Berlin) Christoph Markschies – history of Christianity (Heidelberg University) Wolfgang Marquardt – process systems engineering (RWTH Aachen University) Helge Ritter – informatics (Bielefeld University) Günter Ziegler – mathematics (Technische Universität Berlin) 2000: Klaus Fiedler – cognitive social psychology (Heidelberg University) Peter Greil – materials science (University of Erlangen–Nuremberg) Matthias W. Hentze – molecular biology (European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg) Peter M. Herzig – geochemistry and economic geology (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology) Reinhard Jahn – cellular biology (Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Institute), Göttingen) Aditi Lahiri – general linguistics (University of Konstanz) Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff – public law (Bielefeld University) Dieter Lüst – theoretical physics (Humboldt University of Berlin) Stefan Müller – mathematics (Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig) Manfred Pinkal – computational linguistics (Saarland University) Ilme Schlichting – biophysics (Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund) Friedrich Temps and Hans-Joachim


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-4.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Georg W. Bornkamm – virology (GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit München) Christopher Deninger, Michael Rapoport, Peter Schneider and Thomas Zink – mathematics (University of Münster, University of Wuppertal, University of Cologne and Bielefeld University) Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit – japanology (Free University of Berlin) Jürgen Kocka – history of sociology (Free University of Berlin) Joachim Menz – mine surveying (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology) Friedhelm Meyer auf der Heide and Burkhard Monien – informatics (Paderborn University) Jürgen Mlynek – experimental physics (University of Konstanz) Svante Pääbo – molecular biology (LMU Munich) Wolfgang Raible – romanistics (University of Freiburg) Hans-Georg Rammensee – immunology (Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen) Jan Veizer – geochemistry of sediments (Ruhr University Bochum) 1991: Gerhard Ertl – physical chemistry (Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Berlin) Dieter Fenske and Michael Veith – inorganic chemistry (University of Karlsruhe and Saarland University) Ernst O. Göbel – solid state physics (Marburg University) Dieter Häussinger – internal medicine (University of Freiburg) Karl-Heinz Hoffmann – applied mathematics (University of Augsburg) Randolf Menzel – zoology/neurobiology (Free University of Berlin) Rolf Müller – biochemistry/molecular biology (Marburg University) Hermann Riedel – material mechanics (Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik Freiburg) Hans-Ulrich Schmincke – mineralogy/vulcanology (Research Center for


id: leonhard-euler-gold-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler_Gold_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Leonhard Euler Gold Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler_Gold_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:51.338795+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leonhard-euler-gold-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Leonhard Euler Gold Medal (Золотая медаль имени Леонарда Эйлера) is a medal named after the Swiss, German, and Russian mathematician Leonhard Euler, awarded by the Отделением математических наук (Branch of Mathematical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for outstanding results in mathematics and physics. The medal was awarded once in 1957 to two scientists and since 1991 has been awarded every five years. == Laureates == 1957 — Igor Kurchatov and Felix Frankl for outstanding results in mathematics and physics 1991 — Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov for fundamental contributions to the development of mathematics 1997 — Yury Osipov for outstanding results in mathematics and physics 2002 — Ludvig Faddeev for outstanding results in mathematics and physics 2007 — Valery Vasilevich Kozlov for a series of papers on nonlinear Hamiltonian systems of differential equations 2012 — Sergei Novikov for his deep contribution to the application of topological methods in quantum physics 2017 — Igor Shafarevich for outstanding contributions to number theory and algebraic geometry 2022 — Sergei Godunov for outstanding results in the field of computational mathematics == References ==


id: list-of-nelson-p-jackson-aerospace-memorial-award-winners-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nelson_P._Jackson_Aerospace_Memorial_Award_winners-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nelson_P._Jackson_Aerospace_Memorial_Award_winners
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:56.644877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-nelson-p-jackson-aerospace-memorial-award-winners-20260505-0
summary:
The Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award was established in 1960 to honor Nelson P. Jackson, a founder and first president of the National Space Club. This award is the club's second most prestigious honor and it recognizes outstanding contributions to advancements in the missile, aircraft, and space fields. Described by NASA as “the space world's equivalent of an Academy Award" it is presented annually by the National Space Club during the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C. Nelson P. Jackson was a highly decorated Air Force colonel, involved in the military atomic energy program, and had served with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also a prominent D.C. attorney and the D.C. manager for GE's Atomic Energy Division. The National Space Club is the premier non-profit organization dedicated to advancing space leadership, technology, and education in the United States. Bringing together industry leaders, government officials, educators, and private individuals, the club fosters collaboration in astronautics and ensures that critical space-related information is shared with the public. == List of Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners == == References ==


id: lloyd-s-nelson-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_S._Nelson_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Lloyd S. Nelson Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_S._Nelson_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:57.801699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lloyd-s-nelson-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Lloyd S. Nelson Award is an annual award presented by the editorial review board of the Journal of Quality Technology (JQT), a quarterly peer-reviewed journal published by the American Society for Quality (ASQ). The award recognizes the paper published in the JQT judged to have the "greatest immediate impact to practitioners" in the field of quality control and applied statistics. == History and Namesake == The award is named in honor of Dr. Lloyd S. Nelson (1922–2013), an American statistician and educator who was influential in developing and promoting statistical methods for quality improvement. Nelson was the founding editor of the Journal of Quality Technology, a publication dedicated to making technical statistical tools accessible for industrial application. He established the journal in 1969 by leading the initiative to split ASQ's flagship publication, Industrial Quality Control, into two separate journals: the general interest magazine Quality Progress and the more technical Journal of Quality Technology. Nelson is also known for formalizing the Nelson rules, a set of tests used to detect "special causes" of variation in statistical process control charts. == Criteria and Selection == The winning paper is selected by the JQT editorial review board based on criteria prioritizing real-world


id: m-king-hubbert-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._King_Hubbert_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: M. King Hubbert Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._King_Hubbert_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:00.217095+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: m-king-hubbert-award-20260505-0
summary:
The M. King Hubbert Award is an annual award granted by the National Ground Water Association in the United States. Established in 1973, it is named after Marion King Hubbert, an American geophysicist who made foundational contributions to geology and geophysics. The award is presented to a person who has made a major science or engineering contribution to the groundwater industry through research, technical papers, teaching, and practical applications. As of 2026, fifty-three scientists have received the award. == List of recipients == Starting in 1973, the list of recipients is available from the National Ground Water Association website. 1973: Walter H. F. Smith 1974: Robert Minning 1975: Harry E. LeGrand 1977: Thomas A. Prickett 1979: David M. Miller 1980: Stanley N. Davis 1981: Jack Keeley 1982: Wayne A. Pettyjohn 1983: Otto Helwig 1984: Don L. Warner 1985: John G. Ferris 1986: John D. Hem 1987: John A. Cherry 1988: Shlomo P. Neuman 1989: Leonard F. Konikow 1990: Jacob Bear 1991: John D. Bredehoeft 1992: Mary P. Anderson 1993: Irwin Remson 1994: Donald Nielsen 1995: William Back 1996: R. Allan Freeze 1997: Franklin W. Schwartz 1998: Richard R. Parizek 1999: Thomas C. Winter 2000: Emil A. Friend 2001: David McWhorter


id: magellanic-premium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_Premium-0.md
category: reference
title: Magellanic Premium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_Premium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:01.471355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: magellanic-premium-20260505-0
summary:
The Magellanic Premium, also known as the Magellanic Gold Medal and Magellanic Prize is awarded for major contributions in the field of navigation (whether by sea, air, or in space), astronomy, or natural philosophy. The Premium was established in 1786 through a grant by Jean-Hyacinthe Magellan (Portuguese: João Jacinto de Magalhães). Benjamin Franklin, then President of the American Philosophical Society, accepted it and established the terms of reference under which it would be given. In the 217 years since Magellan offered the Premium, the APS has awarded on only 36 occasions (as of 2021): twelve for navigation, twelve for natural philosophy, and eleven for astronomy. == Recipients of the Magellanic Premium == Source: American Philosophical Society == See also == List of general science and technology awards == References == The Magellanic Premium


id: magnus-hirschfeld-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Magnus Hirschfeld Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:02.678631+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: magnus-hirschfeld-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Magnus Hirschfeld Medal is awarded by the German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research (DGSS) for outstanding service to sexual science, granted in the categories "Sexual Research" and "Sexual Reform". It is named in honour of German sexology pioneer Magnus Hirschfeld (though DGSS diverges from some of Hirschfeld's theories). == Previous winners == === For contributions to sexual research === 1990 Ernest Borneman (Austria) 1992 John Paul De Cecco (USA) 1994 Liu Dalin (China) 1997 Jonathan Ned Katz (USA) 2000 Milton Diamond (USA) 2002 John Money (USA) 2004 Martin S. Weinberg (USA) 2006 Richard Green (USA/UK) 2008 Hu Peicheng (China) 2016 João Décio Ferreira (Portugal) === For contributions to sexual reform === 1990 Herman Musaph (Netherlands) 1992 Imre Aszódi (Hungary) 1994 Ruth Westheimer ("Dr. Ruth"; USA) 1997 Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan (Sweden) 2000 Oswalt Kolle (Netherlands) 2002 Manfred Bruns (Germany) and William Granzig (USA) 2004 Rolf Gindorf (Germany) 2006 Rita Süssmuth (Germany) 2008 Robert T. Francoeur (USA) == References ==


id: mahathir-science-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Science_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Mahathir Science Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Science_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:03.844483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mahathir-science-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Mahathir Science Award is an award for outstanding contributions in science and technology that address issues related to the tropics. The Foundation was established 17 August 2004 in honour of the former Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad. It is presented by the Mahathir Science Award Foundation. == Award-winners == Alimuddin Zumla Hugh Possingham Kerrie Wilson Erik Meijaard Rita R. Colwell Alan Cowman Yuan Longping == References ==


id: mayor-s-award-for-excellence-in-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor's_Award_for_Excellence_in_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor's_Award_for_Excellence_in_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:05.055926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mayor-s-award-for-excellence-in-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology is given annually to recognise important members of the science and engineering communities in New York City. Candidates must live or work in the city. Nominations are submitted in five categories: Biological and Medical Sciences Mathematical, Physical, Engineering Sciences Technology Public Understanding of Science and Technology Young Investigator (for scientists and engineers under the age of 40) The Mayor chooses winners from a list of finalists submitted by the New York Academy of Sciences and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. == References ==


id: meinzer-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinzer_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Meinzer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinzer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:06.372305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meinzer-award-20260505-0
summary:
The O.E. Meinzer Award is the annual award of the Hydrogeology Division of the Geological Society of America. Established in 1965, it is named after Oscar Edward Meinzer who has been called the "father of modern groundwater hydrology". The Meinzer award recognizes the author or authors of a publication or body of publications that have significantly advanced the science of hydrogeology or a closely related field. == List of recipients == Starting in 1973, the list of recipients is available from the National Ground Water Association website. 1965 Tóth, József 1966 McGuinness, C. L. 1967 Stallman, Robert W. 1968 Hantush, Mahdi S. 1969 Cooper, Hilton H., Jr. 1970 Stringfield, Victor T. 1971 Maxey, George B. 1972 Poland, Joseph F. and Davis, George H. 1973 Back, William and Hanshaw, Bruce B. 1974 Freeze, R. Allan 1975 Bredehoeft, John D. and Pinder, George F. 1976 Neuman, Shlomo P. and Witherspoon, Paul A. 1977 Rubin, Jacob and James, Ronald V. 1978 Nelson, William R. 1979 Sharp, John. M., Jr., and Domenico, P. A. 1980 Cooley, Richard. L. 1981 Bennett, Gordon D. 1983 Weeks, Edwin P. 1984 Schwartz, Franklin W. and Smith, Leslie. J. 1985 Cherry, John A. 1986 Narasimhan, T. N. 1987 Gelhar,


id: microsoft-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Microsoft Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:07.665245+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: microsoft-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society and Académie des sciences Microsoft Award was an annual award given by the Royal Society and the Académie des sciences to scientists working in Europe who had made a major contribution to the advancement of science through the use of computational methods. It was sponsored by Microsoft Research. The award was open to any research scientist who had made a significant contribution at the intersection of computing and the sciences covering Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Engineering. The prize recognized the importance of interdisciplinary research at the interface of science and computing for advancing scientific boundaries, as well as the importance of investing in European scientists to give Europe a competitive science base. The recipient was selected by a Committee comprising members of the Académie des sciences and Fellows of the Royal Society. The prize consisted of a trophy and monetary amount of €250,000, of which €7,500 is prize money and the rest earmarked for further research. The first award was made in 2006 and the last in 2009. It has now been replaced by the Royal Society Milner Award. == List of winners == == Microsoft Award today == Today, Microsoft is giving awards for


id: minkowski-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Minkowski Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:08.957702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: minkowski-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Minkowski Prize is given by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in recognition to research which has been carried out by a person normally residing in Europe, as manifested by publications which contribute to the advancement of knowledge concerning diabetes mellitus. The Prize honors the name of Oskar Minkowski (1858–1931), a physician and physiologist who was the discoverer of the role of pancreas in the control of glucose metabolism. It has been awarded annually since 1966, and the winner is invited to pronounce a Minkowski Lecture during the EASD Annual Conference. It is traditionally seen as the most prestigious European prize in the field of diabetes research. Since 1966, the award is sponsored by a pharmaceutical company Sanofi-Aventis. The prize consists of a certificate and 20,000 euros plus travel expenses. The candidate must be less than 45 years of age on 1 January of the year of award. Self-nomination is possible. == Winners == With the city where the prize was awarded (Annual Conference), name and country. 1966 Aarhus – Philip Randle (United Kingdom) 1967 Stockholm – E. R. Froesch (Switzerland) 1968 Louvain – Lars Carlson (Sweden) 1969 Montpellier – Bo Hellman (Sweden) 1970 Warsaw –


id: national-medal-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: National Medal of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:14.243421+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-medal-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the president of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics. The twelve member presidential Committee on the National Medal of Science is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the National Science Foundation (NSF). It is the highest science award in the United States. == History == The National Medal of Science was established on August 25, 1959, by an act of the Congress of the United States under Pub. L. 86–209. The medal was originally to honor scientists in the fields of the "physical, biological, mathematical, or engineering sciences". The Committee on the National Medal of Science was established on August 23, 1961, by executive order 10961 of President John F. Kennedy. On January 7, 1979, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) passed a resolution proposing that the medal be expanded to include the social and behavioral sciences. In response, Senator Ted Kennedy introduced the Science and Technology Equal Opportunities Act into the Senate on March 7, 1979,


id: national-medal-of-technology-and-innovation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation-0.md
category: reference
title: National Medal of Technology and Innovation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:15.451379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-medal-of-technology-and-innovation-20260505-0
summary:
The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the president of the United States to American inventors and innovators who have made significant contributions to the development of new and important technology. The award may be granted to a specific person, to a group of people or to an entire organization or corporation. It is the highest honor the United States can confer to a U.S. citizen for achievements related to technological progress. == History == The National Medal of Technology was created in 1980 by the United States Congress under the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act. It was a bipartisan effort to foster technological innovation and the technological competitiveness of the United States in the international arena. The first National Medals of Technology were issued in 1985 by then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan to 12 individuals and one company. Among the first recipients were Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer. The medal has been awarded annually until 2015. On August 9, 2007, President George Bush signed the America COMPETES (Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science) Act of 2007. The Act amended Section 16


id: national-medals-of-appreciation-and-memorial-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medals_of_Appreciation_and_Memorial-0.md
category: reference
title: National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medals_of_Appreciation_and_Memorial
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:16.684970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-medals-of-appreciation-and-memorial-20260505-0
summary:
The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial is an honor bestowed by the President of Iran to individuals who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in various fields of science or have lost their lives defending the country. The presidential Committee on the National Medals is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the Presidential Office. == History == The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial were established on November 21, 2010, by an act of the Cabinet of Iran. The National Medal of Appreciation is to honor scientists who have shown significant contributions to the development of the country. The National Medal of Memorial is to honor those who lost their lives defending the country. The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial are classified as Golden and Silver Medals. == National Medal of Appreciation == 2010 Meisam Tabatabaei 2010 Hamed Sani Khanin 2010 Mohammad Rashidian 2015 Esmail Baghaei 2015 Behzad Saberi 2015 Mohammad Amiri 2015 Mohammad Hassan Daryayi The awards ceremony is organized by the Office of President of Iran. It is presided by the sitting President of Iran. == References == == External links == پایگاه اطلاع‌رسانی اعطای نشانهای دولتی


id: national-space-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: National Space Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-club-20260505-0
summary:
The National Space Club is a non-profit corporation in the US which contains representatives of industry, government, educational institutions and private individuals in order to enhance the exchange of information on astronautics, and to relay this information to the public. It provides scholarships and internships to students, and encourages educational space based activities. The Club promotes space leadership by the United States, the advancement of space technology, and recognizes and honors people who have contributed significantly to the fields of rocketry and astronautics. The Club fulfills these objectives with scholarships, grants, internships, luncheons, the Goddard Memorial Dinner, and newsletters. == Origin == The National Space Club, originally established as the National Rocket Club, was conceived in 1957 by Erik Bergaust in response to the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik, which had sent shockwaves through the western world. Bergaust recognized that the United States needed an organization that could mobilize national efforts and accelerate the country’s involvement in the Space Race. He warned: "Until recently, top-level officials considered space flight a dirty word. These officials refused to listen to the scientists and engineers who predicted years ago that the nation which controlled space would control the world peace. These officials, I


id: national-space-club-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-1.md
category: reference
title: National Space Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-club-20260505-0
summary:
Since its first Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner, the National Space Club has been a key gathering place for the space community, fostering discussions on the future of astronautics. The Club has played a significant role in the U.S. space program, uniting astronauts, engineers, scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders. Distinguished figures such as Robert R. Gilruth, William H. Pickering, James Van Allen, James E. Webb, George P. Miller, and Donald W. Douglas, along with many other pioneers of space exploration, have been frequent speakers at Club events. The Club has also had the privilege of hosting Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan as honored speakers. Throughout its history, the National Space Club has consistently pursued its mission of fostering national pride among Americans by emphasizing that the United States is the true birthplace of rocket technology, through the pioneering work of Dr. Robert H. Goddard. At the time of the Club's formation, the country still believed that rocket technology originated primarily from German research with their V-1 and V-2 rockets during World War II. However, Wernher von Braun and the German rocket scientists had actually been building upon Goddard’s earlier American research


id: national-space-club-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-2.md
category: reference
title: National Space Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-club-20260505-0
summary:
National Space Club Huntsville - established in 1985 in Huntsville, Alabama, home to the Marshall Space Flight Center, where Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket scientists transformed the region into a hub of space technology. Each October, the Club hosts its most significant annual event, the Wernher von Braun Memorial Dinner, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the space industry. During the event, the Club presents several prestigious awards, including the von Braun Space Flight Trophy, the Astronautics Engineering Award, the Distinguished Science Award, the Communications Award, the Community Service Award, the Aerospace Educator Award, the Dr. Wernher von Braun Memorial Scholarship, and the National Space Club scholarships. National Space Club Florida Committee - established in 2002 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Its signature event, the Space Heroes and Legends Award Dinner, takes place each April, honoring individuals and groups for their contributions to the space industry. Awards presented at the event include the Space Heroes and Legends Award, the Forrest S. McCartney National Defense Space Award, the Lifetime Achievement Award, the Rising Star Award, the Harry Kolcum News and Communications Award, and the Space Worker Hall of Fame Award. == Scholarship == The National Space Club


id: newcomb-cleveland-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Newcomb Cleveland Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:19.364625+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: newcomb-cleveland-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is annually awarded to author(s) of outstanding scientific paper published in the Research Articles or Reports sections of Science. Established in 1923, funded by Newcomb Cleveland who remained anonymous until his death in 1951, and for this period it was known as the AAAS Thousand Dollar Prize. "The prize was inspired by Mr. Cleveland's belief that it was the scientist who counted and who needed the encouragement an unexpected monetary award could give." The present rules were instituted in 1975, previously it had gone to the author(s) of noteworthy papers, representing an outstanding contribution to science, presented in a regular session, sectional or societal, during the AAAS Annual Meeting. It is now sponsored by the Fodor Family Trust and includes a prize of $25,000. == Recipients == List of winners === Current rules === === Previous rules === == See also == AAAS Award for Science Diplomacy AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research == References ==


id: novartis-drew-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Novartis-Drew Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:20.529826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: novartis-drew-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Novartis-Drew Award for Biomedical Research is an award jointly presented by Novartis and Drew University. It comprises a cash award (originally $2000) and a plaque. The award was initially created as the Ciba-Drew Award for Biomedical Research and renamed following the change of company name from Ciba-Geigy to Novartis in 1996. == Incomplete list of winners == Novartis-Drew Award 2003: Elaine Fuchs; Philip A. Sharp; David Botstein 2002: Frank McCormick; Brian J. Druker; Harold Varmus 2001: Sidney Brenner; Eric Lander; Craig Venter 2000: Susan L. Lindquist 1999: Elizabeth Helen Blackburn; Joan Steitz 1998: Tom Maniatis; Alexander Varshavsky 1997: Edward Alan Berger Ciba-Drew Award 1996: H. Robert Horvitz; Stanley J. Korsmeyer 1995: Joseph Schlessinger; Günter Blobel ; Arnold J. Levine 1994: Thomas R. Cech; Albert Eschenmoser; Manfred Eigen 1993: Leroy Hood; Francis S. Collins 1992: Stuart L. Schreiber ; Peter G. Schultz ; Richard Lerner 1991: Sir Michael Berridge 1990: Roger David Kornberg; Nicholas R. Cozzarelli 1989: Robert William Mahley 1988: Samuel Broder; Robert C. Gallo ; Luc Montagnier 1987: Thomas A. Waldmann 1986: Michael H. Wigler 1985: Jean-Pierre Changeux; Solomon Halbert Snyder 1984: Albrecht Fleckenstein; Harald Reuter 1983: Ronald Levy; 1982: 1981: C. Ronald Kahn; Donald F. Steiner ;


id: otto-naegeli-preis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Naegeli-Preis-0.md
category: reference
title: Otto-Naegeli-Preis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Naegeli-Preis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:21.752111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: otto-naegeli-preis-20260505-0
summary:
The Otto-Naegeli-Preis is a Swiss award for medical research that is awarded every two years. It is one of the most prestigious Swiss medical awards and is given with an award sum of 200,000 Swiss Francs. It was established in 1960 and is named after Otto Naegeli, a former professor of internal medicine at the University of Zurich. == Awardees == The Awardees of the prize are the following: == References == == External links == Official Website


id: owsd-elsevier-foundation-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWSD-Elsevier_Foundation_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWSD-Elsevier_Foundation_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:23.096483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: owsd-elsevier-foundation-award-20260505-0
summary:
The OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World are awarded annually to early-career women scientists in selected developing countries in four regions: Latin America and the Caribbean, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Central and South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD), the Elsevier Foundation, and The World Academy of Sciences have partnered to recognize achievements of early-career women scientists in developing countries since the award was launched in 2011 as the Elsevier Foundation-OWSD Awards for Young Women Scientists from the Developing World. The award program is open to female scientists who live and work in one of 81 developing countries. Nominations are generally submitted within ten years of the nominee earning a PhD. The maximum number of recipients is currently restricted to five per year: one from each of the four OWSD-recognized regions, plus one additional outstanding candidate, and the awards are granted with a rotating theme annually among three general fields: biological sciences (agriculture, biology and medicine), engineering/innovation & technology, and physical sciences (including chemistry, mathematics and physics). There were six awardees in 2022 as two outstanding candidates were recognised. As of 2014, the


id: parlar-foundation-science-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlar_Foundation_Science_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Parlar Foundation Science Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlar_Foundation_Science_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:24.400841+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: parlar-foundation-science-award-20260505-0
summary:
The METU Parlar Foundation Science Award (Turkish: ODTÜ Mustafa Parlar Ödülü) is a science award issued by the Middle East Technical University Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar Foundation established in 1981 in Ankara, Turkey, commemorates Professor Mustafa N. Parlar, who served as the Dean of Engineering at the Middle East Technical University. The Foundation's mission is to promote advancements in science and technology and their applications in industry. Annually, it confers several prestigious awards to recognize significant contributions to science and service. These include the Service to Science and Honour Award, the Science Award, and the Service Award. Notable recipients of the Science Award include İoanna Kuçuradi in philosophy, Cahit Arf, Feza Gürsey and Erol Gelenbe in sciences, as well as Halil İnalcık in history. == Background == The METU Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar Education and Research Foundation was established on January 12, 1981, in memory of Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar, a scientist and early faculty member of Middle East Technical University. The foundation aims to foster relationships between the university and industry, support research and researchers, provide technical hardware and tools, offer scholarships to METU students and financially assist lecturers. Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar was a


id: passano-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Passano Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:25.537487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: passano-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Passano Foundation, established in 1945, provides an annual award to a research scientist whose work – done in the United States – is thought to have immediate practical benefits. Many Passano laureates have subsequently won the Nobel Prize. == Selection of award winners == === Passano Laureates === 2024 K. Christopher Garcia 2023 Se-Jin Lee 2022 Duojia Pan 2021 Alfred Goldberg 2020 David Eisenberg 2019 Robert Fettiplace, James Hudspeth 2018 Carl June, Michel Sadelain 2017 Yuan Chang, Patrick S. Moore 2016 Jonathan C. Cohen, Helen Hobbs 2015 James P. Allison (2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2014 Jeffrey I. Gordon 2013 Rudolf Jaenisch 2012 Eric N. Olson 2011 Elaine Fuchs 2010 David Julius (2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2009 Irving Weissman 2008 Thomas Südhof (2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2007 Joan Massagué Solé 2006 Napoleone Ferrara 2005 Jeffrey M. Friedman 2003 Andrew Z. Fire (2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2002 Alexander Rich 2001 Seymour Benzer 2000 Giuseppe Attardi, Douglas C. Wallace 1999 Elizabeth Blackburn (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Carol W. Greider (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 1998 H. Robert Horvitz (2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)


id: percy-l-julian-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_L._Julian_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Percy L. Julian Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_L._Julian_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:30.739303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: percy-l-julian-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Percy L. Julian Award was first given in 1975 by the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE). The award is given every one to two years. It honors black scientists who have made significant contributions to the areas of pure or applied research in science or engineering. The award is named to honor chemist Percy Lavon Julian. In becoming director of research of a division in the Glidden Company of Chicago, Julian was the first African-American to lead a research group in a major corporation. He later founded Julian Laboratories, Julian Associates, Inc. and the Julian Research Institute. == Awardees == == See also == List of general science and technology awards == References ==


id: peter-p-chen-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_P._Chen_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Peter P. Chen Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_P._Chen_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:32.078114+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: peter-p-chen-award-20260505-0
summary:
Peter P. Chen Award is an annually presented award to honor one individual for their contributions to the field of conceptual modeling. Named after the computer scientist Peter Chen, the award was started in 2008 by the publisher Elsevier as a means of celebrating the 25th anniversary of the journal Data & Knowledge Engineering. It is presented at the Entity Relationship (ER) International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. Winners are given a plaque, a cash prize, and are invited to give a keynote speech. There are five criteria for selecting the winner; research, how the nominee has contributed to advance the field of conceptual modeling; service, organizational contributions for related meetings, conferences, and editorial boards; education, mentoring of doctoral students in the field; contribution to practice, contributions to technology transfer, commercialization, and industrial projects; and international reputation. The selection committee is composed of five members: the Steering Committee chair, two Program Committee members appointed by the Steering Committee chair, and the recipients of the last two years. == Laureates == == References ==


id: pfizer-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Pfizer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pfizer-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Pfizer Award is awarded annually by the History of Science Society "in recognition of an outstanding book dealing with the history of science" that was "published in English during a period of three calendar years immediately preceding the year of competition."


id: pfizer-award-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-1.md
category: reference
title: Pfizer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pfizer-award-20260505-0
summary:
== Recipients == 1959 Marie Boas Hall, Robert Boyle and Seventeenth-Century Chemistry (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958). 1960 Marshall Clagett, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959). 1961 Cyril Stanley Smith, A History of Metallography: The Development of Ideas on the Structure of Metal before 1890 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). 1962 Henry Guerlac, Lavoisier, The Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1961) 1963 Lynn Townsend White Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). 1964 Robert E. Schofield, The Lunar Society of Birmingham: A Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). 1965 Charles Donald O'Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964). 1966 L. Pearce Williams, Michael Faraday: A Biography (New York: Basic Books, 1965). 1967 Howard B. Adelmann, Marcello Malpighi and the Evolution of Embryology (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966). 1968 Edward Rosen, Kepler's Somnium (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967). 1969 Margaret T. May, Galen on the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (Ithaca. N.Y.: Cornell University


id: pfizer-award-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-2.md
category: reference
title: Pfizer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pfizer-award-20260505-0
summary:
2022 Tara Nummedal, Anna Zieglerin and the Lion’s Blood: Alchemy and End Times in Reformation Germany 2023 Robyn d'Avignon, Ritual Geology. Gold and Subterranean Knowledge in Savanna West Africa 2024 Projit Mukharji, Brown Skins, White Coats: Race Science in India, 1920–66 == References ==


id: pioneers-of-underwater-acoustics-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Underwater_Acoustics_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Underwater_Acoustics_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:34.555861+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pioneers-of-underwater-acoustics-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal is awarded by the Acoustical Society of America in recognition of "an outstanding contribution to the science of underwater acoustics, as evidenced by publication of research results in professional journals or by other accomplishments in the field". The award was named in honor of H. J. W. Fay, Reginald Fessenden, Harvey Hayes, G. W. Pierce, and Paul Langevin. == Recipients == 1959 - Harvey C. Hayes - For outstanding contributions to the science of underwater acoustics. His far sighted recognition of the challenging technical problems in this branch of acoustics and the potentiality of the application of their solution to the defense needs of the Nation resulted in the first sustained research program in underwater sound. 1961 - Albert B. Wood - For pioneering leadership in underwater sound; the development of the cathode-ray oscillograph and its adaptation to the study of underwater explosions; his invention of the magneto-strictive depth recorder; and his studies of shallow-water sound transmission. 1963 - J. Warren Horton - For his pioneering contributions to the knowledge and practice of underwater acoustics as scientist, and teacher, and administrator; and particularly for his painstaking and thorough organization of the science of underwater


id: pirelli-internetional-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Pirelli Internetional Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:35.739983+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pirelli-internetional-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Pirelli Internetional Award was an international multimedia competition for the communication of science & technology conducted entirely on the internet, which was awarded from 1997 to 2007. Awards were granted to the best multimedia presentations focussing on themes involving the diffusion of science and technology. The multimedia presentations must deal with either physics, chemistry, mathematics, life sciences, or the enabling information and communication technologies that empower multimedia itself. According to Marco Tronchetti Provera, President of the Pirelli Group, the award was established in the belief that the diffusion of social, economic and technological advances are as important as their discovery. == Judging == An international jury of notable people including Nobel Prize laureates reviewed the top entries. With an overall budget prize of 105,000 euro (about US$ 130,000), awards were granted in the following major categories: physics, chemistry, mathematics, life sciences, and information and communications technology. == Award categories == Physics: This category rewarded the best multimedia works coming from the field of physics and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro. Chemistry: This category rewarded the best multimedia works coming from the field of chemistry and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro. Mathematics: This category rewarded the


id: pittcon-editors-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Pittcon Editors' Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:37.033932+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pittcon-editors-awards-20260505-0
summary:
Pittcon Editors’ Awards honoured the best new products on show at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, or Pittcon, for 20 years from 1996 having been established by Dr Gordon Wilkinson, managing editor of Analytical Instrument Industry Report (later Instrumenta). On 8 March 2015, the event returned to the Morial Convention Center in New Orleans and this was the last occasion when the awards were presented. The independent awards, which represented the results of an informal poll of leading editors, had become an important feature of the world's largest trade show for the laboratory equipment industry. Pittcon organisers and media center supported the scheme and provided details and photographs on the exhibition's Press and Media Information page. In 2016 the group of editors and journalists that formed the core of the judging panel reluctantly decided to discontinue the awards program citing gradually dwindling support from ever-busier media representatives. == History and organisation == The awards were started because of the challenge that editors faced of effectively covering the trade show, which in 2015 hosted 925 exhibitors. New exhibitors at the Morial Convention Center totalled 130 companies. Walking past every booth at an event such as this represents


id: premio-presidente-della-repubblica-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Presidente_della_Repubblica_(prize)-0.md
category: reference
title: Premio Presidente della Repubblica (prize)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Presidente_della_Repubblica_(prize)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:38.274812+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: premio-presidente-della-repubblica-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Premio Presidente della Repubblica is an Italian award introduced by the former president and academic Luigi Einaudi. Since 1949 it has been awarded on a regular basis by the Accademia dei Lincei, the Accademia di San Luca, and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. It is among the most distinguished awards of the three prestigious academies. == History == The award was established on 11 October 1948 by Luigi Einaudi with a letter to the president of the Lincei National Academy to continue the tradition of royal awards. The prize was first introduced to the class of physical, mathematical, and natural sciences and the class of moral, historical, and philological sciences. In the same year, Einaudi established a national prize for artists and architects awarded by the academies of San Luca and Santa Cecilia. The prize is given by the President of Italy in charge in an official ceremony. Among the people awarded, there are several winners of other important awards such as the Nobel Prize, the Wolf Prize, and the Academy Award. == Prize recipients == == See also == Accademia dei Lincei Accademia di San Luca Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia President of Italy == References ==


id: presidential-young-investigator-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Young_Investigator_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Presidential Young Investigator Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Young_Investigator_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:39.540671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: presidential-young-investigator-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Presidential Young Investigator Award (PYI) was awarded by the National Science Foundation of the United States Federal Government. The program operated from 1984 to 1991, and was replaced by the NSF Young Investigator (NYI) Awards and Presidential Faculty Fellows (PFF) program. In 1995, the NSF Young Investigator program was subsumed into the NSF CAREER Awards program, and in 1996, the Presidential Faculty Fellows program was replaced by the PECASE program. Applicants could not directly apply for the award, but were nominated by others including their own institutions based on their previous record of scientific achievement. The award, a certificate from the White House signed by the President of the United States, included a minimum grant of $25,000 a year for five years from NSF to be used for any scientific research project the awardee wished to pursue, with the possibility of additional funding up to $100,000 annually if the PYI obtained matching funds from industry. Considered to be one of the highest honors granted by the National Science Foundation, the award program was criticized in 1990 as not being the best use of NSF funds in an era of tight budgets. Frances Arnold, winner of this award in 1989,


id: prince-albert-i-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_I_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Prince Albert I Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_I_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:40.886797+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prince-albert-i-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Prince Albert I Medal was established by Prince Rainier of Monaco in partnership with the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans. The medal was named for Prince Albert I and is given for significant work in the physical and chemical sciences of the oceans. The medal is awarded biannually by IAPSO at its Assemblies. == Past recipients == Source: 2001: Walter Munk 2003: Klaus Wyrtki 2005: Friedrich Schott 2007: Russ Davis 2009: Harry Bryden 2011: Trevor McDougall 2013: Arnold L. Gordon 2015: Toshio Yamagata 2017: Lynne Talley 2019: Corinne Le Quéré 2021: Carl Wunsch 2023: John Alexander Church == References == == External links == Prince Albert I Medal


id: prix-georges-lema-tre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître-0.md
category: reference
title: Prix Georges Lemaître
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:42.096687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prix-georges-lema-tre-20260505-0
summary:
The Prix Georges Lemaître is an award created in 1995, in celebration of the centenary of the birth in 1894 of Georges Lemaître. The Association des Anciens et Amis de l'Université catholique de Louvain (Association of the Alumni and Friends of the Université catholique de Louvain) initiated the award, as well as the Fondation Georges Lemaître (Georges Lemaître Foundation). The prize, endowed with 25,000 euros as of 2003, is awarded every two years to a scientist who has made a remarkable contribution to développement et à la diffusion des connaissances dans les domaines de la cosmologie, de l'astronomie, de l'astrophysique, de la géophysique, ou de la recherche spatiale (development and dissemination of knowledge in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, geophysics, or space science). The winner is chosen by an international jury of scientists, chaired by the rector of the Université catholique de Louvain. == List of recipients == 1995 — Philip James Edwin Peebles, astrophysicist and cosmologist 1997 — Jean-Claude Duplessy, geochemist and climatologist 1999 — Jean-Pierre Luminet, astrophysist, and Dominique Lambert, philosopher of science 2001 — Kurt Lambeck, geophysicist 2003 — Alain Hubert, explorer and climatologist 2005 — Édouard Bard, climatologist 2007 — Susan Solomon, atmospheric chemist and


id: pythagoras-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Pythagoras Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:47.309955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pythagoras-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Pythagoras Award, or The Pythagoras Prize, or The Pitagor Prize (named after Pythagoras - a Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist, Bulgarian: Награда Питагор), established in 2008, is an award given annually to Bulgarian nationals by the Ministry of Science and Education of Bulgaria in recognition for outstanding scientific achievements. The Pythagoras Prizes are the most prestigious Scientific awards in Bulgaria, frequently referred as the Bulgarian Nobel Prizes. There are several categories each with its own award. The Pythagoras statuettes symbolize The Third Eye which provides perception beyond ordinary sight. The statuettes are designed by the famous Bulgarian sculptor Georgi Chapkanov. == Categories == 1. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Seminal Contribution to Advancement of Science 2. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Principal Investigator of International Synergy Project 3. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Young Scientist 4. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Natural Science and Engineering 5. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Physiology and Medicine 6. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Humanities and Social Science 7. Pythagoras Prize for Bulgarian Scientist abroad for Seminal Contribution to Science 8. Pythagoras Prize for Scientific Team with Successful Commercialization of Scientific Results 9. Pythagoras Prize for Scientific Book 10. Pythagoras Prize for Company


id: qiu-shi-science-and-technology-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Shi_Science_and_Technology_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Qiu Shi Science and Technology Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Shi_Science_and_Technology_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:48.502853+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qiu-shi-science-and-technology-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Qiu Shi Prizes (simplified Chinese: 求是奖; traditional Chinese: 求是獎) are awarded on an annual basis in recognition of advances in science and technology. The Qiu Shi Science and Technology Foundation was established by Cha Chi Ming (查濟民) (1914–2007) in 1994 in Hong Kong, with the intention of promoting science and technology research in China, and to encourage and reward successful Chinese scientists and scholars. Prizes are awarded each year Prize categories include Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Mathematics or Information Technology. Qiu Shi (Chinese: 求是; pronounced ch-OO/sh-ER) means "seeking truth". The Qiu Shi Foundation was named after Qiu Shi Academy (Chinese: 求是书院) in Hangzhou, which was subsequently renamed Zhejiang University (浙江大学). Qiu Shi Science and Technology Foundation is not related to the Qiushi journal, the political theory periodical. == Founder/Foundation == Cha Chi-ming, GBM, JP, was born in 1914, in Haining County, Jiaxing, Zhejiang province. He studied textile technology and graduated from Zhejiang University in 1931. Cha built a multinational textile conglomerate. He was the chairman of CDW International Limited, The Mingly Corporation Limited and Hong Kong Resort International Limited. With his family, he donated US$20 million in 1994 to establish the award. == The Qiu Shi Advisory Board


id: ram-n-margalef-award-for-excellence-in-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Margalef_Award_for_Excellence_in_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Ramón Margalef Award for Excellence in Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Margalef_Award_for_Excellence_in_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:49.651721+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ram-n-margalef-award-for-excellence-in-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Ramón Margalef Award for Excellence in Education was launched in 2008 by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography to recognize innovations and excellence in teaching and mentoring students in the fields of limnology and oceanography. Criteria for the award requires "adherence to the highest standards of excellence" in pedagogy as well as verification that the teaching techniques have furthered the field of aquatic science. The award is not affiliated with the Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology, often referred to as the Ramon Margalef Award, given by the Generalitat de Catalunya in Barcelona. The award has been presented annually since 2009. == Winners == The winners have included: The information in this table is from the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. == References ==


id: john-william-strutt-lord-rayleigh-medal-and-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_Lord_Rayleigh_Medal_and_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_Lord_Rayleigh_Medal_and_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:50.775156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-william-strutt-lord-rayleigh-medal-and-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize is an award of the UK-based Institute of Physics (IOP) for "distinguished contributions to theoretical (including mathematical and computational) physics". The award, named in honour of Lord Rayleigh, consists of a medal with £1,000 and a certificate. The John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize (established in 2008) should not be confused with the Rayleigh Medal, which was established by the Institute of Acoustics in 1970. == Recipients == == References ==


id: rear-admiral-william-s-parsons-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral_William_S._Parsons_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral_William_S._Parsons_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:52.081604+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rear-admiral-william-s-parsons-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress is awarded each year by the Navy League of the United States to a Navy or Marine Corps officer, enlisted person or civilian, who has made an outstanding contribution in any field of science that has furthered the development and progress of the US Navy or Marine Corps. The award is named for Admiral William Sterling Parsons. The award is presented with a certificate and a watch along with other Professional Excellence Awards (Sea Service Awards) at the National Convention of the Navy League of the United States. The award is described by the Navy League of the United States as: "The Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award is named for Admiral Parsons in recognition of his dedication to all aspects of scientific and technical advances and who was responsible to a marked degree for ensuring that the U.S. Navy remained in operational consonance with the ever-shifting and increasing demands of the changing world. Presented since 1957, this award for scientific and technical progress is awarded to a Navy or Marine Corps officer, enlisted person or civilian who has made an outstanding contribution in any field of science


id: redi-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redi_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Redi Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redi_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:53.424775+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: redi-award-20260505-0
summary:
Redi Award is an international science award given to scientists who have made significant contributions in toxinology, the scientific study of venoms, poisons and toxins. The award is sponsored by the International Society on Toxinology (ISI). == Origin == Osservazioni intorno alle vipere (Observations about the Viper) written by an Italian polymath Francesco Redi in 1664 is regarded as the milestone in the beginning of toxinology research. Redi was the first scientist to elucidate the scientific basis of snakebite and venom of the viper. He showed for the first time that the viper venom comes from the fang, not the gallbladder as it was believed; that it is not poisonous when swallowed, and effective only when it enters the bloodstream. He even demonstrated the possibility of slowing down the venom action in the blood by tight ligature before the wound. This work is heralded as the foundation of toxinology. In honour of the pioneer, the International Society on Toxinology (ISI) instituted the Redi Award in 1967 in recognition of scientists for their significant contributions in toxinology research. == Nature of the award == The IST awards scientists or clinicians who have made outstanding contributions to the field of toxinology. The


id: research-parasite-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Parasite_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Parasite Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Parasite_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:54.762767+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-parasite-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Parasite Award is an honor given annually at the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing to recognize scientists who study previously published data in ways not anticipated by the researchers who first generated it. The tongue-in-cheek name of the award refers to a New England Journal of Medicine editorial that coined the term "research parasite" to disparage such work. The idea was first suggested on Twitter by Iowa State University researcher Iddo Friedberg shortly after the editorial was published, and was then initiated by Casey Greene, a pharmacologist at the University of Pennsylvania. Two Research Parasite Awards are given to recognize scientists who have made outstanding and rigorous contributions to analysis of secondary data in biology. Recipients must reuse data generated by someone else to extend, replicate, or disprove a research study in a reproducible manner. The junior parasite award recognizes an outstanding contribution from an early career scientist such as a postdoctoral, graduate, or undergraduate trainee. The senior parasitism award recognizes an individual who has engaged in exemplary research parasitism for a sustained period of time. Since the launch of the award in 2017, a travel grant to attend the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing has been provided to the


id: r-ssler-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rössler_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Rössler Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rössler_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:56.069681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-ssler-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Rössler Prize, offered by the ETH Zurich Foundation, is a monetary prize that has been awarded annually since 2009 to a promising young tenured professor of the ETH Zurich in the middle of an accelerating career. The prize of 200,000 Swiss Francs is financed by the returns from an endowment made by Max Rössler, an alumnus of the ETH. The prize money has to be used for the research of the laureate. == Laureates == 2009: Nenad Ban, Microbiology 2010: Gerald Haug, Geology of Climate 2011: Andreas Wallraff, Solid State Physics 2012: Nicola Spaldin, Material Science 2013: Olivier Voinnet, RNA Biology 2014: Christian Wolfrum, Health Sciences and Technology 2015: David J. Norris, Mechanical and Process Engineering 2016: Christophe Copéret, Chemistry and Applied Biosciences 2017: Olga Sorkine-Hornung, Computer Science 2018: Philippe Block, Architecture 2019: Maksym Kovalenko, Inorganic chemistry/Nanotechnology 2020: Paola Picotti, Biology 2021: Andreas Krause (computer scientist), Machine Learning 2022: Tanja Stadler, Mathematics and Computational evolutionary biology 2023: Siddhartha Mishra, Mathematics 2024: Marco Hutter, Robotics 2025: Florian Dörfler, Control engineering == See also == Science and technology in Switzerland Prizes named after people == References == == External links == Official website


id: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:57.363685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (Danish: Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, DKNVS) is a Norwegian learned society based in Trondheim. It was founded in 1760 and is Norway's oldest scientific and scholarly institution. The society's Protector is King Harald V of Norway. Its membership consists of no more than 435 members elected for life among the country's most prominent scholars and scientists. The society’s Danish name predates both written standards for Norwegian and has remained unchanged after Norway’s independence from Denmark in 1814 and the spelling reforms of the 20th century. == History == DKNVS was founded in 1760 by the bishop of Nidaros Johan Ernst Gunnerus, headmaster at the Trondheim Cathedral School Gerhard Schøning and Councillor of State Peter Frederik Suhm under the name Det Trondhiemske Selskab (the Trondheim Society). From 1761 it published academic papers in a series titled Skrifter. It was the northernmost learned society in the world, and was established in a time when Norway did not have universities or colleges. It received the royal affirmation of its statutes on 17 July 1767, and was given its present name at a ceremony on 29 January 1788, king Christian VII of Denmark's birthday. In


id: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:57.363685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
1999 Baard Kasa (science) and Kaja Borthen (humanities) 2000 Ørjan Johansen (science) and Toril Aalberg (humanities) 2001 Magne Lygren (science) and Marianne Ryghaug (humanities) 2002 Alexander Øhrn (science) and Tanja Ellingsenand (humanities) 2003 Sigurd Weidemann Løvseth (science) and Cathrine Brun (humanities) 2004 Bård Gunnar Stokke (science) and Anne Beate Maurseth (humanities) 2005 Sigurd Einum (science) and Dag Trygve Truslew Haug (humanities) 2006 Marianne Fyhn (science), Torkel Hafting Fyhn (science) and Halvard Buhaug, (humanities) 2007 Marit Sletmoen (science) 2008 Jill Kristin Lautgeb (science) and Jo Jakobsen (humanities) 2009 Xavier Raynaud (science) and Terje Andreas Eikemo (humanities) 2010 Petter Andreas Bergh (science), Jacob Linder (science) and Jon Hernes Fiva (humanities) 2011 Simen Ådnøy Ellingsen (science) and Thomas Hegghammer (humanities) 2012 Sverre Magnus Selbach (science) and Martin Wåhlberg (humanities) 2013 Yasser Roudi (science) and Theresa M. Olasveengen (science) 2014 Andriy Bondarenko (science) and Terje Lohndal (humanities) 2015 Steffen Oppermann (science) and Ivar Berg (humanities) 2016 Jannike Solsvik (science) and Siv Gøril Brandtzæg (humanities) 2017 David Bassett (science) and Mats Ingulstad (humanities) 2018 Marie Elisabeth Rognes (science) and Trond Nordfjærn (humanities) === The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters scientific annual prize === Source: 1984 Linda R. White and Terje Espevik 1985 Jan


id: russell-varian-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Varian_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Russell Varian Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Varian_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:58.537385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: russell-varian-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Russell Varian Prize was an international scientific prize awarded for a single, high-impact and innovative contribution in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), that laid the foundation for the development of new technologies in the field. It honored the memory of Russell Varian, the pioneer behind the creation of the first commercial NMR spectrometer and the co-founder, in 1948, of Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech companies in Silicon Valley. The prize carried a monetary award of €15,000 and it was awarded annually between the years 2002 and 2015 (except for 2003) by a committee of experts in the field. The award ceremony alternated between the European Magnetic Resonance (EUROMAR) Conference and the International Council on Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems (ICMRBS) Conference. Originally, the prize was sponsored by Varian, Inc. and later by Agilent Technologies, after the latter acquired Varian, Inc. in 2010. The prize was discontinued in 2016 after Agilent Technologies closed its NMR division. == Russell Varian Prize Awardees == 2002 Jean Jeener. Contribution: Multi-dimensional Fourier NMR spectroscopy. Jeener, J. (September 1971). Lecture. Ampère International Summer School II. Basko Polje, Yugoslavia. 2004 Erwin L. Hahn. Contribution: Spin echo phenomena and experiments. 2005 Nicolaas Bloembergen.


id: sarah-berliner-research-fellowship-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Berliner_Research_Fellowship-0.md
category: reference
title: Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Berliner_Research_Fellowship
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:03.695850+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sarah-berliner-research-fellowship-20260505-0
summary:
The Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship for Women was established in 1908 by Emile Berliner in honor of his mother, and first awarded in 1909. The fellowship was award biennially and provided $1200 to support a woman studying physics, chemistry, or biology in either America or Europe. The fellowship was open to women holding the degree of doctor of philosophy or otherwise capable of conducting higher research. The first chair of the awarding committee was Christine Ladd-Franklin, who was also instrumental in the establishment of the fellowship. In 1911, an increase in funding meant that the fellowship could be offered every year. == Recipients == 1909: Caroline M. McGill, zoology 1911–1912: Edna Carter 1912: Gertrude Rand, psychology 1913: Elizabeth Laird, physics 1915: Janet Howell Clark, physiology and biophysics 1916?: Ethel Browne Harvey, zoology 1916–17: Carlotta Maury, geology (confirmed by a letter to Christine Ladd Franklin from H. Ries, in box 18 of the Ladd-Franklin Archives at Columbia University) 1926: Hope Hibbard, biology and zoology 1926–27: Helen R. Downes, medicine (confirmed by the minutes of the annual meeting of the Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship Committee, 1926, in box 18 of the Ladd-Franklin Archives at Columbia University) 1928: Sally Hughes-Schrader, zoology 1934: Emma


id: sastra-cnr-rao-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASTRA-CNR_Rao_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: SASTRA-CNR Rao Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASTRA-CNR_Rao_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:04.892654+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sastra-cnr-rao-award-20260505-0
summary:
SASTRA-CNR Rao Award is an award instituted by SASTRA University, a private and deemed university in the town of Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, to honor excellence in chemistry and material science, the two areas in which C N R Rao has made great, important and substantial contributions. The Award was instituted in 2013 and the first award was presented jointly to Suresh Das the then Director of National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram and Sourav Pal, the Director of National Chemical Laboratory, Pune on 28 February 2014. The award carries a cash prize of Rs. 5 lakh and a citation. == Awardees == == See also == SASTRA Ramanujan Prize == References ==


id: satya-n-atluri-icces-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_N._Atluri_ICCES_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Satya N. Atluri ICCES Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_N._Atluri_ICCES_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:06.020664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: satya-n-atluri-icces-medal-20260505-0
summary:
Satya N. Atluri ICCES Medal is a Medal awarded annually by ICCES (International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences) and Tech Science Press to an individual who has had a significant impact on the world of engineering, the sciences, and commerce, and the well-being of the society at large as a result. This Medal is presented at the Awards Banquet of the annual ICCES Conference. The recipient of the Medal is invited to deliver a Plenary Lecture, on a topic of her/his choosing, at the ICCES conference. This Medal honors Professor Satya N. Atluri of UCI, who founded ICCES in 1986, and founded the journals, "CMES: Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences" (2000), "CMC: Computers, Materials, & Continua" (2004), "MCB: Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics" (2004), "SL: Structural Longevity" (2008), and "ACM: Advances in Computational Mechanics" (2008), all of which are published by Tech Science Press. All these journals are in the frontier disciplines of engineering and the sciences, and especially at the interfaces of engineering and the sciences. Previously, Professor Atluri founded, and was Editor-in-Chief of the international journal, "Computational Mechanics", during 1986-2000. The ICCES conferences are held annually: Tokyo (1986); Atlanta (1988); Melbourne, Australia (1991); Hong Kong


id: sidney-edelstein-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Edelstein_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Sidney Edelstein Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Edelstein_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:07.256648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sidney-edelstein-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Sidney Edelstein Prize, previously known as the Dexter Prize, is an award presented by the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) to the author of an outstanding scholarly book in the field of the history of technology. The book must have been published during the preceding three years. The award was established in 1968 through the generosity of Sidney Edelstein, a historian of dyes and the founder of the Dexter Chemical Corporation. It was renamed the Sidney Edelstein Prize to honor his commitment to scholarship in the history of technology and is currently donated by his family. The prize consists of a plaque and a monetary award, which is currently $3,500. == History and design == The award was originally known as the Dexter Prize and was funded by the Dexter Chemical Corporation of New York City. When established, the prize carried a cash award of $1,000. It is awarded annually to outstanding books and monographs in the history of technology. The design of the award plaque was created by the silver sculptor Edward Widstrom. The imagery on the plaque is derived from the Plictho of Gioanventura Rosetti (1548), which is considered the first basic printed book on


id: sir-martin-wood-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Martin_Wood_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Sir Martin Wood Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Martin_Wood_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:08.459712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sir-martin-wood-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Sir Martin Wood Prize is an annually presented condensed matter science prize presented in honor of Sir Martin Wood. Due to Wood's connection with and reputation in Japan, the award is given to a young scientist in Japan under the age of 45 to promote scientific exchange between Japan and Britain. Condensed matter physics, inorganic-organic chemistry, material science and surface-interface physics are eligible fields under condensed matter science. Sponsored by Oxford Instruments, the company Wood co-founded, the award comes with a cash prize of JPY 500,000 and opportunities to give invited lectures at universities in the United Kingdom. == Laureates == == See also == List of physics awards List of awards named after people == References == == External links == Prize winners (English)


id: sofia-kovalevskaya-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Sofia Kovalevskaya Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:09.684938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sofia-kovalevskaya-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany bestowed the Sofia Kovalevskaya Award from 2002 to 2020. Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891) was the first major Russian female mathematician, who made important contributions to mathematical analysis, differential equations and mechanics, and the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe. This prestigious award named in her honor was given to promising young academics to pursue their line of research in the sciences or arts and humanities. The foundation encouraged applications from all areas of learning so long as the applicant had received a Ph.D. in the previous six years and could be categorized as "top flight" by their publications and experience as commensurate with age. There have been a total 139 awardees since the inception of the Sofia Kovalevskaya Award in 2002 until its closure in 2020. Individual awards totalled up to 1.6 million Euro each. Funds were awarded to build and lead a team of researchers for a five-year period within a German host institution. == Award winners == == References == == External links == Official website


id: stuart-ballantine-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Stuart Ballantine Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:11.057698+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stuart-ballantine-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Stuart Ballantine Medal was a science and engineering award presented by the Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was named after the US inventor Stuart Ballantine. == Laureates == 1947 - George Clark Southworth (Physics) 1948 - Ray Davis Kell (Engineering) 1949 - Sergei A. Schelkunoff (Physics) 1952 - John Bardeen (Physics) 1952 - Walter H. Brattain (Physics) 1953 - David G. C. Luck (Engineering) 1954 - Kenneth Alva Norton (Engineering) 1955 - Claude Elwood Shannon (Computer and Cognitive Science) 1956 - Kenneth Bullington (Physics) 1957 - Robert Morris Page (Engineering) 1957 - Leo Clifford Young (Engineering) 1958 - Harald Trap Friis (Engineering) 1959 - Albert Hoyt Taylor (Engineering) 1959 - Charles H. Townes (Physics) 1960 - Rudolf Kompfner (Engineering) 1960 - Harry Nyquist (Engineering) 1960 - John R. Pierce (Engineering) 1961 - Leo Esaki (Engineering) 1961 - Nicolaas Bloembergen (Physics) 1961 - H. E. Derrick Scovill (Physics) 1962 - Ali Javan (Physics) 1962 - Theodore H. Maiman (Physics) 1962 - Arthur L. Schawlow (Physics) 1962 - Charles H. Townes (Physics) 1963 - Arthur C. Clarke (Engineering) 1965 - Homer Walter Dudley (Engineering) 1965 - Alec Harley Reeves (Engineering) 1966 - Robert N. Noyce (Computer and Cognitive Science)


id: tage-erlander-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage_Erlander_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Tage Erlander Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage_Erlander_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:12.306650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tage-erlander-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Tage Erlander Prize (Tage Erlanders pris) is a prize awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Science "for research in Natural Sciences and Technology" in four fields (Physics, Chemistry, Technology and Biology). The prize is awarded on a rolling schedule: every year the prize is awarded for research in one of these fields. The prize commemorates Tage Erlander, who was the prime minister of Sweden from 1946 to 1969. Its 2024 recipient is mathematician Lilian Matthiesen. == References ==


id: templeton-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Templeton Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:13.607286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: templeton-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Templeton Prize is an annual award granted to a living person, in the estimation of the judges, "whose exemplary achievements advance Sir John Templeton's philanthropic vision: harnessing the power of the sciences to explore the deepest questions of the universe and humankind's place and purpose within it." It was established, funded and administered by John Templeton starting in 1972. It is co-funded by the John Templeton Foundation, Templeton Religion Trust, and Templeton World Charity Foundation, and administered by the John Templeton Foundation. The prize was originally awarded to people working in the field of religion (Mother Teresa was the first winner), but in the 1980s the scope broadened to include people working at the intersection of science and religion. Until 2001, the name of the prize was "Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion", and from 2002 to 2008 it was called the "Templeton Prize for Progress Toward Research or Discoveries about Spiritual Realities". Hindus, Christians, Jews, Buddhists and Muslims have been on the panel of judges and have been recipients of the prize. The monetary value of the prize is adjusted so that it exceeds that of the Nobel Prizes; Templeton felt, according to The Economist, that "spirituality was


id: unesco-science-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Science_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO Science Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Science_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:15.174032+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-science-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The UNESCO Science Prize is a biennial scientific prize awarded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to "a person or group of persons for an outstanding contribution they have made to the technological development of a developing member state or region through the application of scientific and technological research (particularly in the fields of education, engineering and industrial development)." The candidates for the Science Prize are proposed to the Director-General of UNESCO by the governments of member states or by non-governmental organizations. All proposals are judged by a panel of six scientists and engineers. The prize consists of US$ $15,000, an Albert Einstein Silver Medal, and is awarded in odd years to coincide with UNESCO's General Conference. == Past Laureates == 1968: Robert Simpson Silver ( United Kingdom) "for his discovery of a process for the demineralization of sea water." 1970: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre ( Mexico) and International Rice Research Institute ( Philippines) "for their work which made it possible to produce, in the space of a few years, improved strains of cereals." 1972: Viktor Kovda ( Soviet Union) "for his theory on the hydromorphic origin of the soils of the great plains


id: valdemar-poulsen-gold-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen_Gold_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen_Gold_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:20.468780+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: valdemar-poulsen-gold-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal, named after radio pioneer Valdemar Poulsen, was awarded each year for outstanding research in the field of radio techniques and related fields by the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences. The award was presented on November 23, the anniversary of Poulsen's birth. The award was discontinued in 1993. == Recipients == 1939 Valdemar Poulsen 1946 Robert Watson-Watt 1947 Ernst Alexanderson 1948 Edward Victor Appleton 1953 Balthasar van der Pol 1956 Harald T. Friis 1958 Hidetsugu Yagi 1960 Charles P. Ginsburg 1963 John R. Pierce 1969 Jay Wright Forrester 1973 J. B. Gunn 1976 Andrew Bobeck == References ==


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Alan T. Waterman Award, named after Alan Tower Waterman, is the United States's highest honorary award for scientists no older than 40, or no more than 10 years past receipt of their Ph.D. It is awarded on a yearly basis by the National Science Foundation. In addition to the medal, the awardee receives a grant of $1,000,000 to be used at the institution of their choice over a period of five years for advanced scientific research. == History of the Award == The United States Congress established the annual award in August 1975 to mark the 25th Anniversary of the National Science Foundation and to honor its first director, Alan T. Waterman. The annual award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in any field of science or engineering supported by the National Science Foundation. == Eligibility and nomination process == Candidates must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Prior to the 2018 competition, candidates must have been 35 years of age or younger or not more than 7 years beyond receipt of the Ph.D. degree by December 31 of the year in which they are nominated. As of the 2018 competition, these requirements were changed to 40 years of age


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-1.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
== List of recipients == 2024 Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell "For pioneering innovations in ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging, particularly coherence-based beamforming, photoacoustic-guided surgery, and deep learning. These innovations cross interdisciplinary boundaries to improve medical image quality in patients, reduce patient deaths during surgery, inspire new surgical designs, and provide more equitable healthcare." Katrina G. Claw "For her contributions to pharmacogenomics and for fostering cultural and bioethical research participation within Indigenous communities." Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio "For creating robots that adapt and evolve to changing conditions." 2023 Natalie S. King "For groundbreaking scholarship in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education that transcends disciplinary boundaries and directly impacts local and global communities, and for demonstrating exceptional research achievements with tremendous impact on the advancement of Black girls in science, the use of research-practice partnerships to drive K-12 instruction, and the increase of STEM teacher diversity." Asegun Henry "For significant contributions in new energy technologies and advanced fundamental understanding of heat transfer addressing a broad range of problems that span from the atomic scale (the physics of heat conduction) to the gigawatt scale (grid-level energy storage)." William Anderegg "For outstanding contributions to climate change science, particularly in advancing the understanding of the sensitivity, vulnerability, and


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-2.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
2004 Kristi Anseth For her research at the interface of biology and engineering, resulting in the design of innovative biomaterials that significantly facilitate tissue engineering and regeneration. 2003 Angelika Amon For her seminal contributions to understanding how cells orchestrate the segregation of their chromosomes during cell division, the key process of life 2002 Erich Jarvis For his use of gene expression as a tool to map brain functional systems and to identify parts of the brain involved in perceiving, learning and producing vocal communication. 2001 Vahid Tarokh For the invention of space-time coding techniques that produce dramatic gains in the spectral efficiency of wireless digital communication systems. 2000 Jennifer A. Doudna For innovative research that led to the development of a technique that facilitates crystallization of large RNA molecules; for determining the crystal structures of catalytic RNA molecules and an RNA molecule that forms the ribonucleo-protein core of the signal recognition particle; and for deciphering structural features of those molecules that permit a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis of RNA function in both catalysis and protein synthesis. 1999 Chaitan Khosla For his outstanding work in elucidating the mechanisms of enzyme biocatalysis of polyketides, thereby opening an exciting potential route


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-3.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
1976 Charles Fefferman For his research in Fourier analysis, partial differential equations and several complex variables which have brought fresh insight and renewed vigor to classical areas of mathematics and contributed signally to the advancement of modern mathematical analysis. == References == == External links == Alan T. Waterman Award NSF Page Alan T. Waterman Award 2021 Change of Eligibility Criteria


id: wrigley-trophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Trophy-0.md
category: reference
title: Wrigley Trophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Trophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:22.729521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wrigley-trophy-20260505-0
summary:
The Wrigley Trophy is an award given for motorboats. It was awarded as early as 1912 with a $1,500 cash prize. In 1912 the award was disputed when James A. Pugh contested the win by J. Stuart Blackton. He argued that Baby Reliance II was allowed a late entry and had already missed two rounds of competition. == Winners == Cassandra (raceboat); George Griffith (1960) Baby Reliance II, J. Stuart Blackton (1912) == References ==


id: abc-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: ABC@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:24.347254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: abc-home-20260505-0
summary:
ABC@Home was an educational and non-profit network computing project finding abc-triples related to the abc conjecture in number theory using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) volunteer computing platform. In March 2011, there were more than 7,300 active participants from 114 countries with a total BOINC credit of more than 2.9 billion, reporting about 10 teraflops (10 trillion operations per second) of processing power. In 2011, the project met its goal of finding all abc-triples of at most 18 digits. By 2015, the project had found 23.8 million triples in total, and ceased operations soon after. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == The Mathematical Institute of Leiden University


id: africa-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Africa@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:25.584781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: africa-home-20260505-0
summary:
Africa@home is a website that allow users to use their home computers to contribute for humanitarian causes at Africa. This project first went public on 13 July 2006. It partners with Swiss Tropical Institute, the University of Geneva, CERN, and ICVolunteers (ICV). It is sponsored by the Geneva International Academic Network (GIAN). Africa@home together with ICVolunteers, recruited volunteers across Africa to help with the project. The Malaria Control Project (MCP) was the first and the only volunteer computing project run by Africa@home. MCP ran for 10 years and became inactive since 21 June 2016. == See also == Malaria Control Project List of volunteer computing projects Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) Volunteer computing Grid computing Geneva International Academic Network == References ==


id: aqua-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home-0.md
category: reference
title: AQUA@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:26.742917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aqua-home-20260505-0
summary:
AQUA@home was a volunteer computing project operated by D-Wave Systems that ran on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It ceased functioning in August 2011. Its goal was to predict the performance of superconducting adiabatic quantum computers on a variety of problems arising in fields ranging from materials science to machine learning. It designed and analyzed quantum computing algorithms, using Quantum Monte Carlo techniques. AQUA@home was the first BOINC project to provide multi-threaded applications. It was also the first project to deploy an OpenCL test application under BOINC. == References == == External links == Papers resulting from AQUA@home's computations


id: artificial-intelligence-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md
category: reference
title: Artificial Intelligence System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:28.011060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: artificial-intelligence-system-20260505-0
summary:
Artificial Intelligence System (AIS) was a volunteer computing project undertaken by Intelligence Realm, Inc. with the long-term goal of simulating the human brain in real time, complete with artificial consciousness and artificial general intelligence. They claimed to have found, in research, the "mechanisms of knowledge representation in the brain which is equivalent to finding artificial intelligence", before moving into the developmental phase. == History == The project's initial goal was recreating the largest brain simulation to date, performed by neuroscientist Eugene M. Izhikevich of The Neurosciences Institute in San Diego, California. Izhikevich simulated 1 second of activity of 100 billion neurons (the estimated number of neurons in the human brain) in 50 days using a cluster of 27 3-gigahertz processors. He extrapolated that a real-time simulation of the brain could not be achieved before 2016. The project aimed to disprove this prediction. Artificial Intelligence System announced on Sep 5, 2007 that they will use the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software to perform intensive calculations. On July 12, 2008, the first phase of the project had been completed by reaching the 100 billion neuron mark. The project then continued to simulate neurons while they completed the development of


id: astropulse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse-0.md
category: reference
title: Astropulse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:29.753725+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: astropulse-20260505-0
summary:
Astropulse is a volunteer computing project to search for primordial black holes, pulsars, and extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). Volunteer resources are harnessed through the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. In 1999, the Space Sciences Laboratory launched SETI@home, which relied on a network of desktop computers around the world to provide massively parallel computation. SETI@home utilizes recorded data from the Arecibo radio telescope and searches for narrow-bandwidth radio signals from space, signifying the presence of extraterrestrial technology. It was soon recognized that this same data might be scoured for other signals of value to the astronomy and physics community. == Development == For about 6 years, Astropulse existed in an experimental beta testing phase not available to the general community. In July 2008, Astropulse was integrated into SETI@home, so that the massive network of SETI participants could also contribute to the search for other astronomical signals of value. Astropulse also makes contributions to the search for ET: first, project proponents believe it may identify a different type of ET signal not identified by the original SETI@Home algorithm; second, proponents believe it may create additional support for SETI by providing a second possible concrete result from the overall search project.


id: astropulse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse-1.md
category: reference
title: Astropulse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:29.753725+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: astropulse-20260505-0
summary:
== Potential pulse finds == One goal of Astropulse is to detect postulated mini black holes that might be evaporating due to "Hawking radiation". Such mini black holes are postulated to have been created during the Big Bang, unlike currently known black holes. The Astropulse project hopes that this evaporation would produce radio waves that Astropulse can detect. The evaporation wouldn't create radio waves directly. Instead, it would create an expanding fireball of high-energy gamma rays and particles. This fireball would interact with the surrounding magnetic field, pushing it out and generating radio waves. Rotating radio transients (RRATs) are a type of neutron stars discovered in 2006 by a team led by Maura McLaughlin from the Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester in the UK. RRATs are believed to produce radio emissions which are very difficult to locate, because of their transient nature. Early efforts have been able to detect radio emissions (sometimes called RRAT flashes) for less than one second a day, and, like with other single-burst signals, one must take great care to distinguish them from terrestrial radio interference. Distributing computing and the Astropulse algorithm may thus lend itself to further detection of RRATs. Pulses with


id: berkeley-open-infrastructure-for-network-computing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing-0.md
category: reference
title: Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:30.883606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: berkeley-open-infrastructure-for-network-computing-20260505-0
summary:
The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC, pronounced –rhymes with "oink") is an open-source middleware system for volunteer computing (a type of distributed computing). Developed originally to support SETI@home, it became the platform for many other applications in areas as diverse as medicine, molecular biology, mathematics, linguistics, climatology, environmental science, and astrophysics, among others. The purpose of BOINC is to enable researchers to utilize processing resources of personal computers and other devices around the world. BOINC development began with a group based at the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) at the University of California, Berkeley, and led by David P. Anderson, who also led SETI@home. As a high-performance volunteer computing platform, BOINC brings together 34,236 active participants employing 136,341 active computers (hosts) worldwide, processing daily on average 20.164 PetaFLOPS as of 16 November 2021 (it would be the 21st largest processing capability in the world compared with an individual supercomputer). The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds BOINC through awards SCI/0221529, SCI/0438443 and SCI/0721124. Guinness World Records ranks BOINC as the largest computing grid in the world. BOINC code runs on various operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, Linux, and FreeBSD. BOINC is free software released under the terms of


id: big-and-ugly-rendering-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_and_Ugly_Rendering_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Big and Ugly Rendering Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_and_Ugly_Rendering_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:32.009870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: big-and-ugly-rendering-project-20260505-0
summary:
Big and Ugly Rendering Project (BURP) is a non-commercial volunteer computing project using the BOINC framework for the rendering of 3D graphics that has been in hibernation as of 2020. The project website currently shows the status as "extended maintenance" until 2027. BURP utilizes the volunteer and grid computing software BOINC, to distribute computing tasks to volunteer computers. BURP is free software distributed under the GNU General Public License V3. Because BURP is used to refer to both the BOINC project and BURP back-end software, some confusion can arise when talking about other services running the BURP software. == History == The main BURP website went online on 17 June 2004. At that time the only supported renderer was YafaRay (Yet Another Free Raytracer). That August it became clear that YafaRay was not the best choice, and focus was shifted towards Blender, a renderer with more features and a compact file format. By the end of October enough tests had been done to show that not only is the distributed rendering of 3D animations possible, it can achieve performance that rivals many commercial render farms. The current trend of increasing network bandwidth throughout the world will make it even more


id: boinc-client-server-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_client–server_technology-0.md
category: reference
title: BOINC client–server technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_client–server_technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:37.325441+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: boinc-client-server-technology-20260505-0
summary:
BOINC client–server technology refers to the model under which BOINC works. The BOINC framework consists of two layers which operate under the client–server architecture. Once the BOINC software is installed in a machine, the server starts sending tasks to the client. The operations are performed client-side and the results are uploaded to the server-side. == Design and structure of BOINC == BOINC is designed to be a free structure for anyone wishing to start a distributed computing project. BOINC consists of a server system and client software that communicate with each other to distribute, process, and return workunits. == Server structure == A major part of the BOINC system is the backend server. The server can run on one or many machines to allow BOINC to scale easily to projects of any size. BOINC servers run on Linux-based computers and use Apache, PHP, and MySQL for their web and database systems. Scientific computations run on participants' computers. After uploading from the user's client to a science investigator's database, the backend server validates and analyzes the results. The validation process involves running all tasks on multiple contributor PCs and comparing the results. BOINC servers also provide these features: homogeneous redundancy (sending


id: boinc-credit-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_Credit_System-0.md
category: reference
title: BOINC Credit System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_Credit_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:38.564783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: boinc-credit-system-20260505-0
summary:
Within the BOINC platform for volunteer computing, the BOINC Credit System helps volunteers keep track of how much CPU time they have donated to various projects. This ensures users are returning accurate results for both scientific and statistical reasons. == Purposes for a credit system == Online distributed computing relies heavily, if not entirely, on volunteer computers. For this reason, projects such as SETI@home and other BOINC projects depend on a complicated balance among long-term users and the cycle of new users and retiring users. === Reasons for participation === Efficiency: Using a computer's resources which would otherwise be idle. To contribute to scientific research in general. To advance a specific field. To stress test computers, as with overclocking. For competition's sake (by joining a team). Some individuals and teams run numerous computers, with some dedicated specifically to BOINC in hopes of climbing to the top of the world charts. Some teams are institutional, e.g. universities and research centers. For personal benefit and recognition. Projects such as NASA's PlanetQuest plan on allowing individuals to name those planets discovered using their computers. Projects such as BURP, and Leiden Classical allow users to submit their own operations for use in the system.


id: charity-engine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Engine-0.md
category: reference
title: Charity Engine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Engine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:39.893406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charity-engine-20260505-0
summary:
Charity Engine is a free PC app based on Berkeley University's BOINC software, run by The Worldwide Computer Company Limited. The project works by selling spare home computing power to universities and corporations, then sharing the profits between eight partner charities and periodic cash prize draws for the users; those running the Charity Engine BOINC software on their home computers. When there are no corporations purchasing the computing power, Charity Engine donates it to existing volunteer computing projects such as Rosetta@home, Einstein@Home, and Malaria Control, and prize draws are funded by donations. The company was founded by former journalist Mark McAndrew, who was writing a science fiction novel featuring a similar organisation. He abandoned the book in favour of creating the idea in real life, with the assistance of professor David Anderson from UC Berkeley who created BOINC. The company was incorporated in 2008, but did not start trading until 2011. The company received €70,000 of EU innovation funding through the Framework Programme 7 (FP7). == Protein folding == In August 2014 the Rosetta@home project reported Charity Engine had contributed over 125,000 new PCs to its grid. In January 2017, Charity Engine was credited as a significant contributor to solving


id: clean-energy-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Clean Energy Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:41.061221+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clean-energy-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Clean Energy Project (CEP) was a virtual high-throughput discovery and design effort for the next generation of plastic solar cell materials that has finished. It studies millions of candidate structures to identify suitable compounds for the harvesting of renewable energy from the sun and for other organic electronic applications. It ran on the BOINC platform. == Project purpose == The project searched for the most suitable organic compounds with which to make solar cells, the best polymeric membranes with which to make fuel cells, and how best to assemble the molecules for such devices. == Current project status == On June 24, 2013, the Clean Energy Project released its database to the public and the research community. The release was featured on the White House Blog and by several news organizations including the MIT Technology Review. The database contains 150 million density functional theory calculations on 2.3 million molecules. == Publications == C. Amador-Bedolla, R. Olivares-Amaya, J. Hachmann, A. Aspuru-Guzik, Towards Materials Informatics for Organic Photovoltaics, in Informatics for Materials Science and Engineering, K. Rajan, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam (2013). In press. R. Olivares-Amaya, C. Amador-Bedolla, J. Hachmann, S. Atahan-Evrenk, R.S. Sánchez-Carrera, L. Vogt, A. Aspuru-Guzik, Accelerated Computational Discovery of


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-0.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
climateprediction.net (CPDN) is a volunteer computing project to investigate and reduce uncertainties in climate modelling. It aims to do this by running hundreds of thousands of different models (a large climate ensemble) using the donated idle time of ordinary personal computers, thereby leading to a better understanding of how models are affected by small changes in the many parameters known to influence the global climate. The project relies on the BOINC framework where voluntary participants agree to run some processes of the project at the client-side in their personal computers after receiving tasks from the server-side for treatment. CPDN, which is run primarily by Oxford University in England, has harnessed more computing power and generated more data than any other climate modelling project. It has produced over 100 million model years of data so far. As of June 2016, there are more than 12,000 active participants from 223 countries with a total BOINC credit of more than 27 billion, reporting about 55 teraflops (55 trillion operations per second) of processing power. == Aims == The aim of the climateprediction.net project is to investigate the uncertainties in various parameterizations that have to be made in state-of-the-art climate models. The model is


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-1.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
Classic Slab Model - The original experiment not under BOINC. See #The original model for further details. This model remains in use solely for the OU short course. BOINC Slab Model - The same as the classic Slab Model, but released under BOINC. ThermoHaline Circulation (THC) Model - An investigation of how the climate might change in the event of a decrease in the strength of the ThermoHaline Circulation. This experiment has now been closed to new participants as they have sufficient results. It was a four phase model totaling 60 model years. The first three phases were identical to the above Slab Models. The fourth phase imposed the effects of a 50% slowdown in the Thermohaline circulation by imposing SST changes in the north Atlantic derived from other runs. Sulfur Cycle Model - An investigation of the effect of sulfate aerosols on the climate. The experiment will model sulfur in a number of compound forms including dimethyl sulfide and sulfate aerosols. This experiment started in August 2005 and was a pre-requirement for the Hindcast. It is a 5 phase model totalling 75 model years. Timesteps are around 70% longer, making the model around 2.8 times longer than the initial


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-2.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
=== Explanation === Climate sensitivity is defined as the equilibrium response of global mean temperature to doubling levels of carbon dioxide. As of June 2025, current levels of carbon dioxide are 426 ppm and grew by 3.72ppm in the last year, compared with preindustrial levels of 280 ppm. Climate sensitivities of greater than 5 °C are widely accepted as being catastrophic. The possibility of such high sensitivities being plausible given observations had been reported prior to the climateprediction.net experiment but "this is the first time GCMs have produced such behaviour". Even the models with very high climate sensitivity were found to be "as realistic as other state-of-the-art climate models". The test of realism was done with a root mean square error test. This does not check on realism of seasonal changes and it is possible that more diagnostic measures may place stronger constraints on what is realistic. Improved realism tests are being developed. It is important to the experiment and the goal of obtaining a probability distribution function (pdf) of climate outcomes to get a very wide range of behaviours even if only to rule out some behaviours as unrealistic. Larger sets of simulations have more reliable pdfs. Therefore, models


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-3.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
== Visualisations == Many volunteer computing projects have screensavers to visually indicate the activity of the application, but they do not usually show its results as they are being calculated. By contrast, climateprediction.net not only uses a built-in visualisation to show the climate of the world being modelled, but it is interactive which allows different aspects of climate (temperature, rainfall, etc.) to be displayed. In addition, there are other, more advanced visualisation programs that allow the user to see more of what the model is doing (usually by analysing previously generated results) and to compare different runs and models. The real-time desktop visualisation for the model launched in 2003 was developed by Jeremy Walton at NAG, enabling users to track the progress of their simulation as the cloud cover and temperature changes over the surface of the globe. Other, more advanced visualisation programs in use include CPView and IDL Advanced Visualisation. They have similar functionality. CPView was written by Martin Sykes, a participant in the experiment. The IDL Advanced Visualisation was written by Andy Heaps of the University of Reading (UK), and modified to work with the BOINC version by Tesella Support Services plc. Only CPView allows you to look


id: cosmology-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmology@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:43.586816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmology-home-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmology@Home was a volunteer computing project that used the BOINC platform and was formerly run at the Departments of Astronomy and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The project has moved to the Institut Lagrange de Paris and the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, both of which are located in the Pierre and Marie Curie University. == Goals == The goal of Cosmology@Home is to compare theoretical models of the universe to the data measured to date and search for the model that best matches it. Other goals may include: results from Cosmology@Home can help design future cosmological observations and experiments. results from Cosmology@Home can help prepare for the analysis of future data sets, e.g. from the Planck spacecraft. == Science == The goal of Cosmology@Home is to search for the model that best describes our Universe and to find the range of models that agree with the available astronomical and particle physics data. The models generated by Cosmology@Home can be compared to measurements of the universe's expansion speed from the Hubble Space Telescope as well as fluctuations in the Cosmic microwave background as measured by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. == Method == Cosmology@Home uses an innovative way


id: discovering-dengue-drugs-together-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Dengue_Drugs_–_Together-0.md
category: reference
title: Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Dengue_Drugs_–_Together
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:44.894086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: discovering-dengue-drugs-together-20260505-0
summary:
Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together (DDDT) was a World Community Grid project launched in 2007 sponsored by scientists at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and the University of Chicago. Its goal was to identify new antiviral drugs effective against viruses from the family Flaviviridae. The project closed in 2015. Like all World Community Grid projects, Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together used a computational grid made up of thousands of client computers belonging to independent volunteers, in conjunction with servers that distribute portions of the work to the clients. == Phase 1 == The first phase of the project launched on August 21, 2007 and used AutoDock 2007 (the same software used for FightAIDS@Home) to test how well antiviral drug candidates are predicted to bind to the target virus's proteases. The specific viruses targeted by the project were: Dengue virus Hepatitis C virus West Nile virus Yellow fever virus Compounds predicted to bind strongly (protease inhibitors) were identified as potential antiviral drug candidates. Around 2.2 million compounds were examined in Phase 1, with around 20,000 of the best scoring compounds being passed to the second phase of the project. In 2008, the project was temporarily suspended because of


id: docking-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Docking@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:46.073356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: docking-home-20260505-0
summary:
Docking@Home was a volunteer computing project hosted by the University of Delaware and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It models protein-ligand docking using the CHARMM program. Volunteer computing allows an extensive search of protein-ligand docking conformations and selection of near-native ligand conformations are achieved by using ligand based hierarchical clustering. The ultimate aim was the development of new pharmaceutical drugs. The project was retired on May 23, 2014. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == Further reading == "Computer Idle? Now You Can Donate Its Time to Find a Cure for Major Diseases". Newswise. June 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-27. == External links == Official website Docking@Home screensaver video on YouTube


id: einstein-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
Einstein@Home is a volunteer computing project that searches for signals from spinning neutron stars in data from gravitational-wave detectors, from large radio telescopes, and from a gamma-ray telescope. Neutron stars are detected by their pulsed radio and gamma-ray emission as radio and/or gamma-ray pulsars. They also might be observable as continuous gravitational wave sources if they are rapidly spinning and non-axisymmetrically deformed. The project was officially launched on 19 February 2005 as part of the American Physical Society's contribution to the World Year of Physics 2005 event. Einstein@Home searches data from the LIGO gravitational-wave detectors. The project conducts the most sensitive all-sky searches for continuous gravitational waves. While no such signal has yet been detected, the upper limits set by Einstein@Home analyses provide astrophysical constraints on the galactic population of spinning neutron stars in our Milky Way galaxy. Einstein@Home also searches radio telescope data from the Arecibo Observatory, and has in the past analyzed data from Parkes Observatory. On 12 August 2010, the first discovery by Einstein@Home of a previously undetected radio pulsar J2007+2722, found in data from the Arecibo Observatory, was published in Science. This was the first data-based discovery by a volunteer computing project. As of December 2023,


id: einstein-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-1.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
Einstein@Home has carried out many analysis runs using data from the LIGO instruments. Since its first search run in 2005, the sensitivity of the LIGO detectors has been improved in a series of steps and upgrades. This is continuing with the current Advanced LIGO detectors. At the same time, Einstein@Home search algorithms have also improved. Together these have increased the search sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. Einstein@Home's first analysis used data from the "third science run" (S3) of LIGO. Processing of the S3 data set was conducted between 22 February 2005 and 2 August 2005. This analysis employed 60 segments from the LIGO Hanford 4-km detector, totaling ten hours of data each. Each 10-hour segment was analyzed for CW signals by the volunteers' computers using a matched-filtering technique. When all matched-filtering results were returned, the results from different segments were then combined in a "post-processing step" on Einstein@Home servers via a coincidence scheme to further enhance search sensitivity. Results were published on the Einstein@Home webpages. Work on the S4 data set (LIGO's fourth science run) was started via interlacing with the S3 calculations and finished in July 2006. This analysis used 10 segments of 30 hours each from the


id: einstein-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-2.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
An Einstein@Home study on how to optimally use the limited computing power for directed searches (where prior information on the target object such as the sky position is available) was published on 31 January 2018. It describes the design of searches for continuous gravitational waves over a wide frequency range from three supernova remnants (Vela Jr, Cassiopeia A, and G347.3). The results from the directed Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves from the central objects of the supernova remnants Vela Jr., Cassiopeia A, and G347.3 was published on 29 July 2019. It covered a frequency range from 20 Hertz to 1500 Hertz and used data from LIGO's first observing run O1. No signal was found and the most stringent upper limit at the time of publication were set, improving earlier results by a factor of two for all three targets. A follow-up of the Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves from the central objects of the supernova remnants Vela Jr., Cassiopeia A, and G347.3 was published on 29 June 2020. It investigated the most promising 10,000 candidates from the previous search and followed them up in two stretches of data from LIGO's second observing run (O2). A single candidate associated


id: einstein-home-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-3.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Radio data analysis and results == On 24 March 2009, it was announced that the Einstein@Home project was beginning to analyze data received by the PALFA Consortium at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. On 26 November 2009, a CUDA-optimized application for the Arecibo Binary Pulsar Search was first detailed on official Einstein@Home webpages. This application uses both a regular CPU and an NVIDIA GPU to perform analyses faster (in some cases up to 50% faster). On 12 August 2010, the Einstein@Home project announced the discovery of a new disrupted binary pulsar, PSR J2007+2722; it may be the fastest-spinning such pulsar discovered to date. The computers of Einstein@Home volunteers Chris and Helen Colvin and Daniel Gebhardt observed PSR 2007+2722 with the highest statistical significance. On 1 March 2011, the Einstein@Home project announced their second discovery: a binary pulsar system PSR J1952+2630. The computers of Einstein@Home volunteers from Russia and the UK observed PSR J1952+2630 with the highest statistical significance. By 15 May 2012 a new application for ATI/AMD graphic cards had been released. Using OpenCL, the new application was ten times faster than running on a typical CPU. On 22 July 2013, an Android application version of the radio


id: einstein-home-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-4.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Gamma-ray data analysis and results == On 1 July 2011 the project announced a new application to search for pulsars in data from the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. On 26 November 2013, the discovery of four young gamma-ray pulsars in LAT data by the Einstein@Home project was published. All four pulsars are located in the plane of our Galaxy and have spin frequencies of less than 10 Hertz and characteristic ages between 35,000 and 56,000 years. No radio waves were detected from any of the pulsars. The discovery of the gamma-ray pulsar PSR J1906+0722 was published on 4 August 2015. The discovery confirmed the pulsar nature of the object which had been suspected since 2012 based on the energy distribution of the gamma-ray photons observed by the LAT. The pulsar is young and energetic. In August 2009 it suffered one of the largest glitches observed from a gamma-ray pulsar. No radio pulsations were detected in any follow-up search, making PSR J1906+0722 likely radio-quiet. Advanced methods of timing the arrival times of gamma-ray pulsations were introduced to improve the parameter inference of astrophysical properties. On 16 November 2016 the discovery and timing measurements of


id: einstein-home-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-5.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Scientific Publications == Clark, C. J.; et al. (2016). "The Braking Index of a Radio-quiet Gamma-ray Pulsar". The Astrophysical Journal. 832 (1): L15. arXiv:1611.01292. Bibcode:2016ApJ...832L..15C. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/832/1/L15. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 54531854. Clark, Colin J.; et al. (2016). "The Einstein@Home Gamma-ray Pulsar Survey I: Search Methods, Sensitivity and Discovery of New Young Gamma-ray Pulsars". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (2): 106. arXiv:1611.01015. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834..106C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/106. S2CID 5750104. Lyne, A. G.; Stappers, B. W.; Bogdanov, S.; Freire, P. C. C.; Kaspi, V. M.; et al. (2016). "Timing of 29 Pulsars Discovered in the PALFA Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (2): 137. arXiv:1608.09007. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834..137L. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/137. S2CID 53639204. Papa, M. A.; Eggenstein, H.-B.; Walsh, S.; Di Palma, I.; Allen, B.; et al. (2016). "Hierarchical follow-up of sub-threshold candidates of an all-sky Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves on LIGO sixth science run data". Physical Review D. 94 (12) 122006. arXiv:1608.08928. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..94l2006P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.94.122006. S2CID 4595158. Lazarus, P.; et al. (2016). "Einstein@Home discovery of a Double-Neutron Star Binary in the PALFA Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 150. arXiv:1608.08211. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..150L. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/150. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 20833657. Zhu, Sylvia J.; et al. (2016). "Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves from Cassiopeia A". Physical Review D. 94 (8) 082008. arXiv:1608.07589. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..94h2008Z.


id: eon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOn-0.md
category: reference
title: EOn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:48.742363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eon-20260505-0
summary:
eOn was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, which uses theoretical chemistry techniques to solve problems in condensed matter physics and materials science. It was a project of the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at the University of Texas. Traditional molecular dynamics can accurately model events that occur within a fraction of a millisecond. In order to model events that take place on much longer timescales, Eon combines transition state theory with kinetic Monte Carlo. The result is a combination of classical mechanics and quantum methods like density functional theory. Since the generation of new work units depended on the results of previous units, the project could only give each host a few units at a time. On May 26, 2014, it was announced that eOn would be retiring from BOINC. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References ==


id: evolution-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Evolution@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:54.396386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evolution-home-20260505-0
summary:
evolution@home was a volunteer computing project for evolutionary biology, launched in 2001. The aim of evolution@home is to improve understanding of evolutionary processes. This is achieved by simulating individual-based models. The Simulator005 module of evolution@home was designed to better predict the behaviour of Muller's ratchet. The project was operated semi-automatically; participants had to manually download tasks from the webpage and submit results by email using this method of operation. yoyo@home used a BOINC wrapper to completely automate this project by automatically distributing tasks and collecting their results. Therefore, the BOINC version was a complete volunteer computing project. yoyo@home has declared its involvement in this project finished. == See also == Artificial life Digital organism Evolutionary computation Folding@home List of volunteer computing projects == References ==


id: fightaids-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FightAIDS@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: FightAIDS@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FightAIDS@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:55.590840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fightaids-home-20260505-0
summary:
FightAIDS@Home is a volunteer computing project operated by the Olson Laboratory at The Scripps Research Institute. It runs on internet-connected home computers, and since July 2013 also runs on Android smartphones and tablets. It aims to use biomedical software simulation techniques to search for ways to cure or prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. == Methods == Olson's target is HIV protease, a key molecular machine of the virus that when blocked stops it from maturing. These blockers, known as "protease inhibitors", are thus a way of avoiding the onset of AIDS and prolonging life. The Olson Laboratory is using computational methods to identify new candidate drugs that have the right shape and chemical characteristics to block HIV protease. This general approach is called structure-based drug design, and according to the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of General Medical Sciences, it has already had a dramatic effect on the lives of people living with AIDS. FightAIDS@Home makes use of the AutoDock VINA software, which tests how well a particular molecule binds to the HIV-1 protease. In October 2015 FightAIDS@Home Phase 2 was launched, using the computationally intensive Binding Energy Distribution Analysis Method (BEDAM) to "more thoroughly evaluate the top candidates


id: fiocruz-genome-comparison-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiocruz_Genome_Comparison_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiocruz_Genome_Comparison_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:56.811012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fiocruz-genome-comparison-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project is a collaborative effort involving Brazil's Oswaldo Cruz Institute and IBM's World Community Grid, designed to produce a database comparing the genes from many genomes with each other using SSEARCH. The program SSEARCH performs a rigorous Smith–Waterman alignment between a protein sequence and another protein sequence, a protein database, a DNA or a DNA library. The nature of the computation in the project allows it to easily take advantage of volunteer computing. This, along with the likely humanitarian benefits of the research, has led the World Community Grid (a volunteer computing grid that uses idle computer clock time) to run the Fiocruz project. All products are in the public domain by contract with WCG. == Description == The problem is that a very large information body (structural, functional, cross-references, etc.) is attached to protein database entries. Once entered the information is rarely updated or corrected. This annotation of predicted protein function is often incomplete, uses non-standard nomenclature or can be incorrect when cross referenced from previous sometimes incorrectly annotated sequences. Additionally, many proteins composed of several structural and/or functional domains are overlooked by automated systems. The comparative information today is huge when compared to the


id: freehal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeHAL-0.md
category: reference
title: FreeHAL
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeHAL
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:58.147758+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freehal-20260505-0
summary:
FreeHAL was a volunteer computing project to build a self-learning chatbot. This project is no longer active. Originally, the program was called JEliza referring to the chatbot ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum. The J stood for Java because JEliza has first been programmed in Java. In May 2008, the program has been renamed to FreeHAL because the programming language has changed. The name is related to the computer in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. FreeHAL uses a semantic network and technologies like pattern recognition, stemming, part of speech databases and Hidden Markov Models in order to imitate a human behaviour. FreeHAL learns autonomously. While communicating by keyboard, the program extends its database. Currently, English and German are supported. By using the BOINC platform, new semantic networks for the program are built. FreeHAL@home appears to have terminated operations. == Awards == In 2008, the program won the first prize in the category "Most Popular" at the Chatterbox Challenge, a yearly competition between different similar chatbots. == Publications == There was an article about FreeHAL in the Linux Magazine, Issue 97 from December 2008. In the German magazine com!, the program was on the CD/DVD and in the list of the Top-10-Open-Source


id: gpugrid-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPUGRID.net-0.md
category: reference
title: GPUGRID.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPUGRID.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:59.346167+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gpugrid-net-20260505-0
summary:
GPUGRID is a volunteer computing project hosted by Pompeu Fabra University and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It performs full-atom molecular biology simulations that are designed to run on Nvidia's CUDA-compatible graphics processing units. == Former support for PS3s == Support for the PS3's Cell microprocessor and the subsequent PS3GRID project was dropped in 2009 due to updated firmware preventing the installation of required third-party software. This included Linux distributions that are required to run BOINC. The massive throughput of Nvidia GPUs has also made the PS3 client largely redundant. As of September 2009, a mid-range Nvidia GPU ran GPUGRID applications approximately five times faster than the Cell microprocessor. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects Molecular dynamics GPGPU == References == == Further reading == Research topics in GPUGRID website's science sections GPUGRID's about us Archived 2016-11-04 at the Wayback Machine section == External links == Official website Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)


id: gridcoin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridcoin-0.md
category: reference
title: Gridcoin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridcoin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:00.566746+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gridcoin-20260505-0
summary:
Gridcoin (abbreviation: GRC) is a cryptocurrency which rewards volunteer computing performed on the BOINC platform. BOINC was originally developed to support SETI@home, but has also been used for research in other areas. Gridcoin was created on October 16, 2013, by Rob Halförd. Initially using the energy-intensive proof of work, as used by Bitcoin, Gridcoin migrated to a proof of stake protocol in 2014, similar to Peercoin, in an attempt to address the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. An exploit was demonstrated in August 2017 that revealed the email addresses of Gridcoin users and allowed the theft of other users' work. The research team had disclosed the vulnerability to the developers in September 2016, and a patch was released in March 2017 with version 3.5.8.7. However the implementation of the fix introduced other issues. The implementation Gridcoin-Research was created as a fork of Bitcoin and Peercoin and is licensed under the MIT License. It uses Qt 5 for its user interface and prebuilt executables of the wallet are distributed for Windows, macOS, and Debian. == References == == External links == Official website


id: gridrepublic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GridRepublic-0.md
category: reference
title: GridRepublic
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GridRepublic
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:01.716639+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gridrepublic-20260505-0
summary:
GridRepublic is a BOINC Account Manager. It focuses on creating a clean and simple way to join and interact with BOINC. GridRepublic was started with a mission to raise public awareness and participation in volunteer computing with BOINC. GridRepublic was formed in 2004 by Matthew Blumberg as a mechanism to control the multiple projects from one place. The code for the BOINC software had to be redesigned to allow for the Account Manager system to be implemented. GridRepublic's website has won numerous awards including being named finalist at the 2007 SXSW Interactive Festival and the 2008 Stockholm Challenge. GridRepublic has also been the recipients of a Google Grant allowing for advertising through Google. == Projects == GridRepublic supports a wide range of the BOINC projects. The list of supported projects and the development status of projects are periodically updated. Some of its popular projects include: Climateprediction.net Climate change modeling on personal computers Einstein@home Pulsar stars from LIGO and GEO data Rosetta@home Protein folding research SETI@home Searching radio and light data for signs of intelligent life == Software == GridRepublic is a non-profit organisation, an online application, and software. The software is open source and a customized version of BOINC. ==


id: hashclash-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashClash-0.md
category: reference
title: HashClash
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashClash
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:02.985444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hashclash-20260505-0
summary:
HashClash was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform to find collisions in the MD5 hash algorithm. It was based at Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and Marc Stevens initiated the project as part of his master's degree thesis. The project ended after Stevens defended his M.Sc. thesis in June 2007. However, SHA1 was added later, and the code repository was ported to git in 2017. The project was used to create a rogue certificate authority certificate in 2009. == See also == Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == HashClash HashClash at Stevens' home page Create your own MD5 collisions on AWS, Nat McHugh's blog


id: help-conquer-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Conquer_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: Help Conquer Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Conquer_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:04.139358+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: help-conquer-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
Help Conquer Cancer is a volunteer computing project that runs on the BOINC platform. It is a joint project of the Ontario Cancer Institute and the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute. It is also the first project under World Community Grid to run with a GPU counterpart. == Project Purpose == The goal is to enhance the efficiency of protein X-ray crystallography, which will enable researchers to determine the structure of many cancer-related proteins faster. This will lead to improving the understanding of the function of these proteins, and accelerate the development of new pharmaceutical drugs. == See also == BOINC List of volunteer computing projects World Community Grid == References == == External links == Help Conquer Cancer Archived 2010-01-17 at the Wayback Machine


id: help-cure-muscular-dystrophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Cure_Muscular_Dystrophy-0.md
category: reference
title: Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Cure_Muscular_Dystrophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:05.359382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: help-cure-muscular-dystrophy-20260505-0
summary:
Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy is a volunteer computing project that runs on the BOINC platform. It is a joint effort of the French muscular dystrophy charity, L'Association française contre les myopathies; and L'Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute). == Project purpose == Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy studies the function of various proteins that are produced by the two hundred genes known to be involved in the production of neuromuscular proteins by modelling the protein-protein interactions of the forty thousand relevant proteins that are listed in the Protein Data Bank. More specifically, it models how a protein would be affected when another protein or a ligand docks with it. == Scientific publications == Decrypting protein surfaces by combining evolution, geometry, and molecular docking. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2019). Hidden partners: Using cross-docking calculations to predict binding sites for proteins with multiple interactions. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2018). Protein social behavior makes a stronger signal for partner identification than surface geometry. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2017). Great interactions: How binding incorrect partners can teach us about protein recognition and function. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2016). Protein-Protein Interactions in a Crowded Environment: An Analysis


id: help-defeat-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Defeat_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: Help Defeat Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Defeat_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:10.670864+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: help-defeat-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
The Help Defeat Cancer project ran on World Community Grid from July 20, 2006, to April 2007. It sought to improve the ability of medical professionals to determine the best treatment options for patients with cancers of the breast, head, or neck. The project worked by identifying visual patterns in large numbers of tissue microarrays taken from archived tissue samples. By correlating the pattern data with information about treatment and patient outcome, the results of this project could help provide better targeted treatment options. == References == == External links == World Community Grid - Research - Help Defeat Cancer


id: human-proteome-folding-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Proteome_Folding_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Human Proteome Folding Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Proteome_Folding_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:11.885664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-proteome-folding-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) is a collaborative effort between New York University (Bonneau Lab), the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the University of Washington (Baker Lab), using the Rosetta software developed by the Rosetta Commons. The project is managed by the Bonneau lab. HPF Phase 1 applied Rosetta v4.2x software on the human genome and 89 others, starting in November 2004. Phase 1 ended in July 2006. HPF Phase 2 (HPF2) applies the Rosetta v4.8x software in higher resolution, "full atom refinement" mode, concentrating on cancer biomarkers (proteins found at dramatically increased levels in cancer tissues), human secreted proteins and malaria. Phase 1 ran on two volunteer computing grids: on United Devices' grid.org, and on the World Community Grid, an IBM philanthropic initiative. Phase 2 of the project ran exclusively on the World Community Grid; it terminated in 2013 after more than 9 years of IBM involvement. The Institute for Systems Biology will use the results of the computations within its larger research efforts. == Publications == == See also == BOINC Folding@home Foldit Human proteome project List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == HPF page at WCG HPF updates by Dr.


id: ibercivis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis-0.md
category: reference
title: Ibercivis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:13.078637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibercivis-20260505-0
summary:
Ibercivis was a volunteer computing platform which allows internet users to participate in scientific research by donating unused computer cycles to run scientific simulations and other tasks. The original project, which became operational in 2008, was a scientific collaboration between the Portuguese and Spanish governments, but it is open to the general public and scientific community, both within and beyond the Iberian Peninsula. The project's name is a portmanteau of Iberia and the Latin word civis, meaning 'citizen'. In April 2020, the volunteer computing platform was restarted by the Ibercivis Foundation and the Spanish National Research Council in order to screen existing drugs for antiviral activity against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. == History == Ibercivis was developed in Spain with the cooperation of the Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems at the University of Zaragoza, CIEMAT, CETA-CIEMAT, the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and RedIris. The project tasks are issued by different scientific and technological centers in Spain with the aim of creating a functional platform for volunteer-based scientific computing. The project is a European counterpart to the successful United States-based SETI@home and Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing


id: ibercivis-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis-1.md
category: reference
title: Ibercivis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:13.078637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibercivis-20260505-0
summary:
Fusion: a star on your screen: this application helped scientists at the Research Center for Energy Environment and Technology (CIEMAT) and at the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) perform simulations of the plasmas that will be produced in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The ITER project, which will begin operation in 2018, seeks to make nuclear fusion power a reality, replicating on Earth conditions typically found inside stars. Docking: looking for anti-cancer drugs: the Docking application assisted the search for new medicines through the simulation of protein docking. The Bioinformatics Unit of the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM) developed a platform to allow the automatic simulation of interactions of proteins and small molecules. Its purpose was to find effective drugs to treat serious illnesses, such as cancer. Materials: simulation of magnetic systems: the Materials application aided physicists from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad de Extremadura and the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems in discovering how non-magnetic impurities in magnetic materials modify the properties of their transition from a magnetic state to a non-magnetic one. The knowledge of these transitions is important not only from a theoretical point of view


id: the-lattice-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lattice_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: The Lattice Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lattice_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:14.866115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-lattice-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Lattice Project was a volunteer computing project that combined computing resources, Grid middleware, specialized scientific application software and web services into a comprehensive Grid computing system for scientific analysis. It ran the Genetic Algorithm for Rapid Likelihood Inference (GARLI) software to determine the relationships between different genetic samples. A major aspect of the project makes use of the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. The Lattice Project maintained a separate BOINC web site, but the site is dead as of this writing, causing this project to shut down because BOINC depends on this website to get setup information to set this project up on its clients. == References == == External links == The Lattice Project website archive


id: leiden-classical-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_Classical-0.md
category: reference
title: Leiden Classical
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_Classical
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:16.191176+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leiden-classical-20260505-0
summary:
Leiden Classical was a volunteer computing project run by the Theoretical Chemistry Department of the Leiden Institute of Chemistry at Leiden University. Leiden Classical used the BOINC system, and enabled scientists or science students to submit their own test simulations of various molecules and atoms in a classical mechanics environment. ClassicalDynamics is a program (and with it a library) completely written in C++. The library is covered by the LGPL license and the main program is covered by the GPL. The project shut down on June 5, 2018. == Joining the project == Participation was possible via the BOINC manager. Using this software one was once able to create an account in the project. Then someone can make a model of a dynamic system and simulation participating run. There are several models possible, to interactions between molecules or planets. == User Submitted Calculations == To create a personal calculation, a user's model had to have six defined variables: Colors of the molecules Box in which the model is run Number of particles in the simulation Interaction between the particles Gravity Coulomb force Lennard-Jones interaction Morse interaction Rydberg interaction Harmonic spirit Harmonic bending Recurrent torsion interactions Distance conditions Confirmation parameter(s) ==


id: lhc-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHC@home-0.md
category: reference
title: LHC@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHC@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:17.415206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lhc-home-20260505-0
summary:
LHC@home is a volunteer computing project researching particle physics that uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. The project's computing power is utilized by physicists at CERN in support of the Large Hadron Collider and other experimental particle accelerators. The project is run with the help of over 1,260 active volunteer users contributing more than 3,000 computers processing at a combined 52 teraFLOPS as of September 2024. The project is cross-platform, and runs on a variety of computer hardware configurations. == Applications == The LHC@home project currently runs four applications—Atlas, CMS, SixTrack, and Test4Theory—which deal with different aspects of research conducted in LHC such as calculating particle beam stability and simulating proton collisions. Atlas, CMS, and Test4Theory use VirtualBox, an x86 virtualization software package. === Atlas === Atlas uses volunteer computing power to run simulations of the ATLAS experiment. It can be run in VirtualBox or natively on Linux. === Beauty === Beauty (LHCb) compared the decay of bottom quarks (b) and bottom antiquarks (b), which also known as beauty quarks. The participation of volunteers in the application was suspended indefinitely on 19 November 2018. === CMS === The CMS application (formerly a standalone project called CMS@Home)


id: malaria-control-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_Control_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Malaria Control Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_Control_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:18.608257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malaria-control-project-20260505-0
summary:
malariacontrol.net was a volunteer computing project to simulate the transmission dynamics and health effects of malaria. It was part of the Africa@home project. The project was terminated on 21 June 2016. == History == The malariacontrol.net domain name was first registered on 19 May 2005 under Swiss Tropical Institute. This project was under Africa@home where the latter was conceived and developed by European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). malariacontrol.net was the first to use volunteer computing to model diseases. The model simulates malaria infection in 50,000 to 100,000 people. Each work unit lasted for an hour in average personal computers and the results were returned to University of Geneva for evaluation by researchers. malariacontrol.net ran all the simulations by using stochastic simulation model. Since 4 November 2010, using the financial support from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Malariacontrol.net developed an open-source software named "Open Malaria" which can be used to simulate outcomes in various types of malaria transmission settings. On 21 June 2016, malariacontrol.net announced that the project has been terminated due to financial constraints in upgrading their servers for further volunteer computing operations. == Impact == Over 10 years, malariacontrol.net has produced 30 peer-reviewed articles. In 2008, among the


id: milkyway-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home-0.md
category: reference
title: MilkyWay@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:19.924258+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: milkyway-home-20260505-0
summary:
MilkyWay@home is a volunteer computing project in the astrophysics category, running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. Using spare computing power from over 38,000 computers run by over 27,000 active volunteers as of November 2011, the MilkyWay@home project aims to generate accurate three-dimensional dynamic models of stellar streams in the immediate vicinity of the Milky Way. With SETI@home and Einstein@home, it is the third computing project of this type that has the investigation of phenomena in interstellar space as its primary purpose. Its secondary objective is to develop and optimize algorithms for volunteer computing. == Purpose and design == MilkyWay@home is a collaboration between the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's departments of Computer Science and Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy and is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation. It is operated by a team that includes astrophysicist Heidi Jo Newberg and computer scientists Malik Magdon-Ismail, Bolesław Szymański and Carlos A. Varela. By mid-2009 the project's main astrophysical interest is in the Sagittarius Stream, an immense stellar stream emanating from the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy that wraps around the Milky Way. Mapping such interstellar streams and their dynamics with high accuracy may provide crucial clues for understanding the


id: milkyway-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home-1.md
category: reference
title: MilkyWay@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:19.924258+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: milkyway-home-20260505-0
summary:
Mendelsohn, Eric J.; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Shelton, Siddhartha; Widrow, Lawrence M.; Thompson, Jeffery M.; Grillmair, Carl J. (1 February 2022). "Estimate of the Mass and Radial Profile of the Orphan–Chenab Stream's Dwarf-galaxy Progenitor Using MilkyWay@home". The Astrophysical Journal. 926 (2): 106. arXiv:2201.03637. Bibcode:2022ApJ...926..106M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac498a. S2CID 245853837. Donlon, T.; Newberg, H.; Weiss, J.; Guffey, A.; Thompson, J. (2021-06-01). "A Trifurcated Sagittarius Stream in the South". AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting. 53 (5): 403.03. Bibcode:2021DDA....5240303D. Mendelsohn, E. J.; Newberg, H. J.; Shelton, S.; Widrow, L.; Thompson, J.; Grillmair, C. (2021-06-01). "Estimate of the Mass and Radial Profile of the Orphan Stream's Dwarf Galaxy Progenitor Using MilkyWay@home". AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting. 53 (5): 403.01. Bibcode:2021DDA....5240301M. Mendelsohn, E. J.; Newberg, H. J.; Donlon, T.; Thompson, J. M. (2020-08-01). "N-Body Simulations with MilkyWay@home". AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting. 52 (4): 200.01. Bibcode:2020DDA....5120001M. Donlon, Thomas; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Sanderson, Robyn; Widrow, Lawrence M. (2020-10-01). "The Milky Way's Shell Structure Reveals the Time of a Radial Collision". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (2): 119. arXiv:2006.08764. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902..119D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb5f6. S2CID 219708644. Shelton, Siddhartha; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Weiss, Jake; Bauer, Jacob S.; Arsenault, Matthew; Widrow, Larry; Rayment, Clayton; Desell, Travis; Judd, Roland; Magdon-Ismail, Malik; Mendelsohn, Eric; Newby, Matthew; Rice, Colin;


id: milkyway-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home-2.md
category: reference
title: MilkyWay@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:19.924258+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: milkyway-home-20260505-0
summary:
Desell, Travis; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos (2008). "An asynchronous hybrid genetic-simplex search for modeling the Milky Way galaxy using volunteer computing". Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation. pp. 921–928. doi:10.1145/1389095.1389273. ISBN 9781605581309. S2CID 10952453. Cole, Nathan; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Magdon-Ismail, Malik; Desell, Travis; Dawsey, Kristopher; Hayashi, Warren; Liu, Xinyang Fred; Purnell, Jonathan; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos; Willett, Benjamin; Wisniewski, James (20 August 2008). "Maximum Likelihood Fitting of Tidal Streams with Application to the Sagittarius Dwarf Tidal Tails". The Astrophysical Journal. 683 (2): 750–766. arXiv:0805.2121. Bibcode:2008ApJ...683..750C. doi:10.1086/589681. S2CID 1660060. Desell, Travis; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos (2008). "Asynchronous genetic search for scientific modeling on large-scale heterogeneous environments". 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1109/IPDPS.2008.4536169. ISBN 978-1-4244-1693-6. S2CID 1107218. Szymanski, Boleslaw K.; Desell, Travis; Varela, Carlos (2008). "The Effects of Heterogeneity on Asynchronous Panmictic Genetic Search". Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4967. pp. 457–468. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.78.2043. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68111-3_48. ISBN 978-3-540-68105-2. Desell, Travis; Cole, Nathan; Magdon-Ismail, Malik; Newberg, Heidi; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos (2007). "Distributed and Generic Maximum Likelihood Evaluation". Third IEEE International Conference on e-Science and Grid Computing (E-Science 2007). pp. 337–344. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.65.4065. doi:10.1109/E-SCIENCE.2007.30. ISBN 978-0-7695-3064-2. S2CID


id: mindmodeling-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindModeling@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: MindModeling@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindModeling@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:21.237454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mindmodeling-home-20260505-0
summary:
MindModeling@Home is an inactive non-profit, volunteer computing research project for the advancement of cognitive science. MindModeling@Home is hosted by Wright State University and the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio. In BOINC, it is in the area of Cognitive Science and category called Cognitive science and artificial intelligence. It can only operate on a 64-bit operating system, preferably on a computer with multiple cores, running a Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux operating system. This project is not compatible with mobile devices, unlike other projects on BOINC. == Research focus == N-2 Repetition: understanding how people have a harder time returning to a task from another one Observing how people read through their eye movement for the purpose of helping people reduce eye strain and processing what they read better and faster. Modeling decision-making: resolving around decisions made from visual processing (focus and filtering) Integrated Learning Models (ILM) to create algorithms based on how people learn and make decisions How the brain performs tasks sequentially and simultaneously by measuring its blood flow == Problems == Its status is inactive. However, it is "not down or closed," as its servers are still running. The projects are long; prolonged amounts of


id: oproject-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OProject@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: OProject@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OProject@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:22.393403+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oproject-home-20260505-0
summary:
OProject@Home was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) and was based on a dedicated library OLib. The project was directed by Lukasz Swierczewski, an IT student at the College of Computer Science and Business Administration in Łomża, Computer Science and Automation Institute. As of 2016 it seems to have been abandoned. == Subprojects == Shor's Algorithm Shor's Algorithm DP GSCE-SV ALX Weird Engine Shor's Algorithm and Shor's Algorithm DP were the main subprojects of OProject@Home. The objective was to test quantum algorithms (e.g. Shor's algorithm) of quantum computing. GSCE-SV verifies the correctness of Goldbach's conjecture, while ALX is a Non-CPU-intensive (nci) subproject capable of running on ARM-based CPUs running Android or Linux. It is used to research and develop artificial intelligence and computer networks. The project supports the PlayStation 3. The Weird Engine subproject calculates the weird numbers (sequence A006037 in the OEIS). Numbers are available in the project database. According to the OEIS it is the largest publicly available database of such numbers. These ongoing work on the application analyzing status of water on Earth. OProject@Home uses data from NASA and NOAA satellites. Analyzed data are taken from devices AVHRR and


id: orbit-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Orbit@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:27.936678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orbit-home-20260505-0
summary:
orbit@home was a BOINC-based volunteer computing project of the Planetary Science Institute. It uses the "Orbit Reconstruction, Simulation and Analysis" framework to optimize the search strategies that are used to find near-Earth objects. On March 4, 2008, orbit@home completed the installation of its new server and officially opened to new members. On April 11, orbit@home launched a Windows version of their client. On February 16, 2013, the project was halted due to lack of grant funding. However, on July 23, 2013, the Orbit@home project was selected for funding by NASA's Near Earth Object Observation program. It was announced that orbit@home is to resume operations sometime in 2014 or 2015. As of July 13, 2018, orbit@home is offline according to its website, and the upgrade announcement has been removed. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == Official website


id: poem-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POEM@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: POEM@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POEM@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:29.166076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: poem-home-20260505-0
summary:
POEM@Home was a volunteer computing project hosted by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It modeled protein folding using Anfinsen's dogma. POEM@Home was started in 2007 and, due to advances using GPUs that rendered the BOINC program redundant, concluded in October 2016. The POEM@home applications were proprietary. == Scientific objectives == The project studied how protein structure determined protein function, predict a protein's structure from its amino acid sequence, investigated how proteins interact with each other, and understand how malfunctioning proteins can cause functional disorders. The resulting knowledge could then be used in the development of medical treatments. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == POEM@Home website Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)


id: predictor-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictor@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Predictor@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictor@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:30.492666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predictor-home-20260505-0
summary:
Predictor@home was a volunteer computing project that used BOINC software to predict protein structure from protein sequence in the context of the 6th biannual CASP, or Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction. A major goal of the project was the testing and evaluating of new algorithms to predict both known and unknown protein structures. Predictor@home was complementary to Folding@home. Whereas the latter aims to study the dynamics of protein folding, Predictor@home aimed to specify what the final tertiary structure will be. Also, the two projects differ significantly in the infrastructure they use. The project used BOINC software, whereas Folding@home maintains its own software completely outside of BOINC. However, for a time, Predictor@home competed with other BOINC protein structure prediction projects, such as Rosetta@home. Each uses different methods of rapidly and reliably predicting the final tertiary structure. Predictor@home is currently inactive. == History == Predictor@home holds the distinction of being the first independent BOINC project to be launched. The project was set up and run by Michela Taufer at The Scripps Research Institute. On September 6, 2006, Predictor@home was temporarily taken off line, with no new work units being sent out. In May, 2008, the project reverted to Alpha


id: primegrid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid-0.md
category: reference
title: PrimeGrid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:31.751416+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: primegrid-20260505-0
summary:
PrimeGrid is a volunteer computing project that searches for very large (up to world-record size) prime numbers whilst also aiming to solve long-standing mathematical conjectures. It uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. PrimeGrid offers a number of subprojects for prime-number sieving and discovery. Some of these are available through the BOINC client, others through the PRPNet client. Some of the work is manual, i.e. it requires manually starting work units and uploading results. Different subprojects may run on different operating systems, and may have executables for CPUs, GPUs, or both; while running the Lucas–Lehmer–Riesel test, CPUs with Advanced Vector Extensions and Fused Multiply-Add instruction sets will yield the fastest results for non-GPU accelerated workloads. PrimeGrid awards badges to users in recognition of achieving certain defined levels of credit for work done. The badges have no intrinsic value but are valued by many as a sign of achievement. The issuing of badges should also benefit PrimeGrid by evening out the participation in the less popular sub projects. The easiest of the badges can often be obtained in less than a day by a single computer, whereas the most challenging badges will require far more time and computing


id: primegrid-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid-1.md
category: reference
title: PrimeGrid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:31.751416+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: primegrid-20260505-0
summary:
=== Riesel Problem === As of 13 December 2022, PrimeGrid has eliminated 18 values of k from the Riesel problem and is continuing the search to eliminate the 43 remaining numbers. 3 values of k are found by independent searchers. === Twin prime search === Primegrid worked with the Twin Prime Search to search for a record-sized twin prime at approximately 58,700 digits. The new world's largest known twin prime 2003663613 × 2195000 ± 1 was eventually discovered on January 15, 2007 (sieved by Twin Prime Search and tested by PrimeGrid). The search continued for another record twin prime at just above 100,000 digits. It was completed in August 2009 when PrimeGrid found 65516468355 × 2333333 ± 1. Continued testing for twin primes in conjunction with the search for a Sophie Germain prime yielded a new record twin prime in September 2016 upon finding the number 2996863034895 × 21290000 ± 1 composed of 388,342 digits. === Woodall prime search === As of 22 April 2018, the project has discovered the four largest Woodall primes known to date. The largest of these is 17016602 × 217016602 − 1 and was found on 21 March 2018. The search continues for an even


id: proteins-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Proteins@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:32.988383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: proteins-home-20260505-0
summary:
proteins@home was a volunteer computing project that used the BOINC architecture. The project was run by the Department of Biology at École Polytechnique. The project began on December 28, 2006, and ended in June 2008. == Purpose == proteins@home was a large-scale non-profit protein structure prediction project utilizing volunteer computing to perform intensive computations in a small amount of time. From their website: The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its three-dimensional structure, or 'fold'. Conversely, the three-dimensional structure is compatible with a large, but limited set of amino acid sequences. Enumerating the allowed sequences for a given fold is known as the 'inverse protein folding problem'. We are working to solve this problem for a large number of known protein folds (a representative subset: about 1500 folds). The most expensive step is to build a database of energy functions that describe all these structures. For each structure, we consider all possible sequences of amino acids. Surprisingly, this is computationally tractable, because our energy functions are sums over pairs of interactions. Once this is done, we can explore the space of amino acid sequences in a fast and efficient way, and retain the most favorable sequences. This large-scale mapping


id: qmc-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMC@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: QMC@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMC@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:34.229458+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qmc-home-20260505-0
summary:
QMC@Home was a volunteer computing project for the BOINC client aimed at further developing and testing Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) for use in quantum chemistry. It is hosted by the University of Münster with participation by the Cavendish Laboratory. QMC@Home allows volunteers from around the world to donate idle computer cycles to help calculate molecular geometry using Diffusion Monte Carlo. The project is developing a new application using density functional theory. The project began its Beta testing on 23 May 2006. As of February 2010, QMC@Home has about 7,500 active participants from 102 countries, contributing about 5 teraFLOPS of computation power. == Workunits == In order to get results from home computers the work is split into "workunits". The time it takes to complete a workunit depends on the size of the calculated system and the speed of the user's computer. The target time is between 4 and 48 hours on a 2.4 GHz system. This is a list of molecules recently tested: 1a Ammonia; 1 Ammonia dimer; 2a Water; 2 Water dimer; 3a Formic acid; 3 Formic acid dimer; 4a Formamide; 4 Formamide dimer; 5a Uracil; 5 Uracil dimer; 6a 2-pyridoxine; 6b 2-aminopyridine; 6 2-pyridoxine/2-aminopyridine; 7a Adenine; 7b Thymine;


id: quake-catcher-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake-Catcher_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: Quake-Catcher Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake-Catcher_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:35.546652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quake-catcher-network-20260505-0
summary:
The Quake-Catcher Network was an initiative run by the University of Southern California that aimed to use computer-based accelerometers to detect earthquakes. It used the BOINC volunteer computing platform (a form of distributed computing, similar to SETI@home). It supported mobile devices (smartphones and some tablets/laptops) that have a built-in accelerometer. It also supported three external USB devices - the codemercs.com JoyWarrior 24F8, the ONavi sensor, and the MotionNode Accel. In 2011, project scientist Elizabeth Cochran was awarded a Presidential Early Career Award from US President Barack Obama in large part due to her founding of the Quake-Catcher Network project. The Quake Catcher Network project started at Stanford University in 2008, then moved to Caltech, and joined the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) in 2016. The Quake-Catcher Network was discontinued on June 1st 2023 == References == == External links == Interactive world map, showing recent earthquakes (day/week/month) Archived 2018-01-07 at the Wayback Machine – result of QCN


id: rosetta-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
Rosetta@home is a volunteer computing project researching protein structure prediction on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, run by the Baker lab. Rosetta@home aims to predict protein–protein docking and design new proteins with the help of about fifty-five thousand active volunteered computers processing at over 487,946 gigaFLOPS on average as of September 19, 2020. Foldit, a Rosetta@home videogame, aims to reach these goals with a crowdsourcing approach. Though much of the project is oriented toward basic research to improve the accuracy and robustness of proteomics methods, Rosetta@home also does applied research on malaria, Alzheimer's disease, and other pathologies. Like all BOINC projects, Rosetta@home uses idle computer processing resources from volunteers' computers to perform calculations on individual workunits. Completed results are sent to a central project server where they are validated and assimilated into project databases. The project is cross-platform, and runs on a wide variety of hardware configurations. Users can view the progress of their individual protein structure prediction on the Rosetta@home screensaver. In addition to disease-related research, the Rosetta@home network serves as a testing framework for new methods in structural bioinformatics. Such methods are then used in other Rosetta-based applications, like RosettaDock or the Human Proteome


id: rosetta-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-1.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
A primary feature of the Rosetta@home graphical user interface (GUI) is a screensaver which shows a current workunit's progress during the simulated protein folding process. In the upper-left of the current screensaver, the target protein is shown adopting different shapes (conformations) in its search for the lowest energy structure. Depicted immediately to the right is the structure of the most recently accepted. On the upper right the lowest energy conformation of the current decoy is shown; below that is the true, or native, structure of the protein if it has already been determined. Three graphs are included in the screensaver. Near the middle, a graph for the accepted model's thermodynamic free energy is displayed, which fluctuates as the accepted model changes. A graph of the accepted model's root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), which measures how structurally similar the accepted model is to the native model, is shown far right. On the right of the accepted energy graph and below the RMSD graph, the results from these two functions are used to produce an energy vs. RMSD plot as the model is progressively refined. Like all BOINC projects, Rosetta@home runs in the background of the user's computer, using idle computer power, either at


id: rosetta-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-2.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Disease-related research == In addition to basic research in predicting protein structure, docking and design, Rosetta@home is also used in immediate disease-related research. Numerous minor research projects are described in David Baker's Rosetta@home journal. As of February 2014, information on recent publications and a short description of the work are being updated on the forum. The forum thread is no longer used since 2016, and news on the research can be found on the general news section of the project. === Alzheimer's disease === A component of the Rosetta software suite, RosettaDesign, was used to accurately predict which regions of amyloidogenic proteins were most likely to make amyloid-like fibrils. By taking hexapeptides (six amino acid-long fragments) of a protein of interest and selecting the lowest energy match to a structure similar to that of a known fibril forming hexapeptide, RosettaDesign was able to identify peptides twice as likely to form fibrils as are random proteins. Rosetta@home was used in the same study to predict structures for amyloid beta, a fibril-forming protein that has been postulated to cause Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary but as yet unpublished results have been produced on Rosetta-designed proteins that may prevent fibrils from forming, although it


id: rosetta-home-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-3.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Rosetta software == Rosetta is the software responsible for performing structure prediction in Rosetta@home. Besides a BOINC cluster, Rosetta can run on a single local computer, or on a local supercomputer. Similar to other bioinformatic programs, there are online public servers offering to run Rosetta from a web interface. The software is freely licensed to the academic community and available to pharmaceutical companies for a fee. Originally introduced by the Baker laboratory at the University of Washington in 1998 as an ab initio approach to structure prediction, Rosetta has since branched into several development streams and distinct services, providing features such as macromolecular docking and protein design. Many of the graduate students and other researchers involved in Rosetta's initial development have since moved to other universities and research institutions, and subsequently enhanced different parts of the Rosetta project. The Rosetta platform derives its name from the Rosetta Stone, as it attempts to decipher the structural "meaning" of proteins' amino acid sequences. Development of the Rosetta code is done by Rosetta Commons. Rosetta participates in CASP and CAPRI. Rosetta was rewritten in C++ to allow easier development than that allowed by its original version, which was written in Fortran. This


id: rosetta-home-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-4.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
=== Robetta === The Robetta (Rosetta Beta) server is an automated protein structure prediction service offered by the Baker laboratory for non-commercial ab initio and comparative modeling. It has participated as an automated prediction server in the biannual CASP experiments since CASP5 in 2002, performing among the best in the automated server prediction category. Robetta has since competed in CASP6 and 7, where it did better than average among both automated server and human predictor groups. It also participates in the CAMEO3D continuous evaluation. Robetta tasks run on Baker lab servers, Janelia Research Campus machines, and Rosetta@home participant computers. In modeling protein structure as of CASP6, Robetta first searches for structural homologs using BLAST, PSI-BLAST, and 3D-Jury, then parses the target sequence into its individual domains, or independently folding units of proteins, by matching the sequence to structural families in the Pfam database. Domains with structural homologs then follow a "template-based model" (i.e., homology modeling) protocol. Here, the Baker laboratory's in-house alignment program, K*sync, produces a group of sequence homologs, and each of these is modeled by the Rosetta de novo method to produce a decoy (possible structure). The final structure prediction is selected by taking the lowest energy model


id: rosetta-home-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-5.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Volunteer contributions == Rosetta@home depends on computing power donated by individual project members for its research. As of March 28, 2020, about 53,000 users from 150 countries were active members of Rosetta@home, together contributing idle processor time from about 54,800 computers for a combined average performance of over 1.7 PetaFLOPS. Users are granted BOINC credits as a measure of their contribution. The credit granted for each workunit is the number of decoys produced for that workunit multiplied by the average claimed credit for the decoys submitted by all computer hosts for that workunit. This custom system was designed to address significant differences between credit granted to users with the standard BOINC client and an optimized BOINC client, and credit differences between users running Rosetta@home on Windows and Linux operating systems. The amount of credit granted per second of CPU work is lower for Rosetta@home than most other BOINC projects. Rosetta@home is thirteenth out of over 40 BOINC projects in terms of total credit. Rosetta@home users who predict protein structures submitted for the CASP experiment are acknowledged in scientific publications regarding their results. Users who predict the lowest energy structure for a given workunit are featured on the Rosetta@home homepage


id: seasonal-attribution-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Seasonal Attribution Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:39.136696+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seasonal-attribution-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Seasonal Attribution Project is a climate'prediction.net sub-project, with support from the WWF. It runs a high resolution model in order to try to determine the extent to which extreme weather events are attributable to human-induced global warming. The project did cease giving out more work, however there has been a project extension to try a fourth sea surface temperature pattern. Current work will still be accepted and used for collaborations and possibly revisions of papers during the review process. A further extension will start soon. == The experiments == United Kingdom floods of Autumn 2000 – Current project. Mountain snowpack decline in western North America Developed in collaboration with the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington. Heatwave occurrence in South Africa and India The latter two will use the same models. Information has been uploaded but analysis of information generated has not yet started. == See also == Effects of global warming == References == == External links == Seasonal Attribution Website Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine


id: seti-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-0.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
SETI@home ("SETI at home") is a project of the Berkeley SETI Research Center to analyze radio signals with the aim of searching for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. Until March 2020, it was run as an Internet-based public volunteer computing project that employed the BOINC software platform. It is hosted by the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, and is one of many activities undertaken as part of the worldwide SETI effort. SETI@home software was released to the public on May 17, 1999, making it the third large-scale use of volunteer computing over the Internet for research purposes, after Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) was launched in 1996 and distributed.net in 1997. Along with MilkyWay@home and Einstein@home, it has the investigation of phenomena in interstellar space as its primary purpose. In March 2020, the project stopped sending out new work to SETI@home users, bringing the crowdsourced computing aspect of the project to a stop. At the time, the team intended to shift focus onto the analysis and interpretation of the 20 years' worth of accumulated data. However, the team left open the possibility of eventually resuming volunteer computing using data from other radio telescopes, such as MeerKAT


id: seti-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-1.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Technology == Anybody with an at least intermittently Internet-connected computer was able to participate in SETI@home by running a free program that downloaded and analyzed radio telescope data. Observational data were recorded on 2-terabyte SATA hard disk drives fed from the Arecibo Telescope in Puerto Rico, each holding about 2.5 days of observations, which were then sent to Berkeley. Arecibo does not have a broadband Internet connection, so data must go by postal mail to Berkeley. Once there, it is divided in both time and frequency domains work units of 107 seconds of data, or approximately 0.35 megabytes (350 kilobytes or 350,000 bytes), which overlap in time but not in frequency. These work units are then sent from the SETI@home server over the Internet to personal computers around the world to analyze. Data was merged into a database using SETI@home computers in Berkeley. Interference was rejected, and various pattern-detection algorithms were applied to search for the most interesting signals. The project used CUDA for GPU processing starting in 2015. In 2016 SETI@home began processing data from the Breakthrough Listen project. === Software === The SETI@home volunteer computing software ran either as a screensaver or continuously while a user worked,


id: seti-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-2.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Competitive aspect == SETI@home users quickly started to compete with one another to process the maximum number of work units. Teams were formed to combine the efforts of individual users. The competition continued and grew larger with the introduction of BOINC. As with any competition, attempts have been made to "cheat" the system and claim credit for work that has not been performed. To combat cheats, the SETI@home system sends every work unit to multiple computers, a value known as "initial replication" (currently 2). Credit is only granted for each returned work unit once a minimum number of results have been returned and the results agree, a value known as "minimum quorum" (currently 2). If, due to computation errors or cheating by submitting false data, not enough results agree, more identical work units are sent out until the minimum quorum can be reached. The final credit granted to all machines which returned the correct result is the same and is the lowest of the values claimed by each machine. Some users have installed and run SETI@home on computers at their workplaces; an act known as "Borging", after the assimilation-driven Borg of Star Trek. In some cases, SETI@home users have


id: seti-home-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-3.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
SETI@home is a test bed for further development not only of BOINC but of other hardware and software (database) technology. Under SETI@home processing loads, these experimental technologies can be more challenging than expected, as SETI databases do not have typical accounting and business data or relational structures. The non-traditional database uses often do incur greater processing overheads and risk of database corruption and outright database failure. Hardware, software and database failures can (and do) cause dips in project participation. The project has had to shut down several times to change over to new databases capable of handling more massive datasets. Hardware failure has proven to be a substantial source of project shutdowns, as hardware failure is often coupled with database corruption. == See also == == References == == Further reading == Carrigan, Richard A. Jr. (2003). "The Ultimate Hacker: SETI Signals May Need to Be Decontaminated". Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars. 213. Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 519. Bibcode:2004IAUS..213..519C. Sample, Ian (November 25, 2005). "Scientists be on guard..." The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 25, 2005. Scoles, Sarah (May 23, 2017). "A Brief History of SETI@Home". The Atlantic. == External links == Official website SETI@home screensaver video on YouTube


id: seti-home-beta-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta-0.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home beta
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:45.401648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-beta-20260505-0
summary:
SETI@home beta, is a hibernating volunteer computing project using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, as a test environment for future SETI@home projects: AstroPulse is a volunteer computing project searching for primordial black holes, pulsars, and ETI. AstroPulse clients have been tested by this project for nearly 6 years. It is already running on SETI@home, testing new GPU/CPU optimized apps and performing other tasks. SETI Southern Hemisphere Search, which is another SETI@home project that was due to join BOINC. It was expected that this project would use a slightly modified version of the SETI enhanced client, as the Parkes Observatory has a feedhorn with more beams than the Arecibo Observatory. == Applications Testing == 11 Dec 2008, CUDA applications test 3 Jun 2013, SETI@home v7 test 01 Dec 2015 SETI@home v8 test == External links == Official website SETI@home beta screensaver video on YouTube == References ==


id: similarity-matrix-of-proteins-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins-0.md
category: reference
title: Similarity Matrix of Proteins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:46.582906+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: similarity-matrix-of-proteins-20260505-0
summary:
Similarity Matrix of Proteins (SIMAP) is a database of protein similarities created using volunteer computing. It is freely accessible for scientific purposes. SIMAP uses the FASTA algorithm to precalculate protein similarity, while another application uses hidden Markov models to search for protein domains. SIMAP is a joint project of the Technical University of Munich, the Helmholtz Zentrum München, and the University of Vienna. == Project == The project usually got new work units at the beginning of each month. More recently, (2010), inclusion of environmental sequences into the database has required longer periods of activity, several months of continuous work for example. Typically, these updates occurred twice each year. In the fourth quarter of 2010, the project relocated to the University of Vienna due to the failing electrical infrastructure at the Technical University of Munich. Part of this exercise involved the creation of a project specific URL requiring existing volunteers and users to detach/reattach to the project. On May 30, 2014, it was announced by project administrators that after a 10-year history, SIMAP would be leaving BOINC by the end of 2014. SIMAP research, however, will go forward with the use of local hardware consisting of "ordinary multi-core CPUs (some


id: slinca-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: SLinCA@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:47.866145+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: slinca-home-20260505-0
summary:
SLinCA@Home (Scaling Laws in Cluster Aggregation) was a research project that uses Internet-connected computers to do research in fields such as physics and materials science. == Introduction == SLinCA@Home was based at the G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics (IMP) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) in Kyiv, Ukraine's capital city. It ran on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform, the SZTAKI Desktop Grid platform, and the Distributed Computing API (DC-API) by SZTAKI. SLinCA@Home hosts several scientific applications dedicated to research into scale-invariant dependencies in experimental data in physics and materials science. Statistics at the BOINCstats site (as of 16 March 2011), show over 2,000 volunteers in 39 countries have participated in the project; it is the second most popular BOINC project in Ukraine (after the Magnetism@Home project, which is now inactive). About 700 active users contribute about 0.5–1.5 teraFLOPS of computational power, which would rank SLinCA@Home among the top 20 on the TOP500 list of supercomputers in June 2005. == History == The SLinCA@Home project was previously launched in January 2009 as part of the EGEE project in the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for the funding of research and


id: spinhenge-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Spinhenge@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:49.045702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spinhenge-home-20260505-0
summary:
Spinhenge@home was a volunteer computing project on the BOINC platform, which performs extensive numerical simulations concerning the physical characteristics of magnetic molecules. It is a project of the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, in cooperation with the University of Osnabrück and Ames Laboratory. The project began beta testing on September 1, 2006, and used the Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm to calculate and simulate spin dynamics in nanoscale molecular magnets. On September 28, 2011, a hiatus was announced while the project team reviewed results and upgraded hardware. As of July 10, 2022 the hiatus continues and it is likely that the project has been closed down permanently. == See also == Spintronics BOINC List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == Project Website Spinhenge@home screensaver video on YouTube More Information about Spinhenge@Home Project Statistics at BOINCStats


id: theskynet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheSkyNet-0.md
category: reference
title: TheSkyNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheSkyNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:50.270759+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: theskynet-20260505-0
summary:
theSkyNet was a research project that used volunteer Internet-connected computers to carry out research in astronomy. It was an initiative of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), a joint venture of Curtin University and the University of Western Australia. theSkyNet had two projects, Sourcefinder and POGS. Both projects have been completed. theSkyNet Sourcefinder aimed to test and refine automatic radio sourcefinding algorithms in preparation for radio galaxy surveys using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder and the Square Kilometre Array. theSkyNet POGS used Spectral Energy Distribution fitting to calculate characteristics of many galaxies using images taken by the Pan-STARRS PS1 optical telescope in Hawaii. == History == theSkyNet Sourcefinder project was introduced publicly on 13 September 2011, operating on a Java-based user platform, processing data using new distributed computing software called Nereus. One year later, theSkyNet celebrated its first birthday and at the same time theSkyNet POGS project became the first public Australian based project to participate in the well established volunteer computing platform BOINC. The acronym POGS is a reference to a game played with discs that originated on Maui, Hawaii, in the 1920s, and the fact that the Pan-STARRS PS1 telescope, is situated on Mount Haleakala,


id: world-community-grid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-0.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
World Community Grid (WCG) is an effort to create the world's largest volunteer computing platform to perform scientific research that benefits humanity. Launched on November 16, 2004, with proprietary Grid MP client from United Devices and adding support for Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) in 2005, World Community Grid eventually discontinued the Grid MP client and consolidated on the BOINC platform in 2008. In September 2021, it was announced that IBM transferred ownership to the Krembil Research Institute of University Health Network in Toronto, Ontario. World Community Grid uses unused processing power of consumer devices (PCs, Laptops, Android Smartphones, etc.) to analyse data created by the research groups that participate in the grid. WCG projects have analysed data related to the human genome, the human microbiome, HIV, dengue, muscular dystrophy, cancer, influenza, Ebola, Zika virus, virtual screening, rice crop yields, clean energy, water purification and COVID-19, among other research areas. There are currently four active projects and 28 completed projects. Several of these projects have published peer-reviewed papers based on the analysis of the data generated by WCG. These include an OpenZika project paper on the discovery of a compound (FAM 3) that inhibits the NS3 Helicase protein


id: world-community-grid-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-1.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
== Statistics and competition == The contributions of each user are recorded and user contribution statistics are publicly available. Due to the fact that the processing time of each workunit varies from computer to computer, depending on the difficulty of the workunit, the speed of the computer, and the amount of idle resources available, contributions are usually measured in terms of points. Points are awarded for each workunit depending on the effort required to process it. Upon completing a workunit, the BOINC client will request the number of points it thinks it deserves based on software benchmarks (see BOINC Credit System#Cobblestones). Since multiple computers process the same workunit to ensure accuracy, the World Community Grid servers can look at the points claimed by each of those computers. The WCG servers disregard statistical outliers, average the remaining values and award the resulting number of points to each computer. Within the grid, users may join teams that have been created by organizations, groups, or individuals. Teams allow for a heightened sense of community identity and can also inspire competition. As teams compete against each other, more work is done for the grid overall. == Outreach == World Community Grid recognizes companies and


id: world-community-grid-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-2.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
In February 2014, the Help Fight Childhood Cancer project scientists announced the discovery of 7 compounds that destroy neuroblastoma cancer cells without any apparent side effects. This discovery, made with the support of the WCG volunteers, is a positive step towards a new treatment. The project has announced that it is seeking a collaboration with a pharmaceutical company in order to develop the compounds into treatments. Given the success of the project, the scientists have stated that they are already planning a follow-up project which will focus on other pediatric cancers, possibly in collaboration with a newly formed Pan-Asian oncology group, of which they are a founding member. As of July 2012, the Human Proteome Folding Project has published several papers using data from WCG. These include a paper on validation methods and a new database of protein structure and function predictions; a paper on the identification of proteins that regulate human processes; a paper on the analysis of the genomes from five plant families and their proteomes, for which WCG was used in the creation of over 29,000 protein structures; a paper on the proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The GO Fight Against Malaria project reported the discovery of several


id: world-community-grid-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-3.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
=== OpenPandemics - COVID-19 === On April 1, 2020, IBM announced OpenPandemics - COVID-19. The project aims to identify possible treatments for the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. WCG will partner with Scripps Research, with whom it has partnered in the past, notably in FightAIDS@Home projects. The project runs on CPUs and GPUs and will also serve to create a "fast-response, open source tool that will help all scientists quickly search for treatments for future pandemics." The project launched on May 14, 2020. === Mapping Cancer Markers === Mapping Cancer Markers (launched November 8, 2013). The project aims to identify the markers associated with various types of cancer, and is analyzing millions of data points collected from thousands of healthy and cancerous patient tissue samples. These include tissues with lung, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic and breast cancers. By comparing these different data points, researchers aim to identify patterns of markers for different cancers and correlate them with different outcomes, including responsiveness to various treatment options. The project is focusing on 4 types of cancer, with the first focus being on lung cancer, and will move on to ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and


id: world-community-grid-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-4.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
=== AfricanClimate@Home === The mission of AfricanClimate@Home was to develop more accurate climate models of specific regions in Africa. It was intended to serve as a basis for understanding how the climate will change in the future so that measures designed to alleviate the adverse effects of climate change could be implemented. World Community Grid's tremendous computing power was used to understand and reduce the uncertainty with which climate processes were simulated over Africa. Phase 1 of African Climate@Home launched on September 3, 2007, and ended in July 2008. === Help Conquer Cancer === Help Conquer Cancer project (launched November 1, 2007) is sponsored by the Ontario Cancer Institute (OCI), Princess Margaret Hospital and University Health Network of Toronto, Canada. The project involves X-ray crystallography. The mission of Help Conquer Cancer is to improve the results of protein X-ray crystallography, which helps researchers not only annotate unknown parts of the human proteome, but importantly improves their understanding of cancer initiation, progression and treatment. The HCC project was the first WCG project benefiting from graphics processing units (GPU)s which helped finish it a lot earlier than initially projected due to the massive power of GPUs. In the April 2013 status report


id: world-community-grid-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-5.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
World Community Grid and researchers supported by Decrypthon, a partnership between AFM (French Muscular Dystrophy Association), CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, and IBM were investigating protein–protein interactions for more than 2,200 proteins whose structures are known, with particular focus on those proteins that play a role in neuromuscular diseases. Phase 2 was launched on May 12, 2009, and completed on September 26, 2012. The database of information produced will help researchers design molecules to inhibit or enhance binding of particular macromolecules, hopefully leading to better treatments for muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular diseases. Phase 2 of the Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy project began once the results from the first phase had been analyzed. Phase 2 ran on the BOINC platform. === Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together – Phase 2 === Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together – Phase 2 (launched February 17, 2010) is sponsored by The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Texas, United States and the University of Chicago in Illinois, USA. The mission is to identify promising drug candidates to combat the Dengue, Hepatitis C, West Nile, Yellow Fever, and other related viruses. The extensive computing power of World


id: world-community-grid-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-6.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
FightAIDS@Home (launched November 19, 2005) was World Community Grid's second project and its first to target a single disease. Each individual computer processes one potential drug molecule and tests how well it would dock with HIV protease, acting as a protease inhibitor. Scripps Research Institute published its first peer-reviewed scientific paper about the results of FightAIDS@Home on April 21, 2007. This paper explains that the results up to that point will primarily be used to improve the efficiency of future FightAIDS@Home calculations. === FightAIDS@Home Phase 2 === FightAIDS@Home Phase 2 (launched September 30, 2015) is looking more closely at the results of Phase 1. The project has two goals in the early experiments; the simulation architecture is functioning correctly and giving reliable results, and using BEDAM and AutoDock together provides better results than using just BEDAM or AutoDock. === Microbiome Immunity Project === Microbiome Immunity Project (launched August 2017) is a study of proteins in bacteria located in and on the human body; the human microbiome, which comprises around 3 million separate bacterial genes. By studying bacterial genes, researchers can determine their individual shapes, which in turn dictate the function of the bacteria. Collaborative institutions includes the University of California


id: ufluids-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFluids@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: UFluids@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFluids@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:52.648318+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ufluids-home-20260505-0
summary:
μFluids@Home is a computer simulation of two-phase flow behavior in microgravity and microfluidics problems at Purdue University, using the Surface Evolver program. == About == The project's purpose is to develop better methods for the management of liquid rocket propellants in microgravity, and to investigate two-phase flow in microelectromechanical systems, taking into account factors like surface tension. Systems using electrowetting, channel geometry, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings to allow the smooth passage of fluids can then be designed. Such systems include compact medical devices, biosensors, and fuel cells. == Computing platform == μFluids@Home uses the BOINC volunteer computing platform. Application notes There is no screensaver. Work unit CPU times are generally less than 20 hours. Work units average in size around 500 kB. You must run many work units to get levels of credit comparable to SETI@home or climateprediction.net BOINC projects. == References == == External links == Website archive


id: siarhei-besarab-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab-0.md
category: reference
title: Siarhei Besarab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:54.675118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siarhei-besarab-20260505-0
summary:
Siarhei Besarab (Belarusian pronunciation: [ˈsʲargej bʲesɐˈrab] ) is a Belarusian chemist, civil activist, and science communicator known for his contributions to popularizing science in the fields of radioactivity, nuclear safety, and environmental protection. A specialist in surface science, he formerly worked as a researcher at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Following the 2020 Belarusian protests, Besarab was dismissed from his academic position. He subsequently became a prominent critic of the safety protocols at the Astravets Nuclear Power Plant and published analyses regarding the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. In June 2023, citing political persecution and facing charges from the Belarusian KGB, he left the country for the European Union == Early life and education == Siarhei Besarab was born in 1984 in the city of Novogrudok in the Grodno Region of western Belarus. He graduated with honors from Secondary School No. 3 in Novogrudok, where he won several awards at regional and national chemistry olympiads during his school years. In recognition of his academic performance in chemistry, Besarab received a local student distinction which included the ceremonial wearing of the academic gown belonging to Boris Kit, a rocket scientist originally from the region. Besarab received


id: siarhei-besarab-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab-1.md
category: reference
title: Siarhei Besarab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:54.675118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siarhei-besarab-20260505-0
summary:
In 2020, he issued a scientific rebuttal to accusations against civil activist Stsiapan Latypau, debunking claims of a plot to poison law enforcement with agricultural chemicals. He also contributed to an appeal by Belarusian scientists condemning state violence following the contested presidential election, actions that led to his dismissal from the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry and a professional ban. His inclusion in the list of repressed Belarusian scientists prompted the scientific community to publish The Scientists’ Open Letter Against Repressions, signed by over 800 academics. In response to ongoing repression, Besarab co-founded the Belarusian Scientific Solidarity Fund to support persecuted scholars. He further opposed the Russian invasion of Ukraine by publishing an open letter on behalf of the Belarusian scientific community, despite backlash from the NASB. As part of the Until All Are Free campaign, he became an advocate for political prisoner Artsiom Bayarski, a chemistry student targeted for his involvement in post-election protests. As a public defender of academic freedom Besarab has consistently highlighted issues in Belarusian science, such as censorship, lack of academic freedom, and opaque funding practices. His data-driven initiatives include mapping the repression of Belarusian citizens and scientists, producing analyses like the "map of


id: chemophobia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia-0.md
category: reference
title: Chemophobia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:56.012554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chemophobia-20260505-0
summary:
Chemophobia (or chemphobia or chemonoia) is an aversion to or prejudice against chemicals or chemistry. The phenomenon has been ascribed both to a reasonable concern over the potential adverse effects of synthetic chemicals, and to an irrational fear of these substances because of misconceptions about their potential for harm, particularly the possibility of certain exposures to some synthetic chemicals elevating an individual's risk of cancer. Consumer products with labels such as "natural" and "chemical free" (the latter being impossible if taken literally, since all consumer products consist of chemical substances) appeal to chemophobic sentiments by offering consumers what appears to be a safer alternative (see appeal to nature). == Definition and uses == There are differing opinions on the proper usage of the word chemophobia. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines chemophobia as an "irrational fear of chemicals". According to the American Council on Science and Health, chemophobia is a fear of synthetic substances arising from "scare stories" and exaggerated claims about their dangers prevalent in the media. Despite containing the suffix -phobia, the majority of written work focusing on addressing chemophobia describes it as a non-clinical aversion or prejudice, and not as a phobia in


id: chemophobia-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia-1.md
category: reference
title: Chemophobia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:56.012554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chemophobia-20260505-0
summary:
== Causes and effects == According to chemistry professor Pierre Laszlo, chemists have experienced chemophobia from the population at large, and asserts that it is rooted both in irrational notions and in genuine concerns (such as those over chemical warfare and industrial disasters). Gordon Gribble has written that the start of chemophobia could arguably be attributed to Silent Spring (1962), and that subsequent events such as the contamination of Times Beach (1983) and the Bhopal disaster (1984) only exacerbated the situation. These events have led to association between the word "chemical" and notions of things that unnatural or artificial and also dangerous, and the opposite has occurred, where goods are marketed as "chemical free" or "natural", to avoid this association, which in turn reinforces the misconception that "chemicals" are unnatural and dangerous. The chemical industry has moved to make chemicals used as flavoring or aromas using biotechnology instead of synthetic chemistry, as the products can be marketed as "natural". According to the industry advocacy group American Council on Science and Health, chemophobia is a growing phenomenon among the American public and has reached "epidemic" proportions among the general public. In a book published by the Council, Jon Entine writes that


id: citizen-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science is research conducted with the participation of the general public, amateur or nonprofessional researchers, or participants from the fields of science, social science, and many other disciplines. The exact definition of "citizen science" varies, with different individuals and organizations having their own specific interpretations of its scope. Citizen science is employed in a wide range of areas of study, including ecology, biology, conservation, health and medical research, astronomy, media and communications, and information science. The applications and functions of citizen science in research projects are multifaceted. Citizen science can be used as a methodology in which public volunteers help in data collection and classification, thereby improving the scientific community's capacity. Citizen science can also involve more direct involvement from the public, with communities initiating projects researching environment and health hazards within their own communities. Participation in citizen science projects also educates the public about the scientific process and increases awareness about different topics. Some schools incorporate citizen science projects as part of their teaching curricula for this very purpose. == Background == The first use of the term "citizen science" appeared in a January 1989 issue of the MIT Technology Review, which featured three community-based labs studying environmental


id: citizen-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-1.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
A Green Paper on Citizen Science was published in 2013 by the European Commission's Digital Science Unit and Socientize.eu, which included a definition for citizen science, referring to "the general public engagement in scientific research activities when citizens actively contribute to science either with their intellectual effort or surrounding knowledge or with their tools and resources. Participants provide experimental data and facilities for researchers, raise new questions and co-create a new scientific culture." Citizen science may be performed by individuals, teams, or networks of volunteers. Citizen scientists often partner with professional scientists to achieve common goals. Large volunteer networks often allow scientists to accomplish tasks that would be too expensive or time-consuming to accomplish through other means. Many citizen-science projects serve education and outreach goals. These projects may be designed for a formal classroom environment or an informal education environment such as museums. Citizen science has evolved over the past four decades. Recent projects place more emphasis on scientifically sound practices and measurable goals for public education. Modern citizen science differs from its historical forms primarily in the access for, and subsequent scale of, public participation; technology is credited as one of the main drivers of the recent explosion of


id: citizen-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-2.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Related fields === In a Smart City era, Citizen Science relies on various web-based tools, such as WebGIS, and becomes Cyber Citizen Science. Some projects, such as SETI@home, use the Internet to take advantage of distributed computing. These projects are generally passive. Computation tasks are performed by volunteers' computers and require little involvement beyond initial setup. There is disagreement as to whether these projects should be classified as citizen science. The astrophysicist and Galaxy Zoo co-founder Kevin Schawinski stated: "We prefer to call this [Galaxy Zoo] citizen science because it's a better description of what you're doing; you're a regular citizen but you're doing science. Crowd sourcing sounds a bit like, well, you're just a member of the crowd and you're not; you're our collaborator. You're pro-actively involved in the process of science by participating." Compared to SETI@home, "Galaxy Zoo volunteers do real work. They're not just passively running something on their computer and hoping that they'll be the first person to find aliens. They have a stake in science that comes out of it, which means that they are now interested in what we do with it, and what we find." Citizen policy may be another result of


id: citizen-science-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-3.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
They conclude that as citizen science continues to grow and mature, a key metric of project success they expect to see will be a growing awareness of data quality. They also conclude that citizen science will emerge as a general tool helping "to collect otherwise unobtainable high-quality data in support of policy and resource management, conservation monitoring, and basic science." A study of Canadian lepidoptera datasets published in 2018 compared the use of a professionally curated dataset of butterfly specimen records with four years of data from a citizen science program, eButterfly. The eButterfly dataset was used as it was determined to be of high quality because of the expert vetting process used on site, and there already existed a dataset covering the same geographic area consisting of specimen data, much of it institutional. The authors note that, in this case, citizen science data provides both novel and complementary information to the specimen data. Five new species were reported from the citizen science data, and geographic distribution information was improved for over 80% of species in the combined dataset when citizen science data was included. Several recent studies have begun to explore the accuracy of citizen science projects and how


id: citizen-science-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-4.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Data governance, privacy and sovereignty === As citizen science becomes increasingly influenced by digital platforms and sensors, governance questions go beyond research ethics to include data protection law and community control over reuse. Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), participatory projects that involve personal data can complicate the usual separation between professional researchers ("controllers") and participants ("data subjects"): citizen scientists may be considered joint controllers when they share or shape project purposes, which could expose volunteers to compliance responsibilities and create risks for both participant protections and project legitimacy. Practical guidance for citizen science therefore increasingly requires early planning for lawful data handling, clear allocation of responsibilities, and transparency about data flows across collection, storage, and sharing. A second governance challenge concerns power asymmetries in open data. Because volunteers often produce data while institutions handle and publish it, decisions about openness, attribution, and access restrictions can include unequal priorities and certain vulnerabilities. Ethical open-data practice in citizen science is therefore frequently framed as a matter of data governance, not only technical quality. These concerns also extend to environmental monitoring where data may be politically sensitive (e.g., pollution exposure, land use, biodiversity decline). Finally, monitoring initiatives have highlighted data


id: citizen-science-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-5.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
== Relations with education and academia == There have been studies published which examine the place of citizen science within education.(e.g.) Teaching aids can include books and activity or lesson plans.(e.g.). Some examples of studies are: From the Second International Handbook of Science Education, a chapter entitled: "Citizen Science, Ecojustice, and Science Education: Rethinking an Education from Nowhere", by Mueller and Tippins (2011), acknowledges in the abstract that: "There is an emerging emphasis in science education on engaging youth in citizen science." The authors also ask: "whether citizen science goes further with respect to citizen development." The abstract ends by stating that the "chapter takes account of the ways educators will collaborate with members of the community to effectively guide decisions, which offers promise for sharing a responsibility for democratizing science with others." From the journal Democracy and Education, an article entitled: "Lessons Learned from Citizen Science in the Classroom" by authors Gray, Nicosia and Jordan (GNJ; 2012) gives a response to a study by Mueller, Tippins and Bryan (MTB) called "The Future of Citizen Science". GNJ begins by stating in the abstract that "The Future of Citizen Science": "provides an important theoretical perspective about the future of democratized science


id: citizen-science-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-6.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
== History == While citizen science developed at the end of the 20th century, characteristics of citizen science are not new. Prior to the 20th century, science was often the pursuit of gentleman scientists, amateur or self-funded researchers such as Sir Isaac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, and Charles Darwin. Women citizen scientists from before the 20th century include Florence Nightingale who "perhaps better embodies the radical spirit of citizen science". Before the professionalization of science by the end of the 19th century, most pursued scientific projects as an activity rather than a profession itself, an example being amateur naturalists in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the British colonization of North America, American Colonists recorded the weather, offering much of the information now used to estimate climate data and climate change during this time period. These people included John Campanius Holm, who recorded storms in the mid-1600s, as well as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin who tracked weather patterns during America's founding. Their work focused on identifying patterns by amassing their data and that of their peers and predecessors, rather than specific professional knowledge in scientific fields. Some consider these individuals as the progenitors of the citizen scientist concept,


id: citizen-science-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-7.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science projects have become increasingly focused on providing benefits to scientific research. The North American Bird Phenology Program (historically called the Bird Migration and Distribution records) may have been the earliest collective effort of citizens collecting ornithological information in the U.S. The program, dating back to 1883, was started by Wells Woodbridge Cooke. Cooke established a network of observers around North America to collect bird migration records. The Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count, which began in 1900, is another example of a long-standing tradition of citizen science which has persisted to the present day, now containing a collection of six million handwritten migration observer cards that date back to the 19th century. Participants input this data into an online database for analysis. Citizen scientists help gather data that will be analyzed by professional researchers, and can be used to produce bird population and biodiversity indicators. Raptor migration research relies on the data collected by the hawkwatching community. This mostly volunteer group counts migrating accipiters, buteos, falcons, harriers, kites, eagles, osprey, vultures and other raptors at hawk sites throughout North America during the spring and fall seasons. The daily data is uploaded to hawkcount.org where it can be viewed by


id: citizen-science-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-8.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Rocky reefs === Reef Life Survey is a marine life monitoring programme based in Hobart, Tasmania. The project uses recreational divers that have been trained to make fish and invertebrate counts, using an approximate 50 m constant depth transect of tropical and temperate reefs, which might include coral reefs. Reef Life Survey is international in its scope, but the data collectors are predominantly from Australia. The database is available to marine ecology researchers, and is used by several marine protected area managements in Australia, New Zealand, American Samoa and the eastern Pacific. Its results have also been included in the Australian Ocean DATA Network. === Agriculture === Farmer participation in experiments has a long tradition in agricultural science. There are many opportunities for citizen engagement in different parts of food systems. Citizen science is actively used for crop variety selection for climate adaptation, involving thousands of farmers. Citizen science has also played a role in furthering sustainable agriculture. === Art history === Citizen science has a long tradition in natural science. Today, citizen science projects can also be found in various fields of science like art history. For example, the Zooniverse project AnnoTate is a transcription tool developed to


id: citizen-science-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-9.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Video technology is much used in scientific research. The Citizen Science Center in the Nature Research Center wing of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences has exhibits on how to get involved in scientific research and become a citizen scientist. For example, visitors can observe birdfeeders at the Prairie Ridge Ecostation satellite facility via live video feed and record which species they see. Since 2005, the Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of "citizen scientist". Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the crowd to discover new details of human population history. This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of personal DNA testing. Like amateur astronomy, citizen scientists encouraged by volunteer organizations like the International Society of Genetic Genealogy have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community. With unmanned aerial vehicles, further citizen science is enabled. One example is the ESA's AstroDrone smartphone app for gathering robotic data with the Parrot AR.Drone. Citizens in Space (CIS), a project


id: citizen-science-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-10.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Not counting iNaturalist and eBird, the Zooniverse is home to the internet's largest, most popular and most successful citizen science projects. The Zooniverse and the suite of projects it contains is produced, maintained and developed by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA). The member institutions of the CSA work with many academic and other partners around the world to produce projects that use the efforts and ability of volunteers to help scientists and researchers deal with the flood of data that confronts them. On 29 June 2015, the Zooniverse released a new software version with a project-building tool allowing any registered user to create a project. Project owners may optionally complete an approval process to have their projects listed on the Zooniverse site and promoted to the Zooniverse community. A NASA/JPL picture to the right gives an example from one of Zooniverse's projects The Milky Way Project. The website CosmoQuest has as its goal "To create a community of people bent on together advancing our understanding of the universe; a community of people who are participating in doing science, who can explain why what they do matters, and what questions they are helping to answer." CrowdCrafting enables its participants to create


id: citizen-science-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-11.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science includes projects that help monitor plastics and their associated pollution. These include The Ocean Cleanup, #OneLess, The Big Microplastic Survey, EXXpedition and Alliance to End Plastic Waste. Ellipsis seeks to map the distribution of litter using aerial data mapping by unmanned aerial vehicles and machine learning software. A Zooniverse project called The Plastic Tide (now finished) helped train an algorithm used by Ellipsis. Examples of relevant articles (by date): Citizen Science Promotes Environmental Engagement: (quote) "Citizen science projects are rapidly gaining popularity among the public, in which volunteers help gather data on species that can be used by scientists in research. And it's not just adults who are involved in these projects – even kids have collected high-quality data in the US." Tackling Microplastics on Our Own: (quote) "Plastics, ranging from the circles of soda can rings to microbeads the size of pinheads, are starting to replace images of sewage for a leading cause of pollution – especially in the ocean". Further, "With recent backing from the Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science Act, citizen science is increasingly embraced as a tool by US Federal agencies." Citizen Scientists Are Tracking Plastic Pollution Worldwide: (quote) "Scientists who are monitoring the spread


id: citizen-science-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-12.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen Sense (2013–2018): (quote) "Practices of monitoring and sensing environments have migrated to everyday participatory applications, where users of smart phones and networked devices are able to engage with modes of environmental observation and data collection." Breathe Project: (quote) "We use the best available science and technology to better understand the quality of the air we breathe and provide opportunities for citizens to engage and take action." The Bristol Approach to Citizen Sensing: (quote) "Citizen Sensing is about empowering people and places to understand and use smart tech and data from sensors to tackle the issues they care about, connect with other people who can help, and take positive, practical action." Luftdaten.info: (quote) "You and thousands of others around the world install self-built sensors on the outside their home. Luftdaten.info generates a continuously updated particular matter map from the transmitted data." CitiSense: (quote) "CitiSense aims to co-develop a participatory risk management system (PRMS) with citizens, local authorities and organizations which enables them to contribute to advanced climate services and enhanced urban climate resilience as well as receive recommendations that support their security." A group of citizen scientists in a community-led project targeting toxic smoke from wood burners in Bristol, has


id: citizen-science-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-13.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
The distributed computing project Folding@home launched a program in March 2020 to assist researchers around the world who were working on finding a cure and learning more about the coronavirus pandemic. The initial wave of projects were meant to simulate potentially druggable protein targets from SARS-CoV-2 (and also its predecessor and close relation SARS-CoV, about which there is significantly more data available). In 2024, the project has been extended to look at other health issues including Alzheimer's and cancer. The project asks volunteers to download the app and donate computing power for simulations. The distributed computing project Rosetta@home also joined the effort in March 2020. The project uses computers of volunteers to model SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins to discover possible drug targets or create new proteins to neutralize the virus. Researchers revealed that with the help of Rosetta@home, they had been able to "accurately predict the atomic-scale structure of an important coronavirus protein weeks before it could be measured in the lab." In 2022, the parent Boinc company thanked contributors for donating their computer power and helping work on the de novo protein design including vaccine development. The OpenPandemics – COVID-19 project is a partnership between Scripps Research and IBM's World


id: citizen-science-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-14.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
In South Africa (SA), citizen science projects include: the Stream Assessment Scoring System (miniSASS) which "encourages enhanced catchment management for water security in a climate stressed society." The South African National Biodiversity Institute is partnered with iNaturalist as a platform for biodiversity observations using digital photography and geolocation technology to monitor biodiversity. Such partnerships can reduce duplication of effort, help standardise procedures and make the data more accessible. Also in SA, "Members of the public, or 'citizen scientists' are helping researchers from the University of Pretoria to identify Phytophthora species present in the fynbos." In June 2016, citizen science experts from across East Africa gathered in Nairobi, Kenya, for a symposium organised by the Tropical Biology Association (TBA) in partnership with the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH). The aim was "to harness the growing interest and expertise in East Africa to stimulate new ideas and collaborations in citizen science." Rosie Trevelyan of the TBA said: "We need to enhance our knowledge about the status of Africa's species and the threats facing them. And scientists can't do it all on their own. At the same time, citizen science is an extremely effective way of connecting people more closely to nature


id: citizen-science-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-15.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Hong Kong Birdwatching Society was established in 1957, and is the only local civil society aiming at appreciating and conserving Hong Kong birds and their natural environment. Their bird surveys go back to 1958, and they carry out a number of Citizen Science events such as their yearly sparrow census. The Bird Count India partnership consists of a large number of organizations and groups involved in birdwatching and bird surveys. They coordinate a number of Citizen Science projects such as the Kerala Bird Atlas and Mysore city Bird Atlas that map the distribution and abundance of birds of entire Indian states. RAD@home Collaboratory is an Indian citizen science research programme in astronomy & astrophysics. Launched on 15 April 2013, by Dr Ananda Hota, this programme uses hybrid model, social media platforms and in-person training of the interested participants. In 2022, the Collaboratory, using GMRT observations and archival data from other telescopes, reported discovery of an active galactic nucleus, a radio galaxy named RAD12, spewing a large unipolar radio bubble on to its merging companion galaxy. Recently, on 2 October 2025 the Collaboratory reported discovery of the farthest and most powerful Odd Radio Circle (ORC), RAD J131346.9+500320, using the LOFAR


id: citizen-science-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-16.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Europe === The English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) is widely regarded to have been one of the earliest citizen science contributors in Europe (see § History). A century later, citizen science was experienced by adolescents in Italy during the 1980s, working on urban energy usages and air pollution. In his book "Citizen Science", Alan Irwin considers the role that scientific expertise can play in bringing the public and science together and building a more scientifically active citizenry, empowering individuals to contribute to scientific development. Since then a citizen science green paper was published in 2013, and European Commission policy directives have included citizen science as one of five strategic areas with funding allocated to support initiatives through the 'Science With and For Society (SwafS)', a strand of the Horizon 2020 programme. This includes significant awards such as the EU Citizen Science Project, which is creating a hub for knowledge sharing, coordination, and action. The European Citizen Science Association (ECSA) was set up in 2014 to encourage the growth of citizen science across Europe, to increase public participation in scientific processes, mainly by initiating and supporting citizen science projects as well as conducting research. ECSA has a membership of over


id: citizen-science-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-17.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Projects in Brazil include: i) Platform and mobile app 'Missions' has been developed by IBM in their São Paulo research lab with Brazil's Ministry for Environment and Innovation (BMEI). Sergio Borger, an IBM team lead in São Paulo, devised the crowdsourced approach when BMEI approached the company in 2010. They were looking for a way to create a central repository for the rainforest data. Users can upload photos of a plant species and its components, enter its characteristics (such as color and size), compare it against a catalog photo and classify it. The classification results are juried by crowdsourced ratings. ii) Exoss Citizen Science is a member of Astronomers Without Borders and seeks to explore the southern sky for new meteors and radiants. Users can report meteor fireballs through uploading pictures on to a webpage or by linking to YouTube. iii) The Information System on Brazilian Biodiversity (SiBBr) was launched in 2014 "aiming to encourage and facilitate the publication, integration, access and use of information about the biodiversity of the country." Their initial goal "was to gather 2.5 million occurrence records of species from biological collections in Brazil and abroad up to the end of 2016. It is now expected


id: citizen-science-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-18.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
== Conferences == The first Conference on Public Participation in Scientific Research was held in Portland, Oregon, in August 2012. Citizen science is now often a theme at large conferences, such as the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union. In 2010, 2012 and 2014 there were three Citizen Cyberscience summits, organised by the Citizen Cyberscience Centre in Geneva and University College London. The 2014 summit was hosted in London and attracted over 300 participants. In November 2015, the ETH Zürich and University of Zürich hosted an international meeting on the "Challenges and Opportunities in Citizen Science". The first citizen science conference hosted by the Citizen Science Association was in San Jose, California, in February 2015 in partnership with the AAAS conference. The Citizen Science Association conference, CitSci 2017, was held in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, between 17 and 20 May 2017. The conference had more than 600 attendees. The next CitSci was in March 2019 in Raleigh, North Carolina. The platform "Österreich forscht" hosts the annual Austrian citizen science conference since 2015. == In popular culture == Barbara Kingsolver's 2012 novel Flight Behaviour looks at the effects of citizen science on a housewife in Appalachia, when her interest


id: list-of-citizen-science-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_citizen_science_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of citizen science projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_citizen_science_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:03.690689+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-citizen-science-projects-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science projects are activities sponsored by a wide variety of organizations so non-scientists can meaningfully contribute to scientific research. == Precis == Activities vary widely from transcribing old ship logbooks to digitize the data as part of the Old Weather project to observing and counting birds at home or in the field for eBird. Participation can be as simple as playing a computer game for a project called Eyewire that may help scientists learn more about retinal neurons. It can also be more in depth, such as when citizens collect water quality data over time to assess the health of local waters, or help discover and name new species of insects. An emerging branch of Citizen Science are Community Mapping projects that utilize smartphone and tablet technology. For example, TurtleSAT is a community mapping project that is mapping freshwater turtle deaths throughout Australia. This list of citizen science projects involves projects that engage all age groups. There are projects specifically aimed at the younger age demographic like iTechExplorers which was created by a 14 year old in the UK to assess the effects of bedtime technology on the body's circadian rhythm and can be completed in a classroom setting.


id: active-asteroids-citizen-science-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Asteroids_(citizen_science_project)-0.md
category: reference
title: Active Asteroids (citizen science project)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Asteroids_(citizen_science_project)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:04.959539+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: active-asteroids-citizen-science-project-20260505-0
summary:
Active Asteroids is a NASA partner citizen science project that successfully discovered active asteroids, including main-belt comets, quasi-Hilda objects, and Jupiter family comets. The project is hosted on the Zooniverse platform and is funded by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. It uses images from the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) to search for tails around asteroids and other minor planets. The research team is led by Colin Orion Chandler. As of April 2024 about 8300 volunteers carried out 6.7 million classifications of 430 thousand images. At the time only 60 active asteroids were known and 16 new active objects were discovered by this project, significantly increasing the sample of known objects. The success of the project did result in the development of Rubin Comet Catchers, a citizen science project using data by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and a similar approach as the Active Asteroids project. == Pre-launch preparation == Before the team launched the project, the team gained experience with DECam and published three papers. These include detection of activity around previously known active asteroid (62412) 2000 SY178, revealing 6 years of activity on 6478 Gault and activity discovered on the centaur 2014 OG392. == Discoveries == The project


id: ahi-pepe-mothnet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahi_Pepe_MothNet-0.md
category: reference
title: Ahi Pepe MothNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahi_Pepe_MothNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:06.115869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ahi-pepe-mothnet-20260505-0
summary:
Ahi Pepe MothNet (styled Ahi Pepe | MothNet) is a citizen science initiative based in Otago, New Zealand that aims to raise the awareness of moths among teachers and students. == Name == Ahi Pepe (Māori for moth fire) refers to a traditional proverb (whakataukī) of Te Whiti o Rongomai about firelight attracting moths (pepe) instead of muttonbirds (tītī). == Activities == Ahi Pepe began in 2015 as a project with four Otago schools, and continued with funding from Participatory Science Platform, Unlocking Curious Minds, and the Biological Heritage National Science Challenge. Collaborators include Otago Museum, Orokonui Ecosanctuary, the University of Otago, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Landcare Research and schools across the South Island. In October 2016, Ahi Pepe worked with Orokonui Ecosanctuary to install moth traps inside and outside the predator-proof fence, and school children worked alongside entomologists to identify the moths caught. The project has produced educational resources for schools in both English and Te Reo Māori. The South Island guide is the first educational resource to be written in the Kāi Tahu dialect. In 2017, public donations enabled a delegation of Otago schoolchildren to give a presentation on Ahi Pepe at the World Indigenous Peoples Conference


id: amateur-astronomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy-0.md
category: reference
title: Amateur astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:07.303431+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
Amateur astronomy is a hobby where participants enjoy observing, studying, or imaging celestial objects in the sky using the unaided eye, binoculars, telescopes, and other gadgets. Although scientific research may not be their primary goal, some amateur astronomers contribute to citizen science by monitoring variable stars, double stars, sunspots, and occultations of stars by the Moon or asteroids, as well as by discovering transient astronomical events, such as comets, galactic novae or supernovae in other galaxies. Amateur astronomers do not use the field of astronomy as their primary source of income or support, as well as typically having no professional degree in astrophysics or advanced academic training in the subject. Most amateur astronomers are hobbyists, while others have a high degree of experience in astronomy and may often assist and work alongside professional astronomers. Many astronomers have studied the sky throughout history in an amateur framework; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century, professional astronomy has become a clearly distinguished activity from amateur astronomy and associated activities. Amateur astronomers typically view the sky at night, when most celestial objects and astronomical events are visible, but others observe during the daytime by viewing the Sun and solar eclipses. Some observe


id: amateur-astronomy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy-1.md
category: reference
title: Amateur astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:07.303431+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Beginner telescopes === Beginner telescopes, commonly used by amateur astronomers to observe celestial objects in more detail, are a more powerful tool compared to other amateur equipment such as binoculars. Amateur astronomers often use four main types of optical telescopes: reflectors, refractors, hybrid, and Dobsonian telescopes. Reflector telescopes utilize mirrors while refractors use lenses, these combine to create the hybrid telescope, which uses a combination of both mirrors and lenses. The Dobsonian is a type of reflector with the addition of a base or mount. GOTO telescopes have become more popular since the 1980s as technology has improved and prices have been reduced. With these computer-driven telescopes, the user typically enters the name of the item of interest and the mechanics of the telescope point the telescope towards that item automatically. They have several notable advantages for amateur astronomers intent on research. For example, GOTO telescopes tend to be faster for locating items of interest than star hopping, allowing more time for studying of the object. GOTO also allows manufacturers to add equatorial tracking to mechanically simpler alt-azimuth telescope mounts, allowing them to produce an overall less expensive product. GOTO telescopes usually have to be calibrated using alignment stars


id: amateur-astronomy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy-2.md
category: reference
title: Amateur astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:07.303431+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Mobile apps === The advent of mobile applications for use in smartphones has led to the creation of many dedicated apps. These apps allow any user to easily locate celestial objects of interest by simply pointing the smartphone device in that direction in the sky. These apps make use of the inbuilt hardware in the phone, such as GPS location and gyroscope. Useful information about the pointed object like celestial coordinates, the name of the object, its constellation, etc. are provided for a quick reference. Some paid versions give more information. These apps are gradually getting into regular use during observing, for the alignment process of telescopes. === The internet === The popularity of imaging among amateurs has led to large numbers of web sites being written by individuals about their images and equipment. Much of the social interaction of amateur astronomy occurs on mailing lists or discussion groups. Discussion group servers host numerous astronomy lists. A great deal of the commerce of amateur astronomy, the buying and selling of equipment, occurs online. Many amateurs use online tools to plan their nightly observing sessions, using tools such as the Clear Sky Chart. == Common techniques == While a number


id: amateur-astronomy-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy-3.md
category: reference
title: Amateur astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:07.303431+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
There have been many significant scientific, technological, and cultural contributions made by amateur astronomers: George Alcock, one of the most successful visual discoverers of comets and novae. John E. Bortle, authored '"Comet Digest" in Sky and Telescope magazine and the monthly AAVSO circular for the American Association of Variable Star Observers. Created the Bortle scale to quantify the darkness of the night sky. Robert Burnham Jr. (1931–1993), author of the Celestial Handbook. Andrew Ainslie Common (1841–1903), built his own very large reflecting telescopes and demonstrated that photography could record astronomical features invisible to the human eye. Robert E. Cox (1917–1989) who conducted the "Gleanings for ATMs" column in Sky & Telescope magazine for 21 years. John Dobson (1915–2014), promoter of astronomy whose name is associated with the Dobsonian telescope. Robert Owen Evans (1937–2022) was an amateur astronomer who currently holds the all-time record for visual discoveries of supernovae. Giuseppe Donatiello, discovered twelve nearby dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume including the first galaxy to be named after its non-professional discoverer and three ultrafaint dwarf galaxies in the Local Group (Pisces VII, Pegasus V/Andromeda XXXIV and Andromeda XXXVI). Will Hay, comedian and actor, who discovered a white spot on Saturn. Walter


id: the-amateur-scientist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amateur_Scientist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Amateur Scientist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amateur_Scientist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:08.524697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-amateur-scientist-20260505-0
summary:
"The Amateur Scientist" was a column in the Scientific American, and was the definitive "how-to" resource for citizen-scientists for over 72 years (1928–2001), making it the longest running column in Scientific American's history. The column was regarded for revealing the brass-tacks secrets of research and showing home-based experimenters how to make original discoveries using only inexpensive materials. Since its début in 1928, "The Amateur Scientist" was a primary resource for science fair projects. It also inspired amateur experimenters, launched careers in science, and enjoyed a place of honor in classrooms and school libraries all over the world. Although always accessible to an amateur's budget, projects from "The Amateur Scientist" were often elegant and sophisticated. Some designs were so innovative that they set new standards in a field. Indeed, professionals continue to borrow from "The Amateur Scientist" to find low-cost solutions to real-world research problems. == Albert Ingalls == "The Amateur Scientist" traces its pedigree to May 1928, when Albert G. Ingalls began the column as "The Back Yard Astronomer." Ingalls told amateurs how they could get personally involved in astronomy by building professional-quality instruments and carrying out cutting-edge observations. The first sentence in the new column stated: "Here we amateur


id: anecdata-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org-0.md
category: reference
title: Anecdata.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdata.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:09.781826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anecdata-org-20260505-0
summary:
Anecdata.org (often shortened to Anecdata) is a citizen science web portal developed by the Community Environmental Health Lab at the MDI Biological Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Anecdata.org supports projects in the collection of observational data, primarily in environmental science, biology, and public health. Anecdata was founded in 2014 to provide a data management system for the citizen science projects run by the Community Environmental Health Lab and has since expanded to include more than 200 projects, where more than 8,000 registered users have contributed over 30,000 images and more than 50,000 observations. In addition to the desktop site, there is a corresponding mobile app that can be used to submit observations to existing projects. Anecdata.org also acts as a data repository where data can be stored, discovered, and shared to other users. == Notable projects == === Litter-Free Digital Journal === The Litter-Free Digital Journal is a project from the South Carolina Aquarium hosted on Anecdata.org with a custom app, that encourages participants to track and remove plastics and other litter from both land and water. Users Since the start of the project in 2016, data from more than 7,000 litter cleanups have been entered into the project by


id: ardusat-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArduSat-0.md
category: reference
title: ArduSat
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArduSat
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:10.972802+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ardusat-20260505-0
summary:
ArduSat is an Arduino based nanosatellite, based on the CubeSat standard. It contains a set of Arduino boards and sensors. The general public will be allowed to use these Arduinos and sensors for their own creative purposes while they are in space. ArduSat is created by NanoSatisfi LLC, an aerospace company which in the words of Phil Plait has "the goal to democratize access to space" and was founded by 4 graduate students from the International Space University in 2012. ArduSat is the first satellite which will provide such open access to the general public to space. It is one of several crowdfunded satellites launched during the 2010s. Currently the project evolved to the company Because Learning. == Timeline of the project == == Technical features == === ArduSat-1 and ArduSat-X === The ArduSat project currently consists in two identical satellites: ArduSat-1 and ArduSat-X. == See also == 2013 in spaceflight == References == == External links ==


id: association-for-advancing-participatory-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Advancing_Participatory_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Advancing Participatory Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Advancing_Participatory_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:12.275919+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-advancing-participatory-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Citizen Science Association (CSA) (now renamed as the Association for Advancing Participatory Sciences) is a United States member-based professional organization for practitioners and researchers of citizen science, where scientific research is conducted, in whole or in part, by amateur or nonprofessional scientists. The Association aims to expand the reach, relevance, and impact of science and research in the United States and internationally. The CSA was founded in 2013 in the United States and was recognized as a charitable organization with a 501c3 designated status in June 2017. == History == The concept for the Citizen Science Association originated at the Public Participation for Scientific Research Conference in 2012 held in conjunction with the Ecological Society of America conference in Portland, Oregon. Through a series of NSF grants (DRL-0610363, DRL-1020909, and DRL-0813135) the network of citizen science projects and professionals was further developed and the Citizen Science Association formation as an official organization developed along with a website. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology hosted the beginning of the Association web content and the Schoodic Institute helped launch the organization and is a continuing fiscal sponsor the CSA. The CSA was renamed as the Association for Advancing Participatory Sciences in April


id: asteroid-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_Zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Asteroid Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:13.475903+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: asteroid-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
Asteroid Zoo was a citizen science project run by the Zooniverse and Planetary Resources, to use volunteer classifications to find unknown asteroids using old Catalina Sky Survey data. The main goals of the project were to search for undiscovered asteroids in order to protect the planet by locating potentially harmful near-Earth asteroids, locate targets for future asteroid mining, study the Solar System, and study the potential uses and advantages of crowdsourcing of astronomical data analysis. The project was created along with the ARKYD project through Kickstarter in 2014 and was funded with around 1.5 million dollars raised. In 2016, the Asteroid Zoo community exhausted the publicly available data, and the experiment was indefinitely paused. Asteroid Zoo produced several scientific publications during its run. == See also == Astronomy portal Zooniverse projects: == References ==


id: atlas-of-hillforts-of-britain-and-ireland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Hillforts_of_Britain_and_Ireland-0.md
category: reference
title: Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Hillforts_of_Britain_and_Ireland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:14.642757+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: atlas-of-hillforts-of-britain-and-ireland-20260505-0
summary:
The Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland was an online database of hillforts―fortified settlements built in the Bronze Age and Iron Age―in the British Isles. It was compiled by researchers from the University of Edinburgh, the University of Oxford and University College Cork, led by Ian Ralston and Gary Lock. On its launch in 2017 the atlas had 4,147 entries, which the researchers believe to be all of the extant hillforts in Britain and Ireland. A printed atlas is also planned. The data was collated from existing catalogues of archaeological sites such as the National Monuments Records and county historic environment records. Around 100 volunteers, described as "citizen scientists", also visited sites and contributed information and photographs to the atlas. The researchers noted that despite the conventional name "hillforts", under their definition, many are "not on hills and are not really forts". They included sites that are now only visible through cropmarks. The online atlas was hosted by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, which funded the project, and makes use of Esri's ArcGIS web map application platform. The project also collaborated with Wikimedia UK to make the information in the atlas available to Wikipedia. == See also ==


id: atlas-of-living-australia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Living_Australia-0.md
category: reference
title: Atlas of Living Australia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Living_Australia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:20.267977+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: atlas-of-living-australia-20260505-0
summary:
The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) is an online repository of information about Australian plants, animals, and fungi. Development started in 2006. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is an organisation significantly involved in the development of the ALA. The Atlas of Living Australia is the Australian node of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The ALA is being used to help assess suitability of revegetation projects by determining species vulnerability to climatic and atmospheric change. The Atlas of Living Australia is hosted by CSIRO and supported by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. == See also == Australasian Virtual Herbarium Australian Plant Name Index Encyclopedia of Life GBIF == References == == External links == Belbin, L.; Williams, K.J. (2015). "Towards a national bio-environmental data facility: experiences from the Atlas of Living Australia". International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 30 (1): 108–125. doi:10.1080/13658816.2015.1077962. ISSN 1365-8816. S2CID 12847147.


id: aurorasaurus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurorasaurus-0.md
category: reference
title: Aurorasaurus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurorasaurus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:21.504609+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aurorasaurus-20260505-0
summary:
Aurorasaurus is a citizen science project which tracks auroras through crowdsourced observations from a mobile app and social media, namely Twitter and Facebook. == Development == Aurorasaurus was created by Liz MacDonald, a space physicist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, after she noticed a large amount of tweets about auroras during a 2011 solar storm that produced red auroras visible from Alabama. With Goddard scientist Nathan Case, MacDonald created a real-time map that displays the location of tweets that talk about auroras and have geolocation data. Aurorasaurus has been supported by NASA and the National Science Foundation. It has been developed through a collaboration between NASA, the non-profit New Mexico Consortium, Pennsylvania State University, and the company Science Education Solutions. == Usage == Aurorasaurus contains a real-time map that displays the location of tweets that talk about auroras and have geolocation data. Users then verify if the tweets indicate a sighting. Aurorasaurus also plots a "view-line" onto the map which shows users the predicted area in which they can see the aurora according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's aurora forecast model OVATION Prime. Once enough users report a sighting in an area or around


id: australian-citizen-science-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Citizen_Science_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Australian Citizen Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Citizen_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:22.799795+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-citizen-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Australian Citizen Science Association (ACSA) is a membership-based organisation that promotes public participation in science and research projects in Australia and internationally. The organisation provides a range of knowledge sharing, networking, professional development, advocacy and promotional opportunities for members and the community to participate in citizen science. The Association operates nationally as well as through five state-based chapters. ACSA is an incorporated association registered with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission in 2018. == Activities == The Association supports a range of activities including a national conference held every two years, workshops and training, bioblitz campaigns, a small grants program, public outreach and education, and collaboration with national and international organisations. The Association has a memorandum of understanding with other citizen science organisations including the US Citizen Science Association, the European Citizen Science Association, Citizen Science Asia and CitSci Africa Association. The ACSA is a member of the Citizen Science Global Partnership. == References == == External links == Official website


id: avibase-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avibase-0.md
category: reference
title: Avibase
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avibase
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:24.081958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: avibase-20260505-0
summary:
Avibase is an online taxonomic database that organizes bird taxonomic and distribution data globally. The database relies on the notion of taxonomic concepts rather than taxonomic names. Avibase incorporates and organizes taxonomic data from the main avian taxonomic publishers (The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, Handbook of the Birds of the World, BirdLife International, IOC Checklist and the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World) and other regional sources (e.g. all editions of the American Ornithological Society Checklist of North American Birds since 1886). Taxonomic concepts in over 230 different taxonomic sources have been mapped and cross-referenced to Avibase concepts. The website also offers checklists for more than 20,000 geographic regions of the world, species pages with taxonomic information and synonyms, and tools for observers to maintain their own sightings and obtain reports, such as a map showing countries or eBird hotspots with target species. == History and purpose == Avibase was created and is maintained by Denis Lepage, currently senior director, data science and technology at Birds Canada. The data contained in Avibase has been gathered starting around 1991. The Avibase website was launched in June 2003 and has been hosted by Birds


id: backyard-worlds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Worlds-0.md
category: reference
title: Backyard Worlds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Worlds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:25.266684+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: backyard-worlds-20260505-0
summary:
Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 is a NASA-funded citizen science project which is part of the Zooniverse web portal. It aims to discover new brown dwarfs, faint objects that are less massive than stars, some of which might be among the nearest neighbors of the Solar System, and might conceivably detect the hypothesized Planet Nine. The project's principal investigator is Marc Kuchner, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. == Origins == Backyard Worlds was launched in February 2017, shortly before the 87th anniversary of the discovery of Pluto, which until its reclassification as a dwarf planet in 2006 was considered the Solar System's ninth major planet. Since that reclassification, evidence has come to light that there may be another planet located in the outer region of the Solar System far beyond the Kuiper belt, most commonly referred to as Planet Nine. This hypothetical new planet would be located so far from the Sun that it would reflect only a very small amount of visible light, rendering it too faint to be detected in most astronomical surveys conducted to date. However, models of the conjectured planet's atmosphere suggest that methane condensation could in some cases make it detectable in infrared


id: backyard-worlds-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Worlds-1.md
category: reference
title: Backyard Worlds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Worlds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:25.266684+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: backyard-worlds-20260505-0
summary:
In October 2018, a participant in the project discovered LSPM J0207+3331 – the oldest and coldest white dwarf known to host a circumstellar disk, despite being 3 billion years old. The time since this star became a white dwarf is far longer than the expected timescale for such disks to be cleared from a system. The disk consists of two rings at different temperatures. This star has been studied with the Keck telescope and is the subject of ongoing research. === W2150AB === At the 235th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in January 2020 the discovery of the wide brown dwarf binary W2150AB was presented by Jacqueline Faherty. The L1+T8 co-moving system is separated by 341 au, being one of three brown dwarf binary systems where both objects are easily resolved by ground-based telescopes. The system has the lowest gravitational binding energy for a brown dwarf binary that is not young and with the primary being a L-dwarf or later. === WISE J0830+2837 === The discovery of WISE J0830+2837, the first Y-dwarf discovered by volunteers was also presented at the 235th meeting by project scientist Daniella Bardalez Gagliuffi. The Y-dwarf was not detected by the Hubble Space Telescope, but


id: backyard-worlds-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Worlds-2.md
category: reference
title: Backyard Worlds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Worlds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:25.266684+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: backyard-worlds-20260505-0
summary:
=== Co-moving benchmark systems === The backyard worlds project found additional co-moving systems. 34 low-mass co-moving companions were discovered in 2022 with the NOIRLab Source Catalog DR2. Later in March 2024 an additional 89 ultracool dwarf companions were identified. This study increased the number of ultracool companions to FGK stars by about 42%. These benchmark system represent a wide variety of systems, including six systems with white dwarf hosts, systems with binary hosts or companions that are binaries, systems with old or young ages, systems with red or blue spectral types and systems with a wide separation of >1000 astronomical units (AU). One young co-moving system consists of GJ 900, a K7+M4+M6 triple star system and the T9-dwarf CW2335+0142, which is a planetary-mass object (~10.5 MJ). Another notable system is CW0627−0028AB, which is a wide T0blue+T3 dwarf system or a possible triple (L5+T2.5)+T3 system. If the distance is confirmed, it would be the widest substellar binary discovered at a separation of about 860 AU. The brown dwarf companion CWISE J060202.17-462447.8 (~52 MJ) to the white dwarf WD J060159.98-462534.40 is an additional contender for the oldest brown dwarf with an age of 10.9+2.6−2.0 billion years. Additional M+T co-moving systems were discovered


id: bhutan-biodiversity-portal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan_Biodiversity_Portal-0.md
category: reference
title: Bhutan Biodiversity Portal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan_Biodiversity_Portal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:26.518057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bhutan-biodiversity-portal-20260505-0
summary:
Bhutan Biodiversity Portal (འབྲུག་སྐྱེ་ལྡན་རིགས་སྣ་འཆར་སྒོ།) is a consortium based citizen science website comprising key biodiversity data generating agencies and can be used by anyone. The portal is an official online repository of data on Bhutanese biodiversity. == History == Access to the updated and reliable information on the biodiversity of Bhutan for effective conservation was a major problem. The Bhutan Biodiversity Portal was created to address this issue. In 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, a project agreement was initiated under the framework of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development which was formalized in 1994. Bhutan Integrated Biodiversity Information System(BIBIS) was created subsequently in 2002. The aim of the information system was to create a biodiversity platform which will be accessible to anyone interested in the biodiversity of Bhutan. The BIBIS was later upgraded and developed into a web-based web portal in 2008. Since 2011 the portal have been upgraded and developed into the present form. This gave birth to the present Bhutan Biodiversity Portal. The Present portal was officially launched on 17 December 2013 coinciding with the National Day of Bhutan by the then Minister of Agriculture and Forests, Lyonpo Yeshi Dorji. == Features == === Species pages === The


id: billion-oyster-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_Oyster_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Billion Oyster Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_Oyster_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:27.690183+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: billion-oyster-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Billion Oyster Project is a New York City-based nonprofit organization with the goal of engaging one million people in the effort to restore one billion oysters to New York Harbor by 2035. Because oysters are filter feeders, they serve as a natural water filter, with a number of beneficial effects for the ecosystem. The reefs they form increase habitat and subsequent marine biodiversity levels, and help protect the city's shorelines from storm surges. The Billion Oyster Project believes that engaging community members—especially young people—in reef restoration will lead them to become more environmentally aware in the future. The project aims to engage hundreds of thousands of students, teachers, and community scientists in marine restoration-based STEM educational programming. It involves 80 restaurants in an oyster shell recycling program, which provides the project with shells for building new reefs. The project grew out of the activities of students at the New York Harbor School, as of 2025 located on Governors Island, who started growing and restoring oysters in New York Harbor in 2008. The school continues to be the project’s main educational partnership, involving students through internships and waterfront experience in seven Career and Technical Education (CTE) programs. Along with Harbor


id: bioblitz-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-0.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
A BioBlitz, also written without capitals as bioblitz, is an intense period of biological surveying in an attempt to record all the living species within a designated area. Groups of scientists, naturalists, and volunteers conduct an intensive field study over a continuous time period (e.g., usually 24 hours). There is a public component to many BioBlitzes, with the goal of getting the public interested in biodiversity. To encourage more public participation, these BioBlitzes are often held in urban parks or nature reserves close to cities. Research into the best practices for a successful BioBlitz has found that collaboration with local natural history museums can improve public participation. As well, BioBlitzes have been shown to be a successful tool in teaching post-secondary students about biodiversity. == Features == A BioBlitz has different opportunities and benefits than a traditional, scientific field study. Some of these potential benefits include: Enjoyment – Instead of a highly structured and measured field survey, this sort of event has the atmosphere of a festival. The short time frame makes the search more exciting. Local – The concept of biodiversity tends to be associated with coral reefs or tropical rainforests. A BioBlitz offers the chance for people to


id: bioblitz-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-1.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
The National Parks BioBlitz—Washington, D.C. was the cornerstone of the national event. Nearly 300 scientists and experts led more than 2,600 students and thousands of members of the general public in all 13 of the National Capital Region's parks. As of the closing ceremony on 21 May, nearly 900 species were recorded from this area alone. The Biodiversity Festival at Constitution Gardens on the National Mall served as a window to events across the country, with regular live feeds featuring species discoveries on jumbo screens located on the National Mall. E. O. Wilson, "father of biodiversity", was a significant part of the pre-BioBlitz events, including the Special Speaker Series at the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the 2016 National Parks BioBlitz Scientist Dinner at National Geographic Headquarters on Thursday, 19 May. The BioBlitz Dance was a common activity throughout the festival weekend. Participants danced with John Griffith, founder of the dance, on the main stage several times at Constitution Gardens, and on the jumbotron from other park units across the nation. National parks and participating partners shared their BioBlitz activities via social media, using the hashtags #BioBlitz2016 and #FindYourPark. During the weekend's event, #BioBlitz2016 ranked in the


id: bioblitz-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-2.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
The Robert Bateman Get to Know BioBlitz started in 2010 to celebrate the international year of biodiversity. In a partnership with Parks Canada there were many sites all across Canada which celebrated bioblitzes on the international day of biodiversity (22 May). British Columbia There has been an annual BioBlitz in Whistler, BC since 2007. The 2013 BioBlitz reported 497 species. Metro Vancouver has hosted their annual BioBlitz at Burnaby Lake Regional Park since 2010. This bioblitz has much public participation with many activities including pond-dipping, nature walks and meeting live animals up close. The species count currently stands at 488, including a Western Screech Owl, Red-legged Frog, Brassy Minnows and Common Fern which, despite its name, had never been found in the area before. Ontario: The Royal Ontario Museum and several other organizations have sponsored BioBlitz in the Toronto area since 2012, with the 2015 event scheduled for the Don River watershed. The 2014 Humber BioBlitz had over 500 participants and counted 1,560 species, including 2 spiders that were new to Canada. The Rouge National Urban Park hosted a Bioblitz event on 24 and 25 June 2017. The previous Bioblitz at the park was held in 2013 where over 1700


id: bioblitz-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-3.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
=== Hungary === BioBlitz Events in Hungary are organized by the Hungarian Biodiversity Research Society http://www.biodiverzitasnap.hu/ since 2006, starting with the eco-village Gyürüfű and its surroundings in Baranya County. Since then the Society organizes BioBlitz Events (called also Biodiversity Days) every year, sometimes even several events a year, during which 60-80 experts and researchers contribute to a profound momentary inventory of a chosen area in Hungary, and from time to time in cross-border areas in joint-projects with neighbour countries. The Hungarian Biodiversity Research Society invites local inhabitants and the interested public to join their events, and focusses in its outreach to young local and regional pupils and their teachers just like students from Hungary and abroad. The BioBlitz Events are taking place in partnership with the local National Park Directories, Municipalities and Civil Organisations. A rather fresh approach is the involvement of high school students during their obligatory community/voluntary work into research and field work in the topics of biodiversity and nature protection based upon long term co-operation contracts with schools and educational centres. The main goals pursued by the Hungarian Biodiversity Research Society are to promote the correct understanding of biodiversity in its true context, based upon data collection,


id: bioblitz-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-4.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
=== Slovenia === Slovene's first BioBlitz took place on 19/20 May 2017, in Draga (in central Slovenia). The event was conducted during the project "Invazivke nikoli ne počivajo: Ozaveščanje o in preprečevanje negativnega vpliva invazivnih vrst na evropsko ogrožene vrste" and supported by the Slovene Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. The event was held in cooperation with Societas herpetologica slovenica, the Botanical Society of Slovenia, the Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora, and the Slovene Dragonfly Society. During the event, 124 experts participated and 1,588 different species were found. BioBlitz Slovenia 2018 was held in Rače (in northeastern Slovenia) on 15/16 June. Altogether, 71 experts from 21 different organisations participated, and at the end of the 24-hour event 934 species or higher taxon were identified. BioBlitz Slovenia 2018 was organised by four NGOs: Societas herpetologica slovenica, the Slovene Dragonfly Society, the Botanical Society of Slovenia, and the Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora. A third BioBlitz Slovenia took place on 17/18 May 2019, in the Lož Karst Field. As a part of the project "Še smo tu – domorodne vrste še nismo izrinjene", it was supported by the Slovene Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning.


id: bioblitz-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-5.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
First UK Marine BioBlitz undertaken by the Marine Biological Association and the Natural History Museum together with other partners. Wembury, South Devon 2009 Bristol – Organised by Bristol Natural History Consortium Northumberland – Organised by Northumberland Biodiversity Network New Forest National Park – Organised by New Forest National Park Authority Swansea – Organised by Swansea City Council Cairngorms – Organised by Cairngorms Biodiversity Dundee – Organised by Dundee City Council Leicester – Organised by Leicester City and County Council Isle of Wight – Organised by Isle of Wight Council London – Organised by OPAL Derby – Organised by Derby City Council Brighton – Organised by Sussex Wildlife Trust Bath – Organised by Bristol Natural History Consortium Mothecombe, Devon, – Marine and coastal BioBlitz – Organised by OPAL and the Marine Biological Association Jersey – Organised by the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Fife – Organised by Fife Coast and Countryside Trust and "Celebrating Fife 2010" Cambridge – Organised by Cambridge University Lincolnshire – Organised by Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Nottingham – Organised by Nottinghamshire Biodiversity Action Group Flintshire – Organised by Flintshire County Council North Ayrshire – Organised by North Ayrshire Council Lancashire – Organised by Lancashire Wildlife Trust Kent – Organised


id: bioblitz-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-6.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
=== United States === Alaska: The Chugach National Forest and Alaska Department of Fish & Game-Diversity Program organized the first BioBlitz in Southcentral Alaska on 23 and 24 July 2011, to coincide with the International Year of Forests. Arizona: More than 5,500 people, including 2,000 students and 150 scientists, attended the 2011 Saguaro BioBlitz, (21–22 October) and discovered 859 species during the 24 hour inventory period. Included in that total were more than 400 species, mostly invertebrate animals and non-vascular plants, which were previously unknown in the park. The accompanying Biodiversity Festival had an integrated art program that included pieces featuring local species, created by local students, seniors, and artists. California: The Santa Monica Mountains NPS/National Geographic Society BioBlitz (30–31 May 2008) was accomplished through collaboration with the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, California State Parks, and Los Angeles Recreation and Parks Department. Six thousand participants discovered more than 1,700 species during the 24 hour inventory period. California: The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research hosted a BioBlitz in the San Dieguito River Park on the North Shore of Lake Hodges in Escondido 25–26 April. California: The San Diego Natural History Museum began hosting a yearly BioBlitz starting in 2008.


id: bioblitz-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-7.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
Many were new to the Park fauna, and a significant number were also new to the known state fauna. Maryland/DC/Virginia, 2006: The Nature Conservancy sponsored a Potomac Gorge BioBlitz where more than 130 field biologists and experienced naturalists volunteered their expertise in an effort to see how many species they could find. During a 30-hour survey period from Saturday, 24 June, through Sunday, 25 June their surveys revealed more than 1,000 species. Maryland: Jug Bay BioBlitz was sponsored by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission's (M-NCPPC) Patuxent River Park staff and rangers, 30–31 May 2009. Massachusetts 2006 collaboration between the Boston Museum of Science and the Cape Cod Museum of Natural History. The first bioblitz in a series sponsored by the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation. The first bioblitz to utilize CyberTracker and NatureMapping technologies for data collection. On 25–26 June 2010, a BioBlitz was held in Falmouth, Massachusetts, using town conservation land and adjacent land owned by the 300 Committee (T3C), Falmouth's land trust. Surveys for 15 taxa were planned. About 120 volunteers participated. Preliminary estimate of 930 species found but this number is likely to increase as data are finalized. Full results to be published later in 2010


id: bioblitz-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz-8.md
category: reference
title: BioBlitz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:29.067343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioblitz-20260505-0
summary:
== See also == Australian Bird Count (ABC) Bush Blitz an Australian Government variant of the concept co funded by BHP Billiton and with the participation of Earthwatch Australia Breeding Bird Survey Christmas Bird Count (CBC) (in the Western Hemisphere) City Nature Challenge Seabird Colony Register (SCR) The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds Tucson Bird Count (TBC) (in Arizona, US) == References == == External links == BioBlitzes at National Geographic National BioBlitz Network (United Kingdom) Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine


id: do-it-yourself-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Do-it-yourself biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:30.373685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: do-it-yourself-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Do-it-yourself biology (DIY biology, DIY bio) is a biotechnological social movement in which individuals, communities, and small organizations study biology and life science using the same methods as traditional research institutions. DIY biology is primarily undertaken by individuals with limited research training from academia or corporations, who then mentor and oversee other DIY biologists with little or no formal training. This may be done as a hobby, as a not-for-profit endeavor for community learning and open-science innovation, or for profit, to start a business. Other terms are also associated with the do-it-yourself biology community. The terms biohacking and wetware hacking emphasize the connection to hacker culture and the hacker ethic. The term hacker is used in the original sense of finding new and clever ways to do things. The term biohacking is also used by the grinder body modification community, which is considered related but distinct from the do-it-yourself biology movement. The term biopunk emphasizes the techno-progressive, political, and artistic elements of the movement. == History == The term "biohacking" as well as the concept of do-it-yourself biology has been known as early as 1988. Biohacking entered the San Francisco programmer and maker communities as early as 2005, through simple


id: do-it-yourself-biology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology-1.md
category: reference
title: Do-it-yourself biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:30.373685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: do-it-yourself-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Restricted access to medical care and medicine has pushed biohackers to start experimenting in medically related fields. The Open Insulin project aims to make the recombinant protein insulin more accessible by creating an open source protocol for expression and purification. Other experiments that have involved medical treatments include a whole body microbiome transplant and the creation of open source artificial pancreases for diabetics, such as OpenAPS, Loop and AndroidAPS. Many initiatives have taken place using DIY Biology to help people medically during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative (RaDVaC), which is a group made up of Harvard and MIT scientists who synthesized and researched a COVID-19 vaccine using their own personal lab. Other laboratory spaces created medical-grade face shields and other COVID-19 relief mechanisms in response to the pandemic. === Implants === Grinders are a subculture of biohackers that focus on implanting technology or introducing chemicals into the body to enhance or change their bodies' functionality. Some biohackers can now sense which direction they face using a magnetic implant that vibrates against the skin. === Art === In 2000, controversial and self-described "transgenic artist" Eduardo Kac appropriated standard laboratory work by biotechnology and genetics researchers in


id: do-it-yourself-biology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology-2.md
category: reference
title: Do-it-yourself biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:30.373685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: do-it-yourself-biology-20260505-0
summary:
== Criticism and concerns == Biohacking experiences many of the same criticisms as synthetic biology and genetic engineering already receive, plus other concerns relating to the distributed and non-institutional nature of the work, involving potential hazards with lack of oversight by professionals or governments. Concerns about biohackers creating pathogens in unmonitored garage laboratories led the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to begin sending its representatives to DIYbio conferences in 2009. The arrest and prosecution of some members for their work with harmless microbes, such as artivist Steve Kurtz, has been denounced as political repression by critics who argue the U.S. government has used post-9/11 anti-terrorism powers to intimidate artists and others who use their art to criticize society. Existing regulations are not specific to this field, so that the possibility of pathogenic organisms being created and released unintentionally or intentionally by biohackers has become a matter of concern, for example, in the spirit of the re-creation of the 1917 flu virus by Armed Forces Institute of Pathology researchers in 2005. In the US the FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate has worked with the American Association for the Advancement of Science's National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity to convene a


id: birds-of-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Birds of the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:31.616071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: birds-of-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
Birds of the World (BoW) is an online database of ornithological data adapted from the Handbook of the Birds of the World and contemporary reference works, including Birds of North America, Neotropical Birds Online, and Bird Families of the World. The database is published and maintained by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and collects data on bird observations through integration with eBird. The database requires a subscription to access the majority of its entries, but offers institutional access to many libraries and birding-related organizations, participating in the National Information Standards Organization's Shared E-Resource Understanding practice as a publisher. The database is frequently cited in regional checklists and distribution map studies, either as a point of comparison or a source of data. == History == Birds of the World was originally developed in the early 1990s through collaboration between the American Ornithologists' Union, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. The goal of the project was to produce an illustrated guide to all of the birds of the world; its first iteration was in the 17-volume Handbook of the Birds of the World, published by Lynx Edicions over the course of 22 years, from


id: birdtrack-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdTrack-0.md
category: reference
title: BirdTrack
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdTrack
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:36.875090+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: birdtrack-20260505-0
summary:
BirdTrack is an online citizen science website, operated by the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) on behalf of a partnership of the BTO, the RSPB, BirdWatch Ireland, the Scottish Ornithologists' Club and the Welsh Ornithological Society (Welsh: Cymdeithas Adaryddol Cymru). It is also available though mobile apps. BirdTrack allows birdwatchers to record the names and numbers of birds seen in a specified location anywhere in the world. It acts as a log for those wishing to maintain lists of their own sightings, but also feeds data into various scientific surveys, is used for research and conservation purposes, and generates maps for public consumption. The maps are rendered using OpenStreetMap data. BirdTrack is part of WorldBirds, a global initiative to record bird sightings. In October 2014, data from BirdTrack was used as evidence in the conviction of a gamekeeper for illegally killing ten Common Buzzards and an Eurasian Sparrowhawk. == References == == External links == Official website (web interface; login required) BirdTrack Android app tutorial on YouTube BirdTrack iPhone app tutorial on YouTube


id: blueberry-galaxy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry_galaxy-0.md
category: reference
title: Blueberry galaxy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry_galaxy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:38.048281+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blueberry-galaxy-20260505-0
summary:
Blueberry galaxies (BBs) are dwarf starburst galaxies that have very high ionization rates and some of the lowest stellar masses and metallicities. They are smaller counterparts of Green Pea galaxies (GPs), but are more compact being less than 1⁄3000th the size of the Milky Way, are less distant, existing in low-density environments that are within the local universe, and have lower luminosities. BBs form one of the youngest classes of star-forming galaxies with median ages ~70 Myr. Two BBs are among the most metal-poor galaxies known within the local universe. BBs were first named in the scientific literature by Yang et al. (2017) as GPs that were at a distance of redshift z=0.05 or less, although similar galaxies had originally been named BBs on the Galaxy Zoo website. While Yang et al. identified a sample of 40 BBs, a much larger sample was acquired using data from the LAMOST DR9 survey. Liu et al. found 270 BBs, as well as GPs and "Purple Grapes". Researchers undertook a systematic study of the star formation rates, metallicities and environments of the compact galaxies that have different colours because of the different positions of emission lines in the photometric bands. BBs at redshift


id: blueberry-galaxy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry_galaxy-1.md
category: reference
title: Blueberry galaxy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry_galaxy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:38.048281+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blueberry-galaxy-20260505-0
summary:
is the most massive and metal-rich one for which we have direct observational evidence of an old stellar population, the age of the stellar population to be ~5 Gyr and ~7 Gyr for the blueberry component and the stellar disk, respectively, GPs and BBs generally and their extreme emission-line properties are likely due to recent strong starburst events, potentially triggered by an external gas accretion process, the presence of old stars imply that mechanisms that allow the escape of ionizing photons in these local objects may be different from those at play during the epoch of reionization. In "FAST H I 21 cm Study of Blueberry Galaxies" (Chandola et al 2024) 28 BBs are studied using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope. The sample of BBs are observed over a 3 year period using FAST to measure the H I, or neutral hydrogen, using the 21 cm spectral line. By finding out the H I levels, the depletion rate of any H I 'reservoirs' can be deduced. Generally, the lower the stellar mass, the higher the amount of H I is present i.e. has not yet been used up in star formation. Two of the 28 are found to have these


id: blueberry-galaxy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry_galaxy-2.md
category: reference
title: Blueberry galaxy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry_galaxy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:38.048281+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blueberry-galaxy-20260505-0
summary:
While some authors continue to name these blue low-redshift compact starforming galaxies as BBs, some have broadened the original criteria for GPs and, perhaps confusingly, call BBs as GPs. An example of this is the study "New Insights on Lyα and Lyman Continuum Radiative Transfer in the Greenest Peas" (Jaskot et al. 2019) in which blue objects at very low redshifts are named as GPs . In this study, 13 blue and green galaxies at various redshifts are observed using the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) from which spectra are produced. The authors seek the levels of the ionizing Lyman continuum photons which might be important when considering the epoch of reionization in the early universe. In a 2011 study, Izotov et al. classified BBs as 'Luminous Compact Galaxies' but did not refer to them by name, stating that blue, purple and green Pea galaxies were the same type of object at distances between redshifts z=~0.02 to ~0.63. In the publication: "Proceedings of the conference 'The Interplay between Local and Global Processes in Galaxies', Cozumel, Mexico, 2016-4" (Hidalgo-Gámez et al. 2017a ), the authors in an accompanying presentation call galaxies similar to BBs 'Blue marbles' or purple Pea


id: breeding-bird-survey-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_bird_survey-0.md
category: reference
title: Breeding bird survey
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_bird_survey
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:39.273383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: breeding-bird-survey-20260505-0
summary:
A breeding bird survey monitors the status and trends of bird populations. Data from the survey are an important source for the range maps found in field guides. The North American Breeding Bird Survey is a joint project of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Canadian Wildlife Service. The UK Breeding Bird Survey is administered by the British Trust for Ornithology, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The results of the BBS are valuable in evaluating the increasing and decreasing range of bird population which can be a key point to bird conservation. The BBS was designed to provide a continent-wide perspective of population change. == History == The North American Breeding Bird Survey was launched in 1966 after the concept of a continental monitoring program for all breeding birds had been developed by Chandler Robbins and his associates from the Migratory Bird Population Station. The program was developed in Laurel, Maryland. In the first year of its existence there were nearly 600 surveys conducted east of the Mississippi River. One year later, in 1967, the survey spread to the Great Plains states and by 1968 almost 2000 routes had


id: bugguide-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BugGuide-0.md
category: reference
title: BugGuide
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BugGuide
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:40.438678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bugguide-20260505-0
summary:
BugGuide (or BugGuide.net) is a website and online community of naturalists, both amateur and professional, who share observations of arthropods such as insects, spiders, and other related creatures. The website consists of informational guide pages and many thousands of photographs of arthropods from the United States and Canada which are used for identification and research. The non-commercial site is hosted by the Iowa State University Department of Entomology. BugGuide was conceived by photographer Troy Bartlett in 2003 and since 2006 has been maintained by John VanDyk, an adjunct assistant professor of entomology and a senior systems analyst at Iowa State University. The website has been recognized for helping change the public perception of insects. According to gardening author Margaret Roach, "The site is where naturalists of all levels share photos of 'insects, spiders and their kin' to foster enthusiasm and expand the knowledge base about these often-overlooked (and as BugGuide points out, 'oft-maligned') creatures." == Statistics == According to VanDyk, BugGuide had over 809 million hits in 2010, averaging approximately 26 hits per second. He also stated that in early 2011 the site consisted of almost 34,000 written pages representing about 23 percent of the estimated insect species in North


id: robert-burn-naturalist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burn_(naturalist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Robert Burn (naturalist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burn_(naturalist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:41.759510+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: robert-burn-naturalist-20260505-0
summary:
Robert Burn (born 1937) is an Australian naturalist and citizen scientist. He has described approximately 100 species of nudibranchs and has co-authored around 100 papers published in scientific journals spanning sixty years. He is the leading living discoverer of nudibranch species in Victoria, Australia. His first solo publication, Nudibranchs and related molluscs, was published in February 2016 by Museums Victoria where Bob Burn is Honorary Associate. The nudibranch genus Burnaia is named in his honor. == References ==


id: butterfly-count-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_count-0.md
category: reference
title: Butterfly count
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_count
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:43.075266+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: butterfly-count-20260505-0
summary:
Butterfly counts are often carried out in North America and Europe to estimate the populations of butterflies in a specific geographical area. The counts are conducted by interested, mostly non-professional, residents of the area who maintain an interest in determining the numbers and species of butterflies in their locale. A butterfly count usually occurs at a specific time during the year and is sometimes coordinated to occur with other counts which may include a park, county, entire state or country. The results of the counts are usually shared with other interested parties including professional lepidopterists and researchers. The data gathered during a count can indicate population changes and health within a species. == Sponsors == Professionals, universities, clubs, elementary and secondary schools, other educational providers, nature preserves, parks, and amateur organizations can organize a count. The participants often receive training to help them identify the butterfly species. The North American Butterfly Association organized over 400 counts in 2014. == Types of butterfly counts == There are several methods for counting butterflies currently in use, with the notable division being between restricted and open searches. Most counts are designed to count all butterflies observed in a locality. The purpose of a


id: carbon-mineral-challenge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Mineral_Challenge-0.md
category: reference
title: Carbon Mineral Challenge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Mineral_Challenge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:44.365352+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carbon-mineral-challenge-20260505-0
summary:
The Carbon Mineral Challenge is a citizen science project dedicated to accelerating the discovery of carbon-bearing minerals. The program launched in 2015 December with sponsorship from the Deep Carbon Observatory. The project ended in 2019 September, with 31 new carbon-bearing minerals found from 27 locations. == Background == Mineralogist Robert Hazen and his colleagues pioneered the concept of mineral evolution to explain how life and geology have intertwined throughout Earth's multi-billion year past. As part of that research, the group developed a model that combines the locations and distributions of known minerals to predict the number of unknown carbon minerals on Earth. The method is similar to statistical methods used in biology. Hazen and his group predicted that 145 carbon minerals remain undiscovered on Earth. A paper supporting the research, "Carbon Mineral Ecology", was published by American Mineralogist in 2015, and the Carbon Mineral Challenge was announced in 2015 at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Geochemist Daniel Hummer (Southern Illinois University) is the project lead. Carbon is the focus of the project due to the element's importance to life on Earth and how little is known about it. == Research Method == The research behind the


id: lin-chambers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Chambers-0.md
category: reference
title: Lin Chambers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Chambers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:45.681865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lin-chambers-20260505-0
summary:
Lin Chambers (née Hartung) is an American physical scientist. She has developed and contributed to multiple international programs around science education and citizen science at NASA Langley Research Center. == Early life and education == Chambers is an alumna of East Lansing High School; her grandfather is the chemist Walter Henry Hartung. She obtained bachelor's and master's degrees in aeronautical engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1985. She began working with the NASA Langley Research Center as an undergraduate student at RPI in 1983 through the NASA co-op program before permanently moving to Hampton, Virginia. She participated in the International Space University Summer Session in 1989 in Strasbourg, France. Chambers received her PhD in aerospace engineering at North Carolina State University in 1991. Her dissertation, advised by Fred DeJarnette, was the creation of a model to predict "radiation absorption and emission coefficients in thermochemical nonequilibrium flows." == Career == Per her training, Chambers began at NASA as an aerospace engineer. Her work focused on atmospheric entry of spacecraft. Starting in the mid-1990s, she adapted her expertise in radiative transfer to atmospheric science. This included working on the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) project to study the effect


id: amateur-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Amateur chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:47.043148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Amateur chemistry or home chemistry is the pursuit of chemistry as a private hobby. Amateur chemistry is usually done with whatever chemicals are available at disposal at the privacy of one's home. It should not be confused with clandestine chemistry, which involves the illicit production of controlled drugs.[a] Notable amateur chemists include Oliver Sacks and Sir Edward Elgar. == History == === Origins === Amateur chemistry shares its early history with that of chemistry in general. Pioneers of modern chemistry such as Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavoisier were gentlemen scientists who pursued their research independently from their source of income. Only with the coming of the Industrial Revolution, and the rise of universities as research institutions, did any significant distinction between amateurs and professionals emerge. Nevertheless, amateur progress lasted well into the 19th century. For example, in 1886, Charles Martin Hall co-invented the Hall-Héroult process for extracting aluminium from its oxide whilst working in a woodshed behind his family home. The history of amateur chemistry ties in well with that of chemistry in general. The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis


id: amateur-chemistry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry-1.md
category: reference
title: Amateur chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:47.043148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === In Canada, a wide range of basic laboratory reagents such as nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide are restricted as "explosives precursors". Two of the main legal texts in Canada restricting the sale of certain chemicals are the Explosives Act, and the Explosives Regulations, 2013 (SOR/2013-211). Part 20 of the latter restricts the sale, acquisition, and storage of ten explosives precursors, namely, ammonium nitrate in solid form and with a nitrogen concentration >=28%, hydrogen peroxide >=30% conc., nitromethane, potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, solid sodium chlorate, nitric acid >= 75% conc., potassium nitrate, mixtures of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate, and solid sodium nitrate. In 2021, the Canada Gazette published an amendment proposal to the Explosives Regulations, 2013 [1], which suggested measures including the classification of precursors into three tiers, and the addition of calcium ammonium nitrate, hexamethylenetetramine, aluminium powder, and acetone to the precursors list. In late 2008, Lewis Casey, an 18-year-old college student from Saskatchewan, was arrested for owning a small chemistry lab in his family's garage. After the raid, the police initially claimed that it was a meth lab, but withdrew the drug charge a few days later. The Crown withdrew criminal charges against him on


id: amateur-chemistry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry-2.md
category: reference
title: Amateur chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:47.043148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
==== Italy ==== In Italy, regulations regarding explosives precursors have been approved as the Ministry of the Interior's Circolare 557/PAS/U/004997/XV.H.MASS(53)5, titled Identificazione e tracciabilità degli esplosivi per uso civile: - Indicazioni operative e gestione delle scorte. Regulation (EU) 2019/1148 was implemented through the Legge 23 dicembre 2021, n. 238, whose article 13 modifies the Decreto Legislativo 14 settembre 2009, n. 133, adding a whole chapter to the latter (Chapter II, after article 17). ==== Portugal ==== On the topic of explosives precursors, Regulation (EU) 98/2013, was transposed into the Portuguese legal system as the Decree Law 56/2016, of 29th of August. This Decree Law was, in turn, repealed by Decree Law 62/2021, of 26th of July, which transposes Regulation (EU) 2019/1148. ==== Spain ==== Since the 1940s, chemistry sets for kids have been available on the Spanish market, some of these including "Quimicefa", manufactured by the Valencian company Celulosa Fabril SA (CEFA), and later on by CEFA Toys SA; "Cheminova", by Jugetes Mediterráneo SA, from Aldaia, Valencia, later acquired by MB-Hasbro; "La magia de la ciencia: Química" by the Madrilenian company Grupo Anaya SA; and "Quimex", by Quimex, Granollers, Catalonia. On January 3, 1994, Eduardo Rey Díaz, a 13-year-old boy


id: amateur-chemistry-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry-3.md
category: reference
title: Amateur chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:47.043148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amateur-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
=== Norway === In September 2018, a 29-year-old physician and amateur chemist and his girlfriend were arrested at their home on in Nord-Jæren, two days after inquiring a local pharmacy about the availability of 35% hydrogen peroxide. He explained that he had an accident while camping, suffering a wound that he stitched himself. Being a physician and seeing the effect of flame-sterilizing on his surgical instruments, he was looking for a milder alternative that could also be used to disinfect wounds. However, his enquiry triggered the submission of an alert to KRIPOS, which sent a few police officers to the house. These officers would, in turn, find the chemicals from his lab, and arrest him. One law in this country that regulates flammable chemicals, gas cylinders, and explosive substances is the Fire and Explosion Protection Act (Brann- og eksplosjonsvernloven). === United Kingdom === In the UK it is a criminal offence for members of the general public to purchase, and for business to sell, certain types of poisons or explosives precursors to those of the former group without a valid EPP license. Purchasing substances on this list is restricted since 26 May 2015, and its possession is also restricted since


id: chronolog-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronolog-0.md
category: reference
title: Chronolog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronolog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:48.364473+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chronolog-20260505-0
summary:
Chronolog is a citizen science environmental monitoring platform that enables public participation in time-lapse photography projects. It is used by parks, nature centers, wildlife organizations, schools, and museums to document ecological changes over time. Visitors to participating locations take photos at designated stations and submit them via email, contributing to crowdsourced time-lapse sequences. As of 2024, Chronolog operates in 48 U.S. states and 10 countries and has collected over 100,000 submissions since its launch in 2017. == History == Chronolog was founded in 2017 by Jake Rose and Ky Wildermuth. The platform began with a small number of photo stations in state parks in Maryland, United States. Since then, it has expanded to include sites across the United States and internationally. Chronolog has been adopted by national organizations in the United States such as the National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management. == Technology == Participating organizations–like state and national parks, wildlife preserves, museums, schools, local and state governments, nature conservancies, and wildlife nonprofits–install fixed photo stations at specific locations, typically overlooking landscapes of ecological interest. These stations guide visitors to align their smartphone cameras at a consistent height and angle. Users then email the photos to Chronolog, where


id: citizen-design-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Design_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Citizen Design Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Design_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:54.029506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-design-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen Design Science is the combination of Citizen Science and Design Science. Design Science is known since the early 1960s when Buckminster Fuller defined it as systematic designing, whereas half a decade later Herbert A. Simon saw it more as the study of the design process. The term Citizen Science emerged in the 1990s as work that citizens of all ages and backgrounds conduct under the guidance of scientists, collecting data or inventing processes or artefacts. A contemporary example is the Zooniverse platform that enables people to “contribute to real discoveries in fields ranging from astronomy to zoology”. Citizen Design Science is a combination of both concepts for urban systems: it adds the combination of human observation, cognition, experience and local knowledge into a scientific framework that improves the planning, design, management and transformation of buildings and cities. Design Science contributes the methods and instruments, Citizen Science adds data and inventions. Thus, Citizen Design Science bundles individual observations and inventions into a bottom up flow of data and information to improve the planning and functioning of a city. As such this concept is taught at ETH Zurich and online == References ==


id: citizen-science-and-sustainable-agriculture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science_and_sustainable_agriculture-0.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science and sustainable agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science_and_sustainable_agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:55.360956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-and-sustainable-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science has been promoted as a strategy to further sustainable agriculture via public participation in research and case studies. Through public engagement, a variety of sustainable agriculture methods can be learned and practiced, in contrast to relying upon only professional-scientific studies to further research. Public participation is designed to allow those outside professional science to identify problems in sustainable agriculture that most directly affect them and help generate solutions through the collaboration between the broader public and researchers. As global patterns in the 21st century trend towards more extreme climate events, which can lead to disruptions in the food system and impact overall human health, citizen science and sustainable agriculture present a possible solution. Preliminary research indicates that there is opportunity for sustainable agriculture to be enhanced through citizen science, particularly in partnership with farmers, in advancing food justice and increasing understanding of diverse farming techniques and technologies. == Citizen science == Citizen science can be broadly defined as any type of research, data-collection, or knowledge-production that contributes to collective scientific understanding and fields, but is conducted by the public or non-professional scientists. There are multiple definitions and interpretations, indicating there is not one formal understanding. While the term


id: citizen-science-and-sustainable-agriculture-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science_and_sustainable_agriculture-1.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science and sustainable agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science_and_sustainable_agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:55.360956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-and-sustainable-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
=== Climate adaptation === Extreme climate events have increased the need for crop variety in order to sustain current food systems. Crop variety testing, also known as the tricot approach, involves the observation of three different crop varieties, fertilizer types, or a combination of both to evaluate which options work best. The tricot approach recognizes that there are gender inequalities in agricultural production and attempts to involve more women in the process. This approach has shown to be successful as it engages both researchers and farmers to find solutions that are specific to various environmental areas and needs. The tricot approach was employed on multiple plots in Nicaragua, Ethiopia, and India with farmers as citizen scientists. Each country analyzed climate effects on different seed varieties allowing them to adjust in the next planting cycle. This iterative process documented the replacement of seed varieties for climate adaptation allowing results to be replicated and scalable. === Pollination === Pollinators are an important aspect of human survival as many fruits, vegetables, and plants require cross pollination for reproduction. In urban areas pollinators face habitat loss as their natural environments are disrupted by human populations. A citizen science project, called Native Bee Watch, began


id: citizen-sourcing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_sourcing-0.md
category: reference
title: Citizen sourcing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_sourcing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:56.582799+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-sourcing-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen sourcing is the government adoption of crowdsourcing techniques for the purposes of (1) enlisting citizens in the design and execution of government services and (2) tapping into the citizenry's collective intelligence for solutions and situational awareness. Applications of citizen sourcing include: The use of ideation tools by government agencies to collect ideas and suggestions from the public The use of problem-solving tools that allow citizens to identify and evaluate solutions to problems proposed The adoption of citizen reporting platforms, such as for crime or emergency response information The government monitoring of social media, such as Twitter, for situational awareness, such as with regard to natural disasters Citizen sourcing has gained prominence as part of the Obama administration's Open Government Initiative and is seen, in the words of Vivek Kundra, as a way of driving "innovation by tapping into the ingenuity of the American people" to solve those problems that are too big for government to solve on its own. Similarly, David Cameron of the British Conservatives believes that citizen sourcing mechanisms and the advent of Web 2.0 technologies will help usher in "the next age of government" by truly enabling citizens to act on John Kennedy's historic call to


id: city-nature-challenge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Nature_Challenge-0.md
category: reference
title: City Nature Challenge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Nature_Challenge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:57.909834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: city-nature-challenge-20260505-0
summary:
The City Nature Challenge is an annual, global, community science competition to document urban biodiversity. The challenge is a bioblitz that engages residents and visitors to find and document plants, animals, and other organisms living in urban areas. The goals are to engage the public in the collection of biodiversity data, with three awards each year for the cities that make the most observations, find the most species, and engage the most people. Participants primarily use the iNaturalist app and website to document their observations. The observation period is followed by several days of identification and the final announcement of results. Participants need not know how to identify the species; help is provided through iNaturalist's automated species identification feature as well as the community of users on iNaturalist, including professional scientists and expert naturalists. == History == The City Nature Challenge was founded by Alison Young and Rebecca Johnson of the California Academy of Sciences and Lila Higgins of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The first event took place in 2016, in which Los Angeles competed against San Francisco and won in all three categories (most observations, most species, most participants). In 2017 the challenge expanded to


id: clickworkers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickworkers-0.md
category: reference
title: Clickworkers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickworkers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:13:59.214495+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clickworkers-20260505-0
summary:
ClickWorkers was a small NASA experimental project that uses public volunteers (nicknamed "clickworkers" on the site) for scientific tasks. Clickworkers are able to work when, and for however long they choose, doing routine analysis that would normally require months of work by scientists or graduate students. The web site and database were created and maintained by one engineer, Bob Kanefsky, and advised by two scientists, Nadine Barlow and Virginia Gulick. The pilot study was sponsored by the NASA Ames Director's Discretionary Fund. As of March 31, 2020, the Clickworkers volunteer program appears to be defunct. None of the links to the program are functional, as of that date. == Identifying Martian craters == The original phase ran from November 2000 to September 2001, identifying and classifying the age of craters on Mars images from Viking Orbiter that had already been analyzed by NASA. The goal was to answer two meta-science questions: Is the public ready, willing, and able to help science? Does this new way of powering science analysis produce results that are just as good as the traditional way? In February 2001 clickworkers started processing new images from Mars Global Surveyor, surveying small craters never before cataloged. Clickworkers also


id: coastal-observation-and-seabird-survey-team-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Observation_and_Seabird_Survey_Team-0.md
category: reference
title: Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Observation_and_Seabird_Survey_Team
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:00.455245+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coastal-observation-and-seabird-survey-team-20260505-0
summary:
Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST) is a citizen science project of the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, US, with a goal of monitoring marine ecosystem health with the support of citizens within coastal communities. With the help of hundreds of volunteers, COASST assesses beach conditions and identifies and tracks any carcasses of dead seabirds found. Data on the carcass of a seabird contributes to the creation of a baseline record for the death rates of various species of seabirds, including which beaches birds are found at and in what density. Any irregularities can be identified and evaluated, so the cause of any increased mortality can be identified. COASST works with state, tribal, and federal agencies, environmental organizations, and community groups to help achieve their goals of monitoring and successfully establishing marine conservation solutions. == History == COASST was founded in 1998 by Julia Parrish with the goal of expanding long-term data collection on seabirds, including baseline data for discovering patterns of seabird mortality, natural or human-induced, through the program. Due to the increasing human use of coastal waters, Parish envisioned a program that could provide data on both resident and migrant species of birds; mortality rates after oil


id: community-collaborative-rain-hail-and-snow-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Collaborative_Rain,_Hail_and_Snow_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Collaborative_Rain,_Hail_and_Snow_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:01.634955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: community-collaborative-rain-hail-and-snow-network-20260505-0
summary:
The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network, or CoCoRaHS, is a network of volunteer weather observers in the United States, Canada, and the Bahamas that take daily readings of precipitation and report them to a central data store over the Internet. The program is an example of citizen science. == History == In 1997, the network was started in Larimer County, Colorado, after a flash flood in Spring Creek killed five people and damaged structures in the city of Fort Collins, Colorado, including hundreds of millions of US dollars in damage to the Colorado State University campus. The severity of the flood and its widespread spatial variability surprised meteorologists, and Nolan Doesken, a former assistant state climatologist for the state of Colorado, asked for precipitation measurements from private citizens in the area. About 300 responded to his emergency request for data. Said Doesken later: "The results of the data showed that more than 14 in. (36 cm) of rain fell over southwest Fort Collins, the area where the flood waters originated, while less than 2 in. (5 cm) of rain fell only 3–4 mi (5–6 km) east. The enthusiastic interest shown by volunteers and the great value of the


id: cooperative-observer-program-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Observer_Program-0.md
category: reference
title: Cooperative Observer Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Observer_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:04.182634+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cooperative-observer-program-20260505-0
summary:
The NOAA Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) is a citizen weather observer network run by the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) and National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). Over 8,700 volunteers from the fifty states and all territories report at least daily a variety of weather conditions such as daily maximum and minimum temperatures, 24-hour precipitation totals, including snowfall, and significant weather occurrences throughout a day that are recorded via remarks in observer logs. Some stations also report stream stage or tidal levels. Daily observations are reported electronically or over the phone, and monthly logs are submitted electronically or via the mail. Many stations are located in rural areas but the network also includes long-term stations in most urban centers. Observation locations include farms, in urban and suburban areas, National Parks, seashores, and mountaintops. Volunteers are trained by local NWS offices who provide rain gauges, snowsticks, thermometers, or other instruments. Data is initially received and analyzed by local NWS offices then ultimately stored and analyzed by NCEI, which also does final data quality checks. The program began with act of Congress in 1890 and grew out a network of observers developed by the Smithsonian Institution. It was a backbone of the


id: cosmic-ray-extremely-distributed-observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic-Ray_Extremely_Distributed_Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic-Ray_Extremely_Distributed_Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:05.384354+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmic-ray-extremely-distributed-observatory-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a scientific project initiated at the end of August 2016 by Polish scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kraków (researchers from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary also joined the project) whose purpose is the detection of cosmic rays and the search for dark matter. Its aim is to involve as many people as possible in the construction of a global system of cosmic ray detectors, from which it will be possible to examine the essence of dark matter. Having a camera and a GPS module, a smartphone works well as a detector of particles from space. == Objective == The main objective of CREDO is the detection and analysis of extended cosmic ray phenomena, so-called super-preshowers (SPS), using existing as well as new infrastructure (cosmic-ray observatories, educational detectors, single detectors etc.). The search for ensembles of cosmic ray events initiated by SPS is yet an untouched topic, in contrast to the current state-of-the-art analysis, which is focused on the detection of single cosmic ray events. Theoretical explanation of SPS could be given either within classical (e.g., photon-photon interaction) or exotic (e.g., Super Heavy Dark Matter decay or annihilation) scenarios, thus detection


id: crowdfunded-satellites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunded_satellites-0.md
category: reference
title: Crowdfunded satellites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunded_satellites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:10.872501+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crowdfunded-satellites-20260505-0
summary:
Crowdfunded satellites are artificial satellites that have been funded by using crowdfunding, rather than more traditional methods of financing by governments or corporations. Crowdfunded satellites are an example of public participation to research. Several crowdfunded satellites were launched in the 2010s, including SkyCube, KickSat, ArduSat, all of which resulted from successful Kickstarter campaigns. The Russian Mayak mission used the Russian Boomstarter platform. The Planetary Society's LightSail 2 mission may be the best known. In 2015, the project raised $1.2 million on Kickstarter from over 23,000 backers. It launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy on June 25th, 2019. The 3U-sized cubesat deployed a large solar sail after reaching orbit, which it successfully used to maintain its altitude. The spacecraft stayed in orbit for over 3 years, much longer than originally planned. == References ==


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
Below is a list of projects that rely on crowdsourcing. See also open innovation. == A == Adaptive Vehicle Make was a project overseen by DARPA to crowdsource the design and manufacture of a new armored vehicle. Air Quality Eggs by WickedDevices are open-source hardware Internet of Things pollution monitors that facilitate citizen crowdsourcing of air quality readings Amara is a website that enables crowdsourced translations of videos from a variety of popular video hosting websites. The subtitles created are used to make online video content accessible to a wider audience, including the deaf and hard of hearing, and those who cannot understand the language of the source. Amazon Mechanical Turk, a platform on which crowdsourcing tasks called "HITs" (Human Intelligence Tasks") can be created and publicized and people can execute the tasks and be paid for doing so. Dubbed "Artificial Artificial Intelligence", it was named after The Turk, an 18th-century chess-playing "machine". The first crowdsourced documentary film is the non-profit The American Revolution, which went into production in 2005, and which examines the role media played in the cultural, social and political changes from 1968 to 1974 through the story of underground, free-form radio station WBCN-FM in Boston. When


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-1.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== C == California Digital Newspaper Collection In August 2011, the California Digital Newspaper Collection implemented crowdsourced OCR text correction of its digitized historical newspapers; some published as early as 1846 (California statehood 1850). CDNC is a project of the Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research (CBSR) at the University of California, Riverside. The CDNC is supported in part by the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act, administered in California by the State Librarian. Historic Cambridge Newspaper Collection. In March 2011, the Cambridge Public Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts, launched a digital collection of historic newspapers that implements crowdsourced OCR text correction. The freely accessible and keyword searchable database contains newspapers dating back to 1846 when Cambridge was established as a city. The Historic Cambridge Newspaper Collection is a project of the Cambridge Room, the Cambridge Public Library's Archives and Special Collections, and is supported by funding from the Community Preservation Act. Chicago History Museum on 14 October 2013, announced a project asking the public to furnish ideas for a future exhibition and reducing the most-often-submitted ideas to one assignment through a series of public votes. According to the American


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-2.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== D == The 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge focused on autonomous vehicles, requiring participating teams to create an autonomous vehicle that was able to successfully navigate traffic as well as complex maneuvers including merging, passing, and parking. To successfully complete the challenge, participating vehicles needed to complete a 60-mile course in less than six hours. Dell IdeaStorm is a website launched by Dell on 16 February 2007 to allow Dell "to gauge which ideas are most important and most relevant to" the public. The Democratic National Committee launched FlipperTV in November 2007 and McCainpedia in May 2008 to crowdsource video gathered by Democratic trackers and research compiled by DNC staff in the hands of the public to do with as they chose. The Daily Minor Planet is the Catalina Sky Survey's NASA-funded citizen science project focused on finding and tracking near earth asteroids, allowing volunteers to scan through nightly archival images from the 1.5 meter survey telescope at Mount Lemmon Observatory to discover new Asteroids. DesignCrowd, a crowdsourcing marketplace for graphic design and creative services, launched in February 2008 and helped run a contest for global footwear company HI-TEC. HI-TEC "estimated that using DesignCrowd.com [and crowdsourcing] for the project saved


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-3.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== F == Facebook has used crowdsourcing since 2008 to create different language versions of its site. The company claims this method offers the advantage of providing site versions that are more compatible with local cultures. FamilySearch Indexing is a volunteer project which aims to create searchable digital indexes for scanned images of historical documents. The documents are drawn primarily from a collection of 2.4 million microfilms made of historical documents from 110 countries and principalities. Previously, volunteers installed free software on their home computers, downloaded images from the site, typed the data they read from the image into the software, and submitted their work back to the site. A web-based indexing application was launched in 2014, and the installed version was later retired. The data is eventually made publicly and freely available at familysearch.org (the world's largest nonprofit genealogical organization) for use in genealogical research. Over one billion historical records have been transcribed to date. Folding@Home is a distributed computing project for disease research that simulates protein folding, computational drug design, and other types of molecular dynamics. The project uses the idle processing resources of thousands of personal computers owned by volunteers who have installed the software on their


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-4.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== I == IBM collected over 37,000 ideas for potential areas for innovation from brainstorming sessions with its customers, employees and their family members in 2006. iNaturalist is a citizen science website which allows users to contribute observations of organisms with images, start data-collecting projects, and crowdsources taxonomic identification of observations. The Indian rupee sign was developed in 2010, by using crowdsourcing to select its design through an open competition among Indian residents. InfoArmy is a crowdsourcing platform for business data. Users research online for competitive intelligence information on public and private companies to create iPad and web reports. Current researchers come from a variety of backgrounds and from six continents. InnoCentive, started in 2001, crowdsources research and development for biomedical and pharmaceutical companies, among other companies in other industries. InnoCentive provides connection and relationship management services between "Seekers" and "Solvers". Seekers are the companies searching for solutions to critical challenges. Solvers are the 185,000 registered members of the InnoCentive crowd who volunteer their solutions to the Seekers. Anyone with interest and Internet access can become an InnoCentive Solver. Solvers whose solutions are selected by the Seekers are compensated for their ideas by InnoCentive, which acts as broker of the


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-5.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== M == Mapillary is a service for sharing geotagged photos developed by Mapillary AB with the aim to represent not only streets but the whole world. All photos and data are shared using a Creative Commons license, most of the internal software is available under the MIT license and the full API is public. MateCat is a web-based computer-assisted translation (CAT) tool released as open source software under the Lesser General Public License (LGPL) from the Free Software Foundation. McMaster Postcard Project is a platform created by the William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections at the McMaster University Library for crowdsourcing information about an archival collection of historical postcards, providing information on the card's country, province and city of origin, date, and other pertinent information in a "notes" section. Cards were previously categorized only by province, or by country for international cards. Microtask is a company that has developed a software platform for global distribution of short-duration tasks to online workers. The system supports automated quality assurance and provides service-level agreements for task quality and turnaround times. The Milky Way Project is a project that aims to identify bubbles in the Milky Way with users analyzing infrared


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-6.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== P == Path launched a project to crowdsource translations for its mobile platform in April 2012. Pepsi launched a marketing campaign in early 2007 which allowed consumers to design the look of a Pepsi can. The winners would receive a $10,000 prize, and their artwork would be featured on 500 million Pepsi cans around the United States. PhraseApp is a translation management platform that can be used to translate digital content, software, games and apps. It offers an in-context-editor and professional human translation. The Phylo video game invites players to give in to their addictive gaming impulses while contributing to the greater good by trying to decode the code for genetic diseases. Planet Hunters is a citizen science project where users can try to find extrasolar planets identifying patterns in the brightness data of stars retrieved by the Kepler Space Mission. Prova (Swedish for "to try") launched December 2008 as a crowdsource marketplace that connects businesses with professional ad designers to create print designs, audio ads, video content, and digital designs. Ad designers from all over the world compete for ad creation projects listed on the site. == Q == Quantum Moves is a game developed under the ScienceAtHome


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-7.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== S == SciStarter is a citizen science focused site that supports and promotes hundreds of projects that require crowdsourced help. Micro-tasks for volunteer supporters include things such as climatic observations, astronomical observations, image / video / audio capture, image tagging, audio description, data point assessment, etc. Secret London is composed mostly of Londoners who use the site to share suggestions and photos of London. Originally started as a Facebook Group in 2010 in response to a competition to win an internship at Saatchi & Saatchi, Secret London gained 150,000 members within two weeks. This early popularity prompted its founder, Tiffany Philippou, to appeal to the community to help build the group a website, which was launched 10 days later. SeeClickFix is a web tool that allows citizens to report non-emergency neighborhood issues, which are communicated to local government, as a form of community activism. It has an associated free mobile phone application. Similar to FixMyStreet. SESH (social entrepreneurship for sexual health) is a project that uses crowdsourcing to improve public health messaging, tools, and policies. The group has been recognized by the WHO-TDR as one of the leaders in social innovation for health. Individual crowdsourcing projects have created videos


id: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects-8.md
category: reference
title: List of crowdsourcing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:12.164558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-crowdsourcing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
== U == Unilever used the crowdsourcing platform IdeaBounty to find creative ideas for its next TV campaign for their snack food brand Peperami. Ushahidi (Swahili for "testimony" or "witness") is a website created in the aftermath of Kenya's disputed 2007 presidential election (see 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis) that collected eyewitness reports of violence sent in by email and text-message and placed them on a Google map. It is also the name of the open source software developed for that site, which has since been improved, released freely, and used for a number of similar projects. == W == Waze is a free turn-by-turn GPS application for mobile phones that uses crowdsourcing to provide routing and real-time traffic updates. "We Are The World 25 for Haiti (YouTube Edition)" is a massively collaborative charity song and music video produced by Canadian singer-songwriter Lisa Lavie and posted to the YouTube video sharing website to raise money for victims of the 12 January, 2010 Haiti earthquake. The video was the creation of a collaboration of 57 unsigned or independent YouTube musicians geographically distributed around the world. The Tokyo Times referred to J Rice's subsequently produced "We Pray for You" video, involving largely the same


id: the-daily-minor-planet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Minor_Planet-0.md
category: reference
title: The Daily Minor Planet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Minor_Planet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:13.434144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-daily-minor-planet-20260505-0
summary:
The Daily Minor Planet is a citizen science project run by the Zooniverse and The Catalina Sky Survey with a funding grant from NASA, to use citizen science volunteer classifications to discover asteroids with recent data from the G96 Mount Lemmon Survey 1.52 m (60 in) cassegrain reflector telescope. The main objective of the project is to search for undiscovered asteroids in order to protect the planet by locating potentially harmful Near-Earth asteroids. The main-belt asteroid 227711 Dailyminorplanet was named in honor of thousands of volunteers who have participated in this project. == List of Notable Discoveries == == See also == Backyard Worlds Active Asteroids (citizen science project) Disk Detective Galaxy Zoo Planet Hunters == References ==


id: decodoku-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decodoku-0.md
category: reference
title: Decodoku
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decodoku
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:14.610705+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: decodoku-20260505-0
summary:
Decodoku is set of online citizen science games, based on quantum error correction. The project is supported by the NCCR QSIT and the University of Basel, and allows the public to get involved with quantum error correction research. The games present the clues left in a quantum computer when errors occur, and encourage the players to work out how best to correct them. These puzzles are presented in a manner similar to typical casual puzzle games, like 2048, Threes or Sudoku, with the scientific background explained via the project website and YouTube channel. Thus far three games have been released: Decodoku, Decodoku:Puzzles and Decodoku:Colors. == References ==


id: digventures-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigVentures-0.md
category: reference
title: DigVentures
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigVentures
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:16.478394+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: digventures-20260505-0
summary:
DigVentures is a social enterprise working in archaeology, heritage participation, nature recovery, and citizen science. Founded in 2011 by Lisa Westcott Wilkins and Brendon Wilkins, it is headquartered in Barnard Castle, England. The organization is a Registered Organisation of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). DigVentures became known for crowdfunding and digital methods in archaeological fieldwork, enabling public participation in professional excavations. The organization has conducted projects across the United Kingdom, Ireland, and internationally, including excavations at Flag Fen and Lindisfarne, and the citizen science initiative Deep Time which combines archaeological discovery with habitat mapping for nature recovery. == History == DigVentures Limited was incorporated on 21 November 2011. The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists states that DigVentures has been a Registered Organisation since 2013. In 2012, DigVentures organized Flag Fen Lives, described in media coverage as the world's first crowdfunded archaeological excavation. The project raised £30,000 and engaged approximately 250 members of the public from 11 countries in a three-week excavation at the Bronze Age site of Flag Fen near Peterborough. The excavation involved partnerships with institutions including the British Museum, Durham University, University of Birmingham, and English Heritage. Archaeologist Francis Pryor, who discovered the site in the 1970s, later


id: disk-detective-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Detective-0.md
category: reference
title: Disk Detective
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Detective
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:17.830855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: disk-detective-20260505-0
summary:
Disk Detective is the first NASA-led and funded-collaboration project with Zooniverse. It is NASA's largest crowdsourcing citizen science project aiming at engaging the general public in search of stars, which are surrounded by dust-rich circumstellar disks, where planets usually dwell and are formed. Initially launched by NASA Citizen Science Officer, Marc Kuchner, the principal investigation of the project was turned over to Steven Silverberg. == Details == Disk Detective was launched in January 2014, and was expected to continue until 2017. In April 2019 Disk Detective uploaded partly classified subjects, as Zooniverse did stop to support the old platform for projects, which was completed in May 2019. The project team began working on Disk Detective 2.0 that was then launched May 24, 2020, utilizing Zooniverse's new platform. The project invites the public to search through images captured by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and other sky surveys. Disk Detective 1.0 compared images from the WISE mission to the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Version 2.0 compares WISE images to 2MASS, Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS), Australia's SkyMapper telescope, and the unblurred coadds of


id: disk-detective-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Detective-1.md
category: reference
title: Disk Detective
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Detective
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:14:17.830855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: disk-detective-20260505-0
summary:
The Disk Detective project discovered the first example of a Peter Pan disk. At the 235th meeting of the American Astronomical Society the discovery of four new Peter Pan disks was presented. Three objects are high-probability members of the Columba and Carina stellar associations. The forth object has an intermediate likelihood of being part of a moving group. All four objects are young M dwarfs. The project has also discovered the first debris disk with a white dwarf companion (HD 74389) and a new kind of M dwarf disk (WISE J080822.18-644357.3) in a moving group. The project found 37 new disks (including HD 74389) and four Be stars in the first paper and 213 newly-identified disk candidates in the third paper. Together with WISE J080822.18-644357.3, the Disk Detective project found 251 new disks or disk candidates. The third paper also found HD 150972 (WISEA J164540.79-310226.6) as a likely member of the Scorpius–Centaurus moving group, 12 candidates that are co-moving binaries and 31 that are closer than 125 parsec, making them possible targets for direct imaging of exoplanets. Additionally, the project published the discovery a nearby young brown dwarf with a warm class-II type circumstellar disk, WISEA J120037.79−784508.3 (W1200−7845), located in


