# kb

id: open-source-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source-9.md
category: reference
title: Open source
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:48.029597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ideologically-related movements === The open-access movement is a movement that is similar in ideology to the open source movement. Members of this movement maintain that academic material should be readily available to provide help with "future research, assist in teaching and aid in academic purposes." The open-access movement aims to eliminate subscription fees and licensing restrictions of academic materials. The free-culture movement is a movement that seeks to achieve a culture that engages in collective freedom via freedom of expression, free public access to knowledge and information, full demonstration of creativity and innovation in various arenas, and promotion of citizen liberties. Creative Commons is an organization that "develops, supports, and stewards legal and technical infrastructure that maximizes digital creativity, sharing, and innovation." It encourages the use of protected properties online for research, education, and creative purposes in pursuit of a universal access. Creative Commons provides an infrastructure through a set of copyright licenses and tools that creates a better balance within the realm of "all rights reserved" properties. The Creative Commons license offers a slightly more lenient alternative to "all rights reserved" copyrights for those who do not wish to exclude the use of their material. The Zeitgeist Movement


id: open-source-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source-10.md
category: reference
title: Open source
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:48.029597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-20260505-0
summary:
=== Literature on legal and economic aspects === Abramson, Bruce (2005). Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51196-4. Benkler, Y. (December 2002). "Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm" (PDF). Yale Law Journal. 112 (3): 369–446. arXiv:cs/0109077. doi:10.2307/1562247. hdl:10535/2974. ISSN 0044-0094. JSTOR 1562247. S2CID 16684329. Berry, D.M.; Moss, G. (2008). "Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture" (PDF). Canada: Pygmalion Books. Bitzer, J.; Schröder, P.J.H. (2005). "The Impact of Entry and Competition by Open Source Software on Innovation Activity" (PDF). Industrial Organization. EconWPA. v. Engelhardt, S. (2008). "The Economic Properties of Software" (PDF). Jena Economic Research Papers. 2: 2008–045. v. Engelhardt, S. (2008): "Intellectual Property Rights and Ex-Post Transaction Costs: the Case of Open and Closed Source Software", Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-047. (PDF) v. Engelhardt, S.; Swaminathan, S. (2008). "Open Source Software, Closed Source Software or Both: Impacts on Industry Growth and the Role of Intellectual Property Rights" (PDF). Discussion Papers of Diw Berlin. European Commission. (2006). Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies sector in the EU. Brussels. v. Hippel, E.; v. Krogh, G. (2003). "Open


id: open-source-ventilator-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_ventilator-0.md
category: reference
title: Open-source ventilator
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_ventilator
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:49.197945+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-ventilator-20260505-0
summary:
An open source ventilator is a disaster-situation ventilator made using a freely licensed (open-source) design, and ideally, freely available components and parts (open source hardware). Designs, components, and parts may be anywhere from completely reverse-engineered or completely new creations, components may be adaptations of various inexpensive existing products, and special hard-to-find and/or expensive parts may be 3D-printed instead of purchased. As of early 2020, the levels of documentation and testing of open source ventilators was well below scientific and medical-grade standards. One small, early prototype effort was the Pandemic Ventilator created in 2008 during the resurgence of H5N1 avian influenza that began in 2003, so named "because it is meant to be used as a ventilator of last resort during a possible avian (bird) flu pandemic." == Quality assessment == The policy of using both free and open source software (FOSS) and open source hardware theoretically allows community-wide peer-review and correction of bugs and faults in open source ventilators, which is not available in closed source hardware development. In early 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, a review of open source ventilators stated that "the tested and peer-reviewed systems lacked complete documentation and the open systems that were documented were either


id: open-source-ventilator-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_ventilator-1.md
category: reference
title: Open-source ventilator
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_ventilator
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:49.197945+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-ventilator-20260505-0
summary:
On March 16, 2020, the Open Source Ventilator Ireland (OSV) group was formed initially with the goal of building a focus team in Ireland to begin development on what was termed the “Field Emergency Ventilator (FEV)”. Inspired by the initial efforts of the Open Source Medical Supplies (OSCMS), which initially focused on developing open ventilators but quickly refocusing mainly on the local production of Personal Protective Experiment (PPE). OSV Ireland partnered with the OpenLung team in Canada, who were developing and publishing open source designs via GitLab. The group quickly grew amassing volunteer engineers, designers and medical professionals with the goal of developing new, low resource medical interventions to support a perceived lack of mechanical ventilation equipment globally. The well-known Bag Valve Mask (BVM) quickly became the core functional component of their design, with the goal of utilizing 3D printed and traditionally manufactured components for localized assembly of the systems to maximise potential manufacturing capabilities around the globe. The Open Source Ventilator Ireland (OSV) group evolved into TeamOSV, to fully incorporate both ventilator and other covid related medical equipment. The FOSS Initiative OpenVentilator.io project began on March 19, after two weeks of research. Jeremias Almadas had posted some drafts he


id: open-source-ventilator-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_ventilator-2.md
category: reference
title: Open-source ventilator
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_ventilator
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:49.197945+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-ventilator-20260505-0
summary:
The University of Minnesota Bakken Medical Device Center initiated a collaboration with various companies to bring a ventilator alternative to the market that works as a one-armed robot and replaces the need for manual ventilation in emergency situations. The Coventor device was developed in a very short time and approved on April 15, 2020, by the FDA, only 30 days after conception. The mechanical ventilator is designed for use by trained medical professionals in intensive care units and easy to operate. It has a compact design and is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and distribute. The cost is only about 4% of a normal ventilator. In addition, this device does not require pressurized oxygen or air supply, as is normally the case. A first series is manufactured by Boston Scientific. The plans are to be freely available online to the general public without royalties. The Polish company Urbicum reports successful testing of a 3D-printed, open source prototype device called VentilAid. The makers describe it as a last resort device when professional equipment is missing. The design is publicly available. The first Ventilaid prototype requires compressed air to run. On March 21, 2020, the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI) began maintaining


id: opencitations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCitations-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenCitations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCitations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:50.394520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: opencitations-20260505-0
summary:
OpenCitations (established in 2010) is a project aiming to publish open bibliographic citation information in RDF. It produces the "OpenCitations Corpus" citation database in the process. == Datasets == OpenCitations publishes the following datasets which encompass bibliographic data, citation metadata, and in-text reference data. The datasets can be accessed via SPARQL, a REST API, as dumps on Figshare, as individual bibliographic entities, or using OSCAR (OpenCitations RDF Search Application) or Lucinda (The OpenCitations RDF Resource Browser). === OpenCitations Corpus === The OpenCitations Corpus (OCC) is an open repository of scholarly citation data. The repository is released under the CC0 public domain to ensure that the scholarly citation data is open to all. As of March 19, 2022, the OCC has ingested the references from 326,743 citing bibliographic resources and contains information about 13,964,148 citation links to 7,565,367 cited resources. === OpenCitations Indexes === The OpenCitations Indexes are collections of citations, which treat citations as first-class data objects that include citation metadata, as well as identifiers to the citing and cited works. For example, COCI is the OpenCitations Index of Crossref open DOI-to-DOI citations. A 2021 comparison with other citations tools found that COCI was the smallest in coverage, and a


id: opendoar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDOAR-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenDOAR
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDOAR
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:51.553114+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: opendoar-20260505-0
summary:
OpenDOAR: Directory of Open Access Repositories is a UK-based website that lists open access repositories (including academic ones). It is searchable by locale, content, and other measures. The service does not require complete repository details and does not search repositories' metadata. OpenDOAR is maintained by the University of Nottingham under the SHERPA umbrella of services and was developed in collaboration with Lund University. The project is funded by the Open Science Institute, Jisc, the Consortium of Research Libraries (CURL) and SPARC Europe. As of 2015, OpenDOAR and the UK-based Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) "are considered the Two leading open access directories worldwide. ROAR is the larger directory and allows direct submissions to the directory. OpenDOAR controls submission of materials and is dependent on the discretion of its staff. OpenDOAR requires open access of scholarly publications; whereas ROAR allows other types of materials to be included. ROAR allows filtering by country, type of repository, and sorting by repository name." == See also == List of academic databases and search engines OAIster == References == == External links == OpenDOAR


id: overlay-journal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_journal-0.md
category: reference
title: Overlay journal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_journal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:52.708920+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: overlay-journal-20260505-0
summary:
An overlay journal or overlay ejournal is a type of open access academic journal, almost always an online electronic journal (ejournal), that does not produce its own content, but selects from texts that are already freely available online. While many overlay journals derive their content from preprint servers, others, such as the Lund Medical Faculty Monthly, contain mainly papers published by commercial publishers, but with links to self-archived preprint or postprints when possible. The editors of an overlay journal locate suitable material from open access repositories and public domain sources, read it, and evaluate its worth. This evaluation may take the form of the judgement of a single editor or editors, or a full peer review process. Public validation of subsequently approved texts may take several forms. At its most formal, the editor may republish the article with explicit approval. Approval might take the form of an addition to the text or its metadata. Or the editor may simply link to the article, via the table of contents of the overlay journal. An alternative approach is to link to articles already published in various open access ejournals, but adding value by grouping scattered articles together as a single themed issue


id: pers-e-web-portal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persée_(web_portal)-0.md
category: reference
title: Persée (web portal)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persée_(web_portal)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:53.890363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pers-e-web-portal-20260505-0
summary:
Persée is a digital library of open access, mostly French-language scholarly journals, established by the Ministry of National Education of France. The website launched in 2005. The resource is maintained by the École normale supérieure de Lyon, French National Centre for Scientific Research, and University of Lyon. It is one of the largest francophone portals dedicated to human and social sciences, with about 600 000 documents freely available. == See also == List of journals in Persee.fr (fr) Open access journal List of open access bibliographic databases (fr) == References == == Bibliography == == External links == Official site


id: polish-studies-interdisciplinary-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Studies.Interdisciplinary-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish-Studies.Interdisciplinary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Studies.Interdisciplinary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:55.063984+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-studies-interdisciplinary-20260505-0
summary:
Polish-Studies.Interdisciplinary (Pol-Int) is a free online platform for information on and international exchange in the field of Polish studies. The platform was launched in 2014 and serves as a tool for a growing interdisciplinary community of scholars worldwide to promote their own research and publications in Polish studies. Users can publish reviews, share information about conferences, events, and career opportunities as well as connect and engage in discussions on current issues. Pol-Int is headed by Dagmara Jajeśniak-Quast and based at the Center for Interdisciplinary Polish Studies (ZIP) at the European University Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder) and at the Collegium Polonicum in Słubice. The platform is co-financed by the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation, the Polish-German Foundation for Science, the European University Viadrina and the European Regional Development Fund. == Profile == Pol-Int offers up-to-date information on Polish studies worldwide: publications, journals and articles, reviews, job offers (including scholarships and grants), events, conference reports, and calls for papers. Anyone interested in the field of Polish studies can register, set up an individual profile, as well as publish and obtain information, share and promote their own research projects, and find project partners. Thus, Pol-Int serves as a networking tool for scholars dealing with


id: postprint-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprint-0.md
category: reference
title: Postprint
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprint
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:56.269010+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: postprint-20260505-0
summary:
A postprint is a digital draft of a research journal article after it has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication, but before it has been typeset and formatted by the journal. == Related terminology == A digital draft before peer review is called a preprint. Postprints are also sometimes called accepted author manuscripts (AAMs), because they are the version accepted by the journal after the author has addressed the peer reviewer comments. Jointly, postprints and preprints are called eprints. Postprints are variously referred to by different publishers as pre-proofs, author's original version and variations of these. After typesetting by a journal, authors will often be provided with proofs (the draft of the final formatting) and finally the version that is published is called the published/publisher's version. The term postprint used to also refer to the formatted publishers version, however usage has narrowed to refer only to the current definition of accepted but unformatted. == Role in open access == Journal publication licenses typically claim copyright over the typeset and formatted version, but permit authors to release the postprint version as open access (self-archiving). This is often termed green open access, and enables access and reuse of material even in


id: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing-0.md
category: reference
title: Predatory publishing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:57.520910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
summary:
Predatory publishing, also known as write-only publishing or deceptive publishing, is an exploitative and fraudulent academic publishing model in which journals or publishers prioritize their own financial or reputational gain over the advancement of scholarship. It is characterized by misleading or false information about editorial practices, a deviation from standard peer-review procedures, lack of transparency, and the use of aggressive or coercive solicitation tactics to attract authors. Predatory publishers often exploit the pressures on researchers to publish, undermining the integrity and credibility of scholarly communication. The phenomenon of "open-access predatory publishers" was first noticed by Jeffrey Beall around 2012, when he described "publishers that are ready to publish any article for payment". However, criticisms about the label "predatory" have been raised. A lengthy review of the controversy started by Beall appears in The Journal of Academic Librarianship. Predatory publishers are so regarded because scholars are tricked into publishing with them, although some authors may be aware that the journal is poor quality or even fraudulent but publish in them anyway. New scholars from developing countries are said to be especially at risk of being misled by predatory publishers. A 2022 report found that "nearly a quarter of the respondents from


id: predatory-publishing-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing-1.md
category: reference
title: Predatory publishing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:57.520910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
summary:
=== "Dr Fraud" experiment === In 2015, four researchers created a fictitious sub-par scientist named Anna O. Szust (oszust is Polish for "fraudster"), and applied on her behalf for an editor position to 360 scholarly journals. Szust's qualifications were dismal for the role of an editor; she had never published a single article and had no editorial experience. The books and book chapters listed on her CV were made-up, as were the publishing houses that published the books. One-third of the journals to which Szust applied were sampled from Beall's List of predatory journals. Forty of these predatory journals accepted Szust as editor without any background vetting and often within days or even hours. By comparison, she received minimal to no positive response from the "control" journals which "must meet certain standards of quality, including ethical publishing practices". Among journals sampled from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), 8 of 120 accepted Szust. The DOAJ has since removed some of the affected journals in a 2016 purge. None of the 120 sampled journals listed in Journal Citation Reports (JCR) offered Szust the position. The results of the experiment were published in Nature in March 2017, and widely presented in


id: predatory-publishing-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing-2.md
category: reference
title: Predatory publishing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:57.520910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
summary:
The publisher is not a member of any recognized professional organisation committed to best publishing practices (like COPE or EASE) The journal is not indexed in well-established electronic databases (like MEDLINE or Web of Science) The publisher claims to be a "leading publisher" even though it just got started The journal and the publisher are unfamiliar to you and all your colleagues The papers of the journal are of poor research quality, and may not be academic at all (for instance allowing for obvious pseudo-science) There are fundamental errors in the titles and abstracts, or frequent and repeated typographical or factual errors throughout the published papers The journal website is not professional The journal website does not present an editorial board or gives insufficient detail on names and affiliations The journal website does not reveal the journal's editorial office location or uses an incorrect address The publishing schedule is not clearly stated The journal title claims a national affiliation that does not match its location (such as "American Journal of ..." while being located on another continent) or includes "International" in its title while having a single-country editorial board The journal mimics another journal title or the website of said


id: predatory-publishing-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing-3.md
category: reference
title: Predatory publishing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:57.520910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
summary:
=== Growth and structure === A study in 2015 found that predatory journals rapidly increased their publication volumes from 53,000 in 2010 to an estimated 420,000 articles in 2014, published by around 8,000 active journals. Early on, publishers with more than 100 journals dominated the market, but since 2012 publishers in the 10–99 journal size category have captured the largest market share. As of 2022, almost one third of the 100 largest publishers (by journal count) could be deemed predatory. The regional distribution of both the publisher's country and authorship is highly skewed, with three-quarters of the authors from Asia or Africa. Authors paid an average fee of US $178 each for articles to be published rapidly without review, typically within two to three months of submission. As reported in 2019, some 5% of Italian researchers have published in predatory journals, with a third of those journals engaging in fraudulent editorial practices. == Causes and impact == The root cause of exploitative practices is the author-facing article-processing charge (APC) business model, in which authors are charged to publish rather than to read. Such a model provides incentives for publishers to focus on the quantity of articles published, rather than their


id: predatory-publishing-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing-4.md
category: reference
title: Predatory publishing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:57.520910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
summary:
University of Colorado Denver librarian and researcher Jeffrey Beall, who coined the term "predatory publishing", first published his list of predatory publishers in 2010. Beall's list of potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers attempted to identify scholarly open-access publishers with questionable practices. In 2013, Nature reported that Beall's list and web site were "widely read by librarians, researchers, and open-access advocates, many of whom applaud his efforts to reveal shady publishing practices." Others have raised the objection that "(w)hether it's fair to classify all these journals and publishers as 'predatory' is an open question—several shades of gray may be distinguishable." Beall's analyses have been called sweeping generalizations with no supporting evidence, and he has also been criticized for being biased against open-access journals from less economically developed countries. A 2018 study has shown that Beall's criteria of "predatory" publishing were in no way limited to OA publishers and that, applying them to both OA and non-OA journals in the field of library and information science, even top tier non-OA journals could be qualified as predatory. Similarly, another study reported on the difficulties of demarcating predatory and non-predatory journals in biomedicine. One librarian wrote that Beall's list "attempts a


id: predatory-publishing-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing-5.md
category: reference
title: Predatory publishing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:57.520910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
summary:
==== Cabells' Predatory Reports ==== At the May 2017 meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, Cabell's International, a company that offers scholarly publishing analytics and other scholarly services, announced that it intended to launch a blacklist of predatory journals (not publishers) in June, and said that access would be by subscription only. The company had started work on its blacklist criteria in early 2016. In July 2017, both a black list and a white list were offered for subscription on their website. ==== Other blacklists ==== Since Beall's list closed, other list groups have started. These include Kscien's list, which used Beall's list as a starting point, updating it to add and remove publishers. In 2020, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China ordered Chinese Center of Scientometrics to launch a blacklist called Chinese Early Warning Journal List (EWJL). EWJL classifies journals into three grades: low, medium, or high risk, rather than two (predatory or not) like most other lists. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing criticism of this list as well. According to a 2020 systematic review of 93 lists, only three were assessed as evidence-based according to the authors' criteria. === Science funders === Multiple science funders


id: predatory-publishing-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing-6.md
category: reference
title: Predatory publishing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:57.520910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predatory-publishing-20260505-0
summary:
More transparent peer review, such as open peer review and post-publication peer review, has been advocated to combat predatory journals. Others have argued instead that the discussion on predatory journals should not be turned "into a debate over the shortcomings of peer review—it is nothing of the sort. It is about fraud, deception, and irresponsibility..." In an effort to "set apart legitimate journals and publishers from non-legitimate ones", principles of transparency and best practice have been identified and issued collectively by the Committee on Publication Ethics, the DOAJ, the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, and the World Association of Medical Editors. Various journal review websites (crowd-sourced or expert-run) have been started, some focusing on the quality of the peer review process and extending to non-OA publications. A group of libraries and publishers launched an awareness campaign. A number of measures have been suggested to further combat predatory journals. Others have called on research institutions to improve the publication literacy notably among junior researchers in developing countries. Some organisations have also developed criteria in which predatory publishers could be spotted through providing tips. As Beall has ascribed predatory publishing to a consequence of gold open access (particularly its author-pays variant), one


id: public-access-to-public-science-act-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Access_to_Public_Science_Act-0.md
category: reference
title: Public Access to Public Science Act
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Access_to_Public_Science_Act
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:58.721082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-access-to-public-science-act-20260505-0
summary:
The Public Access to Public Science (PAPs) public access to research funded by specific Federal agencies under the jurisdiction of the House Science committee, including National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Weather Service (NWS). The Bill was introduced to the 113th Congress by Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner (R.-WI.) and Congresswoman Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX) and was referred to the Subcommittee on Research and Technology December 13, 2013. It has been endorsed by the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) and the Association of American Universities (AAU). The bill is often compared to and discussed in conjunction with the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR) bill, also introduced in 2013. == References == Congress.gov. H.R.3157 -- 113th Congress (2013-2014). Meindertsma, Jessica. October 25, 2013. "Public Access Policies (Part 1): FASTER, PAPS, and the OSTP Directive." Ohio State University Libraries. Sensenbrenner, Jim. September 6, 2016. "Give The Public What It Pays For: Scientific Research." Forbes. == External links == Full text of bill Letter of endorsement Notes on the Public Access to Public Science Act, Harvard Open Access Project FASTR v PAPS


id: registry-of-open-access-repositories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories-0.md
category: reference
title: Registry of Open Access Repositories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:15:59.875819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: registry-of-open-access-repositories-20260505-0
summary:
The Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) is a searchable international database indexing the creation, location and growth of open access institutional repositories and their contents. ROAR was created by EPrints at University of Southampton, UK, in 2003. It began as the Institutional Archives Registry and was renamed Registry of Open Access Repositories in 2006. To date, over 3,000 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered. As of 2015, ROAR and the UK-based Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) "are considered the two leading open access directories worldwide. ROAR is the larger directory and allows direct submissions to the directory. OpenDOAR controls submission of materials and is dependent on the discretion of its staff. OpenDOAR requires open access of scholarly publications; whereas ROAR allows other types of materials to be included. ROAR allows filtering by country, type of repository, and sorting by repository name." == ROARMAP == ROAR's companion Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies (ROARMAP) is a searchable international database of policies. It charts the growth of open access mandates and policies adopted by universities, research institutions and research funders that require their researchers to provide open access to their peer-reviewed research article output by depositing it


id: list-of-research-funders-by-preprint-licensing-policy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_funders_by_preprint_licensing_policy-0.md
category: reference
title: List of research funders by preprint licensing policy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_funders_by_preprint_licensing_policy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:01.063752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-funders-by-preprint-licensing-policy-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of funders of research by their open licensing policies for preprints. With the exception of some government employees and contractors, the majority of authors keep the copyright to their work. Many funders require their grantees to disseminate the work using licenses with specific reuse rights. Other details of funder open access policies can be found at the Registry of Open Access Repositories and the Open Policy Finder from JISC (formerly SHERPA). == Policies by funder == == Exceptions for government employees and contractors == In some countries, work performed by government employees or contractors is owned by the government and subject to their licensing stipulations. For example, in the US, work performed by government employees, such as employees of the NIH is deemed Public Domain in the US, and the US government holds copyright elsewhere. Government licensing policies may override funder requirements. == See also == List of academic publishers by preprint policy == References ==


id: research-works-act-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Works_Act-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Works Act
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Works_Act
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:02.275907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-works-act-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Works Act, 102 H.R. 3699, was a bill that was introduced in the United States House of Representatives at the 112th United States Congress on December 16, 2011, by Representative Darrell Issa (R-CA) and co-sponsored by Carolyn B. Maloney (D-NY). The bill contained provisions to prohibit open-access mandates for federally funded research and effectively revert the United States' National Institutes of Health Public Access Policy, which requires taxpayer-funded research to be freely accessible online. If enacted, it would have also severely restricted the sharing of scientific data. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, of which Issa is the chair. Similar bills were introduced in 2008 and 2009 but have not been enacted since. On February 27, 2012, Elsevier, a major publisher, announced that it was withdrawing support for the Act. Later that day, Issa and Maloney issued a statement saying that they would not push for legislative action on the bill. == Reception == The bill was supported by the Association of American Publishers (AAP) and the Copyright Alliance. The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, the Alliance for Taxpayer Access, the American Library Association, the International Society for Computational Biology,


id: science-2-0-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_2.0-0.md
category: reference
title: Science 2.0
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_2.0
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:06.968333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-2-0-20260505-0
summary:
Science 2.0 is a suggested new approach to science that uses information-sharing and collaboration made possible by network technologies. It is similar to the open research and open science movements and is inspired by Web 2.0 technologies. Science 2.0 stresses the benefits of increased collaboration between scientists. Science 2.0 uses collaborative tools like wikis, blogs and video journals to share findings, raw data and "nascent theories" online. Science 2.0 benefits from openness and sharing, regarding papers and research ideas and partial solutions. A general view is that Science 2.0 is gaining traction with websites beginning to proliferate, yet at the same time there is considerable resistance within the scientific community about aspects of the transition as well as discussion about what, exactly, the term means. There are several views that there is a "sea change" happening in the status quo of scientific publishing, and substantive change regarding how scientists share research data. There is considerable discussion in the scientific community about whether scientists should embrace the model and exactly how Science 2.0 might work, as well as several reports that many scientists are slow to embrace collaborative methods and are somewhat "inhibited and slow to adopt a lot of online


id: science-2-0-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_2.0-1.md
category: reference
title: Science 2.0
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_2.0
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:06.968333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-2-0-20260505-0
summary:
Before the Internet, scientific publishing has been described as a "highly integrated and controlled process." Research was done in private. Next, it was submitted to scientific publications and reviewed by editors and gatekeepers and other scientists. Last, it was published. This has been the traditional pathway of scientific advancement, sometimes dubbed Science 1.0. Established journals provided a "critical service", according to one view. Publications such as Science and Nature have large editorial staffs to manage the peer-review process as well as have hired fact-checkers and screeners to look over submissions. These publications get revenue from subscriptions, including online ones, as well as advertising revenue and fees paid by authors. According to advocates of Science 2.0, however, this process of paper-submission and review was rather long. Detractors complained that the system is "hidebound, expensive and elitist", sometimes "reductionist", as well as being slow and "prohibitively costly". Only a select group of gatekeepers—those in charge of the traditional publications—limited the flow of information. Proponents of open science claimed that scientists could learn more and learn faster if there is a "friction-free collaboration over the Internet." Yet there is considerable resistance within the scientific community to a change of approach. The act of


id: science-2-0-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_2.0-2.md
category: reference
title: Science 2.0
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_2.0
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:06.968333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-2-0-20260505-0
summary:
Public Library of Science. This project, sometimes termed PLoS, is a nonprofit open-access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. By 2012, it publishes seven peer reviewed journals. It makes scientific papers immediately available online without charges for access or restrictions on passing them along, provided that the authors and sources are properly cited with the Creative Commons Attribution License. According to one report, the PLoS has gained "pretty wide acceptance" although many researchers in biomedicine still hope to be published in established journals such as Nature, Cell, and Science, according to one report. PLoS publishes 600 articles a month in 2012. arXiv, pronounced archive, is an online-accessible archive for electronic preprints of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, and quantitative finance. Galaxy Zoo is an online astronomy project which invites members of the public to assist in the morphological classification of large numbers of galaxies. It has been termed a citizen science project. The information has led to a substantial increase in scientific papers, according to one account. A website entitled Science 2.0 lets scientists share information.


id: scienceopen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceOpen-0.md
category: reference
title: ScienceOpen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceOpen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:08.138583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scienceopen-20260505-0
summary:
ScienceOpen is a web-based platform, that hosts open access journals. It is freely accessible for readers, authors and publishers, and it generates its revenues via promotional services for publishers and authors' institutions. The organization is based in Berlin and has a technical office in Boston. It is a member of CrossRef, ORCID, the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, STM Association and the Directory of Open Access Journals. The company was designated as one of “10 to Watch” by research advisory firm Outsell in its report “Open Access 2015: Market Size, Share, Forecast, and Trends.” == History == ScienceOpen began in 2013 when Alexander Grossmann, a professor of Publishing Management at the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences and former publishing director at scholarly publishing house De Gruyter, and Tibor Tscheke, president and CEO of the content management system company Ovitas, decided to start a platform that would allow researchers to share scientific information, both formally by publishing articles and participating in post-publication peer review, and informally by reviewing their colleagues’ work, providing endorsements and comments, and by updating their own papers. Its beta version was introduced in November 2013, and release 1.0 launched in May 2014. In September 2015, ScienceOpen hit


id: self-archiving-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-archiving-0.md
category: reference
title: Self-archiving
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-archiving
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:09.346015+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: self-archiving-20260505-0
summary:
Self-archiving is the act of (the author's) depositing a free copy of an electronic document online in order to provide open access to it. The term usually refers to the self-archiving of peer-reviewed research journal and conference articles, as well as theses and book chapters, deposited in the author's own institutional repository or open archive for the purpose of maximizing its accessibility, usage and citation impact. The term green open access has become common in recent years, distinguishing this approach from gold open access, where the journal itself makes the articles publicly available without charge to the reader. == Origins == Self-archiving was first explicitly proposed as a universal practice by Stevan Harnad in his 1994 online posting "Subversive Proposal" (later published in Association of Research Libraries) although computer scientists had been practicing self-archiving in anonymous FTP archives since at least the 1980s (see CiteSeer) and physicists had been doing it since the early 1990s on the web (see arXiv). The concept of green open access was coined in 2004 to describe a "mode of publishing in non open access journal but also self archiving it in an open access archive". Different drafts of a paper may be self-archived, such


id: shadow-library-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_library-0.md
category: reference
title: Shadow library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:10.574634+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shadow-library-20260505-0
summary:
Shadow libraries, also referred to as pirate libraries or black open access, are online repositories of freely available digital media that are normally paywalled, access-controlled, or otherwise not readily accessible. Shadow libraries usually contain textual works such as academic papers and ebooks, and may include other digital media like software, music, or films. Anna's Archive, Library Genesis, Sci-Hub, UbuWeb and Z-Library are some of the most popular shadow libraries for books and academic literature. == History == Early predecessors to shadow libraries were informal collections of unauthorized digital copies of books, scholarly literature, and other textual media, often shared with small groups via mailing lists, forums, or social media websites. Online communities of scientists also collaborated to share paywalled literature among themselves. Many shadow libraries originate in Russia, which has a rich history of samizdat stemming from the Soviet era. There was strict state censorship and control of print materials, which gave rise to the dissident activity of copying and disseminating censored or underground works. Even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the official censorship program, these sharing practices continued as a result of widespread economic hardship. Texts were widely digitized and shared on Russian


id: shadow-library-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_library-1.md
category: reference
title: Shadow library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:10.574634+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shadow-library-20260505-0
summary:
== Legal status == Shadow libraries often host or link to copyrighted material without the consent of copyright holders, making them illegal or dubiously legal in many countries. Such libraries are also described as pirate libraries. Many shadow libraries maintain bibliographic catalogs separate from the hosting of files themselves. This is both an organizational convenience and a protection against legal challenges, since the law is often ambiguous on the distinction between hosting and indexing copyrighted content. However, several shadow library catalogs have been the target of injunctions and takedown threats. The aggressive legal strategies pursued by Western music and film industries against online filesharing websites during the 2000s were not widely mirrored by academic or literary publishers against shadow libraries. However, as shadow libraries have grown larger and more visible, they have attracted more legal challenges. Library.nu (previously Gigapedia) was shut down in 2012 by a lawsuit from a coalition of seventeen publishing companies including HarperCollins, Oxford University Press, and MacMillan. In 2015, the academic publisher Elsevier sued LibGen and Sci-Hub in American courts, accusing them of "operat[ing] an international network of piracy and copyright infringement". Elsevier won a default judgment against the two groups, and was awarded $15 million


id: subversive-proposal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversive_Proposal-0.md
category: reference
title: Subversive Proposal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversive_Proposal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:13.908815+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: subversive-proposal-20260505-0
summary:
The "Subversive Proposal" was an Internet posting by Stevan Harnad on June 27, 1994 (presented at the 1994 Network Services Conference in London) calling on all authors of "esoteric" research writings to archive their articles for free for everyone online (in anonymous FTP archives or websites). It initiated a series of online exchanges, many of which were collected and published as a book in 1995: Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing. This led to the creation in 1997 of Cogprints, an open access archive for self-archived articles in the cognitive sciences and in 1998 to the creation of the American Scientist Open Access Forum (initially called the "September98 Forum" until the founding of the Budapest Open Access Initiative which first coined the term "open access"). The Subversive Proposal also led to the development of the GNU EPrints software used for creating OAI-compliant open access institutional repositories, and inspired CiteSeer, a tool to locate and index the resulting eprints. The proposal was updated gradually across the years, as summarized in the American Scientist Open Access Forum on its 10th anniversary. A retrospective was written by Richard Poynder. A self-critique was posted on its 15th anniversary in


id: tri-agency-open-access-policy-on-publications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Agency_Open_Access_Policy_on_Publications-0.md
category: reference
title: Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Agency_Open_Access_Policy_on_Publications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:15.102611+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tri-agency-open-access-policy-on-publications-20260505-0
summary:
Canada introduced the Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications in May 2015 to mandate open access to research articles funded by Canada's three major research agencies: the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). CIHR has had an open access policy since 2008 and the new Tri-Agency policy is largely based on CIHR's pre-existing policy. The policy stipulates that peer-reviewed journal articles produced from funded research must be made open access within 12 months of publication by either: publication in an open access journal archiving in a subject repository or institutional repository == Applicability == The policy affects Tri-Agency grants awarded on or after May 1, 2015. All funded researchers are affected except graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Only peer-reviewed journal articles are covered by the policy: other research outputs such as books or media, are not affected. Only postprints or final published articles may be archived in a subject or institutional repository; other article versions, e.g. preprints, are not acceptable. == Compliance == Enforcement of the Tri-Agency policy has not been explicitly described. Compliance with the CIHR open access policy has been managed


id: unza-institutional-repository-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNZA_Institutional_repository-0.md
category: reference
title: UNZA Institutional repository
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNZA_Institutional_repository
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:17.342037+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unza-institutional-repository-20260505-0
summary:
An institutional repository (IR) is simply a "digital archive of the intellectual products created by faculty research staff and students of an institution and accessible to end users both within and outside of the institution, with few if any barriers to access”. To enhance optimization and accessibility of the content in the IR, open access repositories are registered with the Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) which basically is a list of open academic repositories. Many universities have established IRs to promote open access to knowledge and information. The University of Zambia Institutional Repository (UNZA-IR) was established in 2010 with the support of the Netherlands Government to help archive the intellectual output of the university. The repository falls under the UNZA main Library and is headed by the repository manager who oversees the operations of the repository. The UNZA repository was created using Dspace, an "open source repository software package used for creating open access repositories. The UNZA repository houses research outputs including: post graduate research dissertations and thesis, research reports, conference presentations, book chapters and research articles (pre-prints and post prints). Currently, the repository houses approximately more than 8000 research publications with post graduate desertions and thesis being most


id: who-s-afraid-of-peer-review-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review-0.md
category: reference
title: Who's Afraid of Peer Review?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:18.559856+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: who-s-afraid-of-peer-review-20260505-0
summary:
"Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" is an article written by Science correspondent John Bohannon that describes his investigation of peer review among fee-charging open-access journals. Between January and August 2013, Bohannon submitted fake scientific papers to 304 journals owned by fee-charging open access publishers. The papers, writes Bohannon, "were designed with such grave and obvious scientific flaws that they should have been rejected immediately by editors and peer reviewers", but 60% of the journals accepted them. The article and associated data were published in the 4 October 2013 issue of Science as open access. == Background == The first fee-charging open access scientific journals began appearing in 2000 with the creation of BioMed Central and then the Public Library of Science. Rather than deriving at least some of their revenue from subscription fees, fee-charging open access journals only charge the authors (or their funders) a publication fee. The published papers are then freely available on the internet. This business model, gold open access, is one of several solutions devised to make open access publishing sustainable. The number of articles published open access, or made freely available after some time behind a paywall (delayed open access), has grown rapidly. A 2013


id: who-s-afraid-of-peer-review-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review-1.md
category: reference
title: Who's Afraid of Peer Review?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:18.559856+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: who-s-afraid-of-peer-review-20260505-0
summary:
=== Responses from open-access academic publishers === Since the story was released, publishers of three journals have stated that they are shutting them down. The DOAJ is reviewing its list and instituting tighter criteria for inclusion. The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) formed a committee to investigate the circumstances that led to the acceptance of the fake paper by three of its members. On 11 November 2013, OASPA terminated the membership of two publishers (Dove Medical Press and Hikari Ltd.) who accepted the fake paper. SAGE Publications, which also accepted a fake paper, was put "under review" for 6 months. Sage announced in a statement that it was reviewing the journal that accepted the fake paper, but that it would not shut it down. Sage's membership was reinstated at the end of the review period following changes to the journal's editorial processes. === Responses from the scientific community === Within hours of its publication, the Science investigation came under intense criticism by some supporters of the open-access movement. The first substantial critique was posted by PLOS cofounder Michael Eisen on his blog. "To suggest – as Science (though not Bohannon) are trying to do – that the problem with


id: worldpop-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldPop_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: WorldPop Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldPop_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:19.821014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: worldpop-project-20260505-0
summary:
WorldPop is a research programme based in the School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton. The programme employs a multidisciplinary team of researchers, analysts, GIS technicians, and project specialists who construct open data on populations and population attributes at high spatial resolution. Created from a combination of The AfriPop Project, AmeriPop, and AsiaPop projects in 2013, WorldPop engages in geospatial demographic projects with governments and institutions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as well as collaborations with partner organisations, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, United Nations agencies, the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, commercial data providers and other international development organisations. The programme provides training in population modelling to ministries of health and national statistical offices in LMICs and works with them to support health and demographic surveys to achieve Sustainable Development Goals == Areas of interest == Demography Geographic information system data Satellite imagery Remote sensing Effects of Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology) on COVID-19 Geospatial predictive modeling == Population estimation == WorldPop develops statistical population modelling methods to produce gridded population estimates that support census activities. The programme develops new methods for data synthesis that use demographic and health surveys,


id: open-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Open data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:21.318197+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-20260505-0
summary:
Open data are data that are openly accessible, exploitable, editable and shareable by anyone for any purpose. Open data are generally licensed under an open license. The goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other "open(-source)" movements such as open-source software, open-source hardware, open content, open specifications, open education, open educational resources, open government, open knowledge, open access, open science, and the open web. The growth of the open data movement is paralleled by a rise in intellectual property rights. The philosophy behind open data has been long established (for example in the Mertonian tradition of science), but the term "open data" itself is recent, gaining popularity with the rise of the Internet and World Wide Web and, especially, with the launch of open-data government initiatives Data.gov, Data.gov.uk and Data.gov.in. Open data can be linked data—referred to as linked open data. One of the most important forms of open data is open government data (OGD), which is a form of open data created by ruling government institutions. The importance of open government data is born from it being a part of citizens' everyday lives, down to the most routine and mundane tasks that are seemingly far


id: open-data-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data-1.md
category: reference
title: Open data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:21.318197+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-20260505-0
summary:
There are a range of different arguments for government open data. Some advocates say that making government information available to the public as machine readable open data can facilitate government transparency, accountability and public participation. "Open data can be a powerful force for public accountability—it can make existing information easier to analyze, process, and combine than ever before, allowing a new level of public scrutiny." Governments that enable public viewing of data can help citizens engage within the governmental sectors and "add value to that data." Open data experts have nuanced the impact that opening government data may have on government transparency and accountability. In a widely cited paper, scholars David Robinson and Harlan Yu contend that governments may project a veneer of transparency by publishing machine-readable data that does not actually make government more transparent or accountable. Drawing from earlier studies on transparency and anticorruption, World Bank political scientist Tiago C. Peixoto extended Yu and Robinson's argument by highlighting a minimal chain of events necessary for open data to lead to accountability: relevant data is disclosed; the data is widely disseminated and understood by the public; the public reacts to the content of the data; and public officials either


id: open-data-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data-2.md
category: reference
title: Open data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:21.318197+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-20260505-0
summary:
permanent, persistent digital IDs, which enable access controls for datasets; permanent, discoverable metadata associated with each digital ID; application programming interface (API)-based access, tied to an authentication and authorization service; data portability; data "peering," without access, egress, and ingress charges; and a rationed approach to users computing data over the data commons. Beyond individual businesses and research centers, and at a more macro level, countries like Germany have launched their own official nationwide open data strategies, detailing how data management systems and data commons should be developed, used, and maintained for the greater public good. == Arguments for and against == Opening government data is only a waypoint on the road to improving education, improving government, and building tools to solve other real-world problems. While many arguments have been made categorically, the following discussion of arguments for and against open data highlights that these arguments often depend highly on the type of data and its potential uses. Arguments made on behalf of open data include the following: "Data belongs to the human race". Typical examples are genomes, data on organisms, medical science, environmental data following the Aarhus Convention. Public money was used to fund the work, and so it should


id: open-data-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data-3.md
category: reference
title: Open data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:21.318197+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-20260505-0
summary:
Open access is concerned with making scholarly publications freely available on the internet. In some cases, these articles include open datasets as well. Open specifications are documents describing file types or protocols, where the documents are openly licensed. These specifications are primarily meant to improve different software handling the same file types or protocols, but monopolists forced by law into open specifications might make it more difficult. Open content is concerned with making resources aimed at a human audience (such as prose, photos, or videos) freely available. Open knowledge. Open Knowledge International argues for openness in a range of issues including, but not limited to, those of open data. It covers (a) scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise (b) Content such as music, films, books (c) Government and other administrative information. Open data is included within the scope of the Open Knowledge Definition, which is alluded to in Science Commons' Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data. Open notebook science refers to the application of the Open Data concept to as much of the scientific process as possible, including failed experiments and raw experimental data. Open-source software is concerned with the open-source licenses under which computer programs can be distributed and is


id: open-data-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data-4.md
category: reference
title: Open data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:21.318197+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Real-life case === Application of open data for societal good has been demonstrated in academic research works. The paper "Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" uses open data in two ways. First, it uses open data to identify the needs of different areas of a city. For example, it might use data on population density, traffic congestion, and air quality to determine where soft mobility resources, such as bike racks and charging stations for electric vehicles, are most needed. Second, it uses open data to develop algorithms that are fair and equitable. For example, it might use data on the demographics of a city to ensure that soft mobility resources are distributed in a way that is accessible to everyone, regardless of age, disability, or gender. The paper also discusses the challenges of using open data for soft mobility optimization. One challenge is that open data is often incomplete or inaccurate. Another challenge is that it can be difficult to integrate open data from different sources. Despite these challenges, the paper argues that open data is a valuable tool for improving the sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities. An exemplification of how


id: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals-0.md
category: reference
title: 2025 United States government online resource removals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:22.498115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-0
summary:
The 2025 United States government online resource removals are a series of web page and dataset deletions and modifications across multiple United States federal agencies beginning in January 2025. Following executive orders from President Donald Trump's administration, government organizations removed or modified over 8,000 web pages and approximately 3,000 datasets. The changes primarily affected content related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, gender identity, public health research, environmental policy, and various social programs, and other topics Trump and the Republican Party has expressed opposition to. Major affected agencies included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which saw over 3,000 pages altered or removed, and the Census Bureau, which removed about 3,000 pages of research materials. While some content was later restored, the modifications represented significant changes to federal government data accessibility and sparked legal challenges from healthcare advocacy groups. == Background == Agencies of the United States government share open data for many uses. There are many civic technology, research, and business applications which rely on access to government data. Dataset deletion can be useful maintenance or the result of poor archiving practice. There is little government regulation on dataset management, so it can be challenging to determine


id: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals-1.md
category: reference
title: 2025 United States government online resource removals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:22.498115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-0
summary:
In January, NASA undertook a comprehensive removal of DEI-related content from its public-facing websites. An internal directive instructed employees to "drop everything" and immediately eliminate references to terms such as "DEIA", "indigenous people", "environmental justice", "underrepresented groups/people", and content specifically targeting women, including content about "women in leadership". This purge resulted in the deletion of various materials, including interviews with Black and female NASA employees, LGBTQ-related content, and two NASA-created comic books about women astronauts. More than 3,000 pages from the Census Bureau website were removed as of February 2, primarily including articles filed under research and methodology. Pages relating to data stewardship as well as survey and data set documentation were also removed. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed more than 100 pages as of February 2, including dozens of regulatory guidelines on topics such as increasing diversity in clinical trials and the potential for addiction and abuse in drug studies. Close to 50 research papers from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information – part of the Department of Energy – were removed as of February 2. The removed papers covered a range of subjects, such as chemistry, optics, and experimental medicine. Twenty pages from the National


id: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals-2.md
category: reference
title: 2025 United States government online resource removals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:22.498115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-0
summary:
The Internal Revenue Service removed more than 25 pages as of February 2, including a form that private schools are required to submit annually to certify that they had not engaged in racial discrimination. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) removed 386 videos from its official YouTube channel. As of February 2, there were 18 pages removed from the United States Patent and Trademark Office website, including information about veteran inventors and entrepreneurs, and a high school program teaching about intellectual property. The Department of the Interior removed eight pages from their website as of February 2, including several with information on environmental policy initiatives. The New York Times speculated that some of the pages may have been removed due to the use of the phrase "environmental justice". The National Park Service removed all references to the existence of transgender people from its webpages covering the Stonewall National Monument, the Stonewall riots, and LGBTQ+ history, changing the acronym from "LGBTQ+" to "LGB". As of February 3, four pages from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission have been deleted, including an overview of the commission's equal employment opportunity and diversity initiatives. The FDA's Office of Minority Health and Health Equity website was removed,


id: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals-3.md
category: reference
title: 2025 United States government online resource removals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:22.498115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2025-united-states-government-online-resource-removals-20260505-0
summary:
== Reactions == Representatives from the Population Association of America, the Council of Professional Associations on Federal Statistics, and the Association of Public Data Users (APDU) expressed disapproval of the data deletion. President of the APDU, Amy O'Hara, described a "mad scramble" as researchers searched for copies of the deleted data. Former US Department of Labor chief evaluation officer and board member of Data Foundation Molly Irwin warned of the dangers of deleting critical government data. She highlighted government data is a critical component of how politicians and analysts evaluate whether a particular policy is working as intended. The stock market, bond market, and Federal Reserve all continuously make decisions based on labor data. This data is typically stable, but changes to it reduce confidence in data about the economy. Uncertainty also encourages conspiracy theories which view government data as intentionally incorrect for malicious purposes. Furthermore, businesses rely on the essentially free government data as a part of their own operations, planning, products and services. Zillow, for example, utilizes government data to generate their product of real estate information and analysis. Scientists reacted by saying that they would restore access to some data, but doing so is not easy. The


id: academic-torrents-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Torrents-0.md
category: reference
title: Academic Torrents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Torrents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:23.948246+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academic-torrents-20260505-0
summary:
Academic Torrents is a website which enables the sharing of research data using the BitTorrent protocol. The site was founded in November 2013, and is a project of the Institute for Reproducible Research (a 501(c)3 U.S. non-profit corporation). The project is said to be similar to LOCKSS but with a focus on "offering researchers the opportunity to distribute the hosting of their papers and datasets to authors and readers, providing easy access to scholarly works and simultaneously backing them up on computers around the world." == Notable datasets == === Developing Human Connectome Project === The developing Human Connectome Project related to the Human Connectome Project uses the platform. "Researchers from three leading British institutions are using BitTorrent to share over 150 GB of unique high-resolution brain scans of unborn babies with colleagues worldwide... The researchers opted to go for the Academic Torrents tracker, which specializes in sharing research data" === CrossRef metadata === The site hosts public metadata releases from Crossref which contain over 120+ million metadata records for scholarly work, each with a DOI. This was done so to allow the community to work with the entire database programmatically instead of using their API. "The sheer number of


id: american-art-collaborative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art_Collaborative-0.md
category: reference
title: American Art Collaborative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art_Collaborative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:26.351822+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-art-collaborative-20260505-0
summary:
The American Art Collaborative (AAC) is a consortium of 14 art museums in the United States, whose mission is the establishment of "a critical mass of linked open data (LOD) on the semantic web." As of 2024, the AAC has converted over 230,000 museum object records to linked open data. == Membership == As of 2024, the 14 members are: Amon Carter Museum of American Art Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution Autry Museum of the American West Colby College Museum of Art Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art Dallas Museum of Art (DMA) Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA) Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Wildlife Art Princeton University Art Museum Smithsonian American Art Museum Walters Art Museum Yale Center for British Art == References == == External links == Official website


id: art-architecture-thesaurus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_&_Architecture_Thesaurus-0.md
category: reference
title: Art & Architecture Thesaurus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_&_Architecture_Thesaurus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:27.520520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: art-architecture-thesaurus-20260505-0
summary:
The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) is a controlled vocabulary used for describing items of art, architecture, and material culture. The AAT contains generic terms, such as "cathedral", but no proper names, such as "Cathedral of Notre Dame." The AAT is used by, among others, museums, art libraries, archives, catalogers, and researchers in art and art history. The AAT is a thesaurus in compliance with ISO and NISO standards including ISO 2788, ISO 25964 and ANSI/NISO Z39.19. The AAT is a structured vocabulary of 55,661 concepts (as of January 2020), including 131,000 terms, descriptions, bibliographic citations, and other information relating to fine art, architecture, decorative arts, archival materials, and material culture. == History == The AAT project began in the late 1970s in response to the gradual automation of records by art libraries, art journal indexing services, and catalogers of museum objects and visual resources. Automation required consistency in cataloging as well as more efficient retrieval of information; a controlled vocabulary was a solution to both these problems. The project was conceived by library directors and architectural experts Toni Petersen, Dora Crouch, and Pat Molholt and was originally headquartered part-time at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY, then at Bennington


id: biblios-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/‡biblios.net-0.md
category: reference
title: ‡biblios.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/‡biblios.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:28.685475+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biblios-net-20260505-0
summary:
‡biblios.net is a free browser-based cataloging service with a data store containing over thirty million records. Records are licensed under the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License, making the service the world's largest repository of freely-licensed library records. The service was created and is maintained by LibLime. == Features == ‡biblios.net (pronounced 'biblios dot net') features a metadata editor with templates, macros, authority auto-completion and embedded context-sensitive help. The central record repository contains 25-million bibliographic records and just under eight-million authority records. The data is maintained by ‡biblios.net users. Catalogers can use and contribute to the database without restrictions because records in ‡biblios.net are freely-licensed under the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License. ‡biblios.net also includes a built-in federated search system, allowing catalogers to find records from any Z39.50 target. Additionally, there is a central Search Target Registry, seeded with over 2,000 Z39.50 servers, for catalogers to find, create and share Z39.50 targets. In addition to offering a traditional cataloging interface, ‡biblios.net offers social cataloging features. Built-in forums and private messaging make finding help and communicating with others possible within the software. == References == == External links == ‡biblios.net Website LibLime's Homepage


id: irina-bolychevsky-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Bolychevsky-0.md
category: reference
title: Irina Bolychevsky
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Bolychevsky
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:29.872986+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: irina-bolychevsky-20260505-0
summary:
Irina Bolychevsky (born 1986) is a British activist and data specialist, focused on Open Data, decentralized technologies, and technical standards. She is currently director of standards and interoperability at the NHSX of the United Kingdom Government. She has been part of large organizations in those fields, including the Open Knowledge Foundation, the World Wide Web Consortium, and the Open Data Institute, and worked for the UK, Dubai and UAE government administrations. She co-founded Redecentralize.org, an advocacy group promoting decentralized technologies. == Work == She was the product owner of the open-source open data portal CKAN from 2011 to 2014, the period in which it was redesigned in a 2.0 version and where she piloted the transition from a mostly national use in 2011, to international adoption. In this period, she managed its adoption by and relaunch of data.gov. Her work with CKAN allowed her to win the Open Data Individual Champion Award by the Open Data Institute. Bolychevsky was W3C staff from July 2015 till December 2016. During this period, she was part of the W3C Social Web working group. She actively participated in EU-funded research projects in which the W3C was part of, working on open standards for decentralized


id: bus-open-data-service-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Open_Data_Service-0.md
category: reference
title: Bus Open Data Service
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Open_Data_Service
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:31.060926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bus-open-data-service-20260505-0
summary:
The Bus Open Data Service (BODS) is a government-funded service in England, established in 2020 as part of the Bus Services Act 2017. It was created in a partnership between Ito World, the Department for Transport and KPMG. The service was described by Ito World as "an international first", as it provides Open Data of bus timetables, fares and Automatic Vehicle Location of buses across England. An extension to the Bus Open Data Service, Analyse Bus Open Data Service (ABOD), was introduced in 2021 to provide free-to-access reporting and analytics to operators and authorities nationally. The extended service provides access to on-time performance analytics, vehicle journey replays, and corridor reporting. == Data implementation == As part of the requirements set by the Department for Transport in The Public Service Vehicles (Open Data) (England) Regulations 2020, the Bus Open Data Service set deadlines for operators to provide data. The implementation requirements only applied in England 31 December 2020 — Obligation to provide bus timetable data to the Bus Open Data Service. 7 January 2021 — Obligation to provide vehicle location and basic fares and tickets data to the Bus Open Data Service. 7 January 2023 — Obligation to provide complex fares


id: bustimes-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustimes.org-0.md
category: reference
title: Bustimes.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustimes.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:32.220241+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bustimes-org-20260505-0
summary:
bustimes.org is a transportation information website created to take advantage of Bus Services Act 2017 requirement for bus operators in England to provide bus timetables, fares and vehicle locations in an open data format, which can be utilised by app and website developers. This DfT service is called the Bus Open Data Service. The website also provides information on bus services in parts of the UK to which the Bus Services Act 2017 information requirement does not apply, as well as in Ireland. Location data for operators partially or completely owned by Transport for Edinburgh, is supplied to the site via their Open Data system. The site uses data from AVL tracking to determine and transmit the geographic location of a vehicle, such as data from Ticketer machines and the iBus system, in order to display live bus positions on a map. The site also uses data from the National Public Transport Gazetteer, and bus stop locations from NaPTAN. The live tracking system was added in response to the Department for Transport stating that they wanted "to see more people taking the bus, and those who do take it to have the best possible experience." with fares for companies operating


id: ckan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKAN-0.md
category: reference
title: CKAN
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKAN
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:33.414538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ckan-20260505-0
summary:
The Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) is an open-source open data portal for the storage and distribution of open data. Initially inspired by the package management capabilities of Debian Linux, CKAN has developed into a powerful data catalogue system that is mainly used by public institutions seeking to share their data with the general public. Since its inception, CKAN has evolved and is the leading open data platform software in the world, used by governments including the US and UK, to publish millions of public datasets. Rufus Pollock developed its first version in 2005-2006. CKAN's codebase is maintained by the Open Knowledge Foundation. The system is used both as a public platform on Datahub and in various government data catalogues, such as the UK's data.gov.uk, the Dutch National Data Register, the United States government's Data.gov and the Australian government's "Gov 2.0". The state government of South Australia also makes government data freely available to the public on the CKAN platform. The Italian government makes available the open data of the Data & Analytics Framework on the CKAN platform. == Internal technology == CKAN's back end, the part running on the Web server, is written mainly in Python. The web pages


id: concepticon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepticon-0.md
category: reference
title: Concepticon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepticon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:34.587218+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concepticon-20260505-0
summary:
Concepticon is an open-source online lexical database of linguistic concept lists (word lists). It links concept labels (i.e., word list glosses) in concept lists (i.e., word lists) to concept sets (i.e., standardized word meanings). It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) project, which is hosted by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany. Version 1.0 was released in 2016. == Concept == Concept lists in the Concepticon include: Swadesh list (100 items, 207 items, etc.) Swadesh–Yakhontov list Dolgopolsky list Leipzig–Jakarta list ASJP list == See also == Conceptualization (information science) Ontology (information science) Intercontinental Dictionary Series == References == List, Johann Mattis & Rzymski, Christoph & Greenhill, Simon & Schweikhard, Nathanael & Pianykh, Kristina & Tjuka, Annika & Hundt, Carolin & Forkel, Robert (eds.) 2021. CLLD Concepticon 2.5.0 [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4911605 == External links == Official website Langavia Dictionary Synonyms Dictionary Concepticon on GitHub


id: coronavirus-tech-handbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Tech_Handbook-0.md
category: reference
title: Coronavirus Tech Handbook
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Tech_Handbook
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:35.788490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coronavirus-tech-handbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Coronavirus Tech Handbook was a website designed to crowdsource information about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It was developed at Newspeak House, a hackerspace for politics in London, England. The site, which launched in March 2020, was hosted as an interlinked collection of user-editable online documents, which made it effectively a wiki. As of October 2020 it had expanded to provide tools for consumers, businesses, local governments, and developers, amongst others, to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Its stated aim was to provide: a space for technologists, civic organisations, public & private institutions, researchers and specialists of all kinds to collaborate on a rapid and sophisticated response to the coronavirus outbreak and subsequent impacts. == References ==


id: covid-act-now-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Act_Now-0.md
category: reference
title: Covid Act Now
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Act_Now
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:36.944943+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-act-now-20260505-0
summary:
Covid Act Now (CAN) is an independent, 501(c)(3) nonprofit that provides local-level disease intelligence and data analysis on the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, via a website and an API. CAN assists partners ranging from local county health departments to multinational corporations in developing COVID response plans. Its API is used by many of the Fortune 500 to make data-driven reopening decisions. The organization's first product was a traditional SEIR model for predicting the rate of COVID spread in the U.S. The model was based on open-source code by Alison Hill, an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins’ Institute for Computational Medicine. Rebecca Katz and her team have served as critical advisors. CAN's modelling and data partners include Grand Rounds, a digital healthcare company, and USA Facts. Its university affiliates are Georgetown University Medical Center, Stanford Medicine, and Harvard Global Health Institute. == History == CAN began as a collaboration between four volunteers — Max Henderson (a former Google employee), Igor Kofman (a former Dropbox engineer), Zachary Rosen, and Jonathan Kreiss-Tomkins — publishing the first version of their model on March 20, 2020. The team was soon joined by public health experts, data scientists, and other professionals. The initial


id: covid-moonshot-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Moonshot-0.md
category: reference
title: COVID Moonshot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Moonshot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:38.156021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-moonshot-20260505-0
summary:
The COVID Moonshot is a collaborative open-science project started in March 2020 with the goal of developing an un-patented oral antiviral drug to treat SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. COVID Moonshot researchers are targeting the proteins needed to form functioning new viral proteins. They are particularly interested in proteases such as 3C-like protease (Mpro), a coronavirus nonstructural protein that mediates the breaking and replication of proteins. COVID Moonshot may be the first open-science community effort for the development of an antiviral drug. Hundreds of scientists around the world, from academic and industrial organizations, have shared their expertise, resources, data, and results to more rapidly identify, screen, and test candidate compounds for the treatment of COVID-19. == Project history == Development of antiviral drugs is a complicated and time-consuming multistage process. The public sharing of information in the early stages of genome identification and protein structure identification has accelerated the process of searching for COVID-19 treatments and established a basis for the COVID Moonshot initiative. === Genome identification === On January 3, 2020, Chinese virologist Yong-Zhen Zhang of Fudan University and the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center received a test sample from Wuhan, China, where patients had a pneumonia-like illness. By


id: covid-moonshot-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Moonshot-1.md
category: reference
title: COVID Moonshot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Moonshot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:38.156021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: covid-moonshot-20260505-0
summary:
The design submissions were stored in Collaborative Drug Discovery's CDD Vault, a database used for large-scale management of chemical structures, experimental protocols and experimental results. Alpha Lee and Matt Robinson brought computational expertise from PostEra to the project. PostEra used techniques from artificial intelligence and machine learning to develop analysis tools for computational drug discovery, chemical synthesis and biochemical assays. When COVID Moonshot's appeal resulted in not hundreds but thousands of responses, they built a platform capable of triaging large numbers of compounds and designing routes for their synthetic formation. Supercomputer access was provided through the COVID-19 High Performance Computing (HPC) Consortium, accelerating the speed at which designs could be examined and compared. The distributed supercomputing initiative Folding@home has carried out multiple sprints to model novel protein structures and target desirable structures as a part of COVID Moonshot. Many of the criteria for selecting drug candidates were determined by the group's goals. An ideal drug candidate would be effective in treating COVID-19. It also would be easily and cheaply made, so that as many countries and companies as possible could produce and distribute it. The ingredients to make it should be easy to obtain, and the processes involved should be


id: merc-crosas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercè_Crosas-0.md
category: reference
title: Mercè Crosas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercè_Crosas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:39.344482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: merc-crosas-20260505-0
summary:
Mercè Crosas (born 1966, Barcelona) is a researcher and technologist specializing in data science, data management, and open data. Since November 2023 she is President of CODATA, the Committee on Data of the International Science Council. Crosas is the Director of Computational Social Sciences and Humanities at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center. == Biography == Crosas holds a degree in physics from the University of Barcelona (1989) and a PhD in astrophysics from Rice University (Houston, Texas, 1992), with predoctoral and postdoctoral stays at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. She has spent most of her professional life at Harvard University, first as an astrophysicist and research software engineer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and later as Director of Data Science and Technology at the Institute for Quantitative Social Sciences, from Harvard University and as Chief Research Data Management Officer at Harvard University. From 2000 to 2004, she worked outside of Harvard at a pair of biotech startups leading software development teams to build their research data systems. During her time at Harvard University, Crosas worked closely with research, computing services, and libraries to direct the management and publication of research data and provide guidance on University policies, processes, and tools


id: data-collaboratives-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collaboratives-0.md
category: reference
title: Data collaboratives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collaboratives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:40.563232+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-collaboratives-20260505-0
summary:
Data collaboratives (sometimes called "corporate data philanthropy") are a form of collaboration in which participants from different sectors—including private companies, research institutions, and government agencies—can exchange data and data expertise to help solve public problems. == Types == Data collaboratives can take many forms. They can be organized as: Public Interfaces: Private firms publish select data assets to be public for use by external parties. Firms typically present this information as Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) or data platforms. Trusted Intermediary: Private sector firms share data with partners from public, civil society actors, and academia. Data can be brokered by third parties, who provide valuable data under fixed terms and time limits to non-private organizations. It can also be run through third-party analytics, which shares data with data stewards to run analysis and share those findings with external actors, providing the outcomes of the data without exposing the sensitive information. Data Pooling: Multi-sectoral stakeholders join "data pools" to share data resources. Public data pools allow partners to openly access and independently use the data, while private data pools limit access and contribution to the information. Research and Analysis Partnership: Organizations share data and "proprietary data assets" with public and academic institutions


id: data-collaboratives-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collaboratives-1.md
category: reference
title: Data collaboratives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collaboratives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:40.563232+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-collaboratives-20260505-0
summary:
AI4BetterHearts: A global data cooperative established by the Novartis Foundation and Microsoft to improve cardiovascular health with the aim of using AI and data analytics to tackle heart disease. The Chicago Data Collaborative: An effort by newsrooms, academics, and non-profit organizations to source data from public agencies, organize and document the data, and link it for a better and comprehensive understanding of the criminal justice system. The Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative: A data collaborative working to curb human trafficking through data contributed by various countries and is maintained by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Polaris. CubeIQ: An offline intelligence and measurement company helping marketers understand the true impact of their cross-channel advertising in the offline world. Their "Data For Good" program provides access to anonymous, privacy-compliant location data for academic research and humanitarian initiatives related to human mobility. Data Collaborative for Justice: A project at the John Jay College that leverages community data to research the operations of the criminal justice system and create informed and transparent frameworks for criminal justice reform. The Health Data Collaborative: A multi-agency, multilateral effort active in five African countries that provides a collaborative platform to leverage technical and financial resources at all


id: data-commons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Commons-0.md
category: reference
title: Data Commons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Commons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:41.760415+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-commons-20260505-0
summary:
Data Commons is an open-source platform created by Google that provides an open knowledge graph, combining economic, scientific and other public datasets into a unified view. Ramanathan V. Guha, a creator of web standards including RDF, RSS, and Schema.org, founded the project, which is now led by Prem Ramaswami. The Data Commons website was launched in May 2018 with an initial dataset consisting of fact-checking data published in Schema.org "ClaimReview" format by several fact checkers from the International Fact-Checking Network. Google has worked with partners such as the United Nations (UN) to populate the repository, which also includes data from the United States Census, the World Bank, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Wikipedia, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The service expanded during 2019 to include an RDF-style knowledge graph populated from a number of largely statistical open datasets. The service was announced to a wider audience in 2019. In 2020 the service improved its coverage of non-US datasets, while also increasing its coverage of bioinformatics and coronavirus. In 2023, the service relaunched with a natural-language front end powered by a large language model. It also launched as the back end to the


id: data-sharing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing-0.md
category: reference
title: Data sharing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:42.943003+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-sharing-20260505-0
summary:
Data sharing denotes the dissemination of research datasets to enable access and use by other investigators. Policies governing this practice are increasingly instituted by funding agencies, academic institutions, and scholarly journals, reflecting the consensus that transparency and openness constitute foundational principles of the scientific method. A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of peer-reviewed papers to share any supplemental information (raw data, statistical methods or source code) necessary to understand, develop or reproduce published research. A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, data sharing is at the discretion of the scientists themselves. In addition, in certain situations governments and institutions prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests, national security, and subject/patient/victim confidentiality. Data sharing may also be restricted to protect institutions and scientists from use of data for political purposes. Data and methods may be requested from an author years after publication. In order to encourage data sharing and prevent the loss or corruption of data, a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on data archiving. Access to publicly archived data


id: data-sharing-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing-1.md
category: reference
title: Data sharing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:42.943003+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-sharing-20260505-0
summary:
The idea is: An article about computational science in a scientific publication is not the scholarship itself, it is merely advertising of the scholarship. The actual scholarship is the complete software development environment and the complete set of instructions which generated the figures. The Data Observation Network for Earth (DataONE) and Data Conservancy are projects supported by the National Science Foundation to encourage and facilitate data sharing among research scientists and better support meta-analysis. In environmental sciences, the research community is recognizing that major scientific advances involving integration of knowledge in and across fields will require that researchers overcome not only the technological barriers to data sharing but also the historically entrenched institutional and sociological barriers. Dr. Richard J. Hodes, director of the National Institute on Aging has stated, "the old model in which researchers jealously guarded their data is no longer applicable". The Alliance for Taxpayer Access is a group of organizations that support open access to government sponsored research. The group has expressed a "Statement of Principles" explaining why they believe open access is important. They also list a number of international public access policies. This is no more so than in timely communication of essential information to


id: data-gov-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov-0.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:44.164134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-20260505-0
summary:
Data.gov is a U.S. government website launched in late May 2009 by the federal chief information officer of the United States, Vivek Kundra. Data.gov aims to improve public access to high value, machine-readable datasets generated by the Executive Branch of the federal government. The site is a repository for federal, state, local, and tribal government information made available to the public. == History and background == On March 5, 2009, shortly after his appointment as the first federal chief information officer, Vivek Kundra announced the creation of Data.gov. The website is managed and hosted by the U.S. General Services Administration, Technology Transformation Services. The site introduced the philosophy of digital open data to the U.S. Federal government, an approach which according to the book Democratizing Data will have benefits for states including "rebuilding confidence in government and business". Data.gov has grown from 47 datasets at launch to over 370,000 datasets. Jeanne Holm, Chief Knowledge Architect for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was the Evangelist and knowledge architect for Data.gov, James Hendler, an artificial intelligence researcher at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was at the time named the "Internet Web Expert" and tasked with helping Data.gov exploit advanced Web technologies. Data.gov


id: data-gov-in-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.in-0.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov.in
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.in
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:45.338996+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-in-20260505-0
summary:
Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India or data.gov.in is a platform for supporting Open data initiative of Government of India. This portal is a single-point access to datasets, documents, services, tools and applications published by ministries, departments and organisations of the Government of India. It combines and expands the best features of India government's India.gov.in and the U.S. government's data.gov project. == History == After announcing the launch of the site in June 2011, the site was launched in October 2012. part of the Open Government Initiative was launched during October 2012, in compliance with the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) of India, Gazette notified in March 2012. According to the preamble of NDSAP, there has been an increasing demand by the community that data collected with the deployment of public funds should be made more readily available to all, for enabling rational debate, better decision making and use in meeting civil society needs. The policy envisages proactive dissemination of data by Government ministries, departments, organizations. == Overview == The site is based on Drupal Framework, and has four major modules: Data Management System (DMS): This facilitates publishing of datasets/applications by authorised users from Ministries/Departments/Organisations. Content Management System


id: data-gov-uk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk-0.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov.uk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:46.481888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-uk-20260505-0
summary:
data.gov.uk is a UK Government project to make available non-personal UK government data as open data. It was launched as closed beta in 30 September 2009 (2009-09-30), and publicly launched in January 2010 (2010-01). As of February 2015, it contained over 19,343 datasets, rising to over 40,000 in 2017, and more than 47,000 by 2023. data.gov.uk is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org. == Beta version and launch == The beta version of data.gov.uk has been online since the 30 September 2009 (2009-09-30), and by January 2010 2,400 developers start experimenting with the data. When the project was officially launched in January 2010, it contained 2,500 data sets. == Data available == data.gov.uk contains over 30,000 data sets from many UK Government departments. All data is non-personal, and provided in a format that allows it to be reused. data.gov.uk intends to increase the use of Linked Data standards, to allow people to provide data to data.gov.uk in a way that allows for flexible and easy reuse. As of April 2010, the following UK Government departments and agencies have provided data sets to data.gov.uk: BusinessLink, the Cabinet Office, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the Department for


id: data-gov-uk-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk-1.md
category: reference
title: Data.gov.uk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data.gov.uk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:46.481888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-gov-uk-20260505-0
summary:
== Current technology infrastructure == The site uses the CKAN platform for data publishing. There is high variability in the format and presentation of the data; some data files are available as structured raw data in a machine-readable format such as CSV, while others are only available as analysed data in a human-friendly format such as a PDF file containing a pivot table. data.gov.uk functions as a searchable data catalogue, with links to data that is hosted by the individual UK Government departments, and does not host data itself. == Previous technology infrastructure == In addition to the data searchable through the data.gov.uk site, from 2016 until 2021, a very small number of datasets were made available as 'registers' through the Registers Service. Registers were structured raw datasets that are intended to be a canonical, reliable, and always up-to-date source of data. Registers shared a common API, and can be read by both humans and machines. They were offered as JSON, CSV, and RDF files, the latter allowing to link multiple registers together. The Registers service was retired on 15 March 2021. == Similar projects in other countries == The European Public Sector Information (PSI) Platform maintains a list of


id: dataverse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataverse-0.md
category: reference
title: Dataverse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataverse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:47.696642+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dataverse-20260505-0
summary:
The Dataverse is an open source web application to share, preserve, cite, explore and analyze research data. Researchers, data authors, publishers, data distributors, and affiliated institutions all receive appropriate credit via a data citation with a persistent identifier (e.g., DOI, or handle). A Dataverse repository hosts multiple dataverses. Each dataverse contains dataset(s) or other dataverses, and each dataset contains descriptive metadata and data files (including documentation and code that accompany the data). In 2019, Dataverse won the Duke's Choice Award for university and higher education. == Background == The Dataverse Project is housed and developed by the Dataverse Team at the Institute for Quantitative Social Science (IQSS) at Harvard University. Coding of the Dataverse (previously known as Dataverse Network) software began in 2006 under the leadership of Mercè Crosas and Gary King. The earlier Virtual Data Center (VDC) project, which spanned 1999-2006, was organized by Micah Altman, Gary King, and Sidney Verba as a collaboration between the Harvard-MIT Data Center (now part of IQSS) and the Harvard University Library. Precursors to the VDC date to 1987, comprising such entities as a stand-alone software guide to local data, preweb software, and tools to transfer cataloging information by FTP to other sites


id: dataviva-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataViva-0.md
category: reference
title: DataViva
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataViva
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:48.890666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dataviva-20260505-0
summary:
DataViva is an information visualization engine created by the Strategic Priorities Office of the government of Minas Gerais. DataViva makes official data about exports, industries, locations and occupations available for the entirety of Brazil through eight apps and more than 100 million possible visualizations. The first set of datum – also available at ALICEWEB – is provided by MDIC (Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade) / SECEX (Secretariat of Foreign Trade), an official institution of the Government of Brazil and shows foreign trade statistics for all exporting municipalities in the country. The other database, provided by Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE – Ministry of Labor and Employment), shows information about all the industries and occupations in Brazil (RAIS – Annual Social Information Report). The platform consists of eight core applications, each of which allows different ways of visualizing the data available. Some applications are descriptive, that is, showing data aggregated at various levels in a simple and comparative way, such as Treemapping. Others are prescriptive, using calculations that allow an analytic visualization of the data, based on theories such as the Product Space. All the applications are generated using D3plus, an open source JavaScript library built on top


id: dbpedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia-0.md
category: reference
title: DBpedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:50.111747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dbpedia-20260505-0
summary:
DBpedia (from "DB" for "database") is a project aiming to extract structured content from the information created in the Wikipedia project. This structured information is made available on the World Wide Web using OpenLink Virtuoso. DBpedia allows users to semantically query relationships and properties of Wikipedia resources, including links to other related datasets. The project was heralded as "one of the more famous pieces" of the decentralized linked data effort by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. As of June 2021, DBpedia contained over 850 million semantic triples. == Background == The project was started by people at the Free University of Berlin and Leipzig University in collaboration with OpenLink Software, and is now maintained by people at the University of Mannheim, Leipzig University, and the University of Pennsylvania. The first publicly available dataset was published in 2007. The data is made available under free licenses (CC BY-SA), allowing others to reuse the dataset; it does not use an open data license to waive the sui generis database rights. Wikipedia articles consist mostly of free text, but also include structured information embedded in the articles, such as "infobox" tables (the pull-out panels that appear in the top


id: dbpedia-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia-1.md
category: reference
title: DBpedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:50.111747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dbpedia-20260505-0
summary:
== DBpedia Spotlight == DBpedia Spotlight is a tool for annotating mentions of DBpedia resources in text. This allows linking unstructured information sources to the linked open data cloud through DBpedia. DBpedia Spotlight performs named entity extraction, including entity detection and name resolution (in other words, disambiguation). It can also be used for named entity recognition, and other information extraction tasks. DBpedia Spotlight aims to be customizable for many use cases. Instead of focusing on a few entity types, the project strives to support the annotation of all 3.5 million entities and concepts from more than 320 classes in DBpedia. The project started in June 2010 at the Web Based Systems Group at the Free University of Berlin. DBpedia Spotlight is publicly available as a web service for testing and a Java/Scala API licensed via the Apache License. The DBpedia Spotlight distribution includes a jQuery plugin that allows developers to annotate pages anywhere on the Web by adding one line to their page. Clients are also available in Java or PHP. The tool handles various languages through its demo page and web services. Internationalization is supported for any language that has a Wikipedia edition. == Archivo ontology database == From


id: deklarator-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarator-0.md
category: reference
title: Deklarator
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarator
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:51.256333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: deklarator-20260505-0
summary:
The Declarator (Russian: Декларатор) is a russian online service for processing anti-corruption declarations of officials. As of 2025, the service contains records of more than 1.3 million public officials. == Project background and development == Declarator was created in 2011 with the aim of increasing the transparency and accessibility of information on the income and property of Russian officials. The project was a response to the introduction in Russia in 2008 of mandatory income and property declarations for civil servants. Initially, the project team was engaged in manually collating data from declarations into spreadsheets. However, this approach was not efficient enough to process large volumes of information. This led to the decision to develop a specialized database and a website for publishing the collected information. In 2013 to 2014, the project received support from the Civil Initiatives Committee of Russia, thanks to which declarations from a number of federal and regional authorities were processed and the technical base of the Declarator was improved. A significant contribution to the development of the project was made by the HSE Project and Training Laboratory of Anti-Corruption Policy, whose students and interns participated in the creation of the database architecture and information processing. In


id: economics-of-open-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_open_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Economics of open data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_open_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:52.452447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: economics-of-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
The economics of open data refers to the production, or loss, of wealth related to the use of open data. The cost of open data is a primary concern that can deter governments any companies from the opening up of data. While open data may theoretically have a low production cost, the cost of creating the original data set as well as maintaining that data once it is produced can be expensive. Though the creation of data may be expensive governments around the world such as France, the United States, and Japan, are anticipating substantial economic growth. == Open Data vs. Paid Data == Open data has the capability to increase economic benefit through both individuals' and companies' use of the information. As of March 2016, it was estimated that open data was generating 0.5% more GDP compared to paid data. The creation of open data relies on either funding from government to create and maintain the data or funding in the form of grants and volunteers. Data made open by governments largely relies on the publication of public service research. Because the data has already been created for a purpose, there is no creation cost for it to be


id: emissionml-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmissionML-0.md
category: reference
title: EmissionML
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmissionML
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:53.680528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emissionml-20260505-0
summary:
EmissionML (Emission Event Modeling Language) is an open and interoperable ontology and data model standard developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to enable consistent representation, sharing, and integration of emission event data across sectors and technologies. It provides a machine-readable, spatio-temporal data model for describing the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, making it easier to trace, audit, and reconcile emission reports with observational data sources. == History == EmissionML was initiated in 2024 through the formal proposal of an OGC Standards Working Group (SWG). The proposal is open for public comment in August 2024. The EmissionML SWG was officially launched at the 132nd OGC Technical Committee meeting in Mérida, Mexico, in June 2025. In June 2025, the EmissionML SWG also welcomed collaboration with the Open Footprint Forum, with both standards seen as complementary: EmissionML focuses on raw emission event modeling, while the Open Footprint Data Model emphasizes corporate footprint accounting. == References ==


id: eu-open-data-portal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portal-0.md
category: reference
title: EU Open Data Portal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:54.811316+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eu-open-data-portal-20260505-0
summary:
Before data.europa.eu, the EU Open Data Portal was the point of access to public data published by the EU institutions, agencies and other bodies. On April 21, 2021 it was announced to be merged with the European Data Portal to create a unified data.europa.eu portal.[1] Public data can be used and reused for commercial or non‑commercial purposes. The portal was a key instrument of the EU open data strategy. By ensuring easy and free access to data, their innovative use and economic potential can be enhanced. The goal of the portal was also to make the institutions and other EU bodies more transparent and accountable. == Legal basis and launch of the portal == Launched in December 2012, the portal was formally established by Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 (2011/833/EU) on the reuse of Commission documents to promote accessibility and reuse. Based on this decision, all the EU institutions were invited - and are still today - to publish information such as open data and to make it accessible to the public whenever possible. The operational management of the portal was the task of the Publications Office of the European Union. Implementation of EU open data policy was the


id: european-data-portal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Data_Portal-0.md
category: reference
title: European Data Portal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Data_Portal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:56.026214+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-data-portal-20260505-0
summary:
The European Data Portal is a web portal providing open data published by EU Institutions, national portals of EU Member states and non-member states, as well as international organisations of predominantly European scope, launched on April 21, 2021. The portal consolidates datasets previously available via the EU Open Data Portal and the European Data Portal into a single meta-catalogue. The European Data Portal, launched in its beta version on November 16, 2015, was an initiative of the European Commission, and part of the Digital Single Market. Currently, more than 1,600,000 datasets are published on the portal, originating from 178 catalogues. The portal is a metadata catalogue: in it, metadata from other data and geospatial data catalogues are published following a common ontology, namely the DCAT Application Profile for data portals in Europe (DCAT-AP) with the aim of fostering and facilitating re-use of open data, promotion and support for the publication of (meta)data of high quality and use of Linked Open Data. The contents of the portal are available in all 24 EU Official Languages and can be freely re-used for any purpose as Open Data, following the specific license terms of datasets. == Legal basis == Directive 2003/98/EC on the


id: european-genome-phenome-archive-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Genome-phenome_Archive-0.md
category: reference
title: European Genome-phenome Archive
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Genome-phenome_Archive
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:57.213474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-genome-phenome-archive-20260505-0
summary:
European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) is a repository for human biomolecular and phenotypic data in the United Kingdom and Spain. It involves the secure storage of all potentially identifiable genetic data, phenotypic and clinical data generated by biomedical research programs. As of March 2022, it stores and harvest data regarding over 4,500 research studies from over 1,000 institutions worldwide. == History == EGA was launched in 2008 by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) to support the voluntary archiving and dissemination of human genomic data requiring secure storage and distribution only to authorized researchers in a manner that "respects the consent agreements signed by the study subjects." Later, the EGA has expanded its scope of collaboration with the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona. === Controlled access === It offers the essential security required to regulate access, safeguard patient confidentiality, and provide access to those researchers and clinicians authorized to view controlled access data. Nevertheless, decisions about data access are not made by the EGA but rather by the appropriate data access-granting organization (DAO). == External links == ega-archive.org == References ==


id: factgrid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactGrid-0.md
category: reference
title: FactGrid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactGrid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:16:58.410814+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: factgrid-20260505-0
summary:
FactGrid provides projects with historical research interests with a collectively organized Wikibase graph database, allowing them to interconnect research data both on the platform and into external research repositories. Persistent identifiers for previously undocumented objects of research, the use of competing ontologies, the multilingual availability of data sets, and the long-term maintenance of the data sets, which remain collectively editable, are key features of the platform. The platform was initiated by Olaf Simons in 2017/2018 in a cooperation between the Gotha Research Centre of the University of Erfurt and Wikimedia Germany. It is currently (as of January 2026) supported by around 700 users in about 50 projects ranging from Assyriology to Contemporary History. The number of 1 million database items was passed on 13 October 2024. All services are free and - since March 2023 financed by the NFDI4Memory consortium of the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI). The Historical Data Center of Saxony-Anhalt and the NFDI4Memory data connectivity team working there under Katrin Moeller are playing a key role in project support since April 2023. == Technical basis == FactGrid uses Wikidata's Wikibase software without major modifications of the user interface (Horace-Bénédict de Saussure's Cyanometer is providing the logo


id: fair-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data-0.md
category: reference
title: FAIR data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:14.579094+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fair-data-20260505-0
summary:
FAIR data is data which meets the 2016 FAIR principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability (FAIR). The FAIR principles emphasize machine-actionability (i.e., the capacity of computational systems to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data with none or minimal human intervention) because humans increasingly rely on computational support to deal with data as a result of the increase in the volume, complexity, and rate of production of data. The abbreviation FAIR/O data is sometimes used to indicate that the dataset or database in question complies with the FAIR principles and also carries an explicit data‑capable open license. == FAIR principles published by GO FAIR == Findable The first step in (re)using data is to find them. Metadata and data should be easy to find for both humans and computers. Machine-readable metadata are essential for automatic discovery of datasets and services, so this is an essential component of the FAIRification process. F1. (Meta)data are assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier F2. Data are described with rich metadata (defined by R1 below) F3. Metadata clearly and explicitly include the identifier of the data they describe F4. (Meta)data are registered or indexed in a searchable resource Accessible Once the user finds the


id: fichier-des-personnes-d-c-d-es-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées-0.md
category: reference
title: Fichier des personnes décédées
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:15.709298+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fichier-des-personnes-d-c-d-es-20260505-0
summary:
The Fichier des personnes décédées (transl. Register of deceased persons) is a central register of persons who have died in France since 1970. It is maintained by the national statistics bureau Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee). Since October 2019, the register has been accessible online free of charge and without registration. == Data in the register == The register contains deaths since 1970, inclusively. For the current year, there are monthly and quarterly files. For past years, the data are summarised in one file per calendar year. Each entry concerns one person and contains the surname, first names, sex, date of birth, the Insee code of the place of birth (or country of birth for those born abroad), the name of the place of birth (for those born abroad also the name of the country of birth), the date of death, the Insee code of the place of death and the number in the death register of the respective municipality. The text fields contain only capital letters without diacritics. Each data set is included in the file that corresponds to its date of processing at the Insee, not the date of death. The law gives


id: figshare-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare-0.md
category: reference
title: Figshare
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:16.915793+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: figshare-20260505-0
summary:
Figshare is an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data. Figshare is one of a number of portfolio businesses supported by Digital Science, a subsidiary of Springer Nature. == History == Figshare was launched in January 2011 by Mark Hahnel and has been supported by Digital Science since a January 2012 relaunch. Hahnel first developed the platform as a personal custom solution for the organization and publication of diverse research products generated in support of his PhD in stem cell biology. In January 2013, Figshare announced a partnership with PLOS to integrate Figshare data hosting, access, and visualization with their associated PLOS articles. In September 2013, the service launched a hosted institutional repository service. In December 2013, they announced integration with ImpactStory to support the collection of altmetrics. Figshare also hosts the Reproducibility Collection as a founding member of The Reproducibility Initiative, which acts as an independent and blinded validator for replication of submitted data. Figshare releases 'The State of Open Data' each year to assess the changing academic landscape


id: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-0.md
category: reference
title: Financial Instrument Global Identifier
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-0
summary:
The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) /ˈfɪ.gi/ (formerly Bloomberg Global Identifier (BBGID)) is an open standard, unique identifier of financial instruments that can be assigned to instruments including common stock, options, derivatives, futures, corporate and government bonds, municipals, currencies, and mortgage products. == History == In 2009, Bloomberg released Bloomberg’s Open Symbology ("BSYM"), a system for identifying financial instruments across asset classes. As of 2014 the name and identifier called 'Bloomberg Global Identifier' (BBGID) was replaced in full and adopted by the Object Management Group and Bloomberg with the standard renamed as the 'Financial Instrument Global Identifier' (FIGI). The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) standard was given "approved status" by the Object Management Group (OMG) Architecture Board as of September 2015. === Adoption === FIGIs have been adopted in the market data feeds of the following exchanges: Ace Commodity Exchange (ACE) Banja Luka Stock Exchange Bermuda Stock Exchange Bucharest Stock Exchange Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE), formerly the Canadian National Stock Exchange (CNSX) Euro-TLX Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) FTSE Real-Time Index (FTSE) Hi-MTF Multilateral Trading Facilities (Hi-MTF) Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (ICDX) Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE) Mercari Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) National Stock Exchange of Australia (NSX)


id: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-1.md
category: reference
title: Financial Instrument Global Identifier
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: financial-instrument-global-identifier-20260505-0
summary:
The purpose of the restriction is to reduce the chances that the resulting identifier may be identical to an ISIN string. (Strictly speaking, a duplicate is not a problem as the strings designate different things, but care has been taken to reduce ambiguity.) The way that ISIN is constructed is that the first two characters correspond to the country of issuance. The third character, depending on the issuing organization, is typically a numeral. However, in the case of the United Kingdom, the letter "G" is assigned. As we are using the letter "G" as our third character (see below), the only combinations that may come up within ISIN that only incorporates consonants are BSG (Bahamas), BMG (Bermuda), GGG (Guernsey), GBG (United Kingdom) and VGG (British Virgin Islands). The reason for this is that the United Kingdom issues ISIN numbers for entities within its broader jurisdiction. Character 3: * The upper case letter G (for "global") Characters 4 – 11: * Any combination of upper case consonants and the numerals 0 – 9 Character 12: * A check digit (0 – 9) which is calculated as follows: Letters are converted to integers using a letter to integer look-up table provided in


id: gdelt-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: GDELT Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:19.325191+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gdelt-project-20260505-0
summary:
The GDELT Project, or Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, created by Kalev Leetaru of Yahoo! and Georgetown University, along with Philip Schrodt and others, describes itself as "an initiative to construct a catalog of human societal-scale behavior and beliefs across all countries of the world, connecting every person, organization, location, count, theme, news source, and event across the planet into a single massive network that captures what's happening around the world, what its context is and who's involved, and how the world is feeling about it, every single day." Early explorations leading up to the creation of GDELT were described by co-creator Philip Schrodt in a conference paper in January 2011. The dataset is available on Google Cloud Platform. == Data == GDELT includes data from 1979 to the present. The data is available as zip files in tab-separated value format using a CSV extension for easy import into Microsoft Excel or similar spreadsheet software. Data from 1979 to 2005 is available in the form of one zip file per year, with the file size gradually increased from 14.3 MB in 1979 to 125.9 MB in 2005, reflecting the increase in the number of news media and the


id: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Ghana Open Data Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:20.513306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
Ghana Open Data Initiative (GODI) was started in January 2012 by the National Information Technology Agency (NITA) in partnership with the Web Foundation (WF), to make Government of Ghana data available to the public for re-use. The establishment of GODI is meant to promote efficiency, transparency and accountability in governance as well as to facilitate economic growth by means of the creation of Mobile and Web applications for the Ghanaian and world markets. The project was scheduled for completion in 2014 and aimed to create a sustainable Open Data ecosystem for Ghana. GODI was launched with a 100 data sets categorized as political, legal, organizational, technical, social or economic. The vision of GODI is to develop an open data community involving the Government of Ghana, civil society organizations, industry, developer communities, academia, media practitioners, and the citizenry, to interact with one another with the aim of developing an open data portal to bring about transparency, accountability and efficiency in government. == History == At the close of 2011, the president of the Republic of Ghana, His Excellency Prof. J.E. Mills, signed the Open Government Partnership (OGP), a global initiative started by the United States government. The OGP is a new


id: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-1.md
category: reference
title: Ghana Open Data Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:20.513306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ghana-open-data-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
== Benefits == Ghana's decision to create an open data portal was informed by the fact the Open Government Data (OGD) programs around the world have demonstrated multiple benefits. GODI perceives that Ghana can gain all the benefit of open data which are grouped around three main themes: === Transparency and accountability === Increased transparency of governments Greater accountability of officials by citizens being able to see and challenge individual spending and purchasing decisions Behaviour change due to the possibility of greater scrutiny Better understanding by civil society of the reasons for government decisions Better democracy and increased civic capital Better informed and balanced journalism; i.e. data journalism === Improved public services === Increased number of services to people due to an increased base of potential service providers New synergies among government, public administration and civil society organizations Increased citizen participation and inclusion through extended offers of services closer to people's needs Closer cooperation between central and local government Increased internal government efficiency and effectiveness === Economic growth === New business opportunities for services to businesses and citizens using government data Better functioning of the economy through easy access to core reference information held by the government Increased employment for


id: gigadb-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB-0.md
category: reference
title: GigaDB
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:21.692096+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gigadb-20260505-0
summary:
GigaDB (GigaScience DataBase) is a disciplinary repository launched in 2011 with the aim of ensuring long-term access to massive multidimensional datasets from life science and biomedical science studies. The datasets are diverse and include genomic, transcriptomic, and imaging data. The datasets are curated by GigaDB biocurators who are employed by BGI and China National GeneBank. In its inception, GigaDB was designed as the supporting archive for large-scale research data submitted to the GigaScience Press data journals GigaScience and GigaByte whose focus are on ensuring reproducibility and reusability of biological and biomedical research. The scope of GigaDB has broadened to include computational research objects such as synthetic data, software and workflows. The database uses Genomics Standard Consortium (GSC)-approved sample attributes and standards, also collaborating with the GSC to ensure data are comprehensive and discoverable. Datasets hosted in GigaDB are defined as a group of files and metadata that support a specific article or study. For each published GigaDB dataset, a DataCite digital object identifier is assigned and the data are indexed and discoverable in NCBI Datamed and the Clarivate Analytics Data Citation Index. GigaDB has also collaborated with Repositive to boost the discoverability of their human datasets. == References == ==


id: global-research-identifier-database-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Research Identifier Database
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:22.862993+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-research-identifier-database-20260505-0
summary:
Global Research Identifier Database (GRID) is a database of educational and research organizations worldwide, created and maintained by Digital Science & Research Solutions Ltd., part of the technology company Digital Science. In 2021 public releases of the database were discontinued in favor of Research Organization Registry (ROR) as the leading open organization identifier. Each organization is assigned a unique GRID ID, and there is a corresponding web address and page for each ID in the database. The dataset contains the institution's type, geo-coordinates, official website, and Wikipedia page. Name variations of institutions are included, as well. The first public release of GRID occurred on 22 September 2015, and it contained entries for 47,648 institutes. The 30th public release of GRID was on 27 August 2018, and the database contained 89,506 entries. It is available in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) specification as linked data, and can therefore be linked to other data. Containing 14,401 relationships, GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations In December 2016, Digital Science released GRID under a Creative Commons CC0 licence — without restriction under copyright or database law. The database


id: global-urban-evolution-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Urban Evolution Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:24.085549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-urban-evolution-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Global Urban Evolution Project is an international collaborative project which was started by Marc T. J. Johnson at the Centre for Urban Environments of the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM). It includes partners from at least 5 continents, 26 countries, and 160 cities. As a field study of evolution, and as a global study of the effects of urbanization on evolution, its scale is unprecedented. It has been described as "the best replicated test of parallel evolution, on the largest scale ever attempted". The project uses white clover as a model organism for studying global urbanization and urban evolution. White clover was chosen because it already grew in most cities worldwide. It examines the plant's production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in urban and more rural environments ("urban-rural clines"). Hydrogen cyanide deters herbivores and increases clover's tolerance for water stress. The project has demonstrated that urban environments are altering the ways in which plants evolve locally, and that similar changes are occurring globally, a demonstration of parallel evolution. It enables researchers to better understand the nature of urban environments, the adaptive capacity of species, and their ability to deal with rapid global environmental changes. == Project history == In 2018,


id: govhack-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack-0.md
category: reference
title: GovHack
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:25.289834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: govhack-20260505-0
summary:
GovHack is a significant annual open government and open data hackathon, attracting over 15,000 participants since 2009. First run as a small Canberra-based event, it quickly expanded to an international competition with simultaneous events taking place in major cities across Australia and New Zealand each year, with virtual events for remote and international participants. Since its inception, over 2,500 projects have been published by participants to demonstrate the practical value of open data. == Format == The competition requires small teams of competitors to produce a project using open data within 46 hours, from Friday evening to Sunday afternoon. The format of the project is unspecified, but web applications, mobile apps, and visualisations are common, with games and art also being encouraged. Although competitors may use any available open data, certain prize categories mandate the use of certain datasets, such as "Best Geoscience Award" or "Best Use of Taxation Statistics Award". Typically, participating sponsors and government departments release new datasets for the competition each year. Each team must produce evidence of work, such as source code, and are judged on a three-minute video they must produce about their project. Teams are required to publish their projects using an open license.


id: gtfs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-0.md
category: reference
title: GTFS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:26.510824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gtfs-20260505-0
summary:
GTFS, or the General Transit Feed Specification, is a general transit feed specification which defines a common data format for public transportation schedules and associated geographic information. GTFS contains only static or scheduled information about public transport services, and is sometimes known as GTFS Static or GTFS Schedule to distinguish it from the GTFS Realtime extension, which defines how information on the realtime status of services can be shared. == History == What was to become GTFS started out as a side project of Google employee Chris Harrelson in 2005, who "monkeyed around with ways to incorporate transit data into Google Maps when he heard from Tim and Bibiana McHugh, married IT managers at TriMet, the transit agency for Portland, Oregon". McHugh is cited with being frustrated about finding transit directions in unfamiliar cities, while popular mapping services were already offering easy-to-use driving directions at the time. Bibiana and Tim McHugh eventually got into contact with Google and provided the company with CSV exports of TriMet's schedule data. In December 2005, Portland became the first city to be featured in the first version of Google's "Transit Trip Planner". In September 2006, five more US cities were added to the Google


id: gtfs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-1.md
category: reference
title: GTFS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:26.510824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gtfs-20260505-0
summary:
==== routes ==== The routes table identifies distinct routes. This is to be distinguished from distinct routings (or paths), several of which may belong to a single route. Required fields: route_id (primary key) route_short_name route_long_name route_type background_color foreground_color ==== trips ==== Required fields: trip_id (primary key) route_id (foreign key) service_id (foreign key) Optional fields: block_id - The block ID indicates the schedule block to which a trip belongs. ==== stop_times ==== Required fields: stop_id (primary key) trip_id (foreign key) arrival_time departure_time stop_sequence Note that dwell time may be modelled by the difference between the arrival and departure times. However, many agencies do not seem to model dwell time for most stops. ==== stops ==== The stops table defines the geographic locations of each and every actual stop or station in the transit system as well as, and optionally, some of the amenities associated with those stops. Required fields: stop_id (primary key) stop_name stop_lon stop_lat ==== calendar ==== The calendar table defines service patterns that operate recurrently such as, for example, every weekday. Service patterns that don't repeat such as for a one-time special event will be defined in the calendar_dates table. Required fields: service_id (primary key) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday


id: health-data-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: Health Data Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:27.704244+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: health-data-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Health Data Consortium (HDC) is a Washington, D.C.–based public–private partnership that advocates for the availability and use of health data, in particular government health datasets, and the improvement of health and health care through patient data accessibility and innovative use of data. HDC is a 501(c)(3) organization. == History == In 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the Health Data Initiative to make its data available for public use and, in collaboration with the Institute of Medicine, hosted a public forum featuring various private, non-profit, and entrepreneurial stakeholder groups to explore how the data could be used to promote innovation that would improve people's health. This forum was held again in 2011 and 2012, wherein it was rebranded into its current iteration as the Health Datapalooza. Due to the success of the forum and growing industry interest, HHS, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the California HealthCare Foundation, and other parties involved believed that there needed to be a structured organization independent of the government that could convene stakeholder groups and promote the health data mission year-round. They approached Forum One Communications to help establish this organization as a public-private partnership, which was named the Health


id: hypothes-is-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is-0.md
category: reference
title: Hypothes.is
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:28.837350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hypothes-is-20260505-0
summary:
Hypothes.is is an open-source software project that aims to collect comments about statements made in any web-accessible content, and filter and rank those comments to assess each statement's credibility. It has been summarized as "a peer review layer for the entire Internet." == Concept == The project is a system which allows annotation of web pages, using comments contributed by individuals and a reputation system for rating the comments. The plan is that the comments will be stored in the Internet Archive. Normal use is with a browser plug-in (Chrome) or a bookmarklet (others), and the plan is that links to specific comments will also be viewable without needing a plug-in. == People == The project is led by Dan Whaley, co-founder of GetThere, one of the first online travel booking systems in 1995. Its advisors have included John Perry Barlow, Charles Bazerman, Philip Bourne and Brewster Kahle. == Project == A Kickstarter drive to raise $100,000 to fund a working prototype narrowly reached its goal on November 13, 2011. The effort is organized as a non-profit. It has received financial support from the Shuttleworth Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Helmsley Trust, the Knight Foundation and the Andrew


id: international-open-data-charter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter-0.md
category: reference
title: International Open Data Charter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:30.007454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-open-data-charter-20260505-0
summary:
The International Open Data Charter is a set of principles and best practices for the release of governmental open data. The charter was formally adopted by seventeen governments of countries, states and cities at the Open Government Partnership Global Summit in Mexico in October 2015. The original signatories included the governments of Chile, Guatemala, France, Italy, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea, the United Kingdom and Uruguay, the cities of Buenos Aires, Minatitlán, Puebla, Veracruz, Montevideo, Reynosa, and the Mexican states of Morelos and Xalapa. As of 2025, 172 national and subnational governments are signatories and the Charter has been endorsed by 81 organisations and non-state actors. == Principles == The charter mandates that data released by governments comply with these principles: Open by Default Timely and Comprehensive Accessible and Usable Comparable and Interoperable For Improved Governance and Citizen Engagement For Inclusive Development and Innovation == Implementation == === New Zealand === New Zealand joined the Open Data Charter in 2017. The charter supports and builds on the New Zealand Declaration on Open and Transparent Government and the Data and Information Management Principles. The goals of New Zealand are to enforce its commitment to open data, ensure it remains internationally aligned, and


id: international-open-data-day-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day-0.md
category: reference
title: International Open Data Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:31.178217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-open-data-day-20260505-0
summary:
International Open Data Day is an annual event that promotes awareness and use of open data. The event takes place globally, usually in February or March. Typical activities include talks, seminars, demonstrations, hackathons, training or the announcement of open data releases or other milestones in open data. In some countries it occurs along with Code Across coding events. == History == International Open Data Day was first proposed by David Eaves in 2010. The idea followed discussions with Edward Ocampo-Gooding, Mary Beth Baker, Daniel Beauchamp, Pedro Markun, and Daniela Silva. Today, the event coordination is done through its google mailing list. The date for the event is chosen by the group members taking into consideration different cultural events. From 2015, Open Knowledge Foundation - in cooperation with other NGOs from the open data world - has offered mini-grants to support the facilitation of events around the globe. === Dates === December 4, 2010 December 3, 2011 February 23, 2013 February 22, 2014 February 21, 2015 March 5, 2016 March 4, 2017 March 3, 2018 March 2, 2019 March 7, 2020 March 6, 2021 March 5, 2022 March 4 - March 10, 2023 March 2 - March 8, 2024 March 1


id: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-0.md
category: reference
title: Journal Article Tag Suite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:32.381175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-0
summary:
The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) is format used to describe scientific literature published online. It is a technical standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and approved by the American National Standards Institute with the code Z39.96-2012. The NISO project was a continuation of the work done by NLM/NCBI, and popularized by the NLM's PubMed Central as a de facto standard for archiving and interchange of scientific open-access journals and its contents with XML. With the NISO standardization the NLM initiative has gained a wider reach, and several other repositories, such as SciELO and Redalyc, adopted the XML formatting for scientific articles. The JATS provides a set of XML elements and attributes for describing the textual and graphical content of journal articles as well as some non-article material such as letters, editorials, and book and product reviews. JATS allows for descriptions of the full article content or just the article header metadata; and allows other kinds of contents, including research and non-research articles, letters, editorials, and book and product reviews. == History == Since its introduction, NCBI's NLM Archiving and Interchange DTD suite has become the de facto standard for journal article markup in scholarly publishing. With


id: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-1.md
category: reference
title: Journal Article Tag Suite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:32.381175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: journal-article-tag-suite-20260505-0
summary:
The DOCTYPE header is optional, a legacy from SGML and DTD-oriented validators. The dtd-version attribute can be used even without a DTD header. The root element article is common for any version of JATS or "JATS family", as NLM DTDs. The rules for front, body and back tags validation, depends on the JATS version, but all versions have similar structure, with good compatibility in a range of years. The evolution of the schema preserves an overall stability. Less common, "only front", "only front and back" variations are also used for other finalities than full-content representation. The general article composition (as an DTD-content expression) is (front, body?, back?, floats-group?, (sub-article* | response*)) == Tools == There are a variety of tools for create, edit, convert and transform JATS. They range from simple forms to complete conversion automation: === Conversion to JATS === Take as input a scientific document, and, with some human support, produce a JATS output. OpenOffice (LibreOffice) and MS Word documents to JATS: Typeset: provides automated set of converters for MS-Word to JATS XML. OxGarage: can convert documents from various formats into "National Library of Medicine (NLM) DTD 3.0". meTypeset: meTypeset "is a fork of the OxGarage stack" "to


id: library-linked-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Library linked data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:33.559791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: library-linked-data-20260505-0
summary:
Library linked data (LLD) is the use of linked data standards by libraries. These standards are usually applied to bibliographic and authority data sets, with the hope of decreasing redundant cataloging work; and increasing visibility of library resources and interoperability with non-library systems. == Use cases == In 2010, Byrne and Goddard have written that the "killer [library linked data] example isn't out there yet," and warned that implementation work will be hampered if clear use cases don't exist. Many groups have examined this issue, including the W3C Library Linked Data Incubator Group, the Bibliographic Framework Initiative, and the LD4L project. == Conferences == The Hochschulbibliothekszentrum des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen and the German National Library of Economics sponsor the annual international Semantic Web in Libraries (SWIB) conference == See also == BIBFRAME Library of Congress Linked Data Service (LC LDS) Resource Description and Access and RDA vocabularies Universal Bibliographic Control == References ==


id: licence-ouverte-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte-0.md
category: reference
title: Licence Ouverte
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:34.732597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: licence-ouverte-20260505-0
summary:
The Licence Ouverte / Open Licence is a French open license published on October 18, 2011 by Etalab for open data from the State of France. The license was designed to be compatible with Creative Commons Licenses, Open Government License, and the Open Data Commons Attribution License. Information released under the Open License may be re-used with attribution, such as a URL or other identification of the producer. The Open License is used by the city of Bordeaux, France to release data sets. == References == == External links == License Ouverte by Etalab


id: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-0.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Linked Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
In natural language processing, linguistics, and neighboring fields, Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) describes a method and an interdisciplinary community concerned with creating, sharing, and (re-)using language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles. The Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud was conceived and is being maintained by the Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) of the Open Knowledge Foundation, but has been a point of focal activity for several W3C community groups, research projects, and infrastructure efforts since then. == Definition and Development == Linguistic Linked Open Data describes the publication of data for linguistics and natural language processing using the following principles: Data should be openly licensed using licenses such as the Creative Commons licenses. The elements in a dataset should be uniquely identified by means of a URI. The URI should resolve, so users can access more information using web browsers. Resolving an LLOD resource should return results using web standards such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Links to other resources should be included to help users discover new resources and provide semantics. The primary benefits of LLOD have been identified as: Representation: Linked graphs are a more flexible representation format for linguistic data. Interoperability: Common RDF models


id: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-1.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Linked Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
LOD2. Creating Knowledge out of Interlinked Data (11 EU countries + Korea, 2010–2014) MONNET. Multilingual Ontologies for Networked Knowledge (5 EU countries, 2010–2013) LIDER. Linked Data as an enabler of cross-media and multilingual content analytics for enterprises across Europe (5 EU countries, 2013–2015) QTLeap. Quality Translation by Deep Language Engineering Approaches (6 EU countries, 2013–2016) LiODi. Linked Open Dictionaries (BMBF eHumanities Early Career Research Group, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, 2015–2020) FREME. Open Framework of E-Services for Multilingual and Semantic Enrichment of Digital Content (6 EU countries, 2015–2017) POSTDATA. Poetry Standardization and Linked Open Data (ERC Starting Grant, UNED, Spain, 2016–2021) Linking Latin (ERC Consolidator Grant, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy, 2018–2023) Pret-a-LLOD (5 EU countries, 2019–2021) NexusLinguarum. European network for Web-centred linguistic data science (COST Action, 35 COST countries, 2 near neighboring countries, one international partner country, 2019–2023) === Selected resources === As of October 2018, the 10 most frequently linked resources in the LLOD diagram are (in order of the number of linked datasets): The Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA, linked with 74 datasets) provide reference terminology for linguistic annotations and grammatical metadata; WordNet (linked with 51 datasets), a lexical database for English and pivot for developing similar


id: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-2.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Linked Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-linked-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
LLOD is defined in relation to Linked Open Data, and LLOD resources (data) should thus conform to licenses in accordance with the Open Definition. For generating the LLOD cloud diagram (and the LOD diagram), this does, however, not seem to be enforced yet, so that the technical criterion is availability over the web and a metadata entry. In the OWLG, it has been repeatedly discussed whether non-commercial (academic) resources could be included with a general consensus of admitting them for the moment (2015) but subsequently enforcing stricter requirements along with the growth of the LLOD cloud. As of January 2018, it was not agreed upon yet when this move was about to happen. As of January 2020, machine-readable license metadata was available for 86 LLOD resources, of these, 82 adopted open licenses, 4 adopted non-commercial licenses. In a broader sense, the term LLOD technology (infrastructures, tools, vocabularies) can also used to refer to the technology independently from whether actually open resources are involved, e.g., in the name of the EU project Pret-a-LLOD that features several commercial business cases. This is justified for applications that consume (rather than provide) open data, but moreover, also when linked data technology and the adoptation


id: linked-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Linked data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:37.046237+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linked-data-20260505-0
summary:
In computing, linked data is structured data which is associated with ("linked" to) other data. Interlinking makes the data more useful through semantic queries. Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the Semantic Web project. Part of the vision of linked data is for the Internet to become a global database. Linked data builds upon standard Web technologies such as HTTP, RDF and URIs, but rather than using them to serve web pages and hyperlinks only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers (machine readable). Linked data may also be open data, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data. == Principles == In his 2006 "Linked Data" note, Tim Berners-Lee outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things. HTTP URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced". Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as RDF, SPARQL, etc. When publishing data


id: open-by-default-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-0.md
category: reference
title: Open by default
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:38.242200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-by-default-20260505-0
summary:
Open by default, as widely used in the contexts of open government and open data, is a principle in which government makes its data accessible to the public by default, unless there is a sufficient justification to explain that greater public interest may be at stake, as a result of disclosure. Since the principle empowers the public's right to know and capacity to oversee government activities, it is closely associated with government transparency, civic engagement, and e-governance in organizing public life. In many cases, the principle is accompanied with the technological commitment to create "metadata standardization for all datasets, publication of a machine-readable data catalogue or inventory of both released and to-be released datasets ... (and) use of open licenses." == Definition == The International Open Data Charter defines open by default as one of the six key principles that enable society to enjoy the full benefits of open government data. The other five principles are Timely and Comprehensive Data, Accessible and Usable Data, Comparable and Inter-operable Data, Data for Improved Governance and Engagement, and Data for Inclusive Development and Innovation. While each principles share some overlapping backgrounds, they respectively strive to propose different deliverable qualifications for government entities. The


id: open-by-default-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-1.md
category: reference
title: Open by default
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:38.242200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-by-default-20260505-0
summary:
In Canada's case, Open by Default principles were first adopted by municipal and provincial levels of government before they took to national platforms. The City of Edmonton, which began its online cataloging of municipal data in 2010, was the first to adopt the International Open Data Charter in Canada and the United States. In the Provincial Government of British Columbia, Premier Christy Clark issued an Open Government initiavies in 2011. Under the initiatives, Open Data policy was adopted and legislated in 2011, providing free and unrestricted use of more than 1000 datasets in its data catalogue through "proactive disclosure". However, in 2013, Information and Privacy Commissioner for BC, Elizabeth Denham saw there are more provincial data to be disclosed "by default," though the nature of such data were not identified in her report. In the Provincial Government of Ontario, Premier Kathleen Wynne launched the Open Government initiatives in 2013, which publicly appointed a team of public and civic experts on open government across Canada. The report highlighted that Open by Default principles should be integral component of Ontario's open government policy, "Ontario should make openness the norm and secrecy the exception." In 2017, the government of Ontario formally adopted the


id: open-contracting-data-standard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Contracting Data Standard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:39.482920+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-contracting-data-standard-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Contracting Data Standard is a standards development initiative issued by the Omidyar Network and the World Bank which commenced in November 2014. It sets out the key documents and data which should be published at each stage of the process of letting a contract for the procurement of goods and services for the public sector. Adoption of the standard requires publishers to release data under an open license, because "publishing data under an open license is an important part of open contracting. Without this, restrictions on re-use can prevent many of the important use cases for open contracting information being realized." Publishers are encouraged to use a scale of publishing complexity, from basic which features just tender notices, to advanced and extended data, which features contract award notices, contract details and persistent URIs. The Open Contracting Partnership, a not for profit organisation promoting openness in contracting, argues that the use of the standard will reduce costs, create more competitive contracting, and prevent fraud and corruption. == Origins == An early version 1.0 was released in July 2015 and version 1.1 was being developed in Q 3 and 4 2015. OCDS was designed with a focus on public procurement


id: open-data-buffalo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Buffalo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:40.689917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-buffalo-20260505-0
summary:
Open Data Buffalo is the open data program developed under the administration of Mayor Byron W. Brown in Buffalo, New York. The initiative is a commitment to proactively release high-quality, updated "publishable City data" through a centralized portal in machine-readable formats, fully accessible and freely available in the public domain. Open Data Buffalo is an official City program designed to foster transparency, innovation, accountability, and efficiency. == History == In May 2013, Buffalo earned a grant through IBM's Smarter Cities Challenge to bring a team of senior IBM executives to the city to offer advice on improving municipal policy with data-driven insights. One of their primary recommendations was for Buffalo to build capacity in "data-sharing and governance." Three years later, Buffalo joined the national network of Bloomberg Philanthropies What Works Cities to expand their use of data. With the support of What Works Cities, Buffalo partnered with The Sunlight Foundation to craft an Open Data Policy with input from the public using the Madison tool, an open source platform provided by OpenGov Foundation. In September 2017, the City of Buffalo selected Socrata as the provider for the municipality's open data platform. The city launched the Open Data Buffalo portal on


id: open-data-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:41.886386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Data Institute (ODI) is a non-profit private company limited by guarantee, based in the United Kingdom. Founded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the ODI's mission is to connect, equip and inspire people around the world to innovate with data. The ODI's global network includes individuals, businesses, startups, franchises, collaborators and governments who help to achieve the mission. == Learning == The Open Data Institute provides in-house and online, free and paid-for training courses. ODI courses and learning materials cover theory and practice surrounding data publishing and use, from introductory overviews to courses for specific subject areas. ODI 'Friday lunchtime lectures' cover a different theme each week surrounding the communication and application of data, and usually feature an external speaker. == ODI themes == In order to bring open data's benefits to specific areas of society and industry, the ODI focuses much of its research, publications and projects around specific themes and sectors. === Data infrastructure === Since its inception in 2012, the ODI has championed open data as a public good, stressing the need for effective governance models to protect it. In 2015, the ODI was instrumental in beginning a global discussion around


id: open-data-institute-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-1.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:41.886386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-institute-20260505-0
summary:
=== Members === ODI Members are organisations and individuals, from large corporations to students, who explore, demonstrate and share the value of data. The ODI grew its network of businesses, startups, academic establishments and individuals to over 1,300 in 2015, and launched student membership in line with its goal to help provide lifelong data expertise for young people around the world. ODI Members (whether sponsors, partners or supporters) are all committed to unlocking the value of data, and are key to developing the ODI's professional network in the UK and internationally. New member companies in 2015, included Deutsche Bank, Ocado Technology, SAP and The Bulmer Foundation. === Startups === Each year the ODI invites new applicants onto its ODI Startup programme in order to support them to develop a sustainable business, from idea to product to growth. ODI Startups are provided with coaching and mentoring from external mentors, ad-hoc office space, discounted training courses, and access to other members of the ODI global network for networking and peer learning. The ODI assesses startups for the programme based on the strength of their idea and team, market opportunity and timing, potential scale, use of open data, and potential impact. 30 ODI


id: open-data-now-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Now
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:43.094504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-now-20260505-0
summary:
Open Data Now is a 2014 book on open data by Joel Gurin. == Reception == A reviewer for the University of California, Berkeley School of Information said the book "is written for the business community, but speaks to the experiences of those in the government, the private sector, or those who make a living advocating for consumers." A reviewer for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation says, "Gurin’s snapshot of Open Data's innovators also serve as an effective guidebook." That reviewer also notes interest in the book's claim, "If Open Data is free, how can anyone build a business on it? The answer is that Open Data is the starting point, not the end point, in deriving value from information. In general, governments have focused more on making the data itself available than on public-facing applications. The private sector can then add value by taking Open Data and building something great with it." Andy Oram, a reviewer for O'Reilly Media, described how the book focused on the cost of data. == Summary == The book is divided into two parts, each of which has chapters. === Part 1 === An opportunity as big as the web The author profiles


id: open-data-partnership-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Data Partnership
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:44.297957+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-partnership-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Government Partnership (OGP) is a new multilateral initiative introduced by the United States Government that aims to secure concrete commitments from governments to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance by means of Open Data Platforms. In the spirit of multi-stakeholder collaboration, OGP is overseen by a steering committee of governments, civil society organizations and the developer community. == References ==


id: open-database-license-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Database License
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:45.475910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-database-license-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Database License (ODbL) is a copyleft license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use a database while maintaining this same freedom for others. ODbL is published by Open Data Commons, which is part of Open Knowledge Foundation. The ODbL was created with the goal of allowing users to share their data freely without worrying about problems relating to copyright or ownership. It allows users to freely use the data in the database, including in other databases; edit existing data in the database; and add new data to the database. The license establishes the rights of users of the database, as well as the correct procedure for attributing credit where credit is due for the data, and how to make changes or improvements in the data, thus simplifying the sharing and comparison of data. == Freedoms == To Share: To copy, distribute and use the database. To Create: To produce works from the database. To Adapt: To modify, transform and build upon the database. == Conditions == Attribute: You must attribute any public use of the database, or works produced from the database, in the manner specified in the ODbL. For any use or redistribution


id: the-open-definition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition-0.md
category: reference
title: The Open Definition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:46.667417+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-open-definition-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Definition (formerly Open Knowledge Definition) is published by the Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) to define openness for any type of data, content, or other knowledge. The definition's stated purpose is to "[make] precise the meaning of ‘open’ with respect to knowledge". Although it draws philosophically from both the open-source and free software movements, the Open Definition prioritizes license compatibility over copyleft principles requiring derivative works to be released under a free license. The Open Definition contains requirements for content licenses to be considered open licenses, and the OKF maintains a list of compatible licenses. The definition also requires open access, machine readability, and the use of open formats. The OKF's Open Software Service Definition is derived from the Open Definition. == Background == The Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) is a United-Kingdom-based NGO that began work on the definition in 2006. According to the OKF, the Open Definition is "substantially derivative" of Bruce Perens' Open Source Definition and intends to continue Richard Stallman’s "ideals of software freedom". The Open Source Definition, which is the most widely used criteria for determining if a license is open source, is itself is derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Although it is


id: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Energy Modelling Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:47.889040+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Energy Modelling Initiative (openmod) is a grassroots community of energy system modellers from universities and research institutes across Europe and elsewhere. The initiative promotes the use of open-source software and open data in energy modelling for research and policy advice. The Open Energy Modelling Initiative documents a variety of open-source energy models and addresses practical and conceptual issues regarding their development and application. The initiative runs an email list, an internet forum, and a wiki and hosts occasional academic workshops. A statement of aims is available. == Context == The application of open-source development to energy modelling dates back to around 2003. This section provides some background for the growing interest in open methods. === Growth in open energy modelling === Just two active open energy modelling projects were cited in a 2011 paper: OSeMOSYS and TEMOA. Balmorel was also public at that time, having been made available on a website in 2001. As of October 2021, the Open Energy Platform lists 17 open energy frameworks and about 50 open energy models. === Academic literature === This 2012 paper presents the case for using "open, publicly accessible software and data as well as crowdsourcing techniques to develop robust


id: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-1.md
category: reference
title: Open Energy Modelling Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:47.889040+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-modelling-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
=== Public policy support === In May 2016, the European Union announced that "all scientific articles in Europe must be freely accessible as of 2020". This is a step in the right direction, but the new policy makes no mention of open software and its importance to the scientific process. In August 2016, the United States government announced a new federal source code policy which mandates that at least 20% of custom source code developed by or for any agency of the federal government be released as open-source software (OSS). The US Department of Energy (DOE) is participating in the program. The project is hosted on a dedicated website and subject to a three-year pilot. Open-source campaigners are using the initiative to advocate that European governments adopt similar practices. In 2017 the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) issued a position paper calling for free software and open standards to be central to European science funding, including the flagship EU program Horizon 2020. The position paper focuses on open data and open data processing and the question of open modelling is not traversed per se. === Adoption by regulators and industry generally === A trend evident by 2023 is the adoption


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-0.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
Open energy system database projects employ open data methods to collect, clean, and republish energy-related datasets for open use. The resulting information is then available, given a suitable open license, for statistical analysis and for building numerical energy system models, including open energy system models. Permissive licenses like Creative Commons CC0 and CC BY are preferred, but some projects will house data made public under market transparency regulations and carrying unqualified copyright. The databases themselves may furnish information on national power plant fleets, renewable generation assets, transmission networks, time series for electricity loads, dispatch, spot prices, and cross-border trades, weather information, and similar. They may also offer other energy statistics including fossil fuel imports and exports, gas, oil, and coal prices, emissions certificate prices, and information on energy efficiency costs and benefits. Much of the data is sourced from official or semi-official agencies, including national statistics offices, transmission system operators, and electricity market operators. Data is also crowdsourced using public wikis and public upload facilities. Projects usually also maintain a strict record of the provenance and version histories of the datasets they hold. Some projects, as part of their mandate, also try to persuade primary data providers to release their


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-1.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
== Open energy system database projects == Energy system models are data intensive and normally require detailed information from a number of sources. Dedicated projects to collect, collate, document, and republish energy system datasets have arisen to service this need. Most database projects prefer open data, issued under free licenses, but some will accept datasets with proprietary licenses in the absence of other options. The OpenStreetMap project, which uses the Open Database License (ODbL), contains geographic information about energy system components, including transmission lines. Wikimedia projects such as Wikidata and Wikipedia have a growing set of information related to national energy systems, such as descriptions of individual power stations. The following table summarizes projects that specifically publish open energy system data. Some are general repositories while others (for instance, oedb) are designed to interact with open energy system models in real-time. Three of the projects listed work with linked open data (LOD), a method of publishing structured data on the web so that it can be networked and subject to semantic queries. The overarching concept is termed the semantic web. Technically, such projects support RESTful APIs, RDF, and the SPARQL query language. A 2012 paper reviews the use of LOD


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-2.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Data Energy Networks (Open Data Réseaux Énergies or ODRÉ) portal is run by eight partners, led by the French national transmission system operator (TSO) Réseau de Transport d'Électricité (RTE). The portal was previously known as Open Data RTE. The site offers electricity system datasets under a Creative Commons CC BY 2.0 compatible license, with metadata, an RSS feed for notifying updates, and an interface for submitting questions. Re-users of information obtained from the site can also register third-party URLs (be they publications or webpages) against specific datasets. The portal uses the French Government Licence Ouverte license and this is explicitly compatible with the United Kingdom Open Government Licence (OGL), the Creative Commons CC BY 2.0 license (and thereby later versions), and the Open Data Commons ODC-BY license. The site hosts electricity, gas, and weather information related to France. === UK Power Networks Open Data Portal === The Open Data Portal is run by UK Power Networks, a GB Distribution Network Operator (DNO), hosted on the OpenDataSoft platform. The Portal offers electricity network datasets under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 compatible license, with metadata, a newsfeed, and a data request form. Re-users of information obtained from the site


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-3.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
Open Energy Information (OpenEI) is a collaborative website, run by the US government, providing open energy data to software developers, analysts, users, consumers, and policymakers. The platform is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and is being developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). OpenEI launched on 9 December 2009. While much of its data is from US government sources, the platform is intended to be open and global in scope. OpenEI provides two mechanisms for contributing structured information: a semantic wiki (using MediaWiki and the Semantic MediaWiki extension) for collaboratively-managed resources and a dataset upload facility for contributor-controlled resources. US government data is distributed under a CC0 public domain dedication, whereas other contributors are free to select an open data license of their choice. Users can rate data using a five-star system, based on accessibility, adaptability, usefulness, and general quality. Individual datasets can be manually downloaded in an appropriate format, often as CSV files. Scripts for processing data can also be shared through the site. In order to build a community around the platform, a number of forums are offered covering energy system data and related topics. Most of the data on OpenEI is exposed


id: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-4.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-databases-20260505-0
summary:
reegle is a clean energy information portal covering renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate compatible development topics. reegle was launched in 2006 by REEEP and REN21 with funding from the Dutch (VROM), German (BMU), and UK (Defra) environment ministries. Originally released as a specialized internet search engine, reegle was relaunched in 2011 as an information portal. reegle offers and utilizes linked open data (LOD) (described elsewhere on this page). Sources of data include UN and World Bank databases, as well as dedicated partners around the world. reegle maintains a comprehensive structured glossary (driven by an LOD-compliant thesaurus) of energy and climate compatible development terms to assist with the tagging of datasets. The glossary also facilitates intelligent web searches. reegle offers country profiles which collate and display energy data on a per-country basis for most of the world. These profiles are kept current automatically using LOD techniques. As of 2021, the portal is no longer active. === Renewables.ninja === Renewables.ninja is a website that can calculate the hourly power output from solar photovoltaic installations and wind farms located anywhere in the world. The website is a joint project between the Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland and the


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-0.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
Open energy-system models are energy-system models that are open source. However, some of them may use third-party proprietary software as part of their workflows to input, process, or output data. Preferably, these models use open data, which facilitates open science. Energy-system models are used to explore future energy systems and are often applied to questions involving energy and climate policy. The models themselves vary widely in terms of their type, design, programming, application, scope, level of detail, sophistication, and shortcomings. For many models, some form of mathematical optimization is used to inform the solution process. Energy regulators and system operators in Europe and North America began adopting open energy-system models for planning purposes in the early‑2020s. Open models and open data are increasingly being used by government agencies to guide the develop of net‑zero public policy as well. Companies and engineering consultancies are likewise adopting open models for analysis. == General considerations == === Organization === The open energy modeling projects listed here fall exclusively within the bottom-up paradigm, in which a model is a relatively literal representation of the underlying system. Several drivers favor the development of open models and open data. There is an increasing interest in making


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-1.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
=== Surveys === A survey completed in 2021 investigated the degree to which open energy-system modeling frameworks support flexibility options, broken down by supply, demand, storage, sector coupled, and network response. Of the frameworks surveyed, none supported all types, which suggests that the soft coupling of complementary frameworks could provide more holistic assessments of flexibility. Even so, most candidates opt for perfect foresight and do not natively admit probabilistic actions or explicit behavioral responses. == Electricity sector models == Open electricity sector models are confined to just the electricity sector. These models invariably have a temporal resolution of one hour or less. Some models concentrate on the engineering characteristics of the system, including a good representation of high-voltage transmission networks and AC power flow. Others models depict electricity spot markets and are known as dispatch models. While other models embed autonomous agents to capture, for instance, bidding decisions using techniques from bounded rationality. The ability to handle variable renewable energy, transmission systems, and grid storage are becoming important considerations. === AMIRIS === AMIRIS is the open Agent-based Market model for the Investigation of Renewable and Integrated energy Systems. The AMIRIS simulation framework was first developed by the German Aerospace Center


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-2.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
Under development at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), Petten, the Netherlands, Dispa-SET is a unit commitment and dispatch model intended primarily for Europe. It is written in Python (with Pyomo) and GAMS and uses Python for data processing. A valid GAMS license is required. The model is formulated as a mixed integer problem and JRC uses the proprietary CPLEX sover although open source libraries may also be deployed. Technical descriptions are available for versions 2.0 and 2.1. Dispa-SET is hosted on GitHub, together with a trial dataset, and third-party contributions are encouraged. The codebase has been tested on Windows, macOS, and Linux. Online documentation is available. The SET in the project name refers to the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan), which seeks to make Europe a leader in energy technologies that can fulfill future (2020 and 2050) energy and climate targets. Energy system modeling, in various forms, is central to this European Commission initiative. The model power system is managed by a single operator with full knowledge of the economic and technical characteristics of the generation units, the loads at each node, and the heavily simplified transmission network. Demand is deemed fully inelastic. The system is subject


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-3.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
EMMA is the European Electricity Market Model. It is a techno-economic model covering the integrated Northwestern European power system. EMMA is being developed by the energy economics consultancy Neon Neue Energieökonomik, Berlin, Germany. The source code and datasets can be downloaded from the project website. A manual is available. EMMA is written in GAMS and uses the CPLEX commercial solver. EMMA models electricity dispatch and investment, minimizing the total cost with respect to investment, generation, and trades between market areas. In economic terms, EMMA classifies as a partial equilibrium model of the wholesale electricity market with a focus on the supply-side. EMMA identifies short-term or long-term optima (or equilibria) and estimates the corresponding capacity mix, hourly prices, dispatch, and cross-border trading. Technically, EMMA is a pure linear program (no integer variables) with about two million non-zero variables. As of 2016, the model covers Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland and supports conventional generation, renewable generation, and cogeneration. EMMA has been used to study the economic effects of the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE), specifically solar power and wind power, in the Northwestern European power system. A 2013 study finds that increasing VRE shares will depress prices and,


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-4.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
NEMO, the National Electricity Market Optimiser, is a chronological dispatch model for testing and optimizing different portfolios of conventional and renewable electricity generation technologies. It applies solely to the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM), which, despite its name, is limited to east and south Australia. NEMO has been in development at the Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets (CEEM), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia since 2011. The project maintains a small website and runs an email list. NEMO is written in Python. NEMO itself is described in two publications. The data sources are also noted. Optimizations are carried out using a single-objective evaluation function, with penalties. The solution space of generator capacities is searched using the CMA-ES (covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy) algorithm. The timestep is arbitrary but one hour is normally employed. NEMO has been used to explore generation options for the year 2030 under a variety of renewable energy (RE) and abated fossil fuel technology scenarios. A 2012 study investigates the feasibility of a fully renewable system using concentrated solar power (CSP) with thermal storage, windfarms, photovoltaics, existing hydroelectricity, and biofuelled gas turbines. A number of potential systems, which also meet NEM reliability criteria, are


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-5.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
pandapower is a power system analysis and optimization program being jointly developed by the Energy Management and Power System Operation research group, University of Kassel and the Department for Distribution System Operation, Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology (IEE), both of Kassel, Germany. The codebase is hosted on GitHub and is also available as a package. The project maintains a website, an emailing list, and online documentation. pandapower is written in Python. It uses the pandas library for data manipulation and analysis and the PYPOWER library to solve for power flow. Unlike some open source power system tools, pandapower does not depend on proprietary platforms like MATLAB. pandapower supports the automated analysis and optimization of distribution and transmission networks. This allows a large of number of scenarios to be explored, based on different future grid configurations and technologies. pandapower offers a collection of power system elements, including: lines, 2-winding transformers, 3-winding transformers, and ward-equivalents. It also contains a switch model that allows the modeling of ideal bus-bus switches as well as bus-line/bus-trafo switches. The software supports topological searching. The network itself can be plotted, with or without geographical information, using the matplotlib and plotly libraries. A 2016


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-6.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
renpass is an acronym for Renewable Energy Pathways Simulation System. renpass is a simulation electricity model with high regional and temporal resolution, designed to capture existing systems and future systems with up to 100% renewable generation. The software is being developed by the Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems (CSES or ZNES), University of Flensburg, Germany. The project runs a website, from where the codebase can be download. renpass is written in R and links to a MySQL database. A PDF manual is available. renpass is also described in a PhD thesis. As of 2015, renpass is being extended as renpassG!S, based on oemof. renpass is an electricity dispatch model which minimizes system costs for each time step (optimization) within the limits of a given infrastructure (simulation). Time steps are optionally 15 minutes or one hour. The method assumes perfect foresight. renpass supports the electricity systems found in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. The optimization problem for each time step is to minimize the electricity supply cost using the existing power plant fleet for all regions. After this regional dispatch, the exchange between the regions is


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-7.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
SWITCH is a loose acronym for solar, wind, conventional and hydroelectric generation, and transmission. SWITCH is an optimal planning model for power systems with large shares of renewable energy. SWITCH is being developed by the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Hawaii, USA. The project runs a small website and hosts its codebase and datasets on GitHub. SWITCH is written in Pyomo, an optimization components library programmed in Python. It can use either the open source GLPK solver or the commercial CPLEX solver. SWITCH is a power system model, focused on renewables integration. It can identify which generator and transmission projects to build in order to satisfy electricity demand at the lowest cost over a several-year period while also reducing CO2 emissions. SWITCH utilizes multi-stage stochastic linear optimization with the objective of minimizing the present value of the cost of power plants, transmission capacity, fuel usage, and an arbitrary per-tonne CO2 charge (to represent either a carbon tax or a certificate price), over the course of a multi-year investment period. It has two major sets of decision variables. First, at the start of each investment period, SWITCH selects how much generation capacity to build in each of


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-8.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
AnyMOD.jl is a framework for planning macro‑energy systems at a high level of spatio-temporal detail. The framework covers the expansion and operation of short-term and seasonal storage, fossil and renewable generation, transmission infrastructure, and sector coupling technologies. It can be used to plan long‑term pathways under perfect foresight. AnyMOD.jl is implemented in Julia and relies on the JuMP library for optimization and DataFrames.jl for data management. Models are formulated as linear optimization problems and can be solved with open-source libraries like HiGHS or commercial solvers like CPLEX. To increase accessibility and enable version-controlled development, specific models are fully defined using CSV files. Compared to similar tools, AnyMOD.jl puts an emphasis on innovative methods to achieve high detail and capture intermittent renewables, while maintaining a comprehensive scope in terms of regions and sectors. These methods include varying the spatio-temporal resolution by energy carrier within the same model and a scaling algorithm to improve the properties of the underlying optimization problem. Methods from stochastic programming are now being implemented to better address the uncertainties associated with renewable generation. As of 2022, most studies deploying the tool have focused on the German energy system in a European context, for instance investigating the trade‑offs


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-9.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
Calliope is an energy system modeling framework, with a focus on flexibility, high spatial and temporal resolution, and the ability to execute different runs using the same base-case dataset. The project is being developed at the Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. The project maintains a website, hosts the codebase at GitHub, operates an issues tracker, and runs two email lists. Calliope is written in Python and uses the Pyomo library. It can link to the open source GLPK solver and the commercial CPLEX solver. PDF documentation is available. And a two‑page software review is available. A Calliope model consists of a collection of structured text files, in YAML and CSV formats, that define the technologies, locations, and resource potentials. Calliope takes these files, constructs a pure linear optimization (no integer variables) problem, solves it, and reports the results in the form of pandas data structures for analysis. The framework contains five abstract base technologies – supply, demand, conversion, storage, transmission – from which new concrete technologies can be derived. The design of Calliope enforces the clear separation of framework (code) and model (data). A 2015 study uses Calliope to compare the future roles of nuclear power


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-10.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
EnergyPATHWAYS is a bottom-up energy sector model used to explore the near-term implications of long-term deep decarbonization. The lead developer is energy and climate protection consultancy, Evolved Energy Research, San Francisco, USA. The code is hosted on GitHub. EnergyPATHWAYS is written in Python and links to the open source Cbc solver. Alternatively, the GLPK, or CPLEX solvers can be employed. EnergyPATHWAYS utilizes the PostgreSQL object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) to manage its data. EnergyPATHWAYS is a comprehensive accounting framework used to construct economy-wide energy infrastructure scenarios. While portions of the model do use linear programming techniques, for instance, for electricity dispatch, the EnergyPATHWAYS model is not fundamentally an optimization model and embeds few decision dynamics. EnergyPATHWAYS offers detailed energy, cost, and emissions accounting for the energy flows from primary supply to final demand. The energy system representation is flexible, allowing for differing levels of detail and the nesting of cities, states, and countries. The model uses hourly least-cost electricity dispatch and supports power-to-gas, short-duration energy storage, long-duration energy storage, and demand response. Scenarios typically run to 2050. A predecessor of the EnergyPATHWAYS software, named simply PATHWAYS, has been used to construct policy models. The California PATHWAYS model was used to


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-11.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
GENeSYS‑MOD couples the demand sectors covering electricity, buildings, industry, and transport and finds the cost-optimal investment into conventional and renewable energy generation, storage, and infrastructure. The research focus is on long-term system development and pathway analysis. The model was first used to analyze decarbonization scenarios at the global level, broken down into ten regions. However, the framework is highly flexible, allowing for calculations at various levels of detail, from individual households to global aggregations, depending on the desired research question and availability of input data. A 2019 study examined the low‑carbon transition of the European energy system and specifically the problem of stranded assets under a range of scenarios. It found that up to €200 billion in fossil-fueled capacities could be stranded by 2035 unless stronger policy signals are able to address short‑term planning biases. Another 2019 study evaluates China's energy system transformation, highlighting the need to reduce coal consumption by 60% by 2050 to meet global climate targets. Renewable energies, and in particular photovoltaics and onshore wind, emerge as cost-effective solutions, but overcoming local resistance and increasing stakeholder engagement remain crucial for success. A 2021 study investigates the European Green Deal goal of achieving 100% greenhouse gas reductions by


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-12.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
A key paper describing OSeMOSYS is available. A 2011 study uses OSeMOSYS to investigate the role of household investment decisions. A 2012 study extends OSeMOSYS to capture the salient features of a smart grid. The paper explains how to model variability in generation, flexible demand, and grid storage and how these impact on the stability of the grid. OSeMOSYS has been applied to village systems. A 2015 paper compares the merits of stand-alone, mini-grid, and grid electrification for rural areas in Timor-Leste under differing levels of access. In a 2016 study, OSeMOSYS is modified to take into account realistic consumer behavior. Another 2016 study uses OSeMOSYS to build a local multi-regional energy system model of the Lombardy region in Italy. One of the aims of the exercise was to encourage citizens to participate in the energy planning process. Preliminary results indicate that this was successful and that open modeling is needed to properly include both the technological dynamics and the non-technological issues. A 2017 paper covering Alberta, Canada factors in the risk of overrunning specified emissions targets because of technological uncertainty. Among other results, the paper finds that solar and wind technologies are built out seven and five years earlier


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-13.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
The basic functionality of PyPSA is described in a 2018 paper. PyPSA bridges traditional steady-state power flow analysis software and full multi-period energy system models. It can be invoked using either non-linear power flow equations for system simulation or linearized approximations to enable the joint optimization of operations and investment across multiple periods. Generator ramping and multi-period up and down-times can be specified, DSM is supported, but demand remains price inelastic. A 2018 study examines potential synergies between sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a future European energy system constrained to reduce carbon emissions by 95%. The PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 model captures the demand-side management potential of battery electric vehicles (BEV) as well as the role that power-to-gas, long-term thermal energy storage, and related technologies can play. Results indicate that BEVs can smooth the daily variations in solar power while the remaining technologies smooth the synoptic and seasonal variations in both demand and renewable supply. Substantial buildout of the electricity grid is required for a least-cost configuration. More generally, such a system is both feasible and affordable. The underlying datasets are available from Zenodo. As of January 2018, PyPSA is used by more than a dozen research institutes and companies worldwide. Some


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-14.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
In practical terms, the framework allows for modeling competition between technologies that can serve the same purpose, such as power generation, while also providing insights into when and where a specific technology is required. Additionally, it can be applied to transportation problems, where the optimal exchange of a commodity between at least two distinct regions needs to be determined. Furthermore, it addresses storage problems, where the optimal balance between production and consumption at different points in time is calculated. REMix offers several key features that make it a robust tool for energy system modeling. It is designed to handle large-scale models with high spatial and technological resolutions, making it suitable for complex analyses. The framework also incorporates path optimization, allowing for multi-year analyses and strategic planning over extended periods. Ongoing work deals with very large instances involving path optimization using the parallel solver PIPS-IPM++. A notable feature is its custom accounting capability, provided through the indicator module, which enables flexible definitions of what contributes to the objective functions. Additionally, REMix supports flexible modeling, offering multiple approaches to integrate and model technologies, allowing users to tailor the framework to their specific needs. Finally, it supports multi-criteria optimization, where, beyond cost minimization,


id: open-energy-system-models-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-15.md
category: reference
title: Open energy system models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-energy-system-models-20260505-0
summary:
The GAMS language requires a proprietary environment and its significant cost effectively limits participation to those who can access an institutional copy. == Programming components == Programming components, in this context, are coherent blocks of code or compiled libraries that can be relatively easily imported or linked to by higher‑level modeling frameworks in order to obtain some well‑defined functionality. === Technology modules === A number of technical component models are now also open source. While these component models do not constitute systems models aimed at public policy development (the focus of this page), they nonetheless warrant a mention. Technology modules can be linked or otherwise adapted into these broader initiatives. Sandia photovoltaic array performance model pvlib photovoltaics facility library hplib heat pump facility library windpowerlib wind turbine library hydropowerlib hydroelectricity library === Auction models === A number of electricity auction models have been written in GAMS, AMPL, MathProg, and other languages. These include: the EPOC nodal pricing model Australian National Electricity Market examples using MathProg can be found at b:GLPK/Electricity markets === Open solvers === Many projects rely on a pure linear or mixed integer solver to perform classical optimization, constraint satisfaction, or some mix of the two. While there


id: open-government-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-0.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy. The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society. It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions. == Components == The concept of open government is broad in scope but is most often connected to ideas of government transparency, participation and accountability. Transparency is defined as the visibility and inferability of information, accountability as answerability and enforceability, and participation is often graded along the "ladder of citizen participation." Harlan Yu and David G. Robinson specify the distinction between open data and open government in their paper "The New Ambiguity of "Open Government". They define open government in terms of service delivery and public accountability.


id: open-government-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-1.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
=== Asia === Taiwan started its e-government program in 1998 and since then has had a series of laws and executive orders to enforce open government policies. The Freedom of Government Information Law of 2005, stated that all government information must be made public. Such information includes budgets, administrative plans, communication of government agencies, subsidies. Since then it released its open data platform, data.gov.tw. The Sunflower Movement of 2014, emphasized the value that Taiwanese citizens place on openness and transparency. A white paper published by the National Development Council with policy goals for 2020 explores ways to increase citizen participation and use open data for further government transparency. The Philippines passed the Freedom of Information Order in 2016, outlining guidelines to practice government transparency and full public disclosure. In accordance with its General Appropriations Act of 2012, the Philippine government requires government agencies to display a "transparency seal" on their websites, which contains information about the agency's functions, annual reports, officials, budgets, and projects. The Right to Information (RTI) movement in India, created the RTI law in 2005 after environmental movements demanded the release of information regarding environmental deterioration due to industrialization. Another catalyst for the RTI law and other


id: open-government-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-2.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
==== For transparency ==== Transparency in government is often credited with generating government accountability, which supporters argue leads to reduction in government corruption, bribery and other malfeasance. This is mentioned later and discussed as accountability with transparency. Some commentators contend that an open, transparent government allows for the dissemination of information, which in turn helps produce greater knowledge and societal progress. Organizations supporting transparency policies such as the OECD and the Open Government Partnership claim that open government reforms can also lead to increased trust in government, although there is mixed evidence to support these claims, with increased transparency sometimes leading to reduced trust in government. Public opinion can also be shifted when people have access to see the result of a certain policy. The United States government has at times forbid journalists to publish photographs of soldiers' coffins, an apparent attempt to manage emotional reactions that might heighten public criticism of ongoing wars; nonetheless, many believe that emotionally charged images can be valuable information. Similarly, some opponents of the death penalty have argued that executions should be televised so the public can "see what is being done in their name and with their tax dollars." Government transparency is beneficial


id: open-government-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-3.md
category: reference
title: Open government
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-20260505-0
summary:
== Accountability == Accountability focuses on promoting transparency and allowing the public to understand the actions of their government. Public officials are expected to share details about how public resources are used and what their objectives are. Accountability in open government reduces corruption and increases transparency. However, there is transparency with and without accountability in open government. Transparency without accountability is often more difficult to monitor and there is less responsibility needed from the government. Transparency with accountability has proven to be more effective as a trustworthy relationship can be built between government agencies and people governed by them. The argument with or without transparency was mentioned previously and highlights major issues such as losing governmental trust or privacy issues with accountability. Some governments have created portals in order to allow people to see critical data and improve accountability and transparency. Not all data released on these portals is relevant and easily accessible meaning transparency is not always easily attainable. For example, Given the criteria for valuable information, governments should look for quality, completeness, timeliness, and usability when releasing important information that shows transparency and supports accountability. == Relationship between transparency and accountability == Accountability in open government establishes the


id: list-of-open-government-data-sites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites-0.md
category: reference
title: List of open government data sites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:52.865978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-open-government-data-sites-20260505-0
summary:
Many governments publish open data they produce or commission on official websites to be freely used, reused, or redistributed by anyone. These sites are often created as part of open government initiatives. Some open data sites like CKAN and DKAN are open source data portal solutions where as others like Socrata are proprietary data portal solutions. The data sites provide interfaces based on Data and Metadata standards like Dublin core. == List of Supranational Open Government Data Sites == == List of national-level open government data sites == === Unofficial National-level Data Sites === Some countries have unofficial open data portals created citizen initiatives or published by non-governmental organizations. == List of Subnational Open Government Data Sites == == List of Municipal Open Government Data Sites == == See also == CKAN Data.gov List of datasets for machine-learning research Open data Open government Open Government Initiative Open Knowledge Foundation Smart city Socrata == External links == Data.gov List of Open Data Portals DataPortals.org Global Open Data Index Open Data Inception Portals: GitHub Gist RList: Major Smart Cities with Open Data Portals == References ==


id: open-government-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Government Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:54.048123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-government-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Government Initiative is an effort by the administration of President of the United States Barack Obama to "[create] an unprecedented level of openness in Government." The directive starting this initiative was issued on January 20, 2009, Obama's first day in office. Since the rapid pace of technological growth at the turn of the century has given rise to the mass distribution of information, so too has the demand for the United States Government to increase the transparency with which they make decisions and create legislation; many civil servants share this sentiment with the public. There exist a few schools of thought regarding why Open Government Data (OGD) would benefit the public, but these can generally be broken into two parts: 1) the general public deserves the information that is being used to represent them and 2) the private sector will be able to create better social and economic conditions with access to this data. Beginning with President Obama's Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government in 2009, the Open Data Movement has led to governments around the world creating similar projects. == Background and influences == The Open Government Initiative began on President Obama's first day in office when


id: open-notebook-science-challenge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Notebook Science Challenge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:55.507375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-notebook-science-challenge-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Notebook Science Challenge is a crowdsourcing research project which collects measurements of the non-aqueous solubility of organic compounds and publishes these as open data; findings are reported in an open notebook science manner. Although anyone may contribute research data, the competition is only open to post-secondary students in the US and UK. The challenge in turn forms part of the UsefulChem project, an ongoing open notebook science effort to synthesize and screen potential new anti-malarial drugs. Data from the Solubility Challenge will be used to build predictive computational models of solubility for use in optimising syntheses. The challenge began on September 28, 2008 and, as of February 2014, involves researchers and their students from at least 4 different institutions and has resulted in the acquisition of over 7672 solubility measurements. == Prizes == To encourage participation, each month an award is given to the student who does, in the opinion of the judges, the best work. In order to participate, students have to be a US or UK resident. The award is a US$500 cash prize. The first three winners also received a year's subscription to the journal Nature. The awards are sponsored by Submeta and Nature. ==


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
Open scientific data or open research data is a type of open data focused on publishing observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse. A major purpose of the drive for open data is to allow the verification of scientific claims, by allowing others to look at the reproducibility of results, and to allow data from many sources to be integrated to give new knowledge. The modern concept of scientific data emerged in the second half of the 20th century, with the development of large knowledge infrastructure to compute scientific information and observation. The sharing and distribution of data has been early identified as an important stake but was impeded by the technical limitations of the infrastructure and the lack of common standards for data communication. The World Wide Web was immediately conceived as a universal protocol for the sharing of scientific data, especially coming from high-energy physics. == Definition == === Scientific data === The concept of open scientific data has developed in parallel with the concept of scientific data. Scientific data was not formally defined until the late 20th century. Before the generalization of computational analysis, data has been mostly an informal terms,


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-1.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
The emergence of scientific data is associated with a semantic shift in the way core scientific concepts like data, information and knowledge are commonly understood. Following the development of computing technologies, data and information are increasingly described as "things": "Like computation, data always have a material aspect. Data are things. They are not just numbers but also numerals, with dimensionality, weight, and texture". After the Second World War large scientific projects have increasingly relied on knowledge infrastructure to collect, process and analyze important amount of data. Punch-cards system were first used experimentally on climate data in the 1920s and were applied on a large scale in the following decade: "In one of the first Depression-era government make-work projects, Civil Works Administration workers punched some 2 million ship log observations for the period 1880–1933." By 1960, the meteorological data collections of the US National Weather Records Center has expanded to 400 millions cards and had a global reach. The physically of scientific data was by then fully apparent and threatened the stability of entire buildings: "By 1966 the cards occupied so much space that the Center began to fill its main entrance hall with card storage cabinets (figure 5.4). Officials became


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-2.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Sharing scientific data on the web (1990-1995) === The World Wide Web was originally conceived as an infrastructure for open scientific data. Sharing of data and data documentation was a major focus in the initial communication of the World Wide Web when the project was first unveiled in August 1991 : "The WWW project was started to allow high energy physicists to share data, news, and documentation. We are very interested in spreading the web to other areas, and having gateway servers for other data". The project stemmed from a close knowledge infrastructure, ENQUIRE. It was an information management software commissioned to Tim Berners-Lee by the CERN for the specific needs of high energy physics. The structure of ENQUIRE was closer to an internal web of data: it connected "nodes" that "could refer to a person, a software module, etc. and that could be interlined with various relations such as made, include, describes and so forth". While it "facilitated some random linkage between information" Enquire was not able to "facilitate the collaboration that was desired for in the international high-energy physics research community". Like any significant computing scientific infrastructure before the 1990s, the development of ENQUIRE was ultimately impeded


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-3.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Policy implementations (2010-…) === After 2010, national and supra-national institutions took a more interventionist stance. New policies have been implemented not only to ensure and incentivize the opening of scientific data, usually in continuation to existing open data program. In Europe, the "European Union Commissioner for Research, Science, and Innovation, Carlos Moedas made open research data one of the EU's priorities in 2015." First published in 2016, the FAIR Guiding Principles have become an influential framework for opening scientific data. The principles have been originally designed two years earlier during a policy ad research workshop at Lorentz, Jointly Designing a Data FAIRport. During the deliberations of the workshop, "the notion emerged that, through the definition of, and widespread support for, a minimal set of community-agreed guiding principles and practice" The principles do not attempt to define scientific data, which remains a relatively plastic concept, but strive to describe "what constitutes 'good data management'". They cover four foundational principles, "that serve to guide data producer": Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability. and also aim to provide a step toward machine-actionability by expliciting the underlying semantics of data. As it fully acknowledge the complexity of data management, the principles do not claim


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-4.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Citation and indexation === The first digital databases of the 1950s and the 1960s have immediately raised issues of citability and bibliographic descriptions. The mutability of computer memory was especially challenging: in contrast with printed publications, digital data could not be expected to remain stable on the long run. In 1965, Ralph Bisco underlined that this uncertainty affected all the associated documents like code notebooks, which may become increasingly out of date. Data management have to find a middle ground between continuous enhancements and some form of generic stability: "the concept of a fluid, changeable, continually improving data archive means that study cleaning and other processing must be carried to such a point that changes will not significantly affect prior analyses" Structured bibliographic metadata for database has been a debated topic since the 1960s. In 1977, the American Standard for Bibliographic Reference adopted a definition of "data file" with a strong focus on the materiability and the mutability of the dataset: neither dates nor authors were indicated but the medium or "Packaging Method" had to be specified. Two years later, Sue Dodd introduced an alternative convention, that brought the citation of data closer to the standard of references of


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-5.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
Research reproducibility: lack of reproducibility is frequently attributed to deficiencies in research transparency and data analysis process. Consequently, as "a rationale for sharing research data, [research reproducibility] is powerful yet problematic". Reproducibility only applies to "certain kinds of research", mostly in regards to experimental sciences. Public accessibility: this rationale that "products of public funding should be available to the public" is "found in arguments for open government". While directly inspired by similar arguments made in favor of open access to publications, its range is more limited as scientific open data "has direct benefits to far fewer people, and those benefits vary by stakeholder" Research valorization: open scientific data may bring a substantial value to the private sector. This argument is especially used to support "the need for more repositories that can accept and curate research data, for better tools and services to exploit data, and for other investments in knowledge infrastructure". Increased research and innovation: open scientific data may significantly enhanced the quality of private and public research. This argument aims for "investing in knowledge infrastructure to sustain research data, curated to high standards of professional practices" Yet collaboration between the different actors and stakeholders of the data lifecycle is


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-6.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
== Legal status == The opening of scientific data has raised a variety of legal issues in regards to ownership rights, copyrights, privacy and ethics. While it is commonly considered that researchers "own the data they collect in the course of their research", this "view is incorrect": the creation of dataset involves potentially the rights of numerous additional actors such as institutions (research agencies, funders, public bodies), associated data producers, personal data on private citizens. The legal situation of digital data has been consequently described as a "bundle of rights" due to the fact that the "legal category of "property" (...) is not a suitable model for dealing with the complexity of data governance problems" === Copyright === Copyright has been the primary focus of the legal literature of open scientific data until the 2010s. The legality of data sharing was early on identified a crucial issue. In contrast with the sharing of scientific publication, the main impediment was not copyright but uncertainty: "the concept of 'data' [was] a new concept, created in the computer age, while copyright law emerged at the time of printed publications." In theory, copyright and author rights provisions do not apply to simple collections of


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-7.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ownership === Copyright issues with scientific datasets have been further complicated by uncertainties regarding ownership. Research is largely a collaborative activity that involves a wide range of contributions. Initiatives like CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy) have identified 14 different roles, of which 4 are explicitly related to data management (Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data curation and Visualization). In the United States, ownership of research data is usually "determined by the employer of the researcher", with the principal investigator acting as the caretaker of the data rather than the owner. Until the development of research open data, US institutions have been usually more reluctant to waive copyrights on data than on publications, as they are considered strategic assets. In the European Union, there is no largely agreed framework on the ownership of data. The additional rights of external stakeholders has also been raised, especially in the context of medical research. Since the 1970s, patients have claimed some form of ownership of the data produced in the context of clinical trials, notably with important controversies concerning 'whether research subjects and patients actually own their own tissue or DNA." === Privacy === Numerous scientific projects rely on data collection of persons, notably in medical


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-8.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
=== Integration to the research workflow === In contrast with the broad incitations for data sharing included in the early policies in favor of open scientific data, the complexity and the underlying costs and requirements of scientific data management are increasingly acknowledged: "Data sharing is difficult to do and to justify by the return on investment." Open data is not simply a supplementary task but has to be envisioned throughout the entire research process as it "requires changes in methods and practices of research." The opening of research data creates a new settlement of costs and benefits. Public data sharing introduces a new communication setting that primarily contrasts with private data exchange with research collaborators or partners. The collection, the purpose, and the limitation of data have to be explicit as it is impossible to rely on pre-existing informal knowledge: "the documentation and representations are the only means of communicating between data creator and user." Lack of proper documentation means that the burden of recontextualization falls on the potential users and may render the dataset useless. Publication requires further verification regarding the ownership of the data and the potential legal liability if the data is misused. This clarification phase becomes


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-9.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
Research data management can be laid out in a data management plan or DMP. Data management plans were incepted in 1966 for the specific needs of aeronautic and engineering research, which already faced increasingly complex data frictions. These first examples were focused on material issues associated with the access, transfer, and storage of the data: "Until the early 2000s, DMPs were utilised in this manner: in limited fields, for projects of great technical complexity, and for limited mid-study data collection and processing purposes" After 2000, the implementation of extensive research infrastructure and the development of open science changed the scope and the purpose of data management plans. Policy-makers, rather than scientists, have been instrumental in this development: "The first publications to provide general advice and guidance to researchers around the creation of DMPs were published from 2009 following the publications from JISC and the OECD (…) DMP use, we infer, has been imposed onto the research community through external forces" Empirical studies of data practices in research have "highlighted the need for organizations to offer more formal training and assistance in data management to scientists" In a 2017-2018 international survey of 1372 scientist, most requests for help and formalization were


id: open-scientific-data-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-10.md
category: reference
title: Open scientific data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-scientific-data-20260505-0
summary:
The Unesco recommendation of Open Science approved in November 2021 defines open science infrastructures as "shared research infrastructures that are needed to support open science and serve the needs of different communities" Open science infrastructures have been recognized as a major factor in the implementation and the development of data sharing policies. Leading infrastructures for open scientific data include data repositories, data analysis platforms, indexes, digitized libraries, or digitized archives. Infrastructures ensure that individual researchers and institutions do not entirely support the costs of publishing, maintaining, and indexing datasets. They are also critical stakeholders in the definition and adoption of open data standards, especially regarding licensing or documentation. By the end of the 1990s, the creation of public scientific computing infrastructure became a major policy issue: "The lack of infrastructure to support release and reuse was acknowledged in some of the earliest policy reports on data sharing." The first wave of web-based scientific projects in the 1990s and the early 2000s revealed critical issues of sustainability. As funding was allocated on a specific period, critical databases, online tools or publishing platforms could hardly be maintained. Project managers were faced with a valley of death "between grant funding and ongoing operational


id: open-source-geospatial-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Source Geospatial Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:57.984102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-geospatial-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), is a non-profit non-governmental organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data. The foundation was formed in February 2006 to provide financial, organizational and legal support to the broader Libre/Free and open-source geospatial community. It also serves as an independent legal entity to which community members can contribute code, funding and other resources. OSGeo draws governance inspiration from several aspects of the Apache Foundation, including a membership composed of individuals drawn from foundation projects who are selected for membership status based on their active contribution to foundation projects and governance. The foundation pursues goals beyond software development, such as promoting more open access to government produced geospatial data, FAIR_data geodata, and geodata created and maintained by the OpenStreetMap project. Education and training are also addressed. Various committees within the foundation work on implementing strategies. == Governance == The OSGeo Foundation is community driven and has an organizational structure consisting of elected members and nine directors, including the president. Software projects have their own governance structure, by requirement. see FAQ. The OSGeo community collaborates via a Wiki, Mailing Lists and IRC. == Projects == OSGeo projects


id: open-notebook-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Open-notebook science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:59.209356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-notebook-science-20260505-0
summary:
Open-notebook science is the practice of making the entire primary record of a research project publicly available online as it is recorded. This involves placing the personal, or laboratory, notebook of the researcher online along with all raw and processed data, and any associated material, as this material is generated. The approach may be summed up by the slogan 'no insider information'. It is the logical extreme of transparent approaches to research and explicitly includes the making available of failed, less significant, and otherwise unpublished experiments; so called 'dark data'. The practice of open notebook science, although not the norm in the academic community, has gained significant recent attention in the research and general media as part of a general trend towards more open approaches in research practice and publishing. Open notebook science can therefore be described as part of a wider open science movement that includes the advocacy and adoption of open access publication, open data, crowdsourcing data, and citizen science. It is inspired in part by the success of open-source software and draws on many of its ideas. == History == The term "open-notebook science" was first used in 2006 in a blog post by Jean-Claude Bradley, an


id: open-notebook-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-1.md
category: reference
title: Open-notebook science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:17:59.209356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-notebook-science-20260505-0
summary:
== Drawbacks == The arguments against adopting open notebook science fall mainly into three categories which have differing importance in different fields of science. The primary concern, expressed particularly by biological and medical scientists is that of 'data theft' or 'being scooped'. While the degree to which research groups steal or adapt the results of others remains a subject of debate it is certainly the case that the fear of not being first to publish drives much behavior, particularly in some fields. This is related to the focus in these fields on the published peer-reviewed paper as being the main metric of career success. The second argument advanced against open notebook science is that it constitutes prior publication, thus making it impossible to patent and difficult to publish the results in the traditional peer reviewed literature. With respect to patents, publication on the web is clearly classified as disclosure. Therefore, while there may be arguments over the value of patents, and approaches that get around this problem, it is clear that open notebook science is not appropriate for research for which patent protection is an expected and desired outcome. With respect to publication in the peer-reviewed literature the case is


id: open-source-governance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-0.md
category: reference
title: Open-source governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-governance-20260505-0
summary:
Open-source governance (also known as open governance and open politics) is a political philosophy which advocates the application of the philosophies of the open-source and open-content movements to democratic principles to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of policy, as with a wiki document. Legislation is democratically opened to the general citizenry, employing their collective wisdom to benefit the decision-making process and improve democracy. Theories on how to constrain, limit or enable this participation vary. Accordingly, there is no one dominant theory of how to go about authoring legislation with this approach. There are a wide array of projects and movements which are working on building open-source governance systems. Many left-libertarian and radical centrist organizations around the globe have begun advocating open-source governance and its related political ideas as a reformist alternative to current governance systems. Often, these groups have their origins in decentralized structures such as the Internet and place particular importance on the need for anonymity to protect an individual's right to free speech in democratic systems. Opinions vary, however, not least because the principles behind open-source government are still very loosely defined. == Applications of the principles == In practice, several applications have evolved


id: open-source-governance-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-1.md
category: reference
title: Open-source governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-governance-20260505-0
summary:
== History == The "Imagine Halifax" (IH) project was designed to create a citizens' forum for elections in Halifax, Nova Scotia in fall 2004. Founded by Angela Bischoff, the widow of Tooker Gomberg, a notable advocate of combining direct action with open politics methods, IH brought a few dozen activists together to compile a platform (using live meetings and email and seedwiki followup). When it became clear that candidates could not all endorse all elements of the platform, it was then turned into questions for candidates in the election. The best ideas from candidates were combined with the best from activists – the final scores reflected a combination of convergence and originality. In contrast to most such questionnaires, it was easier for candidates to excel by contributing original thought than by simply agreeing. One high scorer, Andrew Younger, had not been involved with the project originally but was elected and appeared on TV with project leader Martin Willison. The project had not only changed its original goal from a partisan platform to a citizen questionnaire, but it had recruited a previously uninvolved candidate to its cause during the election. A key output of this effort was a glossary of about


id: open-source-governance-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-2.md
category: reference
title: Open-source governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-source-governance-20260505-0
summary:
== Open politics as a distinct theory == The open-politics theory, a narrow application of open-source governance, combines aspects of the free software and open-content movements, promoting decision-making methods claimed to be more open, less antagonistic, and more capable of determining what is in the public interest with respect to public policy issues. It takes special care for instance to deal with equity differences, geographic constraints, defamation versus free political speech, accountability to persons affected by decisions, and the actual standing law and institutions of a jurisdiction. There is also far more focus on compiling actual positions taken by real entities than developing theoretical "best" answers or "solutions". One example, DiscourseDB, simply lists articles pro and con a given position without organizing their argument or evidence in any way. While some interpret it as an example of "open-source politics", open politics is not a top–down theory but a set of best practices from citizen journalism, participatory democracy and deliberative democracy, informed by e-democracy and netroots experiments, applying argumentation framework for issue-based argument as they evolved in academic and military use through the 1980s to present. Some variants of it draw on the theory of scientific method and market methods, including


id: open-data-gov-sa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa-0.md
category: reference
title: Open.data.gov.sa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:01.642484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-data-gov-sa-20260505-0
summary:
The Saudi Open Data Platform is a centralized digital portal established in 2019 by the Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). It provides public access to datasets released by various government entities in standardized, reusable formats. The platform is intended to improve data transparency and accessibility, supporting research, analysis, and digital services development. As of June 2025 the platform hosted over 11,439 datasets from 289 organizations, with total downloads exceeding 284,800. It serves as a central repository, allowing users to browse and download government data for a range of purposes. == History and background == The platform is part of Saudi Arabia's broader initiative on open government data, which began with the introduction of policies promoting the release of high-value datasets. The first version of the Saudi Open Data Platform was launched in 2019. A redesigned version was introduced in 2023 under the domain open.data.gov.sa, with SDAIA taking over governance responsibilities. SDAIA is tasked with ensuring dataset availability, data quality, and compliance with national policies. In 2024 SDAIA integrated 320 government systems into the National Data Lake, gathering over 100TB of data from 60+ entities. The Open Data Platform hosted over 8,700 datasets from more than 230 organizations. In


id: opencorporates-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenCorporates
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:02.791177+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: opencorporates-20260505-0
summary:
OpenCorporates is a website that shares data on corporations under the copyleft Open Database License. The company, OpenCorporates Ltd, was incorporated on 18 December 2010 by Chris Taggart and Rob McKinnon, and the website was officially launched on 20th. Data is sourced from national business registries in 140 jurisdictions, and presented in a standardised form. Collected data comprises the name of the entity, date of incorporation, registered addresses, and the names of directors. Some data, such as the ownership structure, is contributed by users. == Recognition == In 2011, the site won third place in the Open Data Challenge. Vice President of the European Commission Neelie Kroes said the site "is the kind of resource the (Digital) Single Market needs and it is encouraging to see that it is being built." The project was represented on the European Union's Core Vocabularies Working Group's Core Business Task Force. In early 2012, the project was appointed to the Financial Stability Board's advisory panel on a Legal Entity Identification for Financial Contracts. In July 2015, OpenCorporates was a finalist in both the Business and Publisher categories at the Open Data Institute Awards. It was announced as the winner of the Open Data Business


id: openei-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenEI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:03.945459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: openei-20260505-0
summary:
Open Energy Information (OpenEI) is a website for policy makers, researchers, technology investors, venture capitalists, and market professionals with energy data, information, analyses, tools, images, maps, and other resources. It was established by the United States Department of Energy on 9 December 2009. == Description == OpenEI provides two primary mechanisms for sharing structured information: a semantic wiki (using MediaWiki and the Semantic MediaWiki extension) for collaboratively-managed resources, and a dataset upload mechanism for contributor-controlled resources. In both cases, the resulting data is made available via Linked Data standards whenever possible. Development of the system is led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in collaboration with other national laboratories. OpenEI, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's effort to make data open, is in the public domain under the CC0 public domain dedication. Users search, edit, add and access data in OpenEI for free. OpenEI serves researchers, entrepreneurs, policy makers, students, and more generally, consumers interested in renewable energy. Region-specific data on OpenEI is organized on a world map. These regional pages derive data from many sources including Reegle's policy information, census information and various energy datasets from the Energy Information Administration. The OpenEI utility rate database includes US


id: openfda-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA-0.md
category: reference
title: OpenFDA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:05.139819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: openfda-20260505-0
summary:
OpenFDA is a project indexing and formatting Food and Drug Administration (FDA) data, and making such data accessible to the public. The ultimate goal of enabling data accessibility is to educate people and to save lives. The currently provided API for accessing data is under a beta version. The project is open source, and the code is available from GitHub. On March 31, 2025, the OpenFDA website was displaying "there is a temporary suspension of updates to the openFDA datasets". == References == == External links == The official website of OpenFDA The code on GitHub


id: overture-maps-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Overture Maps Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:06.302223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: overture-maps-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Overture Maps Foundation is an open data mapping collaboration, launched in mid-December 2022 under the auspices of the Linux Foundation. Its stated mission is "powering current and next-generation map products by creating reliable, easy-to-use, and interoperable open map data." Overture founding members were Amazon, Meta, Microsoft and TomTom. The Overture project is intended to be complementary to the crowdsourced OpenStreetMap project, and the foundation encourages members to contribute data directly to the OSM project. Data will be released under the Community Data License Agreement – Permissive v2, unless required otherwise by licensing conflicts. == Releases == In April 2024, the Foundation released the first version of its dataset, as part of a beta test of its service. The data is available in GeoParquet, an incubating Open Geospatial Consortium standard that adds interoperable geospatial types to Apache Parquet, format via Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure. The schema for the system is still under development. == References == == External links == Official website Online map viewer


id: public-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data-0.md
category: reference
title: Public data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:07.439909+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-data-20260505-0
summary:
Public data may refer to: Open data any data that inadvertently becomes public affecting information privacy


id: public-resource-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-0.md
category: reference
title: Public.Resource.Org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:08.613116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-resource-org-20260505-0
summary:
Public.Resource.Org (PRO) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation dedicated to publishing and sharing public domain materials in the United States and internationally. It was founded by Carl Malamud and is based in Sebastopol, California. Public.Resource.Org takes particular interest in digitizing and making accessible the works of the United States Federal Government, which because of US government licensing rules for its own work are almost always in the public domain. Major projects conducted by the organization include the digitizing and sharing of large numbers of court records, US government-produced video, and laws of various places. == Operation strategy == Malamud works on the premise that information in the public domain, and particularly government-generated information of this sort, ought to be as easy as possible for the public to access. In doing this, he identifies interesting collections of information held by organizations which have failed to grant free public access to it. Two typical circumstances are that the creator of the information has failed to make it available online in any form, or that the creator has provided the information to a private company which itself charges fees for access to the information. At this point, Malamud acquires the free information himself, publishes


id: public-resource-org-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-1.md
category: reference
title: Public.Resource.Org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:08.613116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-resource-org-20260505-0
summary:
=== C-SPAN video licensing === In 2007 Malamud petitioned for more open access to some C-SPAN recordings. C-SPAN is a private media company which records and broadcasts the discussions of the United States Congress. The company's business model is to provide its recordings for fees to cable and satellite television broadcasters. In February 2007, Nancy Pelosi was publishing on her blog as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and inserted video clips from C-SPAN into her messages. Persons representing her opposing political party claimed that she was violating copyright in using the videos. C-SPAN investigated the situation and found that in some cases she was and in other cases she was not, and they clarified their position in the media. C-SPAN confirmed that through more than 25 years of operating it had consistently asserted its copyright over all of the material which it created with its own cameras, which was 85-95% of its content. The rest of its content was produced on the House and Senate floors with government cameras, and this material was in fact public domain content as a work of the US federal government. A representative of C-SPAN said that "It is perfectly understandable to


id: pubref-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org-0.md
category: reference
title: PubRef.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:09.849155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pubref-org-20260505-0
summary:
PubRef.org was a short lived project that is now discontinued. The website is not accessible anymore. An old version can be accessed from the Internet Archive. They used the same name PubRef which was a service provided by PubMed for linking bibliographies, defeated by the independent service Crossref. PubRef was a composition and project management application used by researchers and students for scholarly writing and communication. PubRef uses an extended form of Markdown as a primary authoring format and converts this to JATS, the archive format used by the US National Library of Medicine. == Research asset containerization == Researchers manage scholarly writing projects within version-controlled file repositories called containers that function similarly to git repositories and docker containers to provide enhanced reproducibility, transparency and re-usability in digital science publishing. == Manuscript writing == A PubRef manuscript is a Markdown file within a container that contains extra embedded information that describes the essential front matter elements of a scholarly manuscript such as the title, short title, list of authors, author affiliations, key words. This information is captured in embedded YAML blocks within the primary manuscript called Meta. Figures, tables, equations and other special content can be similarly embedded within the


id: ramani-huria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria-0.md
category: reference
title: Ramani Huria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:10.974170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ramani-huria-20260505-0
summary:
Ramani Huria is community-based mapping project in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, training university students and local community members to create highly accurate maps of the most flood-prone areas of the city using OpenStreetMap. == About == The city of Dar es Salaam is on the coast of Tanzania and in the rainy season is vulnerable to large scale flooding. Additionally, there are no current or reliable maps which can be used by aid respondents in the event of flooding. Maps are created specifically in flood prone wards with the aim of providing information for flood resistance. The current population of Dar es Salaam is estimated at over 6 million with a current annual population growth of 5.7%, resulting in 70% of the city being of informal settlements. Ramani Huria is putting these informal settlements on the map, along with drainage systems, roads, building features, and district boundaries. Ramani Huria 1.0 began in 2015, with the second phase, Ramani Huria 2.0 beginning in July 2017. In the first six months of Ramani Huria 2.0, over 51,000 buildings were mapped, and over 2000 community surveys were conducted. The project uses a number of mapping tools including OpenStreetMap, InaSAFE, drone imagery, OpenMapKit Archived


id: real-time-information-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Real Time Information Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:12.146687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: real-time-information-group-20260505-0
summary:
The Real Time Information Group (also RTIG) is an organisation in the United Kingdom supporting the development of bus passenger information systems; its 40+ members include local authorities, bus operators, consultants and system suppliers together with representatives from the UK government. The main output of the group is guidelines, standards, case studies and best practice documents. These documents are produced by RTIG on behalf of its members, usually with the assistance of specialist working groups. == History == In 2000, when real-time information (RTI) systems were beginning to be considered by UK local authorities to provide travellers with up-to-the-minute bus arrival and departure passenger information, it was realised that cross-boundary bus services made it imperative to coordinate projects around the UK. Technical and operational standards would therefore be required. A group of local authorities and bus operators began to meet regularly to discuss how to achieve this; and so RTIG was born. Substantial government funding for projects around the UK, in particular from 2002 to 2004, provided an enormous boost to the development of RTI systems. The expanding and maturing market caused RTIG to reflect on its role, and in 2003 it determined to recreate itself as a subscription group


id: safecast-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast-0.md
category: reference
title: Safecast
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:14.495811+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: safecast-20260505-0
summary:
Safecast is an international volunteer-driven nonprofit organization focused on citizen science and environmental monitoring. Founded in 2011 in the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, it is best known for collecting and publishing open radiation data and for developing community-based environmental sensing projects. Safecast publishes its measurements as open data under a CC0 public-domain dedication and makes them available through a public API and interactive map. Its data and methods have been discussed in both scientific and social-scientific literature as an example of post-disaster citizen sensing and open environmental data production. == History == Safecast was initiated on 12 March 2011, one day after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the beginning of the Fukushima nuclear accident. It was founded by Sean Bonner, Joi Ito, and Pieter Franken in response to the lack of accessible, granular, and trusted public radiation information after the disaster. Initially centered on post-Fukushima radiation monitoring in Japan, the project developed a volunteer-based model for gathering, uploading, and openly sharing geolocated environmental measurements. Over time it expanded into broader environmental sensing, including air-quality monitoring. == Data and methodology == Safecast's principal activity has been the collection and publication of ionizing radiation measurements, especially ambient


id: spotcrime-com-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-0.md
category: reference
title: SpotCrime.com
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:15.670657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spotcrime-com-20260505-0
summary:
SpotCrime.com is a Baltimore-based company founded in October 2007 and privately owned by ReportSee, Inc. Its purpose is to provide nationwide crime information about arrests, arsons, assaults, burglaries, robberies, shootings, thefts and vandalism. SpotCrime generally maps data for any police agency which supplies open data access to crime data. Data mapped by SpotCrime is mainly sourced from police departments and news reports. SpotCrime also provides data on missing persons and a crime tip application, CrimeTip.us. The service advocates for open, equal, and fair access to public crime data. The website originated as a part of the Emerging Technology Center (ETC) in Baltimore. It was included in a research paper funded by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared by SCRA titled 'Survey and Evaluation of Online Crime Mapping'. Notably, the service also created and published the SpotCrime Open Crime Standard (SOCS) in March 2014. == Availability in other applications == SpotCrime.com powers a 'sister' site - MyLocalCrime.com, and a full-screen version of SpotCrime. MyLocalCrime displays the same data as SpotCrime, only in a different format. SpotCrime.info is also viewable on a mobile browser. ReportSee, Inc. (SpotCrime) is also in charge of UCrime.com, a university crime mapping website. SpotCrime has created


id: spotcrime-com-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-1.md
category: reference
title: SpotCrime.com
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:15.670657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spotcrime-com-20260505-0
summary:
=== FOIA and access to public data === SpotCrime periodically utilizes local Freedom of Information Act laws (FOIA) to access public data. In 2020, The University of Florida Brechner Center for Freedom of Information published an op-ed by SpotCrime “Without a trace: How a misfired Florida law makes crimes disappear” covering how Florida's version of the victims rights law known as Marsy’s Law was allowing police agencies to hide public crime data. Also in 2020, SpotCrime won a FOIA appeal in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. SpotCrime requested blotter information, but the city of Harrisburg denied the request claiming that records do not exist, it does not possess the requested report, and is unable to create such a report by extracting information from its database. SpotCrime appealed to the Pennsylvania Office of Open Records (PA ORR) on the basis that the data is available in the city's database and is therefore public information. The PA OOR appeal office noted that “to the extent required information exists in a database, it must be provided; an agency cannot claim otherwise under Section 705 of the RTKL…Information contained within an agency’s database is subject to public access regardless of the agency’s difficulty in retrieving the information”


id: suggested-upper-merged-ontology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology-0.md
category: reference
title: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:16.843647+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: suggested-upper-merged-ontology-20260505-0
summary:
The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. SUMO defines a hierarchy of classes and related rules and relationships. These are expressed in a version of the language SUO-KIF, a higher-order logic that has a LISP-like syntax, as well as the TPTP family of languages. A mapping from WordNet synsets to SUMO has been defined. Initially, SUMO was focused on meta-level concepts (general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain), and thereby would lead naturally to a categorization scheme for encyclopedias. It has now been considerably expanded to include a mid-level ontology and dozens of domain ontologies. SUMO is organized for interoperability of automated reasoning engines. To maximize compatibility, schema designers can try to assure that their naming conventions use the same meanings as SUMO for identical words (for example, "agent" or "process"). SUMO has an associated open source Sigma knowledge engineering environment. Initially, Sumo was developed by the Teknowledge Corporation and now is maintained by Articulate Software. SUMO is open source. The first release was in December 2000. == See also == Semantic translation == References == == External links ==


id: tatoeba-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-0.md
category: reference
title: Tatoeba
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:18.088256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tatoeba-20260505-0
summary:
Tatoeba is a free collection of example sentences with translations geared towards foreign language learners. It is available in more than 400 languages. Its name comes from the Japanese phrase tatoeba (例えば), meaning 'for example'. It is written and maintained by a community of volunteers through a model of open collaboration. Individual contributors are known as "Tatoebans". It is run by Association Tatoeba, a French non-profit organization funded through donations. == History and development == In 2006, Trang Ho was frustrated that unlike some of their Japanese counterparts, German bilingual dictionaries didn't feature full-text search of usage examples with translations. It led her to imagine her ideal dictionary and to build a prototype hosted on SourceForge under the name "multilangdict." The main focus was already the crowdsourcing of translated sentences: "A Wikipedia type of thing, except people add sentences, not articles." Alongside her studies at the University of Technology of Compiègne, Trang Ho gradually improved her website with a few classmates. She rebuilt the project from scratch twice and rebranded it as Tatoeba. In September 2007, about 150,000 English-Japanese sentence pairs from the Tanaka Corpus — a public-domain compilation released in 2001 by Hyogo University professor Yasuhito Tanaka and maintained


id: tatoeba-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-1.md
category: reference
title: Tatoeba
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:18.088256+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tatoeba-20260505-0
summary:
=== Second-language acquisition === Tatoeba sentences can be used to build lexicographic references for language learners. The JMdict Japanese-English dictionary selects its example sentences from the Tatoeba Corpus. OpenRussian is a free Russian dictionary built primarily from the content of Wiktionary and Tatoeba. GoodExample tries to automatically extract a diverse set of high-quality example sentences from the English Tatoeba Corpus. Tatoeba datasets can power incidental learning experiences that blend the acquisition of a foreign language with the user's everyday activities like web browsing or book reading. A team at MIT Media Lab used example sentences from Tatoeba in WordSense, a mixed reality platform that enables "serendipitous language learning in the wild." More recently, Japanese researchers implemented a Tatoeba search feature in an integrated writing assistance environment. Although the sentences in the Tatoeba Corpus are not all authentic, they are sometimes used to build data-driven learning applications. BES (Basic English Sentence) Search is a non-commercial tool for finding beginner-level English sentences for use in teaching materials. It has over 1 million sentences, most of them from Tatoeba. Reverso uses Tatoeba parallel corpora in its commercial bilingual concordancer. Example sentences are also used as a base for exercises. Charles Kelly and Paul


id: toronto-open-data-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data-0.md
category: reference
title: Toronto Open Data
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:19.297918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: toronto-open-data-20260505-0
summary:
Toronto Open Data is an open data initiative by the City of Toronto government in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It provides a "world-wide, royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to use, modify, and distribute the datasets in all current and future media and formats for any lawful purpose" with proper credit. Four principles are "transparency, participation, accountability, and accessibility." == History == Toronto Open Data website was launched at the Toronto Innovation Showcase forum on November 2, 2009. To meet the demand and expectations, and to increase the accessibility, the new Open Data Portal was launched in May 2018. During the migration process, the former portal was still recommended until all datasets were ready on the new portal. On February 25, 2019, Open Data Toronto announced the movement had been completed. Key features of the new Open Data Portal include enhanced accessibility, dataset previews, developer APIs for all open datasets, visualizations, and more. == Datasets == As of March 2016, data provided in the City of Toronto's open data catalogue, includes over 200 data sets such as Festivals and Events, Licensed Child Care Centers, Priority Investment Neighbourhoods, Wellbeing Neighbourhood index and transportation data. The former Open Data Portal stopped being updated on January 15,


id: undata-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata-0.md
category: reference
title: UNdata
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:20.526112+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: undata-20260505-0
summary:
UNdata is an Internet search engine, retrieving data series from statistical databases provided by the UN System. UNdata was launched in February 2008. It is a product of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) developed in partnership with Statistics Sweden and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). UNdata allows searching and downloading a variety of statistical resources covering the following areas: Education, Employment, Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture, Health, Human Development, Industry, Information and Communication Technology, National Accounts, Population, Refugees, Trade and Tourism. UNdata has been featured in CNET TV and listed as Best Of The Internet in PC Magazine. UNdata is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org. == PET Lab == UNSD is the lead body for the Privacy-Enhancing Technologies Lab (PET Lab). The PET Lab together with the ITU AI for Good programme jointly organize the Trustworthy AI standardization PET programme of work. == References == == External links == UNdata United Nations Statistics Division United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Economic and social development United Nations Statistical Commission Archived 2015-08-15 at the Wayback Machine


id: unique-property-reference-number-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number-0.md
category: reference
title: Unique Property Reference Number
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:21.686623+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unique-property-reference-number-20260505-0
summary:
The Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) is a unique number (a geocode) for every addressable location—e.g., a building, a bus stop, a post box, a feature in the landscape, or a defibrillator—in Great Britain. Over 42 million locations have UPRNs, which can be found in Ordnance Survey's AddressBase databases. For buildings, a UPRN provides a comprehensive, complete, consistent identifier throughout its life cycle, from planning permission through to demolition. For example, the UPRN for 10 Downing Street is 100023336956, and that for Bristol Central Library is 000000199356. UPRNs, of up to 12 digits allocated by OS and local authorities, do not contain information about the location but identify records in the ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD). UPRNs and USRNs (Unique Street Reference Numbers) are managed by GeoPlace, a joint venture between the Local Government Association and Ordnance Survey to create a definitive national databases of addresses and streets, and are available as open data under an Open Government Licence (OGL). The Government Digital Service mandates the UPRN and USRN as "the public sector standard for referencing and sharing property and street information". == ONSUD == The ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD) relates the UPRN for each addressable location in Great Britain to


id: virtual-usa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA-0.md
category: reference
title: Virtual USA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:22.854979+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: virtual-usa-20260505-0
summary:
Virtual USA (vUSA), is a joint federal and state collaboration on a project that would allow state and local on-line tools and technologies, such as caches of geospatial data, to be interoperable and more useful with the goal of creating a "Virtual USA" for emergency response purposes. The initiative was developed by the DHS Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T), and currently operates as a pilot in eight states — Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Virginia and Tennessee — with plans to incorporate additional states. Virtual USA is part of the DHS' Open Government plan, which is part of the Obama administration's goal to promote a greater amount of transparency and openness between the government and citizens. == Purpose and overview == The stated goal of Virtual USA is to aggregate existing data, from federal, state, local, tribal, and other information into a common operating picture to assist first responders during emergencies. Virtual USA: Virtual USA utilizes current information-sharing platforms to permit new and existing technologies to exchange information with one another. Virtual USA is based on the needs of local and state first responders to manage data access within their own jurisdictions and to share information with relevant


id: wikidata-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-0.md
category: reference
title: Wikidata
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:24.004850+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wikidata-20260505-0
summary:
Wikidata is a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a source of open data released under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. It is for the use of both Wikimedia and external projects. Wikidata is a wiki powered by the software MediaWiki, including its extension for semi-structured data, the Wikibase. As of early 2025, Wikidata had 1.65 billion item statements (semantic triples). == Concept == Wikidata is a document-oriented database, focusing on items, which represent any kind of topic, concept, or object. Each item is allocated a unique persistent identifier called its QID, a positive integer prefixed with the upper-case letter "Q". This makes it possible to provide translations of the basic information describing the topic each item covers without favouring any particular language. Some examples of items and their QIDs are 1988 Summer Olympics (Q8470), love (Q316), Johnny Cash (Q42775), Elvis Presley (Q303), and Gorilla (Q36611). Item labels do not need to be unique. For example, there are two items named "Elvis Presley": Elvis Presley (Q303), which represents the American singer and actor, and Elvis Presley (Q610926), which represents his self-titled album. However, the combination of a label and its description must


id: wikidata-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-1.md
category: reference
title: Wikidata
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:24.004850+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wikidata-20260505-0
summary:
== Development == The creation of the project was funded by donations from the Allen Institute for AI, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Google, Inc., totaling €1.3 million. The development of the project is mainly driven by Wikimedia Deutschland under the management of Lydia Pintscher, and was originally split into three phases: Centralising interlanguage links – links between Wikipedia articles about the same topic in different languages. Providing a central place for infobox data for all Wikipedias. Creating and updating list articles based on data in Wikidata and linking to other Wikimedia sister projects, including Meta-Wiki and the own Wikidata (interwikilinks). === Initial rollout === Wikidata was launched on 29 October 2012 and was the first new project of the Wikimedia Foundation since 2006. At this time, only the centralization of language links was available. This enabled items to be created and filled with basic information: a label – a name or title, aliases – alternative terms for the label, a description, and links to articles about the topic in all the various language editions of Wikipedia (interwikipedia links). Historically, a Wikipedia article would include a list of interlanguage links (links to articles on the same topic in


id: wordnet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-0.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words that links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms. The synonyms are grouped into synsets with short definitions and usage examples. It can thus be seen as a combination and extension of a dictionary and thesaurus. Its primary use is in automatic text analysis and artificial intelligence applications. It was first created in the English language and the English WordNet database and software tools have been released under a BSD style license and are freely available for download. The latest official release from Princeton was released in 2011. Princeton currently has no plans to release any new versions due to staffing and funding issues. New versions are still being released annually through the Open English WordNet website. Until about 2024 an online version was previously available through wordnet.princeton.edu. That version of WordNet has been deprecated, but a new online version is available at en-word.net. There are now WordNets in more than 200 languages. == History and team members == WordNet was first created in 1985, in English only, in the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University under the direction of psychology professor George Armitage Miller. It was later


id: wordnet-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-1.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
== Psycholinguistic aspects == The initial goal of the WordNet project was to build a lexical database that would be consistent with theories of human semantic memory developed in the late 1960s. Psychological experiments indicated that speakers organized their knowledge of concepts in an economic, hierarchical fashion. Retrieval time required to access conceptual knowledge seemed to be directly related to the number of hierarchies the speaker needed to "traverse" to access the knowledge. Thus, speakers could more quickly verify that canaries can sing because a canary is a songbird, but required slightly more time to verify that canaries can fly (where they had to access the concept "bird" on the superordinate level) and even more time to verify canaries have skin (requiring look-up across multiple levels of hyponymy, up to "animal"). While such psycholinguistic experiments and the underlying theories have been subject to criticism, some of WordNet's organization is consistent with experimental evidence. For example, anomic aphasia selectively affects speakers' ability to produce words from a specific semantic category, a WordNet hierarchy. Antonymous adjectives (WordNet's central adjectives in the dumbbell structure) are found to co-occur far more frequently than chance, a fact that has been found to hold for many


id: wordnet-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-2.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
=== Licensed vs. Open WordNets === Some wordnets were subsequently created for other languages. A 2012 survey lists the wordnets and their availability. In an effort to propagate the usage of wordnets, the Global WordNet community had been slowly re-licensing their wordnets to an open domain where researchers and developers can easily access and use wordnets as language resources to provide ontological and lexical knowledge in natural-language processing (NLP) tasks. The Open Multilingual Wordnet provides access to open licensed wordnets in a variety of languages. Version 1 is linked to the Princeton Wordnet of English, while version 2 uses an independent index (the Collaborative Interlingual Index). The goal is to make it easy to use wordnets in multiple languages. == Applications == WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval, automatic text classification, automatic text summarization, machine translation and even automatic crossword puzzle generation. A common use of WordNet is to determine the similarity between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words


id: wordnet-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-3.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
=== Linked data === BabelNet, a very large multilingual semantic network with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Wikipedia using an automatic mapping algorithm. The SUMO ontology has a complete manual mapping [1] between all of the WordNet synsets and all of SUMO (including its domain ontologies, when WordNet contains a word sense for a given SUMO term) which is browsable at, for example [2]. OpenCyc, an open ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets. DOLCE, is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet is the result of an experimental alignment of WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications. DBpedia, a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet. The eXtended WordNet is a project at the University of Texas at Dallas which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the


id: x-road-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road-0.md
category: reference
title: X-Road
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:27.510724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: x-road-20260505-0
summary:
X-Road is a centrally managed distributed Data Exchange Layer (DXL) between information systems. Organizations can exchange information over the Internet using X-Road to ensure confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties. The first X-Road iteration was developed and launched by Estonia's Information System Authority (RIA) in 2001. The source code of its central components were released on October 3, 2016 under an MIT License. By February 7, 2018, Finland's and Estonia's data exchange layers were connected to one another. In 2017, Finland and Estonia established the Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS) to continue the development of the X-Road core. == Features == According to their web page, "The X-Road is an open source data exchange layer solution that enables organizations to exchange information over the Internet. The X-Road is a centrally managed distributed integration layer between Information Systems that provides a standardized and secure way to produce and consume services. The X-Road ensures confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties." A unique differentiator of X-Road compared to other governmental API exchange platforms, is the institution of decentralized peer-to-peer communication for API transactions. In this structure, organizations maintain and provide service endpoints for various transactions. These peer-to-peer transactions


id: yoda-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: YODA Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:28.681392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yoda-project-20260505-0
summary:
The YODA (Yale University Open Data Access) Project is a Yale University project to promote open data in clinical research. The YODA Project has served as a trusted intermediary in a variety of collaborative efforts to make scientific data more broadly available to researchers. It is a response to expanding demands for health information. The YODA Project is currently partnering with Johnson & Johnson. SI-BONE is also a partner. Inquiries for data availability for unlisted trials from these data holders can also be submitted. This project is being examined as a pilot for a new way of sharing information. == See also == Metascience == References == == External links == Official website Krumholz, Harlan M.; Waldstreicher, Joanne (4 August 2016). "The Yale Open Data Access (YODA) Project — A Mechanism for Data Sharing". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 403–405. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1607342. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 27518657.


id: deborah-zarin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin-0.md
category: reference
title: Deborah Zarin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:29.830773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: deborah-zarin-20260505-0
summary:
Deborah Zarin is a program director at the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University. She was formerly a scientist at the National Institutes of Health and the director of ClinicalTrials.gov. Zarin has a reputation as an advocate for open data. In 2014 Zarin accepted a visiting scholar appointment at the Stanford University School of Medicine to research the quality of scientific investigations. == Bibliography == Ross, J. S.; Tse, T.; Zarin, D. A.; Xu, H.; Zhou, L.; Krumholz, H. M. (2012). "Publication of NIH funded trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: cross sectional analysis". BMJ. 344 (jan03 1): d7292–d7292. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7292. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 3623605. PMID 22214755. "Is a Trial For You?", an article from 2005 in The Washington Post Zarin, Deborah A. (2013). "Participant-Level Data and the New Frontier in Trial Transparency". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (5): 468–469. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1307268. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23902488. Zarin, D. A.; Tse, T.; Williams, R. J.; Rajakannan, T. (2017). "Update on Trial Registration 11 Years after the ICMJE Policy Was Established". New England Journal of Medicine. 376: 383–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1601330. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 5813248. == References == == External links == profile at NIH September 2014 interview at the Knoepfler


id: zenodo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo-0.md
category: reference
title: Zenodo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:30.980014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zenodo-20260505-0
summary:
Zenodo is a general-purpose open repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN. It allows researchers to deposit research papers, data sets, research software, reports, and any other research related digital artefacts. For each submission, a persistent digital object identifier (DOI) is minted, which makes the stored items easily citeable. == Characteristics == Zenodo was launched on 8 May 2013, as the successor of the OpenAIRE Orphan Records Repository to let researchers in any subject area comply with any open science deposit requirement absent an institutional repository. It was relaunched as Zenodo in 2015 to provide a place for researchers to deposit datasets; it allows the uploading of files up to 50 GB. It provides a DOI to datasets and other submitted data that lacks one to make the work easier to cite and supports various data and license types. One supported source is GitHub repositories. Zenodo is supported by CERN "as a marginal activity", also receiving financial contributions via the CERN & Society Foundation, and hosted on the high-performance computing infrastructure that is primarily operated for the needs of high-energy physics. Zenodo is run with Invenio (a free software framework for large-scale digital repositories), wrapped by


id: academy-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:33.366892+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Social Sciences (AcSS) is a representative body for social sciences in the United Kingdom. The academy promotes social science through its sponsorship of the Campaign for Social Science, its links with Government on a variety of matters, and its own policy work in issuing public comment, responding to official consultations, and organising meetings and events about social science. It confers the title of Fellow upon nominated social scientists following a process of peer review. The academy comprises over 1000 fellows and 41 learned societies based in the UK and Europe. == History and structure == The academy's origins lie in the formation of a representative body for the social science learned societies in 1982, the Association of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences (ALSISS). From 1999 to 2007 it was called the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences before changing to its current name. The academy is run by a council of 21 members, with Professor Roger Goodman FAcSS as its current chair, and Professor Sir Ivor Crewe FAcSS, Master of University College, Oxford, as its current president. Seven council members are elected by the academy's fellows, 7 by its learned societies and seven are


id: american-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: American Association for the Promotion of Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:34.580885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865) was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, by several high-profile academics. Officers in the first years of the society included William B. Rogers, Thomas Hill, George S. Boutwell, Francis Lieber, Erastus O. Haven, Mary Eliot Parkman, David A. Wells, Emory Washburn, Caroline Healey Dall, Samuel Eliot, F. B. Sanborn, Joseph White, George Walker, Theodore W. Dwight, and James J. Higginson. In 1865, the group intended "to aid the development of social science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of promoting the amendment of laws, the advancement of education, the prevention and repression of crime, the reformation of criminals, and the progress of public morality, the adoption of sanitary regulations, and the diffusion of sound principles on questions of economy, trade, and finance. It will give attention to pauperism, and the topics related thereto; including the responsibility of the well-endowed and successful, the wise and educated, the honest and respectable, for the failures of others. It will aim to bring together the various societies and individuals now interested in these objects, for the purpose of obtaining by discussion the real elements of truth; by which doubts are removed,


id: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The American Educational Research Association (AERA, , AIR-ə) is an organization representing education researchers in the United States. Founded in 1915, the organization represents a range of disciplines, including education, psychology, statistics, sociology, history, economics, philosophy, anthropology, and political science. AERA reports a membership of approximately 25,000 education researchers including scientists, teachers, students, administrators, and policy professionals. According to the organization, its goal is to advance knowledge about education and promote the use of research in educational practices both nationally and abroad. == Early history == AERA (originally known as National Association of Directors of Educational Research) was founded in New York in 1915. It was originally formed by eight individuals as an interest group within the NEA Department of Superintendence. During its early years, the organization mainly focused on testing students' educational achievement. Membership grew as more faculty members from colleges of education nationwide joined and diversified the organization's research. In 1931, AERA became a department of the National Education Association. The association's eight founders – Burdette R. Buckingham, Albert Shiels, Leonard P. Ayres, Frank W. Ballou, Stuart A. Courtis, Edwin Hebden, George Melcher, and Joseph P. O'Hern – were all directors of education research in various parts of


id: american-educational-research-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: American Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
== Education research and policy == AERA participates in the open access movement. AERA currently offers Educational Researcher (journal) open access, as well as an Online Paper Repository and i-Presentation Gallery containing presentations from the 2010 Annual Meeting forward. An open access, peer-reviewed journal, AERA Open, launched in 2014. On the policy front, AERA is involved in revisions to the common rule. Executive Director Felice J. Levine served on the National Research Council committee charged with reviewing proposed regulations. The committee published its report in early 2014. AERA had helped to lead the social science research community to increase federal funding for education research, particularly research in the social and behavioral sciences. AERA selects and appoints scholars as AERA Fellows in a process based on peer nominations. This is an effort to convene researchers who are recognized for their contributions and contribute to the advancement of educational research. In addition, AERA was active in the reauthorization of the Institute of Education Sciences bill, Strengthening Education through Research Act, which was advanced by the United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce in April 2014. == Education research initiatives == AERA is involved in several education research initiatives, ranging from


id: american-social-science-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Social Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:36.943348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-social-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
In 1865, at Boston, Massachusetts, a society for the study of social questions was organized and given the name American Social Science Association. The group grew to where its membership totaled about 1,000 persons. About 30 corresponding members were located in Europe. It published annually the Journal of Social Science and The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW). Members of the group worked in five departments: Education and art Health Trade and finance Social economy Jurisprudence Language and Culture Multidisciplinary of Social Sciences In 1898, the society founded the National Institute of Arts and Letters which developed into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1912, the society founded the National Institute of Social Sciences which absorbed the ASSA in 1928. == Notable people == Lucy M. Hall (1843–1907), physician, writer; Vice President of the ASSA Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1831–1917), one of the founders and recording secretary 1865–1897 == See also == American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865), predecessor to the ASSA National Institute of Social Sciences (est. 1912) == References == This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).


id: association-for-psychosocial-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Psychosocial Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:38.093325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-psychosocial-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Psychosocial Studies (APS) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of psychosocial studies. The association publishes an academic journal, The Journal of Psychosocial Studies The Association for Psychosocial Studies was formed in 2013 in order to formalise and carry forward the work of developing Psychosocial Studies in the UK. The APS emerged from the Psychosocial Studies Network, which had organised annual conferences at the major university bases for Psychosocial Studies since 2008. The APS is a charitable trust and is recognised as a Learned Society by the Academy of Social Sciences. == Founding members == Formed in 2013, the founding members of the association are: John Adlam, Phoebe Beedell, Tamara Bibby, Jo Brown, Rose Capdevila, Zoe Charalambous, Karen Ciclitira, Lita Crociani-Windland, Lynn Froggett, Stephen Frosh, Elizabeth Frost, Andi Fugard, Jason Glynos, Birgitta Haga Gripsrud, Rex Haigh, Ambrose Hogan, Paul Hoggett, Wendy Hollway, Shona Hunter, Rebecca Hutten, Luis Jiminez, David W. Jones, Warren Kinston, Helen Lucey, Jean McAvoy, James Martin, Claudia Megele, Yvonne Parry, Heather Price, Ellen Ramvi, Peter Redman, Barry Richards, Sasha Roseneil, Michael Rustin, Chris Scanlon, Gary Spencer-Humphrey, Paul Stenner, Jem Thomas, Isobel Urquhart, Julie Walsh, and Tom Wengraf.


id: association-for-the-social-scientific-study-of-jewry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:39.263428+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-the-social-scientific-study-of-jewry-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ) is a cross-disciplinary organization of individuals whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world, founded in 1971. == Purpose == The ASSJ comprises primarily academics, but also policy analysts, communal professionals, and activists whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world. Social scientific disciplines represented include sociology, social psychology, social anthropology, demography, contemporary history, social work, political science, economics, and Jewish education. Members work throughout the world but primarily in North America, Israel, and Europe. The ASSJ encourages and facilitates contact among researchers, supports the dissemination of research, and assists in the cultivation of younger scholars. == Past presidents == Mervin F. Verbit (1971-1973) Marshall Sklare (1973-1975) Samuel Klausner (1975-1977) Celia Heller (1977-1979) Chaim Waxman (1979-1981) Harold Himmelfarb (1981-1983) Egon Mayer (1983-1988) Rela Mintz Geffen (1988-1990) Arnold Dashefsky (1990-1996) Allen Glicksman (1996-2000) Sherry Israel (2000-2005) Harriet Hartman (2005-2012) Steven M. Cohen (2012-2016) Leonard Saxe (2016-2020) Judit Bokser Liwerant (2020-2024) Ira Sheskin (2024-) == Past vice presidents == Harriet Hartman Shaul Kelner (2005-2008) Sylvia Barack Fishman (2008-2012) Sergio DellaPergola (2012-2016) Sarah Benor (2016-2018) Judit Bokser Liwerant (2018-2020) Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz (2020-2023) Ariela Keysar (2023-) == Past treasurers == Carmel Chiswick


id: association-for-tourism-in-higher-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Tourism in Higher Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:40.428321+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-tourism-in-higher-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Tourism in Higher Education (ATHE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting tourism as a subject of study in the UK. It encourages high standards in learning, teaching and research. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. == External links == Official website == References ==


id: association-of-social-anthropologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Social Anthropologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:41.637397+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-social-anthropologists-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of social anthropology. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. == References == == External links == Official website


id: berkeley-initiative-for-transparency-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:42.845987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: berkeley-initiative-for-transparency-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences, abbreviated BITSS, is an academic initiative dedicated to advancing transparency, reproducibility, and openness in social science research. It was established in 2012 by the University of California, Berkeley's Center for Effective Global Action. It has worked with the Center for Open Science to define and promote a set of best practices for social scientists to maximize transparency in their research. BITSS has also worked to promote registered reports, supporting journals like the Journal of Development Economics in taking up the review track. In 2015, BITSS began awarding the annual Leamer-Rosenthal Prizes for Open Social Science to honor outstanding achievements and emerging leaders in promoting transparency in social science. Through its Catalyst program, the initiative also supports and empowers over 150 graduate students, faculty, librarians, and early career researchers to advance open science all over the world. Their annual Research Transparency and Reproducibility Training (RT2) provides an overview of and hands-on practice with tools and practices for transparent and reproducible social science research. Their Massive Open Online Course "Transparent and Open Social Science Research,” based on a UC Berkeley course taught by Edward Miguel, is available on the FutureLearn platform. In 2019,


id: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-0.md
category: reference
title: British Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
The British Academy of Management (BAM) is a British learned society dedicated to advancing the academic discipline of management in the United Kingdom. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. The academy runs two flagship peer-reviewed academic journals: the British Journal of Management and the International Journal of Management Reviews as well as an annual conference. Its headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. == History == === Foundation === The British Academy of Management was founded in 1986, exactly 50 years after the AoM was formed in Chicago. Sir Cary Cooper was its first President and Andrew Pettigrew was its first chairman. During the AoM conference in San Diego in 1985 they realize the lack of a multidisciplinary association in the UK and decided to establish BAM. The biggest challenges for this new organisation were to set up a constitution and to exercise good governance through a strong executive committee. The inaugural conference of BAM was at the University of Warwick in 1987. This was organised by Andrew Pettigrew. With over 200 delegates, the conference had an immediate success. === Early days === From the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, the management of the academy was


id: british-academy-of-management-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-1.md
category: reference
title: British Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
== Special interest groups == Special interest groups (SIGs) are networks of researchers that are focused in a specific area of management research. They organize events throughout the year and provide the members with an academic forum for the discussion on relevant topics. SIGs are run by BAM members, with support from the BAM office. They organise workshop and events on topics relevant to their research area, and take the lead in managing the academic programme at the annual BAM Conference. Here are the 23 SIG networks: Corporate Governance Cultural and Creative Industries e-Business and e-Government Entrepreneurship Financial Management Gender in Management Human Resource Management Identity Innovation Inter-Organizational Collaboration: partnerships, alliances and networks International Business and International Management Knowledge and Learning Leadership and Leadership Development Management and Business History Marketing and Retail Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Organisational Psychology Organisational Transformation, Change and Development Performance Management Research Methodology Strategy Sustainable and Responsible Business == Annual conference == The British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference is for business and management scholars. == Journals == === British Journal of Management === The British Journal of Management (BJM) is the official journal of the British Academy of Management. It is published four


id: british-accounting-finance-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Accounting & Finance Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:45.240643+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-accounting-finance-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Accounting and Finance Association (BAFA) is a learned society and research organisation dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and understanding of accounting, finance and financial management. It has over 750 members and edits the British Accounting Review, an academic journal. The association is a UK registered charity no. 299527. == Overview == BAFA promotes the development of innovative approaches to research and teaching in accounting and finance, and celebrates the breadth and diversity of research by UK and international researchers. It collaborates with other organisations, such as the Academy of Social Sciences, the British Academy, and professional accounting bodies, to promote accounting and finance as a social science that influences professional practice and affects the economy and society. In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the British Accounting Review, BAFA hosts an annual conference in April that attracts academics and professionals from around the world. == History == The Association of University Teachers of Accounting (AUTA) was formed in 1947 with Donald Cousins as its first Chairman. It held its inaugural meeting in December of that year at a time when the UK’s first accounting professorships were being created and accountancy was becoming recognised as a subject for


id: british-association-for-american-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: British Association for American Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:46.437750+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-association-for-american-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The British Association for American Studies is a learned society in the field of American studies. It was founded in 1955. It produces the Journal of American Studies, American Studies in Britain, US Studies Online, BAAS Paperbacks, and Resources for American Studies. It has produced many of its own publications, as well as many in partnership with Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh University Press, and Microform Academic Publishers. == BAAS Chairs past and present == Frank Thistlethwaite 1955–59 Herbert Nicholas 1959–62 Marcus Cunliffe 1962–65 Esmond Wright 1965–68 Maldwyn Jones 1968–71 George Shepperson 1971–74 Harry Allen 1974–77 Peter Parish 1977–80 Dennis Welland 1980–83 Charlotte Erickson 1983–86 Howard Temperley 1986–89 Bob Burchell 1989–92 Richard King 1992–95 Judie Newman 1995–98 Philip Davies 1998–2004 Simon Newman 2004–2007 Heidi Macpherson 2007–2010 Martin Halliwell 2010–2013 Susan Currell 2013–2016 Brian Ward 2016–2019 Cara Rodway 2019–2022 Lydia Plath 2022- 2025 Michael Collins 2025 - == See also == American studies in the United Kingdom == External links == Official website


id: british-educational-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:49.904367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Educational Research Association (BERA) is a membership association and learned society committed to advancing research quality, building research capacity and fostering research engagement. BERA's aim is to inform the development of policy and practice by promoting the best quality evidence produced by educational research. == History == Founded in 1974, BERA has since expanded into an internationally renowned association with over 3,000 members. BERA is not discipline-specific and has members from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, theoretical orientations, methodological approaches, sectoral interests and institutional affiliations. BERA holds a major international conference each year alongside a series of events, and publishes high quality research in peer-reviewed journals, reports, book series and the BERA Blog. BERA has an array of awards and fellowships, provides grants for research, support the career development of educational researchers and creates an active peer community organised around networks, forums and special interest groups. BERA is a registered charity and is governed by an elected council, with its president serving a two-year term, and managed by a small office team based in London. BERA holds conferences, publishes research, and pays for research. Their publications includes: "reports of experiments and surveys, discussions of conceptual and methodological


id: british-international-studies-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British International Studies Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:51.074199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-international-studies-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British International Studies Association (BISA) is a learned society that promotes the study of international relations and related subjects through teaching, research, and facilitation of contact between scholars. BISA has an international membership of over 1,500 members, with over 80 countries represented. Chair is Mark Webber (University of Birmingham). He succeeded Richard Whitman (University of Kent), who served as chair until 2015. The national office is based at the University of Birmingham. BISA is a member society of the Academy of Social Sciences. == Foundation == In Jan 1974 an inaugural meeting was held at the 14th Bailey Conference on International Studies at the University of Surrey, and at that time, a draft interim constitution was agreed. The interim executive committee consisted of Alastair Francis Buchan (chairman), RJ Jones (secretary), Susan Strange (treasurer), PA Reynolds, G Goodwin, D Wrightman, CM Mason, T Taylor, A James and J Spence. == Publications == Review of International Studies European Journal of International Security The book series Cambridge Studies in International Relations in collaboration with Cambridge University Press == Annual prizes == BISA awards the following prizes at its annual international conference: Distinguished Contribution Prize Michael Nicholson Thesis Prize Susan Strange Book Prize


id: campaign-for-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Campaign for Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:52.255293+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campaign-for-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Campaign for Social Science was launched in 2011 to advocate social science to the UK Government and to the public, at a time of significant change in the higher education system. It campaigns for the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Science Advisor, promotes social science in the media and on the web, and organises roadshows and other events to emphasise the value of social science. == History == The Campaign was established by the Academy of Social Sciences and was formally launched at the House of Lords in January 2011, at an event that featured speakers including Trevor Phillips, Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, Polly Toynbee, the Guardian columnist, and David Willetts, the then Universities and Science Minister in the Coalition Government. == Structure and funding == The Campaign's Board is chaired by James Wilsdon, Professor of Research Policy, Department of Politics, Director of Impact and Engagement, Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Sheffield and founding director of the Science Policy Centre at the Royal Society. Other members are: Stephen Anderson, executive director of the Academy of Social Sciences; Nick Bibby, Communications Officer at the Centre on Constitutional Change, University of


id: centre-d-tudes-et-de-documentation-conomiques-juridiques-et-sociales-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:53.441827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-d-tudes-et-de-documentation-conomiques-juridiques-et-sociales-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales-0.md

summary:
The CEDEJ (Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales Eng.:Centre for Economic, Judicial, and Social Study and Documentation) is a French sponsored research center located in Cairo (Egypt), created in 1968. The Cedej has the status of a "Joint Entity of French Research Institutes Abroad" (UMIFRE, Unité Mixte des Instituts français de recherche à l’étranger) and is under the aegis of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research). Karine Bennafla is its director since September 2015. It has published numerous books and periodicals in all fields of social sciences in Egypt, the Sudan and the Arabic world. Among these, Egypte/Monde arabe, published from 1990, which is online in full text on the portal revues.org. It includes a social sciences library of more than 35,000 books, most of them in Arabic; a database of geolocated statistics; and a collection of old and new maps of Egypt and its cities. == References == == External links == This article is based on a translation of fr:CEDEJ on French language Wikipedia. Cedej's website Egypte/Monde arabe website

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales


id: centre-for-independent-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Independent Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:54.603324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-independent-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Independent Social Research (CISR) is a nongovernmental research institute in Russia working in four main areas: Social research projects; professional development of young sociologists; the formation of professional networks in the social sciences; Sociological expertise and consultations. The CISR activities are financed mainly through Russian and international scientific funds and philanthropic organizations. Since 2001, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation has been a partner of CISR. == History == The thought of establishing an independent sociological center first arose in the late 1980s and was the idea of Viktor Voronkov and Oleg Vite, who, at the time, were employees of the Leningrad division of the Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Sociology. Inspired by the rapid social and political changes taking place in the country, they gathered a group of enthusiasts and started conducting their own independent research projects. Edward Fomin, Elena Zdravomyslova, and Ingrid Oswald actively participated in the practical fulfillment of this idea. They all shared a desire to create a flexible, democratic research structure that would be capable of responding to the demands of a quickly changing Russian society and of promoting the integration of Russian sociologists into the international sociological community. The Center


id: centre-for-studies-in-social-sciences-calcutta-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:55.830680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-studies-in-social-sciences-calcutta-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC) is a social science and humanities research and teaching institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. == History == Established in 1973 jointly by the Indian Council of Social Science Research and Government of West Bengal, the Centre is one of the top social sciences think tanks of India. The centre was founded by Professor S. Nurul Hasan, when he was the education minister of India. Professor Barun De was appointed as its first director. == Academics == === Centre === The centre specializes in post-colonial, subaltern studies and cultural studies research. === Museum === The museum, called Jadunath Sarkar Resource Centre and Museum, houses an extensive collection of vernacular medium primary and secondary literature. === Research === They have various journals published consistently. They also feature a scholarly journal in collaboration with Sage Publications known as the Media Watch. == Administration == The Centre is administered by a chairman, director and registrar. == Location == Initially located in Jadunath Bhavan, the former residence of Sir Jadunath Sarkar at 10, Jadunath Sarkar Road (earlier Lake Terrace), Calcutta, the research centre is now located in a new building in Patuli, Calcutta. The resource centre


id: centre-of-research-in-theories-and-practices-that-overcome-inequalities-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:57.007521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-of-research-in-theories-and-practices-that-overcome-inequalities-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities-0.md

summary:
The Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities (CREA) was founded in 1991 by a current professor of Sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa of West University of Timișoara and also a recognized researcher in Europe in the Social Science area, Ramon Flecha. After Ramon Flecha's resignation as the Director of CREA, in 2006; Marta Soler, Doctor by Harvard, a current Professor of Sociological Theory, assumed the post. Nowadays, the name of the research centre has changed for this other CREA-Community of Researchers on Excellence for All. CREA, one of the centres that first joined the Scientific Park of Barcelona (University of Barcelona); is interdisciplinary; multicultural and open accepting different ideologies, religions, lifestyles, sexual orientations; transparent, since its knowledge is at everyone's disposal; and it is a centre where the validity of arguments prevails over the positions of power of their members, creating, in this way, an environment of an egalitarian dialogue. This centre is formed by University research professors, researchers and professional collaborators of diverse disciplines (sociology, pedagogy, economy, mathematics, communication, biology, etc). == Dissolution == In December 2025, CREA announced its dissolution in a statement published on its official social media channels.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities


id: the-commission-on-the-humanities-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:59.369074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-commission-on-the-humanities-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences was convened in 2010 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at the request of Senators Lamar Alexander (R-Tennessee) and Mark Warner (D-Virginia) and Representatives Tom Petri (R-Wisconsin) and David Price (D-North Carolina). On June 19, 2013, the Commission issued its initial report The Heart of the Matter, along with a companion film created by brothers Christopher and Erik Ewers, both long-time Ken Burns collaborators. The short film features interviews with Burns, George Lucas, Sandra Day O'Connor, John Lithgow, and Yo-Yo Ma. The commission was chaired by Richard H. Brodhead, president of Duke University, and John W. Rowe, retired chairman and chief executive officer of Exelon Corporation. Other Commission members included university, college, and community college presidents, museum directors, public servants, corporate executives, humanists, social scientists, and artists. The Commission’s report received wide press coverage and statements of support from 15 national and state organizations. == References == == External links == American Academy Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences Archived 2017-05-04 at the Wayback Machine Humanities Indicators, a project of the American Academy American Academy of Arts and Sciences


id: crises-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES-0.md
category: reference
title: CRISES
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:00.504827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crises-20260505-0
summary:
Laboratoire CRISES (or Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires en sciences humaines et sociales) is a French research centre in humanities and social sciences, founded in Montpellier, France, in January 2009. It brings together about 100 scholars and 200 PhD students working in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences : History, History of Art, Archaeology, Classics, Fine Arts, Law, Political Sciences, Economy, Spanish and French Literature, Educational Sciences, Ethnology, Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, Theology. The director of Crises is, for the time being, Frédéric Rousseau (elected in 2008, December), Professor of Contemporary History, University of Montpellier. == References and sources == == External links == Official website


id: development-studies-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Development Studies Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:01.686396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: development-studies-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Development Studies Association (DSA) is a scholarly society. It was formally established at the National Development Research Glasgow Conference in 1978 and currently has 35 institutional members (primarily UK University departments/research centres with some development organisations) and 400 individual and student members. It is governed by a Council made up of academics and practitioners working in international development elected at the Annual General Meeting. The DSA aims to advance knowledge of the alternative processes and methods of socio-economic change, through supporting high quality research, teaching and practice in international development. Its strategic objectives are to: i) Mobilise collective capacity and knowledge ii) Nurture the next generation iii) Invest in development infrastructure in the UK and beyond. Two key activities are its annual conference and its study groups. The DSA annual conference gathers together scholars, practitioners, policy makers and other commentators to focus upon major contemporary international development issues in the largest gathering in the UK of the development community. DSA Study Groups facilitate interaction and networking within the development studies community and encourage the development of new ideas contributing to ongoing debates about development in the UK and Ireland. The study groups are sustained by active development studies professionals


id: duke-university-center-for-international-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Duke University Center for International Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:02.888423+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: duke-university-center-for-international-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Duke University Center for International Studies (DUCIS) is an international studies national resource center housed within the John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies on Duke University's west campus. The current director is Gilbert W. Merkx. The executive director is Rob Sikorski. == Languages == The Duke University Center for International Studies provides salary support for instruction in Persian, Polish, Romanian, Turkish and Wolof. It provides additional academic year and summer funding for students to study a wider range of critical languages including Arabic, Czech, Hungarian and Russian. == Programs == DUCIS' public programs include the University Seminar on Global Governance and Democracy, a popular evening seminar series which draws speakers from across the globe, to present in-progress research on a variety of subjects, ranging from transnational banking trends, to regional election reform, to international concepts of justice. The Duke University Center for International Studies is home to two national organizations: the Association of International Education Administrators and the Council of National Resource Centers. == External links == Duke University Center for International Studies Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine DUCIS Podcasts on iTunes U (requires iTunes)


id: european-academy-of-management-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management-0.md
category: reference
title: European Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:05.302781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
The European Academy of Management (EURAM), founded in 2001, is a learned society dedicated to the advancement of the academic discipline of management in the Europe. It is a member of the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management network. EURAM runs the European Management Review, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons, annual conferences for business and management scholars, and training programmes for PhD students, Post-Docs, Research Directors, and Business School Executives. It is an organization associated with the Academy of Management since inception and also with the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management. == History == The European Academy of Management (EURAM) was founded in 2001 and its head office is in Brussels, Belgium. The first EURAM Annual Conference was titled European Management Research: Trends and Challenges and was hosted by the IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain. EURAM has continued to develop programs and activities to accompany members throughout their professional career life-cycle. Additional initiatives include the creation of the European Management Review in 2003; the Doctoral Consortium started in 2006; Strategic Interest Groups launched in 2009; the European Directors of Research program started in 2009; and the junior faculty program, the


id: european-association-of-development-research-and-training-institutes-20260505-0
category: reference
title: European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:06.483574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-association-of-development-research-and-training-institutes-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes-0.md

summary:
The European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes or EADI is the professional body for development studies and area studies in Europe. In 2010 it had about 300 members in 27 countries. It publishes a journal, the European Journal of Development Research, and every three years holds a general conference. Through the International Accreditation Council for Global Development Studies and Research it provides accreditation for Master's degree programmes; the council is a member of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education. The association receives funding from various sources including membership fees and core funding from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany. Members include the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, the International Institute of Social Studies and the Nordic Africa Institute. == History == The association was founded 1975 in Linz. It was originally based in Vienna, before moving to Tilburg (1982) and Geneva (1988). Since 2000, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, hosted by the German Development Institute, InWEnt and the Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung. The Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH (INWENT), the German Development Institute and the Center for Development Research (ZEF) jointly took over the patronage at the


id: gulbenkian-commission-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission-0.md
category: reference
title: Gulbenkian Commission
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:07.651781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gulbenkian-commission-20260505-0
summary:
The Gulbenkian Commission sought to address inadequacies in the organization of the social science disciplines that developed in the nineteenth century by indicating a direction for social scientific inquiry for the next 50 years. It was founded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. It held three meetings in 1994 and 1995. == Members == Its members included Immanuel Wallerstein (chair), Calestous Juma, Evelyn Fox Keller, Jürgen Kocka, Dominique Lecourt, Valentin Y. Mudimbe, Kinhide Mushakoji, Ilya Prigogine, Peter J. Taylor, Michel-Rolph Trouillot. Six of them were drawn from the social sciences, two from the natural sciences and two from the humanities. The commission sought to produce a book length work that would identify new directions for the organization of knowledge in the next fifty years. The report was published in 1996 by Stanford University as the book, Open the Social Sciences by Immanuel Wallerstein. To foster international debate, the report has been published in numerous languages including English, French, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Czech, Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Romanian, Serbocroat, Turkish, and Japanese. == Debate == The ideas in the report have stimulated debate around the world. For example, in the Indian Magazine Frontline, Sundar Sarukkai discussed its conclusions and


id: gwyneddigion-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Gwyneddigion Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:09.516650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gwyneddigion-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Gwyneddigion Society (Welsh: Cymdeithas y Gwyneddigion) was a London-based Welsh literary and cultural society. The original society was founded in 1770 and wound up in 1843. It was briefly revived in 1978. Its proceedings were conducted through the medium of Welsh. == History == The Gwyneddigion Society was founded in December 1770 by a group of expatriate Welshmen resident in London, its first formal meeting taking place on 4 February 1771. Foremost of the founders was Owen Jones (known as Owain Myfyr), who became the society's first president. Originally from Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr, Jones had moved to London as a young man and had earned his fortune as a furrier. Other notable early members included Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams), William Owen Pughe, Jac Glan-y-gors (John Jones), Siôn Ceiriog (John Edwards), Edward Jones ("Bardd y Brenin"), and Twm o'r Nant (Thomas Edwards). Although the society's name (meaning "Gwynedd scholars") suggests a particular link with the region of Gwynedd, its affiliations were from the start with the whole of North Wales, and later with all parts of Wales. It seems likely that the society was formed in part in reaction to the perceived social and intellectual elitism of the existing London


id: h-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net-0.md
category: reference
title: H-Net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:11.346013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: h-net-20260505-0
summary:
H-Net ("Humanities & Social Sciences Online") is an interdisciplinary forum for scholars in the humanities and social sciences. One of its functions is to host electronic mailing lists organized by academic disciplines. In 2007, H-Net lists reached 180,000 subscribers from over 160 countries, and in 2025 its website stated there were 230,000 subscribers from over 200 countries. The H-Net Network has grown until it is now endorsed by many academic professional organizations. Its over 180 topic- or discipline-specific lists are often the primary internet forum for scholars. Individual lists are edited by a team of scholars and each has a board of editors. The Department of History at Michigan State University hosts H-Net. == Online services == In addition to its email lists, H-Net provides three related online services: H-Net Reviews is resource for coordinating book reviews and website reviews from participating lists, preserving them in searchable annual volumes. There are 46,000+ reviews of books and other publications, commissioned and published on its website and through its listservs. H-Net Job Guide: academic position announcements, available on its website and through email H-Net Academic Announcements: announcements of academic conferences, calls for papers, and programs == Discussion networks == Many of the


id: h-soz-kult-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult-0.md
category: reference
title: H-Soz-Kult
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:12.497867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: h-soz-kult-20260505-0
summary:
H-Soz-u-Kult (Humanities – Sozial und Kulturgeschichte) is an online information and communication platform for historians which disseminates academic news and publications. The project is committed to the principles of open access and community network. Since its founding in 1996 the central editorial office is located at the History Department of the Humboldt University of Berlin. H-Soz-u-Kult is part of H-Net and one of the most important online communication and information services for Historians in the German-speaking world. It is read by more than 20,000 email subscribers in over 70 countries. In 2012, around one million page views by up to 210,000 unique visitors were registered per month on the website. H-Soz-u-Kult publishes a wide range of book reviews, conference reports, job offers, scholarships, tables of contents of academic journals, literature reports and other news from the historical science community. Most publications are in German but the number of English publications continually increases. The book reviews are the main emphasis of H-Soz-u-Kult – more than 12,000 reviews were accessible on its website in 2013. H-Soz-u-Kult’s main editorial office at the Humboldt University of Berlin is supported by a pro bono editorial staff which consists of over 40 researchers from almost all


id: hague-academic-coalition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition-0.md
category: reference
title: Hague Academic Coalition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:13.661805+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hague-academic-coalition-20260505-0
summary:
The Hague Academic Coalition (HAC) is a consortium of academic institutions in the fields of international relations, international law and international development. == Members and Organization == The member institutions are: Carnegie Foundation The Hague Academy of International Law Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (HiiL) International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS) Leiden University Campus The Hague Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' The Hague University of Applied Sciences T.M.C. Asser Instituut The board of the Hague Academic Coalition consists of: Prof. Dr. J. de Vries (Campus The Hague) - President Mr. S. van Hoogstraten (Carnegie Foundation) - Vice President Prof. Dr. L.J. de Haan (ISS) - Treasurer Drs. A.S. Gerards (Hague Academic Coalition) - Secretary Dr. A.S. Muller (HiiL) Mr. R.K. Brons (The Hague University of Applied Sciences) Prof. Dr. J. Colijn (Clingendael) Mrs. A. O'Brien (T.M.C. Asser Instituut) Mr. F.W.H. van den Emster (Raad voor de Rechtspraak) - In an advisory capacity == Current programmes and activities == The Hague Forum for Judicial Expertise (HFJE), providing high level training to judges, magistrates and prosecutors. The Hague Justice Portal (HJP), providing up to date information about the activities of international courts, tribunals and other


id: the-hague-institute-for-global-justice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice-0.md
category: reference
title: The Hague Institute for Global Justice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:14.843182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-hague-institute-for-global-justice-20260505-0
summary:
The Hague Institute for Global Justice, often referred to as simply The Hague Institute or THIGJ, is an international think tank located in The Hague, Netherlands. It was established in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague, an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations and with support from the Dutch government. Its current president is Jordanian businesswoman Sohair Salam Saber. == History == The Hague Institute was founded in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague and an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations, with support from the Dutch government. Its stated aim, to "contribute to, and further strengthen, the global framework for preventing and resolving conflict and promoting international peace." Nico Schrijver, academic director of the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies at Leiden University, served as the Institute's first dean between January and August 2011. Willem van Genugten served as interim dean of the Institute from September 2011 to December 2012. He was succeeded by the Institute's first president, Abiodun Williams, the former senior vice president of the Center for Conflict Management at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) on January 1, 2013. === Williams tenure === In articles


id: human-development-and-capabilities-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Human Development and Capabilities Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:16.020716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-development-and-capabilities-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Human Development and Capabilities Association is an academic and research society whose aim is to promote the field of human development in general and the capability approach in particular. The Association was launched in 2004 with conferences in the UK at Cambridge and in Italy at Pavia and has run conferences annually since. The organisation publishes the peer-reviewed journal: Journal of Human Development and Capabilities: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-Centered Development. (formally 2000–8) known as the Journal of Human Development. == Presidents == Presidents of the HDCA have included the following: Amartya Sen Martha Nussbaum Frances Stewart Kaushik Basu Tony Atkinson Henry Richardson Ravi Kanburs Ingrid Robeyns Jay Drydyk Melanie Walker Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti == References ==


id: iassist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST-0.md
category: reference
title: IASSIST
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:17.245306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iassist-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Social Science Information Service and Technology (or IASSIST) is an international organisation that provides professional development, communication and conferences for data librarians, archivists, and social science aligned information specialists. Each year, the IASSIST Fellow program sponsors members from developing nations to attend events and professional development to further the advancement of information management. == Conferences == IASSIST organizes an annual conference, typically held in May or June, focusing on data sharing and management, data access and repository tools, metadata for research data, best practices for data preservation, global information resources, new technologies, and professional development. The conference location usually rotates to a different region each year. == History == IASSIST was formed in 1974. It emerged to manage and increase access to the growing amount of machine-readable social science data. The first IASSIST conference was held in 1977 in Cocoa Beach, Florida with 29 representatives from Canada and the United States. == Africa Chapter == The IASSIST Africa Chapter is currently the only Regional Chapter of IASSIST. Regional chapters of IASSIST support the expedient and efficient management of IASSIST affairs and activities within their regions. The Africa Chapter was officially launched in 2021 during the first


id: indian-council-of-social-science-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Council of Social Science Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:18.450093+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-council-of-social-science-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) is the national body overseeing research in the social sciences in India. It was established in New Delhi in 1969. == Council == The Council is currently chaired by Prof. Deepak Kumar Srivastava. Current members include Deena Bandhu Pandey, P. Kanagasabapathi, Sanjay Kumar, H.S. Bedi, Harish Chandra Singh Rathore, Panchanan Mohanty, Amita Singh, Kshamadevi Shankarrao Khobragade, T. Subramanyam Naidu, Rakesh Sinha, Aswini Mohapatra, P.V. Krishna Bhatta, Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit, J.K. Bajaj, M.P. Bezbaruah, D.D. Pattanaik, and Madhu Purnima Kishwar. == Activities == It provides funding to scholars and to a network of twenty-nine research institutes, among them: A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna (ANSISS Patna) Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS), Bhubaneswar Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Development Research Centre for Women's Development Studies, Delhi Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad Indian Institute Of Economics, Hyderabad Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi Madras Institute of Development


id: institute-for-international-law-of-peace-and-armed-conflict-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:19.686079+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-international-law-of-peace-and-armed-conflict-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) at Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) is one of the leading research institutes on humanitarian law and humanitarian studies in Europe. It was founded in 1988 on the initiative of Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Knut Ipsen, then rector of Ruhr University Bochum, as a means to conduct research on international conflicts and provide solutions to resolve them. The IFHV’s research is highly interdisciplinary with a focus on international humanitarian studies from a legal and social-scientific perspective. The Institute also provides high-level academic and professional training for the next generation of personnel in the area of humanitarian action. The IFHV’s interdisciplinary angle is put into practice through its Joint Master’s Programme in International Humanitarian Action, part of the European University Network on Humanitarian Assistance (NOHA). Since 2014, the Institute is headed by Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard). Its staff consists of about 25 employees (including student research assistants) and about 10 PhD students. Current professors involved in the Institute’s work are: Prof. Dr. Horst Fischer (IFHV) Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Heintze (IFHV) Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard) (IFHV & Faculty of Law; Managing Director) Prof. Dr. Markus Kaltenborn (Faculty


id: institute-of-social-sciences-new-delhi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:20.865201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-social-sciences-new-delhi-20260505-0
summary:
}} The Institute of Social Sciences studies social, political and economic issues of contemporary relevance. It provides inputs to the policy makers and civil society organisations. The Institute has established the Centre for Multilevel Federalism (CMF) for the study of federalism in India. == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-migration-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: International Migration Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:21.968664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-migration-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The International Migration Institute (IMI) is an international network that promotes research on international migration. It is based at the University of Amsterdam and is part of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). It was established as a research institute at Oxford University in the United Kingdom where it was affiliated with the Oxford Department of International Development. == History == The International Migration Institute was founded in 2006 to complement the work of the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) and the Refugee Studies Centre, both at the University of Oxford. Stephen Castles, who had been director of the Refugee Studies Centre, assumed directorship of IMI upon its formation, and stepped down in August 2009. From September 2009 to September 2011, Robin Cohen was the director. From 2011 to 2016, directorship has been jointly in the hands of Oliver Blackwell and Hein de Haas. In 2017, Mathias Czaika became the director. In 2017, IMI ceased to exist as an institute. In 2019, it relocated to the University of Amsterdam. == Partners == IMI was a member of the Migration Studies Society at Oxford University. The other two members of the society were the Centre on Migration,


id: international-network-for-social-network-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: International Network for Social Network Analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:23.153044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-network-for-social-network-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
The International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA) is a professional academic association of researchers and practitioners of social network analysis. == History == INSNA was founded in 1977 by Barry Wellman, a sociologist. A key function of the organization was to provide a sense of identity for a set of researchers who were widely dispersed geographically and across scientific disciplines. Shortly after INSNA was founded, Linton C. Freeman founded the association's flagship journal, Social Networks, in 1978. Early meetings were invitation-only, but in 1980 H. Russell Bernard and Alvin Wolfe inaugurated the series of annual "Sunbelt" meetings open to all. A full chronology of INSNA leadership is as follows: As of 2018, INSNA has approximately 1,000 active members, while the SOCNET listserv has about 3700 subscribers. As well as publishing a triannual journal Connections on the subject, INSNA also: Runs SOCNET, a listserv mailing-list for the subject. Hosts the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference annually. Facilitates regional and specialized conferences. Publishes a quarterly journal, Social Networks. Publishes the online Journal of Social Structure, irregular periodicity. Provides links to researchers around the world. Provides raw data. == See also == Social network Social network analysis software Dynamic Network Analysis ==


id: john-hope-franklin-center-for-interdisciplinary-and-international-studies-20260505-0
category: reference
title: John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:25.754962+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-hope-franklin-center-for-interdisciplinary-and-international-studies-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies-0.md

summary:
The John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies (JHFC) is located at Duke University in the United States. It is a consortium of programs dedicated to studying and revitalizing theories of how knowledge is gained and exchanged. The more than twenty participants come from a broad range of disciplines, converging to explore intellectual, social, and political issues, including race and race relations, the legacy of the African-American Experience, equality and opportunity amongst populations, and the implications of globalization. In essence, the Center's mission is to facilitate the interactions of humanists and others involved in the social sciences in an intellectual setting amenable to diverse partnerships. == About == The Franklin Center is named after Dr. John Hope Franklin, the James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of History and former professor of Legal History at Duke. An intellectual leader and lifelong civil rights activist, his work has inspired the Center's dedication to creative sharing of ideas and methodologies. One essential aspect of the Franklin Center is its wholehearted embrace of new technologies and innovations to enhance intellectual exchange. Using resources such as multimedia and high-speed videoconferencing, the Center employs advanced technologies both as a means to share ideas and as

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies


id: luxembourg-income-study-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study-0.md
category: reference
title: Luxembourg Income Study
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:28.294713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luxembourg-income-study-20260505-0
summary:
LIS Cross-National Data Center, formerly known as the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), is a non-profit organization registered in Luxembourg which produces a cross-national database of micro-economic income data for social science research. The project started in 1983 and is headquartered in Luxembourg. The database includes over 300 datasets from about 50 high- and middle-income countries, with some countries represented for over 30 years. Nationally representative household income survey data is commonly, though not exclusively, provided by the participant country's national statistics collection agency (e.g. Statistics Canada; the Australian Bureau of Statistics). These and other agencies make annual financial contributions which support the database production and maintenance. The LIS database contains anonymised demographic, income, labour market, and expenditure information at two different levels of analysis (household and persons). The data have, as far as is practical, been transformed to a structure which make different national data equivalent. Data access is only provided for research projects in the social sciences, commercial use is not permitted. For data security reasons the datasets cannot be downloaded or directly accessed. After being granted permission to use the data, users submit SPSS, SAS, R or Stata programs under their username and password to a remote server.


id: madras-institute-of-development-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Madras Institute of Development Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:29.488801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: madras-institute-of-development-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS) is a research institute based in Chennai. It is a joint undertaking of the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu for conducting research on development problems in Tamil Nadu and the rest of India. == History == MIDS was established by Malcolm Adiseshiah and his wife Elizabeth Adiseshiah in January 1971. Malcolm Adiseshiah served as its first director. In March 1977, MIDS was reconstituted as a national research institute under the sponsorship of Government of India through the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The Adiseshiahs donated the land, buildings, furniture, equipment and made cash endowments to the newly constituted institute. Malcolm Adiseshiah resigned as MIDS' director in 1978 and became the chairman and honorary fellow. Professor C.T. Kurien became the next director of MIDS. In 1985, the Reserve Bank of India established a chair for applied research in regional economics, which has since been converted to a fully autonomous unit in 2002. == Administration == MIDS is governed by a governing council and an academic council. The governing council consists of the chairperson, the institute's director as member-secretary, representatives of faculty, the Indian Council of Social


id: metropolis-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Metropolis Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:30.650074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: metropolis-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Metropolis Project is an international network of researchers, policy-makers, international organizations and civil society organizations for the development of comparative research and policy-relevant knowledge on migration, diversity, and immigrant integration in cities in Canada and around the world. The Metropolis Project's principal decision-making body is an International Steering Committee of representatives from over 40 countries. The Project is managed by a Secretariat with offices in Ottawa, Amsterdam and in Asia with functions distributed across organizations in Seoul, Manila and Beijing. The Ottawa Secretariat is responsible for establishing the Project's strategic directions. Howard Duncan is the Project's Executive Head. == Metropolis Professional Development == The Metropolis Project launched in April 2014 a new training program for senior policy-makers, senior managers of settlement agencies, officials of international organizations and the private sector. The programme is intended to provide participants with information, analysis and tools on the management of migration and integration. A pilot training will be offered in June 2014. Metropolis Professional Development has been developed in collaboration with worldwide renowned experts such as Graeme Hugo (University of Adelaide), Jan Niessen (Migration Policy Group), Imelda Nicolas (Commission on Filipinos Overseas) and Peter Schatzer (IOM) among many others. The Metropolis Project is


id: national-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: National Association for the Promotion of Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:31.844491+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (NAPSS), often known as the Social Science Association, was a British reformist group founded in 1857 by Lord Brougham. It pursued issues in public health, industrial relations, penal reform, and female education. It was dissolved in 1886. == Background == The efforts of George Hastings brought together three groups of the 1850s to form the NAPSS: the Society for Promoting the Amendment of the Law, the National Reformatory Union, and the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women (the Langham Place Group). It took as model the British Association for the Advancement of Science, holding an itinerant annual meeting, which provided a forum for social reformers. The objective of the Association was defined as "to coordinate the efforts of the experts and the politicians". One factor in the eventual decline of the NSPSS was that the objectives of medical reformers changed. Legislation and the efforts of central government to improve public health became less important to them. Its first secretary was Isa Knox. == Congresses == Twenty-eight Social Science Congresses took place: == Committees == === Trades Societies and Strikes === A committee of the Association produced Report on Trade Societies


id: national-centre-for-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: National Centre for Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:33.031771+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-centre-for-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
The National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) is a registered charity and is the largest independent social research institute in the UK. The research charity was founded in 1969 by Sir Roger Jowell and Gerald Hoinville with the aim of carrying out social policy research to improve society. Until 1999, it was known as Social and Community Planning Research and gained a reputation for promoting high standards in survey research and pushing the boundaries of survey methods. It hosted for 25 years the ESRC Survey Methods Centre - later, when ESRC funding was not renewed, known as the SCPR Survey Methods Centre a centre of expertise which carried out methodological research, ran popular seminars and published a regular newsletter. SCPR authors produced a handbook, Survey Research Practice., published by Heinemann in 1978, which remained in print for 20 years and was translated into other languages. NatCen is best known for its annual British Social Attitudes Survey, founded by the organisation in 1983. The British Social Attitudes survey is Britain's longest-running annual survey of public attitudes and can be accessed for research through the UK Data Service. It uses a random probability method and face to face interviews with more than


id: national-council-for-the-social-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: National Council for the Social Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:34.157326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-council-for-the-social-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) is a private, non-profit association based in Silver Spring, Maryland, that provides leadership, support, and advocacy for social studies education. The council is affiliated with various regional or state-level social studies associations, including the Middle States Council for the Social Studies, the Washington State Council for the Social Studies, the New York City UFT Association for the Teaching of Social Studies, the Michigan Council for the Social Studies, the Massachusetts Council for the Social Studies, and the Virginia Council for the Social Studies. The association publishes several journals. Its flagship publication, Social Education, is a peer-reviewed journal which, according to its website, aims to strike "a balance of theoretical content and practical teaching ideas." They sponsor the high school honor society Rho Kappa. NCSS is currently a member of the National Coalition Against Censorship. == History == Founded in 1921, NCSS engages and supports educators in strengthening and advocating social studies. With members in all the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and 69 foreign countries, NCSS serves as an umbrella organization for elementary, secondary, and college teachers of history, geography, economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and law-related education. Organized into a network


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
National Social Science Documentation Centre (commonly abbreviated as NASSDOC) is an Indian national-level documentation, library, and information services center for the social sciences. It is a division of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and plays a central role in supporting research, documentation, and dissemination of social science knowledge in India. == History and Background == NASSDOC was established in 1970 as a division of the ICSSR. Its primary purpose is from inception, to provide library and information support to social science researchers across India—especially those in academic institutions, autonomous research organizations, government departments, policy and planning units, and the social science community at large. Over the decades, NASSDOC has expanded in terms of services, automation, digital infrastructure, and outreach to ICSSR’s regional centres and other research institutions. ICSSR provides grants to 27 research institutes and six regional centers in India. == Mission and Objectives == NASSDOC’s mission centers on facilitating social science research by ensuring the collection, preservation, dissemination, and accessibility of relevant documents and information. Its objectives include: Providing robust library, documentation, and reference support to social science researchers and institutions. Acquiring and preserving social science content—especially materials that are not otherwise widely available (e.g., unpublished


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-1.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
== Document Delivery, Inter Library Loan and Reprographic Service == Document Delivery Service: NASSDOC facilitates delivery of documents (books, journal articles, reports) either by borrowing via interlibrary loan (ILL) or providing photocopies of requested materials. Interlibrary Loan: NASSDOC participates in loan arrangements with other libraries to fulfill user demands for materials not held locally. Reprography / Photocopying Services: Users may request photocopies of selected portions of materials (within copyright constraints). == Continuing Education, Training and Outreach Programmes == Recognizing that many scholars and librarians may need new skills to adapt to digital systems, NASSDOC organizes: Short-term workshops, seminars, and lectures on information technology, digital tools, library science, and social science research methods Internships and apprenticeship programs: For MLIS / BLIS students, NASSDOC may offer training, orientation, and exposure to real-world library operations Outreach and professional networking: NASSDOC is a member of library associations (IASLIC, ILA, IFLA, DELNET) and collaborates with ICSSR regional centres to propagate best practices. Sales, Distribution and Publishing Support Financial Assistance for Projects: It offers grants for documentation, bibliographic, and library-oriented projects (e.g. development of guides, catalogues, bibliometric studies). Study Grant Scheme: To assist PhD scholars to visit libraries in other cities for their research work; travel,


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-2.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
=== User Satisfaction and Environment === Studies on work environment in libraries surveyed library professionals across categories including NASSDOC and found that the cumulative perception of “work environment” was positive (71.3% agreement). In particular, special libraries (which include NASSDOC) scored 72.2% in that survey, indicating relatively favorable conditions among staff. However, such studies are library-general and not NASSDOC-specific. They reflect perceptions across institutions, including issues such as lighting, ventilation, social relationships, job prestige and recreational facilities. A recent survey conducted by the National Social Science Documentation Centre (NASSDOC) of the ICSSR revealed the existence of about 1,200 research institutes in India. == Impact and Significance == NASSDOC plays a crucial role in the Indian social sciences ecosystem: It bridges information gaps by collecting rare, unpublished, or less circulated documents that are often unavailable elsewhere. Its bibliographic databases, catalogues, and union listings reduce duplication, improve discovery, and enhance resource sharing among libraries. Through training and outreach, NASSDOC helps build capacity among librarians, researchers, and information professionals to adopt new tools and methodologies. As a central hub for ICSSR’s research infrastructure, it helps maintain coherence, standardization, and inter-institutional linkages across the social science research community. Its digital and e-resource initiatives contribute to


id: programme-on-ecosystem-change-and-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:37.121896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: programme-on-ecosystem-change-and-society-20260505-0
summary:
Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) is a core project of Future Earth. PECS is an international research network that aims to connect and integrate research on the stewardship of social–ecological systems, how these systems support human wellbeing. PECS was established in 2011. It is hosted by Stellenbosch University, from 2011-2019 it was hosted by the Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm University. Since the beginning of 2014 PECS has been part of Future Earth, the global sustainability research platform. A number of research projects have been affiliated with PECS, and it has created a number of regional nodes and thematic projects to integrate social-ecological research. For example, one large active regional group is SAPECS, which brings together social-ecological researchers in South Africa. It has also organised and hosted three open science conferences, the first in 2015 in South Africa, the second in 2017 in Mexico, and the third in 2024 in Canada. == External links == Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society website Earth System Science Partnership website == References ==


