# kb

id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-0.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
== Current support == A number of applications support the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications; listed alphabetically they include: === Word processors === AbiWord 2.4+ (import from 2.4.0, export from 2.4.2; used to require separate download and installation of plugins – up to version 2.6.8). Adobe Creative Cloud Apache OpenOffice Writer uses ODT as its native file format. Atlantis Word Processor 1.6.5+ can import ODT documents. Calligra Words uses ODT as its native file format. Collabora Office Writer for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODT as its native file format. Collabora Online Writer uses ODT as its native file format. eyeOS Cloud computing operating system with eyeDocs Word Processor has basic support for ODF text documents. EasiWriter (for RISC OS) Version 9.1 can import/save ODT files on RISC OS. FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad. FocusWriter, a distraction-free word processor. Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application derived from the application Writely. Gwennel, a WYSIWYG word processor written in assembly language, under 200 KB. IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files. IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-1.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
=== Spreadsheets === Calligra Sheets uses ODS as default file format. Collabora Office Calc for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODS as its native file format. Collabora Online Calc uses ODS as its native file format. EditGrid, a web-based (online) spreadsheet service – full support. FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad. Gnumeric can both open and save files in this format and plans to continue to support this format in the future. Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application which can read and save OpenDocument files. IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files. IBM Lotus Symphony Spreadsheets 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued). IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone. JustSystems JUST Suite 2009 Sanshiro (Japanese). LibreOffice Calc (an OpenOffice.org fork) uses ODS as its native file format. Microsoft Excel 2003 and Office XP Excel (with the Open Source OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office) Microsoft Excel 2007 (with Service Pack 2 or 3) supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only) Microsoft Excel 2010 supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only) Microsoft Excel 2013 supports ODF 1.2 (Windows only) Microsoft Excel 2016 and Microsoft


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-2.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
== Search tools == Google supports searching in content of ODT, ODS, and ODP files and also searching for these filetypes. Found files can be viewed directly in a converted HTML view. Google Desktop Search has an unofficial OpenDocument plug-in available, supporting ODT, OTT, ODG, OTG, ODP, OTP, ODS, OTS, and ODF OpenDocument formats. The plug-in does not correctly handle Unicode characters. Apple Spotlight (built into OS X 10.4 and later) supports indexed searching of OpenDocument files using a third-party plug-in from the NeoOffice team. Copernic Desktop Search (Windows). == Other planned support == Ability Office developers declared planned ODF support for the next major version of their office suite. Evermore Integrated Office – EIOffice 2009 will support ODF in the update. As stated on Evermore Software website: "Work is underway to both read and write to this new format as well as *.pdf and *.odf file formats in the update." Last version of EIOffice 2009 (5.0.1272.101EN.L1) cannot open or save ODF files. Haansoft's Hangul Word Processor will support OpenDocument format documents in its next version for Windows, which is planned for the end of 2009. An extension for Mozilla Firefox has been proposed by a developer named Tallinn, according


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-3.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
==== Third party support: Plug-ins for Microsoft Office ==== Sun Microsystems' ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office users (download link no longer available as of 30 March 2013)— was a plugin that allowed users to read and edit ISO-standard Open Document Format (ODF) files in Microsoft Office. It works with Microsoft Office 2007 (with service pack 1 or higher), Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office XP, and even Microsoft Office 2000. ooo-word-filter was a plugin that allowed users to open ODF files in Microsoft Office 2003. OpenOpenOffice (O3), is apparently inactive. OpenOpenOffice was developed by Phase-n, a free and open source software plug-in to enable Microsoft Office to read and write OpenDocument files (and any other formats supported by OpenOffice.org). Instead of installing a complete office application or even a large plug-in, O3 intended to install a tiny plug-in to the Microsoft Office system. This tiny plug-in intended to automatically send the file to some server, which would then do the conversion, returning the converted file. The server could be local to an organization (so private information doesn't go over the Internet) or accessed via the Internet (for those who do not want to set up a server). A beta of the


id: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument-4.md
category: reference
title: List of software that supports OpenDocument
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:05.763869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-that-supports-opendocument-20260505-0
summary:
OpenOffice is expected to work well with existing solutions in MS Windows' on-screen keyboards (etc.) when driven by single-switch access, head-mouse, and eye-gaze systems. On Unix-like systems, GNOME's "On-screen Keyboard" can be used. Also available on both Linux and Windows systems is Dasher, a text-entry alternative released under the GPL for head-mouse and eye-gaze users (35+ word-per-minute typing speeds using nothing but eye movement are possible). If those with disabilities are already using Microsoft Office, then a plug-in enabling them to load and save OpenDocument files using Microsoft Office may give them the same capabilities they already have (assuming the opening/saving cycle is accessible). So from that perspective, OpenDocument is at least as accessible as Microsoft Office. For users using alternatives to Microsoft Office there may be problems, not necessarily due to the ODF file format but rather due to the lower investment to date by assistive technology vendors on these platforms, though there is ongoing work. For example, IBM has stated that its "Workplace productivity tools available through Workplace Managed Client including word processing, spreadsheet and presentation editors are currently planned to be fully accessible on a Windows platform by 2007. Additionally, these productivity tools are currently planned to


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of operating systems. Computer operating systems can be categorized by technology, ownership, licensing, working state, usage, and by many other characteristics. In practice, many of these groupings may overlap. Criteria for inclusion is notability, as shown either through an existing Wikipedia article or citation to a reliable source. == Proprietary == === Acorn Computers === Arthur ARX MOS RISC iX RISC OS === Amazon === Fire OS === Amiga Inc. === AmigaOS AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (Motorola 68000) AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC) Amiga Unix (a.k.a. Amix) === Amstrad === AMSDOS Contiki CP/M 2.2 CP/M Plus SymbOS === Apple === Apple II Apple DOS Apple Pascal ProDOS GS/OS GNO/ME Contiki Apple III Apple SOS Apple Lisa Mac Classic Mac OS A/UX (UNIX System V with BSD extensions) Copland MkLinux Pink Rhapsody macOS (formerly Mac OS X and OS X) macOS Server (formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server) Apple Network Server IBM AIX (Apple-customized) Apple MessagePad Newton OS iPhone and iPod Touch iOS (formerly iPhone OS) iPad iPadOS Apple Watch watchOS Apple TV tvOS Embedded operating systems bridgeOS Apple Vision Pro visionOS Embedded operating systems A/ROSE iPod software (unnamed embedded OS for iPod) Unnamed NetBSD variant for Airport


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-1.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Digital Research, Inc. === CP/M CP/M CP/M for Intel 8080/8085 and Zilog Z80 Personal CP/M, a refinement of CP/M CP/M Plus with BDOS 3.0 CP/M-68K CP/M for Motorola 68000 CP/M-8000 CP/M for Zilog Z8000 CP/M-86 CP/M for Intel 8088/8086 CP/M-86 Plus Personal CP/M-86 MP/M Multi-user version of CP/M-80 MP/M II MP/M-86 Multi-user version of CP/M-86 MP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of MP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs. Concurrent CP/M, the successor of CP/M-80 and MP/M-80 Concurrent CP/M-86, the successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86 Concurrent CP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent CP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs. Concurrent CP/M-68K, a variant for the 68000 DOS Concurrent DOS, the successor of Concurrent CP/M-86 with PC-MODE Concurrent PC DOS, a Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs Concurrent DOS 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs Concurrent DOS 286 Concurrent DOS XM, a real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support Concurrent DOS 386 Concurrent DOS 386/MGE, a Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities Concurrent DOS 68K, a port of Concurrent DOS to Motorola 68000 CPUs with DOS source code portability capabilities FlexOS 1.0 – 2.34, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 286 FlexOS


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-2.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
==== On early mainframes: 1410, 7010, 704, 709, 7090, 7094, 7040, 7044, 7030 ==== BESYS – for the IBM 7090 Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) – developed at MIT's Computation Center for use on a modified IBM 7094 FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS) – for the IBM 709 and 7090 GM OS & GM-NAA I/O – for the IBM 704 IBSYS – tape based operating system for IBM 7090 and IBM 7094 7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) - 7040-PR-150 IJMON – A bootable serial I/O monitor for loading programs for the IBM 1400 series 1410 Processor Operating System (PR-155) for the 1410 and 7010 SHARE Operating System (SOS) – for the IBM 704 and 709 University of Michigan Executive System (UMES) – for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090) ==== On S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes ==== OS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture) PCP (Primary Control Program, a kernel and a ground breaking automatic space allocating file system) MFT (original Multi-programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, replaced by MFT II) MFT II (Multi-Programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, had up to 15 fixed size application partitions, plus partitions


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-3.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
==== On PC and Intel x86 based architectures ==== PC DOS, IBM DOS PC DOS 1.x, 2.x, 3.x (developed jointly with Microsoft) IBM DOS 4.x, 5.0 (developed jointly with Microsoft) PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000, 7.10 OS/2 OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with Microsoft) OS/2 2.x OS/2 Warp 3 (ported to PPC via Workplace OS) OS/2 Warp 4 eComStation (Warp 4.5/Workspace on Demand, rebundled by Serenity Systems International) ArcaOS (Warp 4.52 based system sold by Arca Noae, LLC) IBM 4680 OS version 1 to 4, a POS operating system based on Digital Research's Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 286 1.xx IBM 4690 OS version 1 to 6.3, a successor to 4680 OS based on Novell's FlexOS 286/FlexOS 386 2.3x Toshiba 4690 OS version 6.4, a successor to 4690 OS 6.3 Unix-like on PS/2 AIX (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version) ==== On other hardware platforms ==== IBM Series/1 EDX (Event Driven Executive) RPS (Realtime Programming System) CPS (Control Programming Support, subset of RPS) SerIX (Unix on Series/1) IBM 1130 DMS (Disk Monitor System) IBM 1800 TSX (Time Sharing eXecutive) MPX (Multi Programming eXecutive) IBM 8100 DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive) DPPX (Distributed Processing Programming Executive) IBM System/3


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-4.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Novell === NetWare – network operating system providing high-performance network services. Has been superseded by Open Enterprise Server line, which can be based on NetWare or Linux to provide the same set of services. UnixWare Novell "SuperNOS" – a never released merge of NetWare and UnixWare Novell "Corsair" Novell "Exposé" Open Enterprise Server – the successor to NetWare === Open Mobile Platform === Aurora OS – the successor to Sailfish OS (not to be confused with a different Aurora OS) === Quadros Systems === RTXC Quadros RTOS – proprietary C-based RTOS used in embedded systems === RCA === Time Sharing Operating System (TSOS) – first OS supporting virtual addressing of the main storage and support for both timeshare and batch interface === RoweBots === DSPnano RTOS – 8/16 Bit Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS === Samsung Electronics === Bada Tizen is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) while controlled by Samsung and backed by Intel. Tizen works on a wide range of Samsung devices including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, PCs and wearable. Orsay One UI - Android custom ROM === Scientific


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-5.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
==== Other proprietary non-Unix-like ==== Operating system for Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) and Эльбрус-2 – used for application, job control, system programming, implemented in uЭль-76 (AL-76). Business Operating System (BOS) – developed to be ported across microcomputers. EOS – developed by ETA Systems for use in their ETA-10 line of supercomputers EMBOS – developed by Elxsi for use on their mini-supercomputers GCOS – a proprietary operating system originally developed by General Electric MAI Basic Four – An OS implementing Business Basic from MAI Systems. Michigan Terminal System – Developed by a group of universities in the US, Canada, and the UK for use on the IBM System/360 Model 67, the System/370 series, and compatible mainframes MUSIC/SP – an operating system developed for the S/370, running normally under VM OS ES – an operating system for ES EVM PC-MOS/386 – DOS-like, but multiuser/multitasking Prolog-Dispatcher – used to control Soviet Buran space shuttle. SINTRAN III – an operating system used with Norsk Data computers. SkyOS – commercial desktop OS for PCs SODA – used by the Odra 1204 computers. THEOS TSX-32 – a 32-bit operating system for x86 platform. TX990/TXDS, DX10 and DNOS – proprietary operating systems for TI-990 minicomputers ==== Other proprietary Unix-like


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-6.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Non-Unix === Cosmos – written in C# EmuTOS - open source Atari TOS variant FreeDOS – open source MS-DOS variant Genode – operating system framework for microkernels (written in C++) Google Fuchsia Haiku – open source inspired by BeOS, in development Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) – written in the MIDAS macro assembler language for the PDP-6 and PDP-10 by MIT students LiteOS MagiC - open source Atari TOS variant OpenHarmony - LiteOS kernel and kernel add-ons side of the kernel tree under Kernel Abstract Layer (KAL) structure Uniproton real-time operating system for ultra-low latency and adaptable mixed-critical deployment capabilities contributed by openEuler community and also part of OpenHarmony add-on kernel osFree – OS/2 Warp open source clone OSv – written in C++ Phantom OS – persistent object-oriented ReactOS – open source OS designed to be binary compatible with Windows NT and its variants (Windows XP, Windows 2000, etc.); in development [Redacted] OS - open source made by Developed from Scratch SharpOS – written in .NET C# Visopsys – written in C and assembly by Andy McLaughlin Quantix == Research == === Unix or Unix-like === Plan 9 from Bell Labs – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-7.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
Banyan VINES – by Banyan Systems Cambridge Ring Cisco IOS – by Cisco Systems Cisco NX-OS – previously SAN-OS CTOS – by Convergent Technologies, later acquired by Unisys Data ONTAP – by NetApp ExtremeWare – by Extreme Networks ExtremeXOS – by Extreme Networks Fabric OS – by Brocade JunOS – by Juniper NetWare – networking OS by Novell Network operating system (NOS) – developed by CDC for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers Novell Open Enterprise Server – Open Source networking OS by Novell. Can incorporate either SUSE Linux or Novell NetWare as its kernel Plan 9 – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on Unix design principles but not functionally identical Inferno – distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs SONiC TurboDOS – by Software 2000, Inc. == Generic, commodity, and other == BLIS/COBOL A2 formerly named Active Object System (AOS), and then Bluebottle (a concurrent and active object update to the Oberon operating system) BS1000 by Siemens BS2000 by Siemens, now BS2000/OSD from Fujitsu Siemens (formerly Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme) BS3000 by Siemens (rebadging of Fujitsu's MSP operating system) Contiki for various, mostly 8-bit systems, including the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, and some


id: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems-8.md
category: reference
title: List of operating systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:07.039624+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-operating-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other embedded === Apache Mynewt ChibiOS/RT Contiki CoRTOS "World's simplest embedded RTOS" ERIKA Enterprise eCos NetBSD Nucleus RTOS NuttX Minix NCOS freeRTOS, openRTOS, safeRTOS Fuchsia OpenEmbedded (or Yocto Project) OpenHarmony pSOS (Portable Software On Silicon) PX5 RTOS QNX – Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market. REX OS – microkernel; usually an embedded cell phone OS RIOT ROM-DOS TinyOS ThreadX Tock RT-Thread DSPnano RTOS Windows IoT – formerly Windows Embedded Windows CE Windows IoT Core Windows IoT Enterprise Wind River VxWorks RTOS. Wombat – microkernel; usually real-time embedded Zephyr LiteOS SuperTinyKernel RTOS === LEGO Mindstorms === brickOS leJOS == Capability-based == Cambridge CAP computer – operating system demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software, also a useful fileserver, implemented in ALGOL 68C Flex machine – Custom microprogrammable hardware, with an operating system, (modular) compiler, editor, * garbage collector and filing system all written in ALGOL 68. HYDRA – Running on the C.mmp computer at Carnegie Mellon University, implemented in the programming language BLISS KeyKOS nanokernel EROS microkernel V – from Stanford, early 1980s HarmonyOS NEXT Google Fuchsia Phantom OS == See also == Comparison of operating systems Comparison of real-time operating


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, machine learning: Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence within computer science that evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory. In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as a "field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed". ML involves the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. These algorithms operate by building a model from a training set of example observations to make data-driven predictions or decisions expressed as outputs, rather than following strictly static program instructions. == How can machine learning be categorized? == An academic discipline A branch of science An applied science A subfield of computer science A branch of artificial intelligence A subfield of soft computing Application of statistics === Paradigms of machine learning === Supervised learning, where the model is trained on labeled data Unsupervised learning, where the model tries to identify patterns in unlabeled data Reinforcement learning, where the model learns to make decisions by receiving rewards or penalties. == Applications of machine learning == Applications of machine learning Bioinformatics Biomedical informatics


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
Timeline of machine learning == Machine learning projects == Machine learning projects: DeepMind Google Brain OpenAI Meta AI Hugging Face == Machine learning organizations == === Machine learning conferences and workshops === Artificial Intelligence and Security (AISec) (co-located workshop with CCS) Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) ECML PKDD International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ML4ALL (Machine Learning For All) == Machine learning publications == === Books on machine learning === Mathematics for Machine Learning Hands-On Machine Learning Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow The Hundred-Page Machine Learning Book === Machine learning journals === Machine Learning Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) Neural Computation == Persons influential in machine learning == Alberto Broggi Andrei Knyazev Andrew McCallum Andrew Ng Anuraag Jain Armin B. Cremers Ayanna Howard Barney Pell Ben Goertzel Ben Taskar Bernhard Schölkopf Brian D. Ripley Christopher G. Atkeson Corinna Cortes Demis Hassabis Douglas Lenat Eric Xing Ernst Dickmanns Geoffrey Hinton Hans-Peter Kriegel Hartmut Neven Heikki Mannila Ian Goodfellow Jacek M. Zurada Jaime Carbonell Jeremy Slovak Jerome H. Friedman John D. Lafferty John Platt Julie Beth Lovins Jürgen Schmidhuber Karl Steinbuch Katia Sycara Leo Breiman Lise Getoor Luca Maria Gambardella Léon Bottou Marcus Hutter Mehryar Mohri Michael Collins Michael I.


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other === Anne O'Tate Ant colony optimization algorithms Anthony Levandowski Anti-unification (computer science) Apache Flume Apache Giraph Apache Mahout Apache SINGA Apache Spark Apache SystemML Aphelion (software) Arabic Speech Corpus Archetypal analysis Arthur Zimek Artificial ants Artificial bee colony algorithm Artificial development Artificial immune system Astrostatistics Averaged one-dependence estimators Bag-of-words model Balanced clustering Ball tree Base rate Bat algorithm Baum–Welch algorithm Bayesian hierarchical modeling Bayesian interpretation of kernel regularization Bayesian optimization Bayesian structural time series Bees algorithm Behavioral clustering Bernoulli scheme Bias–variance tradeoff Biclustering BigML Binary classification Bing Predicts Bio-inspired computing Biogeography-based optimization Biplot Bondy's theorem Bongard problem Bradley–Terry model BrownBoost Brown clustering Burst error CBCL (MIT) CIML community portal CMA-ES CURE data clustering algorithm Cache language model Calibration (statistics) Canonical correspondence analysis Canopy clustering algorithm Cascading classifiers Category utility CellCognition Cellular evolutionary algorithm Chi-square automatic interaction detection Chromosome (genetic algorithm) Classifier chains Cleverbot Clonal selection algorithm Cluster-weighted modeling Clustering high-dimensional data Clustering illusion CoBoosting Cobweb (clustering) Cognitive computer Cognitive robotics Collostructional analysis Common-method variance Complete-linkage clustering Computer-automated design Concept class Concept drift Conference on Artificial General Intelligence Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Confirmatory factor analysis Confusion matrix Congruence coefficient Connect (computer system) Consensus clustering Constrained clustering


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
R (programming language) Rada Mihalcea Rademacher complexity Radial basis function kernel Rand index Random indexing Random projection Random subspace method Ranking SVM RapidMiner Rattle GUI Raymond Cattell Reasoning system Regularization perspectives on support vector machines Relational data mining Relationship square Relevance vector machine Relief (feature selection) Renjin Repertory grid Representer theorem Reward-based selection Richard Zemel Right to explanation RoboEarth Robust principal component analysis RuleML Symposium Rule induction Rules extraction system family SAS (software) SNNS SPSS Modeler SUBCLU Sample complexity Sample exclusion dimension Santa Fe Trail problem Savi Technology Schema (genetic algorithms) Search-based software engineering Selection (genetic algorithm) Self-Service Semantic Suite Semantic folding Semantic mapping (statistics) Semidefinite embedding Sense Networks Sensorium Project Sequence labeling Sequential minimal optimization Shattered set Shogun (toolbox) Silhouette (clustering) SimHash SimRank Similarity measure Simple matching coefficient Simultaneous localization and mapping Sinkov statistic Sliced inverse regression Snakes and Ladders Soft independent modelling of class analogies Soft output Viterbi algorithm Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference SolveIT Software Spectral clustering Spike-and-slab variable selection Statistical machine translation Statistical parsing Statistical semantics Stefano Soatto Stephen Wolfram Stochastic block model Stochastic cellular automaton Stochastic diffusion search Stochastic grammar Stochastic matrix Stochastic universal sampling Stress majorization String kernel Structural equation modeling Structural risk minimization


id: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of machine learning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:08.396522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-machine-learning-20260505-0
summary:
== Further reading == Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani and Jerome H. Friedman (2001). The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer. ISBN 0-387-95284-5. Pedro Domingos (September 2015), The Master Algorithm, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-06570-7 Mehryar Mohri, Afshin Rostamizadeh, Ameet Talwalkar (2012). Foundations of Machine Learning, The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01825-8. Ian H. Witten and Eibe Frank (2011). Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques Morgan Kaufmann, 664pp., ISBN 978-0-12-374856-0. David J. C. MacKay. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-64298-1 Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart, David G. Stork (2001) Pattern classification (2nd edition), Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-05669-3. Christopher Bishop (1995). Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853864-2. Vladimir Vapnik (1998). Statistical Learning Theory. Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-03003-1. Ray Solomonoff, An Inductive Inference Machine, IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp., 56–62, 1957. Ray Solomonoff, "An Inductive Inference Machine" A privately circulated report from the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on AI. == References == == External links == Data Science: Data to Insights from MIT (machine learning) Popular online course by Andrew Ng, at Coursera. It uses GNU Octave. The course is a free version of Stanford University's


id: list-of-performance-analysis-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performance_analysis_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of performance analysis tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performance_analysis_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:09.736625+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-performance-analysis-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of performance analysis tools for use in software development. == General purpose, language independent == The following tools work based on log files that can be generated from various systems. time (Unix) - can be used to determine the run time of a program, separately counting user time vs. system time, and CPU time vs. clock time. timem (Unix) - can be used to determine the wall-clock time, CPU time, and CPU utilization similar to time (Unix) but supports numerous extensions. Supports reporting peak resident set size, major and minor page faults, priority and voluntary context switches via getrusage. Supports sampling procfs on supporting systems to report metrics such as page-based resident set size, virtual memory size, read-bytes, and write-bytes, etc. Supports collecting hardware counters when built with PAPI support. == Multiple languages == The following tools work for multiple languages or binaries. == C and C++ == Arm MAP, a performance profiler supporting Linux platforms. AppDynamics, an application performance management service for C/C++ applications via SDK. AQtime Pro, a performance profiler and memory allocation debugger that can be integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio, and Embarcadero RAD Studio, or can run as a stand-alone application. IBM


id: list-of-prisma-app-filters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Prisma (app) filters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:10.982064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-prisma-app-filters-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of filters for the photo-editing application Prisma to render images with an artistic effect. == Artists == Artists represented through the app via the filters include Marc Chagall, Hokusai, Wassily Kandinsky, Roy Lichtenstein, Isaac Levitan, Hayao Miyazaki, Piet Mondrian, Alphonse Mucha, Edvard Munch, Francis Picabia, and Pablo Picasso. == List of Prisma filters == == Reception == In July 2016, Wiknix's Jay Bokhiria called Candy, Dreams, Gothic, Mosaic, and Roland the best Prisma filters. The Telegraph's Pramita Ghosh and Riddhima Khanna picked out five filters: Heisenberg, Marcus D – Lone Wolf, Mosaic, Roland, and Udnie. India TV said Bobbie, #FollowMeTo, Mondrian, The Scream, and Udnie were the best filters while "you can ignore the rest." Stuff's Sam Kieldsen favored the Curtain, Electric, and MIOBI filters with "work well with almost any sort of shot you use" as well as Heisenberg "can be brilliantly effective when used with the right base shot." However, Kieldsen critiqued the filters Impression and Mondrian with "rarely seem to produce anything worth looking at." The Kitchn's Ariel Knutson used the filters Candy, Gothic, Femme, Ice Cream, Mononoke, Mosaic, Raoul, Tokyo, and Udnie for various food photography. Knutson called Gothic "the most bold


id: outline-of-computer-programming-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of computer programming
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:12.753055+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-computer-programming-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming: Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem. == History == History of computer science History of computing hardware History of computing hardware (1960s–present) History of programming languages Timeline of programming languages Computer programming in the punched card era Operating systems timeline == Platforms == Computer Computer hardware Analog computer Analytical Engine Digital computer Vacuum-tube computer List of vacuum-tube computers Transistor computer List of transistorized computers Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Home computers IBM PC compatible Personal computer Desktop computer Laptop computer Mobile computer Personal digital assistant (PDA) Smartphone Tablet computer Wearable computer Server Supercomputer Virtual machine Hardware virtualization Runtime system == Paradigms == Agent-oriented Aspect-oriented Automata-based Class-based Concatenative


id: punched-card-input-output-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output-0.md
category: reference
title: Punched card input/output
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:14.676413+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: punched-card-input-output-20260505-0
summary:
A computer punched card reader or just computer card reader is a computer input device used to read computer programs in either source or executable form and data from punched cards. A computer card punch is a computer output device that punches holes in cards. Sometimes computer punch card readers were combined with computer card punches and, later, other devices to form multifunction machines. == History == Many early computers, such as the ENIAC, and the IBM NORC, provided for punched card input/output. Card readers and punches, either connected to computers or in off-line card to/from magnetic tape configurations, were ubiquitous through the mid-1970s. Punched cards had been in use since the 1890s; their technology was mature and reliable. Card readers and punches developed for punched card machines were readily adaptable for computer use. Businesses were familiar with storing data on punched cards and keypunch machines were widely employed. Punched cards were a better fit for some computer applications than other 1950s technologies, such as magnetic tape, because individual cards could easily be updated without having to access a computer. Also file drawers of punched cards served as a low-density offline storage medium for data. == Operation == The standard


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-0.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
There are a large number of QWERTY keyboard layouts used for languages written in the Latin script. Many of these keyboards include some additional symbols of other languages, but there also exist layouts that were designed with the goal to be usable for multiple languages (see Multilingual variants). This list gives general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems, with emphasis on Microsoft Windows. == Specific language variants == === English === ==== Canada ==== English-speaking Canadians have traditionally used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French (CFR) and the Canadian French ACNOR (CFA) keyboard layouts (see below). ==== United Kingdom ==== The United Kingdom and Ireland use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in the (now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822. It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an AltGr key and a larger Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #,


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-1.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The typewriter came to the Czech-speaking area in the late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout. However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards. The Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @$& and others) missing from the Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard. In Czech QWERTZ keyboards the positions of these characters accessed through AltGr differs. Detailed poll made on over 7,500 users showed that 41% use QWERTZ, 18% use Czech QWERTY, 12% use Czech QWERTY Programmers, 15% use US QWERTY and 13% use other keyboard layout. === Danish === Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å/å, Æ/æ and Ø/ø, but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on the Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä. On some systems, the Danish keyboard


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-2.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The "hybrid" keyboard layout, often referred incorrectly as "canadian multilingual" or "bilingual" is a mix between the US English and the Canadian French layout over an ISO keyboard. This layout has been developed by manufacturers as a cost saving strategy first for their low end laptops. They tend to be extended to the mid-range laptops in the recent years and sold wrongly as a "French" keyboard. Today, this layout seems to be criticized by both anglophones and francophones. The anglophones accustomed to the ANSI keyboard complain about the small ISO shift on left and francophones can find these legends hard to read and messy. In this keyboard, the key names are translated in both French and English. This keyboard can be nevertheless useful for programming. In 1988, the Quebec government has developed a new keyboard layout, using proper keys for Ù,Ç,É,È,À, standardized by the CSA Group and adopted also by the federal government. This layout is known as Canadian French (Legacy) today on Windows and is considered to be the ancestor to the actual Canadian Multilingual Standard. The CMS on Windows and Linux is based on the CAN/CSA Z243.200-92 standard (launched in 1992 by the CSA Group, revised in 2021).


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-3.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
=== Latvian === Although rarely used, a keyboard layout specifically designed for the Latvian language called ŪGJRMV exists. The Latvian QWERTY keyboard layout is most commonly used; its layout is the same as the United States one, special characters (āčēģīķļņōŗšūž) can be entered by pressing AltGr and basic letter (like in Polish and Romanian programmers layouts) or dead key. The most common dead key is the apostrophe ('), which is followed by Alt+Gr (Windows default for Latvian layout). Some prefer using the tick (`). === Lithuanian === Where in standard QWERTY the number row is located, you find in Lithuanian QWERTY: Ą, Č, Ę, Ė, Į, Š, Ų, Ū, Ž, instead of their counterparts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, =. If you still want to use the numbers of the mentioned 'number row', you can create them in combination with the AltGr-key. Aside from these changes the keyboard is standard QWERTY. Besides QWERTY, the ĄŽERTY layout without the adjustment of the number row is used. === Maltese === The Maltese language uses Unicode (UTF-8) to display the Maltese diacritics: ċ Ċ; ġ Ġ; ħ Ħ; ż Ż (together with à À; è È; ì Ì; ò Ò;


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-4.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The Brazilian computer keyboard layout is specified in the ABNT NBR 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric portion) and 10347 (numeric portion) standards. Essentially, the Brazilian keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics in use in the language; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilha in Portuguese, has its own key. In some keyboard layouts the AltGr+C combination produces the ₢ character (Unicode 0x20A2), symbol for the old currency cruzeiro, a symbol that is not used in practice (the common abbreviation in the eighties and nineties used to be Cr$). The cent sign ¢, is accessible via AltGr+5, but is not commonly used for the centavo, subunit of previous currencies as well as the current real, which itself is represented by R$. The Euro sign € is not standardized in this layout. The masculine and feminine ordinals ª and º are accessible via AltGr combinations. The section sign § (Unicode U+00A7), in Portuguese called parágrafo, is nowadays practically only used to denote sections of laws. Variant 2 of the Brazilian keyboard, the only which gained general acceptance (MS Windows treats both variants as the same layout), has a unique mechanical layout, combining some features of the ISO 9995-3


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-5.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
On some keyboards, the c-cedilla key (Ç) is located one or two lines above, rather than on the right of, the acute accent key (´). In some cases it is placed on the right of the plus sign key (+), while in other keyboards it is situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡). ==== Latin America, officially known as Spanish Latinamerican sort ==== The Latin American Spanish keyboard layout is used throughout Mexico, Central and South America. Before its design, Latin American vendors had been selling the Spanish (Spain) layout as default; this is still being the case, with both keyboard layouts being sold simultaneously all over the region. Its most obvious difference from the Spanish (Spain) layout is the lack of a Ç key. While it has the tilde (~), it is not a dead key on Windows (available on Linux as an option to be enabled). It also has the circunflex (^) and the grave accent (`) available as tertiary position characters on AltGr+{ and AltGr+} while in the Spanish Spain layout the grave has its own key and the diaeresis can be typed using ⇧ Shift as a secondary position character. This is


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-6.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
== Multilingual variants == Multilingual keyboard layouts, unlike the default layouts supplied for one language and market, try to make it possible for the user to type in any of several languages using the same number of keys. Mostly this is done by adding a further virtual layer in addition to the ⇧ Shift-key by means of AltGr (or 'right Alt' reused as such), which contains a further repertoire of symbols and diacritics used by the desired languages. This section also tries to arrange the layouts in ascending order by the number of possible languages and not chronologically according to the Latin alphabet as usual. === Canadian CSA Z243.200:92 === The CSA keyboard layout (also named Canadian Multilingual Standard – CMS) is used by some Canadians, mostly in Quebec and New Brunswick. Though the caret (^) is missing, it is easily inserted by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. This layout use three levels and two groups, up to 5 characters per key. Alt-Gr key is used to type a character on the level 3 ⇮AltGr and the Group 2 has a dedicated key ⇨Group 2 instead of the Right-Ctrl ⎈Ctrl. === United Kingdom (Extended) Layout === ====


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-7.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
Dead keys `+letter produces grave accents (e.g., à/À) (`+` produces a standalone grave sign). AltGr+2(release)letter produces diaeresis accents (e.g., ä/Ä) AltGr+6(release)letter produces circumflex accents (e.g., â/Â) AltGr+= (release) letter produces (mainly) comma diacritic or cedilla below the letter e.g., ş/Ş AltGr+⇧ Shift+= (release) letter produces a hook (diacritic) on vowels (e.g., ą/Ą) AltGr+[ same as AltGr+2 AltGr+] same as AltGr+# AltGr+{(release)letter produces overrings (e.g., å/Å) AltGr+}(release)letter produces macrons (e.g., ā/Ā) AltGr+j(release)letter produces mainly horn (diacritic)s (e.g., ả/Ả) AltGr+⇧ Shift+j(release)letter produces an adjacent horn (e.g., ư/Ư) AltGr+;(release)letter produces acute accents (e.g., ź/Ź) AltGr+⇧ Shift+;(release)letter produces double acute accents on some letters (e.g., Ő/ő) that exist in Unicode as pre-composed characters AltGr+'(release)letter produces acute accents (e.g., á/Á) AltGr+⇧ Shift+'(release)letter produces caron (haček) diacritics (e.g., ǎ/Ǎ) AltGr+#(release)letter produces tilde diacritics (e.g., ã/Ã) AltGr+⇧ Shift+#(release)letter produces inverted breve diacritics (e.g., ă/Ă) AltGr+/(release)letter produces mainly underdots (e.g., ạ/Ạ) AltGr+⇧ Shift+/(release)letter produces mainly overdots (e.g., ȧ/Ȧ) Finally, any arbitrary Unicode glyph can be produced given its hexadecimal code point: ctrl+⇧ Shift+u, release, then the hex value, then space bar or ↩ Return. For example ctrl+⇧ Shift+u (release) 1234space produces the Ethiopic syllable SEE, ሴ. === US-International === ==== Windows and Linux ==== An alternative layout uses


id: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants-8.md
category: reference
title: List of QWERTY keyboard language variants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:17.025492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-qwerty-keyboard-language-variants-20260505-0
summary:
The visual layout used in Finland is basically the same as the Swedish layout. This is practical, as Finnish and Swedish share the special characters Ä/ä and Ö/ö, and while the Swedish Å/å is unnecessary for writing Finnish, it is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns and to write Swedish family names which are common. However, it lacks the letters Š/š and Ž/ž which are used in some Finnish loanwords like šaahi 'shah' and džonkki 'junk'. As of 2008, there is a new standard for the Finnish multilingual keyboard layout, developed as part of a localization project by CSC. All the engravings of the traditional Finnish–Swedish visual layout have been retained, so there is no need to change the hardware, but the functionality has been extended considerably, as additional characters (e.g., Æ/æ, Ə/ə, Ʒ/ʒ) are available through the AltGr key, as well as dead keys, which allow typing a wide variety of letters with diacritics (e.g., Ç/ç, Ǥ/ǥ, Ǯ/ǯ). Based on the Latin letter repertory included in the Multilingual European Subset No. 2 (MES-2) of the Unicode standard, the layout has three main objectives. First, it provides for easy entering of text in both Finnish and Swedish, the two official languages of


id: list-of-random-number-generators-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number_generators-0.md
category: reference
title: List of random number generators
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number_generators
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:18.399851+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-random-number-generators-20260505-0
summary:
Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations), cryptography and gambling (on game servers). This list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case. == Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) == The following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators. == Cryptographic algorithms == Cipher algorithms and cryptographic hashes can be used as very high-quality pseudorandom number generators. However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators. These include: Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4. Block ciphers in counter mode. Common choices are AES (which is very fast on systems supporting it in hardware), TwoFish, Serpent and Camellia. Cryptographic hash functions A few cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators do not rely on cipher algorithms but try to link mathematically the difficulty of distinguishing their output from a `true' random stream to a computationally difficult problem. These approaches are theoretically important but are too slow to be practical in most applications. They include: Blum–Micali algorithm (1984) Blum Blum Shub


id: list-of-search-appliance-vendors-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_appliance_vendors-0.md
category: reference
title: List of search appliance vendors
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_appliance_vendors
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:19.660880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-search-appliance-vendors-20260505-0
summary:
A search appliance is a type of computer which is attached to a corporate network for the purpose of indexing the content shared across that network in a way that is similar to a web search engine. It may be made accessible through a public web interface or restricted to users of that network. A search appliance is usually made up of: a gathering component, a standardizing component, a data storage area, a search component, a user interface component, and a management interface component. == Vendors of search appliances == Fabasoft Google InfoLibrarian Search Appliance™ Maxxcat Searchdaimon Thunderstone == Former/defunct vendors of search appliances == Black Tulip Systems Google Search Appliance Index Engines Munax Perfect Search Appliance == References == == External links == 7 Enterprise Search Appliances That Can Save the Day


id: list-of-security-assessment-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_security_assessment_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of security assessment tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_security_assessment_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:20.825315+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-security-assessment-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of available software and hardware tools that are designed for or are particularly suited to various kinds of security assessment and security testing. == Operating systems and tool suites == Several operating systems and tool suites provide bundles of tools useful for various types of security assessment. === Operating system distributions === Kali Linux (formerly BackTrack), a penetration-test-focused Linux distribution based on Debian Pentoo, a penetration-test-focused Linux distribution based on Gentoo ParrotOS, a Linux distro focused on penetration testing, forensics, and online anonymity. == Tools == == External links == SecTools.org: Top 125 Network Security Tools – a list of security tools suggested by a community


id: list-of-simile-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of SIMILE projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:22.082168+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-simile-projects-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of SIMILE projects. The SIMILE tools assist in the storage, querying, transformation and mapping of very large collections of RDF data. The tools developed within SIMILE are meant to allow people who are not Semantic Web developers to create ontologies which describe their specialized metadata, create RDF and convert other types of metadata into RDF. These open source tools are designed to be scalable and provide for cross-community sharing of metadata at low cost. == Longwell == Longwell is a faceted browser which enables the user to visualize and browse any RDF data set, allowing the user to quickly build a user-friendly web site out of the RDF data without requiring the user to write any RDF code. Facets are metadata fields considered important for a given data set. In its default configuration, the collection of facets is returned along the right-hand side of the page, and clicking on any facet causes the refinement of facets in relation to the data retrieved. Longwell then displays only the subset of the data which meet those restrictions. This appears on the left-hand side of the page. Previously selected restrictions can be removed, which causes a broadening of


id: list-of-sinclair-ql-clones-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Sinclair QL clones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:23.331087+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sinclair-ql-clones-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of clones of Sinclair Research's Sinclair QL microcomputer: Sandy QLT / Futura (only produced in prototype form) CST Thor series (Thor 1 / Thor 20 / Thor XVI) Qubbesoft Aurora (a replacement QL motherboard) Peter Graf's Qx0 series of motherboards: Q40, Q40i and Q60 Peter Graf's Q68 (a stand-alone FPGA-based SMSQ/E-machine) and QIMSI Gold (an FPGA-based expansion for the original QL's ROM port that basically is a Q68) The ZX Spectrum Next FPGA-based computer The following hardware devices provided QL compatibility for other computer platforms: Futura Datasenter QL Emulator for the Atari ST Jochen Merz's QVME card for the Atari MEGA STE and Atari TT Miracle Systems QXL and QXL II cards for PC compatibles The ICL One Per Desk (also sold as the BT Merlin Tonto or the Telecom Australia Computerphone) shared some hardware components with the QL but was not intended to be software-compatible. In addition, several software emulators of the QL exist including QPC, uQLX, QLay and Q-emuLator. Not exactly software emulators, but rather QDOS-like OS replacements for other 68k-based machines are SMSQ/E for the Atari ST QDOS Clasic for the Amiga == References ==


id: list-of-smart-tv-platforms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of smart TV platforms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:24.671276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-smart-tv-platforms-20260505-0
summary:
The following list encompasses notable smart TV platforms and application software that are used as software framework and middleware platforms used by more than just one manufacturer. == Smart TV middleware providers to multiple third parties == For TV sets and companion boxes vendors, available under OEM license. === Smart TV framework platforms managed by standardization bodies or technology consortium === === Smart TV framework platforms managed by single companies or foundations === == Smart TV platforms utilized by vendors == Includes first and third-party solutions. == See also == Smart TV Digital media player Home theater PC Comparison of digital media players Next Generation Broadcasting Network TVOS, a Chinese-only operating system announced in December 2008 == References ==


id: index-of-software-engineering-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_software_engineering_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of software engineering articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_software_engineering_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:26.053083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-software-engineering-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to software engineering. == 0–9 == 2D computer graphics — 3D computer graphics == A == Abstract syntax tree — Abstraction — Accounting software — Ada — Addressing mode — Agile software development — Algorithm — Anti-pattern — Application framework — Application software — Artificial intelligence — Artificial neural network — ASCII — Aspect-oriented programming — Assembler — Assembly language — Assertion — Automata theory — Automotive software — Avionics software == B == Backward compatibility — BASIC — BCPL — Berkeley Software Distribution — Beta test — Boolean logic — Business software == C == C — C++ — C# — CAD — Canonical model — Capability Maturity Model — Capability Maturity Model Integration — COBOL — Code coverage — Cohesion — Compilers — Complexity — Computation — Computational complexity theory — Computer — Computer-aided design — Computer-aided manufacturing — Computer architecture — Computer bug — Computer file — Computer graphics — Computer model — Computer multitasking — Computer programming — Computer science — Computer software — Computer term etymologies — Concurrent programming — Configuration management — Coupling — Cyclomatic complexity == D == Data structure — Data-structured language —


id: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of software engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to software engineering: Software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is the application of engineering to software. The ACM Computing Classification system is a poly-hierarchical ontology that organizes the topics of the field and can be used in semantic web applications and as a de facto standard classification system for the field. The major section "Software and its Engineering" provides an outline and ontology for software engineering. == Software applications == Software engineers build software (applications, operating systems, system software) that people use. Applications influence software engineering by pressuring developers to solve problems in new ways. For example, consumer software emphasizes low cost, medical software emphasizes high quality, and Internet commerce software emphasizes rapid development. Business software Accounting software Analytics Data mining closely related to database Decision support systems Airline reservations Banking Automated teller machines Cheque processing Credit cards Commerce Trade Auctions (e.g. eBay) Reverse auctions (procurement) Bar code scanners Compilers Parsers Compiler optimization Interpreters Linkers Loaders Communication E-mail Instant messengers VOIP Calendars — scheduling and coordinating Contact managers Computer graphics Animation Special effects for video


id: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of software engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
=== Life cycle phases === Development life cycle phase Requirements gathering / analysis Software architecture Computer programming Testing, detects bugs Black box testing White box testing Quality assurance, ensures compliance with process. Product Life cycle phase and Project lifecycle Inception First development Major release Minor release Bug fix release Maintenance Obsolescence Release development stage, near the end of a release cycle Alpha Beta Gold master 1.0; 2.0 Software development lifecycle Waterfall model — Structured programming and Stepwise refinement SSADM Spiral model — Iterative development V-model Agile software development DSDM Chaos model — Chaos strategy === Deliverables === Deliverables must be developed for many SE projects. Software engineers rarely make all of these deliverables themselves. They usually cooperate with the writers, trainers, installers, marketers, technical support people, and others who make many of these deliverables. Application software — the software Database — schemas and data. Documentation, online and/or print, FAQ, Readme, release notes, Help, for each role User Administrator Manager Buyer Administration and Maintenance policy, what should be backed-up, checked, configured, ... Installers Migration Upgrade from previous installations Upgrade from competitor's installations Training materials, for each role User Administrator Manager Buyer Support info for computer support groups. Marketing and sales materials


id: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of software engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:27.296851+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-software-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
== Related fields == Computer science Information engineering Information technology Traditional engineering Computer engineering Electrical engineering Software engineering Domain engineering Information technology engineering Knowledge engineering User interface engineering Web engineering Arts and Sciences Mathematics Computer science Information science Application software Information systems Programming Systems Engineering == See also == Index of software engineering articles Search-based software engineering SWEBOK Software engineering body of knowledge CCSE Computing curriculum for software engineering Computer terms etymology, the origins of computer terms Complexity or scaling Second system syndrome optimization Source code escrow Feature interaction problem Certification (software engineering) Engineering disasters#Failure due to software Outline of software development List of software development philosophies == References == == External links == ACM Computing Classification System Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) Archived 2009-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Professional organizations British Computer Society Association for Computing Machinery IEEE Computer Society Professionalism SE Code of Ethics Professional licensing in Texas Archived 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine Education CCSE Undergraduate curriculum Standards IEEE Software Engineering Standards Internet Engineering Task Force ISO Government organizations European Software Institute Software Engineering Institute Agile Organization to promote Agile software development Test driven development Extreme programming Other organizations Online community for software


id: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of software package management systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable software package manager systems, categorized first by package format (binary, source code, hybrid) and then by operating system family. == Binary packages == The following package manager systems distribute software in binary package form; i.e., all executables are compiled and ready to install and use. === Unix-like === ==== Linux ==== dpkg: Originally used by Debian and now by Ubuntu and derivatives. Uses the .deb format and was the first to have a widely known dependency resolution tool, APT. The ncurses-based front-end for APT, aptitude, is also a popular package manager for Debian-based systems; Flatpak: A containerized/sandboxed packaging format formerly named xdg-app; Snap: Cross-distribution containerized package manager, non-free on the server-side, originally developed for Ubuntu; Nix: Aims to make package management reliable and reproducible. It provides atomic upgrades and rollbacks, side-by-side installation of multiple versions of a package, multi-user package management, and easy setup of build environments; GNU Guix: Used by the GNU Guix System. It is based on Nix, with Guile Scheme APIs. The default channel in the GNU Guix System omits proprietary software, but users can add third party channels without this restriction; Pacman: Used in Arch Linux, Frugalware and DeLi Linux.


id: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems-1.md
category: reference
title: List of software package management systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Windows === Microsoft Store: Official app store for Universal Windows Platform apps on Windows NT and Windows 10 Mobile. As of Windows 11, it distributes video games and films as well; Windows Package Manager (aka winget): Free and open-source package manager designed for Microsoft Windows; Chocolatey: Open-source decentralized package manager for Windows in the spirit of Yum and apt-get. Usability wrapper for NuGet; Cygwin: Free and open-source software repository for Windows NT. Provides many Linux tools and an installation tool with package manager; Homebrew: a port of the MacOS package manager meant for use with Windows Subsystem for Linux, using the already existing Linux port as its base; Ninite: Proprietary package manager for Windows NT; NuGet: A Microsoft-official free and open-source package manager for Windows, available as a plug-in for Visual Studio, and extendable from the command-line; Pacman: MSYS2-ported Windows version of the Arch Linux package manager; Scoop Package Manager: free and open-source package manager for Windows wpkg: Open-source package manager that handles Debian packages on Windows. Started as a clone of dpkg, and has many apt-get like features too; Superseded: Windows Phone Store: Former official app store for Windows Phone. Now superseded by Microsoft Store; === z/OS ===


id: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems-2.md
category: reference
title: List of software package management systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:28.540830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-package-management-systems-20260505-0
summary:
== Application-level package managers == Bitnami: a library of installers or software packages for web applications Cargo: is Rust's build system and package manager. It downloads, compiles, distributes, and uploads packages—called crates CocoaPods: a dependency manager for Swift and Objective-C Cocoa projects Composer: a dependency manager for PHP Conda: a package manager for open data science platform of the Python and R CPAN: a programming library and package manager for Perl CRAN: a programming library and package manager for R CTAN: a package manager for TeX Deno: a JavaScript runtime that functions as its own package manager Docker: Docker, a system for managing containers, serves as a package manager for deploying containerized applications Enthought Canopy: a package manager for Python scientific and analytic computing distribution and analysis environment Gradle: a build system and package manager for Groovy and other JVM languages, and also C++ Ivy: a package manager for Java, integrated into the Ant build tool, also used by sbt Leiningen: a project automation tool for Clojure LuaRocks: a programming library and package manager for Lua Maven: a package manager and build tool for Java npm: a programming library and package manager for Node.js and JavaScript NuGet: the package manager


id: list-of-software-patents-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-0.md
category: reference
title: List of software patents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:29.879474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-patents-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of software patents, which contains notable patents and patent applications involving computer programs (also known as a software patent). Software patents cover a wide range of topics and there is therefore important debate about whether such subject-matter should be excluded from patent protection. However, there is no official way of identifying software patents and different researchers have devised their own ways of doing so. This article lists patents relating to software which have been the subject of litigation or have achieved notoriety in other ways. Notable patent applications are also listed and comparisons made between corresponding patents and patent applications in different countries. The patents and patent applications are categorised according to the subject matter of the patent or the particular field in which the patent had an effect that brought it into the public view. == Business methods == == Data compression == === Data compression in general === US 5016009 – (Main article: Stac Electronics) US 4701745 – also granted as GB 2172127 - now expired Stac Electronics sued Microsoft for patent infringement when Microsoft introduced the DoubleSpace data compression scheme into MS-DOS. Stac was awarded $120 million by a jury in 1994 and


id: list-of-software-patents-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents-1.md
category: reference
title: List of software patents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:29.879474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-software-patents-20260505-0
summary:
== User interfaces == US 6275213 and US 6424333 related to EP application 0864145 Immersion Corporation sued Sony under these US patents in 2002. They relate to force-feedback technology such as that used in PlayStation 2 DualShock controllers. Sony lost the case and Immersion were awarded $90.7 million, an injunction (stayed pending appeal), and a compulsory license. The claims of the related European patent application require the device to be attached to a body part and were, in any event, refused by the examining division of the European Patent Office for lacking an inventive step. EP 0394160 US 5301348 The patent relates to a progress bar. Filed in 1989, it was highlighted in 2005 by Richard Stallman in New Scientist and The Guardian as an example of a software patent granted by the European Patent Office, that would impede software development and would be dangerous. The claims as granted describe a process of breaking down a task to be performed by a computer into a number of equal task units and updating a display each time a unit is completed and therefore does not cover progress bars which operate in different ways. == Miscellaneous == === Notable due to proprietor


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-0.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
This article discusses a set of tactics useful in software testing. It is intended as a comprehensive list of tactical approaches to software quality assurance (more widely colloquially known as quality assurance (traditionally called by the acronym "QA")) and general application of the test method (usually just called "testing" or sometimes "developer testing"). == Installation testing == Installation testing evaluates whether a software system can be successfully installed in its intended environments (including operating systems, hardware, and specific system configurations). This tactic may also verify upgrade and uninstall procedures, as well as check for incorrect configurations and errors during setup. == The box approach == Software testing methods are traditionally divided into white-box, black-box, and grey-box testing. These three approaches differ in the extent of visibility the test engineer has into the software product's internal algorithms and data structures when designing test cases. === White-box testing === White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, because the tester sees the source code) focuses on internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system, as well


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-1.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Visual testing ==== The aim of visual testing is to provide developers with the ability to examine what was happening at the point of software failure by presenting the data in such a way that developers can easily find the required information, and the information is expressed clearly. At the core of visual testing is the idea that showing someone a problem (or a test failure), rather than just describing it, greatly increases clarity and understanding. Visual testing therefore requires the recording of the entire test process – capturing everything that occurs on the test system in video format. Output videos are supplemented by real-time tester input via picture-in-a-picture webcam and audio commentary from microphones. Visual testing provides a number of advantages. The quality of communication is increased drastically because testers can show the problem (and the events leading up to it) to the developer as opposed to just describing it, eliminating the need to replicate test failures in many cases. Developers obtain all necessary evidence of a test failure and can instead focus on identifying and fixing its root cause. Visual testing is particularly well-suited for environments that deploy agile methods in their development of software, since agile


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-2.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Abstraction of application layers as applied to automated testing === There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit-, integration-, and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model. Other test levels are classified by the testing objective. There are two different levels of tests from the perspective of customers: low-level testing (LLT) and high-level testing (HLT). LLT is a group of tests for different level components of software application or product. HLT is a group of tests for the whole software application or product. ==== Unit testing ==== Unit testing refers to tests that verify the functionality of a specific section of code, usually at the function level. In an object-oriented environment, this is usually at the class level, and the minimal unit tests include the constructors and destructors. These types of tests are usually written by developers as they work on code (white-box


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-3.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library. == Smoke and sanity testing == Sanity testing determines whether it is reasonable to proceed with further testing. Smoke testing consists of minimal attempts to operate the software, designed to determine whether there are any basic problems that will prevent it from working


id: software-testing-tactics-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics-4.md
category: reference
title: Software testing tactics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing_tactics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:31.188122+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: software-testing-tactics-20260505-0
summary:
Performance testing is generally executed to determine how a system or sub-system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage. Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing. Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. Stability testing (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period. There is little agreement on what the specific goals of performance testing are. The terms load testing, performance testing, scalability testing, and volume testing, are often used interchangeably. Real-time software systems have strict timing


id: list-of-computer-hardware-manufacturers-in-the-soviet-union-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers_in_the_Soviet_Union-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers_in_the_Soviet_Union
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:32.410714+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-hardware-manufacturers-in-the-soviet-union-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union: == List == Major Soviet hardware manufacturers and ministry affiliations in 1988: === Ministry of the Electronics Industry === Elka Plant Leningrad Svetlana Association Exiton Plant in Pavlovskiy Posad (завод «Экситон») Voronezh Elektronika Association (НПО «Электроника») Zelenograd Complex === Ministry of Instrument Making === V. I. Lenin Kiev Elektronmash Production Association (Киевское производственное объединение «Электронмаш» им. В. И. Ленина) Kiev Plant of Computers and Electronic Control Machines (VUM) (Киевский завод вычислительных и управляющих машин - ВУМ) Kishinev Calculating Machine Plant Kursk Calculating Machines Plant Leningrad Electrical Machines Plant (Ленинградский Электромашиностроительный Завод) Livny Experimental Factory of Computer Graphics (Ливенский завод средств машинной графики) Moscow Elektronmash Scientific Production Association Orel Computer Machines Plant Ryazan Order of Lenin Factory of Calculating Analytical Machinery Impulse Severodonetsk Scientific Production Association (Северодонецкое научно-производственное объединение «Импульс») Smolensk Calculating Machine Factory Taurage Calculating Machine Assemblies Plant (Tauragės skaičiavimo mašinų elementų gamykla) Tbilisi Control Computer Works Lenin Vilnius Computer Factory Vilnius Sigma Association Vinnytsia Terminal Plant (Завод «Терминал») === Ministry of Radio Technology === Kazan Computer Plant (Казанский завод ЭВМ) Minsk Computer Technology Production Corporation (Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники) Moscow Calculating Machines Plant (SAM; Московский завод


id: list-of-soviet-computer-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_computer_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Soviet computer systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_computer_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:33.596602+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-soviet-computer-systems-20260505-0
summary:
This is the list of Soviet computer systems. The Russian abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means "electronic computing machine" (Russian: электронная вычислительная машина). == List of hardware == The Russian abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means "electronic computing machine" (Russian: электронная вычислительная машина). === Ministry of Radio Technology === Computer systems from the Ministry of Radio Technology: Agat (Агат) — Apple II clone ES EVM (ЕС ЭВМ), IBM mainframe clone ES PEVM (ЕС ПЭВМ), IBM PC compatible M series — series of mainframes and mini-computers Minsk (Минск) Poisk (Поиск) — IBM PC-XT clone Setun (Сетунь) — unique balanced ternary computer. Strela (Стрела) Ural (Урал) — mainframe series Vector-06C (Вектор-06Ц) === Ministry of Instrument Making === Computer systems from the Ministry of Instrument Making: Aragats (Арагац) Iskra (Искра) — common name for many computers with different architecture Iskra-1030 — Intel 8086 XT clone KVM-1 (КВМ-1) SM EVM (СМ ЭВМ) — most models were PDP-11 clones, while some others were HP 2100, VAX or Intel compatible === Ministry of the Electronics Industry === Computer systems from the Ministry of Electronics Industry: Elektronika (Электроника) family DVK family (ДВК) — PDP-11 clones Elektronika BK-0010


id: list-of-spreadsheet-mistakes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_mistakes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of spreadsheet mistakes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_mistakes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:34.807577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-spreadsheet-mistakes-20260505-0
summary:
A 2017 study concluded that up to 90% of spreadsheets had errors that affected their results. Below is a list of examples of spreadsheet mistakes that are caused by a variety of reasons. == See also == Model risk § Spreadsheet Errors Spreadsheet § Spreadsheet risk == External links == EuSPRIG Horror Stories - European Spreadsheet Risk Interest Group Data Organization in Spreadsheets for Ecologists == References ==


id: list-of-sql-reserved-words-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words-0.md
category: reference
title: List of SQL reserved words
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:36.009606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sql-reserved-words-20260505-0
summary:
This list includes SQL reserved words – aka SQL reserved keywords, as the SQL:2023 specifies and some RDBMSs have added. A dash (—) means that the keyword is not reserved. == See also == SQL SQL syntax List of relational database management systems == External links == Page listing all reserved words in the SQL standard, from SQL-92 to SQL:2016: Standard SQL Reserved Words Summary. == References ==


id: list-of-standard-networks-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Standard_Networks_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Standard Networks products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Standard_Networks_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:37.258884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-standard-networks-products-20260505-0
summary:
This list of Standard Networks products includes all major standalone services and programs created by Standard Networks, a Madison, Wisconsin-based software company founded in 1989 and acquired by Ipswitch, Inc. in 2008. All products listed are well into their gold releases. This list also includes previous products that are no longer being actively developed. == Client Applications == === Secure File Transfer === === Terminal Emulation === == Server Applications == === Secure File Transfer === == Previous Projects == == References ==


id: list-of-computer-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:38.462049+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Computer hardware and software standards are technical standards instituted for compatibility and interoperability between software, systems, platforms and devices. == Hardware == == Software == == See also == List of RFCs List of device bandwidths Comparison of wireless data standards == References ==


id: list-of-sun-microsystems-employees-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Sun Microsystems employees
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:40.955441+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sun-microsystems-employees-20260505-0
summary:
Sun Microsystems, from its inception in 1982 to its acquisition by Oracle Corporation in 2010, became known for being "something of a farm system for Silicon Valley." It had a number of employees credited with notable achievements before, during or after their tenure there. == A == Brian Aker, MySQL Director of Technology Ken Arnold, Sun Microsystems Laboratories, co-author of The Java Programming Language Valerie Aurora, ZFS programmer == B == Carol Bartz, head of SunFed, Sun service and worldwide operations; Autodesk CEO, Yahoo! CEO Andy Bechtolsheim, Sun co-founder, systems designer and Silicon Valley investor Joshua Bloch, author of Effective Java Frederick Bloom, Sun Micro System's Senior Java Architect, Core J2EE Patterns (Reference implementation Architect, Lead Developer, PMd. Jon Bosak, chair of the original XML working group Jeff Bonwick, slab-allocator, vmem and ZFS Steve Bourne, creator of the Bourne shell Tim Bray, Sun Director of Web Technologies David J. Brown, SUN workstation at Stanford; Solaris at Sun Paul Buchheit, engineer at Sun from May 1997 to August 1997; Creator of Gmail == C == Bryan Cantrill, of 2005 Technology Review "Top 35 Young Innovators", co-inventor of DTrace Alfred Chuang, co-founder of BEA Systems Danny Cohen, co-creator of Cohen-Sutherland line clipping


id: list-of-sysml-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SysML_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of SysML tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SysML_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:42.406206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sysml-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This article compares SysML tools. SysML tools are software applications which support some functions of the Systems Modeling Language. == General == == Features == == See also == List of MBSE Tools List of SysML v2 Tools == References ==


id: list-of-tcp-and-udp-port-numbers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of TCP and UDP port numbers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:43.652541+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tcp-and-udp-port-numbers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols for operation of network applications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) only need one port for bidirectional traffic. TCP usually uses port numbers that match the services of the corresponding UDP implementations, if they exist, and vice versa. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for maintaining the official assignments of port numbers for specific uses. However, many unofficial uses of both well-known and registered port numbers occur in practice. Similarly, many of the official assignments refer to protocols that were never or are no longer in common use. This article lists port numbers and their associated protocols that have experienced significant uptake. == Table legend == == Well-known ports == The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 (0 to 210 − 1) are the well-known ports or system ports. They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services. On Unix-like operating systems, a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the well-known ports. == Registered ports == The


id: technology-transfer-in-computer-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer_in_computer_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Technology transfer in computer science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer_in_computer_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:44.964496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technology-transfer-in-computer-science-20260505-0
summary:
Technology transfer in computer science refers to the transfer of technology developed in computer science or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the private sector. These technologies may be abstract, such as algorithms and data structures, or concrete, such as open source software packages. == Examples == Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include: == References ==


id: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing-0.md
category: reference
title: Ubiquitous computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:46.169407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-0
summary:
Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering, hardware engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear seamlessly anytime and everywhere. In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing implies use on any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop computers, tablets, smart phones and terminals in everyday objects such as a refrigerator or a pair of glasses. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include the Internet, advanced middleware, kernels, operating systems, mobile codes, sensors, microprocessors, new I/Os and user interfaces, computer networks, mobile protocols, global navigational systems, and new materials. This paradigm is also described as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, or "everyware". Each term emphasizes slightly different aspects. When primarily concerning the objects involved, it is also known as physical computing, the Internet of Things, haptic computing, and "things that think". Rather than propose a single definition for ubiquitous computing and for these related terms, a taxonomy of properties for ubiquitous computing has been proposed, from which different kinds or flavors of ubiquitous systems and applications can be described. Ubiquitous computing themes include: distributed computing, mobile computing, location computing,


id: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing-1.md
category: reference
title: Ubiquitous computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:46.169407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ubiquitous-computing-20260505-0
summary:
== Examples == One of the earliest ubiquitous systems was artist Natalie Jeremijenko's "Live Wire", also known as "Dangling String", installed at Xerox PARC during Mark Weiser's time there. This was a piece of string attached to a stepper motor and controlled by a LAN connection; network activity caused the string to twitch, yielding a peripherally noticeable indication of traffic. Weiser called this an example of calm technology. A present manifestation of this trend is the widespread diffusion of mobile phones. Many mobile phones support high speed data transmission, video services, and other services with powerful computational ability. Although these mobile devices are not necessarily manifestations of ubiquitous computing, there are examples, such as Japan's Yaoyorozu ("Eight Million Gods") Project in which mobile devices, coupled with radio frequency identification tags demonstrate that ubiquitous computing is already present in some form. Ambient Devices has produced an "orb", a "dashboard", and a "weather beacon": these decorative devices receive data from a wireless network and report current events, such as stock prices and the weather, like the Nabaztag, which was invented by Rafi Haladjian and Olivier Mével, and manufactured by the company Violet. The Australian futurist Mark Pesce has produced a highly configurable


id: list-of-unified-modeling-language-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Unified Modeling Language tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:47.419904+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unified-modeling-language-tools-20260505-0
summary:
This article compares UML tools. UML tools are software applications which support some functions of the Unified Modeling Language. == General == == Features == == See also == List of requirements engineering tools == References == == External links == Media related to UML tools at Wikimedia Commons


id: list-of-univac-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of UNIVAC products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:48.659058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-univac-products-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of UNIVAC products. It ends in 1986, the year that Sperry Corporation merged with Burroughs Corporation to form Unisys as a result of a hostile takeover bid launched by Burrough's CEO W. Michael Blumenthal. == The Remington Rand years (1950 to 1955) == === Calculating devices === UNIVAC 40 UNIVAC 60 UNIVAC 120 === Computer systems === UNIVAC I UNIVAC 1101 UNIVAC 1102 UNIVAC 1103 UNIVAC 1104 === Peripherals === ==== Storage ==== UNISERVO tape drive ==== Display and print ==== UNIVAC High speed printer 600 line/min printer === Offline tape handling units === UNIPRINTER 10 char/s printer with tape drive UNITYPER keyboard with tape drive UNIVAC Tape to Card converter card punch with tape drive UNIVAC Card to Tape converter card reader with tape drive UNIVAC Paper Tape to Tape converter paper tape reader with tape drive == The Sperry Rand years (1955 to 1978) == === Calculating devices === UNIVAC 1004 UNIVAC 1005 === Computer systems === ==== Embedded systems ==== AN/USQ-17 – the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) or M-460 AN/USQ-20 – updated NTDS, aka UNIVAC 1206 or G-40 AN/UYK-5 18-bit (octal) digital CPU Military System (Navy/Marines) used for logistics/pay/maintenance management (Navy Shipboard,


id: list-of-users-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_users'_groups-0.md
category: reference
title: List of users' groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_users'_groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:49.810893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-users-groups-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable computer users' groups categorized by interest. == General == Chaos Computer Club Computer Measurement Group (CMG) ComputerTown UK Homebrew Computer Club Port7Alliance == Hardware platforms == Adamcon (Coleco Adam user group) Toronto PET Users Group (TPUG) SHARE Macintosh User Groups in the UK DUsers, the first Macintosh users group, based at Drexel University IIUG International Informix Users Group COMMON for Power Systems (IBM i, AS/400, iSeries, System i, AIX and Linux) users in North America. == Linux == Bangalore Linux User Group Beijing GNU/Linux User Group Linux Users' Group of Davis ILUG-Delhi Lanka Linux User Group Linux Australia Linux Users of Victoria LinuxChix Loco team NYLUG Portland Linux/Unix Group RLUG SEUL Southern California Linux Expo Tehlug == Programming languages == Z User Group == Markup languages == TeX Users Group Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX


id: list-of-video-connectors-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_connectors-0.md
category: reference
title: List of video connectors
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_connectors
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:51.345801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-video-connectors-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of physical RF and video connectors and related video signal standards. == Physical connectors == === D-subminiature family === === DVI-related === === DIN/Mini-DIN === === Others === == By signal standard == == See also == Computer display standard == References == == External links == Monitor Ports Pinouts and other technical information; lacks more recent interfaces such as HDMI PC Graphics standard overview Simple table of PC video standards thru XGA with DB9 pinouts Standard and device-specific video interfaces pinouts Numerous standards described and categorized, including such recent ones as DVI and HDMI List of computer video standards and connectors pinouts Wiki format (including community updates and free redistribution); broad coverage including HDMI


id: list-of-volunteer-computing-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volunteer_computing_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of volunteer computing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volunteer_computing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:52.539742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-volunteer-computing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
Volunteer computing projects are a type of distributed computing where volunteers donate computing time to specific causes. The donated computing power comes from idle CPUs and GPUs in personal computers, video game consoles, and Android devices. Each project seeks to utilize the computing power of many internet connected devices to solve problems and perform large scale computational research in a cost-effective manner. == Active projects == == Completed projects == == See also == == References ==


id: list-of-web-service-specifications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications-0.md
category: reference
title: List of web service specifications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:53.775257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-web-service-specifications-20260505-0
summary:
There are a variety of specifications associated with web services. These specifications are in varying degrees of maturity and are maintained or supported by various standards bodies and entities. These specifications are the basic web services framework established by first-generation standards represented by WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI. Specifications may complement, overlap, and compete with each other. Web service specifications are occasionally referred to collectively as "WS-*", though there is not a single managed set of specifications that this consistently refers to, nor a recognized owning body across them all. == XML specification == XML (eXtensible Markup Language) XML Namespaces XML Schema XPath XQuery XML Information Set XInclude XML Pointer == Messaging specification == SOAP (formerly known as Simple Object Access Protocol) SOAP-over-UDP SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism WS-Addressing WS-EndpointResolution WS-Notification WS-BaseNotification WS-Topics WS-BrokeredNotification WS-Transfer WS-Eventing WS-Enumeration WS-MakeConnection WS-MessageData WS-MessageDelivery (see WS-Addressing § History) == Metadata exchange specification == JSON-WSP WS-Policy WS-PolicyAssertions WS-PolicyAttachment WS-Discovery WS-Inspection WS-MetadataExchange Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) WSDL 2.0 Core WSDL 2.0 SOAP Binding Web Services Semantics (WSDL-S) WS-Naming == Security specification == WS-Security XML Signature XML Encryption XML Key Management (XKMS) WS-SecureConversation WS-SecurityPolicy WS-Trust WS-Federation WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile Web Services


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows 7 contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows Vista were removed or changed. The following is a list of features that were present in Windows Vista and earlier versions but were removed in Windows 7. == Windows shell == === Windows Explorer === Column headers for item properties only appear in the Details icon view mode. Additionally, even in Details view, column headers in Windows 7 only allow filtering items; there no longer are options in drop-down menus to group, sort, or stack items (Sort, Group, and Stack by Property options are removed). Filtering can only be done in Details view; grouping must be done from the context menu in every icon view mode; and sorting must be done by either clicking the column header itself in Details view, or by selecting the Sort By context menu in all other icon view modes. In Windows Vista, column headers could be used to filter, group, sort, and stack items regardless of the active icon view mode. Control Panel views are limited to Category, Small icons, and Large icons (which is actually Tiles view). List,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
=== Taskbar === 16-bit applications can no longer display their icon on the taskbar when running. The taskbar instead shows the icon for NTVDM.exe, which is the 32-bit host process for running 16-bit applications. Always on Top for the taskbar is mandatory in Windows 7; in previous versions of Windows this was possible to disable. Clicking a grouped application's taskbar button or thumbnail when it is active (in the foreground) does not minimize it unlike in previous Windows versions; only ungrouped application buttons minimize upon being clicked again. Floating deskbands (toolbars) are no longer available. The feature was previously deprecated in Windows Vista; all toolbars can only be located on the taskbar. It is no longer possible to place toolbars on the other (non-taskbar) edges of the desktop. Grouping (placing next to each other) taskbar buttons belonging to the same application cannot be disabled; users can still disable combining multiple taskbar buttons of the same type under a single button. Icons have been removed from the tooltips for the notification area Date and Time, Network, Power, and Volume system icons. Network activity animation on the Network system icon in the notification area is no longer available; the icon now only


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
Arrange By (called Stack By in Windows Vista) is now only available for libraries and folders included in libraries (when it was available for all folders and all Saved Searches in Windows Vista). Users can now only stack items by predefined properties depending on the library type in Windows 7. For example, in the Music library, users can only stack by Album, Artist, and Genre, but in Windows Vista, users could stack items by any valid property that exists for a music item (e.g., Album, Artist, Genre, Part of Set, Period, Sample Rate, Track Number, and Year). Compositional stacking introduced in Windows Vista is no longer available for all items; users can still stack items, but they cannot browse into one stack then navigate into another stack. Column header drop-down menus now display dates of items ordered from the oldest to the most recent (e.g., A long time ago, Last month, Last week, Today) instead of displaying them by order from the most recent to the oldest (e.g., Today, Last week, Last month, A long time ago) as in Windows Vista. Saved Searches in the Searches folder from Windows Vista (Recent Documents, Recent E-mail, Recent Music, Recent Pictures and Videos,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-3.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pen and touch input === Pointer Options of the Pen and Touch (Pen and Input Devices in Windows Vista) Control Panel applet is no longer available; users can no longer configure enabling or disabling pen cursors, or choose to show either pen cursors or mouse cursors when using pens to interact with the screen. The Touch Pointer toolbar in Windows Vista, which displays a button on the Windows taskbar to quickly show or hide the touch pointer interface when using touch input is no longer available. Under the Touch tab in Pen and Touch, the previous Practice using your finger instead of a mouse or a tablet pen option of Windows Vista that opened a wizard interface for training with touch input is no longer available. === Other Shell features === About in bundled Windows applications such as Microsoft Paint or Windows Calculator (as well as winver) no longer displays the system's RAM capacity, a detail that was previously included in this dialog of NT-based Windows versions since Windows NT 3.5. Beginning with Windows 7, AutoPlay disables AutoRun entries and only supports optical media such as CDs and DVDs due to security issues associated with automatically executing content on


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-4.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
The ability to lock the player while in full-screen mode using a 4-digit PIN has been removed. The option to adjust the bit rate when burning data CDs has been removed. Windows Media Player's taskbar-integrated Mini-player has been removed. The thumbnail preview which replaces this lacks volume control and a progress bar. The ability to start the miniplayer only for certain files based on specific text in their file names was also removed. Enhancements are only accessible from Now Playing view in a floating window. They do not dock to the Now Playing window, and do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, their position does not get saved. Left/Right balance control has been removed from the graphic equalizer and is no longer possible. Several player preferences are not saved and restored upon restarting the player. The playlist pane in Now Playing view is not shown automatically. Enhancements do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, the previous position of the Now Playing window and enhancements is not retained. The context menu entry "Find In Library" which allowed locating the Now Playing song in the library was removed.


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-5.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
== Other Windows applications and features == To preserve the digital signature of a Windows Installer (MSI) file during uninstall, embedded cabinets are no longer automatically stripped off by Windows Installer 5.0 to save disk space. As a result, MSIs cached in the %Windir%\Installer directory take more disk space than earlier Windows versions with no option to disable the caching. Transient Multimon Manager (TMM), a Windows Vista feature to automatically detect hot-Plug and Play displays as well as configure and save the multi-monitor setup is removed in favor of Win+P. The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes the ability to change or specify the font as a result of which keyboard layouts of fonts which use Dingbats and Unicode characters in place of alphabetic characters can no longer be viewed. The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes direct access to function keys. Function keys are now accessed using the 'Fn' key. Windows Remote Assistance does not support file transfer and clipboard sharing in Windows 7. The Offline Files cache can be relocated, however, an existing cache with previously cached files cannot be moved without resetting it as was possible in Windows Vista using Windows Easy Transfer or in Windows XP/2000 using Cachemov.exe


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 8
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 8 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 7. Several features that originated in earlier versions of Windows and that were included in versions up to Windows 7 are no longer present in Windows 8. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and Windows 8.1). == Windows Shell == Start button was removed from the taskbar (although it was added again in Windows 8.1). Replacement methods for invoking Start screen include a hotspot in the lower left corner of the screen, where the Start screen tile pops up, and a Start button among "the charms". "Recent documents" menu is removed from Start screen. Windows 8.1 no longer automatically adds newly installed programs to Start screen. Unified search is removed. A category-specific search replaces the former. It can search "Apps", "Settings", "Files" or within an app-specific index (such as, for example, e-mails from the Mail app) but not all at once. The default category is Apps, but can be changed before or after performing a search. Windows 8.1 restores this feature partially although unified search still does not search keywords or metadata like scoped search. Windows Desktop Gadgets introduced in Windows Vista and included


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 8
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
summary:
== User accounts and security == Windows CardSpace was removed. Windows Defender: Can no longer schedule automatic system scans; it is now part of Action Center's maintenance schedule No longer shows the currently processed item == Media features == Windows Media Center is no longer included with any of Windows 8 editions and is no longer offered as an add-on by Microsoft. It was available until 2015-10-30 as a US$9.99 add-on (and before 2013-01-31 as a promotional free add-on) from Microsoft's now discontinued Windows 8 Feature Packs web site and through the now discontinued Add features to Windows 8 service for Windows 8 Pro (via the Media Center Pack) and Windows 8 core edition (via the Pro Pack). DVD-Video and MPEG-2 Video codecs are no longer included. Video DVDs can be played in Windows Media Center for those who acquired that add-on while it was available. Windows DVD Maker was removed in favor of third-party software. Windows Media Center cannot run on startup or on top of other windows because of "new Windows OS requirements and behaviors". Windows Media Player no longer has the Media Guide feature and the DVD tab in the Options menu. Windows 2000 Display Driver Model


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 10 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 8.1. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, and further changes in features offered have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 10. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases). == Features removed in version 1507: (RTM) == === Windows shell === The charms are removed, and replaced with the Action Center. In Windows Runtime apps, a menu button appears on the title bar that can be used to access the functions that previously required its usage. Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft account. A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications they want to emphasize on each device that they use, rather than use the same configuration across each device. The ability to automatically install a Windows app across all devices associated with an account was also removed. Dragging and dropping items from or within the start menu and the list of recent files (accessible from right click on a taskbar shortcut) is no


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
== Features removed in version 1607 == Cortana can now operate in a feature-limited mode with basic web and device search functionality, if users have not opted into data collection and personalization. On previous versions, a generic "Search" experience without Cortana branding was shown if the user had not granted permission to activate Cortana. In April 2016, Microsoft announced that it will no longer allow Cortana web searches to be executed through any other web browser and search engine combination but Microsoft Edge [Legacy] and Bing, intentionally disregarding user settings. Microsoft alleges that other web browsers and search engines results in a "compromised experience that is less reliable and predictable", and that only Microsoft Edge [Legacy] supports direct integration with Cortana within the browser itself. The ability to change the Exit Windows, Windows Logoff, and Windows Login sounds was hidden in Version 1607, although these features can be enabled by going to the Windows Registry and under the EventLabels folder and setting the value to 0. However, even changing these sounds in the sounds panel has not had any effect since Windows 8. Certain features related to embedded advertising in the operating system can no longer be disabled on non-Enterprise


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
== Features removed in version 2004 == Certain capabilities of Cortana have been removed, such as music and connected home. Windows To Go introduced in Windows 8 and included up to Windows 10 version 1909 is removed. The Mobile Plans and Messaging apps are removed for non-cellular devices and are not installed by default. == Features removed in version 21H1 == Adobe Flash Player is removed in Control Panel\System and Security. == Features removed in version 22H2 == The ability to install feature updates cumulatively is no longer available in version 22H2 as it requires at least Windows 10, version 2004 to be installed first. Since IE11 was disabled, the option to set Internet Explorer as the default browser in Internet Settings has been removed. However, shortcuts to the browser remain. This can also be seen in Windows 11. The bigger-looking search bar in File Explorer has been replaced with the pre-1909 search bar, starting with the KB5034203 and KB5034122 updates. == Deprecated features == Microsoft has published a list of Windows features that are no longer actively developed. Microsoft states that these features may potentially be removed in future updates to Windows 10. My People in the shell no


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-11-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 11
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:58.606809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-11-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 11 is the latest major release of the Windows NT operating system and the successor of Windows 10. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 10, and further changes in older features have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 11. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases). == Features removed in original release == === Bundled software === ==== No longer available ==== The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11 and no longer available. Internet Explorer Wallet Windows Mixed Reality Skype ==== Not bundled, but available ==== The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11, but can still be installed from the Microsoft Store. 3D Viewer OneNote for Windows 10 === Windows shell === The following parts of the Windows shell are no longer available in Windows 11. Lock Screen's quick status Toggleable tablet mode (now is automatically enabled on touch devices) Timeline feature in Task View Save Search option in File Explorer In addition: The touch keyboard no longer docks in screens larger than 18 inches. Windows no longer synchronizes desktop wallpapers across devices with a Microsoft account. Windows no longer shows


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-phone-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Phone
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:11.370270+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-phone-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows Phone contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous versions up to Windows Mobile 6.5 were removed or changed. Until Windows Mobile 6.5, the previous version did always cover the complete feature range of the predecessor version. The following is a list of features which were present in Windows Mobile 6.5 but were removed in Windows Phone 7.0. == Calling == The list of past phone calls is now a single list, and cannot be separated into inbound, outbound or missed calls == Sync == Windows Phone does not support USB sync with Microsoft Outlook's Calendar, Contacts, Tasks and Notes as opposed to older versions of Windows Mobile with Desktop ActiveSync. Syncing Contacts and Appointments is done via cloud-based services (Windows Live, Google, or Exchange Server), and no method to sync this information directly with a PC is provided. Third-party software, such as Akruto Sync, provides some of this functionality. A petition to Microsoft was filed to reinstate USB sync for Outlook. == Other == Adobe Flash Ability to open .exe files (desktop Windows executeables), such as 7-Zip 32-bit for desktop. == Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 7.5


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows Vista contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows XP were removed or changed – some of which were later re-introduced in Windows 7 and later versions. The following is a list of features that were present in Windows XP and earlier versions but were removed in Windows Vista.


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Explorer == Windows Briefcase no longer allows synchronizing items across multiple computers and a removable media device. Windows Briefcase cannot sync files or folders in locations protected by User Account Control. This removes the ability to sync many locations. Grouping items by name in Explorer no longer groups them under each individual letter of the alphabet (A, B, C... Z) like in Windows XP. When using Group By Name, items are always combined into just a few groups (A-H, I-P, Q-Z). This removes the ability to locate items by their first letter. If hidden files are not allowed to be shown in Windows Explorer, the Status bar does not report how many hidden files are present. In addition, if all items within a folder are selected at once (by pressing Ctrl+A or Select all), the user is not alerted to hidden files being selected. Even after setting the ForceCopyAclwithFile and MoveSecurityAttributes values as documented in KB310316, permissions are not retained/copied when Windows Explorer is used to copy or move objects across volumes or in the same volume. A hotfix is available (KB2617058) to restore the MoveSecurityAttributes value but not ForceCopyAclwithFile. Thumbnails can no longer be forced to regenerate


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
Ability to add a password to a ZIP file (compressed folder) has been removed. Though this has no effect on third-party compression tools, such as WinZip or 7-Zip, Windows Explorer can no longer open ZIP files that are protected with a password. Filmstrip view is replaced by the Preview pane; however the state of the preview pane is not saved per folder. It can be globally enabled or disabled. Also, the preview pane does not show previews for folders whereas filmstrip view showed the preview of images within a folder if a folder was selected. Other functions available in filmstrip view such as rotating photos and navigating using Next and Forward buttons are only available in Windows Photo Gallery. Support for enabling a folder for web sharing with Internet Information Services via the Windows Explorer interface was removed. The "Computer Description" field is no longer shown on the Explorer view of a workgroup. It can be viewed from the command line using net view. The Status bar does not show file information shown in the infotips when the file is selected. It no longer shows the total space used by a folder when displaying a folder's contents. Some file information


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-3.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Taskbar == The Power icon on the taskbar only appears for laptops, and desktop computers with a USB-based UPS. The Network icon on the taskbar does not give direct access to the connection settings, connection status, firewall settings, or disabling the connection. The taskbar cannot be resized to zero height when unlocked, hiding it manually (users were unable to continue using the taskbar buttons after resizing the taskbar to zero height accidentally). Toolbars such as "Quick Launch" can no longer be "dragged off" the taskbar as floating minibars or docked to another edge of the screen, though physical folders can be dragged onto the desktop edge in a similar manner. The Language Bar is the only toolbar that can float on the desktop. Double clicking on the Printer icon in the notification area while printing does not open the printer's status window that allows managing print jobs. == Start menu == Neither the new nor the Classic Start menu shows infotips for folders stored inside the folder's desktop.ini. The All Programs mode has changed to an inline scrollable menu. As such, it is not possible to expand the All Programs menu in the Vista Start menu into flyout cascading


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-4.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== User accounts and winlogon.exe configuration == It is no longer possible to safely relocate the profiles directory (C:\Users) to another partition without using unsupported methods. Microsoft recommends against moving the user profile folder. In Windows XP, the WinNT.sif file allowed relocating "Documents and Settings" to another partition than C: before Windows installation completed. Subfolders under the user's profile can however still be redirected. Windows 7 further alleviates this issue by introducing Libraries which allow user's data to be located on another partition. Windows Installer and the Shell in Windows Vista do not support per-user app installs without the need to show the UAC prompt. This has been corrected in Windows 7. Winlogon no longer shows details of password complexity policy requirements due to the removal of GINA. The Biologon API to programmatically create a new interactive user session using the InitiateInteractiveLogon function has been removed. Unlike Windows XP, an administrator can no longer unlock the computer when another standard user has locked it. Protected Storage (PStore) has been deprecated and therefore made read-only in Windows Vista. Microsoft recommends using DPAPI to add new PStore data items or manage existing ones. However existing applications such as Outlook 2002 which used


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-5.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Win32 console == The Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) does not support all DOS video modes and therefore DOS-based and Win32 console programs can no longer run in full-screen mode. If Windows XP Driver Model (XPDM) graphics drivers are installed or if booted into safe mode, console programs can be run in full-screen mode, however they do not support DWM and therefore Windows Aero. In previous versions of Windows, it was possible to save different settings for each console window. Windows would ask the user whether to apply settings for the current window or the shortcut that started the window. Windows Vista, however, saves settings for all console windows without asking the user. Dragging and dropping a folder or file into a Win32 console window no longer pastes the path of the folder or file. This no longer works as a result of User Interface Privilege Isolation. == Graphics == When using Windows Aero, all GDI, GDI+ and DirectDraw applications run in the new compositing window manager known as Desktop Window Manager. The GDI or DirectDraw render paths are redirected through DWM; however GDI or DirectDraw are not hardware-accelerated when they are redirected. Hardware overlays are not supported when


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-6.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Media Player features == The List Pane no longer allows deleting or editing items by right clicking items. Categories in the player library such as Music, Pictures, Videos, Recorded TV show limited media information (metadata) columns, relevant only to their content type. In previous versions, all possible metadata columns were shown for all category types. Buttons to always show full-screen controls, show or hide the playlist while in full-screen mode and directly close Windows Media Player from full-screen have been removed. Auto sorting in the media library (similar to auto sorting in Windows Explorer) cannot be turned off. Grouping cannot be turned off. Library content is always grouped by the criteria by which it is sorted. The ability to add media to the library for searching local or network files and selectively adding only new files or existing files has been removed. Media can only be added from monitored folders. The seek slider cannot be always shown when playing media. The mouse must be hovered over the progress bar above the playback controls to reveal the seek slider. The sort order is not preserved in the library like Windows Media Player 10 as long as the player is


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-7.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== DirectX features == Since Windows Vista features a rewritten audio stack and does not inherit the Hardware Abstraction Layer for audio that was present under prior versions of Windows, there is no hardware acceleration of DirectSound and DirectSound3D APIs. DirectSound and DirectMusic are emulated entirely in software. As a result, hardware accelerated audio and 3D spatialization in games utilizing DirectSound3D is no longer supported. Direct3D Retained Mode (D3DRM) has been removed. DirectPlay was removed. Furthermore, DirectPlay Voice and DirectPlay's NAT Helper have been removed. Some DirectInput functionality (action-mapper UI) has been removed as well. The DirectMusic kernel mode synthesizer that supplies the DirectMusic components with a high-resolution timer has been removed. Support for the DirectX 7 and DirectX 8 interfaces for Visual Basic 6.0 was removed in Windows Vista. == Media features == Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 digital media components such as Windows Audio Converter, Windows Dancer, Windows CD Label Maker, Party Mode, Plus! screensavers and Windows Media Player skins and visualizations have been removed. Video content support is removed from Windows Image Acquisition for Windows Vista in favor of the newer Windows Portable Devices API. As a result, the Windows Vista version of Windows Movie Maker


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-8.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== File system, drivers, memory and hardware == Windows Task Manager no longer shows the peak commit charge. It only shows current commit charge and the maximum limit. The driver-signing policy post installation is always set to Warn, eliminating the Ignore and Block options that were available in Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000. For Plug-and-play hardware which is plugged in after Windows Vista is installed, it is not possible to choose from a list of available staged or on-disk device drivers in the Found new hardware wizard which starts automatically. The Found new hardware wizard automatically searches for the driver and fails if it does not find a driver in the driver store or Windows Update. Only the Update Driver wizard which can be invoked from Device Manager then allows manually choosing a driver from a list. Windows Management Instrumentation Driver Extensions to WDM are no longer supported. Unsigned 64-bit kernel-mode device drivers can no longer be installed. Advanced settings for PS/2 mice such as sample rate, input buffer length and fast initialization are not available in Mouse properties in Device Manager. Offline Files (Client Side Caching) has been completely rewritten for Vista, dropping backward compatibility of


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-9.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows applications and features == System Restore System Restore no longer supports configuring its settings through the registry. The GUI to configure the disk space utilized for System Restore points is not available in Windows Vista. File types and directories can no longer be included or excluded from monitoring by System Restore by editing %windir%\system32\restore\Filelist.xml as was possible in Windows XP. This file no longer exists in Windows Vista. Backup Unlike NTBackup, it is not possible to include or exclude specific files or folders during a backup using the Windows Vista backup application. Only categories of file types can be archived. Because of this, it is not possible to backup files located in a specific path or a network location(s). The backup application in Windows Vista does not support the use of tape drives to back up data. In the RTM release of Windows Vista, files encrypted using the Encrypting File System (EFS) were not archived by the operating system's backup application; this feature was reinstated in Service Pack 1. Windows Vista Backup does not have all the features and command line parameters supported by NTBackup. It also does not support the NTFS archive bit and granular restores. Diagnostics


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-10.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
Moreover, it cannot save in lossless (uncompressed) WAV format when run without using any switches; instead, it saves in lossy 96 kbit/s WMA format. Only the version of Sound Recorder from the N editions of Windows Vista saves audio in WAV format by default. Also, all the basic audio processing features such as format conversion, sample rate conversion, adding echo, reversing the audio, changing volume and playback speed, splitting, inserting and mixing audio have been removed. The graphical viewing of the sound wave spectrum has been replaced with a level meter. Support for Microsoft Office Word documents (*.DOC) has been removed from WordPad, partial support for the newer Office Open XML-based DOCX format with limited features was added later in Windows 7 and later versions. Microsoft recommends the freely downloadable Word Viewer for viewing these documents. The Unicode IME has been removed. It is included again in Windows 7. ClipBook Viewer is not included. Internet Backgammon, Internet Hearts (not to be confused with Hearts), Internet Reversi, Internet Spades, and Internet Checkers have been removed. Although freely playable online on MSN Games, they now require signing into a Windows Live ID. Internet Backgammon, Spades and Checkers returned in Windows 7, and


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-11.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Networking == The SMB 2 protocol unlike SMBv1 does not support determining if a file on a remote volume is a hard link or not. There is no longer a notification area icon for Ethernet connections and quick access to enable/disable/repair them, or view their status and properties. Windows Vista no longer automatically creates shortcuts to previously visited network shares in the Network Explorer which replaces My Network Places. There is no balloon notification when a new connection is connected or when the wired or wireless adapters have limited or no connectivity. IPsec tunneling when the computer is behind an NAT device is no longer possible. The Wireless Provisioning Services feature to automatically configure wireless hotspots by downloading XML files supplied by Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) is not supported. Audio (voice) sessions and sending invitations via mailto: are not supported in Windows Remote Assistance. The 1-click "Repair" function to perform a series of steps that quickly reset the network connection has been replaced by the Network Diagnostics feature which attempts to perform troubleshooting and offer suggestions. The Web Folders client is not included by default in any version in favor of the WebDAV mini-redirector. It is not available


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-12.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy features and other changes == Object Packager, a legacy tool for packaging non-OLE objects and embedding/linking them inside OLE objects, is not included; however, objects can still be inserted in OLE applications such as WordPad. Program Manager has been removed altogether. Previously, in Windows XP Service Pack 2, running the executable did not launch it (it just acts as a compatibility stub to Windows Explorer), but it contained several old icons dating back to Windows 3.1. The Web Publishing Wizard is no longer available. The Desktop Cleanup Wizard is no longer available. The Windows Classic theme colors (Brick, Eggplant, Rainy Day, Wheat, Pumpkin, etc.) have been removed. The graphical world map has been removed from the Time Zone tab on Date and Time control panel setting in Windows Vista. The ability to install service packs cumulatively is no longer available in Windows Vista Service Pack 2 as it requires at least Service Pack 1 to be installed first. Cumulative slipstreaming, however, is possible and supported, however the Component Based Servicing introduced in Windows Vista is a form of layered servicing, meaning when files are updated or slipstreamed, the component is updated but the older files are not removed.,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows XP
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
summary:
As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others. == Shell == The dialog box that warns the users when removing external flash storage devices without safe unmounting has been removed. The Line Up Icons command on the desktop was removed and replaced by the Align to Grid option. Due to this being a toggle, simply aligning desktop icons once without further constraining their placement requires an extra click. The Minimize all windows command on the taskbar was removed. The purported replacement, Show the desktop, co-existed with this feature on Windows 2000 and in any case only hides windows temporarily instead of actually minimizing them. It is still accessible through the ⊞ Win+M keyboard shortcut but it is not available through the mouse. The Show icons using all possible colors (which was previously introduced in Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0) option in Display Properties has been removed. Icons are always shown using all possible colors. Microsoft states that this is by design. The VGA screen resolution and 8-bit color depth options have been removed from


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows XP
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Explorer == Small Icons view was removed from Windows Explorer. Web view in folders was disabled by default but can be reinstated by editing the registry. Additionally, the Customize This Folder Wizard was removed. Due to the removal of Web view, pie charts showing disk space are no longer available immediately upon opening a drive. The status bar no longer shows the free space remaining on the given disk when browsing through folder paths of shell namespace extensions, removable drives, and network shares when the navigation pane (Folders) in Windows Explorer is turned on, unlike in Windows 2000. It continues to show the free space remaining only for paths on local drives. In combination with the Web view-related lack of pie charts previously mentioned, this means it is no longer possible to immediately view the amount of space remaining in these three cases. The Directory icon was removed from My Network Places. The default sort order in Windows Explorer has changed but can be restored by editing the registry. == Media components == Deluxe CD Player, which was also first part of Microsoft Plus! 98 before being included in Windows 2000, was removed. Some functionality, including uploading and


id: index-of-forestry-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of forestry articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:15.760324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-forestry-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Articles on forestry topics include:. == A == Afforestation - Aldo Leopold - Analog forestry - Ancient woodland - Angle gauge - Appalachian balds - Arboriculture - Arborist - Forestry in Argentina - Assarting == B == Backpacking (hiking) - Forestry in Bangladesh - Bernard Fernow - Forestry in Bhutan - Biltmore Forest School - Biltmore stick - Biochar - Biscuit Fire publication controversy - Bog-wood - Borderline tree - Botany - Bottomland hardwood forest - British timber trade - Buchonia - Buffer strip == C == Caliper - Canopy research - Canopy walkway - Carl A. Schenck - Cellulosic ethanol - Certified wood - Forestry in Chad - Charcoal - Clearcutting - Clinometer - CODIT - Community forestry - Conservation biology - Coppicing - Cork - Creosote - Cultigen - Cultivar - Cultblock == D == Deforestation - Deforestation during the Roman period - Dendrochronology - Desertification - Diameter tape - Drunken trees == E == Ecoforestry - Ecological succession - Ecological thinning - Ecological yield - Eloise Gerry - Energy forestry - Forestry in Ethiopia - Exploration Logging - Extended rotation forest == F == Faustmann's Formula - Firewood - Forbidden Forest - Forest dwellers - Forest fire


id: list-of-forestry-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:16.954971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-journals-20260505-0
summary:
This list includes notable peer-reviewed scientific journals in forestry, forest science, and related fields. More than 180 forestry journals were being published in 2008. == List of journals == == See also == Forestry literature List of botany journals List of environmental journals List of environmental social science journals List of forestry universities and colleges List of historic journals of forestry List of scientific journals == References == === Notes === === Bibliography === ScienceWatch.com. 2010, March 4. "Journals ranked by impact: forestry" Scimago Lab. 2011. "Journal rankings: forestry" Vanclay, Jerome K. 2008. "Ranking journals of forestry using the h-index," Journal of Informetrics 2(4): 326–334.


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry: Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in creating and modifying habitats, and affects ecosystem services provisioning. A practitioner of forestry is a forester. Below is a structured list of topics in forestry. == Focus of forestry == Tree – organism, whose species, age, vitality, growth, health, and size, are considered individually or more often, as part of a whole; Forest – defined as either a geographic area or delineated by the general composition of individuals; Biome – ecologically defined by its forest structure, leaf types, tree spacing, and climate == Branches of forestry == Agroforestry – integration of forests into agricultural systems in order to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and minimize negative side effects of farming Boreal forestry – analyzes the particular challenges of forestry in the world's boreal regions Close to


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
== Types of trees and forests == Types of trees List of trees and shrubs by taxonomic family List of tree species by shade tolerance – tree grouped by shade tolerance, a determinant in successional status List of woods – commonly used in the timber and lumber trade Types of forests By ecological factors (climate, composition, etc.) Boreal forests (taiga) – occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous Coniferous forests Temperate forests – forests in temperate zones Broadleaf forests, for example: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Evergreen coniferous forests, for example: Temperate coniferous forests Temperate rainforests Broadleaf evergreen forests – supported in warm temperate zones. Examples include: Laurel forests Tropical and subtropical forests Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests By physical structure or developmental stage Old growth forest Secondary forest By dominant tree species, for example Ponderosa pine forests Douglas-fir forests List of types of formally designated forests – various institutionally designated types of forest areas, generally classified by use or ownership == Geography of forests == List of countries by forest area – using data from the CIA's World Factbook, presents the total area in


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
Even-aged timber management Clearcutting – harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and size Coppicing – cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stump Seed-tree – cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cut Uneven-aged timber management Selection – harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning) Shelterwood – removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged stand Variable retention – removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversity Other Salvage logging – harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lost Sanitation harvest – removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affected Biomass harvest – harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestry Underwater logging – harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
Site index – a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years Stocking – a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density which varies according to management purpose even on the same site Stand Density Index – a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area Volume table – a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume Stand density management diagram – model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition Units of measurement Cord – very common measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet (3.6 m3), corresponding to a pile of wood, bark, and air 4 feet wide by 4 feet high and 8 feet long Stère – invented in France, equivalent to a cubic meter of cut wood with space for air Board foot – specialized unit of measure for lumber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
==== Log transportation tools ==== Ground Peavey – a traditional tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook with a sharp tip, used to spear the log for handling and moving Cant Hook – tool with the same premise as the peavey but with blunt teeth-bearing tip Yarder – in cable logging, a piece of equipment utilizing a pulley system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landing Forwarder – second half of the CTL system, the vehicle that carries logs clear off the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing Skidder – vehicle that drags logs along the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing Michigan logging wheels – historical skidder, consisting of a specially designed large set of wooden wagon wheels and could be used in unfrozen soil conditions Skid cone – a steel or plastic cone placed on the end of a log while being skidded, in order to ease its transportation or protect residual trees Water Splash dam – a dam built to temporarily raise the water level of a river to float timber downstream Flume – chutes specifically constructed to transport lumber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-5.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
==== Contemporary forestry ==== Urban forestry Plant a million trees Environmental forestry Forest aesthetics Forest restoration Analog forestry Ecological forestry === History of forestry institutions === ==== History of forestry law ==== History of forestry law United States Forest Reserve Act of 1891 Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 required multiple use of federal forest land Organic Act of 1897 Right of Way Act of 1901 – an act relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands (H.R. 11973) Transfer Act of 1905 – an act providing for the transfer of forest reserves from the Department of Interior to the Department of Agriculture (H.R. 8460, Public Resolution No. 34) American Antiquities Act of 1906 Appropriations Act Forbidding Further National Forests ("An Act Making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight", 1907) – also forbidding renaming forest reserves to National Forests (H.R. 24815, Public Act No. 242:2) Hong Kong Forests and Countryside Ordinance (1997) India Indian Forest Act, 1927 Forest Rights Act (India) – a historic law passed in 2006 protecting the rights of scheduled tribes and other forest dwellers International International Tropical Timber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-6.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable people == John Evelyn (1620–1706) – known for his knowledge of trees, and his treatise Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber (1664) Henrik Dávid Wilckens (1763–1832) – Austro-Hungarian founder of the Schemnitz Forestry Institute, 1809, later to become the Mining and Forestry Academy, in what today is Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia Heinrich Cotta (1763–1844) – German silviculturist and pioneer of modern scientific forestry, founder of the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry Georg Ludwig Hartig (1764–1837) – prominent forest manager, author, and founder of one of the first dedicated schools of forestry in Europe; affiliated in his later years with the University of Berlin Alfonse Romanovich Vargas de Bedemar (1816–1902) – "one of the founders of the Russian school of forest mensuration" Franklin B. Hough, MD (1822–1885) – chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the "father of American forestry" Sir Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – considered the "father of tropical forestry" Sir William Schlich (1840–1925) – founder of Oxford University's forestry program Bernhard Fernow (1851–1923) – laid the groundwork for the United States Forest Service, founding dean of the first professional forestry school in the United States Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946) – first chief of


id: arbor-day-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-0.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season. == Origins and history == === First Arbor Day === The Spanish village of Mondoñedo held the first documented arbor plantation festival in the world organized by its mayor in 1594. The place remains as Alameda de los Remedios and it is still planted with lime and horse-chestnut trees. A humble granite marker and a bronze plate recall the event. Additionally, the small Spanish village of Villanueva de la Sierra held the first modern Arbor Day, an initiative launched in 1805 by the local priest with the enthusiastic support of the entire population. While Napoleon was ravaging Europe with his ambition in this village in the Sierra de Gata lived a priest, don Juan Abern Samtrés, which, according to the chronicles, "convinced of the importance of trees for health, hygiene, decoration, nature, environment and customs, decides to plant trees and give a festive air. The festival began on Carnival Tuesday with the ringing of two bells of the church,


id: arbor-day-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-1.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === The day was founded by Sir George William Ross, later the premier of Ontario, when he was minister of education in Ontario (1883–1899). According to the Ontario Teachers' Manuals "History of Education" (1915), Ross established both Arbour Day and Empire Day—"the former to give the school children an interest in making and keeping the school grounds attractive, and the latter to inspire the children with a spirit of patriotism" (p. 222). This predates the claimed founding of the day by Don Clark of Schomberg, Ontario for his wife Margret Clark in 1906. In Canada, National Forest Week is the last full week of September, and National Tree Day (Maple Leaf Day) falls on the Wednesday of that week. Ontario celebrates Arbour Week from the last Friday in April to the first Sunday in May. Prince Edward Island celebrates Arbour Day on the third Friday in May during Arbour Week. Arbour Day is the longest running civic greening project in Calgary and is celebrated on the first Thursday in May. On this day, each grade 1 student in Calgary's schools receives a tree seedling to be taken home to be planted on private property. === Central African Republic


id: arbor-day-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-2.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
Historically, Kenya celebrated National Tree Planting Day on April 21. Often, people plant palm trees and coconut trees along the Indian Ocean that borders the east coast of Kenya. They plant trees to remember Prof. Wangari Maathai, who won a Nobel Peace Prize for planting of trees and caring for them all over Kenya. With the Kenyan government launching a campaign to plant 15 billion trees by 2032, they launched National Tree Growing Day with very aggressive targets for the number of trees to be planted. The first national public holiday was November 13, 2023. The second was May 10, 2024, with a goal to plant one billion trees in a single day. === Korea === North Korea marks "Tree Planting Day" on March 2, when people across the country plant trees. This day is considered to combine traditional Asian cultural values with the country's dominant Communist ideology. In South Korea, April 5, Singmogil or Sikmogil (식목일), the Arbor Day, was a public holiday until 2005. Even though Singmogil is no longer an official holiday, the day is still celebrated, with the South Korean public continuing to take part in tree-planting activities. === Lesotho === National Tree Planting Day is


id: arbor-day-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-3.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
=== Philippines === Since 1947, Arbor Day in the Philippines has been institutionalized to be observed throughout the nation by planting trees and ornamental plants and other forms of relevant activities. Its practice was instituted through Proclamation No. 30. It was subsequently revised by Proclamation No. 41, issued in the same year. In 1955, the commemoration was extended from a day to a week and moved to the last full week of July. Over two decades later, its commemoration was moved to the second week of June. In 2003, the commemorations were reduced from a week to a day and was moved to June 25 per Proclamation No. 396. The same proclamation directed "the active participation of all government agencies, including government-owned and controlled corporations, private sector, schools, civil society groups and the citizenry in tree planting activity". It was subsequently revised by Proclamation 643 in the succeeding year. In 2012, Republic Act 10176 was passed, which revived tree planting events "as [a] yearly event for local government units" and mandated the planting of at least one tree per year for able-bodied Filipino citizens aged 12 years old and above. Since 2012, many local arbor day celebrations have been commemorated,


id: list-of-chainsaw-carving-competitions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of chainsaw carving competitions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:20.829768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-chainsaw-carving-competitions-20260505-0
summary:
Chainsaw carving competitions are competitive events held all over the world where contestants display their skills in the act of chainsaw carving. == Australia == Australian Chainsaw Carving Championship, Melbourne == Canada == Chetwynd (International) Chainsaw Carving Competition (Championship), Chetwynd, British Columbia held annually since 2005 Brigade Days/Hope Chainsaw Carving Competition, Hope, British Columbia, biannually Prince George Chain Saw Carving Competition, Prince George, British Columbia == Japan == Tōei, Aichi, since 2001 == United Kingdom == Carve Carrbridge, Carrbridge, Scotland, held annually since 2003 English Open Chainsaw Carving Competition, Tatton Park, Cheshire, England, since 2005 == United States == === Arkansas === Arkansas State Championship Chainsaw Carving Competition, Russellville, Arkansas, annually since 2021 on the first weekend of May each year as part of Balloons over Russellville === Alaska === Seldovia Craft Invitational Chainsaw Competition, Seldovia, Alaska, annually since 2006 === Montana === Kootenai Country Montana International Chainsaw Carving Championship, Libby, Montana === Oregon === Reedsport Chainsaw Carving Competition/Oregon Divisional Chainsaw Sculpting Championship, Reedsport, Oregon, held annually since 2000 === Pennsylvania === Chainsaw Carvers Rendezvous, Ridgway, Pennsylvania, held annually since 2000 === Washington === Burning Bear, Ocean City, Washington Sedro Woolley Loggerodeo Longest running 4th of July Celebration in Washington


id: timeline-of-dendrochronology-timestamp-events-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of dendrochronology timestamp events
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:21.994409+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-dendrochronology-timestamp-events-20260505-0
summary:
A timeline of dendrochronology timestamped events. == Timelines == === Timeline from all sub-regions === === Cliff dwellings, etc, the Americas === for the Americas, see also: Timeline of Chacoan history == References ==


id: forest-cover-by-province-or-territory-in-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by province or territory in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:23.242854+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-province-or-territory-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of forest cover in Canada by province and territory. == Provinces == British Columbia: ~60% (Ministry of Students) Alberta: 58% (NAIT) Saskatchewan: 50% (SK Environmental Society) Manitoba: 48% (MB Forestry Branch) Ontario: 66% (Ontario Forest Industries Association) Quebec: 45% (McGill University) or ~50% Nova Scotia: ~75% Prince Edward Island: 45% (2000, PEI ) New Brunswick: ~85% (Riparian Habitat Restoration) Newfoundland and Labrador: ~45% of Newfoundland. 60% of Labrador (NF Heritage Society) == Territories == Northwest Territories: ~50% Nunavut: ~25% Yukon: ~55% == See also == Forest cover by state, U.S. Forest cover by state in India Forest cover by federal subject in Russia == References ==


id: forest-cover-by-state-and-territory-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by state and territory in the United States
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:24.548052+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-state-and-territory-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, the forest cover by state and territory is estimated from tree-attributes using the basic statistics reported by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Forest Service. Tree volumes and weights are not directly measured in the field, but computed from other variables that can be measured. This is only the total amount of timberland. Actual forest cover for each state may be significantly higher. == List by state, district, or territory == === List by region === == See also == Forests of the United States Forest cover by province or territory in Canada Forest cover by federal subject in Russia Forest cover by state in India == References == == Notes == == Further reading == US Department of Agriculture. US Forest Resource Facts and HIstorical Trends. 2012. 64 p. Archived 2021-04-28 at the Wayback Machine


id: forest-cover-by-state-in-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by state in India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:25.873987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-state-in-india-20260505-0
summary:
List of how many forests and percentage of forest cover in India by state. == Tree density == Tree density is the quantification of how closely the trees are growing in a hectare area. It is not the exact number of trees in the forest but, serves as an estimate to the foresters. The tree density of an area should be mentioned by the working Plan officer (WPO) or Divisional Forest Officer (Working Plan) after his field inspection of the lowest possible forest unit or compartment in the CH-4 form of compartment history. The compartment history forms are to be maintained at the Forest range and Forest division offices. The working Plan code-2014 mentions in para 105 that the density should also be mentioned on the stock map prepared by the WPO/DFO in decimal figures. The crown density is similar to the tree density. A forest area with a density of more than 0.4 is considered a good forest area and a forest area with less than 0.4 tree density is considered degraded forest. == Forest cover == Forest cover is the total geographical area declared as forest by the government. As of 2021, the total forest cover in India


id: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-0.md
category: reference
title: List of historic schools of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of historic schools of forestry, by founding date. Also included is information about each school's location, founder(s), present status, and (where applicable) closing date. Many remain active. == 1700s == 1778 - A course of study in forestry formally added to the curriculum at the University of Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holy Roman Empire 1785 - Master school of forestry established by Heinrich von Cotta and his father, in Kleine Zillbach, near Wasungen, Thuringia 1787 or 1789 - Master school of forestry established at Hungen, Hesse, by Georg Ludwig Hartig; moved to Dillenburg, Hesse, 1797–1805; reestablished in Berlin; then, in 1830, moved to Eberswalde, about 30 km away (see below) 1790 - School of forestry established in Munich, Bavaria 1798 - Waldau Forest Institute (Forstlehranstalt zu Waldau) established by Friedrich Ludwig von Witzelben, in the Kassel district of Hesse, Germany; closed 1815 == 1800-1849 == 1800 - First formal training of foresters in Russia; 'forstmeister' course established at the Naval Cadet Corps Academy, Saint Petersburg 1803 - Royal Forestry School (or 'Practical Forestry School'), in Tsarskoye Selo (near Saint Petersburg), Russia; in 1811, moved to Saint Petersburg to become the Imperial Forestry Institute, later the S. M. Kirov


id: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-1.md
category: reference
title: List of historic schools of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
1912 - Madras Forest Academy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, South India 1913 - School of Forestry, University of Montana. Established by the 12th Legislature of Montana. 1919 - Moscow Forest Engineering Institute, Russia's "first higher education institution for training forest engineers"; now Moscow State Forest University 1920 - Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Studies in the field of forestry began in 1920 as the Department of Forestry at the Agricultural Faculty in Belgrade. The Faculty of Forestry became separate in 1949, the first independent forestry faculty in the former Yugoslavia. 1926 - Australian Forestry School, Canberra, Australia. Foundation Principal Charles Lane Poole. Became part of the Australian National University in 1965. 1932 - Saasveld Forestry College, George, South Africa; now part of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) 1948, June 16 - Forestry Specialist School, Shanxi Province, China (established by the Chinese Communist Party) == 1950-present == 1951 - University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, established its Faculty of Forestry. The school would absorb students from Hungary's Sopron School in 1957. 1952 - Beijing Forestry University, China, with faculty from Tsinghua University, Peking University, and the Beijing Agricultural University 1962 - Forestry school established in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil,


id: list-of-forest-research-institutes-in-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forest research institutes in India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:28.394086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forest-research-institutes-in-india-20260505-0
summary:
This is a List of forest research institutes in India. == Autonomous research institutes == === Ministry of Environment and Forests === Institutes under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora (GBPIHED) Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI), Bengaluru Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun === Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education === Institutes under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Headquartered in Dehradun Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension (CFLE), Agartala Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Chhindwara Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation, Prayagraj Forest Research Institute (India), Dehradun Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur Van Vigyan Kendra (Forest Science Centres) == Other national institutes == Other research institutes under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Subordinate offices Forest Survey of India, Dehradun Indira Gandhi


id: list-of-forestry-ministries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry ministries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:29.650014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-ministries-20260505-0
summary:
A forestry ministry (also called a forestry agency, forestry department, or forest service) is a high, often cabinet-level government ministry charged with forestry. The ministry is often headed by a minister for forestry. Specific duties may relate to forest conservation, management, reforestation, education, forest protection, wildfire management, and related areas. == Forestry ministries by country == (Where a national forestry agency, forestry department, forest administration or parastatal corporation exists as a high-level agency within a multi-purpose ministry, it has been added to this list within parentheses.) == See also == == References ==


id: list-of-plants-known-as-oil-palm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm-0.md
category: reference
title: List of plants known as oil palm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:30.808716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-plants-known-as-oil-palm-20260505-0
summary:
Oil palm refers to several palms that yield oil from fruit pulp and seeds, primarily Elaeis guineensis, the African oil palm, the major palm oil crop species but also: Attalea maripa, the maripa palm Cocos nucifera, the coconut palm, which yields coconut oil from its seeds Elaeis oleifera, the American oil palm The genus Elaeis, with just two species, E. guineensis and E. oleifera, referred to as the oil-palm genus == See also == Wax palm


id: list-of-forest-research-institutes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forest research institutes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:32.089111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forest-research-institutes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of forest research institutes around the world, by continent and country. It includes research institutions with a primary focus on forest science, forestry, forest management, and related fields. == International == Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia Center for Tropical Forest Science, Panama City, Panama European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Vienna, Austria == Africa == === Algeria === Institut national de recherche forestière (INRF) (in French) === Ethiopia === Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute === Ghana === Forestry Research Institute of Ghana === Kenya === Kenya Forestry Research Institute === Malawi === Forestry Research Institute of Malawi === Nigeria === Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria === South Africa === Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Institute for Commercial Forestry Research Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria Forestry and Forest Products Research Center, Durban, "a joint venture between CSIR's Natural Resources and the Environment operating unit and the University of KwaZulu-Natal" Merensky === Uganda === Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation == Americas == === Canada === Atlantic Forestry Centre Canadian Wood Fibre Centre Centre for Forest Biology, Victoria, British Columbia Great Lakes Forestry Centre,


id: list-of-forestry-technical-schools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry technical schools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:33.313046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-technical-schools-20260505-0
summary:
(For higher educational institutions offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry and related fields see: List of forestry universities and colleges.) This is a list of notable secondary, tertiary, technical schools, and practical training institutes around the world offering one- or two-year forestry technician degrees, along with related diplomas or certificates, grouped by continent and country. == Africa == === Mali === Forestry Practical Training Centre of Tabakoro (CFPF) === Nigeria === Audu Bako School of Agriculture === Tunisia === Sylvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka, University of Jendouba === Zambia === Zambia Forestry College == Americas == === Bolivia === Technical School of Forestry, Universidad Mayor de San Simón === Canada === Forest Technology Program, Maritime College of Forest Technology, New Brunswick Forest Technology Program, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) Forestry Resources Technology Programme, Vancouver Island University, British Columbia === United States === Source: (alphabetized by state) Reedley College, Reedley, California Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, Maine Allegany College of Maryland, Cumberland, Maryland Itasca Community College, Grand Rapids, Minnesota Vermilion Community College, Ely, Minnesota Thompson School, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Paul


id: list-of-tree-cities-usa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Tree Cities USA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:34.618675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tree-cities-usa-20260505-0
summary:
There are more than 3,400 Tree Cities USA. The following is a partial listing of Tree Cities USA. To be a Tree City, the community must meet four standards set by the National Arbor Day Foundation and the National Association of State Foresters: The community must have a tree board or department. The community must have established a community ordinance for tree care. There must be a community forestry program with an annual budget of at least $2 per capita. The community must have an Arbor Day observance and proclamation. == States == == See also == Tree Cities of the World == References == == External links == "Tree City USA Directory". The Arbor Day Foundation.


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of tertiary educational institutions around the world offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry, agronomy, animal sciences, or related fields. Where noted, the country's accreditation board standard has been used and cited. They are grouped by colleges. (For educational institutions with forestry technician or professional certificate programs see: List of forestry technical schools.) == Africa == === Algeria === Abou Bakr Belkaïd University - Tlemcen === Benin === Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, National University of Benin National School of wildlife and Protected Areas Management of Kandi, University of Parakou Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou === Burkina Faso === Institute of Rural Development (IDR), Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso Life and Earth Sciences (UFR/SVT), University of Ouagadougou === Cameroon === The National Forestry School of Cameroon, location: Mbalmayo, the centre region of Cameroon French Abbre.: Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts de Mbalmayo === Côte d'Ivoire === College of Agronomy, Félix Houphouët-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute, Yamoussoukro === Egypt === Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. === Ethiopia === Burie College of Forestry, Debremarkos University Haramaya College of Forestry, Haramaya University Wollo University Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-1.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand [ICFRE (An autonomous government body governed by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change)]. Faculty of Forestry, Benhama, Ganderbal, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh College of Horticulture and Forestry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana College of Forestry, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth University (BSKKV), Dapoli, Maharashtra College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University College of Forestry, Ponnampet, UAHS, Shimoga College of Forestry, Sirsi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar now with VCSG University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Uttarakhand College of Horticulture and Forestry, Maharana Pratap University, Jhalawar, Rajasthan now with Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan Department of Applied Science, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam Department of Forestry, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Tanhril, Aizawl, Mizoram Department of Forest Sciences, Desh Bhagat University (DBU), Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab Department of Forestry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth University (PDKV), Akola, Maharashtra Department of


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-2.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Philippines === Bilar Campus, Bohol Island State University (BISU) Cabagan Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Environmental Sciences MSU-Naawan College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Caraga State University (CarSU) College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development (CAFSD), Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) College of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (CAFF), Negros Oriental State University (NoRSU) College of Agriculture, Forestry Department (SLSU-Lucban Quezon) College of Forestry, Benguet State University (BSU) College of Forestry, Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University (CMU) College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Mindanao State University (MSU) College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Visayas State University (VSU) College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) Department of Forestry University of Southeastern Philippines (USeP-, Tagum-Mabini Campus, Tagum City, Davao del Norte) Echague Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) Forestry and Environmental Studuies University of Mindanao (UM) Davao City Gonzaga Campus, Cagayan State University (CSU) Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC - Sta. Maria Campus) Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Tarlac College


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-3.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Germany === Department of Forest Sciences, Dresden University of Technology Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (FH) Faculty of Forest and Environment Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing, Rosenheim University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Forestry, Rottenburg University of Applied Forest Sciences Faculty of Forestry, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich Faculty of Resource Management, HAWK - University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen Department of Wood and Forestry, University of Hamburg Faculty of Forest Science, University of Munich === Greece === Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, School of Geosciences, International Hellenic University Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karpenisi, Agricultural University of Athens Department of Forestry, Management of the Environment and Natural Resources at Orestiada, Democritus University of Thrace Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Technological Educational Institute of Larissa Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karditsa Department of Wood & Furniture Design and Technology at Karditsa === Hungary === Faculty


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-4.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== United Kingdom === Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department, University of Reading Centre for Rural Development and Training, University of Wolverhampton Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford University School of Forestry, University of Edinburgh School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography (SENRG) Bangor University Scottish School of Forestry, University of the Highlands and Islands == North America == === Canada === Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University Faculty of Forestry, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Université Laval, Quebec City Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick University of Northern British Columbia Faculty of Natural Resources Management Faculty of Forestry Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto === Mexico === Department of Forestry, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Division of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Facultad de Agrobiología "Presidente Juarez"- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Faculty of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-5.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Brazil === Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES Department of Forestry Engineering, Federal University of The Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri - UFVJM Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, AM Faculty of agricultural sciences (FCA) - Department of Forestry Sciences (DCF), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Forestry Engineering Course, Campus Universitário Curitibanos, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Curitibanos, SC Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, PR Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Lavras, MG Forestry Engineering Course, Forestry Department, State University of Midwestern Paraná - Paraná (UNICENTRO), Irati, PR Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) Forestry Engineering Course, University of São


id: index-of-geography-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of geography articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:41.993199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-geography-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This page is a list of geography topics. Geography is the study of the world and the distribution of life on Earth, including human populations and the effects of human activity. Geography research examines both the questions of where and why geographical patterns occur. It is a broad discipline that seeks to understand human and natural complexities—how features originated, how they are arranged, and how they have changed over time. == 0–9 == == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == K == == L == == M == == N == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == See also == Lists of places Outline of geography


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography: Geography – study of Earth and its people. == Nature of geography == === Geography as === an academic discipline – a body of knowledge given to − or received by − a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the Earth and its human and natural complexities − not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called 'the world discipline'. a field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. This field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many geography-related scientific journals. a natural science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of the natural environment (physical geography). a social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society (human geography). an interdisciplinary field – a field that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Fields of human geography ==== Cultural geography – study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. Children's geographies – study of places and spaces of children's lives, characterized experientially, politically and ethically. Children's geographies rest on the idea that children as a social group share certain characteristics that are experientially, politically, and ethically significant and worthy of study. The pluralization in the title is intended to imply that children's lives will be markedly different in differing times and places and in differing circumstances such as gender, family, and class. The range of foci within children's geographies includes: Children and the city Children and the countryside Children and technology Children and nature, Children and globalization Methodologies of researching children's worlds Ethics of researching children's worlds Otherness of childhood Animal geographies – studies the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture because social life and space are heavily populated by animals of many different kinds and in many differing


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Approaches of human geography ==== Behavioral geography – Approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach Cognitive geography – Interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography Critical geography – Variant of social science that seeks to interpret and change the world Feminist geography – Approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism Marxist geography – Strand of critical geography Non-representational theory – Post-structuralist human geography theory Postcolonialism – Study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism Post-structuralism – Philosophical school and tradition – Qualitative geography – qualitative research tools and methods applied to geography. === Integrated geography === Integrated geography – branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, ecology, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment. === Technical geography === Technical geography – branch of geography and the discipline of studying, developing, and applying methods to gather, store, process, and deliver geographic or spatially referenced information. It is a widespread interdisciplinary field that includes the tools and techniques used in land


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Exploration – Investigating an unfamiliar area Geocode, also known as Geospatial Entity Object Code – Process of turning a place name/address to coordinatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Geographic information system (GIS) – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data Globe – Scale model of a celestial body Map – Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships Atlas – Collection of maps Cartography – Study and practice of making maps Outline of cartography – Overview of and topical guide to cartography Map projection – Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane Demographics – Study of human populations and their structuresPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Spatial analysis – Techniques to study geometric data Surveying – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them === Types of geographic features === Geographic feature – component of a planet that can be referred to as a location, place, site, area, or region, and therefore may show up on a map. A geographic feature may be natural or artificial. ==== Location and place ==== Location – Absolute location – Point or an area on Earth's surface or elsewherePages displaying short descriptions


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Natural body of water types ==== Natural bodies of water – Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface Bodies of seawater – Water from a sea or an ocean Channel – Narrow body of water Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits Harbor – Sheltered body of water where ships may shelter Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature Gulf – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lakePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet Creek (tidal) – Inlet or estuary that is affected by ebb and flow of ocean tidesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity Kettle – Depression formed by glaciers or floodwaters Kill – Creek, tidal inlet, river, strait, or arm of the sea Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-5.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Settlement – Community of any size, in which people live Rural area – Geographic area outside towns and cities Hamlet (place) – Small human settlement in a rural area – rural settlement which is too small to be considered a village. Historically, when a hamlet became large enough to justify building a church, it was then classified as a village. One example of a hamlet is a small cluster of houses surrounding a mill. Village – Human settlement smaller than a town – clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand (sometimes tens of thousands). Town – Type of human settlement – human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while many British "small towns" would qualify as cities in the United States. Urban hierarchy – Rank of cities based on their population – ranks the structure of towns within an area. 1st-order towns –


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-6.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Abstract geographic feature – does not exist physically in the real world, yet has a location by definition and may be displayed on maps. Geographical zone – Major regions of Earth's surface demarcated by latitude Hardiness zone – Region defined by minimum temperature relevant to the plant survival Time zone – Area that observes a uniform standard time Political division – A territorial entity for administration purposes Nation – Community based on common ethnic, cultural or political identity Administrative division – Territorial entity for administration purposes – a designated territory created within a country for administrative or identification purposes. Examples of the types of administrative divisions: Bailiwick – Area of jurisdiction of a bailiff Canton – Type of administrative division of a country Commune – An urban administrative division having corporate status County – Geographical and administrative region in some countries Department – Administrative or political division in some countriesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets District – Administrative division in some countries, managed by a local government Duchy – Territory ruled by, or representing the title of, a duke or duchess Emirate – Territory ruled by an emir Federal state – Type of political entity Parish – Ecclesiastical subdivision


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-7.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Eratosthenes (276 – 194 BC) – who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of geodesy. Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. 168) – who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia. Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973 – 1048 AD) – considered the father of geodesy. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037) – whose observations in Kitab Al-Shifa contributed to later formulations of the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism. Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100 – c.1165) – who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times. Piri Reis (1465 – c.1554) – whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the Americas and possibly Antarctica Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) – an innovative cartographer and originator of the Mercator projection. Bernhardus Varenius (1622–1650) – Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650) – first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography. Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) – father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology. Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) – considered the father of modern geography. Published Kosmos and founded the study of biogeography. Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – who noted the structure of glaciers


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-0.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
This list of battles is organized geographically and alphabetically, by country in its present territory. == Afghanistan == == Albania == == Algeria == == Angola == == Argentina == == Armenia == == Australia == == Austria == == Azerbaijan == == Bahamas == == Bahrain == == Bangladesh == == Barbados == == Belarus == == Belgium == == Belize == == Benin == == Bolivia == == Bosnia and Herzegovina == == Botswana == == Brazil == == Bulgaria == For Fall of the Western Roman Empire, see List of battles during the fall of the Western Roman Empire Siege of Dorostolon - 896 For Rus'–Byzantine War (970–971), see Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria Battle of Dristra - 1087 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars Battle of Beroia - 1122 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars For Bulgarian–Ottoman wars, see List of battles during the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars Battle of Çamurlu - 1413 - Ottoman Interregnum Battle of Zlatitsa – 1443 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) Battle of Varna – 1444 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) For World War I, see Bulgaria during World War I For World War II, see


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-1.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle of the Maule – c. between 1471-1493 or 1532– Inca Empire wars of conquest Battle of Reynogüelén – 1536 Battle of Lincoya Fortress - 1563 Battle of Castro - 1600 - War of the Straits Battle of Yerbas Buenas – 1813 Battle of San Carlos (1813) – 1813 Siege of Chillán – 1813 Battle of El Roble – 1813 Battle of Talca (1814) – 1814 Battle of El Quilo – 1814 Battle of Membrillar – 1814 Battle of Valparaíso – 1814 – War of 1812 (Sixty Years' War) Battle of Cancha Rayada (1814) – 1814 Battle of Quechereguas (1814) – 1814 Battle of Las Tres Acequias – 1814 Battle of Rancagua – 1814 Battle of Chacabuco – 1817 Battle of Curapalihue – 1817 Battle of Cancha Rayada (1818) – 1818 Battle of Maipú – 1818 Battle of Lircay – 1830 – Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 Combat of Monte de Urra – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution Battle of Loncomilla – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution Battle of Papudo – 1865 – Chincha Islands War Battle of Abtao – 1866 – Chincha Islands War Battle of Iquique – 1879 – War of the Pacific Battle of Punta Gruesa –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-2.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Croatia == Battle of Cibalae - 316 - Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Mursa Major - 351 - Roman civil war of 350–353 Siege of Trsat - 799 Battle of Makarska - 887 - Croatian–Venetian wars Battle of Drava River - 925 - Croatian–Hungarian Wars Battle of Syrmia - 960 - Hungarian-Serbian War (c. 960) Siege of Zadar (998) - 998 - Croatian–Bulgarian wars Siege of Lastovo - 1000 - Croatian–Venetian wars Battle of Gvozd Mountain - 1097 - War of the Croatian Succession Battle of Pašman - 1190 Siege of Zara - 1202 - Fourth Crusade Battle of Grobnik Field - 1242 - First Mongol invasion of Hungary Battle of Curzola - 1298 - War of Curzola Battle of Bliska - 1322 Battle of Una - 1483 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Vrpile - 1491 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Krbava Field - 1493 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Dubica - 1513 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Siege of Knin - 1522 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Siege of Klis - 1536 - Croatian–Ottoman wars Battle of Gorjani - 1537 - Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) Battle of Otočac (1543)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-3.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
For Danish Civil War, see Military engagements during the Danish Civil War Battle of Copenhagen (1289) – 1289 – War of the Outlaws Battle of Skanör – 1289 – War of the Outlaws Naval Battle of the Sound (1427) - 1427 - Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428) – 1428 – Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) Battle of Bornholm (1457) – 1457 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) Battle of Bornholm (1535) – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) Battle of Little Belt – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) Battle of Bornholm (1563) – 1563 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Action of 4 June 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Action of 7 July 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Battle of Kolding (1644) – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) Action of 16 May 1644 – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Møn (1657) – 1657 – Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] Battle of the Sound – 1658 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) Siege of Kolding (1658)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-4.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Estonia == Battle of Iron Gate – 1032 Battle of Ösel – 1206 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Viljandi – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lehola – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Otepää (1217) – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of St. Matthew's Day – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lyndanisse – 1219 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lihula – 1220 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Tallinn – 1221 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ösel – 1222 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ümera – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Viljandi (1223) – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Tartu (1224) – 1224 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Muhu – 1227 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle on the Ice – 1242 – Livonian campaign against Rus' and Northern Crusades (Crusades) Battle of Wesenberg (1268) or Battle of Rakvere or Battle of Rakovor – 1268 – Northern Crusades (Crusades) Battle of Karuse – 1270 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-5.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Finland == Battle at Herdaler – 1007 – 1008 Battle of Hogland (1713) – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Pälkäne – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Napue – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Gangut – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Grengam – 1720 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Villmanstrand – 1741 – Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) (War of the Austrian Succession) Battle of Porrassalmi – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Uttismalm – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Kaipiais – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Parkumäki – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Svensksund (1789) – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Elgsö – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Valkeala – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Pardakoski–Kärnakoski – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Fredrikshamn – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Keltis – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Savitaipal – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Svensksund – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Pyhäjoki – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-6.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== France == Battle of Alalia – between 540 BC and 535 BC – Carthaginian Expansion Battle of Rhone Crossing – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Burdigala – 107 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Arausio – 105 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Aquae Sextiae – 102 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Magetobriga – 63 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of the Arar – 58 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Bibracte – 58 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Vosges – 58 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of the Axona – 57 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of the Sabis – 57 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Avaricum – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Gergovia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Lutetia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Alesia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Siege of Uxellodunum – 51 BC – Gallic Wars Siege of Massilia – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Tauroento – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Forum Julii – 69 – Year of the Four


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-7.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
469 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Arles (471) – 471 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Soissons (486) – 486 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Strasbourg (506) – 506 – Clovis I's campaigns Battle of Vouillé – 507 – Franco-Visigothic Wars Battle of Compiègne – 715 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Vincy – 717 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Soissons (718) – 718 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Toulouse – 721 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of the River Garonne – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of Tours – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Avignon (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Narbonne (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of the River Berre – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Nîmes – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Laon - 741 Siege of Narbonne (752–759) – 752 – 759 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of Orbieu River - 793 - Reconquista Battle of Fontenoy (841) - 841 - Carolingian civil war Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-8.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
James – 1426 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Montargis – 1427 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Orléans – 1428 – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of the Herrings or Battle of Rouvray – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] and Anglo-Scottish Wars Battle of Jargeau – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Meung-sur-Loire – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Beaugency (1429) – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Patay – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Siege of Paris (1429) – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of La Charité – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Compiègne – 1430 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Bulgnéville - 1431 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War Battle of Gerberoy – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Saint-Denis (1435) – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Calais (1436) – 1436 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-9.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Quentin (1557) – 1557 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Siege of Calais (1558) – 1558 – Anglo-French War (1557–1559) (Italian War of 1551–1559) [Italian Wars] Siege of Thionville (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Battle of Gravelines (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Siege of Rouen (1562) – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Vergt – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Dreux – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Siege of Orléans (1563) – 1563 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Vescovato - 1564 Siege of Valenciennes (1567) – 1566 – 1567 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Wattrelos – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Lannoy – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Saint-Denis – 1567 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Siege of Chartres (1568) – 1568 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-10.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Quentin (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War Battle of Buzenval (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War Battle of Mulhouse - 1914 - World War I Battle of Lorraine - 1914 - World War I Battle of the Trouée de Charmes - 1914 - World War I Siege of Maubeuge - 1914 - World War I Battle of Le Cateau - 1914 - World War I Battle of St. Quentin (1914) - 1914 - World War I First Battle of the Marne – 1914 – World War I First Battle of the Aisne – 1914 – World War I Battle of La Bassée – 1914 – World War I First Battle of Champagne – 1914–1915 – World War I Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf - 1915 - World War I First Battle of Artois – 1915-1915 – World War I Battle of Neuve Chapelle – 1915 – World War I Second Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I Second Battle of Champagne – 1915 – World War I Battle of Loos – 1915 – World War I Third Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt - 1915 - World War I Battle of Verdun


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-11.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
235 – Crisis of the Third Century and Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Solicinium – 368 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Mainz - 406 - Vandal–Frankish war Battle of Tolbiac – 496 – Clovis I's campaigns Battle of the Unstrut River (531) – 531 Battle of Cologne – 716 – Frankish Civil War and Frisian–Frankish wars Battle of Epfach - 743 Battle of Süntel – 782 – Saxon Wars Battle of the Hase - 783 - Saxon Wars Battle of Lüne and the Elbe - 795 - Saxon Wars Battle of Bornhöved (798) – 798 – Saxon Wars Battle of Andernach (876) - 876 - Franco-Breton wars Battle of Lüneburg Heath - 880 Battle of Norditi - 884 Battle of Eisenach (908) – 908 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Lechfeld (910) – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Rednitz – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of the Inn – 913 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Püchen – 919 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Siege of Gana - 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Lenzen – 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Riade – 933 – Hungarian invasions of Europe


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-12.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Georgia == == Ghana == Battle of Guinea – 1478 – War of the Castilian Succession Battle of Elmina (1625) – 1625 – Dutch–Portuguese War Battle of Elmina (1637) – 1637 – Dutch–Portuguese War


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-13.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Greece == Battle of Deres – c. 684 BC – Second Messenian War Battle of the Great Foss – c. 682 BC – Second Messenian War Battle of Hysiae (c. 669 BC) – c. 669 BC Siege of Naxos (499 BC) – 499 BC – Greco-Persian Wars Siege of Eretria – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Marathon – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Thermopylae – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Artemisium – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Salamis – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Achaemenid destruction of Athens – 480 BC – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Plataea – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Aegina – 458 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Tanagra (457 BC) – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Oenophyta – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Coronea (447 BC) – 447 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Sybota – 433 BC


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-14.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
873 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Cephalonia – 880 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Euripos – 883 – Arab–Byzantine wars Sack of Thessalonica (904) – 904 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Chandax – 960 – 961 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Thessalonica (995) – 995 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Spercheios – 997 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (1004) – 1004 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Kreta – 1009 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (1014) – 1014 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Setina – 1017 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Lemnos (1024) - 1024 - Rus'-Byzantine wars Battle of Thessalonica (1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (2nd 1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Ostrovo – 1041 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Larissa – 1083 – First Norman invasion of the Balkans Sack of Thessalonica (1185) – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans Battle of Demetritzes – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-15.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Grenada == Capture of Grenada (1779) – 1779 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Grenada – 1779 – American Revolutionary War == Guatemala == Battle of La Arada – 1851 == Guyana == Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) Capture of Demerara and Essequibo – 1782 – American Revolutionary War == Haiti == Capture of Fort Rocher – 1654 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Cap-Français – 1757 – Seven Years' War Battle of the Windward Passage – 1760 – Seven Years' War Action of 2 January 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets – 1792 – Haitian Revolution Siege of Port-au-Prince (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Cap-Français (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution Capture of Fort-Dauphin (1794) – 1794 – Haitian Revolution and War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) Battle of the Acul – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Saint-Raphaël – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Gonaïves – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Port-Républicain – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Jean-Rabel – 1797 – Haitian Revolution Action of 1 January 1800 – 1800 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-16.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Hungary == Battle of Bolia – 469 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Raab - 791 - Saxon Wars Battle of Ménfő - 1044 - German-Hungarian War Battle of Vértes - 1051 Battle of the Theben Pass - 1060 - Hungarian civil war Battle of Kemej – 1074 Battle of Mogyoród – 1074 Battle of Mohi – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary Siege of Esztergom (1241) – 1242 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary Battle of the Leitha River - 1246 Battle of Isaszeg (1265) – 1265 – Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) Battle of Lake Hód - 1282 - Feudal anarchy in Hungary Battle of Rozgony - 1312 - Charles I's wars for the centralized power Siege of Güns – 1526 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] Battle of Mohács – 1526 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Sződfalva – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) Battle of Tarcal – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) Siege of Buda (1530) – 1530 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] Siege of Güns – 1532 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-17.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
14th century BC Sack of Kausambi - 497 - First Hunnic War First Battle of Eran - 498 - First Hunnic War Second Battle of Eran - 510 - First Hunnic War Sack of Pataliputra - 520 - Second Hunnic War Battle of Sondani - 528 - Second Hunnic War Siege of Banavasi - 540 Conquest of the Revati Island - 599 Battle of Pullalur - 618 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Narmada - 619 Battle of Manimangala - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Vatapi - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Peruvallanallur - 674 Siege of Nandigrama - 760 Battle of Venbai - 760 Battle of Ganges-Yamuna Doab - 791 Battle of Monghyr - 816 - Gurjara–Gauda War Battle of Tellaru - 830 Battle of Thirupurambiyam - 879 Battle of Niravadyapura - 894 Battle of Peruvanguru - 894 Battle of Vallala - 911 Battle of Vellore - 915 Sack of Kannauj - 916 Battle of Takkolam - 948 - Krishna's Southern Expedition Sack of Manyakheta - 972 Battle of Kandalur Salai - 988 - Chola Expansions under Rajaraja Battle of Rattapadi - 992 Battle of Puri - 997 - Western Chalukya expansion Battle of Donur - 1007 -


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-18.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
– Anglo-Nepalese War Battle of Khadki – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Sitabuldi – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Mahidpur – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Koregaon – 1818 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Shopian – 1819 – Afghan–Sikh Wars Battle of Mudki – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Ferozeshah – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Sohana – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Baddowal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Aliwal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Sobraon – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Asal Uttar – 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Battle of Longewala – 1971 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Battle of Tololing – 1999


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-19.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Indonesia == Chola invasion of Srivijaya - 1025 - South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I Battle of Genter – 1222 Battle of Bubat – 1357 Battle of Palembang – 1407 – Ming treasure voyages Battle of Trowulan - 1478 - Spread of Islam in Indonesia Battle of Aceh – 1521 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Lingga - 1525 - Malay–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Sunda Kelepa - 1527 Battle of Aceh – 1528 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Tidore - 1536 Battle of Aceh – 1569 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Bantam – 1601 – Dutch–Portuguese War Capture of Amboina – 1605 – Dutch-Portuguese War Fall of Jayakarta – 1619 First Battle of Passempe – 1643 Second Battle of Passempe – 1646 Battle of Gegodog – 1676 – Trunajaya rebellion Battle of Surabaya – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion Fall of Plered – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion Assault of Kediri – 1678 – Trunajaya rebellion Action of 9 September 1796 – 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars Battle of Java Sea – 1942 - Pacific War Battle of Kotabaru – 1945 - Indonesian National Revolution Battle of Medan – 1945 Battle of Semarang – 1945 Battle of Ambarawa – 1945 Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-20.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Iran == Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Battle of Ulai – c. 653 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam Battle of Susa – 647 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam Battle of Hyrba – 552 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of the Persian Border – c. 551 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Pasargadae – c. 550 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of the Uxian Defile – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Battle of the Persian Gate – 330 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Battle of Paraitakene – 317 BC – Second War of the Diadochi Battle of Gabiene – 315 BC – Second War of the Diadochi Battle of Ecbatana – 129 BC – Seleucid–Parthian Wars Battle of Hormozdgan – 224 Battle of Avarayr – 451 Battle of the Blarathon – 591 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) and Sasanian civil war of 589–591 Siege of Shushtar – 641 – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Siege of Gundishapur – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-21
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-21.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Iraq == Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Battle of Halule – 691 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Siege of Babylon – 689 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Fall of Tarbisu – 615 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Fall of Assur – 614 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Battle of Nineveh (612 BC) – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Battle of Opis – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Fall of Babylon – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Gaugamela – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great First siege of Babylon (311 BC) – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of the Tigris – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Second siege of Babylon (310 BC) – 310 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Third siege of Babylon (309 BC) – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of the 25 of Abu – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of Ctesiphon (165) – 165 – Roman–Parthian


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-22
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-22.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Israel == Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC) – 1457 BC – Thutmose III's first campaign in the Levant Siege of Azekah – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Siege of Lachish – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Assyrian siege of Jerusalem – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Fall of Ashdod – c. 655 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) – c. 597 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) – 589 BC – 587 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon Battle of Panium – 200 BC – Fifth Syrian War Battle of Adasa – 161 BC – Maccabean Revolt Battle of Cana – 84 BC Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC) – 63 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) and Hasmonean Civil War Siege of Sepphoris (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Sack of Jaffa (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Geva – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Beth Horon (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Pillage of Ein Gedi – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War Siege of Sepphoris (67) – 67 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-23
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-23.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Italy == Battle of Cumae – 524 BC Battle of Lake Regillus – c. 496 BC – Latin War (498–493 BC) (Roman–Latin wars) Battle of Himera (480 BC) – 480 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of the Cremera – 477 BC – Roman–Etruscan Wars Battle of Cumae – 474 BC Battle of Mount Algidus – 458 BC – Roman–Italic wars Battle of the Himera River (446 BC) – 446 BC Battle of Corbio – 446 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) – 435 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns Battle of Selinus – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Himera (409 BC) – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Akragas (406 BC) – 406 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Gela (405 BC) – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars Sack of Camarina – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Motya – 398 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Segesta (397 BC) – 398 BC or 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Messene – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Catana (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Syracuse (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-24
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-24.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
376 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of the Anio River (361 BC) – 361 BC – Roman–Gallic wars Battle of Pedum (358 BC) – Roman–Gallic wars Siege of Syracuse (343 BC) – 344 BC – 343 BC or 342 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Vesuvius – 340 BC – Latin War Battle of Trifanum – 340 BC – Latin War Battle of Mount Gaurus – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of Saticula – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of Suessula – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of the Crimissus – 339 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Pedum (338 BC) – 338 BC – Latin War Capture of Neapolis – 327 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Imbrinium – 325 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of the Caudine Forks – 321 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Lautulae – 315 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of the Himera River (311 BC) – 311 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Syracuse (311–309 BC) – 311 BC – 309 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) – 310 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Bovianum – 305


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-25
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-25.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
69 – Year of the Four Emperors First Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors Second Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors Siege of Aquileia – 238 – Year of the Six Emperors (Crisis of the Third Century) Battle of Verona (249) – 249 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Interamna Nahars – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of the Sanguinarian Bridge – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Mediolanum – 259 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Lake Benacus – 268 or 269 – Roman–Germanic wars and Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Placentia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Fano – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Pavia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Siege of Segusio – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Turin (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Brescia (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Verona (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of the Milvian Bridge – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Siege of Asti (402) –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-26
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-26.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
538 or 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Auximus – 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Ravenna (539–540) – 539 – 540 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Treviso – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Verona – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Faventia – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Mucellium – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Naples (542–543) – 542 – 543 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Sack of Rome (546) – 546 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Rome (549–550) – 549 – 550 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Sena Gallica (551) – 551 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Taginae – 552 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Mons Lactarius – 552 or 553 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of the Volturnus – 554 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Forino - 663 Battle of Coronate - 689 Battle of Ravenna (729) - 729 Siege of Pavia (773–774) - 773 Siege of Syracuse (827–828) – 827 – 828 – Muslim


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-27
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-27.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Jamaica == Invasion of Jamaica – 1655 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Battle of Ocho Rios – 1657 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Battle of Rio Nuevo – 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Action of 15 January 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Action of 17 February 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-28
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-28.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Japan == Battle of Shigisan - 587 - Soga–Mononobe conflict Battle of Sufuse - 789 - Thirty-Eight Years' War Siege of Kuriyagawa - 1062 - Former Nine Years' War Battle of Uji (1180) – 1180 – Genpei War Siege of Nara – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Ishibashiyama – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Fujigawa – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Sunomata-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War Battle of Yahagi-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War Siege of Hiuchi – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Kurikara – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Shinohara – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Mizushima – 1183 – Genpei War Siege of Fukuryūji – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Muroyama – 1183 – Genpei War Siege of Hōjūjidono – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Uji (1184) – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Awazu – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Ichi-no-Tani – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Kojima – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Yashima – 1185 – Genpei War Battle of Dan-no-ura – 1185 – Genpei War Battle of Uji (1221) - 1221 - Jōkyū War Battle of Bun'ei – 1274 – Mongol


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-29
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-29.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Jordan == Battle of Gadara – 93 BC Siege of Machaerus – 72 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Mu'tah – 629 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Fahl – 635 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Siege of Kerak – 1183 – Crusades Siege of Al-Karak (1834) – 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine == Kazakhstan == Battle of Zhizhi – 36 BC – Han–Xiongnu War Irghiz River Skirmish – 1209 or 1219 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Siege of Otrar – 1219 – 1220 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire == Kenya == == Korea == == Kosovo == Battle of Pantina - 1067 - Byzantine–Serbian wars Battle of Kosovo - 1389 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441) - 1440 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars Battle of Kosovo (1448) - 1448 - Hungarian–Ottoman Wars == Kuwait == == Kyrgyzstan == == Laos == == Latvia == Battle of Cēsis – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ümera – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Turaida – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Riga – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Durbe


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-30
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-30.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Libya == Siege of Tripoli (1551) – 1551 – Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) and Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Action of 1 August 1801 – 1801 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) First Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1802 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Action of 22 June 1803 – 1803 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1804 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Battle of Derna (1805) – 1805 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Battle of Tripoli (1825) – 1825 – Sardinian-Tripolitanian war of 1825 Bombardment of Tripoli (1828) – 1828 – Tripolitan-Neapolitan War == Lithuania == Battle of Saule – 1236 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Memel (1257) – 1257 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Skuodas (1259) – 1258 or 1259 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Christmemel – 1315 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Medininkai – 1320 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Memel (1323) – 1323 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Medvėgalis – 1329 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Pilėnai – 1336 – Lithuanian Crusade


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-31
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-31.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Mexico == Battle of Tlatelolco - 1473 Battle of Atlixco - 1503 - Flower war Battle of Catoche - 1517 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Centla - 1519 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Cempoala - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas La Noche Triste - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Otumba - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Fall of Tenochtitlan - 1521 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568) – 1568 – Anglo-Spanish trade war (1568-1573) Raid on Tabasco (1599) – 1599 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Spanish attack on San Lorenzo maroons - 1610 - Slave Revolts in North America Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Monte de las Cruces – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of El Veladero – 1810 – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Calderón Bridge – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Puerto de Piñones – 1811 – Mexican War of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-32
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-32.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Montenegro == Battle of Bar - 1042 - Byzantine–Serbian wars Siege of Castelnuovo – 1539 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) Battle of Lješkopolje - 1604 Battle of Perast – 1654 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) Battle on Vrtijeljka – 1685 – Great Turkish War Battle of Čevo - 1755 Battle of Martinići (1796) - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Battle of Krusi - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Battle of Lopate - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Siege of Cattaro – 1813 – 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition and Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) == Morocco == Battle of the Muthul – 109 BC – Jugurthine War Siege of the fortress at Muluccha – 106 BC – Jugurthine War Battle of the Nobles – 740 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) Battle of Bagdoura – 741 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) Battle of Salé – 1260 – Reconquista Battle of Tangier (1437) – 1437 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista Conquest of Asilah – 1471 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista Battle of Azemmour – 1513 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) Fall of Agadir – 1541 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) Battle of Taza (1553) –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-33
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-33.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
695 – Frisian–Frankish wars Battle of the Boarn – 734 – Frisian–Frankish wars Siege of Asselt – 882 – Viking expansion Battle of Vlaardingen – 1018 Battle of IJsselmeer - 1076 Battle of Ane - 1227 Battle of Maastricht (1267) - 1267 - Liège-Brabant wars Siege of Maastricht (1303) - 1303 - Liège-Brabant wars Siege of Amsterdam (1303–1304) - 1303 - Franco-Flemish War Siege of Zierikzee - 1303 - Franco-Flemish War Siege of Schoonhoven (1304) - 1304 - Franco-Flemish War Battle of Zierikzee – 1304 – Franco-Flemish War Battle on the Manpad - 1304 - Franco-Flemish War Siege of Sittard (1318) - 1318 - War of the Limburg Succession Siege of Maastricht (1334) - 1334 - Liège-Brabant wars Battle of Cadzand – 1337 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Arnemuiden – 1338 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Sluys or Battle of l'Écluse – 1340 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Utrecht (1345) - 1345 - Friso-Hollandic Wars Battle of Warns - 1345 - Friso-Hollandic Wars Battle of Naarden - 1350 - Hook and Cod wars Siege of Medemblik (1351) - 1351 - Hook and Cod wars Battle of Veere - 1351 - Hook


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-34
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-34.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== New Zealand == Battle of the Five Forts - 1450 - Ngāti Hotu Battle of Kororareka – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Puketutu – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Ōhaeawai – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Ruapekapeka – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Battle Hill – 1846 – Hutt Valley campaign (New Zealand Wars) == Nicaragua == Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua – 1762 – Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) (Seven Years' War) Battle of Rivas – 1856 == Nigeria == Battle of Tabkin Kwatto – 1804 – Fulani War Battle of Tsuntua – 1804 – Fulani War == North Macedonia == Battle of Skopje – 1004 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Strumica – 1014 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Bitola – 1015 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Pelagonia - 1259 - Struggle for Constantinople (1204–1261) Battle of Mokra (1445) – 1445 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Otonetë – 1446 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Svetigrad (1448) – 1448 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Oranik – 1448 – Albanian–Venetian War and


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-35
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-35.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Pakistan == Battle of the Ten Kings – c. 14th century BC Battle of the Hydaspes River – 326 BC – Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (Wars of Alexander the Great) Battle of Rasil – 644 – Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Battle of Aror - 711 - Arab conquest of Sindh Battle of Peshawar (1001) – 1001 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars Battle of Chach – 1008 - Ghaznavid campaigns in India Battle of Nandana – 1014 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars Battle of the Indus (1027) - 1027 - Ghaznavid campaigns in India Siege of Uch - 1176 - Ghurid campaigns in India Siege of Lahore (1186) - 1186 - Ghurid campaigns in India Battle of Jhelum (1206) - 1206 - Ghurid campaigns in India Battle of the Indus – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Battle of Sivistan – 1298 – Mongol invasions of India Bajaur massacre - 1519 - Campaigns of Babur Sack of Lahore - 1524 - Campaigns of Babur Battle of the Gulf of Oman – 1554 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] Battle of Sialkot (1761) – 1761 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-36
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-36.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Peru == Battle of Chillopampa – 1531 – Inca Civil War Battle of Huanucopampa – 1532 – Inca Civil War Battle of Quipaipán – 1532 – Inca Civil War Battle of Cajamarca or Battle of Cajamalca – 1532 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Vilcaconga – 1533 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Cuzco – 1533 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Maraycalla – 1534 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Siege of Cusco – 1536 – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Ollantaytambo – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Abancay – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Las Salinas – 1538 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Chupas – 1542 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Jaquijahuana – 1548 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Capture of the frigate Esmeralda – 1820 – Chilean War of Independence and Peruvian War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) First siege of Callao – 1821 – Peruvian War of Independence Battle of Zepita – 1823 – Peruvian War of Independence


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-37
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-37.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Poland == Battle of Cedynia – 972 – First Polish–German War Battle of Dadosesani Land - 1015 - Polish–German Wars (1003–1018) Battle of the River Bug - 1018 - Kievan succession crisis of 1015–1019 Battle of Nakło (1109) – 1109 Siege of Głogów – 1109 Battle of Hundsfeld – 1109 Battle of Niekładź - 1121 Battle on the Pilica - 1145 - Polish civil war Battle of Julin Bridge - 1170 - Danish Crusades Battle of Drohiczyn - 1192 - Feudal fragmentation of Poland Battle of Zawichost - 1205 - Feudal fragmentation of Poland Battle of Słońca – 1238 – First war against Swietopelk II Sack of Sandomierz (1241) – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Tursko – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Tarczek – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Chmielnik – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Racibórz – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Sack of Kraków (1241) – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Opole – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Legnica – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Sack of Sandomierz (1260)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-38
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-38.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Portugal == Battle of Pedroso – 1071 Battle of São Mamede – 1128 Battle of Ourique – 1139 – Reconquista Arcos de Valdevez tournament - 1141 Siege of Lisbon (1142) – 1142 – Reconquista Conquest of Santarém – 1147 – Reconquista Siege of Lisbon – 1147 – Reconquista and Second Crusade (Crusades) Battle of Alcácer do Sal (1161) - 1161 - Portugal in the Reconquista Battle of Palmela - 1165 - Portugal in the Reconquista Siege of Santarém (1184) – 1184 – Reconquista Alvor massacre – 1189 – Reconquista and Third Crusade (Crusades) Siege of Silves (1189) – 1189 – Reconquista and Third Crusade (Crusades) Siege of Tomar - 1190 - Almohad wars in the Iberian Peninsula Siege of Faro (1249) – 1249 – Reconquista Battle of Atoleiros – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Lisbon (1384) – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Leça – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Naval Battle of the Tejo – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Trancoso – 1385 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Aljubarrota – 1385 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years'


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-39
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-39.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Qatar == == Romania == Battle of Tapae – 87 – Domitian's Dacian War Second Battle of Tapae – 101 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Adamclisi – 101-102 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Gatae – 103 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Sarmisegetusa – 106 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Noviodunum – 369 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Ongal – 680 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Battle of Kerlés or Battle of Chiraleș or Battle of Cserhalom – 1068 Battle of Posada – 1330 – Hungarian-Wallachian War Battle of Karanovasa – 1394 – Ottoman wars in Europe Battle of Rovine – 1395 – Ottoman wars in Europe Battle of Hermannstadt – 1442 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars Battle of the Ialomița - 1442 - Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Night Attack at Târgovişte – 1462 Battle of Baia – 1467 – Hungarian–Moldavian Wars Battle of Vaslui – 1475 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars and Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Valea Albă or Battle of Războieni or Battle of Akdere – 1476 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Neamț Citadel – 1476 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Breadfield – 1479 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-40
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-40.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Russia == Battle of the River Thatis – 310 BC or 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War Siege of Siracena – 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War Battle of the Tanais River – 373 Siege of Derbent - 627 - Perso-Turkic war of 627–629 Battle of Balanjar (652) - 652 - First Arab–Khazar War Battle of Balanjar (723) - 723 - Arab–Khazar Wars Battle of Balanjar (730s) - 732 - Second Arab–Khazar War Siege of Sarkel - 965 - Rus'–Byzantine Wars Sack of Atil - 969 - Caspian expeditions of the Rus' Siege of Derbent - 1173 or 1174 - Caspian expeditions of the Rus' Battle of Lipitsa - 1216 - Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession Battle of Samara Bend - 1223 - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Siege of Bilär - 1236 - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Siege of Ryazan - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Battle of Voronezh River - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Siege of Kolomna - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Siege of Moscow (1238) - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Siege of Vladimir - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Battle of the Sit


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-41
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-41.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Saint Kitts and Nevis == Battle of St. Kitts (1629) – 1629 – Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Nevis – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) Siege of Brimstone Hill – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Saint Kitts – 1782 – American Revolutionary War USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente – 1799 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) USS Constellation vs La Vengeance – 1800 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) == Saint Lucia == Battle of St. Lucia – 1778 – American Revolutionary War Capture of St. Lucia – 1778 – American Revolutionary War == Saint Vincent and the Grenadines == Capture of Saint Vincent – 1779 – American Revolutionary War == Saudi Arabia == Yawm al-Buath - 610s to 620s Battle of Badr – 624 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Uhud – 625 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Hamra al-Asad – 625 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of the Trench – 626 – 627 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Khaybar – 628 – Military career of Muhammad Conquest of Mecca – 629 – 630 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Hunayn – 630 – Military career of Muhammad Battle of Autas – 630 – Military career of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-42
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-42.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Scotland == Battle of Mons Graupius – 83 or 84 – Roman conquest of Britain Siege of Burnswark – 140 – Roman conquest of Britain Battle of Alclud Ford – c. 574 or 580 or 590 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Raith – 596 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Degsastan – 603 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Two Rivers – 671 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Dun Nechtain – 685 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Dollar – 865 – Viking invasions of Scotland Battle of Carham – 1018 Battle of Lumphanan – 1057 Battle of Stracathro – 1130 Battle of Renfrew – 1164 Battle of Mam Garvia – 1187 Battle of Largs – 1263 – Scottish–Norwegian War Battle of Red Ford – 1294 Battle of Dunbar (1296) – 1296 – First War of Scottish Independence Action at Lanark – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence Raid on Scone – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence Battle of Stirling Bridge – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence Battle of Falkirk – 1298 – First War of Scottish Independence Battle of Roslin – 1303 – First War of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-43
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-43.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
1490 or more likely 1513 – Clan MacLeod-Clan MacDonald feuds Battle of Hornshole – 1514 – Anglo-Scottish Wars Battle of Torran Dubh or Battle of Torran-dow or Battle of Torran Du – 1517 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud or Clan Mackay-Clan Ross feud and Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud Battle of Alltachuilain – 1518 or 1519 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud Battle of Melrose – 1526 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud and Clan Kerr - Clan Scott feud Battle of Linlithgow Bridge – 1526 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud Battle of Alltan-Beath – 1542 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud Battle of Haddon Rig – 1542 – Anglo-Scottish Wars Battle of Glasgow (1544) – 1544 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars Burning of Edinburgh – 1544 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) Battle of the Shirts or Battle of Kinloch-Lochy – 1544 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud, Clan Cameron-Clan Grant feud and Clan MacDonald-Clan Fraser of Lovat feuds Battle of Ancrum Moor – 1545 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) Siege of St Andrews Castle – 1546 – 1547 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) Battle of Pinkie or Battle of Pinkie Cleugh – 1547 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-44
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-44.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Senegal == British capture of Senegal – 1758 – Seven Years' War Capture of Gorée – 1758 – Seven Years' War == Serbia == Battle of Naissus – 268 or 269 – Crisis of the Third Century and Roman–Germanic wars Battle of the Margus – 285 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Bassianae – 468 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Sirmium (489) - 489 Siege of Sirmium – 580 – 582 – Avar–Byzantine wars Battles of Viminacium – 599 – Avar–Byzantine wars Battle of the Rishki Pass - 759 Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Battle of W.l.n.d.r – 934 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Haram - 1128 - Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Battle of Sirmium - 1167 - Komnenian restoration Battle of Dubravnica – 1380 or 1381 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Pločnik – between 1385 – 1387 – Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Golubac – 1428 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Belgrade (1440) – 1440 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Nish (1443) – 1443 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-45
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-45.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Slovenia == Battle of Poetovio - 388 - Roman civil war Battle of the Frigidus – 394 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Pirano – 1812 – Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) Battle of Friedau – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Battle of Dražgoše – 1942 Battle of Osankarica Battle of Castle Turjak – 1943 Battle of Nanos – 1942 Battle of Trieste Battle of Poljana – 1945 Battle of Caporetto – 1917 == South Africa == Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) Battle of Muizenberg – 1795 – French Revolutionary Wars Capitulation of Saldanha Bay – 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars Action of 9 February 1799 (South Africa) – 1799 – French Revolutionary Wars Battle of Blaauwberg – 1806 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) Battle of Gqokli Hill – 1818 – Ndwandwe–Zulu War Battle of Amalinde – 1818 – Xhosa Wars Battle of Grahamstown – 1819 – Xhosa Wars Battle of Mhlatuze River – 1819 or 1820 – Ndwandwe–Zulu War Battle of Blood River – 1838 – Great Trek Battle of Magango – 1840 Battle of Isandlwana – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War Battle of Rorke's Drift


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-46
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-46.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Spain == Siege of Saguntum – 219 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Cissa – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ebro River – 217 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ibera – 215 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Upper Baetis – 211 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Cartagena (209 BC) – 209 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Baecula – 208 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Carmona – 207 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ilipa – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Carteia – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Carteia (naval) – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ilerda – 49 BC – Caesar's Civil War Battle of Carteia (46 BC) – 46 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Munda – 45 BC – Caesar's Civil War Siege of Corduba – 45 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Lauro – 45 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of the Nervasos Mountains – 419


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-47
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-47.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
– Reconquista Battle of the Morcuera – 865 – Reconquista Battle of Polvoraria – 878 – Reconquista First Battle of Cellorigo – 882 – Reconquista Second Battle of Cellorigo – 883 – Reconquista Raid of 897 against Barcelona – 897 – Reconquista Day of Zamora – 901 – Reconquista Raid of 904 in Pallars and Ribagorza – 904 – Reconquista Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917) – 917 – Reconquista Battle of Valdejunquera – 920 – Reconquista Battle of Alhandic – 939 – Reconquista Battle of Simancas – 939 – Reconquista Battle of Baltarga - 942 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of the Cebreiro Mountains - 971 - Viking expansion Battle of Estercuel – 975 – Reconquista Battle of Torrevicente – 981 – Reconquista Battle of Rueda – 981 – Reconquista Battle of Rovirans - 985 - Reconquista Battle of Cervera – 1000 – Reconquista Battle of Calatañazor - 1002 - Reconquista Battle of Torà – 1003 – Reconquista Battle of Albesa – 1003 – Reconquista Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013) – 1009 – 1010 – Fitna of al-Andalus Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr – 1010 – Fitna of al-Andalus and Reconquista Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013) – 1010 – 1013


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-48
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-48.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Fermin – 1781 – American Revolutionary War Invasion of Minorca (1781) – 1781 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Action of 12 December 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Frigate action of 29 May 1794 – 1794 – Atlantic campaign of May 1794 (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] Battle of the Gulf of Roses – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) Action of 13 October 1796 – 1796 – Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 (War of the First Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] Action of 19 December 1796 – 1796 – Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 (War of the First Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] Action of 25 January 1797 – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Action of 26 April 1797 – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Assault on Cádiz – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Action of 15 July 1798 – 1798 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-49
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-49.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Sri Lanka == Siege of Kotte (1557–1558) – 1557 – 1558 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Battle of Mulleriyawa – 1559 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Siege of Colombo – 1587 – 1588 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Battle of Randeniwela – 1630 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Battle of Gannoruwa – 1638 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Siege of Galle (1640) – 1640 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) and Dutch–Portuguese War Action of 23 March 1654 – 1654 – Dutch–Portuguese War Action of 2 May 1654 – 1654 – Dutch–Portuguese War Capture of Trincomalee – 1782 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) Battle of Providien – 1782 – Anglo-French War (1778–1783) (American Revolutionary War) Action of 12 August 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Trincomalee – 1782 – American Revolutionary War == Sudan == Battle of Suakin (1541) – 1541 – Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559) (Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations) == Suriname == Recapture of Fort Zeelandia (1667) – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) Battle of Suriname – 1804 == Sweden == Battle at Lake Vænir Battle on


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-50
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-50.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle of Octodurus – 57 BC – 56 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Vindonissa – 298 or 302 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Winterthur - 919 First Battle of Ulrichen - 1211 Battle of Schosshalde - 1289 Battle of Coffrane - 1296 Battle of Morgarten – 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy Battle of Sempach - 1386 - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy Battle of Arbedo - 1422 - Transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy Battle of Freienbach - 1443 - Old Zurich War Battle of Hirzel - 1443 - Old Zurich War Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl - 1443 - Old Zurich War Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs - 1444 - Old Zurich War Battle of Wolfhalden - 1445 - Old Zurich War Battle of Männedorf - 1445 - Old Zurich War Battle of Ragaz - 1446 - Old Zurich War Battle of Castione – 1449 – Milanese War of Succession (Wars in Lombardy) Battle on the Planta – 1475 – Burgundian Wars Battle of Grandson – 1476 – Burgundian Wars Battle of Morat – 1476 – Burgundian Wars Battle of Giornico - 1478 - Transalpine campaigns of the Old


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-51
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-51.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Syria == Battle of Qarqar – 853 BC – Assyrian conquest of Aram Battle of Carchemish – c. 605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars Battle of Hamath – c. 605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars Siege of Apamea – 45 BC – 44 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Mount Gindarus – 38 BC – Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (Roman–Parthian Wars) Battle of Resaena – 243 – Roman–Persian Wars Battle of Barbalissos – 252 – Roman–Persian Wars Siege of Dura-Europos (256) – 256 – Roman–Persian Wars Sack of Bostra – 270 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Emesa – 272 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Thannuris – 528 – Iberian War Battle of Callinicum – 531 – Iberian War Battle of Marj Rahit (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of al-Qaryatayn – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of Bosra – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Siege of Damascus (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj – 634


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-52
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-52.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Tunisia == Siege of Aspis – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Adys – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC) – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Cape Hermaeum – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Utica – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Hamilcar's victory with Naravas – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Saw – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Siege of Tunis (Mercenary War) – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Battle of Leptis Parva – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Siege of Utica (204 BC) – 204 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Utica (203 BC) – 203 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Great Plains – 203 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Zama – 202 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Oroscopa – 151 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Lake


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-53
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-53.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars Battle of the Eclipse – 585 BC – Lydo–Median war Battle of Pteria – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Thymbra – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Siege of Sardis (547 BC) – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Siege of Sardis (498 BC) – 498 BC – Ionian Revolt Battle of Lade – 494 BC – Ionian Revolt Battle of Mycale – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of the Eurymedon – 469 BC or 466 BC – Wars of the Delian League (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Cynossema – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Abydos – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Cyzicus – 410 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Notium – 406 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Arginusae – 406 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Aegospotami – 405 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Cnidus – 394 BC – Corinthian War Battle of the Granicus – 334 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Siege of Miletus – 334 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Siege of Halicarnassus – 334 BC –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-54
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-54.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
872 or 873 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Bathys Ryax – 872 or 878 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Boulgarophygon – 896 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Katasyrtai – 917 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Pegae – 921 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Constantinople (922) – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Siege of Constantinople - 941 - Rus'-Byzantine Wars Battle of Marash (953) – 953 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Raban – 958 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Andrassos – 960 – Arab–Byzantine wars Byzantine conquest of Cilicia – 964 – 965 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Antioch (968–969) – 968 – 969 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Arcadiopolis (970) – 970 – Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) and Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Alexandretta – 971 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Pankaleia - 978 - Rebellion of Bardas Skleros Battle of Shirimni - 1021 - Byzantine–Georgian wars Battle of Svindax - 1022 - Byzantine–Georgian wars Battle of Kapetron – 1048 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars and Georgian–Seljuk wars Siege of Manzikert (1054) – 1054 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars Siege of Ani (1064) – 1064 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-55
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-55.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Turkmenistan == Battle of Oxus River – 651 – Muslim conquest of Khorasan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Battle of Dandanaqan – 1040 – Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars Siege of Gurganj – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Siege of Merv (1221) – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Battle of Marv or Battle of Merv – 1510 – Persian–Uzbek wars == Ukraine == Battle of Lake Maeotis – 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War Battle of Southern Buh – 896 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) List of wars involving Kievan Rus' Siege of Kiev (968) – 968 Battle of the Alta River – 1068 Battle of the Stuhna River – 1093 Battle of Sudak – 1221 or 1222 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars Battle of the Kalka River – 1223 – Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1237–1242), including Siege of Kiev (1240) List of wars and battles involving Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1392) List of battles of the Great Troubles (1359–1381/2), including Battle of Blue Waters Battle of the Vorskla River – 1399 Battle of Cătlăbuga – 1485 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Novhorod-Siverskyi – 1604


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-56
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-56.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle of Aylesford - 455 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Wippedesfleot - 465 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Mercredesburne - 485 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Mons Badonicus - 518 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Beran Byrig - 556 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Bedcanford - 571 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Deorham - 577 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Alclud Ford - 590 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Woden's Burg (592) - 592 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Degsastan - 603 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Chester - 616 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of the River Idle - 616 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Cirencester - 628 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Fid Eoin - 629 - Irish clan battles Battle of Cefn Digoll - 630 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Hatfield Chase - 633 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Heavenfield - 634 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Moira - 637 - Irish clan battles Battle of Maserfield - 642 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-57
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-57.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
James' Day Battle - 1666 - Second Anglo-Dutch War Raid on the Medway - 1667 - Second Anglo-Dutch War Action of 12 March 1672 - 1672 - Franco-Dutch War Battle of Solebay - 1672 - Third Anglo-Dutch War Dutch invasion of Saint Helena – 1673 – Third Anglo-Dutch War (Franco-Dutch War and Anglo-Dutch Wars) Battle of Ronas Voe - 1674 - Third Anglo-Dutch War Battle of Drumclog - 1679 - Scottish Covenanter Wars Battle of Bothwell Bridge - 1679 - Scottish Covenanter Wars Battle of Sedgemoor - 1685 - Monmouth Rebellion Battle of Reading (1688) - 1688 - Glorious Revolution Break of Dromore - 1689 - Williamite War Siege of Derry - 1689 - Williamite War Battle of Killiecrankie - 1689 - Jacobite rising of 1689 Battle of Newtownbutler - 1689 - Williamite War Siege of Carrickfergus - 1689 - Williamite War Battle of Dunkeld - 1689 - Jacobite rising of 1689 Raid on Newry - 1689 - Williamite War Battle of Cromdale - 1690 - Jacobite rising of 1689 Battle of Beachy Head (1690) - 1690 - Nine Years' War Capture of Gibraltar – 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession Twelfth siege of Gibraltar – 1704 – 1705


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-58
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-58.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle at Etzanoa - 1601 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Iroquois War (1609) - 1609 - Beaver Wars Battle of Oneida - 1615 Battle of the Severn - 1655 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms Battle of Bloody Run (1656) - 1656 Great Swamp Fight - 1675 - King Philip's War Bacon's Rebellion - 1676 - American Indian Wars Battle of Flint River - 1702 - Queen Anne's War Siege of St. Augustine (1702) - 1702 - Queen Anne's War Battle of Falmouth (1703) - 1703 - Queen Anne's War Raid on Deerfield - 1704 - Queen Anne's War Lefebvre's Charles Town expedition - 1706 - Queen Anne's War Siege of Pensacola (1707) - 1707 - Queen Anne's War Raid on Haverhill (1708) - 1708 - Queen Anne's War New York Slave Revolt of 1712 - 1712 - Slave Revolts in North America Battle of Fort Neoheroka - 1713 - Tuscarora War Siege of Charlestown - 1718 - Golden Age of Piracy Battle of Cape Fear River - 1718 - Golden Age of Piracy Capture of Pensacola (1719) - 1719 - War of the Quadruple Alliance Villasur expedition - 1720 - War of the Quadruple Alliance Capture of the


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-59
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-59.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
John - 1733 - Slave Revolts in North America Stono Rebellion - 1739 - Slave Revolts in North America Invasion of Georgia (1742) - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Bloody Marsh - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Gully Hole Creek - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Galudoghson - 1742 Saratoga raid - 1745 - King George's War Siege of Fort Massachusetts - 1746 - King George's War Siege of Fort at Number 4 - 1747 - King George's War Brunswick Town raid - 1748 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Kathio - 1750 Battle of Jumonville Glen - 1754 - French and Indian War Battle of Fort Necessity - 1754 - French and Indian War Braddock Expedition - 1755 - French and Indian War Battle of the Monongahela - 1755 - French and Indian War Battle of Lake George - 1755 - French and Indian War Battle of Taliwa - 1755 Battle of Fort Bull - 1756 - French and Indian War Battle of the Trough - 1756 - French and Indian War Battle of Sideling Hill - 1756 - French and Indian War Battle of Great Cacapon - 1756


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-60
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-60.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Louis - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Waxhaws - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Action of 7 June 1780 - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Connecticut Farms - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Mobley's Meeting House - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Ramsour's Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Springfield - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Huck's Defeat - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Bull's Ferry - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Colson's Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Rocky Mount - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Hanging Rock - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Piqua - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Camden - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Fishing Creek - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Musgrove Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Black Mingo - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Wahab's Plantation - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Charlotte - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Kings Mountain - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Shallow Ford - 1780 - American


id: list-of-geographical-bottoms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical bottoms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:47.007950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-bottoms-20260505-0
summary:
Bottom is used in the name of several geographical features: Bottom, North Carolina, small unincorporated community in the Stewarts Creek Township of northern Surry County, North Carolina Bottom Bay, on the southeast coast of Barbados, between Cave Bay and Palmetto Bay Bottom Creek, West Virginia, unincorporated community in McDowell County, West Virginia, USA Bottom Points railway station, railway station on the Zig Zag Railway in the Blue Mountains area of New South Wales Bottom Wood, 14.5-hectare (36-acre) woodland in the English county of Buckinghamshire, near the hamlet of Studley Green The Bottom (formerly Botte), the capital and largest town of the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands A number of valleys or low-lying areas are described as bottoms, as are their associated settlements: American Bottom, the flood plain of the Mississippi River in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois Aunt Mary's Bottom, an 8.62-hectare (21.3-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Ballingdon Bottom, a hamlet in Hertfordshire, England Beacon's Bottom, also known as Bacon's Bottom, is a hamlet between Piddington and Stokenchurch in England Beck Bottom, village in Cumbria, England Beech Bottom, Tennessee, unincorporated community in Macon County, Tennessee, in the United States Beech Bottom, West Virginia,


id: list-of-geographical-brows-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical brows
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:48.273151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-brows-20260505-0
summary:
Brow is used in the name of several geographical features: Brow, Dumfries and Galloway, hamlet about 3 km from Ruthwell on the Solway Firth in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland Brow Head (Irish: Ceann Bró) is the most southerly point of mainland Ireland Brow Point, the western entrance headland of Blue Whale Harbour on the north coast of South Georgia Brow Monument and Brow Monument Trail, Kaibab National Forest, in the National Register of Historic Places for Coconino County, Arizona Berry Brow, semi-rural village in West Yorkshire, England, situated about 3 km south of Huddersfield Cinnamon Brow, area on the east side of Warrington, England, between Orford and Birchwood Faulds Brow, small rise in the English Lake District, northwest of the village of Caldbeck in Cumbria Hill Brow, small village in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England Mere Brow, small village in Lancashire, England, situated between Tarleton and Banks Shaw's Brow, the original name of William Brown Street in Liverpool, England, a road remarkable for the number of public buildings Sunny Brow or Sunnybrow, village in County Durham, in England Swing Brow or Swingbrow, hamlet near to Chatteris, Cambridgeshire lying alongside the Forty Foot Drain built by Vermuyden == See


id: circumnavigation-world-record-progression-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression-0.md
category: reference
title: Circumnavigation world record progression
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:49.499151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: circumnavigation-world-record-progression-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the fastest circumnavigation, made by a person or team, excluding orbits of Earth from spacecraft. == List == == Other categories == == See also == List of circumnavigations == References ==


id: list-of-circles-of-latitude-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude-0.md
category: reference
title: List of circles of latitude
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:50.752240+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circles-of-latitude-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of the circles of latitude on Earth. == Northern Hemisphere == == Equator == The equator, a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the northern and southern hemispheres. On Earth, it is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude. == Southern Hemisphere ==


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of circumnavigations of Earth. Sections are ordered by ascending date of completion. == Global == === Nautical === ==== 16th century ==== The 18 survivors, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano (Spanish), of Ferdinand Magellan's Spanish expedition (which began with 5 ships and 270 men); 1519–1522; westward from Spain; in Victoria. After Magellan was killed by Lapulapu off the Philippines on 27 April 1521, the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on 6 September 1522, after a journey of 3 years and 1 month. These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe. The survivors of García Jofre de Loaísa's Spanish expedition 1525–1536 including Andrés de Urdaneta; westward from Spain. None of Loaísa's seven ships completed the voyage, but Santa María de la Victoria reached the Moluccas before being wrecked in a Portuguese attack. Successive chiefs of the expedition (Loaísa, Elcano, Salazar, Iñiguez, De la Torre) died during the voyages. Andrés de Urdaneta and other fellow men survived, reaching the Spice Islands in 1526, to be taken prisoner by the Portuguese. Urdaneta and three of his men returned to Spain in 1536


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-1.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
William Funnell (English); 1703–1706. William Dampier (English); 1703–1706. Woodes Rogers (British); 1708–1711; with the Duke and the Duchess; He rescued Alexander Selkirk on Juan Fernandez on 31 January 1709. Selkirk had been stranded there for four years. William Dampier (British); 1708–1711; First person to circumnavigate the world three times (1679–1691, 1703–1707 and 1708–1711). Gentile of the Barbinais (French); 1714–1718. The second circumnavigation of a commercial passenger. George Shelvocke (British); 1719–1721. John Clipperton (British); 1719–1722. Privateer, initially sailed with George Shelvocke. Jacob Roggeveen (Dutch); 1721–1724. George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (British); 1740–1744; in HMS Centurion. John Byron (British); 1764–1766; in HMS Dolphin. Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret (British); 1766–1768; in HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow; Carteret had served on Byron's expedition. Dolphin was the first ship to survive two circumnavigations. Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (French); 1766–1769; On board was Jeanne Baré, disguised as a man, the first woman to circumnavigate the globe; first French circumnavigation. James Cook (British); 1768–1771; in HMS Endeavour; The first circumnavigation to lose no personnel to scurvy. Tobias Furneaux (British); 1772–1774; in HMS Adventure. First east-to-west circumnavigation entirely by sea. Furneaux was a veteran of Byron's expedition. Furneaux was part of Cook's 1772–1775 circumnavigation, but they became separated,


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-2.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
==== 20th century ==== The Great White Fleet; 1907–1909; first fleet to circumnavigate the world. HMS New Zealand 1913, first by a Dreadnought era battleship or battlecruiser. Harry Pidgeon; 1921–1925; second single-handed circumnavigation. Conor O'Brien; 1923–1925; in Saoirse, a 20-ton 42 ft ketch, designed by himself and built in Baltimore, Ireland. First small private craft to circumnavigate west to east and south of the three great capes: Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope and Cape Leeuwin SW Australia – the Clipper route. HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, and the rest of the Special Service Squadron; 1923–24; in the Empire Cruise, a tour of the British Empire after World War I. Francesco Aurelio Geraci; 1932–1935; first Italian to circumnavigate the globe with his little wooden ship M.A.S. (Memento Audere Semper). Harry Pidgeon; 1932–1937; third single-handed circumnavigation, first person to circumnavigate solo twice (1921–1925 and 1932–1937). Electa and Irving Johnson; 1934–1958; sail training pioneers, circumnavigated the world seven times with amateur crews. Vito Dumas; 1942; single handed circumnavigation of the southern oceans, including the first single handed passage of all three great capes. Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation. Operation Sea Orbit; 1964; USS Enterprise, USS Long Beach, and USS Bainbridge;


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-3.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
He is still the only person in the world to perform this feat single-handed with a catamaran, although others have made faster single-handed circumnavigations in trimarans (Ellen MacArthur, 2005, and Francis Joyon, 2008). Cable and Wireless Adventurer; 1998; 74 days, 20 hours, 58 minutes, a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel. Robert E. Case; 1998–2001; American who was the first solo amputee to sail around the world. Amyr Klink; 1998–1999; Brazilian who completed a solo circumnavigation of Antarctica in 88 days. Jesse Martin; 1999; youngest recognized unassisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 66 days. Azhar Mansor; 1999; first Malaysian to sail solo around the world. Alex Thomson; 1999; youngest skipper ever to win a round the world race (Clipper 1998–1999). Daniel D. Moreland; 1997–1998; first circumnavigation of sail training vessel Picton Castle. Vinny Lauwers; 1999–2000; 233d 13h 43m 8s; 21760 nm; Vision Quest; first single-handed circumnavigation by a disabled sailor (paraplegic). Wladek Wagner, 1932–1939, first Polish citizen to sail around the world. He wrote the book By the Sun and Stars about the voyage.


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-4.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
==== 21st century ==== Wilfried Erdmann; 14 August 2000 – 23 July 2001 in 343 days; monohull Kathena Nui; solo westward non-stop circumnavigation. Ellen MacArthur; 2001; monohull; circumnavigated singlehandedly as the then fastest woman. Mike Golding; 2001; first person to circumnavigate non-stop in both eastward and westward directions. 1993 World record for a westward circumnavigation, 161 days, Group 4. 2001 Vendee Globe Race 7th position. INS Tarangini; 2003–2004; first Indian sail naval ship to circumnavigate the globe with the theme of "building bridges of friendship across the oceans". Bruno Peyron and crew; 2005; aboard maxi catamaran Orange II; set the then current wind-powered circumnavigation record, 50 days, 16 hours, 20 minute. Alan Priddy; 2004–2006; circumnavigation in Alec Rose's (see 1968) Lively Lady with crews of disadvantaged young adults. Ellen MacArthur; 2005; trimaran B&Q/Castorama; then the fastest singlehanded circumnavigation (71 days), was still the fastest woman in 2010. See also 2001. Dee Caffari; first female to sail non-stop round the world westabout and both ways; 2005–2006; first woman to perform a solo westward non-stop circumnavigation, in 178 days. 2008-2009 Vendee Globe Race (Solo Nonstop Eastabout) onboard IMOCA 60 Aviva in 99 days 1 hrs 10 min 57 sec Álvaro de Bazán;


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-5.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation, and fastest mechanically powered circumnavigation (disputed with Earthrace, 2008), in 60 days 21 hours. Jon Sanders; 1986–1988; holds the world record for completing a single-handed, non-stop, triple circumnavigation, in 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes. Jean-Luc Van Den Heede (French); 2004; fastest westward single-handed circumnavigation, 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds. Adrienne Cahalan (Australian); February–March 2004; fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation (crew of "Cheyenne") 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds. Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540 horsepower multi-fueled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes. François Gabart (French); Nov 2017–Dec 2017; current fastest single-handed circumnavigation, in 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes, 35 seconds. Francis Joyon and crew of five sailors; Dec 2016–Jan 2017; the Maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT; current absolute (wind or mechanically powered) fastest maritime circumnavigation, in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing. Average speed of 26.85 knots (30.71 mph), covering a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles (48,915 km; 30,394 mi). Bill Hatfield (Australian); 22 February 2020; fastest single-handed westbound circumnavigation in a


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-6.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
Elgen Long, 1971, first solo circumnavigation via the poles, in a Piper Navajo. Don Taylor, 1976, first circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft. Ross Perot, Jr. and Jay Coburn, 1982, first circumnavigation by helicopter, by Bell 206L-1 LongRanger II Dick Smith, 1982–1983, first solo circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Bell Jetranger III. Donald "Rode" Rodewald, 1984, first circumnavigation by a paraplegic pilot in a Comanche 260 with hand controls. Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, 1986, Voyager, first non-stop non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane, 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds. Dick Smith, 1988–1989, first circumnavigation landing at both poles, in a Twin Otter. In 1992 an Air France Concorde, registration F-BTSD, achieved the fastest non-orbital circumnavigation in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds. Fred Lasby, 1994, oldest circumnavigation, at 82 years of age, in Piper Comanche. Dick Smith, 1994–95, first east–west circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Sikorsky S-76, a distance traveled of 73,352 kilometres (39,407 nautical miles). Peter Joohak Lee, 1998, first Asian to circumnavigate the globe on a single engine aircraft. Using a Cherokee 235, he traveled east for 36 days and 29,920 miles. Brian Milton, 1998, first microlight circumnavigation. He used an open-cockpit single engine Pegasus Quantum 912. No


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-7.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
=== Spacecraft === On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space, and completed the first orbit of the Earth, in Vostok 1, in 108 minutes. The second and third orbital circumnavigations, the first two to have multiple orbits, were made by Gherman Titov (17.5 orbits, a little over a day, for the Soviet Union) and John Glenn, in Friendship 7 (3 orbits, almost five hours, for the US, first American orbital flight), respectively. The first woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit, and to also do so multiple times, was Valentina Tereshkova, who made forty-eight orbits between 16 and 19 June 1963, aboard Vostok 6. Frank F. Borman II, James A. Lovell Jr., and William A. Anders, 21–27 December 1968, first human circumnavigation of the Earth-Moon system, 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours, aboard Apollo 8; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days. === Human powered === Motorized transportation is permitted over water and where otherwise needed, but the human-powered distance must be a minimum of 18,000 miles (29,000 km) to qualify for a world record, according to Guinness rules since 2013. Thomas Stevens was the


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-8.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
=== Miscellaneous === King Kalākaua traveled around the world, over land and sea, thus becoming the first reigning monarch to complete such a journey in 1881. Nellie Bly traveled around the world with public steamboats and trains in 72 days (from 14 November 1889, to 25 January 1890), a world record, resembling the Around the World in Eighty Days novel. Clärenore Stinnes and Carl-Axel Söderström were the first persons to drive around the world in a car between 25 May 1927 and 24 June 1929. Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen, in a Klemm L.20 aircraft over land and via ship for ocean legs, circumnavigated the globe solo, between August 1928 and November 1929. Mrs Victor Bruce completed the first solo partially aerial circumnavigation by a woman (crossing oceans by vessel) in 1931. Beginning in Montreal, Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958, becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle. Heinz Stücke has been cycling around the world since 1962. Arthur Blessitt has been walking around the world carrying a 45 lb (20 kg) wooden cross since 25 December 1969, covering 42,279 miles (68,041 km) through 324 countries. As of


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-9.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
== Non-global == Phoenician expedition sent by Pharaoh Necho II; c. 600 BC; possibly circumnavigating Africa. Pytheas of Massalia apparently circumnavigated the British Isles circa 325 BC, though his account of the exploration is lost, except for references to it in the works of classical historians. Jacques Cartier; 1534–1535; first circumnavigation of Newfoundland. García de Nodal; 1619; first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego. Abel Tasman; 1642–1643; first circumnavigation of the Australian continent (including New Guinea and Tasmania). James Cook; 1769–1770; first circumnavigation of New Zealand. James Cook; 1772–1775; first high-southern circumnavigation of Antarctica (including New Zealand's South Island). George Bass and Matthew Flinders; 1798; first circumnavigation of Tasmania, Australia. Matthew Flinders; 1801–1803; first circumnavigation of Australia (without Tasmania). Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen; 1820–1821; first circumnavigation of Antarctica (without New Zealand). Robert McClure; 1850–1854; first both to circumnavigate the Americas, and to transit the Northwest Passage. All by sea save for a 550-mile stretch on foot over pack ice in the Parry Channel, from Mercy Bay to Beechey Island. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld; 1878–1879; first circumnavigation of Eurasia, via the Northeast Passage and the Suez Canal, during the Vega expedition. St Roch; 1940–1942 and 1950; first vessel to circumnavigate North America. 1940–1942


id: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cliffs by continent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
summary:
The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world. == Asia == === Above sea === Ra's Sajir, Oman, 900 m (3,000 ft) above the Arabian Sea Tōjinbō, Sakai, Fukui prefecture, Japan 25 m above Sea of Japan Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. Theoprosopon, between Chekka and Selaata in north Lebanon jutting into the Mediterranean. === Above land === Nanga Parbat, Rupal Face, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, 4,600 m Gyala Peri, southeast face, Mêdog County, Tibet, China, 4,600 m Ultar Sar southwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,000 m Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. Trango Towers: East Face Great Trango Tower, Baltoro Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,340 m (near vertical headwall), 2,100 m (very steep overall drop from East Summit to Dunge Glacier). Northwest Face drops approximately 2,200 m to the Trango Glacier below, but with a taller slab topped out with a shorter overhanging headwall of approximately 1,000 m. The Southwest "Azeem" Ridge forms the group's tallest steep


id: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-1.md
category: reference
title: List of cliffs by continent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
summary:
Mount Asgard, Baffin Island, Canada; vertical drop of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft). El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, California, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) Toroweap (a.k.a. Tuweep), Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) Painted Wall in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado, United States; 685 m (2,250 ft) Northwest Face of Half Dome, near El Capitan, California, United States; 1,444 m (4,737 ft) total, vertical portion about 610 m (2,000 ft) The west face of Notch Peak in the House Range of southwestern Utah, U.S.; a carbonate rock pure vertical drop of about 670 m (2,200 ft), with 4,450 feet (1,356 m) from the top of the cliff to valley floor (bottom of the canyon below the notch) East face of the West Temple in Zion National Park, Utah, United States believed to be the tallest sandstone cliff in the world, 670 m All faces of Devils Tower, Wyoming, United States, 195 m Faces of Shiprock, New Mexico, United States, 400 m Cap Éternité of Saguenay River, Quebec, Canada, 347 m The North Face of North Twin Peak, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada, 1,200 m Raftsmen's Acropolis, a rock face of the Montagne des Érables, Quebec,


id: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-0.md
category: reference
title: List of coalfields
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
summary:
A coalfield is an area of certain uniform characteristics where coal is mined. The criteria for determining the approximate boundary of a coalfield are geographical and cultural, in addition to geological. A coalfield often groups the seams of coal, railroad companies, cultural groups, and watersheds and other geographical considerations. At one time the coalfield designation was an important category in business and industrial discussions. The terminology declined into unimportance as the 20th century progressed, and was probably only referred to by a few small railroads and history buffs by the 1980s. Renewed interest in industrial heritage and coal mining history has brought the old names of the coalfields before a larger audience. == Australia == === New South Wales === Gunnedah Basin coalfields Hunter Valley coalfields South Maitland coalfields Sydney Basin coalfields === Queensland === Bowen Basin coalfields Galilee Basin coalfields Surat Basin coalfields Walloon coalfields === Victoria === Latrobe Valley coalfields === Western Australia === Collie coalfields == Belgium == Borinage Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) Campine Coalfield (1917–1992) Centre Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) Charleroi Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1984) Liege Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1980) == Canada == Ardley coalfield Beersville Coalfield Carbon-Thompson coalfield Comox Coalfield Crowsnest


id: list-of-coalfields-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-1.md
category: reference
title: List of coalfields
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pennsylvania === Anthracite Coalfield (Coal Region) Beaver Coalfield Bennetts Branch Coalfield Bernice Coalfield Black Lick Coalfield (aka Nanto Glo Coalfield) Blossburg Coalfield Broad Top Coalfield Butler Coalfield Cameron Coalfield Clarion Coalfield Clearfield Coalfield Connellsville Coalfield Freeport Coalfield Georges Creek Coalfield Indian Valley Coalfield Indiana Coalfield Irwin Gas Coalfield Keating Coalfield Kittanning Coalfield Klondike Coalfield Ligonier Coalfield Low Grade Division Coalfield Mercer Coalfield Meyersdale Coalfield Moshannon Coalfield Mountain Coalfield Pittsburgh Coalfield Punxsutawney Coalfield Ralston Coalfield Shawmut Coalfield Snowshoe Coalfield Somerset Pennsylvania Coalfield Westmoreland Coalfield Windber Coalfield === Tennessee === Cumberland Gap Coalfield Jellico Coalfield Lafollette Coalfield Rockwood Coalfield Soddy Coalfield Wartburg Coalfield === Utah === Blacktail Coalfield Book Cliffs Coalfield Castlegate Coalfield Coalville Coalfield Emery Coalfield Harmony Coalfield Henry Mountains Coalfield Kaiporonitis Plateau Coalfield Kolob Plateau Coalfield Sunnyside Coalfield Teton Basin Coalfield Vernal Coalfield Wasatch Plateau === Virginia === Buchanan Coalfield Clinch Valley Coalfield Pocahontas Coalfield Richmond Coalfield Southwestern Coalfield (Big Stone Gap Coalfield) Valley Coalfield (anthracite) === West Virginia === Elkins Coalfield Fairmont Coalfield Greenbrier Coalfield Kanawha Coalfield Logan Coalfield Meadow Branch Coalfield (anthracite) New River Coalfield Panhandle Coalfield Pocahontas Coalfield Upper Potomac Coalfield Williamson Coalfield Winding Gulf Coalfield === Wyoming === Bighorn Coalfield Black Hills Coalfield Goshen Hole


id: list-of-comedy-drama-television-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series-0.md
category: reference
title: List of comedy drama television series
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:55.975455+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-comedy-drama-television-series-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of television series in the comedy drama (aka dramedy) genre. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == References ==


id: conurbation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-0.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
A conurbation is a region consisting of a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area in which transportation has developed to link areas. They create a single urban labour market or travel to work area. Conurbations often emerged in coal-mining regions during the period of the Industrial Revolution. Patrick Geddes coined the term in his book Cities in Evolution (1915). He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples "Midlandton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States. For census purposes, the term as described is used in Britain, whereas in the United States a related concept of metropolitan area is used instead. Each polycentric "metropolitan area" may have its own common designation such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Internationally the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to convey a similar meaning


id: conurbation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-1.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Germany === The Ruhr region (Ruhrgebiet) is a major conurbation located in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It consists of several large cities of similar size — including Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, and Oberhausen — that have gradually grown together to form a continuous urban area. With no single dominant core city, the Ruhr represents a classical polycentric conurbation. It developed as a major coal and steel industrial center during the 19th and 20th centuries, and remains one of the most densely urbanized regions in Europe. The Ruhr covers an area of approximately 4,438 km2 (1,714 sq mi) and has a population of around 5.1 million people as of 2023. Unlike the broader Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, which includes both conurbations and monocentric metropolitan areas such as Cologne, the Ruhr region itself is specifically characterized by its polycentric, conurbation structure. === United Kingdom === Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central


id: conurbation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-2.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México or ZMVM), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes, Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla. Together those areas make up the Mexico City megalopolis. ==== Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara) ==== The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) consists of seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered


id: conurbation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-3.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Stamford-Hartford ==== Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million. ==== Northwest Arkansas ==== Northwest Arkansas is a metropolitan area in the Ozarks containing four of the ten largest cities in Arkansas - Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, and Bentonville. These four cities and smaller municipalities between and around them have grown together over time to form a conurbation with no dominant city. ==== Research Triangle ==== Raleigh is the capital city of North Carolina and second largest by population. Nearby cities Durham and Chapel Hill form a triangle shape along with Raleigh. These cities each contain major research universities that, along with the Research Triangle Park, bind these cities together to form one continuous urban area. == Oceania == === Australia === ==== Albury-Wodonga ==== Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the


id: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and dependencies by area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:59.783176+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies, ranked by total area, including land and water. This list includes entries that are not limited to those in the ISO 3166-1 standard, which covers sovereign states and dependent territories. All 193 member states of the United Nations plus the two observer states are given a rank number. Largely unrecognised states not in ISO 3166-1 are included in the list in ranked order. The areas of such largely unrecognised states are in most cases also included in the areas of the more widely recognised states that claim the same territory; see the notes in the "Notes" column for each country for clarification. Not included in the list are entities such as the European Union which do not encompass any non-overlapping preclaimed land. This list includes three measurements of area: Total area: the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines. Land area: the aggregate of all land within international boundaries and coastlines, excluding water area. Inland water area: the sum of the surface areas of all inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, and rivers) within international boundaries and coastlines. Coastal internal waters may be included. Territorial seas,


id: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-number-of-land-borders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and territories by number of land borders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:01.400162+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-number-of-land-borders-20260505-0
summary:
This list gives the number of distinct land borders of each country or territory,but not the neighbouring countries and territories. The length of each border is included, as is the total length of each country's or territory's borders. Countries or territories that are connected only by man-made structures such as bridges, causeways or tunnels are not considered to have land borders. However, borders along lakes, rivers, and other internal waters are considered land borders for the purposes of this article. == Land borders == Distinct land borders: Refers to the number of separate geographic boundaries a country shares with its neighbours. A single country may have multiple distinct land borders with the same neighbour (e.g., due to enclaves, exclaves, or disconnected regions). Distinct land neighbours: Refers to the number of unique countries a nation borders via land. == Superlatives == Longest land border: China: 22,147 km (13,762 mi) Longest land border between two countries: Canada – United States: 8,891 km (5,525 mi) (Canada–United States border) Kazakhstan – Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi) (Kazakhstan–Russia border) Argentina – Chile: 5,308 km (3,298 mi) (Argentina–Chile border) China – Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi) (China–Mongolia border) Bangladesh – India: 4,053 km (2,518 mi) (Bangladesh–India


id: list-of-countries-by-easternmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by easternmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:02.603165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-easternmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land (dependent territories included). The order does not always reflect how close a country's territory is to the 180th meridian. Russia, Fiji, and Antarctica are notable exceptions because the 180th meridian passes through them. Therefore, they each have both very westernmost and very easternmost points. For countries like Russia, New Zealand, Fiji, the United States, and Kiribati, which have territories on both sides of the 180th meridian, the easternmost point is defined as the easternmost point in the direction of travel. The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian, in the Western Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere. Conversely, Russia, New Zealand, and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian, in the Eastern Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere. == See also ==


id: list-of-countries-by-forest-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by forest area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:03.892014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-forest-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries and territories of the world according to the total area covered by forests, based on data published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In 2010, the world had 3.92 billion hectares (ha) of tree cover, extending over 30% of its land area. In 2020, the world had a total forest area of 4.06 billion ha, which was 31 percent of the total land area. This area is equivalent to 0.52 ha per person – although forests are not distributed equally among the world's people or geographically. The tropical domain has the largest proportion of the world's forests (45 percent), followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains. More than half (54 percent) of the world's forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation (20.1%), Brazil (12.2%), Canada (8.6%), the United States of America (7.6%) and China (5.4%). Many of the world's forests are being damaged and degraded or are disappearing altogether. Their capacity to provide tangible goods, such as fiber, food, and medicines, as well as essential ecological services, including habitat for biodiversity, carbon storage, and moderation of freshwater flows, is under greater threat than ever before.


id: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-length-of-coastline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and dependencies by length of coastline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:06.292644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-length-of-coastline-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of countries and dependencies by length of coastline, in kilometers. Though the coastline paradox stipulates that coastlines do not have a well-defined length, there are various methods in use to measure coastlines through ratios and other metrics. A coastline of zero indicates that the country is landlocked. == Coastline paradox == The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be. This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones. == Data sources == Data marked The World Factbook or TWF is derived from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency and covers 198 countries and 55 territories. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries. Data marked World Resources Institute


id: list-of-countries-by-northernmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by northernmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:07.540661+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-northernmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by northernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the northernmost point under the control of a nation is listed. Indicates a point of reference == Notes ==


id: list-of-countries-by-organic-farmland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by organic farmland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:08.847498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-organic-farmland-20260505-0
summary:
This article is a list of countries by organic farmland. As of 2023, approximately 99,000,000 hectares (240,000,000 acres) worldwide were farmed organically, representing approximately 2.1% of total world farmland. == Countries and territories == All areas are given in hectares. Source: FIBL == Biodynamic farmland == Biodynamic agriculture is practiced in 55 countries, with a world total of 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares. With Europe dominating the world map. All areas are given in hectares. Source: American Institute of Science. == Non-certified organic farmland == Percentages of farmland being used organically may vary because guidelines of organic farming practices vary across nations. For example, Cuba has a significant portion of its agricultural land managed without synthetic chemicals. Estimates suggest that about 25% of Cuban farms operate organically. However, in terms of land area officially classified as organic farmland, sources report a much smaller figure, around 0.03%, indicating a difference between formal certification and actual farming practices. This discrepancy can be explained by Cuba's widespread use of agroecological methods such as Organopónicos, especially in urban and small-scale farms, which may not always be formally certified but still follow organic principles. In 2012, Bhutan set the ambitious goal to become the world's first


id: list-of-countries-by-southernmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by southernmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:10.157160+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-southernmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by southernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the southernmost point under the control of a nation is listed, excluding points within Antarctica and its outlying islands south of 60°S. == Notes ==


id: list-of-countries-by-total-renewable-water-resources-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by total renewable water resources
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:11.487542+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-total-renewable-water-resources-20260505-0
summary:
This is the list of countries by total renewable water resources for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data). Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally. According to Food and Agriculture Organization, ″internal renewable water resources (IRWR) represents long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation. External renewable water resources (ERWR) represents that part of the country's long-term average annual renewable water resources which are not generated in the country. It includes inflows from upstream countries (groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes and/or rivers. Total actual renewable water resources (TARWR) is the sum of internal renewable water resources and incoming flow originating outside the country. The computation of TARWR takes into account upstream abstraction and quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties. It is a measure of the maximum theoretical amount of water actually available for the country.″ == Water resources == Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up


id: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:12.902426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme, including 193 UN member states, two UN observer states (the Holy See and Palestine), two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue), and 49 non-sovereign dependencies or territories, as well as Western Sahara (a disputed territory whose sovereignty is contested) and Antarctica. In total, 248 countries and territories have been listed. Not included in the list are eight de facto states (whose sovereignty are not recognised by the United Nations), the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA), and four uninhabited territories (the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Clipperton Island, the Coral Sea Islands, and Navassa Island). Kosovo and Taiwan (listed as Taiwan Province of China) have been separately listed for strictly statistical purposes. == Lists == The United Nations geoscheme was created for statistical analysis and consists of six continental regions, 22 geographical subregions, and two intermediary regions. The United Nations Statistics Division created and maintains the M49 – Standard country or area codes for statistical use. The codes are listed from smallest to largest region, left to right. === Current entries === === Entries for strictly statistical purposes === ===


id: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-0.md
category: reference
title: List of deserts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of deserts sorted by the region of the world in which the desert is located. == Africa == Kalahari Desert – a desert covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa Karoo Desert – a desert covering parts of southern South Africa Namib Desert – a desert in present-day Namibia Danakil Desert – a desert lying in the Afar Triangle and covering northeastern Ethiopia, southern Eritrea, southern Djibouti and northwesternmost Somalia Eritrean Coastal Desert – a desert lying along the southern part of the coast of Eritrea and the coast of Djibouti Guban Desert – a desert lying along the coast of northwestern Somalia Grand Bara Desert – a desert covering parts of south Djibouti Chalbi Desert – a desert in northern Kenya along the border with Ethiopia Nyiri Desert – a desert located in southern Kenya along the border with Tanzania Lompoul Desert – a desert lying in northwestern Senegal between Dakar and Saint-Louis Sahara Desert – Africa's largest desert and the world's largest hot desert which covers much of North Africa comprising: Ténéré – a desert covering northeastern Niger and western Chad Tanezrouft – a desert covering northern Mali, northwestern Niger


id: list-of-deserts-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-1.md
category: reference
title: List of deserts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
summary:
Atacama Desert – a desert in Chile and Peru La Guajira Desert – a desert in Colombia and Venezuela Monte Desert – in Argentina, a smaller desert above the Patagonian Desert Patagonian Desert – the largest desert in the Americas, located in Argentina Sechura Desert – a desert located south of the Piura Region of Peru Jalapão – a desert park in Tocantins, Brazil == Polar regions == === Antarctic === Antarctic Desert – the largest desert in the world McMurdo Dry Valleys – a series of extremely dry, snow-free valleys in Victoria Land Meyer Desert – a small desert close to the South Pole === Arctic === Arctic Desert – the second largest "desert" in the world, though it consists of frozen ocean, land ice, and tundra, so (like the rest of this section) not a desert climate in any conventional sense North American Arctic – a large tundra in Northern America Greenland – mostly covered by land ice, like Antarctica Russian Arctic – a large tundra in Russia == Pseudo-deserts == Some geographical features are referred to as "deserts", and this word may even feature in their names, despite not meeting any meteorological definitions for a desert. Accona


id: list-of-downs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Down is used in the name of geographical features or locations that are downland or close to downland, including:


id: list-of-downs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-1.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Abbotts Ann Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England Afton Down, chalk down near the village of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight Andover Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England Arreton Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight Ashley Down, area in the north of Bristol Aston Down, east of Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, England Asylum Down, neighborhood in Accra, Ghana Ballard Down, area of chalk downland on the Purbeck Hills in Dorset, England Batcombe Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Bathampton Down, overlooking Bath, Somerset, England Beaminster Down, one of the highest hills in West Dorset, England Bembridge Down, Site of special scientific interest north-east of Sandown, Isle of Wight Bin Down, hill, 203 metres (666 ft) high near Liskeard in the county of Cornwall, England Black Down, Dorset, hill on the South Dorset Ridgeway in Dorset, England Black Down, Somerset, the highest hill in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England Black Down, Sussex, the highest hill in the county of Sussex, England Black Hill Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Blow's Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England Bolberry Down, clifftop area on the coast of Devon,


id: list-of-downs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-2.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Catherine's Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, near the southernmost point on the island St Boniface Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, England Starveall and Stony Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Codford and Wylye, Wiltshire, England Steeple Langford Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Steeple Langford in Wiltshire, England Stenbury Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight Stockton Wood and Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Stonehill Down Nature Reserve, downland nature reserve on the Purbeck Hills, Dorset, England Stoney Down, hill and forested countryside in Dorset, England Stormy Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest near Pyle in Bridgend County Borough, south Wales Stratford Toney Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Tennyson Down, hill at the west end of the Isle of Wight just south of Totland Throope Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Thruxton Down, west of Andover, Hampshire, England Toller Down, one of the highest hills in the county of Dorset, England Trendlebere Down, woodland managed by Natural England in Dartmoor, Devon, England Twyford Down, area of chalk downland southeast of Winchester, Hampshire, England Tytherington Down, biological


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-0.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
The following drinks were named after places. == Non-alcoholic beverages == === Coffee drinks === Americano, diluted espresso, popularly believed to be after the habit of American soldiers in Italy in WW II. Coffee, perhaps after the Kingdom of Kaffa, now in southwest Ethiopia Cuban espresso or Café Cubano — Cuba Georgia (coffee), after the state of Georgia, United States Greek frappé — Greece Indian filter coffee — India Ipoh white coffee, after the city of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Java, slang for coffee — named after the Indonesian island of Java Kurdish coffee after Kurdistan Marocchino, Italian for Moroccan Mazagran after the city of Mazagran, Algeria Mocha/Caffè mocha and Moka coffee, after the port city of Mocha in Yemen Mustang Coffee after the Mustang region of Nepal Thai iced coffee — Thailand Tenom coffee, after the town of Tenom, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia Café Touba after the city of Touba, Senegal Turkish coffee — Turkey Vietnamese iced coffee — Vietnam Wiener Melange and Vienna coffee, after the city of Vienna, Austria ==== Coffee bean varieties ==== Arabica coffee — Arabia Ethiopian Harar and Ethiopian Sidamo — Ethiopia Guadeloupe Bonifieur after the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee, from


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-1.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Teas === Anji bai cha or Anji white tea, after Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China Assam tea, after the state of Assam, northeast India Berinag tea after the town of Berinag, Uttarakhand, India Ceylon tea — Ceylon, old name for Sri Lanka Chinese herb tea — China Darjeeling tea, after the city of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India Dianhong after Dian Lake in Yunnan province, southern China English breakfast tea — England Formosa oolong tea after a historical name of Taiwan Hong Kong-style milk tea — Hong Kong Huangshan Maofeng, after Huangshan, a mountain range in Anhui province, China Irish Breakfast tea — Ireland Junshan Yinzhen, from Junshan Island, Hunan province, China Kagoshima green tea from the Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan Kangra tea from the Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India Kashmiri tea, a.k.a. Noon Chai, from Kashmir Keemun, after Qimen County, Anhui province, China Korean tea - Korea Labrador tea after the Labrador region of eastern Canada London fog after the city of London, UK Longjing tea, after the village of Longjing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Lu'an Melon Seed tea, after the city of Lu'an, Anhui province, China Maghrebi mint tea, after the Maghreb region of northwest Africa Mengding Ganlu tea


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-2.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Brands ==== Achel, after the village of Achel, Belgian Limburg Alaskan Amber after the state of Alaska, USA Alhambra after the fortress complex of Alhambra, in Granada, Andalusia, Spain Amstel after the Amstel river in the Netherlands Andechser after the town and abbey of Andechs, southern Bavaria, Germany Angkor Beer and Angkor Extra Stout, after the historical city of Angkor, Cambodia Arequipeña after Arequipa, Peru Ballarat Bitter, after the city of Ballarat, Victoria (Australia) Bauskas, after the town of Bauska, Latvia Bavaria, a Dutch beer named after the state of Bavaria, Germany Belhaven Best after the town of Belhaven, Scotland Beerlao after the country of Laos Beijing Beer, after the city of Beijing, China Berliner Pilsner after the city of Berlin, Germany Bitburger after the city of Bitburg, Germany, near the border of Luxembourg La Binchoise after the town of Binche, Hainaut, Belgium Bohemia, a Mexican brand named after the historical Czech region of Bohemia Borsodi after the historical Borsod County, Hungary Bellevaux after the village of Bellevaux (Malmedy), Liège, Belgium Bourgogne des Flandres after Flanders, Belgium Brunehaut after the town of Brunehaut, Hainaut, Belgium Březňák after the village of Velké Březno, Czech Republic Brisbane Bitter after the city


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-3.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Cocktails === Alabama Slammer after the state of Alabama, USA Agua de Sevilla after the city of Seville, Andalusia, Spain Agua de Valencia after the city of Valencia, Spain Asiático — Asia (original name was "Ruso" or Russian) Bahama Mama after the Bahamas Blue Hawaii after the Hawaiian islands, USA Bronx after the borough of The Bronx, New York City, USA Brooklyn after the borough of Brooklyn, New York City, USA Cape Codder after Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Chicago Cocktail after the city of Chicago, USA Chimayó Cocktail after the town of Chimayo, New Mexico, USA Colombia after the country of Colombia Cuba Libre after the country of Cuba Curacao Punch after the Dutch Caribbean island of Curaçao Daiquiri after the beach and village of Daiquirí, southeast Cuba Harlem Mugger after the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, USA Irish car bomb, Irish coffee and Irish Flag after Ireland Japanese slipper after Japan, because of the Midori ingredient Liégeois after the city of Liège, Belgium Long Island Iced Tea after Long Island, New York State, USA Lorraine after the region of Lorraine, northeast France Lynchburg Lemonade after the city of Lynchburg, Tennessee, USA Manhattan after the borough of Manhattan,


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-4.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Brands ==== Angostura Rum, after the city of Angostura, Venezuela, now named Ciudad Bolívar Beenleigh Rum, after Beenleigh, Queensland, Australia Belaya Rus vodka, after the country of Belarus Bombay Sapphire, a gin named after the Star of Bombay and indirectly the city of Mumbai, India Bundaberg Rum, after the city of Bundaberg. Queensland, Australia Carúpano after the city of Carúpano, Venezuela Clontarf, an Irish whiskey named after (the battle of) Clontarf, Dublin Comber Whiskey, an Irish whiskey produced in Comber, Northern Ireland Corzo, a tequila named after Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico Cracovia, a vodka named after Kraków, Poland Dzama, a rum named after the city of Dzamandzar, Madagascar Finlandia, a vodka named after Finland Glenfiddich, a Scotch whisky named after the River Fiddich valley Havana Club, a rum named after the city of Havana, Cuba Khortytsia, a Ukrainian brand of vodka after island Khortytsia on the Dnieper river Kihnu Mark, a vodka named after the island of Kihnu, Estonia Konig's Westphalian Gin, a Steinhäger named after the Westphalia region of Germany Mackmyra Whisky, after the village Mackmyra near Valbo, Gästrikland, Sweden Malibu, a Barbados rum originating in Curaçao and presumably named after Malibu, California Midleton Very Rare, an


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-5.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Wine grapes ==== Acitana after the city of Acireale (or nearby villages Aci Catena, Aci Castello, etc.), Catania, Sicily, Italy Arnsburger after Arnsburg Abbey, Hesse, Germany Aspiran after the Aspiran, Hérault, southern France Auxerrois blanc and Gros Auxerrois after the historical Auxerrois region around Auxerre, Burgundy, France Barbera Sarda after the island of Sardinia, Italy Bianchetta Trevigiana after the Province of Treviso, northern Italy Biancone di Portoferraio after the town of Portoferraio on Elba, Tuscany, Italy Blauer Portugieser after Portugal Blaufränkisch after the Franconia region of south-central Germany Bonarda Piemontese after the Piedmont region, northwestern Italy Busuioacă de Bohotin afgter the village of Bohotin, northeastern Romania Calabrese Montenuovo after the Calabria region in southern Italy Carignan after Cariñena, Aragon, Spain Catanese nero after the Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy Catawba after the Catawba River Chalosse Noire after the region of Chalosse, France Chardonnay after the town of Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire, France Chasselas after the village of Chasselas, Saône-et-Loire, France Chenin blanc after Mont Chenin in Touraine, France Colombana nera after the Abbey of San Colombano in the town of Bobbio, Emilia-Romagna, Italy Cornalin d'Aoste after the Aosta Valley, northwestern Italy Cserszegi fűszeres after the village of Cserszegtomaj, western Hungary Ehrenfelser


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-6.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Wines from Italy ==== Aglianico del Vulture after the historical region of Vulture Albana di Romagna after the historical region of Romagna Alcamo after the town of Alcamo, Sicily Amarone after the town of Marano di Valpolicella, Veneto Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont Barbaresco after the municipality of Barbaresco, Piedmont Barolo after the municipality of Barolo, Piedmont Brachetto d'Acqui after the city of Acqui Terme, Piedmont Brunello di Montalcino after the town of Montalcino, Tuscany Carmignano after the city of Carmignano, Tuscany Chianti after the Chianti Mountains, Tuscany Franciacorta after the territory of Franciacorta, Lombardy Gattinara after the municipality of Gattinara, Piedmont Gavi after the municipality of Gavi, Piedmont Marsala after the city of Marsala, Sicily Morellino di Scansano after the village of Scansano, Tuscany Moscato d'Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont Nizza after the town of Nizza Monferrato, Asti, Piedmont Prosecco after Prosecco, now a suburb of Trieste Ramandolo after the village of the same name near Nimis, Udine Sagrantino di Montefalco after the town of Montefalco, Umbria Soave after the small city of Soave, Veneto Taurasi after the town of Taurasi, Campania Vernaccia di San Gimignano after the town of San Gimignano, Tuscany Vino


id: list-of-elevation-extremes-by-country-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country-0.md
category: reference
title: List of elevation extremes by country
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:19.045402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-elevation-extremes-by-country-20260505-0
summary:
The following sortable table lists land surface elevation extremes by country or dependent territory. Topographic elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface. == Table == == National elevation ranges == Of all countries, Lesotho has the world's highest low point at 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Other countries with high low points include Rwanda 950 metres (3,117 ft) and Andorra 840 metres (2,756 ft). Countries with very low high points include Maldives 5 metres (16 ft), Tuvalu, 5 metres (16 ft) and the Marshall Islands 10 metres (33 ft). These island countries also have the smallest range between their lowest (sea level) and highest points, and are very sensitive to changes in sea level. The highest and lowest points in China constitute the greatest elevation range within any single country at 9,002 metres (29,534 ft). The elevation ranges are also great in Nepal 8,789 metres (28,835 ft), Pakistan 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), and India 8,588.7 metres (28,178 ft). Monaco's elevation range is among the greatest relative to surface area. Within its 2.02 km2 territory, there is a difference of 140 m between its highest and lowest


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-0.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of foods named after places have been compiled by writers, sometimes on travel websites or food-oriented websites, as well as in books. Since all of these names are words derived from place names, they are all toponyms. This article covers English language food toponyms which may have originated in English or other languages. According to Delish.com, "[T]here's a rich history of naming foods after cities, towns, countries, and even the moon." The following foods and drinks were named after places. Each non-obvious etymology is supported by a reference on the linked Wikipedia page. Food names are listed by country of the origin of the word, not necessarily where the food originated or was thought to have originated. Some foods are certified to originate in that region with a protected designation of origin (PDO). == Africa == African eggplant African pepper Bourbon vanilla — Île Bourbon, now the island of Réunion Canarian wrinkly potatoes — Canary Islands Egyptian onion — Egypt Gabon nut — Gabon Guinea grains or Guinea peppers — the Guinea region of the African West coast Guineafowl — the Guinea region Galinha à africana — "African-style chicken" Madagascar vanilla — Madagascar Moroccan citron — Morocco Muscat of


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-1.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Allahabadi cake — the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, north India Bandel cheese — the city of Bandel, West Bengal Bombay duck — fish dish named after the city of Bombay Chicken Chettinad — the region of Chettinad, Tamil Nadu Hyderabadi Biryani — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Hyderabadi Haleem — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Hyderabadi Marag — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Indian omelette Kakinada Kaja - the city Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh Kalimpong cheese — the hill station of Kalimpong, West Bengal Madras curry sauce — the city of Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu Malabar matthi curry — the Malabar Coast, southeast India Mangalore Buns - banana and yogurt fried bread from Mangalore Mangalorean Bangude Masala — fish dish named after the city of Mangalore, Karnataka Mangalorean Chicken Sukka — the city of Mangalore, Karnataka Mysore pak — the city of Mysore, Karnataka Narsobawadi Basundi — dessert from the town of Narsobawadi, Maharashtra Tirunelveli Halva — the city of Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu Thoothukudi or Tuticorin macaroon — the city of Thoothukudi (formerly Tuticorin), Tamil Nadu Fruits and vegetables Bangalore Blue — grape grown in districts around Bangalore city, Karnataka Bikaneri bhujia —


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-2.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Turkey fowl (despite not being from Turkey—see Turkey (bird)#Names) Gemlik olive — the town of Gemlik, Bursa Province Harput meatballs — the historic city of Harput, now Elazığ, Eastern Anatolia İnegöl meatballs — the city of İnegöl, Marmara region Smyrna meatballs — the ancient city of Smyrna, Aegean Region Tire meatballs — the district of Tire, İzmir, Aegean Region Turkish delight Van köfte — meatballs from the city of Van, Eastern Anatolia == Europe == === Balkan States === Albanian vegetable pie — Albania Bosnian Pot — Bosnia Bulgarian yogurt — Bulgaria Cherni Vit (cheese) — the village of Cherni Vit, Bulgaria Elenski but — ham from the town of Elena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria Macedonia — mixed salad alluding to the diverse origin of the people of Alexander's Macedonian Empire Shopska salad — the Shopluk region in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Macedonia Sremska sausage — the district of Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia ==== Croatia ==== Istrian stew — the Istria peninsula Međimurska gibanica — cake from Međimurje County Morlacco — Italian cheese named after the historical Morlachia region now located in Croatia Pag cheese — the island of Pag Rab cake — the island of Rab ==== Romania ==== Magiun of Topoloveni


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-3.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Basler Brot and Basler Läckerli — bread and cookies from the city of Basel Berner Haselnusslebkuchen and Berner Honiglebkuchen — cakes from the city of Bern Bündner Nusstorte or Engadiner Nusstorte — sweet pastry from (the Engadin region of) the Graubünden canton Couque suisse — Belgian sweet roll Pain de seigle valaisan — bread from the canton of Valais Pane ticinese — bread from the canton of Ticino, Switzerland Papet vaudois — mashed potatoes and leek from the canton of Vaud Swiss roll Zuger Kirschtorte — layer cake from the city or canton of Zug, Switzerland Zürcher Murren — bread roll from the city of Zürich Cheeses Appenzeller — the canton of Appenzell Berner Alpkäse and Berner Hobelkäse — the Bernese Oberland region Emmentaler — Emmental, the name of a valley in the canton of Bern Gruyère — the town of Gruyères in the canton of Fribourg L'Etivaz — the hamlet of L'Etivaz in the canton of Vaud Swiss cheese — American cheese named for its resemblance to Emmental cheese Tomme Vaudoise — the canton of Vaud Vacherin Fribourgeois — the canton of Fribourg === Eastern Europe === ==== Baltic states ==== Liveland Raspberry apple — the Governorate of Livonia


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-4.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Asiago — Asiago, plateau and town in the Venetian Prealps Bastardo del Grappa — Monte Grappa in the Venetian Prealps Bitto — the Bitto River in Lombardy Bra — the town of Bra in Piedmont Casciotta d'Urbino — the city of Urbino in the Marche region Castelmagno — the municipality of Castelmagno in Piedmont Gorgonzola — the town of Gorgonzola near Milan Grana Padano — the Po Valley (Pianura Padana) Montasio — the mountain Jôf di Montasio in the Julian Alps Monte Veronese — the Province of Verona Pallone di Gravina — the town of Gravina in Puglia in Apulia Parmesan— the city or province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna Parmigiano-Reggiano — the cities of Parma and Reggio, Emilia-Romagna Pecorino di Filiano — the town of Filiano in the southern region of Basilicata Pecorino Romano — the city of Rome Pecorino Sardo — the island of Sardinia Pecorino Siciliano — the island of Sicily Pecorino Toscano — the region of Tuscany Piave — the Piave river in the Veneto region Quiche florentine — Florence Ragusano — the Province of Ragusa on Sicily Robiola — possibly named after the town of Robbio in Lombardy Romano cheese — American pecorino-style cheese named after Rome


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-5.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Albufera sauce — via the Duke of Albufera after the Albufera lagoon, eastern Spain Arroz a la valenciana — Latin American rice dish named after Valencia Castella — Japanese cake named after the historical region of Castile Chorizo de Pamplona — sausage from the city of Pamplona, Navarre Espagnole sauce — Spain Lacón Gallego — ham from the region of Galicia Mantecadas de Astorga — pastry from the town of Astorga, Léon Mató de Pedralbes — pastry from the Pedralbes neighborhood of Barcelona, Spain Mayonnaise — perhaps named after the city of Mahón, capital of the island of Menorca Morcilla de Burgos — sausage from the city of Burgos, Castile Sauce andalouse — Belgian sauce named after the Andalusia region of southern Spain Spanische Windtorte — Austrian cake named after Spain Spanish omelette Spanish rice — the American name for a Mexican side dish Tarragona – Swedish chocolate bar named after the city of Tarragona Valencian paella — the city, province or region of Valencia Valencia rice — Valencia Vic fuet — sausage from the town of Vic, Catalonia Cheeses Alpujarra — Alpujarra region, Andalusia Cabrales — Cabrales, a municipality in Asturias Cantabrian Cream — the autonomous community of Cantabria


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-6.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Abondance — the commune of Abondance, Haute-Savoie Banon — the town of Banon in the Provence Beaufort — the commune of Beaufort, Savoie Bleu d'Auvergne — the central historical province of Auvergne Bleu de Gex — the eastern historical Pays de Gex Brie — the historical Brie region near Paris Camembert — the town of Camembert, Orne, Normandy Cantal — the central department of Cantal Chaource — the village of Chaource in the Champagne region Comté — the eastern Franche-Comté region Crottin de Chavignol — the village of Chavignol, France in the central Loire valley Époisses — the village of Époisses, Burgundy Fourme de Montbrison — Montbriso in the upper Loire valley. Laguiole — the village of Laguiole in the southern Aveyron department Langres — the Langres plateau in the Champagne region Livarot — the town of Livarot in Normandy Mâconnais — the city of Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire Maroilles — the village of Maroilles near the Belgian border Morbier — the village of Morbier near the Swiss border Munster — the town of Munster, Haut-Rhin in the Alsace region Neufchâtel — the town of Neufchâtel-en-Bray in upper Normandie Ossau-iraty — the Ossau Valley and the Irati Forest, French Basque Country Pont-l'Évêque


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-7.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Brown Windsor soup — perhaps via the Windsor bean after the town of Windsor, Berkshire Cornish clotted cream and Cornish ice cream — the county of Cornwall Cornish sardines — the county of Cornwall Dover sole — the town of Dover, Kent English breakfast Eton mess — the town of Eton, Berkshire Everton mint — candy from the Everton suburb of Liverpool Grimsby smoked fish — the town of Grimsby, Lincolnshire Kendal Mint Cake — peppermint candy from the town of Kendal, Cumbria Kentish well pudding — the county of Kent Malvern pudding — the town of Malvern, Worcestershire Pontefract cake — licorice candy from the town of Pontefract, Yorkshire Sussex pond pudding — Sussex county Baked goods Bakewell pudding and Bakewell tart — the town of Bakewell, Derbyshire Banbury cake — the town of Banbury, Oxfordshire Bath bun and Bath Oliver cracker — the city of Bath, Somerset Bedfordshire clanger — the county of Bedfordshire Chelsea bun — the Chelsea area of London Chorley cake — the town of Chorley, Lancashire Cornish fairings and Cornish pasty — the county of Cornwall Cumberland pie — the historic county of Cumberland Dorset apple cake — Dorset county Dorset knob — flatbread


