# kb

id: greenhouse-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse-2.md
category: reference
title: Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:41.007301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ventilation === Ventilation is one of the most important components in a successful greenhouse. If there is no proper ventilation, greenhouses and their growing plants can become prone to problems. The main purposes of ventilation is to regulate the temperature and humidity to the optimal level, and to ensure movement of air and thus prevent the build-up of plant pathogens (such as Botrytis cinerea) that prefer still air conditions. Ventilation also ensures a supply of fresh air for photosynthesis and plant respiration, and may enable important pollinators to access the greenhouse crop. Ventilation can be achieved via the use of vents – often controlled automatically via a computer – and recirculation fans. === Heating === Heating or electricity is one of the most considerable costs in the operation of greenhouses across the globe, especially in colder climates. The main problem with heating a greenhouse as opposed to a building that has solid opaque walls is the amount of heat lost through the greenhouse covering. Since the coverings need to allow light to filter into the structure, they conversely cannot insulate very well. With traditional plastic greenhouse coverings having an R-value of around 2, a great amount of money is


id: greenhouse-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse-3.md
category: reference
title: Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:41.007301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
=== High-latitude solar greenhouses === Specialized designs exist to allow for growing of crops in the colder climates at higher latitudes. In northern areas of China such as Shenyang, slanted solar greenhouses are used to provide efficient, passive heating of crops. This heating has been shown to prevent crops from reaching lethally low temperatures, even when active heating elements are disabled. This style of greenhouse was first constructed in 1978, growing in popularity during the 1980s. == Uses == Greenhouses allow for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a greenhouse, key factors that may be controlled include temperature, levels of light and shade, irrigation, fertilizer application, and atmospheric humidity. Greenhouses may be used to overcome shortcomings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a short growing season or poor light levels, and they can thereby improve food production in marginal environments. Shade houses are used specifically to provide shade in hot, dry climates. As they may enable certain crops to be grown throughout the year, greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high-latitude countries. One of the largest complexes in the world is in Almería, Andalucía,


id: ashgabat-botanical-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Botanical_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Ashgabat Botanical Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Botanical_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:42.185051+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ashgabat-botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
The Ashgabat Botanical Garden in Ashgabat is the oldest botanical garden in Turkmenistan. The name Ashgabat literally means "city of love or city of devotion." Turkmenistan is found in the Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Entrance to the botanical garden is located in the eastern side of Ashgabat on the territory of the academic sciences of Turkmenistan between streets 2029 and Tagta. Founded on 1 October 1929, Ashgabat covers approximately 18 hectares, and exhibits more than 500 different species of plants from around the world. The park is divided into several climatic zones, is decorated with sculptures and gazebos, and has greenhouses. == Overwiew == In 1892, the Ashgabat Specialized Botanical Station was organized. The Garden School was then formed, which laid the foundation for the future garden. The official founding of the Ashgabat Botanical Garden is considered to be October 1, 1929, although floristic studies on its territory were carried out long before this date. After the opening, work began on the selection and testing of flower-decorative and wood-shrub plants. The


id: bioshelter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioshelter-0.md
category: reference
title: Bioshelter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioshelter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:43.400872+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioshelter-20260505-0
summary:
A bioshelter is a solar greenhouse managed as an indoor ecosystem. The word bioshelter was coined by the New Alchemy Institute and solar designers Sean Wellesley-Miller and Day Chahroudi. The term was created to distinguish their work in greenhouse design and management from twentieth century petro-chemical fuelled monoculture greenhouses. == Overview == New Alchemy's pioneering work in ecological design is documented in their published Journals and Reports. In 1976 the Alchemists built the Cape Cod Ark bioshelter and her sister The Prince Edward Island Ark. For the next 15 years the New Alchemy Institute studied and reported on the use of these prototype food producing ecosystems. == Architecture == A bioshelter (life-shelter) involves two fields of knowledge and design. The first is architecture designed to nurture an ecosystem within. A bioshelter structure uses glazing to contain and protect the living biology inside, control air exchange and absorb energy. The building exchanges nutrients, gases and energy with the surrounding environment, produces crops, and recycles waste organic material into the soil. Solar energy is stored as heat energy in thermal mass such as water, stone, masonry, soil and plant biomass. == Biology == The second is the biology inside the bioshelter. Earle


id: cold-frame-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_frame-0.md
category: reference
title: Cold frame
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_frame
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:44.585765+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cold-frame-20260505-0
summary:
In agriculture and gardening, a cold frame is a transparent-roofed enclosure, built low to the ground, used to protect plants from adverse weather, primarily excessive cold or wet. The transparent top admits sunlight and prevents heat escape via convection that would otherwise occur, particularly at night. Essentially, a cold frame functions as a miniature greenhouse to extend the growing season. Historically, cold frames were built to be used in addition to a heated greenhouse. The name itself exemplifies the distinction between the warm greenhouse and the unheated cold frame. They were frequently built as part of the greenhouse's foundation brickwork along the southern wall (in northern latitudes). This allowed seeds to be germinated in the greenhouse and then easily moved to the attached cold frame to be "hardened-off" before final planting outside. Cold frames are similar to some enclosed hotbeds, also called hotboxes. The difference is in the amount of heat generated inside. This is parallel to the way that some greenhouses are called "hothouses" to emphasize their higher temperature, achieved either by the solar effects alone or by auxiliary heating via a heater or HVAC system of some kind. Cold frames are found in home gardens and in vegetable


id: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)-0.md
category: reference
title: Conservatory (greenhouse)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:45.863056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
A conservatory is a building or room having glass or other transparent roofing and walls, used as a greenhouse or a sunroom. Usually it refers to a space attached to a conventional building such as a house, especially in the United Kingdom. Elsewhere, especially in America, it can often refer to a large freestanding glass-walled building in a botanic garden or park, sometimes also called a palm house if tall enough for trees. Municipal conservatories became popular in the early 19th century. == Description == Many cities, especially those in cold climates and with large European populations, have built municipal conservatories to display tropical plants and hold flower displays. This type of conservatory was popular in the early nineteenth century, and by the end of the century people were also giving them a social use (e.g., tea parties). Conservatory architecture varies from typical Victorian glasshouses to modern styles, such as geodesic domes. Many were large and impressive structures and are included in the list below. In the UK, the legal definition of a conservatory is a building that has at least 50% of its side wall area glazed and at least 75% of its roof glazed with translucent materials, either


id: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)-1.md
category: reference
title: Conservatory (greenhouse)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:45.863056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === Muttart Conservatory (Edmonton, Alberta) Bloedel Floral Conservatory (Vancouver, B.C.) Allan Gardens (Toronto, Ontario) Centennial Park Conservatory (Toronto, Ontario) Assiniboine Park Conservatory (Winnipeg, Manitoba) === China === Beijing Botanical Garden (Beijing) Shanghai Botanical Garden (Shanghai) South China Botanical Garden (Qingyang, Guangzhou) === Denmark === Copenhagen Botanical Gardens === Germany === Botanical Gardens and Botanical Museum, Berlin === United Kingdom === ==== England ==== Kew Gardens (southwest London) Chatsworth House (Derbyshire) Eden Project (Cornwall) Syon House (west London) Barbican Conservatory (central London) Anthaeum, Hove: built in 1830 with the world's largest dome, it collapsed on its opening day in 1833. ==== Northern Ireland ==== Belfast Botanic Gardens ==== Scotland ==== Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh Kibble Palace The Tollcross Winter Gardens, Glasgow Springburn Winter Gardens === South Africa === Pearson Conservatory, Port Elizabeth The Botanical Society Conservatory, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Cape Town === Spain === Palacio de Cristal del Retiro === United States === Amazon Spheres (Seattle, Washington) Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory (Detroit, Michigan) Biosphere 2 (Oracle, Arizona) Birmingham Botanical Gardens (Birmingham, Alabama) Bolz Conservatory (Madison, Wisconsin) Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens (Buffalo, New York) Cecil B. Day Butterfly Center (Pine Mountain, Georgia) Climatron (St. Louis) Conservatory of


id: estufa-fria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estufa_Fria-0.md
category: reference
title: Estufa Fria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estufa_Fria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:47.101960+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: estufa-fria-20260505-0
summary:
The Estufa Fria ([iʃˈtufɐ ˈfɾi.ɐ]; lit. "Cold Greenhouse") is a greenhouse with three distinct gardens located in Edward VII Park between the streets Alameda Engenheiro Edgar Cardoso and Alameda Cardeal Cerejeira in Lisbon, Portugal. == History == The Estufa Fria opened in 1933. Portuguese architect Raul Carapinha conceived and designed the project. It was built near an old basalt mine which had been abandoned after a spring was discovered nearby. The greenhouse was remodeled concurrently with Edward VII Park in 1945 by Portuguese architect Francisco Keil do Amaral. The greenhouse's existing entrance porch, a lake near the entrance, and a large visitor "living room" called "the ship" or "the vessel" (Portuguese: nave) were built during this time. == Expansion == In 1975 the Estufa Quente and Estufa Doce sections opened, expanding the botanical collection to include plants from tropical and equatorial regions. On 29 April 2009 the original Estufa Fria closed due to the risk of collapse of its steel structure. It reopened in April 2011 after two years of renovation work. == Description == Measuring 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres) in area, the Estufa Fria consists of three parts: Cold Greenhouse (Estufa Fria) Hot Greenhouse (Estufa Quente) Sweet Greenhouse (Estufa


id: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay-0.md
category: reference
title: Gardens by the Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:48.406877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
summary:
The Gardens by the Bay is an urban park spanning 105 hectares (260 acres) in the Central Region of Singapore, adjacent to the Marina Reservoir. The park consists of three waterfront gardens: Bay South Garden in Marina South, Bay East Garden with the Founders' Memorial in Marina East and Bay Central Garden in the Downtown Core and Kallang. The largest of the gardens is the Bay South Garden at 54 hectares (130 acres) designed by Grant Associates. Its Flower Dome is the largest glass greenhouse in the world. Gardens by the Bay was part of the nation's plans to transform its "Garden City" to a "City in a Garden", with the aim of raising the quality of life by enhancing greenery and flora in the city. First announced by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at Singapore's National Day Rally in 2005, Gardens by the Bay was intended to be Singapore's premier urban outdoor recreation space and one of the country's national icons. A popular tourist attraction in Singapore, the park had 6.4 million visitors in 2014, and had had 20 million by November 2015 and over 50 million by 2018. In 2024, TripAdvisor's Traveler's Choice Awards Best Of The Best


id: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay-1.md
category: reference
title: Gardens by the Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:48.406877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
summary:
=== Cloud Forest === The Cloud Forest is higher but slightly smaller at 0.8 hectares (2.0 acres). It replicates the cool moist conditions found in tropical mountain regions between 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above sea level, found in South-East Asia, Central- and South America. It features a 42-metre (138 ft) "Cloud Mountain". After ascending to the top by an elevator, visitors descend the mountain via a circular path which crosses underneath the 35-metre (115 ft) waterfall multiple times. The "Cloud Mountain" itself is an intricate structure entirely clad in epiphytes such as orchids, ferns, spikemosses and clubmosses, bromeliads and anthuriums. The Maiden Hair Fungus inspired the design by Grant Associates and consists of many levels, each with a different theme, including The Lost World, The Cavern, The Waterfall View, The Crystal Mountain, The Cloud Forest Gallery, The Cloud Forest Theatre and The Secret Garden. The following is a partial list of plants growing in the Cloud Forest: In April 2022, a Māori kūwaha (meeting house) sculpture was presented to Singapore by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, of New Zealand, during her first official trip abroad since the 2020 pandemic. Symbolising strong ties and a friendship between


id: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay-2.md
category: reference
title: Gardens by the Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:48.406877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
summary:
== Future Developments == === Wetlands By The Bay === Wetlands by the Bay was announced on 4 March 2026 in Parliament by Minister of State for National Development Alvin Tan as a new attraction located in Bay South Gardens. Planned to open in stages starting from the end of 2028, it will consist of the current Kingfisher Wetlands, which would be expanded to contain over 50,000 plants of varying species, a new 1.2ha museum set up by teamLab, an international artist collective, and the current Satay by the Bay, which will be replaced by a two-storey block. In total, Wetlands by the Bay will occupy approximately 5ha. According to Alvin Tan, the attraction will funded by Gardens by the Bay. However, the cost of the attraction was not stated. A new bridge, expected to open in 2027 at a cost of SG$75.7 million, will also be built to link up Bay South Garden and Bay East Garden. The bridge will be roughly 550m long and have a maximum width of 5.8m, and can be used by pedestrians, cyclists, and persons using mobility aids. == Budget == The final construction cost for the project, not including the price of the


id: the-green-planet-dubai-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Planet,_Dubai-0.md
category: reference
title: The Green Planet, Dubai
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Planet,_Dubai
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:49.632797+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-green-planet-dubai-20260505-0
summary:
The Green Planet is an indoor zoo and garden in the City Walk area of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has over 3,000 plants and animals in its artificial "bio-dome" tropical rainforest including birds, reptiles, and fish. They are kept in open environments, but may not be touched. The Green Planet indoor ecosystem was opened in 2016, with 3,000 plants and animals. The attraction was created by Meraas. == Structure == The bio-dome is cube-shaped and was built as an expansion to CityWalk on Al Wasl Road. It is 60,000 square feet in area and the building's exterior is divided into two parts diagonally. One part is cylindrical with glass, while the other is covered with small circular apertures. At the centre of the bio-dome, there is an 82-foot (25-meter) tall tree with an artificial trunk. A small bridge connects to the tree, which can only hold up to four people at a time. There is also an artificial waterfall. Visitors enter on the fourth floor via a lift and walk down using a spiral slope. In addition, there is a lift and stairs to access animals in the basement. Reptiles are on display at every level, with information about


id: haga-tr-dg-rd-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haga_trädgård-0.md
category: reference
title: Haga trädgård
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haga_trädgård
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:50.828982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: haga-tr-dg-rd-20260505-0
summary:
Haga Trädgård is a garden located at the northern end of Haga Park in Solna, Sweden. Haga Trädgård was founded by King Gustav III in the 1785. It was intended that it should become the kitchen garden to the royal household. At the time Gustav III had plans to build a very large palace just 300m from Haga Trädgård but eventually due to lack of available finance the palace was never built. The Haga Tradgard gardens were indeed established and provided the royal household with many different local and exotic vegetables and fruits. In 1812 the King purchased 20 figs from the gardens at a cost of 2 kronor each. At the time a garden employee earned just 7.5 öre per hour. The gardens flourished and became a well known source for flowers and vegetables. In 1917 the department store NK took over the gardens to grow fresh vegetables for Stockholm's inhabitants. It was at the tail end of the first World War and fresh vegetables were quite scarce. In 1917, NK built a splendid conservatory which now is Stockholms oldest conservatory. In 1933 the town council of Stockholm took over the gardens and produced flowers for official use and


id: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse-0.md
category: reference
title: IBTS Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:52.092469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
The IBTS (“Integrated Biotectural System") greenhouse is a biotectural, urban development project suited for hot arid deserts. It was part of the Egyptian strategy for the afforestation of desert lands from 2011 until spring of 2015, when geopolitical changes like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province in Egypt forced the project to a halt. The project begun in spring 2007 as an academic study in urban development and desert greening. It was further developed by Nicol-André Berdellé and Daniel Voelker as a private project until 2011. Afterwards LivingDesert Group including Prof. Abdel Ghany El Gindy and Dr. Mosaad Kotb from the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate in Egypt, Forestry Scientist Hany El Kateb, Agroecologist Wil van Eijsden and permaculturist Sepp Holzer was created to introduce the finished project in Egypt. The IBTS Greenhouse, together with the programme for the afforestation of desert lands in Egypt, became part of relocation strategies. These play a role in Egypt as urbanization of the Nile Delta is a problem for the agricultural sector and because of infrastructural problems like traffic congestion in Cairo. The IBTS features sea-water farming but inside a large greenhouse. All of the evaporated water can


id: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse-1.md
category: reference
title: IBTS Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:52.092469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
== Charging the nutrient cycle == The nutrient cycle is connected to the watercycle. Charging it mainly means the practice of building up soil fertility and soil organic matter. This can entail import of biomass through organic waste, but mainly by biowaste from the production of food inside the IBTS. In sea-water systems the biomass is created from salt-tolerant plants called halophytes. Biomass yields of up to 52 tons per hectare per year have been recorded. Moreover, the biomass generation of roots are important for Carbon sequestration. This is up to 35t/ha*y extra. The IBTS-Greenhouse is a Blue Carbon project. A third source of biomass are external seawater farms, which do not require the pricy space under the roof of the IBTS. These can be on land or in sea. Most noteworthy are seaweed farms. Just as the nutrient cycle has to be charged with biomass there is an option to charge the atmosphere inside the IBTS, or seaweed water-ponds, with CO2. This would increase the biomass yield. This process has certain limits. One is the availability of trace element like phosphorus required by any organism. As the best source for the charging with additional CO2 would be industrial waste


id: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse-2.md
category: reference
title: IBTS Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:52.092469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
This can be understood by a comparison of GDP growth, the generation of real values and a weighted GDP. An example for the infrastructure services of the IBTS Greenhouse is water purification. Wastewater is percolated into the ground and provides water and nutrients for the growth of trees. This is not so easy with food crops for hygienic reasons. Thus the IBTS provides sewage treatment in countries, or areas that lack treatment plants The IBTS Greenhouse is an open concept compatible with most other technologies and practices for water- energy- and food production. It is plugin-ready for upcoming technologies like nuclear power from compact fusion, the traveling wave reactor, or breeder reactors. When these energy sources become available they can be integrated into existing IBTS infrastructure and generate even more fresh water without brine discharge into natural water bodies and the appending environmental problems. For infrastructure developments taking decades for the roll-out and upscaling it is crucial to design in terms of future-readiness, a key engineering principle. The manufacturing process of the IBTS is designed for automation, which requires more electricity than common construction sites, or manufacturing processes. This platform design is also future ready for more available energy. An


id: lal-bagh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh-0.md
category: reference
title: Lal Bagh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:53.373817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lal-bagh-20260505-0
summary:
Lalbagh Botanical Garden or simply Lalbagh (lit. 'red garden'), is a botanical garden in Bengaluru, India. It was originally built by Hyder Ali in 1760, during the Sultanate of Mysore . The garden was later managed under numerous British superintendents before Indian Independence. It was responsible for the introduction and propagation of numerous ornamental plants as well as those of economic value. It also served a social function as a park and recreational space, with a central glass house dating from 1890 which was used for flower shows. In modern times, it hosts two flower shows coinciding with the week of Republic Day (26 January) and Independence Day (15 August). As an urban green space along with Cubbon Park, it is also home to numerous wild species of birds and other wildlife. The garden also has a lake adjoining a large rock on which a watchtower had been constructed during the reign of Kempegowda II. == History == King Hyder Ali commissioned the building of this garden in 1760, but his son, King Tipu Sultan, completed it. A Bagh is Hindustani for garden while the reference of the prefix Lal is debated and could refer to the colour red due


id: lal-bagh-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh-1.md
category: reference
title: Lal Bagh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:53.373817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lal-bagh-20260505-0
summary:
In 1890-91, a central bandstand and the glasshouse (for flowershows) made with iron pillars cast by Walter Macfarlane and Company of Glasgow were added. Cameron also helped introduce commercial crops like cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, radish, rhubarb, celery, and kohlrabi. Trees introduced included the baobab from Africa, Brownea rosea from the Caribbean, and Catha edulis from Yemen. Cameron retired in 1908 and was followed by Gustav Herman Krumbiegel. A menagerie and an aviary had been established in the 1860s. A 15 ft high pigeon house or dovecote for 200 birds was built in 1893 south of the Glass House. Following the plague the maintenance deteriorated and there was a proposal to close the menagerie and aviary in the 1900s. in 1914. Captain S.S.Flower reported that it included a court built between 1850 and 1860 having tigers and rhinoceros; an aviary; a monkey house with an orangutan; a paddock with blackbuck, chital, Sambar deer, barking deer, and a pair of emus; a bear house and a peacock enclosure. In 1874, Lalbagh had an area of 45 acres (180,000 m2). In 1889, 30 acres were added to the eastern side, followed by 13 acres in 1891 including the rock with Kempegowda tower and


id: lal-bagh-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh-2.md
category: reference
title: Lal Bagh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:53.373817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lal-bagh-20260505-0
summary:
== Lalbagh management and public protests == The Lalbagh botanical gardens is managed by the Department of Horticulture and is no longer maintained as a botanical garden and is not a member of the Botanic Gardens Conservation International. With an increasing pressure to serve as a park and social space, much of the garden has been converted into walking paths and lawns. Morning walkers throng Lalbagh every morning. Many tree have been trimmed or cut down to make way for public amenities or due to perceptions that falling branches may threaten visitors. A part of the garden was taken over and many trees cut down amid protests for construction of the Lalbagh Metro Station as part of the Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Entry fees of INR 25 with a camera fee of INR 60 have also been a point of contention. There have been repeated proposals to build various recreational amenities such as rock gardens, fountains and boating facilities. Some of these proposals of the management have been halted in the past due protests from enlightened public who have pointed out the impacts these have on the environment. == Connectivity == Lalbagh metro station connects with the Greenline of


id: meise-botanic-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meise_Botanic_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Meise Botanic Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meise_Botanic_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:54.607438+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meise-botanic-garden-20260505-0
summary:
Meise Botanic Garden (Dutch: Plantentuin Meise; French: Jardin botanique de Meise), until 2014 called the National Botanic Garden of Belgium (Dutch: Nationale Plantentuin van België; French: Jardin botanique national de Belgique), is a botanical garden located in the grounds of Bouchout Castle in Meise, Flemish Brabant, just north of Brussels. It is one of the world's largest botanical gardens, with an extensive collection of living plants and a herbarium of about 4 million specimens. The current garden was established in 1958 after moving from central Brussels; the former site is now the Botanical Garden of Brussels. Meise Botanic Garden contains about 18,000 plant species — about 6% of all the world's known plant species. Half are in greenhouses, the other half, including cultivated and indigenous plants, are outdoors. The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this botanic garden is BR, which is used when citing housed specimens. The botanic garden's mission statement specifies increasing and spreading "the knowledge of plants" and contributions to "the conservation of biodiversity". Research at the garden is primarily conducted on Belgian and African biodiversity (incl. plants, fungi, myxomycetes, diatoms). Meise Botanic Garden was property of the Belgian government, but after several years of negotiations, it was


id: monnaran-solar-power-plant-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnaran_Solar_Power_Plant-0.md
category: reference
title: Monnaran Solar Power Plant
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnaran_Solar_Power_Plant
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:55.812770+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: monnaran-solar-power-plant-20260505-0
summary:
The Monnaran 10MW Solar Power Plant (Mongolian: Моннаран нарны цахилгаан станц) is a photovoltaic power station in Songino Khairkhan, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It was constructed together on top of greenhouse. == History == The construction of the power plant started in 2015. It was then commissioned on 25 November 2017 during a ceremony attended by Foreign Minister D. Tsogtbaatar. The power plant was constructed with a cost of US$23 million. Part of the funds were provided by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. It was constructed by Everyday Farm LLC. == Technical specifications == The power plant consists of 46,848 photovoltaic panels with a total installed capacity of 10 MW. Included in the project were the construction of the 20-km of overhead line and the expansion of Bayanchandmani substation. The area includes 20 greenhouses which were built on 13 hectares of land in which the PV panels were installed on top of the greenhouse buildings. == See also == List of power stations in Mongolia == References ==


id: palm-house-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_house-0.md
category: reference
title: Palm house
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_house
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:57.064230+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palm-house-20260505-0
summary:
Palm house is a term sometimes used for large and high heated display greenhouses that specialise in growing palms and other tropical and subtropical plants. In Victorian Britain, several ornate glass and iron palm houses were built in botanical gardens and parks, using cast iron architecture. Especially in English-speaking countries outside the British Isles, these are often called conservatories, in the UK mainly a term for small glass structures attached to houses. The large example, completed in 1848, in Kew Gardens, London was arguably the first greenhouse to be built on this scale. It was also the first large-scale structural use of wrought iron. The later Temperate House at Kew is in fact even larger. Other British examples are at Liverpool's Sefton Park and Stanley Park. Elsewhere there are the Franklin Park Conservatory in Columbus, Ohio, the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken in Brussels, the Palmenhaus Schönbrunn in Vienna, and many others. The rounded shapes of Kew were often followed in the 19th century. Parts of the iron technology there were borrowed from shipbuilding, so the resemblance of many designs to upturned ships in not entirely coincidental. In the 20th century some pyramidal designs and geodesic domes were adopted. The "Tropical


id: palmenhaus-burggarten-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_(Burggarten)-0.md
category: reference
title: Palmenhaus (Burggarten)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_(Burggarten)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:58.295298+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmenhaus-burggarten-20260505-0
summary:
The Palmenhaus (Palm House), also known as the Glashaus (Glass House), is a building in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna. It is located on the edge of the Burggarten near the Albertina and the State Opera. It is 180 metres long and 13 metres wide, and has a floor area of around 2,050m². == History == The original classical greenhouse was built between 1823 and 1826 according to designs by Ludwig von Remy and was architecturally based on the Orangerie in Schönbrunn. The rear wall of the building was part of the Vienna City Wall. The greenhouse was demolished around the turn of the 20th century and a new building, influenced by the Jugendstil movement, was built in 1901–1905 to designs by the court architect Friedrich Ohmann. The decorations in the central section (vases, female figures with wreaths, small boys) are by Josef Václav Myslbek, Edmund Hellmer and Rudolf Weyr. From 1919 to 1938, the Palmenhaus was the seat and exhibition space of the Vienna Kunstgemeinschaft, an association of artists. In 1988 the building was closed for security reasons, and from 1996 to 1998 a general renovation costing around 13 million euros was carried out. In 1998 the Palmenhaus


id: palmenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_Schönbrunn-0.md
category: reference
title: Palmenhaus Schönbrunn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_Schönbrunn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:59.550543+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
summary:
The Palmenhaus Schönbrunn is a large greenhouse in Vienna, Austria featuring plants from around the world. It opened in 1882. It is the most prominent of the four greenhouses in Schönbrunn Palace Park, and is also among the largest botanical exhibits of its kind in the world, with around 4,500 plant species. == History == Several forerunners were built in the Palace Park in the 18th and 19th centuries, under Emperors Francis I and Joseph II. The present building was built by Ignaz Gridl following plans by court architect Franz-Xaver von Segenschmid, known for his projects of bridges, and Sigmund Wagner. Groundbreaking took place in 1881 and Franz Joseph I opened the greenhouse on 19 June 1882. Since 1918 it has been run by the Bundesgärten (Federal Gardens). A heavy bomb attack on Schönbrunn Palace in February 1945 destroyed most of the glazing of the Palmenhaus. Many plants died, although some were saved by being transferred to the nearby Sonnenuhrhaus. The rebuilding began in 1948, and the Palmenhaus was reopened in 1953. The building was closed to the public in 1976 as a safety measure following the collapse of the Reichsbrücke. Renovations were carried out between 1986 and 1990. ==


id: phytotron-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotron-0.md
category: reference
title: Phytotron
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotron
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:00.765735+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phytotron-20260505-0
summary:
A phytotron is an enclosed research greenhouse used for studying interactions between plants and the environment. It was a product of the disciplines of plant physiology and botany. == Overview == Phytotrons unified and extended earlier piecemeal efforts to claim total control of the whole environment. In both walk-in rooms and smaller reach-in cabinets, phytotrons produced and reproduced whole complex climates of many variables. In the first phytotrons each individual room was held at a constant unique temperature. The Australian phytotron, for example, had rooms maintaining 9°C, 12°C, 16°C, 20°C, 23°C, 26°C, 30°C, 34°C. Because some of the earliest controlled environment experiments showed that plants reacted differently in daytime temperatures and nighttime temperatures, the first experiments to observe the effect(s) of varying the daytime versus the nighttime temperature saw experimenters move their plants from higher to lower temperatures over the course of a daily, or any other variable or constant, routine. This rendered the variable “temperature” experimentally controllable. Even a brute force approach that tested each successive environmental variable and every variety of plant would serve to pinpoint specific environmental conditions to maximize growth. Expecting that more knowledge would surely come from greater technology, the next generation of phytotrons expanded


id: pineapple-pit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_pit-0.md
category: reference
title: Pineapple pit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_pit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:01.956733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pineapple-pit-20260505-0
summary:
A pineapple pit is a method of growing pineapples in colder climates. One of the earliest examples in Britain has been found by archaeologists at Heligan in Cornwall. The first pineapples known to have been grown in Europe were cultivated in the Netherlands in 1685. None were grown in England until about 1715. == Method of cultivation == The pineapple pit consisted of three trenches covered with glass, slightly below ground level, connected with two cavity walls. The outer troughs were kept filled with 15 tonnes of fresh horse manure, which gave off heat as it decomposed. This heat passed through small gaps at the bottom of the wall, rose up, and was then forced through gaps at the top of the wall, into the central trough. The central trough is where the pineapples were grown, at an artificially high temperature, due to the manure. == Maintenance and obsolescence == A pineapple pit requires a huge amount of fresh manure, and manual labour to maintain the temperature of the central trench. The introduction of steam ships meant that the pineapple pit became obsolete, as it was cheaper to transport fruit from overseas than to grow them under special conditions in


id: polytunnel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytunnel-0.md
category: reference
title: Polytunnel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytunnel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:03.164305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polytunnel-20260505-0
summary:
A polytunnel (also known as a polyhouse, hoop greenhouse, or hoophouse, grow tunnel or high tunnel) is a tunnel typically made from steel and covered in polyethylene, usually semi-circular, square or elongated in shape. The interior heats up because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms plants, soil, and other things inside the building faster than heat can escape the structure. Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. Temperature, humidity, and ventilation can be controlled by equipment fixed in the polytunnel or by manual opening and closing of vents. Polytunnels are mainly used in temperate regions in similar ways to glass greenhouses and row covers. Besides the passive solar heating that every polytunnel provides, every variation of auxiliary heating (from hothouse heating through minimal heating to unheated houses) is represented in current practice. The nesting of row covers and low tunnels inside high tunnels is also common. Polytunnels can be used to provide a higher temperature and/or humidity than that which is available in the environment but can also protect crops from intense heat, bright sunlight, winds, hailstones, and cold waves. This allows fruits and vegetables to be


id: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:04.397568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (French: Serres royales de Laeken, Dutch: Koninklijke Serres van Laken) are a vast complex of monumental heated greenhouses in the park of the Royal Palace of Laeken (northern part of the City of Brussels), Belgium. The historic complex contains tropical, subtropical and cold greenhouses, and is home to the famous Royal Botanic Collection, which includes large collections of camellias, orange trees and many plants originating from the African parts of the former Belgian Empire. The greenhouses were commissioned by King Leopold II, originally designed by the architect Alphonse Balat, and built between 1874 and 1905. Following Balat's death in 1895, Leopold called upon the architects Henri Maquet and Charles Girault. They are now part of the Royal Domain of Laeken and the royal private gardens belonging to the Belgian royal family, and are accessible to the public only a few days a year. This site is served by Stuyvenbergh metro station on line 6 of the Brussels Metro. == History == === Inception and construction === The original gardens of the Royal Palace of Laeken date back to the 18th century, but King Leopold II drastically altered their appearance. The king, having visited the Crystal


id: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:04.397568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other greenhouses === Between 1885 and 1887, Balat designed the Palm Greenhouse, the Congo Greenhouse, the Diana Greenhouse, and the Embarcadère Greenhouse. The latter consists of two parallel compartments under a barrel vault, the second of which contains a dome supported by iron Corinthian columns. It is decorated with Chinese vases and two statues by the sculptor Charles Van der Stappen (The Dawn and The Evening). Finally, in 1893, the Iron Church was added, a neo-Byzantine ensemble surrounded by wreath chapels, the dome of which is supported by twenty columns of Scottish granite. This greenhouse is therefore also officially called the Chapel Greenhouse. == Royal Botanic Collection == The Royal Botanic Collection is famous for its old African plants and various species of flowers, which are cultivated inside the royal greenhouses for use at court. Though the collection has lost many cultivars since Leopold II's death, it is still famous. In 1909, the royal collection contained 314 species of camellias, with over 1,000 plants. Today, only 305 remain. This is the world's largest and oldest collection of camellias in a greenhouse. Leopold II's orange tree collection was also renowned, with 130 trees aged 200 to 300 years, and one


id: saint-petersburg-botanical-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Botanical_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Botanical_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:05.628070+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: saint-petersburg-botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
The main Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, officially known as the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Komarov Botanical Institute's Botanical Garden of Peter the Great (Russian: Ботанический сад Петра Великого Ботанического института им. В. Л. Комарова РАН (in short Ботанический сад БИН РАН); since 1823 Emperor's Botanical Garden "Императорский Ботанический сад", originally Apothecary Garden "Аптекарский огород"), is the second oldest botanical garden in Russia. It consists of outdoor and indoor collections situated on Aptekarsky Island in Saint Petersburg and belongs to the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is 18.9 ha in area, and is bordered by Aptekarsky Prospekt (main entrance), Prof. Popov Street (second entrance), as well as the embankments of the Karpovka and Bolshaya Neva rivers. == Overview == The garden, located in Ulitsa Professora Popova, St. Petersburg, Russia, was founded by Peter I in 1714 as a herb garden in order to grow medicinal plants and re-established as a botanical institution under the name Imperial Botanical Garden in 1823, with assistance from John Goldie. Ivan Lepyokhin was in charge of the botanical garden from 1774 until 1802. Beginning in 1855, Eduard August von Regel was associated with the garden, first as Scientific Director and


id: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse-0.md
category: reference
title: Seawater greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:06.839271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
A seawater greenhouse is a greenhouse structure that enables the growth of crops and the production of fresh water in arid regions. Arid regions constitute about one third of the Earth's land area. Seawater greenhouse technology aims to mitigate issues such as global water scarcity, peak water and soil becoming salted. The system uses seawater and solar energy, and has a similar structure to the pad-and-fan greenhouse, but with additional evaporators and condensers. The seawater is pumped into the greenhouse to create a cool and humid environment, the optimal conditions for the cultivation of temperate crops. The freshwater is produced in a condensed state created by the solar desalination principle, which removes salt and impurities. Finally, the remaining humidified air is expelled from the greenhouse and used to improve growing conditions for outdoor plants. == Projects == === The Seawater Greenhouse Ltd === The seawater greenhouse concept was first researched and developed in 1991 by Charlie Paton's company Light Works Ltd, which is now known as the Seawater Greenhouse Ltd. Charlie Paton and Philip Davies worked on the first pilot project commenced in 1992, on the Canary Island of Tenerife. A prototype seawater greenhouse was assembled in the UK and


id: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse-1.md
category: reference
title: Seawater greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:06.839271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
== Applicability == The technique is applicable to sites in arid regions near the sea. The distance and elevation from the sea must be evaluated considering the energy required to pump water to the site. There are numerous suitable locations on the coasts; others are below sea level, such as the Dead Sea and the Qattara Depression, where hydro schemes have been proposed to exploit the hydraulic pressure to generate power, e.g., Red Sea–Dead Sea Canal. == Studies == In 1996, Paton and Davies used the Simulink toolkit under MATLAB to model forced ventilation of the greenhouse in Tenerife, Cape Verde, Namibia, and Oman. The greenhouse is assisted by the prevailing wind, evaporative cooling, transpiration, solar heating, heat transfer through the walls and roof, and condensation which is analyzed in the study. They found that the amount of water required by the plants is reduced by 80% and 2.6-6.4 kWh electrical energy is needed for m3 of fresh water produced. In 2005, Paton and Davis Evaluated design options with thermal modeling using the United Arab Emirates model as a baseline. They studied three options:perforated screen, C-shaped air path, and pipe array, to find a better seawater circuit to cool the


id: solardome-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solardome-0.md
category: reference
title: Solardome
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solardome
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:08.088100+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: solardome-20260505-0
summary:
Solardome Industries Limited (shortened to Solardome) is a UK manufacturer of glass geodesic domes. The original greenhouse was an offshoot of the 1960s NATO developed early warning radar system. The Buckminster Fuller organisation designed and develop giant "golf ball" radar domes. In Europe, these were placed in Fylingdales, North Yorkshire. These giant domes had to withstand extremes of wind and storm and yet remain unaffected. An ex German U-boat engineer, Hans Lemke, living in Hunmanby North Yorkshire was fascinated by these domes and thought, "If they can withstand these weather conditions then they would make an ideal domestic garden building, greenhouse or garden conservatory". He explored the Buckminster Fuller Geodesic domes and their principles and then designed and manufactured the first European domestic Geodesic dome, a 14' 6" Solardome. The first glasshouse was produced in 1969 and production continues to this day, although not in Hunmanby. == Media == In 2012 a Solardome glasshouse was included as part of a project to improve facilities at The Yard, as featured on the BBC One "Big Build Children in Need Special" programme. == References ==


id: sukkulenten-sammlung-zurich-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkulenten-Sammlung_Zurich-0.md
category: reference
title: Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zurich
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkulenten-Sammlung_Zurich
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:09.321717+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sukkulenten-sammlung-zurich-20260505-0
summary:
Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich, literally succulent plant collection of the city of Zürich, is a botanical garden in the Swiss municipality of Zürich. It also houses a botanic library, a herbarium and the International Organizations for Succulent Plant Research (IOS). == Location == The greenhouses are located in district of Enge, on Zürichsee (Lake Zurich). They are a part of the Quaianlagen promenades, and are located on the southwestern lake shore. The collection is separated by the Mythenquai road from the lower lake shore promenade and the Enge harbour area, at the park facilities of the Mythenquai lido near the lower entrance to the Rieterpark. == History == At the end of the 1920s, Jakob Gasser, a cactus grower from Zürich, tried to sell his collection of about 1,500 succulents to the city government of Zürich, but the venture failed. in 1929, Julius Brann Gassersche, a store owner, acquired the unique collection and made a gift of it to the city of Zürich. The collection was housed in the greenhouses at the former site of the municipal gardens (Stadtgärtnerei) at Mythenquai, and established as Städtische Kakteensammlung, meaning urban cactus collection. Formally established in 1931, the collection houses one of the largest and


id: tropenhaus-frutigen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropenhaus_Frutigen-0.md
category: reference
title: Tropenhaus Frutigen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropenhaus_Frutigen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:10.558184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tropenhaus-frutigen-20260505-0
summary:
The Tropenhaus (English: Tropic House) in Frutigen, Switzerland, is a commercial project using geothermal energy from hot water flowing out of the Lötschberg base tunnel for the production of sturgeon meat, and caviar and formerly exotic fruit in a tropical greenhouse in the Swiss alps. In 2007, the project received the Prix Evenir, the Swiss petroleum industry's CHF 50,000 award for sustainable development. The idea for the greenhouse began in 2002 when it became apparent that the water continuously flowing out of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel could not be directly diverted to the local river, the Kander, as its temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) would disrupt the biological rhythm of the endangered trout there. Rather than cooling the water artificially, wasting its thermal energy, tunnel engineers founded a start-up company to use the warm water to heat a greenhouse. The construction of the site began in May 2008 at 8 million CHF, and was completed by the end of 2009. Visitors were welcomed that same year. A sturgeon farm, one of few in Europe, is the heart of the Tropenhaus. Some 60,000 fish are intended to be grown in 40 outdoor basins. The sturgeons thrive in permanent Siberian summer


id: villa-fiorita-brugherio-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Fiorita,_Brugherio-0.md
category: reference
title: Villa Fiorita, Brugherio
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Fiorita,_Brugherio
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:11.786384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: villa-fiorita-brugherio-20260505-0
summary:
Villa Scotti-Cornaglia-Noseda-Bertani, commonly known as Villa Fiorita, is a building in Lombardy, Italy, where the Brugherio Comune's headquarters are housed. == History == Villa Fiorita is a historic aristocratic urban mansion with an L-shape layout. An extension overlooks the old town through a wrought iron railing, supported by late baroque pillars, forming the main entrance. The rear entrance faces a large park leading to the church square. The mansion, built in 1721, was an "aristocratic house" with shells and a garden. It belonged to the counts of Scotti, who have been in Brugherio since the beginning of sixteenth century. The land was owned by the Court of Monza. In 1778 the count of Vedano, Giambattista Gallarati Scotti, sold it (with the neighbouring building, today known as Palazzo Ghirlanda-Silva) to Gaspare Ghirlanda who probably started the reconstruction and the decorative works of which many traces remain. The mansion was then inherited by the Nosedas, a family of Milanese land-owners, who used it as a summer residence. In 1921 it was bought by Bertani's brother. In 1938 the mansion was given to a nursing home for "nervous afflictions" known as Villa Fiorita. This clinic, managed by the accountant Bogani, who came from


id: walipini-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walipini-0.md
category: reference
title: Walipini
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walipini
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:13.007818+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walipini-20260505-0
summary:
A walipini is an earth-sheltered cold frame. It derives its name from the Aymaran languages. It is similar in concept to the pineapple pit that was used, as the name implies, to cultivate pineapple and other exotic fruits in Victorian era Britain and in the cold plains of pre-revolution Russia. In the Soviet era, similar techniques were developed to grow citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, mandarins, tangerines, grapefruits, limes, pomelos) at temperatures of minus 30 degrees Celsius. By 1950, the Soviet Union boasted 30,000 hectares of citrus plantations producing 200,000 tonnes of fruits per year. The walipini is attractive to practitioners of permaculture and the sustainability movement because it allows for crops to be grown in greenhouse-like settings whilst requiring little to no heating. == References ==


id: wardian-case-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardian_case-0.md
category: reference
title: Wardian case
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardian_case
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:14.225637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wardian-case-20260505-0
summary:
The Wardian case was an early type of terrarium, a sealed protective container for plants. It found great use in the 19th century in protecting foreign plants imported to Europe from overseas, the great majority of which had previously died from exposure during long sea journeys, frustrating the many scientific and amateur botanists of the time. The Wardian case was the direct forerunner of the modern terrarium and vivarium and the inspiration for the glass aquarium. It is named after Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791–1868) of London, who promoted the case after experiments. He published a book titled On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases in 1842. A Scottish botanist named A. A. Maconochie had created a similar terrarium almost a decade earlier, but his failure to publish meant that Ward received credit as the sole inventor. == History and development == Ward was a physician with a passion for botany. His personally collected herbarium amounted to 25,000 specimens. The ferns in his London garden in Wellclose Square, however, were being poisoned by London's air pollution, which consisted heavily of coal smoke and sulphuric acid. Ward also kept cocoons of moths and the like in sealed glass bottles, and


id: w-stenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wüstenhaus_Schönbrunn-0.md
category: reference
title: Wüstenhaus Schönbrunn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wüstenhaus_Schönbrunn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:15.533677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: w-stenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
summary:
The Wüstenhaus Schönbrunn (Schönbrunn Desert House) is a desert botanical exhibit in Vienna, Austria. It is located in the Sonnenuhrhaus ("Sundial House"), which was built in 1904 as the newest of the four botanical houses in Schönbrunn Palace Park. The desert exhibit opened in 2004 as a counterpart to the "Rainforest House" that opened in 2002 in the nearby Vienna Zoo. == History == The Sundial House stands opposite the Schönbrunn Palm House (Palmenhaus; another botanical exhibit), directly between the Hietzing Gate and the Zoo. The unprepossessing building owes its name to the sundial (Sonnenuhr) located in the gardens to the south. It was built with the encouragement of Charles von Hügel – diplomat, explorer and founder of the Vienna Horticultural Society – to replace an earlier greenhouse which could no longer meet its plants' needs. At first, it housed the plants of the extensive “New Holland Collection”, which Hügel had assembled and had been acquired by the Imperial Court in 1848, and later expanded with plants from southern Africa and the Americas that required similar conditions. The architect of the 1904 building was Alphons Custodis. An air raid in February 1945, which almost totally destroyed the windows of the


id: laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:17.154648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
A laboratory (UK: ; US: ; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratories are found in a variety of settings such as schools, universities, privately owned research institutions, corporate research and testing facilities, government regulatory and forensic investigation centers, physicians' offices, clinics, hospitals, regional and national referral centers, and even occasionally personal residences. == Overview == The organisation and contents of laboratories are determined by the differing requirements of the specialists working within. A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologist's laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by computer scientists, computers (sometimes supercomputers) are used for either simulations or the analysis of data. Scientists in other fields will still use other types of laboratories. Engineers use laboratories as well to design, build, and test technological devices. Scientific laboratories can be found as research room and


id: laboratory-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory-1.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:17.154648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
In many laboratories, hazards are present. Laboratory hazards might include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive, or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, strong magnetic fields or high voltage. Therefore, safety precautions are vitally important. Rules exist to minimize the individual's risk, and safety equipment is used to protect lab users from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often referred to as the "Laboratory Standard". Under this standard, a laboratory is required to produce a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) which addresses the specific hazards found in its location, and its approach to them. In determining the proper Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular business or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, evaluation of the current safety, health and environmental practices and assessment of the hazards. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health, and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer to develop, manage, and evaluate their CHP. Additionally, third party review is also used to provide an


id: laboratory-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory-2.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:17.154648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The educational background of the researchers and their socialization process. The intellectual process involved in their work, including the type of investigation and equipment they use. The laboratory's history. Other forms of organization include social organization. === Social organization === A study by Richard H.R. Harper, involving two laboratories, will help elucidate the concept of social organization in laboratories. The main subject of the study revolved around the relationship between the staff of a laboratory (researchers, administrators, receptionists, technicians, etc.) and their Locator. A Locator is an employee of a Laboratory who is in charge of knowing where each member of the laboratory currently is, based on a unique signal emitted from the badge of each staff member. The study describes social relationships among different classes of jobs, such as the relationship between researchers and the Locator. It does not describe the social relationship between employees within a class, such as the relationship between researchers. Through ethnographic studies, one finding is that, among the personnel, each class (researchers, administrators...) has a different degree of entitlement, which varies per laboratory. Entitlement can be both formal or informal (meaning it is not enforced), but each class is aware and conforms to its


id: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Agricultural experiment station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:18.451794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-0
summary:
An agricultural experiment station (AES) or agricultural research station (ARS) is a scientific research center that investigates difficulties and potential improvements to food production and agribusiness. Experiment station scientists work with farmers, ranchers, suppliers, processors, and others involved in food production and agriculture. == Research == Station scientists study biological, economic, and social problems of food and agriculture and related industries in each state. They investigate such areas as crop variations, soil testing, livestock, processing and animal technology, and other advanced technology in food and agriculture. They also work with specialists called extension agents. These specialists help inform farmers about developments in agriculture. Most agricultural experiment station scientists are faculty members of the land-grant universities. == Locations == === Canada === In Canada, about 50 per cent (1988) of the experiment stations are controlled by the Canadian government. The Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa is the headquarters of the federal system. Private industries, universities, and agricultural colleges control the remainder of the stations. Each province has a number of provincial stations. The University of Saskatchewan has extensive agricultural experimental land. === Greece === The Benaki Phytopathological Institute conducts experiments pertaining to plant health in many locations throughout the mainland, as


id: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station-1.md
category: reference
title: Agricultural experiment station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:18.451794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-0
summary:
==== Möckern Agricultural Experiment Station ==== Following the footsteps of the enlightenment rationalism and experimentalism, Germany began to see the rise of agricultural experiment stations, indicating the beginnings of an attempt to merge traditional agronomy with analytical chemistry. In 1840, Justus von Liebig, an influential German chemist and professor at the University of Giessen, published his book Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. Liebig theorized that nitrogen and trace minerals from soil erosion were essential to plant nutrition, and, from this analytical chemistry perspective, simplified agriculture to a series of chemical reactions. While Liebig's work inspired a generation of analytical agricultural chemists interested in fundamental questions of plant nutrition, e.g., Wilhelm Knop and Julius von Sachs, founders of early German agricultural experiment stations did not solely seek to pursue questions of soil chemistry, but rather sought to bridge the gap between the two fields of agriculture and chemistry (agricultural chemistry). The most well-known and earliest German experimental station, or Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstationen, established was the Möckern Agricultural Experiment Station, located near the city of Leipzig. Created on September 28, 1850, the Möckern project was spearheaded by three Saxon men: Julius Adolph Stöckhardt, a professor of agricultural chemistry; Wilhelm


id: anechoic-chamber-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber-0.md
category: reference
title: Anechoic chamber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:19.715865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anechoic-chamber-20260505-0
summary:
An anechoic chamber (an-echoic meaning "non-reflective" or "without echoes") is a room designed to stop reflections or echoes of either sound or electromagnetic waves. They are also often isolated from energy entering from their surroundings. This combination means that a person or detector exclusively hears direct sounds (no reflected sounds), in effect simulating being outside in a free field. Anechoic chambers, a term coined by American acoustics expert Leo Beranek, were initially exclusively used to refer to acoustic anechoic chambers. Recently, the term has been extended to radio frequency (RF) anechoic chambers, which eliminate reflection and external noise caused by electromagnetic waves. Anechoic chambers range from small compartments the size of household microwave ovens to ones as large as aircraft hangars. The size of the chamber depends on the size of the objects and frequency ranges being tested. == Acoustic anechoic chambers == The requirement for what was subsequently called an anechoic chamber originated to allow testing of loudspeakers that generated such intense sound levels that they could not be tested outdoors in inhabited areas. Anechoic chambers are commonly used in acoustics to conduct experiments in nominally "free field" conditions, free field meaning that there are no reflected signals. All


id: anechoic-chamber-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber-1.md
category: reference
title: Anechoic chamber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:19.715865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anechoic-chamber-20260505-0
summary:
Waves of higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths and are higher in energy, while waves of lower frequencies have longer wavelengths and are lower in energy, according to the relationship λ = v / f {\displaystyle \lambda =v/f} where lambda represents wavelength, v is phase velocity of wave, and f {\displaystyle f} is frequency. To shield for a specific wavelength, the cone must be of appropriate size to absorb that wavelength. The performance quality of an RF anechoic chamber is determined by its lowest test frequency of operation, at which measured reflections from the internal surfaces will be the most significant compared to higher frequencies. Pyramidal RAM is at its most absorptive when the incident wave is at normal incidence to the internal chamber surface and the pyramid height is approximately equal to λ / 4 {\displaystyle \lambda /4} , where λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the free space wavelength. Accordingly, increasing the pyramid height of the RAM for the same (square) base size improves the effectiveness of the chamber at low frequencies but results in increased cost and a reduced unobstructed working volume that is available inside a chamber of defined size. === Installation into a screened room === An


id: list-of-laboratory-biosecurity-incidents-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents-0.md
category: reference
title: List of laboratory biosecurity incidents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:21.011064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-laboratory-biosecurity-incidents-20260505-0
summary:
This list of laboratory biosecurity incidents includes accidental laboratory-acquired infections and laboratory releases of lethal pathogens, containment failures in or during transport of lethal pathogens, and incidents of exposure of lethal pathogens to laboratory personnel, improper disposal of contaminated waste, and/or the escape of laboratory animals. The list is grouped by the year in which the accident or incident occurred and does not include every reported laboratory-acquired infection. == See also == Biological hazard Biosafety level Laboratory safety List of anthrax outbreaks Select agent Cambridge Working Group == External links == A Review of Laboratory-Acquired Infections in the Asia-Pacific: Understanding Risk and the Need for Improved Biosafety for Veterinary and Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory-Acquired Infection (LAI) Database Survey of laboratory-acquired infections around the world in biosafety level 3 and 4 laboratories == Notes == == References ==


id: collaboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
A collaboratory, as defined by William Wulf in 1989, is a “center without walls, in which the nation’s researchers can perform their research without regard to physical location, interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation, sharing data and computational resources, [and] accessing information in digital libraries” (Wulf, 1989). Bly (1998) refines the definition to “a system which combines the interests of the scientific community at large with those of the computer science and engineering community to create integrated, tool-oriented computing and communication systems to support scientific collaboration” (Bly, 1998, p. 31). Rosenberg (1991) considers a collaboratory as being an experimental and empirical research environment in which scientists work and communicate with each other to design systems, participate in collaborative science, and conduct experiments to evaluate and improve systems. A simplified form of these definitions would describe the collaboratory as being an environment where participants make use of computing and communication technologies to access shared instruments and data, as well as to communicate with others. However, a wide-ranging definition is provided by Cogburn (2003) who states that “a collaboratory is more than an elaborate collection of information and communications technologies; it is a new networked organizational form that also includes social processes; collaboration


id: collaboratory-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-1.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
=== The evolution of the collaboratory === As stated in Chapter 4 of the 50+20 "Management Education for the World" book, "the term collaboratory was first introduced in the late 1980s to address problems of geographic separation in large research projects related to travel time and cost, difficulties in keeping contact with other scientists, control of experimental apparatus, distribution of information, and the large number of participants. In their first decade of use, collaboratories were seen as complex and expensive information and communication technology (ICT) solutions supporting 15 to 200 users per project, with budgets ranging from 0.5 to 10 million USD. At that time, collaboratories were designed from an ICT perspective to serve the interests of the scientific community with tool-oriented computing requirements, creating an environment that enabled systems design and participation in collaborative science and experiments. The introduction of a user-centered approach provided a first evolutionary step in the design philosophy of the collaboratory, allowing rapid prototyping and development circles. Over the past decade the concept of the collaboratory expanded beyond that of an elaborate ICT solution, evolving into a “new networked organizational form that also includes social processes, collaboration techniques, formal and informal communication, and agreement on


id: collaboratory-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-2.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
== Design philosophy == Finholt (1995), based on the case studies of the Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory (UARC) and the Medical Collaboratory, establishes a design philosophy: a collaboratory project must be dedicated to a user-centered design (UCD) approach. This means a commitment to develop software in programming environments that allow rapid prototyping, rapid development cycles (Finholt, 1995). A consequence of the user-centered design in the collaboratory is that the system developers must be able to distinguish when a particular system or modification has positive impact on users’ work practices. An important part of obtaining this understanding is producing an accurate picture of how work is done prior to the introduction of technology. Finholt (1995) explains that behavioral scientists had the task of understanding the actual work settings for which new information technologies were developed. The goal of a user-centered design effort was to inject those observations back into the design process to provide a baseline for evaluating future changes and to illuminate productive directions for prototype development (Finholt, 1995). A similar viewpoint is expressed by Cogburn (2003) who relates the collaboratory to a globally distributed knowledge work, stating that human-computer interaction (HCI) and user-centered design (UCD) principles are critical for


id: collaboratory-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-3.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
BSC also provides a data provenance tool and a data organization tool. These tools allow a hierarchical tree to display the historical lineage of a data set. From this tree-view the scientist may select a particular node (or an entire branch) to access a specific version of the data set (Chin & Lansing, 2004). The task management provided by BSC allows users to define and track tasks related to a specific experiment or project. Tasks can have deadlines assigned, levels of priority, and dependencies. Tasks can also be queried and various reports produced. Related to task management, BSC provides workflow management to capture, manage, and supply standard paths of analyses. The scientific workflow may be viewed as process templates that captures and semi-automate the steps of an analysis process and its encompassing data sets and tools (Chin & Lansing, 2004). BSC provides project collaboration by allowing scientists to define and manage members of their group. Security and authentication mechanisms are therefore applied to limit access to project data and applications. Monitoring capability allows for members to identify other members that are online working on the project (Chin & Lansing, 2004). BSC offers community collaboration capabilities: scientists may publish their data


id: collaboratory-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-4.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is an international center for research and education in biology, biomedicine and ecology. Biological Collaborative Research Environment (BioCoRE) developed at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign – a collaboration tool for biologists (Chin and Lansing, 2004); The CTQ Collaboratory, a virtual community of teacher leaders and those who value teacher leadership, run by the Center for Teaching Quality, a national education nonprofit (Berry, Byrd, & Wieder, 2013); HASTAC (Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Alliance and Collaboratory), founded in 2002 by Cathy N. Davidson, then Vice Provost for Interdisciplinary Studies at Duke University and David Theo Goldberg, Director of the University of California Humanities Research Institute (UCHRI), after contacting scholars across the humanities (including digital humanities), social sciences, media studies, the arts, and technology sectors who shared these convictions and wanted to envision a new kind of organization—an academic social network—that would allow anyone to join and would offer any member of the community to contribute. They began working with a team of developers at Stanford University to code and design a participatory, community site, originally a display website and a Wiki for open contribution and as a community-based publishing and networking platform. Molecular Interactive Collaborative Environment (MICE)


id: collaboratory-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-5.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
== References == Berry, B., Byrd, A., & Wieder, A. (2013). Teacherpreneurs: Innovative teachers who lead but don't leave. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bly, S. (1998). Special section on collaboratories, Interactions, 5(3), 31, New York: ACM Press. Bos, N., Zimmerman, A., Olson, J., Yew, J., Yerkie, J., Dahl, E. and Olson, G. (2007), From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12: 652–672. Chin, G., Jr., & Lansing, C. S. (2004). Capturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work, 409-418, New York: ACM Press. Cogburn, D. L. (2003). HCI in the so-called developing world: what's in it for everyone, Interactions, 10(2), 80-87, New York: ACM Press. Cosley, D., Frankowsky, D., Kiesler, S., Terveen, L., & Riedl, J. (2005). How oversight improves member-maintained communities, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, 11-20. Finholt, T. A. (1995). Evaluation of electronic work: research on collaboratories at the University of Michigan, ACM SIGOIS Bulletin, 16(2), 49–51. Finholt, T.A. Collaboratories. (2002). In B. Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (pp. 74–107), 36. Washington, D.C.: American Society


id: columbus-iss-module-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)-0.md
category: reference
title: Columbus (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:23.544776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: columbus-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
Columbus is a science laboratory module that forms part of the International Space Station (ISS) and represents the European Space Agency's (ESA) largest single contribution to the station. It was constructed in Turin, Italy, by Alcatel Alenia Space (now Thales Alenia Space) with functional equipment and software designed by EADS (now Airbus Defence and Space) in Bremen, Germany. The module was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on 7 February 2008, during mission STS-122. Columbus is operated by the Columbus Control Centre at the German Space Operations Center, part of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich. In 2008, ESA estimated the total cost of Columbus—including construction, ten years of operations, scientific experiments, and supporting ground infrastructure—at approximately €1.4 billion (about US$2 billion). == History == === Background === The structure used for Columbus is based on the MPLM module built for NASA by Thales Alenia Space. In 2000 the pre-integrated module (structure including harness and tubing) was delivered to Bremen in Germany by the Co-prime contractor Alenia. The final integration and system testing was performed by the overall prime contractor EADS Astrium Space Transportation, after that the initial Payload was integrated and the overall complement checked-out. The final


id: columbus-iss-module-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)-1.md
category: reference
title: Columbus (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:23.544776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: columbus-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
Fluid Science Laboratory (FSL) European Physiology Modules (EPM) Biolab European Drawer Rack (EDR) European Drawer Rack Mark II (EDR2) European Stowage Rack In addition, four un-pressurized payload platforms can be attached outside the starboard cone, on the Columbus External Payload Facility (CEPF). Each external payload is mounted on an adaptor able to accommodate small instruments and experiments totalling up to 230 kilograms (507 lb). The first external payloads were mounted on Columbus by crew members of the mission STS-122 mission. Some of the external payloads are: European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) platform, which accommodates nine instruments: TRIBOLAB, PLEGPAY, MEDET, EUFIDE, DEBIE-2, FIPEX, EUTEMP, EXPOSE, DOSTEL, and the Earth Viewing Camera. Solar Monitoring Observatory (SOLAR) MISSE-6 (NASA payload) In 2014 the ISS-RapidScat instrument was installed, which was operated until late 2016. ISS-RapidScat was transported to ISS by the SpaceX CRS-4 spaceflight. Atmosphere-Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM), installed April 2018 Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES), installed April 2025 Columbus Ka-band Terminal (COLKa), a communications terminal utilizing the European Data Relay System (EDRS), installed January 2021 Planned additional external payloads: EXPORT == See also == List of European Space Agency programmes and missions European Transportation Carrier (ISS Facility) (ETC) Columbus – External Payload


id: core-facility-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility-0.md
category: reference
title: Core facility
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:24.757709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: core-facility-20260505-0
summary:
A core facility (also known as core laboratory or simply "core", like in "flow cytometry core", occasionally technological platform) is a centralized shared research resource that provides scientific community with access to unique and highly specialized instruments, technologies, services, and experts. Cores are frequently built around a specific technology or instrumentation, but not always (for example, biostatistics cores offer services of experts skilled in the use of software packages). A database of US core facilities is maintained by the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities. By the late 20th century, the researchers in the life sciences were increasingly dependent on the use of expensive and complex instruments and techniques that cannot be economically replicated inside each laboratory. In many areas (for example, in translational science) access to core laboratories became essential. Once the research institutions recognized the potential cost savings of provisioning state-of-the-art instrumentation and services in a centralized way, multiple shared facilities were established, prompting discussions about the best ways to administer and finance them. The high-value and difficult-to-operate equipment typically used in a core setting in the beginning of the 21st century included NMR spectrometers, mass spectrometers, Raman spectrometers and microscopes, transmission and Auger electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction spectrometers,


id: dallmann-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallmann_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Dallmann Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallmann_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:25.980505+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dallmann-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
Dallmann Laboratory is an on-site summer laboratory on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, adjacent to the Argentinian Carlini Base with shared logistics. It is operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in cooperation with the Netherlands and Instituto Antártico Argentino. It is named after the polar sea explorer Eduard Dallmann. It was inaugurated on 20 January 1994, has an area of 250 m2 (2,700 sq ft) and was built in mainland Argentina, disassembled, shipped to Potter Cove, and reassembled at the base. The lab has three modules for bedrooms, bathroom and living-dining room, two modules for laboratories and one for the engine room and dive locker. It also has four containers for laboratory and aquarium use donated by Germany. It has twelve workstations with laboratories, workshop, storage, aquariums and a base for research divers. It is equipped with several scientific instruments and vehicles provided by Germany: lyophilizer, stereo microscopes, freezers, a small hyperbaric chamber for transport, scuba diving equipment, aquariums, a rigid hull boat and a Kässbohrer tracked vehicle. Multidisciplinary joint research programs are carried out in the fields of biology; coastal and terrestrial ecology; terrestrial wildlife (mostly


id: destiny-iss-module-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)-0.md
category: reference
title: Destiny (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:27.216198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: destiny-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
The Destiny module, also known as the U.S. Lab, is the primary operating facility for U.S. research payloads aboard the International Space Station (ISS). It was berthed to the forward port of the Unity module and activated over a period of five days in February 2001. Destiny is NASA's first permanent operating orbital research station since Skylab was vacated in February 1974. The Boeing Company began construction of the 14,515-kilogram (32,000 lb) research laboratory in 1995 at the Michoud Assembly Facility and then the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Destiny was shipped to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in 1998, and was turned over to NASA for pre-launch preparations in August 2000. It launched on February 7, 2001, aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-98. Astronauts work inside the pressurized facility to conduct research in numerous scientific fields. Scientists throughout the world would use the results to enhance their studies in medicine, engineering, biotechnology, physics, materials science, and Earth science. == Launch and installation == Destiny was launched to ISS aboard the Space Shuttle mission STS-98. It launched into Earth orbit on February 7, 2001, aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis. On February 10, 2001, at 9:50 am


id: destiny-iss-module-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)-1.md
category: reference
title: Destiny (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:27.216198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: destiny-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
As with the European and Japanese laboratories of the station, payloads inside Destiny are configured around International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs), that can be removed or reconfigured for various experiments and equipment. Made out of a graphite composite shell, each rack weighs about 1,200 pounds (540 kg), and is about 73 inches (1,900 mm) high, and 42 inches (1,100 mm) wide. The eight rack bays are equipped with curtains that provide around 290 cubic feet (8.2 m3) of temporary stowage space when not occupied by experiments. Destiny arrived at the station pre-configured with five racks housing electrical and life support systems that provide electrical power, cooling water, air revitalization, and temperature and humidity control. Seven additional racks were flown to Destiny in the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module by STS-102, and ten more were delivered on subsequent missions. Destiny can hold up to 13 payload racks with experiments in human life science, materials research, Earth observations and commercial applications. The laboratory has a total of 24 racks inside the laboratory, six on each side. Internal to the laboratory are racks, rack stand-offs, and vestibule jumpers. The lab racks house the system hardware in removable modular units. The stand-offs provide space for


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-0.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
The Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) establish rules and criteria for a quality system that oversees the organizational processes and conditions in which non-clinical (non-pharmaceutical) health and environmental safety–or simply toxicology–studies are planned, conducted, monitored, recorded, reported, and archived. These principles apply to the toxicity testing of chemicals in commerce, to ensure the quality and integrity of the safety data submitted by manufacturers to regulatory authorities globally. == History == The historical events leading to the proposal of the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations are crucial for understanding why these regulations are important to improve the quality and integrity of chemical safety data. They were developed in response to concerns about the reliability of toxicity data from industry. The GLP regulations aim to standardize procedures and practices to ensure accurate, reliable, and traceable safety data. GLP was first introduced in New Zealand and Denmark in 1972, but only as quality standards for re-agents and lab materials (first created in Australia due to being isolated from western labs by the Japanese blockade of WW2); the US FDA heard about them from NZ at an international conference just as the below IBT scandal broke). During the 1960s and 1970s, a growing


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-1.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
== US Food and Drug Administration == (21 CFR Part 58) The FDA requires nonclinical laboratory studies on new drugs, food additives, and chemicals to assess their safety and potential effectiveness in humans in compliance with 21 CFR Part 58, Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Studies under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act and Public Health Service Act. These regulations set the standards for conducting experimental laboratory studies that support or are intended to support applications for research or marketing permits for products such as food additives, drugs, medical devices, or biological products. Conducting these studies with rigorous adherence to scientific principles and quality control is crucial, as the decisions based on their outcomes directly affect human health and safety. By adhering to the requirements outlined in 21 CFR Part 58, laboratories conducting laboratory studies can ensure that the data generated are of high quality, reliable, and suitable for submission to the Agency as part of product approval processes. Compliance with GLP regulations helps to protect the safety and welfare of humans and animals involved in studies and contributes to the overall integrity of scientific research in the development of FDA-regulated products. GLP compliance inspections are assessed and performed


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-2.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
== European Union == Source: The Principles of GLP help ensure the quality and accuracy of data in chemical testing, and help prevent scientific fraud, as adopted by the European Union (EU). European GLP Regulations and Directives also apply to European Economic Area (EEA) member states which include Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. GLP principles govern the laboratory safety testing of substances in various products, mandated by product-specific legislation in the EU/EEA. Directive 2004/9/EC mandates EU/EEA countries to designate GLP inspection authorities and includes requirements for reporting and mutual acceptance of data within the internal market. Annex I of the Directive incorporates OECD Revised Guides for Compliance Monitoring Procedures for GLP, along with OECD Guidance for the Conduct of Test Facility Inspections and Study Audits. It ensures compliance with these guidelines during laboratory inspections and study audits. This directive replaced Directive 88/320/EEC as of 11 March 2004. Directive 2004/10/EC, the second core EU GLP Directive, harmonizes laws and administrative provisions for applying GLP principles and verifying their implementation in chemical substance tests. It includes GLP principles in Annex I and requires EU/EEA countries to ensure that laboratories conducting safety studies on chemical products comply with OECD GLP principles. It replaces Directive


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-3.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
== OECD's Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) == Sources: The chemicals industry, which includes industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides, food and feed additives, and cosmetics, ranks as one of the largest industrial sectors in the world. Harmonizing national approaches (the OECD's key mission) to chemical regulation offers several benefits: it streamlines requirements for industry, provides governments with a common framework for collaboration, and reduces trade barriers. Simultaneously, the OECD adopted 1) the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) Directive system; and 2) the OECD Guidelines for Testing Chemicals and OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), to be required by regulators globally (and to which the MAD Directive applies). These two simultaneous acts were instrumental in achieving this global harmonization. The MAD system aims to avoid conflicting or redundant national regulations, foster cooperation among national authorities, and eliminate trade barriers. Under this system, OECD countries and full adherents agree that safety tests conducted according to OECD Test Guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice in one country should be accepted by others for assessment purposes—a principle known as "tested once, accepted for assessment everywhere." This approach saves the chemicals industry from the expense of duplicative testing for products marketed in multiple countries. Crucially,


id: iquitos-satellite-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Iquitos Satellite Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:29.648550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iquitos-satellite-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB) was established in 2002 in the city of Iquitos, Peru by doctor Margaret Kosek, biologist Maribel Paredes Olortegui, and nurse Pablo Peñataro Yori, with the collaboration of the Dr. Robert Gilman working group in Lima, Peru and the US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6) . The Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB) is supported through National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fogarty International Center, International Atomic Energy Agency, The University of Virginia and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funded grants. == Purpose == The mission of IQTLAB is to improve understanding of health problems among vulnerable populations in order to identify sustainable solutions that improve their health, social and economic conditions. == Team Members == The IQTLAB team consists of experts from Asociación Benéfica Prisma, the University of Virginia, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, among other universities and research institutions worldwide. IQTLAB utilizes a multidisciplinary approach that combines knowledge of the epidemiology of tropical infectious disease, malnutrition, intestinal infection, biostatistics, medical science, demography, ecology, and spatial data collection and analysis. The Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB) team


id: m-rieux-nutrisciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mérieux_NutriSciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Mérieux NutriSciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mérieux_NutriSciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:30.885626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: m-rieux-nutrisciences-20260505-0
summary:
Mérieux NutriSciences is an American-French multinational company specializing in food safety, quality, sustainability testing, consulting, and training services. It is a subsidiary of Institut Mérieux and operates over 140 laboratories in approximately 32 countries, serving more than 10,000 employees worldwide. The company is headquartered in Chicago (United States) and Tassin‑la‑Demi‑Lune (France). With a history in food microbiology, Mérieux NutriSciences' business is mainly focused on services for the food sector, addressing the needs of raw materials & ingredients suppliers, food manufacturers, processors, caterers, and retail companies. The company also operates in packaging and pharmaceutical quality management. == History == 1967: Creation by Dr. John H. Silliker in Chicago of the company Silliker, a food-focused solutions company. 1997: Acquisition of Silliker by Institut Mérieux 2011: The Group is officially named Mérieux NutriSciences 2025: Acquisition of the Food testing business of Bureau Veritas, including a joint venture with AsureQuality - resulting in the company enlarging its footprint to 32 countries and doubling its footprint in Canada and Asia-Pacific. In 1897, Marcel Mérieux, a student of Louis Pasteur, founded Institut Mérieux. The Institut Mérieux was then directed by Dr. Charles Mérieux and later by Alain Mérieux and became the leader in the field of


id: laboratory-quality-control-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_quality_control-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory quality control
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_quality_control
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:32.076632+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-quality-control-20260505-0
summary:
Laboratory quality control is designed to detect, reduce, and correct deficiencies in a laboratory's internal analytical process prior to the release of patient results, in order to improve the quality of the results reported by the laboratory. Quality control (QC) is a measure of precision, or how well the measurement system reproduces the same result over time and under varying operating conditions. Laboratory quality control material is usually run at the beginning of each shift, after an instrument is serviced, when reagent lots are changed, after equipment calibration, and whenever patient results seem inappropriate. Quality control material should approximate the same matrix as patient specimens, taking into account properties such as viscosity, turbidity, composition, and color. It should be stable for long periods of time, and available in large enough quantities for a single batch to last at least one year. Liquid controls are more convenient than lyophilized (freeze-dried) controls because they do not have to be reconstituted, minimizing pipetting error. Dried Tube Specimen (DTS) is slightly cumbersome as a QC material but it is very low-cost, stable over long periods and efficient, especially useful for resource-restricted settings in under-developed and developing countries. DTS can be manufactured in-house by a


id: reagent-bottle-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent_bottle-0.md
category: reference
title: Reagent bottle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent_bottle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:33.364226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reagent-bottle-20260505-0
summary:
Reagent bottles, also known as media bottles or graduated bottles, are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers. They are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves. Some reagent bottles are tinted amber (actinic), brown or red to protect light-sensitive chemical compounds from visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation which may alter them; other bottles are tinted blue (cobalt glass) or uranium green for decorative purposes - mostly vintage apothecary sets, from centuries in which a doctor or apothecary was a prominent figure. The bottles are called "graduated" when they have marks on the sides indicating the approximate (often with a 10% error) amount of liquid at a given level within the container. A reagent bottle is a type of laboratory glassware. The term "reagent" refers to a substance that is part of a chemical reaction (or an ingredient of which), and "media" is the plural form of "medium" which refers to the liquid or gas which a reaction happens within, or is a processing chemical tool such as (for example) a flux. Several companies produce reagent bottles, including Wheaton,


id: laboratory-safety-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory safety
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:34.605305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-safety-20260505-0
summary:
Many laboratories contain significant risks, and the prevention of laboratory accidents requires great care and constant vigilance. Examples of risk factors include high voltages, high and low pressures and temperatures, corrosive and toxic chemicals and chemical vapours, radiation, fire, explosions, and biohazards including infective organisms and their toxins. Measures to protect against laboratory accidents include safety training and enforcement of laboratory safety policies, safety review of experimental designs, the use of personal protective equipment, and the use of the buddy system for particularly risky operations. In many countries, laboratory work is subject to health and safety legislation. In some cases, laboratory activities can also present environmental health risks, for example, the accidental or deliberate discharge of toxic or infective material from the laboratory into the environment. == Chemical hazards == Hazardous chemicals present physical and/or health threats to workers in clinical, industrial, and academic laboratories. Laboratory chemicals include cancer-causing agents (carcinogens), toxins (e.g., those affecting the liver, kidney, and nervous system), irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, as well as agents that act on the blood system or damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. == Biological hazards == === Biological agents and biological toxins === Many laboratory workers encounter daily exposure


id: laboratory-safety-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety-1.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory safety
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:34.605305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-safety-20260505-0
summary:
Is a gas or mixture of gases in a container having an absolute pressure exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (psi) at 70 °F (21.1 °C); or Is a gas or mixture of gases having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 °F (54.4 °C) regardless of the pressure at 70 °F (21.1 °C); or Is a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 °F (37.8 °C) as determined by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Within laboratories, compressed gases are usually supplied either through fixed piped gas systems or individual cylinders of gases. Compressed gases can be toxic, flammable, oxidizing, corrosive, or inert. Leakage of any of these gases can be hazardous. ==== Store, handle, and use compressed gases ==== All cylinders whether empty or full must be stored upright. Secure cylinders of compressed gases. Cylinders should never be dropped or allowed to strike each other with force. Transport compressed gas cylinders with protective caps in place and do not roll or drag the cylinders. === Cryogens and dry ice === Cryogens, substances used to produce very low temperatures [below -153 °C (-243 °F)], such as liquid nitrogen (LN2) which has a boiling point


id: sample-material-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(material)-0.md
category: reference
title: Sample (material)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(material)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:35.886770+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sample-material-20260505-0
summary:
In general, a sample is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of that thing(s). The things could be countable objects such as individual items available as units for sale, or an uncountable material. Even though the word "sample" implies a smaller quantity taken from a larger amount, sometimes full biological or mineralogical specimens are called samples if they are taken for analysis, testing, or investigation like other samples. They are also considered samples in the sense that even whole specimens are "samples" of the full population of many individual organisms. The act of obtaining a sample is called "sampling" and can be performed manually by a person or by automatic process. Samples of material can be taken or provided for testing, analysis, investigation, quality control, demonstration, or trial use. Sometimes, sampling may be performed continuously. == Aliquot part == In science, a representative liquid sample taken from a larger amount of liquid is sometimes called an aliquot or aliquot part where the sample is an exact divisor of the whole. For example, 10mL would be an aliquot part of a 100mL sample. == Sample characteristics == The material may


id: laboratory-specimen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_specimen-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory specimen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_specimen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:37.089863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-specimen-20260505-0
summary:
A laboratory specimen is sometimes a biological specimen of a medical patient's tissue, fluids, or other samples used for laboratory analysis to assist in differential diagnosis or staging of a disease process. These specimens are often the most reliable method of diagnosis, depending on the ailment. For example, breast cancer biopsies, performed on laboratory specimens of breast tissue, yield just a 2% rate of incorrect diagnosis. Laboratory specimens may also include feces. == Types == General types of cellular tissue extraction include: == Preparation == For a given medical process, a certain volume of specimen must be taken from the patient. Some specimen types also require special treatment, such as immediate mixture with an additive, or storage at a certain temperature. After extraction, all specimen containers must be labeled with at least two of the following identifiers (at the time of collection): patient's name, date of birth, hospital number, test request form number, accession number, or a unique random number. All specimens should be labeled with the patient present. This ensures that no false results are obtained from mislabeled samples. == Storage and use == Specimen temperatures are controlled for their specific use. Several common temperatures for storage are listed


id: lab-website-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_website-0.md
category: reference
title: Lab website
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_website
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:38.343284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lab-website-20260505-0
summary:
A lab(s) website is a specific type of website most commonly dedicated to research and development programs. Relating to the classic scientific research environment - the laboratory - existing lab websites predominantly fall into two categories, the real-world and the virtual. == Real-world laboratory websites == Real-world lab sites relate to the activities and research conducted by laboratories existing outside the Internet. In general, these sites tend to offer users a chance to see results of past research, rather than detailed views of contemporary research. Examples of these types of labs from the aviation world include Boeing’s Phantom Works, which covers the research arm of the Boeing Corporation, and Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Program, aka Skunk Works. == Virtual laboratory websites == A number of companies and institutions have created virtual lab websites specifically for research into Internet-based products. This research environment is seen as both podium and a playpen for Internet-borne companies. In many cases, the labs offer visitors a chance to learn more about the company's products currently in development and to try the work in progress. One of the best-known examples is Google Labs. Since its inception, Google Labs has resulted in the trial and launch of


id: weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:40.045982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation. Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount. == Weather instruments == A weather instrument is any device that measures weather related conditions. Since there are a variety of different weather conditions, there are a variety of different weather instruments. Typical weather stations have the following instruments and sensors: Thermometer for measuring air and sea surface temperature Barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure Hygrometer for measuring humidity Anemometer for measuring wind speed Pyranometer for measuring solar radiation Rain gauge for


id: weather-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station-1.md
category: reference
title: Weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:40.045982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and oceanography data within the world's oceans and lakes. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since the late 1970s. Moored buoys are connected with the seabed using either chains, nylon, or buoyant polypropylene. With the decline of the weather ship, they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Moored weather buoys range from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft) in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in). Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity. == Synoptic weather station == Synoptic weather stations are instruments which collect meteorological information at synoptic


id: agweathernet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgWeatherNet-0.md
category: reference
title: AgWeatherNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgWeatherNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:42.548808+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agweathernet-20260505-0
summary:
AgWeatherNet is an automated agricultural weather station network operated by Washington State University in the Pacific Northwest. It is the first and the largest agricultural weather network in the United States. Every 5 seconds, over 175 sensors (as of 2018) record air temperature, relative humidity and dew point, soil temperature at 8 inches, rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, insolation and leaf wetness. The data is reported back from each sensor to WSU's Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Prosser, Washington and made available to the public on the Internet. The network can be used to predict and warn of crop hazards such as freezes (especially damaging to Washington fall crops like apples) and hailstorms. Sensors are located mostly in the irrigated regions of Eastern Washington like the Yakima Valley, but also cover some non-irrigated areas like the Palouse and areas of Western Washington such as the Chehalis River valley. The Oregon Hop Commission funds three sensors in northwest Oregon. Several cranberry farming concerns fund a sensor at Grayland on the Pacific Coast. The system began in 1988 with the name Public Agricultural Weather System (PAWS). == References == == External links == Official website


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-0.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Alert, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada, is the northernmost continuously inhabited place in the world. The location is on Ellesmere Island (in the Queen Elizabeth Islands) at latitude 82°30'05" north, 817 km (508 mi) from the North Pole. It takes its name from the Royal Navy vessel HMS Alert, which wintered 10 km (6.2 mi) east of the present station off what is now Cape Sheridan in 1875–1876. All Alert residents are temporary, typically serving three- to six-month tours of duty there. They staff a military signals intelligence radio receiving facility at Canadian Forces Station Alert (CFS Alert, which includes Alert Airport), as well as the Dr. Neil Trivett Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory, a co-located weather station and monitoring observatory, both operated by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). In the 2021 census, the permanent population was recorded as 0. == History == Alert is named after HMS Alert, a British ship that wintered about 10 km (6.2 mi) away in 1875–76. The ship's captain, George Nares, and his crew were the first recorded Europeans to reach the northern end of Ellesmere Island. Over the following decades, several other expeditions passed through the area, most notably Robert Peary


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-1.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
In April 1971, a party of federal and Northwest Territories (NWT) government officials arrived in Alert in an attempt to reach the North Pole. Alert had been the embarkation point for many North Pole expeditions that relied on weather information supplied by the weather station there. The 1971 expedition was led by Stu Hodgson, former Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, and included in his party were representatives of the prime minister's office, the Canadian Armed Forces, the federal Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, as well as a large media group including Pat Carney of Gemini Productions, Ed Ogle of Time magazine, Val Wake of CBC News, and a television crew from California. While waiting in Alert for a weather window to fly to the pole, the party's television crew spent a lot of time filming at the weather station. The military was unhappy about the film crew working on the station, but the weather station was seen as being a sort of no-man's land. The commissioner's party made two attempts to reach the pole and failed. Some of the incidents surrounding this event are recounted in Val Wake's memoir My Voyage around Spray with Apologies to Captain Joshua


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-2.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Since the beginning of the JAWS project, the Canadian Armed Forces had been interested in the establishment at Alert for several reasons: the JAWS facility extended Canadian sovereignty over a large uninhabited area which Canada claimed as its sovereign territory, and its proximity to the Soviet Union made it of strategic importance. Alert is closer to Moscow (c. 4,000 km (2,500 mi)) than it is to Ottawa (c. 4,150 km (2,580 mi)). Thus, the possibility of utilizing the site for the purpose of intercepting radio signals was deemed to warrant a military presence. In 1950, Alert Airport was established. It is the only airport serving the settlement and is presently part of CFS Alert. In 1956, the RCAF, which was expanding its presence throughout the high Arctic with the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line radar network, established a building uphill from the DOT's JAWS station to house "High Arctic Long Range Communications Research", or signals intelligence operations. In 1957, Alert Wireless Station was conceived as an intercept facility to be jointly staffed by personnel from the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and the RCAF. Five additional buildings were constructed: a mess, three barracks/accommodations buildings, and a power house and


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-3.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Alert is 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Cape Sheridan, the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island, on the shore of the ice-covered Lincoln Sea. Alert lies just 817 km (508 mi) from the North Pole; the nearest Canadian city is Iqaluit, the capital of the territory of Nunavut, 2,092 km (1,300 mi) distant. The settlement is surrounded by rugged hills and valleys. The shore is composed primarily of slate and shale. Argillite and greywacke also occur. Some of these rocks are calcareous. The sea is covered with sea ice for most of the year but the ice pack does move out in the summer, leaving open water. Evaporation rates are also very low, as average monthly temperatures are above freezing only in July and August. Other places on Ellesmere Island are the weather station at Eureka (480 km (300 mi)) and the Inuit community of Grise Fiord, 800 km (500 mi), to the southwest and south, respectively. Siorapaluk (540 km (340 mi) to the south) is the nearest populated place in Greenland. Hans Island which from 2023 has a land border with Greenland, a territory of Denmark, is located 197 km (122 mi) to the south. == Climate == Alert


id: baccaro-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaro,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Baccaro, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaro,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:45.063593+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: baccaro-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Baccaro ( BAK-ə-roh) is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Barrington Municipal District. The community's name comes from "baccolaos," the Basque word for cod-fish. Baccaro Point has a weather station (Station ID WCP). It is mainland Nova Scotia's southernmost point. There are a few islands, however; such as Cape Sable Island, that are further south. == See also == List of communities in Nova Scotia == References == == External links == Baccaro Point - Hourly Forecast - Environment Canada


id: beaver-island-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Beaver Island, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:46.284167+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beaver-island-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Beaver Island is an island community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The weather station code is CWBV; due to its exposed location, Beaver Island can receive very powerful winds, especially from offshore. Since 1846 there has been a lighthouse on the island. == Climate == == References == Beaver Island Lighthouse NSLPS


id: belgrade-meteorological-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Meteorological_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Belgrade Meteorological Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Meteorological_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:47.563288+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: belgrade-meteorological-station-20260505-0
summary:
Meteorology was first practiced in Serbia when meteorological data was gathered, monitored and recorded on a daily basis, in 1848, in Belgrade. Daily, meteorological forecasts started in 1892. The first meteorologist was Vladimir Jakšić. While the first meteorological observation post was in a nearby private house, a meteorological observation station (Serbian Meteorološka opservatorija) building was built in 1891 by architect Dimitrije T. Leko, on Vračar's plateau, in Savinac (recognized also as Englezovac, named after Francis Mackenzie). == External links == Belgrade Meteorological Station (in English)


id: border-beacon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Beacon-0.md
category: reference
title: Border Beacon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Beacon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:50.446674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: border-beacon-20260505-0
summary:
Border Beacon (Mid-Canada Line Site 212) was a United States Air Force military installation in Labrador, located approximately 190 km (120 mi) west of the Town of Hopedale. Border Beacon was a bistatic radar Doppler Detection Station on the Mid-Canada Line system of early-warning radar stations. Opened in 1957, and fully operational in 1958, Border Beacon was in operation for eight years. The eastern portion of the Mid-Canada Line was shut down in 1965 and the site was closed. == Transport Canada == The Government of Canada took possession of the Border Beacon site from the US in 1965 and transformed it into a weather station. Transport Canada operated the weather station until it closed in the 1970s. == Accidents and incidents == On 10 January 1986, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver (C-GUBD) of Goose Bay Air Services departed CFB Goose Bay and crashed at Border Beacon due to unknown circumstances. == References ==


id: eismitte-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eismitte-0.md
category: reference
title: Eismitte
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eismitte
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:52.817692+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eismitte-20260505-0
summary:
Eismitte, also called Mid-Ice in English, was a meteorological station established, in the middle of the Greenland Ice Sheet, by the 1930-31 German Greenland Expedition. The venture took place from July 1930 until August 1931, and established three Arctic stations on the same parallel. The expedition leader, German scientist Alfred Wegener, died during a trip back from Eismitte, in early November 1930. The station was abandoned on 1 August 1931. == Location == The name "Eismitte" means Ice-Middle in German, and the campsite was located 402 kilometers (250 mi) from the coast at an estimated altitude of 3,010 metres (9,880 ft). The coldest temperature recorded at the site was −64.8 °C (−84.6 °F) on 20 March 1931, while the warmest temperature noted was −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) on 9 July 1931. For the 12-month period beginning 1 August 1930 and ending 5 August 1931, the warmest month, July, had a mean monthly temperature of −12.3 °C (9.9 °F). while the coldest month, February, averaged −47.2 °C (−53.0 °F). Over the same period a total of 110 millimetres (4.3 in) of water-equivalent precipitation was recorded, with most of it being received in Winter. At the latitude of the camp, the sun


id: eureka-nunavut-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut-0.md
category: reference
title: Eureka, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:54.095576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eureka-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west. It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world. The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada. Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867. == Divisions == The base consists of three areas: the Eureka Aerodrome, which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment) the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO) PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change. PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds. == History == Eureka


id: falsterbo-lighthouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsterbo_Lighthouse-0.md
category: reference
title: Falsterbo Lighthouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsterbo_Lighthouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:55.318216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: falsterbo-lighthouse-20260505-0
summary:
Falsterbo Lighthouse (Swedish: Falsterbo fyr) . To the north-east of the lighthouse is the city of Skanör-Falsterbo, to the south-east of the lighthouse are some of the finest sandy beaches in Sweden and surrounding the lighthouse is the golf course of the Falsterbo Golf Club. == History == The sea route past the Falsterbo Headland has always been dangerous, because of the moving sand banks hidden under the sea. In 1230 the Dominikans from Lübeck sent a letter to the Danish king Valdemar with a request that a "mark" should be built to warn seafarers. There is no evidence that it was ever built. Most likely is that a prominent house at Falsterbo and The Church of Santa Maria were used as seamarks. In 1636, a lever light known as a "swape" light was built nearby at Kolabacken. An iron basket full of burning coal was hoisted up and down by a balanced bar, hence the light was moving and easier to detect. The coal fire was intensely red and could not be mistaken for a star or ship lantern. The remains of the beacon are still visible as a small hillock of ashes and coal, "Coal Hill" (Swedish: Kolabacken).


id: finnsbu-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnsbu-0.md
category: reference
title: Finnsbu
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnsbu
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:56.595467+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finnsbu-20260505-0
summary:
Finnsbu was a Norwegian hunting, meteorological and radio station (Finnsbu Radio/LMX) located on the King Frederick VI Coast, Southeastern Greenland. Administratively the area were the hut stood belongs now to the Sermersooq municipality. The station was located on the shore of Graah Fjord, in the much indented coast of southern Thorland. Finnsbu was part of a sovereignty claims staked by Norway in Southeast Greenland between 60°30'N —just north of Nanuuseq, and 63°40'N —just south of Odinland. == History == In 1931 Norway sent two expeditions to establish hunting, meteorological and radio stations in Southeast Greenland. Finn Devold (1902 - 1977), Hallvard Devold's brother, on ship Heimen from Tromsø, led the bigger party of six hunters to establish a Norwegian station. Initially Devold went to Timmiarmiut Fjord, but then he moved north to Skjoldungen District and built the hut by a good harbor in southern Thorland, naming it Finnsbu after his own name. Devold's team built two other main stations, as well as a number of smaller huts in the same region. The other expedition, led by Ole Mortensen, went initially to Storfjord (Kangerlussuaq Fjord) on ship Signalhorn and built a hut there. Since hunting there was poor, Mortensen moved with


id: giles-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Weather_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Giles Weather Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Weather_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:57.875648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: giles-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Giles Weather Station (also referred to as Giles Meteorological Station or Giles) is located in the locality of Warakurna, Western Australia near the Northern Territory border, about 750 kilometres (470 mi) west-south-west of Alice Springs and 330 kilometres (210 mi) west of Uluru. It is the only staffed regional weather station in mainland Australia, having previously been the only one within an area of about 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) by 2008, and is situated mid-continent and near the core of the subtropical jetstream. This means it plays an important role as a weather and climate observatory for the country, particularly eastern and southeastern Australia, and particularly for rainfall predictions. The station is on the Great Central Road in the locality of Warakurna and the nearest township is the Warakurna Aboriginal settlement (population 180), 5 kilometres (3 mi) North. Giles is within the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku and is in the foothills of the Rawlinson Ranges. == Operation and facilities == A staff of three operates the remote station on four-monthly tours. As of 2026, the station reports its weather using Australian Central Standard Time in line with South Australia, including daylight saving. Giles Airport, a 1,600-metre (5,200 ft) airstrip


id: hatteras-weather-bureau-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Weather_Bureau_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Hatteras Weather Bureau Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Weather_Bureau_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:59.148188+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hatteras-weather-bureau-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Hatteras Weather Bureau Station is a wood-frame building in Hatteras, North Carolina built in 1901 for what was then called the U.S. Weather Bureau. The then-remote location on the Outer Banks of North Carolina provided data on conditions in the Atlantic Ocean from a fixed location that was farther into the ocean environment than any on the Atlantic coast. The building served as a weather station from 1902 to 1946, when it was converted to living quarters for Weather Bureau personnel. In 1952 the property was turned over to the U.S. Coast Guard, which used it until 1958, when it was transferred to the National Park Service for use by Cape Hatteras National Seashore. From 1958 to 1976 the building was used as a research station, first by Duke University and later by North Carolina State University for investigations concerning marine invertebrates. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. == References ==


id: isachsen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isachsen-0.md
category: reference
title: Isachsen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isachsen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:00.409161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: isachsen-20260505-0
summary:
Isachsen is a remote Arctic research-weather station named after the Norwegian explorer of the Arctic Gunnar Isachsen. It is on the western shore of Ellef Ringnes Island in the Sverdrup Islands, in the territory of Nunavut in Canada. Isachsen Station was established to participate in a joint Canadian-American weather observation program. Isachsen Station operated from April 3, 1948, through September 19, 1978. Regular weather observations began on May 3, 1948. In October 1949, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain (tail number 316062) crash-landed near the station. No one was killed, but three on board were injured. The wreckage has been preserved by the cold weather and dry conditions. == Climate == According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, Isachsen and the surrounding area has the worst weather in Canada with a Climate Severity Index of 99 out of a possible 100. The climate of Isachsen is a severe tundra climate, with short, cool summers and long, cold winters. The record high is 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) on July 21, 1962, and the record low is −53.9 °C (−65.0 °F) on March 16, 1956. == Flora and fauna == There are no trees or shrubs that can live this far north. The plant


id: king-city-weather-radar-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_City_weather_radar_station-0.md
category: reference
title: King City weather radar station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_City_weather_radar_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:02.906887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: king-city-weather-radar-station-20260505-0
summary:
The King City weather radar station (ICAO site identifier CASKR (CWKR prior to 2021)) is a weather radar located in King City, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by Environment Canada and is part of the Canadian weather radar network, for which it is the primary research station. The 16.45 hectare site is listed at an elevation of 360 m, and the tower is 27 m tall. Mounted on the tower was a 5 cm weather radar, and a C-band dual-polarization radar system, installed at the site in 2004, which was replaced during the modernization program of Canadian weather radar network of 2021 by an S band (10 cm), dual-polarization radar. == Research == The station serves a number of research roles, and collects data to fulfill those observational needs. It is "responsible for providing national leadership on radar meteorology research applications". In 1984, the Research Directorate of the Atmospheric Environment Service established the first Canadian weather radar with Doppler capability in King City. In 2004, a dual-polarization radar was installed for further research. These systems are used for predictive purposes, and the data collected is used for weather forecasts for the Greater Toronto Area and the Golden Horseshoe. Further, under


id: malay-falls-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Falls,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Malay Falls, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Falls,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:05.321545+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malay-falls-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Malay Falls is a small rural community on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The community is located along Route 374 and is about 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of Sheet Harbour. The community is located along East River, and is adjacent to the Malay Falls Flowage, a lake along the river's course. Malay Falls was first settled in 1784. Colin Malay acquired land here in 1849, when the area was called Salmon River. The Government of Canada maintains a weather station in the community. == Climate == == References == Citations Bibliography Scott, David (2011). Nova Scotia Place Names. DESPUB. ISBN 978-0-9865370-1-1.


id: malin-head-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Head-0.md
category: reference
title: Malin Head
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Head
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:06.518950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malin-head-20260505-0
summary:
Malin Head (Irish: Cionn Mhálanna) is the most northerly point of mainland Ireland, located in the townland of Ardmalin on the Inishowen peninsula in County Donegal. The head's northernmost point is called Dunalderagh at latitude 55.38ºN. It is about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the village of Malin. The island of Inishtrahull is further north, about 10 km (6 mi) northeast of the headland. Malin Head gives its name to the Malin sea area. There is a weather station on the head, which is one of 22 such stations whose reports are broadcast as part of the BBC Shipping Forecast. A tower built in 1805 is on Altnadarrow, also known locally as the Tower Hill. Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a point called Βορειον (Boreion, "the northern") which probably referred to Malin Head. == Locality == To the northeast Inistrahull Island can be seen. The first lighthouse on the island was put into operation in 1813, and the light flashes every 30 seconds. Below Altnadarrow to the east lies Ballyhillion beach, a unique raised beach system of international scientific importance. The very distinct shorelines show the changing relationship between the sea and the land from the time the


id: mark-ivb-meteorological-data-station-an-umq-13-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARK_IVB_Meteorological_Data_Station_AN/UMQ-13-0.md
category: reference
title: MARK IVB Meteorological Data Station AN/UMQ-13
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARK_IVB_Meteorological_Data_Station_AN/UMQ-13
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:07.763447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mark-ivb-meteorological-data-station-an-umq-13-20260505-0
summary:
The AN/UMQ-13(V) system or MARK IV-B, is a meteorological data station that is owned and operated by the United States Space Force. This system allows meteorologists from around the globe to analyze and forecast meteorological data from polar orbiting satellites belonging to, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). The MARK IVB also uses geostationary orbiting satellites to include Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), Japan's Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS), and Meteosat which is operated in cooperation between EUMETSAT and the European Space Agency. There are nine operational MARK IVB terminals world-wide to provide operational missions with tactical meteorological information for a specific location. With the rapid changes in technology, the MARK IVB operates a Windows based software allowing for the rapid analyzing of meteorological images. Older models of this system were unable to process microwave data which resulted in new techniques and upgraded to both the satellites and the MARK IVB terminals. The upgrades to satellite sensors enable the ability for both satellites and meteorologists to detect weather conditions such as thunderstorms, lightning, volcanic ash, and fog. Both commercial and military aircraft can be severely affected by these weather conditions. == References ==


id: molodyozhnaya-station-antarctica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)-0.md
category: reference
title: Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:10.224878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: molodyozhnaya-station-antarctica-20260505-0
summary:
Molodyozhnaya (Russian: Молодёжная, "Youth") (also known as "Molodezhnaya") was a Soviet, then Russian research station in East Antarctica at 67°40′S 45°50′E. After being mothballed in 1990, it was reopened in 2006 to operate on a seasonal basis. In Russian, the station is sometimes referred to as the capital of Antarctica. == Location == Molodyozhnaya Station is located in the Thala Hills, 500–600 meters inland from the coast on the southern shore of Alasheyev Bight in the Cosmonaut Sea, at 42 meters above sea level. The area around the station is composed mostly of rocky ridges separated by snow-covered depressions and lakes. The sea near the station is covered in pack ice for much of the year, out to a distance of as much as 100 km at the end of winter. The rise to the summit of the massive East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Dome A) begins 1.5-2.0 km from the shore. Kheis Glacier is located in 15 km east of the station, and Campbell Glacier is roughly the same distance to the southwest. == History == The site was opened in February 1962, and used as a launch site for suborbital meteorological sounding rockets. From 25 May 1969 and 26


id: navy-oceanographic-meteorological-automatic-device-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_oceanographic_meteorological_automatic_device-0.md
category: reference
title: Navy oceanographic meteorological automatic device
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_oceanographic_meteorological_automatic_device
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:11.466331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: navy-oceanographic-meteorological-automatic-device-20260505-0
summary:
The Navy oceanographic meteorological automatic device (NOMAD) is an anchored automated weather station developed shortly after World War II and still used today. == Advantages == The NOMAD has a boat-shaped hull made from aluminum, and it provides relatively high cost-effectiveness and excellent long-term survivability in severe weather. NOMAD buoys are highly directional and have a quick rotational response and stability. There have been no known capsizings of 6-meter (20 ft) NOMAD hulls. The relatively small size of the NOMAD allows for easy transport across land. == Development == The NOMAD hull was developed from the "Roberts buoy," which was a 6.67-foot-long (2.03 m), 400-pound (181 kg) boat-shaped buoy developed in the early 1940s by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to measure strong tidal currents. The buoy's performance was satisfactory, but its limited size significantly restricted its use in other areas. In July 1946, the United States Navy's Bureau of Ships became involved in a program to develop automatic weather station buoys. As a prospective part of this program, they conducted a preliminary investigation of the feasibility of mooring a buoy. The investigation concluded that the buoy's hull size was of insufficient length to be moored in 3,600


id: nottingham-weather-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Weather_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Nottingham Weather Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Weather_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:13.914228+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nottingham-weather-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Nottingham Weather Centre (also referred to Nottingham Watnall) is a functioning observation and weather station located in Watnall, Nottinghamshire in England. The weather station is located 5.6 miles (9.0 km) from the city centre of Nottingham, and is the closest weather station to Nottingham with observations. The weather station was established in 1941 and like many other weather stations in the United Kingdom, the recording of weather observations began in January 1960. The weather centre is currently being managed by the Met Office. The station's WMO classification index is 03354. == Climate == As the weather station is located at a higher elevation of 117 m or 384 ft, temperatures are usually cooler than the city centre of Nottingham and the Sutton Bonington weather station, as these locations are situated on a lower elevation. During the period of 1981–2010, the Nottingham Weather Centre lies within hardiness zone 9a and lies within the AHS heat zone 1. For the periods of 1961–1990 and 1971–2000 the station lied within the hardiness zone 8b, as the average annual minimum temperature was below −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) during those periods. == References ==


id: oglethorpe-barracks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe_Barracks-0.md
category: reference
title: Oglethorpe Barracks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe_Barracks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:15.361136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oglethorpe-barracks-20260505-0
summary:
Oglethorpe Barracks usually refers to a 19th-century United States Army post in the historic district of Savannah, Georgia. Some sources use the title to refer to Fort James Jackson (also known as Fort Oglethorpe) or Fort Wayne, both near Savannah. A hotel constructed in the 1880s now sits on the site of the old barracks. == Origin == In 1824, City of Savannah, Georgia, petitioned Secretary of War John C. Calhoun to build a military barracks within the city and agreed to purchase the necessary land. The War Department agreed to the endeavor and furnished the materials to build the barracks. The barracks took the name of James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia colony and of the settlement of Savannah. Weather observations from 1827-1835 cited in Grice's study were likely collected at Cantonment Oglethorpe, a separate artillery installation located outside the city that operated from 1826 to 1835. Following years of high mortality from malaria at the cantonment, troops relocated to the newly constructed Oglethorpe Barracks on Liberty Street in May 1835. Construction of Oglethorpe Barracks finished circa 1834. The weather station began using a rain gauge in 1836. Meteorological observations continued through December 1850. == Civil War == Local Confederate


id: penkridge-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penkridge_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Penkridge weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penkridge_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:17.870037+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: penkridge-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Penkridge weather station is a weather station at Penkridge in Staffordshire, England, operated by the Met Office. It is situated on the site of Rodbaston College. The station is 101 m above mean sea level. Below are the 1981-2010 averages. == External links == Met office: Penkridge 1961-1990 averages Met office: Penkridge 1971-2000 averages


id: pitsford-hall-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsford_Hall_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Pitsford Hall weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsford_Hall_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:19.126205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pitsford-hall-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Pitsford Weather Centre, formerly Pitsford Hall weather station, is an climatological station maintained by Pitsford School in the village of Pitsford, Northamptonshire. The centre was established in 1998 and issues local forecasts for the county as well as maintaining a detailed and continuous weather record. The centre maintains the Met Office climate station for Northampton, officially known as Pitsford, Northampton. The centre is a regular contributor to weather-related articles in the local press and has featured on local and national TV and radio. An analysis of each month's weather as well special articles are published in the centre's Monthly Weather report received by the British Library and available online and in hard copy to subscribers. The weather station has been run by Sixth Form students using traditional meteorological instruments from its inception in 1998 until 2016 when the site became fully automatic and renamed Pitsford Weather Centre. However, manual observations were recommenced in 2018 when the site was incorporated into the Met Office network of climatological monitoring stations. The Weather information is now available via Twitter and Facebook as well as smartphone apps for iPhone and Android. An extensive archive of county weather records is held by the station which


id: progress-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Progress Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:20.509342+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: progress-station-20260505-0
summary:
Progress (Russian: Прогресс) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) research station in Antarctica. It is located at the Larsemann Hills antarctic oasis on the shore of Prydz Bay. The station was established by the 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition on April 1, 1988, and was moved to another place on February 26, 1989 In 2000, work was temporarily halted but it reopened in 2003. A landing field is located close to the station for air connection with other stations. From 1998 to 2001 works were performed to transfer transportation operations to Progress from the Mirny Station and make it the main support base for Vostok station. In 2004, work began on a year-round facility at the station. On October 4, 2008, a fire broke out at the construction site resulting in the death of a construction worker and two serious injuries. The fire resulted in the complete loss of the new structure, as well as damage to the station's communications and scientific equipment. In 2013, the construction of a new wintering complex was completed. It is a residential unit with a sauna and gym, rooms for meteorologists and radio operators, a medical care unit which doubles as a regional hospital, and its


id: remote-automated-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Automated_Weather_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Remote Automated Weather Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Automated_Weather_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:21.725459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: remote-automated-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Remote Automatic Weather Stations (RAWS) system is a network of automated weather stations run by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and monitored by the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), mainly to observe potential wildfire conditions. Unlike the automated airport weather stations which are located at significant airports, RAWS stations are often located in remote areas, particularly in national forests. Because of this, they usually are not connected to the electrical grid, but rather have their own solar panels, and a battery to store power for overnight reporting. Some instead run on a generator. In both cases, data important to operating the station itself, such as battery voltage or fuel level, is often included in the hourly reports. Also because of the remote locations, most communicate with a radio connection to a GOES satellite. In this regard, they are similar to mesonets and may be mesonets if the distance between stations (spatial resolution) is sufficiently dense. They often lack the consistently high-quality data needed for use in numerical weather prediction and climatology, however. Road Weather Information System (RWIS) may likewise be self-powered and located in remote areas. == Portable RAWS == There are times


id: requetemu-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requetemu-0.md
category: reference
title: Requetemu
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requetemu
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:22.958783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: requetemu-20260505-0
summary:
Requetemu is a NOAA weather station in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Its coordinates are 21.93°N 98.90°W﻿ / 21.93; -98.90. It is 89m (292 feet) above sea level. == Footnotes == == External links == "Climate Explorer: Time series". climexp.knmi.nl. Retrieved 2008-07-09.


id: road-weather-information-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_weather_information_system-0.md
category: reference
title: Road weather information system
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_weather_information_system
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:24.173241+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: road-weather-information-system-20260505-0
summary:
A road weather information system (RWIS) comprises remote automatic weather stations (AWSs) – often technically referred to as environmental sensor stations (ESSs), as they also cover non-meteorological variables – a communication system for data transfer, and central systems to collect field data from numerous ESSs. These stations measure real-time atmospheric parameters, pavement conditions, water level conditions, visibility, and sometimes other variables. Central RWIS hardware and software are used to process observations from ESSs to develop nowcasts or forecasts, and to display or disseminate road weather information in a format that can be easily interpreted by a manager. RWIS data are used by road operators and maintainers to support decision making. Real-time RWIS data is also used by automated warning systems (AWSs). The spatial and temporal resolution of a station network can be that of a mesonet or sometimes a constituent network in a network of station networks comprising a mesonet. The data is often considered proprietary although it is typically ingested into the major numerical weather prediction models. == Sensors == Thermometer for measuring temperature and pavement conditions Anemometer for measuring wind speed Wind vane for measuring wind direction Visibility sensor for detecting fog and smoke Rain gauge for measuring


id: ross-on-wye-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Ross-on-Wye weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:25.417927+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ross-on-wye-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Ross-on-Wye weather station is a weather station, now fully automated, situated off the Walford Road in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, England. == Tradition == Throughout the Second World War, it was the only volunteer-run weather station to be accepted by the Met office. Every night throughout the conflict, it was the only land-locked station to be included in the shipping forecast on the World Service. The anecdotes goes that- even when in the Pacific- the soldiers from Ross would know exactly what the weather was like around at their mothers. Clement Grant Dixon, Physics teacher, Ross Grammar School, 1970. == History == Henry Southall (1836–1916), set up a station at 'The Craig, Ross' in 1859. It was in 1860, after the loss of the Royal Charter in 1859, that Robert FitzRoy (1805–1865) used the electric telegraph to transmit weather data so he might issue storm warnings and in 1861 issue weather forecasts. Importantly Ross was already operating. Frederick James Parsons arrived in Ross in 1912 having previously had his own amateur station when a child. He met up with Southall, and established his own station at Chase Dale in the Chase, Ross. In 1914 he was made a Fellow of Royal


id: schatzgr-ber-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzgräber_(weather_station)-0.md
category: reference
title: Schatzgräber (weather station)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzgräber_(weather_station)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:26.678768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schatzgr-ber-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Schatzgräber or “Treasure Hunter” was the name of a military weather station Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine established in the north of Alexandra Land in the Arctic Franz Josef Land archipelago in 1943. The construction of the secret complex codename “Treasure Hunter” began in 1942 at the command of Adolf Hitler but came into operation only in 1943. The mission of the station's crew started in September that year and lasted until July 1944, when they were summarily evacuated after most of them consumed raw polar bear meat and fell sick. == Weather observations in the Arctic == Since the beginning of World War II, the Kriegsmarine was endowed with the task of collecting meteorological data in support of the German war effort. That was accomplished mainly by weather-observation vessels (frequently refitted fishing boats). Motivated by repeated losses of such boats, beginning in 1941, and under direction of Hans-Robert Knoespel, the erection of meteorological stations on land was planned and executed. The first such station around the Arctic Ocean, Knospe, was established in the northwest of the main island of the Svalbard archipelago in October 1941. == Weather troop Schatzgräber == To prepare members of the meteorological mission for the conditions in


id: snotel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOTEL-0.md
category: reference
title: SNOTEL
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOTEL
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:27.951186+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: snotel-20260505-0
summary:
SNOTEL is an automated system of snowpack and related climate sensors operated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture in the Western United States. There are over 900 SNOTEL (or snow telemetry) sites in 11 states, including Alaska. The sites are generally located in remote high-mountain watersheds where access is often difficult or restricted. Access for maintenance by the NRCS includes various modes from hiking and skiing to helicopters. All SNOTEL sites measure snow water content, accumulated precipitation, and air temperature. Some sites also measure snow depth, soil moisture and temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. These data are used to forecast yearly water supplies, predict floods, and for general climate research. == History == Installation of SNOTEL began in the mid-1960s. Its use in climate forecasting was not originally envisioned, but it has become the standard climate data for western U.S. locations which are elevated sufficiently to have at least a seasonal snowpack. Ongoing algorithm upgrades correct and backfill missing data, while improvements in communications improve the overall quality of data collection. == Meteor burst technology (phased out) == SNOTEL used to use meteor burst communications technology to collect


id: sornfelli-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sornfelli-0.md
category: reference
title: Sornfelli
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sornfelli
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:29.273796+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sornfelli-20260505-0
summary:
Sornfelli is a mountain plateau on the island of Streymoy in the Faroe Islands about 12 km from the capital Tórshavn (20 km by road), in the Mjørkadalur valley. It is the site of a NATO military radar station at 725m above sea level (asl). The Sornfelli Meteorological Station installed in 1999 is located in the middle of the 40,000 m2 Sornfelli Mountain top plateau, also at 725m above sea level. == Climate == Temperatures at the meteorological station in 2000 were: Mean annual air temperature: +1.7 °C Mean coldest month (April): −2.2 °C Mean warmest month (August): 6.5 °C From Tórshavn you can drive over the mountain road "Oyggjarvegin" to the Sornfelli Mountain plateau. There is a public road up to the Sornfelli Mountain plateau, but not the last 200 m to the radar base. The mountain of Sornfelli has a height of 749m. == Military base == Sornfelli was the site of a Danish military installation (Joint Arctic Command) and NATO early warning radar system until the Danish authorities closed it in 2002. Known as Site 43, it was also part of the North Atlantic Radio System and ACE High, with tropospheric scatter links to Hofn Air Station


id: storfjord-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfjord_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Storfjord Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfjord_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:30.566855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: storfjord-station-20260505-0
summary:
Storfjord was a Norwegian hunting, meteorological and radio station ("Storfjord/LMR") located in King Christian IX Land, Eastern Greenland. Administratively the area were the hut stood belongs now to the Sermersooq municipality. The station was built on the shore of Kangerlussuaq Fjord, also known as Storfjord. The anchorage near the station was difficult owing to the deep waters of the fjord and the very strong currents. == History == In 1931 Norway sent two expeditions to establish hunting and radio stations in Southeast Greenland. Led by Ole Mortensen, one of the expeditions went to Kangerlussuaq Fjord on ship Signalhorn and built a hut there, Storfjord Station. Since hunting there was poor, Mortensen moved with his men south to Lindenow Fjord, where a Norwegian radio and meteorological station named Moreton was built 7 km (4.3 mi) from the mouth of the fjord in 1932. Meanwhile another Norwegian station was built in Thorland and named Finnsbu. In the same year Norway staked sovereignty claims in Southeast Greenland between 60°30'N —just north of Nanuuseq, and 63°40'N —just south of Odinland. As a result, another expedition was sent by the Norwegian government led by Gunnar Horn on ship Veslemari and the Storfjord Station was reestablished.


id: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northeastern-thailand-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of Thai Meteorological Department weather stations in northeastern Thailand
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:31.840151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northeastern-thailand-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northeastern_Thailand-0.md

summary:
Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) has a total of 118 weather stations throughout Thailand, including 21 Agromet stations. == Weather stations in Thailand == Thailand is according to Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) for climatic observations divided into six regions: northern, northeastern, eastern, central, southern (west coast) and southern (east coast) Thailand. == Northeastern region == The northeastern region includes the 20 provinces: === TMD weather stations in northeastern Thailand === There are a total of 22 weather stations in northeastern Thailand, including 3 Agromet stations. === TMD weather stations === All TMD weather stations in Thailand have their own website. The weather forecasts are at 1.00, 4.00, 7.00, 10.00, 13.00, 16.00, 19.00 and 22.00 hour. The weather stations distribute the weather forecasts every day at 7.30, 8.30, 12.30,13.30,19.30 and 20.30 via FM radio broadcast, these include the weather forecasts of the neighboring weather stations. When the weather station is located near an airport, the Royal Thai Air Force and civil aviation use their own weather station for the pilots' briefing. In the northeastern region just four stations have a weather radar with a radius of 120 km or 240 km, they are station Sakon Nakhon, Khon Kaen, Ubon Ratchathani and Surin.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northeastern_Thailand


id: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northern-thailand-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of Thai Meteorological Department weather stations in northern Thailand
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:33.031034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northern-thailand-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northern_Thailand-0.md

summary:
Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) has a total of 118 weather stations throughout Thailand, including 21 Agromet stations. == Weather stations in Thailand == Thailand is according to Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) for climatic observations divided into six regions: northern, northeastern, eastern, central, southern (west coast) and southern (east coast) Thailand. == Northern region == The northern region includes the 15 provinces: === TMD weather stations in northern Thailand === There are a total of 29 weather stations in northern Thailand, including 5 Agromet stations. === TMD weather station Phitsanulok === Like all TMD weather stations in Thailand, the weather station has its own website. The weather forecasts are at 1.00, 4.00, 7.00, 10.00, 13.00, 16.00, 19.00 and 22.00 hour. This weather station (48378) distributes the weather forecasts every day at 7.30, 8.30, 12.30,13.30,19.30 and 20.30 via radio broadcast on FM 104.25 MHz, these include the weather forecasts of the five neighboring weather stations. The weather station is located near Phitsanulok airport. But both the Royal Thai Air Force and civil aviation use their own weather station for the pilots' briefing. In the northern region just five stations have a weather radar with a radius of 120 km or 240 km,

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northern_Thailand


id: torgilsbu-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgilsbu-0.md
category: reference
title: Torgilsbu
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgilsbu
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:34.267594+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: torgilsbu-20260505-0
summary:
Torgilsbu was a Norwegian hunting, meteorological and radio station (Torgilsbu Radio/LMQ) located on the King Frederick VI Coast, Southeastern Greenland. Administratively the area were the hut stood belongs now to the Kujalleq municipality. The station was located on the northern shore of the head of Nanuuseq Fjord, formerly known as Oyfjord. There was an anchorage in the fjord near the station. == History == In 1931 Norway sent two expeditions to establish hunting and radio stations in Southeast Greenland. Led by Ole Mortensen, one of the expeditions went to Storfjord (Kangerlussuaq Fjord) on ship Signalhorn and built a hut there. Since hunting there was poor, Mortensen moved with his men to Lindenow Fjord, where a Norwegian radio and meteorological station named Moreton was built 7 km (4.3 mi) from the mouth of the fjord in 1932. Meanwhile another Norwegian station was built in Thorland and named Finnsbu. In the same year Norway staked sovereignty claims in Southeast Greenland between 60°30'N —just north of Nanuuseq, and 63°40'N —just south of Odinland. As a result, another expedition was sent by the Norwegian government led by Gunnar Horn on ship Veslemari and the Storfjord Station was reestablished. The Lindenow Fjord station was moved


id: transmitter-hamburg-billstedt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter_Hamburg-Billstedt-0.md
category: reference
title: Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter_Hamburg-Billstedt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:35.511493+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: transmitter-hamburg-billstedt-20260505-0
summary:
The Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt is a broadcasting facility in Hamburg-Billstedt, established in 1934. It is owned and operated by the Norddeutscher Rundfunk public broadcasting service, but open to competitors, too. == History == From 1934 to 1949 it used as transmission aerial a wire hung up in a tower of wood. This tower had until 1941 a height of 145 metres. In 1941 its height was reduced to 84.5 metres and in 1949 it was demolished. In 1940 a second aerial in form of a triangle area aerial was built. This aerial allowing transmitting on a wide frequency range was demolished in the Fifties. In 1949/50 a 198-metre-high guyed steelframework mast with a cage aerial and a transmission aerial for FM and TV on its top was erected. From this mast, which was partly destroyed by a storm during its erection in December 1949, between 1953 and 1962 the programme of the "Deutschen Langwellensender" (German longwave transmitter) was broadcast. This programme was transmitted in a special modulation mode, the compatible single sideband modulation, allowing smaller bandwidth and the possibility of reception with conventional AM receivers. Because this mast was under high voltage the aerials for FM and TV on its top


id: understory-company-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory_(company)-0.md
category: reference
title: Understory (company)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory_(company)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:36.721466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: understory-company-20260505-0
summary:
Understory (founded in 2012 as WInstruments) is a company that forecasts weather and collects data using a grid of weather-sensing hardware that tracks weather from the ground level. == History == Although originally known as WInstruments, founder and CEO Alex Kubicek changed the company name to Subsidence and joined Gener8tor, a group in Madison, Wisconsin that provides funding to startups. After receiving funding from Gener8tor, the company moved to Boston to the Bolt hardware accelerator. Kubicek soon renamed the company “Understory,” and combined funding from Gener8tor and Bolt came to $68,000. After raising $1.9 million in seed funding led by True Ventures, with participation by RRE Ventures, Vegas Tech Fund, SK Ventures, and Andrew C. Payne, the company moved from Madison to Boston, Massachusetts. Headquarters was set up in Somerville at the clean tech incubator, Greentown Labs, and the company set up pilot tests in Kansas City, Missouri, Dallas, Texas, and Boston. Series A funding resulted in another $7.5 million for the company, co-led by 4490 Ventures and Monsanto Growth Ventures and joined by CSA Partners, True Ventures, RRE Ventures, and SK Ventures. The company then announced a plan to move back to Madison, Wisconsin. The company's first customer was


id: vvc-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVC_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: VVC weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVC_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:37.941350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vvc-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
The VDNKh weather station is the principal weather station in Moscow, Russia. It opened in 1948 on the grounds of the All-Russia Exhibition Centre. The station's World meteorological organization classification index is 27612. == History == The Moscow Agrometeorological station at the VSHV was opened on August 1, 1939, along with the main cascade, and operated for 11 months until July 1, 1940. Since the beginning of the war, it has been mothballed. It was only on May 20, 1948, that the 2nd-class meteorological station was reopened on the territory of the All-Russian Agricultural Academy. On June 10, 1949, it was reorganized into the agrometeorological station Moscow, VSHV, which still exists today under the name Moscow, VDNH. The station was moved several times within the territory of VDNKH, but the surrounding conditions did not change significantly.. == Climatological data == == Climate change == According to the VDNKh weather station, the climate has been getting warmer in recent decades, and the average annual temperature has been rising.. The reasons for this process may be both the so—called global warming and the natural cyclical climate, as well as the continued growth of the city (an increase in population, the number of


id: weather-station-kurt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt-0.md
category: reference
title: Weather Station Kurt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:39.157410+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weather-station-kurt-20260505-0
summary:
Weather Station Kurt (Wetter-Funkgerät Land-26) was an automatic weather station, erected by a German U-boat crew of the Kriegsmarine in northern Labrador, Dominion of Newfoundland (now part of Canada), in October 1943. Installing the equipment for the station was the only known armed German military operation on land in North America (outside of Greenland) during the Second World War. After the war, it was forgotten until its rediscovery in 1977. == Background == In the northern hemisphere, weather systems in temperate climates predominantly move from west to east. This gave the Allies an important advantage. The Allied network of weather stations in North America, Greenland, and Iceland allowed the Allies to make more accurate weather forecasts than the Germans. German meteorologists used weather reports sent by U-boats and weather ships, such as Lauenburg, operating in the North Atlantic. They also had reports from clandestine weather stations in remote parts of the Arctic and readings collected over the Atlantic by specially equipped weather aircraft. However, the ships and clandestine stations were easily captured by the Allies during the early part of the war. Data from aircraft was incomplete as they were limited in range and susceptible to Allied attack. Regular weather


id: western-head-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Head,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Western Head, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Head,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:40.340825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: western-head-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Western Head is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Region of Queens Municipality. The Meteorological Service of Canada maintains a weather station in Western Head ID: CWWE. A lighthouse and fog station, the Western Head Lighthouse, is located here at 43.989109°N 64.661495°W﻿ / 43.989109; -64.661495﻿ (Western Head Lighthouse). The lighthouse is an octagonal concrete tower with an aluminum lantern. Western Head is prone to tropical storms and hurricanes that track up the East Coast. However, effects are usually quick and minimal as the cool waters may weaken the storm, and storms usually move very quickly across Western Head. For example, Hurricane Earl made landfall near Western Head as a large Category One hurricane in 2010. == References ==


id: white-elephant-building-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)-0.md
category: reference
title: White Elephant (building)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:41.515341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: white-elephant-building-20260505-0
summary:
White Elephant (Ukrainian: Білий слон, romanized: Bilyi slon; Polish: Biały Słoń) is an abandoned campus of the former Polish Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory of University of Warsaw, located at remote area on the peak of Pip Ivan in the Chornohora range of the Carpathian Mountains, Ukraine. Currently the structure is used as a mountain shelter with a small search and rescue team with some rooms adapted for lodging and recovery. Along with that Bialy Slon is recognized as a historical landmark and there are restoration activities on the way since 2012 to restore its original conditions in cooperation with the Ciscarpathian National University and the University of Warsaw and scheduled to be finished in 2018. It is considered to be the highest built residential structure in Ukraine. The closest settlement today is the village of Zelene in Verkhovyna Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Currently the observatory is classified under the registration number three as a monument of cultural heritage that is not considered for privatization. The facility is located with the Carpathian National Nature Park. The region was part of the Second Polish Republic when the observatory was established during the interbellum period. Biały Słoń, started in 1937 and completed in the


id: white-elephant-building-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)-1.md
category: reference
title: White Elephant (building)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:41.515341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: white-elephant-building-20260505-0
summary:
On 18 September 1939, following the Soviet aggression on the eastern part of Poland (see: Kresy), the personnel of the observatory packed the most important equipment (including the refractor) and left for the Hungarian border. At first it was taken to the Budapest Konkoly Observatory, and then the Vienna Observatory by the end of the war. Within the first years after the war, the equipment returned to Poland. The three-lens objective today is located in the Silesian Planetarium (Katowice). By the end of the month, the Red Army had captured the building. After the region was united with the Ukrainian SSR, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) sent an expedition. On 31 December 1939 the first academician-astronomer of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Oleksandr Orlov, visited the observatory. He established that the most valuable equipment has been taken out of the building, including five large-diameter lenses, two lenses of smaller diameter, two micrometers, and two chronometers. Based on Orlov's report, the NASU Presidium declared that the Carpathian Astronomical Observatory (the newly acquired name) was to be transferred to the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, based on a resolution of the government of the


id: observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:43.099429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: observatory-20260505-0
summary:
An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geophysics, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed. The term observatoire has been used in French since at least 1976 to denote any institution that compiles and presents data on a particular subject (such as public health observatory) or for a particular geographic area (European Audiovisual Observatory). == Astronomical observatories == Astronomical observatories are mainly divided into four categories according to location: space-based, airborne, ground-based, and underground-based. Historically, ground-based observatories were as simple as containing a mural instrument (for measuring the angle between stars) or Stonehenge (which has some alignments on astronomical phenomena). Astronomical observatories may be private or they may be public. === Ground-based observatories === Ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the radio and visible light portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most optical telescopes are housed within a dome or similar structure, to protect the delicate instruments from the elements. Telescope domes have a slit or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing, and closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases,


id: observatory-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory-1.md
category: reference
title: Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:43.099429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: observatory-20260505-0
summary:
825: Al-Shammisiyyah Observatory, Baghdad, Iraq 869: Mahodayapuram Observatory, Kerala, India 1259: Maragheh Observatory, Azerbaijan, Iran 1276: Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory, China 1420: Ulugh Beg Observatory, Samarqand, Uzbekistan 1442: Beijing Ancient Observatory, China 1577: Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din, Turkey 1580: Uraniborg, Denmark (present-day Sweden) 1581: Stjärneborg, Denmark (present-day Sweden) 1633: Leiden Observatory, Netherlands 1642: Panzano Observatory, Italy 1642: Round Tower, Denmark 1667: Paris Observatory, France 1675: Royal Greenwich Observatory, England 1695: Sukharev Tower, Russia 1711: Berlin Observatory, Germany 1724: Jantar Mantar, India 1753: Stockholm Observatory, Sweden 1753: Vilnius University Observatory, Lithuania 1753: Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada, Spain 1759: Trieste Observatory, Italy. 1757: Macfarlane Observatory, Scotland. 1759: Turin Observatory, Italy. 1764: Brera Astronomical Observatory, Italy. 1765: Mohr Observatory, Indonesia. 1771: Lviv Observatory, Ukraine. 1774: Observatory of the Vatican, Italy. 1785: Dunsink Observatory, Ireland. 1786: Madras Observatory, India. 1789: Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland. 1790: Royal Observatory of Madrid, Spain, 1803: National Astronomical Observatory, Bogotá, Colombia. 1811: Tartu Old Observatory, Estonia 1812: Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, Naples, Italy 1830/1842: Depot of Charts & Instruments/US Naval Observatory, US 1830: Yale University Observatory Atheneum, US 1834: Helsinki University Observatory, Finland 1838: Hopkins Observatory, Williams College, US 1838: Loomis Observatory, Western Reserve Academy, US


id: observatory-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory-2.md
category: reference
title: Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:43.099429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: observatory-20260505-0
summary:
A volcano observatory is an institution that conducts the monitoring of a volcano as well as research in order to understand the potential impacts of active volcanism. Among the best known are the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the Vesuvius Observatory. Mobile volcano observatories exist with the USGS VDAP (Volcano Disaster Assistance Program), to be deployed on demand. Each volcano observatory has a geographic area of responsibility it is assigned to whereby the observatory is tasked with spreading activity forecasts, analyzing potential volcanic activity threats and cooperating with communities in preparation for volcanic eruption. == See also == == References == == Further reading == Aubin, David; Charlotte Bigg, and H. Otto Sibum, eds. The Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture (Duke University Press; 2010) 384 pages; Topics include astronomy as military science in Sweden, the Pulkovo Observatory in the Russia of Czar Nicholas I, and physics and the astronomical community in late 19th-century America. Brunier, Serge, et al. Great Observatories of the World (2005). Dick, Steven. Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830–2000 (2003). Gressot Julien and Jeanneret Romain, « Determining the right time, or the establishment of a culture of astronomical precision


id: harlow-hill-tower-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Hill_Tower-0.md
category: reference
title: Harlow Hill Tower
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Hill_Tower
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:44.370756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: harlow-hill-tower-20260505-0
summary:
Harlow Hill Tower is a historic building in Harrogate, a town in North Yorkshire, in England. The building was constructed as an observatory in 1829. It is on the edge of Harlow Moor and was built for John Thompson. It was open to the public as a viewing point by 1900, but was only fitted out with a permanent telescope in 1933. In 1998, a Foucault pendulum was installed inside. The building has been grade II listed since 1949. The tower is built of stone, with a square plan, and is generally said to be 90 feet (27 m) high, although the Harrogate Civic Society states that it has been measured as only 70 feet (21 m) high. On the top is a modern domed observatory roof. It has no decoration other than a lintel inscribed "HARLOW-HILL TOWER 1829". The only windows are small panes on each side near the top. Adjacent is a two-storey entrance extension with a tile roof, and steps leading up to an upper floor doorway. == See also == Listed buildings in Harrogate (Harlow Moor Ward) == References ==


id: mabel-nevill-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Nevill-0.md
category: reference
title: Mabel Nevill
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Nevill
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:45.527590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mabel-nevill-20260505-0
summary:
Mabel Nevill (née Grant) (1865–1958) was a South African human computer and astronomical assistant, and the first South African women's singles tennis champion. == Biography == Mabel Grant was born in Durban, South Africa, the daughter of a merchant, William Grant, and his wife Sarah (née Pilcher). Mabel Grant became the first South African women's singles tennis champion in 1899. On the event's silver trophy, she is listed as champion three additional times between 1890 and 1893. === Human computer === Beginning in 1887 (possibly from 1885), she joined three other women who were assisting the government astronomer at the Natal Observatory (located in today's KwaZulu-Natal province of the Republic of South Africa). The women worked during the mornings as human computers, completing complex astronomical calculations, processing meteorological observations and the reduction of tidal observations. In 1890, she was named the Observatory's meteorological assistant and on 1 September 1891, she succeeded John Grant as the senior astronomical assistant. According to the Report of the Government Astronomer (1903), her job was intricate and demanding: "The senior assistant maintains a general supervision over the whole of the details of the work of the Observatory; carries on the general and astronomical correspondence; assists


id: starfire-optical-range-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfire_Optical_Range-0.md
category: reference
title: Starfire Optical Range
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfire_Optical_Range
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:46.707975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: starfire-optical-range-20260505-0
summary:
Starfire Optical Range (SOR - Pronounced as an initialism) is a United States Air Force research laboratory on the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its primary duty, according to the official website, is to "develop and demonstrate optical wavefront control technologies." The range is a secure lab facility and is a division of the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory. SOR's optical equipment includes a 3.5 meter telescope which is "one of the largest telescopes in the world equipped with adaptive optics designed for satellite tracking" according to the Air Force, a 1.5 meter telescope, and a 1-meter beam director. == Purpose == The purpose of Starfire is to conduct research to use adaptive optics to remove the effects of scintillation (atmospheric turbulence). Turbulence interferes with laser beam integrity over distances. Lasers are being used for long-distance high-bandwidth communications and accuracy in air-to-air laser connectivity is important for data integrity. Scintillation is also a problem in development of weaponized lasers, such as the airborne laser being developed to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles. == See also == North Oscura Peak List of the largest optical telescopes in the contiguous United States == References == ==


id: venus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VENUS-0.md
category: reference
title: VENUS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VENUS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:47.863824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: venus-20260505-0
summary:
The Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea (VENUS) is one of two principal cabled seafloor observatories operated by Ocean Networks Canada at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The VENUS cabled ocean observatory is designed to provide new ways of studying the ocean. Since its launch in 2006, it has enabled scientists to run and monitor various ocean experiments remotely. The aim of VENUS is to study coastal oceans in two sites near Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia. The first site of the VENUS seafloor network, operational since February 2006, is located in Saanich Inlet at 100m. The second site is located in the deeper waters of the Strait of Georgia and links instrument arrays deployed at depths varying from 100 to 300 meters. VENUS uses Internet, telecommunication technology, and a network of about 50 kilometers of fiber optic cables at a maximum depth of 300 meters to create a permanent link to cameras and other monitoring instruments on the seafloor. The VENUS observatory has scores of sensors that measure such parameters as temperature, salinity, and pressure of the water 24 hours a day. The seafloor instruments provide oceanographers, marine biologists, and geologists with real-time ocean data. Ship-based ocean


id: planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
A planetarium (pl.: planetariums or planetaria) is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky, or for training in celestial navigation. A dominant feature of most planetariums is the large dome-shaped projection screen onto which scenes of stars, planets, and other celestial objects can be made to appear and move realistically to simulate their motion. The projection can be created in various ways, such as a star ball, slide projector, video, fulldome projector systems, and lasers. Typical systems can be set to simulate the sky at any point in time, past or present, and often to depict the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth. Planetaria range in size from the 37 meter dome in St. Petersburg, Russia (called "Planetarium No 1") to three-meter inflatable portable domes where attendees sit on the floor. The largest planetarium in the Western Hemisphere is the Jennifer Chalsty Planetarium at Liberty Science Center in New Jersey, its dome measuring 27 meters in diameter. The Birla Planetarium, Kolkata in India is the largest by seating capacity, having 630 seats. In North America, the Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural


id: planetarium-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-1.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
When Germany was divided into East and West Germany after the war, the Zeiss firm was also split. Part remained in its traditional headquarters at Jena, in East Germany, and part migrated to West Germany. The designer of the first planetariums for Zeiss, Walther Bauersfeld, also migrated to West Germany with the other members of the Zeiss management team. There he remained on the Zeiss West management team until his death in 1959. The West German firm resumed making large planetariums in 1954, and the East German firm started making small planetariums a few years later. Meanwhile, the lack of planetarium manufacturers had led to several attempts at construction of unique models, such as one built by the California Academy of Sciences in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, which operated 1952–2003. The Korkosz brothers built a large projector for the Boston Museum of Science, which was unique in being the first (and for a very long time only) planetarium to project the planet Uranus. Most planetariums ignore Uranus as being at best marginally visible to the naked eye. A great boost to the popularity of the planetarium worldwide was provided by the Space Race of the 1950s and 60s when


id: planetarium-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-2.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Portable inflatable domes can be inflated in minutes. Such domes are often used for touring planetariums visiting, for example, schools and community centres. Temporary structures using glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) segments bolted together and mounted on a frame are possible. As they may take some hours to construct, they are more suitable for applications such as exhibition stands, where a dome will stay up for a period of at least several days. Negative-pressure inflated domes are suitable in some semi-permanent situations. They use a fan to extract air from behind the dome surface, allowing atmospheric pressure to push it into the correct shape. Smaller permanent domes are frequently constructed from glass reinforced plastic. This is inexpensive but, as the projection surface reflects sound as well as light, the acoustics inside this type of dome can detract from its utility. Such a solid dome also presents issues connected with heating and ventilation in a large-audience planetarium, as air cannot pass through it. Older planetarium domes were built using traditional construction materials and surfaced with plaster. This method is relatively expensive and suffers the same acoustic and ventilation issues as GRP. Most modern domes are built from thin aluminium sections with ribs providing


id: planetarium-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-3.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Traditional planetarium projection apparatus use a hollow ball with a light inside, and a pinhole for each star, hence the name "star ball". With some of the brightest stars (e.g. Sirius, Canopus, Vega), the hole must be so big to let enough light through that there must be a small lens in the hole to focus the light to a sharp point on the dome. In later and modern planetarium star balls, the individual bright stars often have individual projectors, shaped like small hand-held torches, with focusing lenses for individual bright stars. Contact breakers prevent the projectors from projecting below the "horizon". The star ball is usually mounted so it can rotate as a whole to simulate the Earth's daily rotation, and to change the simulated latitude on Earth. There is also usually a means of rotating to produce the effect of precession of the equinoxes. Often, one such ball is attached at its south ecliptic pole. In that case, the view cannot go so far south that any of the resulting blank area at the south is projected on the dome. Some star projectors have two balls at opposite ends of the projector like a dumbbell. In that case


id: planetarium-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-4.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
In a fully digital planetarium, the dome image is generated by a computer and then projected onto the dome using a variety of technologies including cathode-ray tube, LCD, DLP, or laser projectors. Sometimes a single projector mounted near the centre of the dome is employed with a fisheye lens to spread the light over the whole dome surface, while in other configurations several projectors around the horizon of the dome are arranged to blend together seamlessly. Digital projection systems all work by creating the image of the night sky as a large array of pixels. Generally speaking, the more pixels a system can display, the better the viewing experience. While the first generation of digital projectors were unable to generate enough pixels to match the image quality of the best traditional "star ball" projectors, high-end systems now offer a resolution that approaches the limit of human visual acuity. LCD projectors have fundamental limits on their ability to project true black as well as light, which has tended to limit their use in planetaria. LCOS and modified LCOS projectors have improved on LCD contrast ratios while also eliminating the "screen door" effect of small gaps between LCD pixels. "Dark chip" DLP


id: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums-0.md
category: reference
title: List of planetariums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:50.584295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
summary:
This entry is a list of permanent planetariums across the world. == Permanent planetariums == Planetariums are ordered by continent and then by country in alphabetical order. The planetariums are listed in the following format: name, city. The International Planetarium Society has a more complete list on its website. === Africa === ==== Algeria ==== Complexe Culturel Abdelwahab Salim, Tipaza Planetarium de Ghardaia, Ghardaia ==== Egypt ==== Arab Academy for Science and Technology Planetarium, Alexandria The Child Museum, Cairo Planetarium Science Center, Alexandria Suez Discovery & Science Center, Suez ==== Ghana ==== Ghana Planetarium, Accra ==== Libya ==== Planetarium of Tripoli, Al-Quba Al-Falakia, Tripoli, Libya ==== South Africa ==== Iziko Planetarium at the Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town Johannesburg Planetarium at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Sutherland Planetarium Naval Hill Planetarium, Bloemfontein ==== Tunisia ==== Planetarium of Tunis Science City, Tunis === Asia === ==== Bangladesh ==== Novo Theatre, Dhaka Novo Theatre, Rajshahi ==== China ==== Beijing Planetarium, Beijing Hong Kong Space Museum, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong Macao Science Center, Macao Shanghai Astronomy Museum, Shanghai ==== India ==== ==== Indonesia ==== Jagad Raya Planetarium, Tenggarong Jakarta Planetarium, Jakarta Loka Jala Crana Planetarium, Surabaya ==== Iraq ==== Baghdad Planetarium,


id: list-of-planetariums-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums-1.md
category: reference
title: List of planetariums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:50.584295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
summary:
===== Arkansas ===== EpiSphere at the Aerospace Education Center, Little Rock ===== California ===== ===== Colorado ===== Fiske Planetarium at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder Gates Planetarium at Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver United States Air Force Academy Planetarium at United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs ===== Connecticut ===== The Children's Museum, West Hartford The Discovery Museum, Bridgeport Leitner Family Observatory and Planetarium at Yale University, New Haven Treworgy Planetarium at Mystic Seaport, Mystic ===== District of Columbia ===== Albert Einstein Planetarium, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution Rock Creek Park Planetarium, Rock Creek Park Nature Center ===== Florida ===== ===== Georgia ===== Jim Cherry Memorial Planetarium at the Fernbank Science Center, Atlanta Mark Smith Planetarium at the Museum of Arts and Sciences, Macon Omnisphere Theater, Coca-Cola Challenger Space Science Center, Columbus State University, Columbus Rollins Planetarium at Young Harris College, Young Harris Tellus Planetarium at Tellus: Northwest Georgia Science Museum, Cartersville Wetherbee Planetarium at Thronateeska Heritage Center, Albany ===== Guam ===== University of Guam Planetarium at the University of Guam, Hagåtña ===== Hawaii ===== Hōkūlani Imaginarium, Windward Community College, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i ʻImiloa Astronomy Center, Hilo Jhamandas Watumull Planetarium at the Bernice P. Bishop


id: list-of-planetariums-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums-2.md
category: reference
title: List of planetariums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:50.584295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
summary:
==== Australia ==== Science Space, Wollongong, NSW Melbourne, Scienceworks Museum Planetarium, Melbourne Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston Scitech Planetarium, Perth Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium, Brisbane UNISA Planetarium, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide Cosmos Centre, Charleville, Queensland ==== New Zealand ==== Sir Edmund Hillary Alpine Centre Digital Dome at The Hermitage Hotel, Mount Cook Village Perpetual Guardian Planetarium, Tūhura Otago Museum, Dunedin Planetarium North, Whangārei Space Place at Carter Observatory, Wellington Stardome Observatory, Auckland === South America === ==== Argentina ==== Complejo Astronómico Municipal, Rosario Complejo Planetario Malargüe, Malargüe Galileo Galilei planetarium, Buenos Aires Parque Astronómico la Punta ==== Brazil ==== ==== Chile ==== Planetario Chile (University of Santiago, Chile), Carl Zeiss VI, Santiago Planetario Mamalluca, Municipalidad de Vicuña, Región de Coquimbo Planetario Rapa Nui (Fundación Planetario Rapa Nui, Chile), Isla de Pascua Planetario Movil Tikva, Purranque, Región Los Lagos ==== Colombia ==== Planetarium of Bogotá, Bogotá Planetarium of Medellín, Medellín Planetarium La Enseñanza, Medellín Planetario Móvil Colombia, Bogotá ==== Ecuador ==== Planetarium of Mitad del Mundo, Ciudad Mitad del Mundo-Quito Planetario de la Armada -Guayaquil- (INOCAR) Planetario Mundo Juvenil -Cuenca- Centro cultural Planetario -Quito- (IGM) ==== Uruguay ==== Planetario de Montevideo "Agr. Germán Barbato", first Latin American planetarium (1955), Montevideo


id: timeline-of-planetariums-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_planetariums-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of planetariums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_planetariums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:51.803476+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-planetariums-20260505-0
summary:
This is a timeline of the history of planetariums. == Historic influences == == Development of modern planetariums == == Digital and Fulldome video == == References ==


id: baghdad-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Baghdad Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:53.020003+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: baghdad-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Baghdad Planetarium (Arabic: القبة الفلكية البغدادي) was a green-domed astronomical Planetarium based in al-Zawra'a Park located diagonally across from the Baghdad Central Railway Station in Baghdad, Iraq. == Biography == === Historical background === Plans to construct a planetarium in Baghdad can be traced back to the Kingdom of Iraq period in which plans for a Greater Baghdad were outlined. Among the people invited for the plans by King Faisal II was American architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright who designed several cultural buildings as part of the project, one of these was a planetarium next to a civic auditorium located below several vast ramps for east access to the planetarium. The planetarium was supposed to be located on an island alongside an Opera House, a grand Islamic bazaar, and a monument of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid. However, these plans were never implemented due to the 1958 coup that overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and killed King Faisal II, and lack of interest upon the new Iraqi government established by Abd al-Karim Qasim to continue the project. === Establishment === The Planetarium was built and opened in 1979 under the leadership of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. It is considered


id: bangkok-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Bangkok Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:54.181476+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bangkok-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Bangkok Planetarium (Thai: ท้องฟ้าจำลองกรุงเทพ, RTGS: Thong Fa Chamlong Krung Thep) is the oldest planetarium in Thailand and Southeast Asia. It is located on Sukhumvit Road in Bangkok as part of the Science Centre for Education, which is operated by the Department of Non-Formal Education of the Ministry of Education.The complex was built to educate the youth and general public about science and astronomy. Construction of the planetarium began in 1962 with a budget of twelve million baht and it opened on 18 August 1964. The planetarium dome is 20.60 metres in diameter and 13 metres high, and holds 450 seats. The planetarium uses a Mark IV Zeiss projector, which was the first installation of a large planetarium projector in Southeast Asia. Apart from the theatre itself, the building also features permanent exhibitions on astronomy, aimed at young audiences. The planetarium underwent extensive renovations in 2015, including the installation of two new Christie Boxer 4K30 projectors alongside the old Mark IV, which helped reignite interest in the previously ailing museum. == References == == External links == Official website


id: belgrade-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Belgrade Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:55.367437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: belgrade-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Belgrade Planetarium (Serbian: Београдски планетаријум, Beogradski planetarijum) is one of two planetariums in Serbia. It is located in Belgrade and is operated by the Astronomical Society Ruđer Bošković. Before 1967 it was known as the "Turkish bath in Lower Town". == Location == The planetarium is located in the Lower Town of the Belgrade Fortress. It is situated on the plateau below the Danube slope of the hill, in the immediate vicinity of the remains of the medieval Lower town's Eastern Gate complex. == History == The edifice was originally built as the Turkish bath (hamam). It was constructed between 1860 and 1867, when Ottomans left the fortress, though the exact date is unknown. During the World War I it was used as the military bath. The building was almost demolished as the result of the 1944 explosion in the nearby Eastern Gate of the fortress. After the city Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments was founded, the Institute initiated the reconstruction of the hamam in 1962, citing the building's "undisputed monumental properties". The reconstruction was finished in 1964 and the venue remained unused until 1967. The original idea was for the facility to be adapted into the


id: child-museum-cairo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Museum_(Cairo)-0.md
category: reference
title: Child Museum (Cairo)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Museum_(Cairo)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:56.776084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: child-museum-cairo-20260505-0
summary:
The Children's Civilization and Creativity Center (Arabic: متحف الطفل بالقاهرة) is a children's museum in Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt, established in 1986. It was renovated twice in 1996 and in 2012. It is a large museum and cultural center covering 4,000 square meters in a 14 Feddan, 14.3 acre landscape. It was built by the Heliopolis Society for the benefit of all the children of Egypt. This work involved contributions from Egyptian and international museums and institutions. The museum was designed by experts from Egypt, UK and the USA and built by museum specialists from all over the world who have contributed to the museum to assist children and young adults to learn through hands on exhibits, inter-actives, computer games, and a spectacular dome show exhibit that takes the visitor through the history of science in Egypt. In May 2012 it won the UK's Museum and Heritage International Award. == Exterior == The entrance to the museum is from Sharia Abo Bakr El Seddik, opposite the tram station at Haroun El Rashid. The entrance is marked by the spectacular Space Pyramidion structure of planet spheres circling a pyramid that celebrates the cultures of Egypt ancient and modern. The visit to the


id: civic-planetarium-of-lecco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Planetarium_of_Lecco-0.md
category: reference
title: Civic Planetarium of Lecco
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Planetarium_of_Lecco
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:57.906271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: civic-planetarium-of-lecco-20260505-0
summary:
The Civic Planetarium of Lecco (Planetario civico di Lecco or Planetario Città di Lecco), also known as the City Planetarium, is located within Palazzo Belgioioso in Lecco, Italy. Planetarium is part of Natural History Museum of Lecco. The purpose of the planetarium is to be a place for specialists and people interested in astronomy in the region. It organizes meetings and lessons in which experiences and expertise are shared. == Description == The Amateur Astronomers Group "DEEP SPACE Lecco" helps manage the observatory. The instrument consists of a projector and an aluminum dome, which acts as a screen. It can be used to simulate the movement of celestial bodies on the sky. The dome is eight meters in diameter and can seat sixty observers. Often the shows are accompanied by a lecturer. The planetarium accelerates the movement of the moon and stars in order to allow observation of processes that normally take days or months. The Planetarium building consists of various rooms: the ticket office, a library for members, a room dedicated to the exhibition of astronomical instruments and a media room used for conferences. The astronomical dome in the Planetarium was inaugurated on September 19, 2011. The small dome


id: cosmocaixa-barcelona-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoCaixa_Barcelona-0.md
category: reference
title: CosmoCaixa Barcelona
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoCaixa_Barcelona
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:59.100768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmocaixa-barcelona-20260505-0
summary:
CosmoCaixa Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [ˌkɔzmuˈkaʃə βəɾsəˈlonə]) is a science museum located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It features a variety of permanent and temporary exhibitions devoted to the environment, nature, science, and space. The museum is sponsored by "La Caixa" banking foundation. Formerly known as the Science Museum of Barcelona, it closed for renovations in 1998 and reopened in 2004 under its current name. It has interactive exhibitions such as touch and play for small children, planetarium, bookstore, gift shop, library, teaching center and café. Entry to the museum is free for children under the age of sixteen. Adults can visit the museum with a regular ticket. == Building == The building was built between 1904 and 1909 by Josep Domènech i Estapà to serve as an asylum for the blind which closed in 1979. The building was renovated, retaining the original facade, and an expansion took place bringing the building to four times its original size. An expansion of the building took place in 2004. CosmoCaixa has a large spiral walkway that takes visitors from the basement to the fifth floor. The centerpiece of the walkway is an Amazonian tree. == Exhibitions == CosmoCaixa has permanent and temporary exhibitions. It


id: cosmonova-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonova-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmonova
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonova
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:00.302528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmonova-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmonova is an IMAX Dome cinema and planetarium located in an annex of the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Sweden. Cosmonova premiered over three nights starting on 13 October 1992, with the first public showing on 16 October. It was the first ever dedicated IMAX installation in Sweden (and third in the Nordic countries after Tietomaa Science Centre in Oulu, Finland and Tycho Brahe Planetarium in Copenhagen, Denmark) and is also the largest planetarium in Sweden. == References == == External links == Official website


id: digistar-users-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digistar_Users_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Digistar Users Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digistar_Users_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:01.499885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: digistar-users-group-20260505-0
summary:
Digistar Users Group (DUG) is an international association of facilities that own Evans & Sutherland (E&S) Digistar systems. == History == The Digistar Users Group began in the mid-1980s as an informal gathering of planetarians. The first gathering took place in St. Louis, Missouri (USA). At the time, there were only five Digistar systems worldwide. Today, there are more than 250 Digistar-equipped planetaria on six continents. The current Digistar product line includes Digistar II, Digistar 3, Digistar 4, Digistar 5 and Digistar 6 in various configurations appropriate for domes of nearly any size. == Membership == Membership in the Digistar Users Group is voluntary; membership is restricted to facilities (such as science centers, planetariums, schools, universities and other organizations) that own or have a signed contract to purchase a Digistar system. Membership is by institution only. Institutions become members upon payment of annual membership dues. Membership in DUG is required in order to access the DUG show/model library, past newsletters, meeting notes, standards documents, charter and standing rules, and other content. Membership is currently, in 2025, $40(US) per year, payable to the DUG Treasurer. Evans & Sutherland pays the first year dues for new Digistar installations. After that time, it


id: drag-o-do-mar-center-of-art-and-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragão_do_Mar_Center_of_Art_and_Culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Dragão do Mar Center of Art and Culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragão_do_Mar_Center_of_Art_and_Culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:02.731522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: drag-o-do-mar-center-of-art-and-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The Dragão do Mar Center of Art And Culture (in Portuguese: Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura) is a government funded cultural center in Fortaleza, Ceará in Brazil. The center contains facilities for exhibitions, a theatre, a library, a cinema and a planetarium. The center was inaugurated in April 1999, and has an overall area of 33 000 m2. The name "Dragão do Mar" is in honour of Francisco José do Nascimento, a hero of the abolitionist movement in Ceará, who in 1881 refused to transport slaves to be sold further south in the country. == Cultural Places == The Dragão do Mar Center of Art And Culture congregates many spaces destinated to the realization of the most different activities, where the urban leisure, the production and diffusion of art and culture are the main focus. On your almost 30 thousand square meters of area, includes spaces like Cearense Culture Memorial, the Contemporary Art Museum of Ceará, the Menezes Pimentel Public Library, a modern theater room, two cinema rooms, the Rubens de Azevedo Planetarium, the Sérgio Mota Open Theatre, an auditorium and classrooms. Menezes Pimentel Public Library: located on leisure and culture complex of the Dragão do Mar


id: fiske-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Fiske Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:03.986309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fiske-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Fiske Planetarium (est. 1975) is one of the largest planetariums in the United States. They offer fulldome films, live talks, laser and liquid sky music shows, as well as public gatherings for astronomical and NASA-related events. It is a constituent of the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. The planetarium utilizes an geodesic dome with an interior diameter of 65 feet, making it as the largest planetarium between Chicago and Los Angeles. Its theater is currently equipped with a Megastar IIA projector alongside Sky Skan's Digital Sky 2, an 8k digital hybrid projection system capable of projecting approximately 59 million pixels. They can currently seat up to 200 guests in their theater. == History == Fiske was founded in 1975 with a donation from University of Colorado alumni, Wallace Franz Fiske (class of 1917). The donation was made to CU upon his death in 1966, in the amount of $1.13 million. While a quarter of this amount was dedicated to the university's music department, the remaining amount was "to build and equip a planetarium for the University of Colorado." By the time the university's astronomers decided to act on the donation in 1971, their


id: ghana-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Ghana Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:05.164919+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ghana-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Ghana Planetarium was located behind the Ghana Police Headquarters in Cantonments, Accra. It was open throughout the year. The planetarium of Accra was founded by Dr. Jacob and Jane Ashong and was constructed from their pension in 2009. It was officially opened on Thursday January 22, 2009 by the British High Commissioner, Nicholas Westcott. Also attending were The British Council Director, The French Ambassador and the Chief of Nungua and his entourage. In February 2023, the planetarium had to close to the public, due to a change in land ownership. Shortly after, the staff posted an update that they were working on finding a new location. In the meantime, they have plans to develop a "travelling planetarium." == References ==


id: gwacheon-national-science-museum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheon_National_Science_Museum-0.md
category: reference
title: Gwacheon National Science Museum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheon_National_Science_Museum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:06.334141+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gwacheon-national-science-museum-20260505-0
summary:
Gwacheon National Science Museum (Korean: 국립과천과학관) is a national museum in Gwacheon, South Korea. It opened in 2008. == Hall of Fame == === Main exhibitions === The hall of fame is a place to praise the achievements of the scientists who contributed to the development of science and technology, and to look around at how Korea has developed and what Korea has achieved. It is dedicated to 31 honorable scientists such as Jang Yeong-sil, Heo Jun, Benjamin Whisoh Lee, and Seok Joo-myung. It consists of 35 exhibits, including 2 experimental exhibits such as “I am also an honorable scientist.” The achievements of the scientists are told in a storytelling way. === Honorable scientists from the old days, meet the brilliant past === Like the invention of gunpowder weapons of Moo-seon Choi or what the famous Joseon engineer Young-shil Jang had done, the brilliant achievements of the main figures who led the science and technology powerhouse in the 14th to 15th centuries can be seen here. The successes and relics of the scientists who led Korean science and technology during the Renaissance, such as Joon Heo and Dae-yong Hong, can also be seen here. === Honorable contemporary scientists, overcome the


id: international-planetarium-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetarium_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Planetarium Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetarium_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:07.553520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-planetarium-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Planetarium Society, Inc. (IPS) is the global association of planetarium professionals. Its more than 600 members come from 42 countries around the world. They represent schools, colleges and universities, museums, and public facilities of all sizes, including both fixed and portable planetariums. The primary goal of the IPS is to encourage the sharing of ideas among its members through conferences, publications, and networking. By sharing their insights and creative work, IPS members become better planetarians. IPS membership is open to anyone interested in planetariums. Members include directors, teachers, informal educators, technicians, writers, artists, media specialists, digital artists and producers, presenters, vendors, scientists, students, and sponsors and friends of the planetarium dome and its starry sky. Although planetariums can be part of school district curriculum, either at an in-district dome or through field trips, they also serve as sites and sources of life-long learning and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. More than 20 regional and national planetarium associations from around the world are affiliated with IPS. The representatives report to a board composed of elected members from 6 geographic regions, the number of representatives determined by the number of IPS members within that region. This board and


id: jakarta-planetarium-and-observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Planetarium_and_Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Planetarium_and_Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:08.775551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jakarta-planetarium-and-observatory-20260505-0
summary:
Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory (Indonesian: Planetarium dan Observatorium Jakarta) is a public planetarium and an observatory, part of the Taman Ismail Marzuki Art and Science Complex in Jakarta, Indonesia. The planetarium is the oldest of the three planetaria in Indonesia. The second planetarium is located in Surabaya, East Java. The third planetarium is located in Kutai, East Kalimantan. == History == Construction of the planetarium was an initiative of President Sukarno when in the early 1960s he envisaged a monumental large-scale planetarium project. However, by the next half of the 1960s, the design was made more modest. The construction of the Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory began in 1964 as part of the construction of the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The construction was funded by the Indonesian government and the Indonesian Batik Cooperatives Association (Gabungan Koperasi Batik Indonesia or GKBI). The 22-meter dome of the planetarium was completed in 1968. On November 10, 1968, the building was officially inaugurated by the Governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin together with the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The planetarium was opened to the public on March 1, 1969; the day was made the official birthday of the planetarium. The planetarium made use of


id: johannesburg-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Johannesburg Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:10.080227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: johannesburg-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Johannesburg Planetarium is a planetarium owned by the University of the Witwatersrand, located on the University's East Campus in Braamfontein, Johannesburg. It was the first full-sized planetarium in Africa, and the second in the southern hemisphere. == History == The idea of setting up a planetarium in Johannesburg was first discussed in 1956 when the Festival Committee — which had been instituted to organise the celebrations of Johannesburg's seventieth anniversary — decided to raise the funds necessary to buy and house a Zeiss planetarium to be set up for the celebrations. As there was too little time to obtain a new instrument, it was decided to buy an existing planetarium projector from Europe. After lengthy negotiations, the Festival Committee was successful in persuading the Parliament of Hamburg to sell their planetarium's projector which had been in use there since 1930. The Hamburg Parliament, however, imposed as its conditions that the planetarium's projector be fully modernised in the Zeiss factory at Oberkochen, and that Johannesburg would in due course have a new planetarium built for Hamburg. The Hamburg projector was immediately dismantled and moved to Oberkochen for an overhaul, and was in time completely rebuilt. Soon, the responsibilities of the


id: jos-castro-mendivil-digital-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Castro_Mendivil_Digital_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Castro_Mendivil_Digital_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:11.294291+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jos-castro-mendivil-digital-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario Digital José Castro Mendivil), also known simply as the Morro Solar Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario del Morro Solar), is a planetarium and site museum dedicated to astronomy in the Morro Solar of Chorrillos District, Lima, Peru. It is named after the engineer who designed it. It is administered by the Peruvian Astronomy Association (Spanish: Asociación Peruana de Astronomía, APA), founded on August 15, 1946, and then headed by Peruvian astronomer Víctor Estremadoyro Robles. Besides its 360° theatre, it also features remnants of the Battle of San Juan during the War of the Pacific. == History == The first stone was placed at 1 p.m. by Peruvian astronomer and head of the Peruvian Astronomy Association Víctor Estremadoyro Robles, during a ceremony that took place on February 19, 1954, three years after the Peruvian government granted the terrain for the building's construction. It was formally inaugurated on April 23, 1960. In 1968, construction of an observatory began, with the Astronomical League of the United States donating a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope. The building's iron dome was designed by the industrial service of the Peruvian Navy, with the entire complex having a cost of US$62,800. In 2013, a digital


id: kyiv-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyiv Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:12.465344+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyiv-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Kyiv Planetarium (previously Republican Planetarium; Ukrainian: Київський планетарій) in Kyiv, Ukraine is one of the largest planetaria in former Soviet states. Opened on January 1, 1952, by the initiative of the scientist-astronomer Serhiy Vsekhsviatskiy (1905–1984), the planetarium has a dome of 23.5 meters in diameter, and seats 320 people. In 1987, Kyiv Planetarium moved to new premises on the street. Red Army, 57 /3, (now Velyka Vasylkivska Street 57/3) where it remains to this day. The new building was equipped with an optomechanical projector "Large Zeiss IV», allowing to demonstrate the 6500 stars of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The planetarium offers lectures on astronomy, geography, natural history. When the children's planetarium astronomical school for students 6–11 years of age and art studio. Kyiv Planetarium is a division of the Society "Knowledge" of Ukraine. == Atmasfera 360 == In December 2011 an entertainment center ATMASFERA 360 was founded on the basis of the planetarium. Specifications of the dome: diameter — 23 meters, the height of the dome — 11.5 meters. It is equipped with a modern 4k digital projection system supplied by a Ukrainian company Front Pictures. The system uses 15 projectors which work on a single Screenberry media server.


id: omni-theatre-science-centre-singapore-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni-Theatre,_Science_Centre_Singapore-0.md
category: reference
title: Omni-Theatre, Science Centre Singapore
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni-Theatre,_Science_Centre_Singapore
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:13.633942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: omni-theatre-science-centre-singapore-20260505-0
summary:
The Omni-Theatre is an observatory and large-format film theatre located at the Science Centre Singapore (formerly Singapore Science Centre) in Jurong East, Singapore. == Facilities == It was officially opened on 10 December 1987 by the 4th President of Singapore Wee Kim Wee as an expansion of the larger Science Centre, it specifically encompasses an observatory, an omniplanetarium, and a domed projection system to show movies relating to science, astronomy, etc. A simulation theatre, exhibition room, classroom, restaurant, and gift shop are also located on the premises. == The Observatory == As one of the few observatories in the world located next to the Equator, constellations in both the northern and southern celestial hemispheres can be observed and thus opens up more vistas in the sky for observers. The main telescope of the Observatory is a 40-cm Cassegrain reflector of combined focal length 520-cm. The sub-telescope is a 15-cm apochromatic Kepler refractor of focal length 180-cm. The equatorial mount for the telescopes was designed for its location; the accompanying English yoke provides the necessary stability for the drive and tracking mechanisms. The 5.5-metre stainless steel dome can be made to swivel in any direction and its shutter can be made


id: planetario-de-montevideo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_de_Montevideo-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetario de Montevideo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_de_Montevideo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:14.747385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetario-de-montevideo-20260505-0
summary:
The Planetario de Montevideo (or Montevideo Planetarium; also known as the Surveyor Germán Barbato Municipal Planetarium), is a planetarium in Montevideo, Uruguay. Inaugurated on 11 February 1955, it was the first planetarium in Latin America and all of the southern hemisphere. It has a 18.3 m diameter dome and seats 157 people. Historically, it used a Spitz Model B projector, which in 2016 was the oldest such projector still in working order. The planetarium was renovated in 2017–19, when the Spitz projector was replaced by a digital system; it reopened in December 2019. == References == == External links == Website


id: tycho-brahe-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Tycho Brahe Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:15.922812+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tycho-brahe-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Planetarium (formerly Tycho Brahe Planetarium) is located at the southern end of the lake Skt. Jørgens Sø in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was designed by MAA Knud Munk (1936–2016) and opened on November 1, 1989. == History == The planetarium is built where the Saltlageret theater was previously located. The foundation stone was placed on February 22, 1988, and the planetarium opened on November 1, 1989. The financial basis for building the planetarium was a 50,000,000 DKK donation by the foundation Bodil Pedersen Fonden to the foundation Uraniafonden, which administered the construction of the planetarium. Since 1989, the Bodil Pedersen Fonden has also awarded the annual Tycho Brahe Medaljen. == Exhibition == The exhibition underwent a major renovation in 2017, and the new exhibition Cosmos (formerly Made in Space) opened in February 2018. The exhibition was made in collaboration with Tony-winning, London based designers, 59 Productions, and was made on a donation from the foundation A.P. Møller Fonden. The exhibition is an interactive and including exhibition, telling the story of how all of the elements that make up a human originally came from space. Planetarium is home to the largest lunar rock that can be seen outside the US. Weighing more


id: planetarium-science-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_Science_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium Science Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_Science_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:17.137355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-science-center-20260505-0
summary:
The Planetarium Science Centre (PSC) is a department in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina located in Alexandria, Egypt. It promotes science centers as an educational tool. == Structure == === Pre-Historic Animal Park === The Science Park has a Dinosaur Park that houses models of many prehistoric animals. === ALEXPloratorium === The ALEXPloratorium is located next to the Planetarium, where visitors can interact with multiple exhibits that cover various scientific topics, most commonly physics and astronomy. == Programs and events == The PSC's Remote Sensing Workshop program introduces the scientific principles of remote sensing and offers hands-on applications. The RoboAlex Center at the Alexploratorium offers instruction in robotics. The participating groups design, program, and test robots on a playing field to accomplish certain missions. The result of an alliance between FIRST and LEGO is the FIRST Lego League Challenge (FLL). The FLL is an international hands-on, sport-like robotics program that was intended for children aged 9–14. === Eratosthenes === Eratosthenes is an annual festival that the Bibliotheca Alexandrina organizes to promote science and heritage among school students. The Festivities of 2003–2008 evolved around measuring the Earth's circumference, inspired by the Greek mathematician and poet Eratosthenes. === Intel BASEF === The PSC, in


id: raman-science-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Science_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Raman Science Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Science_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:18.375392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: raman-science-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Raman Science Centre and Raman Planetarium Complex at Nagpur is an interactive science centre affiliated with Mumbai's Nehru Science Centre. The centre was developed to promote a scientific attitude, portray the growth of science and technology and their applications in industry and human welfare, and hold science exhibits. The centre is named after famous Nobel Prize winner Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. The Raman Science Centre was inaugurated on 7 March 1992 and the planetarium was started on 5 January 1997. The centre is located opposite Gandhi Sagar Lake in the heart of Nagpur. Between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015, the Centre recorded a visitor count of 582,962. The centre is part of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), India, which is the largest network of science centres/museums under a single administrative umbrella in the world. NCSM rates the centre as regional level and it has a total floor area of 4333 sq meters. == Activities == The centre carries out numerous programs to spread science and technology knowledge amongst the general public. The centre inaugurated the Innovation Centre on 14 February 2017 to give opportunities to students who are dedicated to science. The centre, along


id: sri-lanka-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Sri Lanka Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:19.596194+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sri-lanka-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Sri Lanka Planetarium (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා ග්‍රහලෝකාගාරය) is a public planetarium located in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is the first and only planetarium in the country and maintained as an institute under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Research. The planetarium was established on 1 February 1965 by the State Engineering Corporation as a special feature for the Ceylon industrial exhibition held in Colombo same year. The planetarium was designed by the chief engineer from the State Engineering Corporation of Ceylon, A. N. S. Kulasinghe, and was constructed by engineers from Germany. The building takes elements from the Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral (Sir Frederick Gibberd - 1960) and the Cathedral of Brasília (Oscar Niemeyer - 1960). The building has a reinforced concrete floor and a pre-stressed concrete folded plate roof, which was pre-cast on-site. The building was funded by the German Democratic Republic as a gift to Ceylon. The planetarium is 21.33 m (70.0 ft) high and 37.8 m (124 ft) in diameter. The building was refurbished in 2014 at a cost of Rs 200 million and re-opened to the public on 9 December. The planetarium has a digital fully-spherical projector stationed at the centre of the building, which projects an


id: swami-vivekananda-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Swami Vivekananda Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:20.803056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swami-vivekananda-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, also called Pilikula Planetarium, at Pilikula Nisargadhama in Mangaluru is a 3D planetarium in India: the first of its kind in the country. It is also the only such planetarium in the country with hybrid modern technology innovations coupled with 3D technology of 8K digital and opto-mechanical (hybrid) projection system. It is a part of the Pilikula Nisargadhama (covering an area of 370 acres (150 ha)), which is also named Dr. Shivaram Karanth Biological Park. Its creation is attributed to Pilikula Regional Science Centre. == History == Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first state-of-the-art 3D planetarium in India. It was initiated in 2013 to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda by the then chief minister of Karnataka, Jagadish Shettar, who had laid the foundation stone to build it in two years at a cost of ₹35.69 crore (US$3.8 million). However, the project overran its schedule completion, and the planetarium could be opened only on 1 March 2018. It was set up with grants from KSTePS (Karnataka Science and Technology Promotion Society) of the Karnataka government. The planetarium's objective is intended to give the viewers (students in particular and the public) to see the stars and


id: tashkent-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Tashkent Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:22.018362+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tashkent-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Tashkent Planetarium is one of the newest constructions in Uzbekistan, and is visited by local people and tourists. Tashkent Planetarium provides visitors with the opportunity to look at outer space, even in the morning, and enlarge their knowledge about the cosmos and the whole universe. == About == Tashkent Planetarium was established by edict No.649 of "Cabinet of Ministers of Republic Uzbekistan" on 3 November 2003, by decision of Tashkent city municipality of 7 November 2003 No.748. The Planetarium is nowadays controlled by the controlling unit of Tashkent city municipality which focuses on culture and sport. There are two main halls at the Planetarium, and each hall has its own functions. The first hall is mainly built for showing the Solar System and space, using Japanese technologies. The second hall contains artefacts, where visitors can learn more about specific planets and about Earth. In 2008 a group of scientists at Tashkent Planetarium discovered the new planet "Samarkand". == See also == State Museum of History of Uzbekistan The Museum of Health Care of Uzbekistan The Museum of Communication History in Uzbekistan Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan Tashkent Museum of Railway Techniques Museum of Geology, Tashkent Art Gallery of Uzbekistan The


id: w-a-gayle-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Gayle_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: W. A. Gayle Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Gayle_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:23.197681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: w-a-gayle-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The W.A. Gayle Planetarium is operated by the Montgomery Zoo for the city of Montgomery, Alabama. It provides public presentations and exhibits on astronomy, planetary science, and space exploration. == Overview == The W.A. Gayle Planetarium is a planetarium located in Oak Park in the city of Montgomery, Alabama. Dedicated on September 25, 1968, the planetarium is named after William Armistead Gayle, mayor of Montgomery from 1952 to 1959. It was previously operated by Troy University for the City of Montgomery from 1972 to 2022. The planetarium reopened to the public at the end of January 2024 after a shutdown during COVID-19 and a transfer of management responsibilities from Troy University back to the City of Montgomery. As of June 2024, public shows are offered on each Saturday with shows at 10 am, 11:30 am, 1 pm, and 2:30 pm. Tickets can be purchased at the planetarium gift shop on Saturdays 15-20 minutes before the start of each show. Group reservations (10 or more people) can be obtained by contacting the planetarium office directly and are provided by appointment Tuesdays - Fridays. The planetarium is closed on Sundays and Mondays. Public and group shows typically offer visitors a full-dome movie


id: lists-of-research-stations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_research_stations-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of research stations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_research_stations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:25.874593+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-research-stations-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of research stations provide indexes to research stations in a particular region. They include: List of space stations Research stations in Antarctica List of research stations in the Arctic Refer to category:Research stations for a complete list of articles on research stations.


id: research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Research stations are facilities where scientific investigation, collection, analysis and experimentation occurs. A research station is a facility that is built for the purpose of conducting scientific research. There are also many types of research stations including: biological field stations, space stations etc. Research station sites might include remote areas of the world, oceans, as well as outer space, such as the International Space Station. Biological research stations developed during a time of European colonization and imperialism where naturalists were employed to conduct observations on fauna and flora. Today, the discipline is represented by a number of organizations which span across multiple continents. Some examples include: the Organization of Biological Field Stations and the Organization for Tropical Studies. Space stations were also developed over a number of decades through scientific analysis and writing, with the first design aspects of early space stations being introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. Since then, the construction and launch of space stations have been both national and international, collaborative efforts which have allowed different design philosophies to form key space stations such as the International Space Station (ISS). Similarly, stations in Antarctica are built to ensure that they are well insulated against the sub-zero


id: research-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-1.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
=== Space stations === Space stations are not stationary buildings unlike normal research stations on Earth, they are specially created mobile spacecraft that are built to allow a group of human researchers and crew to inhabit over a span of anywhere from months and even a year. Space stations are intended to be permanently operating in space unlike other kinds of space craft such as satellites. However, it may not be permanently inhabited by human researchers who may come and go as they cycle through different explorations. Space stations are typically controlled by their own respective space agency and country. The design for space stations evolved over multiple decades. The engineering and design aspects of a space station was first introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. His "Wohnrad" also known as "Living Wheel" consisted of a rotating wheel-shaped space station consisting of three parts: a habitat rotation wheel, an observatory, and a machine room. The Wohnrad's habitat wheel consisted of habitation units, laboratories and observatories which would measure 30 meters in diameter and whose centrifugal force would generate a sense of gravity for the crew members. The theme of gravity being artificially produced through the rotation of the space station


id: research-station-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-2.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
These research stations are built to accommodate for the sub-zero climatic conditions of the region as well as considering the placement and construction of it building itself. Antarctic research stations need to be built in a manner to minimize issues such as insulation, freezing of concrete during the building process and the potential for the accumulation of drifting snow. The process of the construction of research stations on the continent evolved over time to address these issues. Early research bases in Antarctica used by prominent explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Roald Amundsen during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration consisted of wooden huts and tents. It was not until post World War II when research stations began to be built on a wider and more commercial scale. These post war research stations were made with the aim to be quickly erected and it was often constructed by individuals with little construction experience and knowledge. Research stations during this time were made up of standard cool room panels and utilized expanded Bakelite insulation. This model later evolved to be elevated buildings held aloft by steel scaffolding. This was done in an attempt to address the issue of accumulation of drifting


id: agumbe-rainforest-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agumbe_Rainforest_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Agumbe Rainforest Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agumbe_Rainforest_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:28.284682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agumbe-rainforest-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Agumbe Rainforest Research Station (ARRS) is a field based conservation and research organisation situated inside the Agumbe Reserved Forest at Agumbe in the central Western Ghats of southern India. The Agumbe Reserved Forests receives an annual rainfall in excess of 7,000 mm (280 in) and is at an elevation of about 823 m (2,700 ft) above sea level. It forms a part of the Malnad-Kodagu corridor, which also includes the Someshwara, Mookambika, Bhadra, and Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuaries, Kudremukh National Park, and various other forest tracts and reserve forests around Kundapur, Shankaranarayana, Hosanagara, Sringeri, and Thirthahalli. == History == ARRS was founded in 2005, by leading Indian herpetologist Romulus Whitaker. Whitaker saw his very first king cobra (Ophiophagus Kaalinga) here in 1971. He was also extremely taken by the reverence the people in the region showed for snakes, which was a major factor that drove him to establish a research station in Agumbe (Karnataka ). The land is a revenue land was legally procured, the construction and activities are eco friendly and pose no disturbance to the wildlife. == Activities == ARRS managed the world's first radio-telemetry project on the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah, Ophiophagus kalinga), which is also the


id: alfred-faure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Faure-0.md
category: reference
title: Alfred Faure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Faure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:29.459309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alfred-faure-20260505-0
summary:
Alfred-Faure or Port Alfred is a permanent French scientific station on Île de la Possession (Possession Island) of the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the South Indian Ocean. == Research station == The station is located at the eastern end of the island on a plateau 143 m (460 ft) above sea level. Depending on the season, there are 15 to 60 personnel living and working at the base. Their scientific work includes meteorological, seismic, biological and geological research. It was first established during the austral summer of 1963–1964, replacing a temporary scientific base built in 1961. The new station was named after Alfred Faure, the site's leader in the early 1960s. Alfred-Faure is visited a few times a year by the Marion Dufresne, an oceanographic research vessel which delivers supplies and rotating crews of scientists. There is a 1.6 km road that connects the research station to the coast. == Climate == Alfred Faure Station has a very mild tundra climate (Koppen ET) with cool to cold summers and cold (but still averaging above freezing) winters. Due to its oceanic location near the subpolar low, it has a very cloudy and rainy climate


id: alice-holt-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Holt_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Alice Holt Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Holt_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:30.643113+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alice-holt-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Alice Holt Research Station is one of two British forestry research institutes, and is located in north-east Hampshire. == History == It was established as a Forestry Research Station in 1946 by the Forestry Commission near Wrecclesham. The forest estate had 1,225,000 acres. By the late 1950s it had an international reputation. A £134,000 extension was opened in the summer of 1959, which enable the Commission to have its central seed store at the site for varieties such as Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, Corsican pine, and Norway spruce. The store was mostly for conifers, keeping seeds up to four years. and also acorns had been stored up to three years. More laboratories were added in the late 1970s. === Research === In 1948, it began experimenting with Metasequoia glyptostroboides, the dawn redwood, with a view to produce timber. In the late 1950s, its scientists were among the first people to investigate biological data with computers, when they discovered why the Douglas-fir did not grow well in south-east England, which they found was due to temperature and rooting depth. It was through computers that many solutions were found. The station found a new way to determine daily tree growth with vernier


id: aragats-cosmic-ray-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragats_Cosmic_Ray_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragats_Cosmic_Ray_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:31.856347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aragats-cosmic-ray-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Station was founded in 1943 by Artem and Abraham Alikhanians (Abram Alikhanov), during World War II, to study cosmic ray and particle physics. It is located on Mount Aragats in Armenia, at an elevation of 3,200 meters, near Kari Lake. == History == Research on cosmic rays at Aragats started with a 1934 study by the Leningrad Physical-Technical Institute, focusing on how cosmic rays differ from East to West. Norair Kocharian from Yerevan State University later added to this research. These early findings led Artem and Abraham Alikhanians to set up a more detailed study in 1942. the station has been operational with minimal interruption since establishment. Since it was set up, the Aragats station has made contributions to studying cosmic rays including the fields of High-Energy Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Space Weather. In its early stages, the station used mass spectrometry to study the properties of charged particles, contributed by the Alikhanyan brothers. This work, which took about 15 years, helped improve methods for analyzing masses and identifying cosmic ray protons. The idea of 'varitrons,' proposed during this time, aroused discussions in the science community about elementary particles, even though not all findings were


id: banff-international-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_International_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Banff International Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_International_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:33.052268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: banff-international-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Banff International Research Station (BIRS) for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery was established in 2003. It provides an independent research institute for the mathematical sciences in North America, a counterpart to the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics in Europe. The research station, commonly known by its acronym, "BIRS", hosts over 2000 international scientists each year to undertake research collaboration in the mathematical sciences. == Research activities == The research that takes place at the Banff International Research Station is either in pure mathematics, applied mathematics, or in other areas of science where they intersect with mathematics. "BIRS embraces all aspects of the mathematical, computational and statistical sciences from the most fundamental challenges of pure and applied mathematics, theoretical and applied computer science, statistics, and mathematical physics, to financial and industrial mathematics, as well as the mathematics of information technology, and the life sciences." There is a wide range of research publications citing lectures, meetings and reports from BIRS. == Research program == The Banff International Research Station hosts five types of meetings: 5-Day Workshops: These make up the core program at BIRS, with up to 42 participants per workshop, 48 weeks per year. Some workshops have only 21 participants, and


id: bely-rast-high-voltage-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bely_Rast_High_Voltage_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bely_Rast_High_Voltage_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:34.229690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bely-rast-high-voltage-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station (Russian: Белый Раст) is a facility for the development of high voltage equipment in Russia, situated at Bely Rast, Moscow Oblast near the eponymous station of the Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway. Built in 1966, the equipment of the 750 kV- and 1150 kV-lines in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union were first developed and tested at this facility, as well as the equipment for the never completed HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre. The facility also has an unused 1150 kV AC and a 1500 kV DC line. The DC line was the prototype of the never finished HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre. == References == == External links == Wikimap of Bely Rast Research Station


id: bocas-del-toro-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bocas del Toro Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:35.751351+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bocas-del-toro-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Bocas del Toro Research Station (BRS) is a field station of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) on Panama’s western Caribbean coast, is a platform for both marine and terrestrial biodiversity research. The station hosts a diverse group of scientists from more than 20 countries, every year. Activities at the station contribute to the Smithsonian Institution’s primary mission: the increase and diffusion of knowledge. Visiting scientists are engaged in research on the biodiversity, ecology, paleontology and archaeology of the Bocas del Toro region. Educational and outreach activities range from hosting K-12 school groups, to specialized training for international graduate students. Founded in 1998, the BRS campus has provided field accommodation since 2002 and a fully operational research laboratory since 2003. The facilities now include a running seawater system, a new dock, boat ramp, and additional support facilities, as well as two houses to accommodate visiting researchers. The BRS is arguably the preeminent field station in the Caribbean. Visiting scientists hold lectures that are open to the public. == Outreach, education, and training == Outreach and education at the Bocas del Toro Research Station spans a range of programs targeting K-12 students, university undergraduates, graduate students and young professionals. K-12


id: born-marine-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornö_Marine_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bornö Marine Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornö_Marine_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:36.924104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: born-marine-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Bornö Marine Research Station, owned by the Bornö Institute for Ocean and Climate Studies, is located at Holma on the island Stora Bornö in Gullmarsfjorden, about 100 km (62 mi) north of Gothenburg, Sweden. It was built in 1902 by Otto Pettersson and Gustaf Ekman, both pioneers of Swedish marine research. The island has been considered by many Swedes to be the birthplace of Swedish oceanography. == Description == The station grounds, covering 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft), are a nature reserve. It is currently owned and operated by a foundation named the Bornö Institute for Ocean and Climate Studies and provides educational facilities for the University of Gothenburg. It is also available to let to companies or organizations for field courses, research, instrument development or national and international meetings. The upper floors contain eight bedrooms housing 15 beds, as well as two kitchens. On the ground floor are four office spaces and a lecture hall with accommodations for 25 people. == History == The station was originally built in response to the agreements of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) signed in Copenhagen in 1902 between Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and


id: cass-field-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Cass Field Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:38.165499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cass-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
Cass Field Station is a biological and geological research facility operated by the University of Canterbury located near the railway settlement of Cass, in the Canterbury high-country of New Zealand. It was founded in 1914 as the Cass Mountain Biological Station and was operated for many years by the university's Department of Botany. A significant body of research generated by the station has tracked biological change in the area for over 100 years. == History == In 1873 the Canterbury Provincial Government endowed what was then known as Canterbury College with land in the Cass region to create a source of income. By the early 20th century, botanist Leonard Cockayne felt the need for a high-country research station and approached Charles Chilton, Professor of Biology at Canterbury College, and Geology lecturer Robert Speight. The original site selected in 1908 was Broken River, the terminus of the railway line from Christchurch, after which passengers switched to coaches to cross Arthur's Pass and reach the West Coast. By 1910 the railroad had extended to the railway camp of Cass, so the Canterbury College Board selected 10 acres of land there adjacent to Lake Sarah as the site for a research station. In


id: cass-field-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station-1.md
category: reference
title: Cass Field Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:38.165499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cass-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
== Research == As early as 1926 the Dutch geneticist J.P. Lotsy stressed the importance of hybrid plant collections from Cass and their potential use in evolutionary studies. Cockayne, in 1927, agreed that the area's polymorphic plant hybrids had value for evolutionary theory, and Swedish lichenologist G.E. Du Rietz also recognised the important role of Cass Station for plant research. In 1958 Philipson and Garth Brownlie published The Flora of Cass, which included articles on history, geology, soils, climate and vegetation over time. Cass: History and Science in the Cass District, Canterbury, New Zealand, a more comprehensive collection of articles by a wide range of authors, was compiled by Colin Burrows and published in 1977. In 1976–8 American botanist Richard Primack conducted research on flower pollination at Cass and two nearby sites (and also Aoraki / Mt Cook), collecting and interpreting data on flower visits by insects. In 2001 the Fulbright Scholar Scott Wissinger studied the freshwater invertebrate communities of lakes and tarns in and around Cass. Jason Tylianakis in 2008 began a study investigating the effects of climate change on tussocks and their associated invertebrates with a large soil warming experiment. == Publications == The following is a selection


id: central-sierra-field-research-stations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sierra_Field_Research_Stations-0.md
category: reference
title: Central Sierra Field Research Stations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sierra_Field_Research_Stations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:39.350468+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: central-sierra-field-research-stations-20260505-0
summary:
The Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS is a regional group of University of California, Berkeley field research & education reserves located on both sides of the crest of the Sierra Nevada range, north of Lake Tahoe in California. Several of the University of California Natural Reserve System—UCNRS reserves in the Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS lie within the headwaters of the North Fork of the American River. == History == On September 26, 2006, a consortium of land owners & managers including: the North Fork Association, Chickering Partnership, United States Forest Service Tahoe National Forest, Pacific Southwest Research Station of the U.S. Forest Service, and the Regents of the University of California signed a Conservation and Research Agreement addressing future cooperative management of the approximately 19,670 acres (79.6 km2) of public & private lands in this watershed. == Field research stations & education reserves == Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS entities include: Sagehen Creek Field Station Central Sierra Snow Laboratory Onion Creek Experimental Watershed North Fork Association Lands Chickering American River Reserve Sagehen Creek Field Station serves as the hub of this network, offering accessible accommodations, classrooms, support and resources — which are unavailable at the other, sometimes remote CSFRS


id: como-national-park-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoé_National_Park_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Comoé National Park Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoé_National_Park_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:40.555472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: como-national-park-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Comoé National Park Research Station, located in the Comoé National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, was founded by Professor Karl Eduard Linsenmair, a German biologist, in 1989/90. The research station was forced to close after the outbreak of the First Ivorian Civil War in 2002. After the end of the Second Ivorian Civil War in 2011 repairs at the station began and in 2014 the station had achieved again its full working capacity. The focus of the field based research is on conservation, tropical ecology and behaviour. == History == In 1989/90 a first research camp was realized with substantial funding provided by the Volkswagen Stiftung, the University of Würzburg and the respective Ministry (Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Bildung und Kultus, Wissenschaft und Kunst). A successful application for a research grant by Linsenmair at the Fritz Thyssen Foundation led to the expansion and transformation into a permanent station, after various bureaucratic hurdles in Germany and Côte d'Ivoire, which delayed the construction of the field station approximately 8 years. Construction started in 2000 and in early 2002 all guesthouses and other buildings apart from the lab were finished and a move from the camp to the new station was possible. The outbreak of


id: fleringe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleringe-0.md
category: reference
title: Fleringe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleringe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:42.455893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fleringe-20260505-0
summary:
Fleringe is a populated area, a socken (not to be confused with parish), on the Swedish island of Gotland. It comprises the same area as the administrative Fleringe District, established on 1 January 2016. == Community == The name is known since 1304 as Fledynge, the first part flaidh meaning "tear or wound" is figuratively used for "hills" or "wound in the landscape", such "wounds" can be found north and northwest of the church, and the last part inge meaning "inhabitants". Fleringe is situated on the north coast of the main island, Gotland, west of Fårösund and right by Lake Bästeträsk. Fleringe is mostly forested land. A number of grave mounds and stone circles from the bronze age can be found at Fleringe. The medieval Fleringe Church is located in Fleringe. As of 2019, Fleringe Church belongs to Bunge-Rute-Fleringe parish in Norra Gotlands pastorat, along with the churches in Bunge and Rute . One of the asteroids in the Asteroid belt, 9359 Fleringe, is named after this place. == Limestone industry == From 1650, and peaking during the 1920s, the area around Fleringe contained many industries connected to the limestone industry on Gotland. The limestone industry closed down in 1990.


id: fowlers-gap-arid-zone-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlers_Gap_Arid_Zone_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlers_Gap_Arid_Zone_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:43.659927+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fowlers-gap-arid-zone-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station is teaching and research facility, established by the UNSW Australia (UNSW), which is located in the Australian state of New South Wales. in Fowlers Gap in the far north-west of the state. The station is located about 112 kilometres (70 mi) north of Broken Hill. It occupies Western Lands Lease No. 10194, an area of 38,888 hectares (96,090 acres), and has been used by scientists in fields ranging from zoology to agriculture, palaeontology and environmental science. The facility has also hosted art and design students on field trips from the university, using purpose-built facilities, including studios. == Features == The property has been held since 1966 by the UNSW on a lease in perpetuity. It is administered by the UNSW Faculty of Science.The lease enables studies of the arid-zone environment, particularly in relation to impacts on the pastoral industry. Fowlers Gap is the only research station in the arid zone of New South Wales. Areas have been monitored and data collected continuously, in some cases for over 30 years. With a varied collection of meeting places, dormitories, cottages and camping sites it can handle reasonably large visiting groups and small conferences. Research has


id: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)-0.md
category: reference
title: Heron Island (Queensland)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:44.850290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
summary:
Heron Island is a coral cay located near the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern Great Barrier Reef. It is 87 kilometres (54 miles) north-east of Gladstone, Queensland, Australia, and 460 km (290 mi) north-north-west of the state capital Brisbane. The island is situated on the leeward (western) side of Heron Reef, a fringing platform reef of significant biodiversity, supporting around 900 of the 1,500 fish species and 72% of the coral species found on the Great Barrier Reef. During the summer months Heron Island is also home to over 200,000 birds including Noddy Terns and Mutton Birds. The island is about 800 metres (2,600 feet) long and 300 metres (980 ft) at its widest, giving an area of approximately 16 hectares (40 acres). The highest point, near the western tip, is 3.6 metres (12 ft) above sea level. A dune ridge along the southern shore rises some 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) above sea level, lower dunes on the north-eastern side are only about one metre (3 ft 3 in) above the sea. Heron Island and an extrapolated version of the research station are the scene of much of the first part of Arthur C. Clarke's The Deep


id: heron-island-queensland-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)-1.md
category: reference
title: Heron Island (Queensland)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:44.850290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
summary:
Rich forests of Pisonia grandis dominate the centre and south of Heron Island. Towards the eastern and north-western ends, the forest is readily accessible, but its heart is a dense tangle, interrupted only by a few trails. Some trees in the heart of the forest grow to 10–11 m, but most are just 6–8 m high. The understory is largely absent here, formed only by scattered Celtis paniculata, Ficus opposita and Pipturus argenteus with a height of 2–4 m; some Celtis also grow higher and emerge through the Pisonia canopy. Patches of shrubs – mainly Abutilon albescens, with Wollastonia biflora (probably var. canescens), and the introduced wild poinsettia (Euphorbia cyathophora) – are found here and there. Herbaceous plants are scarce here, mainly consisting of the grass Stenotaphrum micranthum. The more open forest is composed of much the same plants, but the Pisonia does not predominate as much. A few Pandanus tectorius screwpines are also found here, and the understory is far more prominent. North of the Pisonia forest, a band of open shrubland with some trees extends from the resort to the island's eastern tip. Octopus bush (Heliotropium foertherianum) and sea cabbage (Scaevola taccada) form the major bush cover, while


id: heron-island-queensland-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)-2.md
category: reference
title: Heron Island (Queensland)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:44.850290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
summary:
At least one species of rat, probably the widespread polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), is found on the island. Though even these small rats are known to harm island birds, this is insignificant on islands so close to a continent; while the rats probably feed on eggs and nestlings, they do not threaten the breeding bird populations as a whole. Heron Island is also a major nesting site for green (Chelonia mydas) and Indopacific loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta gigas). Around 98% of all turtles that nest on the island are green turtles, and only 2% of them will be loggerheads. The Indopacific hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata bissa) has been seen on the reef but does not breed on the island. Other marine life includes the inhabitants of the coral reef, and around early October, cetaceans (e.g. humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae) pass Heron Island on their migration to their summer quarters in subantarctic waters. As of June 2020, the Turtle Cooling Project is being undertaken by scientists from the World Wildlife Fund Australia, University of Queensland, Deakin University and the Queensland Government. It is looking at the effect of global warming on northern green turtle breeding, in particular the effect


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-0.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is a University of Alaska Fairbanks program which researches the ionosphere – the highest, ionized part of Earth's atmosphere. The most prominent instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high-power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high frequency (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily excite a limited area of the ionosphere. Other instruments, such as a VHF and a UHF radar, a fluxgate magnetometer, a digisonde (an ionospheric sounding device), and an induction magnetometer, are used to study the physical processes that occur in the excited region. Work on the HAARP facility began in 1993. Initially HAARP was jointly funded by the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Navy, the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It was designed and built by BAE Advanced Technologies. Its original purpose was to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance. Since 2015 it has been operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The current working IRI was completed in 2007; its prime contractor was BAE Systems Advanced Technologies. As of 2008, HAARP had incurred around


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-1.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
== Research == HAARP's main goal is basic science research in the uppermost portion of the atmosphere, termed the ionosphere. Essentially a transition between the atmosphere and the magnetosphere, the ionosphere is where the atmosphere is thin enough that the Sun's X-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough that there are enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere. The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of Earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like the aurora. The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-2.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
== Instrumentation and operation == The main instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI). This is a high-power, high-frequency phased array radio transmitter with a set of 180 antennas, disposed in an array of 12×15 units that occupy a rectangle of about 30–40 acres (12–16 hectares). The IRI is used to temporarily energize a small portion of the ionosphere. The study of these disturbed volumes yields important information for understanding natural ionospheric processes. During active ionospheric research, the signal generated by the transmitter system is delivered to the antenna array and transmitted in an upward direction. At an altitude between 70 and 350 km (43 and 217 mi) (depending on operating frequency), the signal is partially absorbed in a small volume several tens of kilometers in diameter and a few meters thick over the IRI. The intensity of the HF signal in the ionosphere is less than 3 μW/cm2, tens of thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation reaching the Earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random variations in intensity of the Sun's natural ultraviolet (UV) energy which creates the ionosphere. The small effects that are produced can be observed with


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-3.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
HAARP is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories. Various individuals have speculated about hidden motivations and capabilities of the project. For example, Rosalie Bertell warned in 1996 about the deployment of HAARP as a military weapon. Michel Chossudovsky stated in a book published by the Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform that "recent scientific evidence suggests that HAARP is fully operational and has the capability of triggering floods, hurricanes, droughts and earthquakes." Over time, HAARP has been blamed for generating such catastrophes, as well as thunderstorms, in Iran, Pakistan, Haiti, Turkey, Greece and the Philippines, and even major power outages, the downing of TWA Flight 800, Gulf War syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Allegations include the following: Nick Begich Jr., the son of the late U.S. Representative Nick Begich Sr., brother of former U.S. Senator Mark Begich and retired Alaska state senator Tom Begich, and father of current U.S. Representative Nick Begich III is the co-author of Angels Don't Play This HAARP. He has claimed that the HAARP facility could trigger earthquakes and turn the upper atmosphere into a giant lens so that "the sky would literally appear to burn." He maintains a website that claims HAARP is a mind


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-4.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
== In popular culture == HAARP gave rise to a live album by the rock band Muse and became the theme of novels like La Route de Gakona by Jean-Paul Jody. HAARP is the key plot point in Breaking Point of Tom Clancy's Net Force (2000), where it is used to induce group madness. The HAARP facility appears in the 2004 video game X-Men Legends. In the game, the X-Men track the Brotherhood of Mutants to HAARP. The facility is significantly different from its real life counterpart, with snowy valleys around it and vast icy tunnels below. It is guarded by an extensive security force, including armed guards and tanks. The X-Men eventually locate the Brotherhood and learn that sensitive information, including the location of Magneto's imprisonment, is kept in the HAARP computers. Season 1, episode 11, of the UPN TV series Seven Days was titled "HAARP Attack". It was broadcast on January 27, 1999. The HAARP played a major part in the G.I. Joe: Resolute miniseries. In it, Cobra was able to weaponize the lab to create a Particle Cannon and threaten the world to surrender to them. Though it was freed from Destro and Baroness, Cobra possessed a


id: hr-wallingford-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR_Wallingford-0.md
category: reference
title: HR Wallingford
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR_Wallingford
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:47.212521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hr-wallingford-20260505-0
summary:
HR Wallingford Ltd is an engineering and research organisation based in the United Kingdom with a focus on civil engineering and environmental hydraulics. It was created by the UK Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1947, to deal with 'looser boundary' problems such as coastal erosion, flood protection, and the silting and scouring of rivers, estuaries and harbours. HR Wallingford was a government establishment until 1982, when it was privatised from the Department of the Environment to become Hydraulics Research Station Limited. It became known as HR Wallingford in 1991. During its existence, it has contributed to advance hydraulics research. It also worked on water-related projects in the UK and around the world. == History == 1945 – The Institution of Civil Engineers submitted a proposal to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research on the need for a hydraulics research station in the UK. 1947 – DSIR Hydraulic Research Organisation formed in London 1951 – Hydraulics Research Station established in Wallingford 1965 – Re-organisation into Ministry of Technology. Hydrological Research Unit transferred to the Natural Environment Research Council and later to become Institute of Hydrology and then Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 1971 – Transfer to the Department


id: ieodo-ocean-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieodo_Ocean_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Ieodo Ocean Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieodo_Ocean_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:48.418265+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieodo-ocean-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Ieodo Ocean Research Station is an ocean platform constructed by South Korea and placed on the submerged Socotra Rock in the East China Sea. The stated purpose of the platform is the collection of meteorological data, provision for maritime safety, and fisheries monitoring. However, as South Korea and China both claim that Socotra Rock lies in their respective Exclusive Economic Zones, the platform has strategic geopolitical importance. The platform was officially opened in June 2003. The platform has a helipad and five lower decks for equipment and workspace. Although the station has residential facilities that can comfortably accommodate 8 people for 15 days, the station is typically uninhabited and operated remotely. While Socotra Rock rises to a maximum of 4.6m below sea level, the platform is founded on a portion of the rock that is substantially deeper, at 40m below sea level. As a result, the platform is approximately 700m from the rock's "peak." The platform rises approximately 36m above sea level. == References ==


id: kalamos-island-biological-field-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos_Island_biological_field_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Kalamos Island biological field station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos_Island_biological_field_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:49.618212+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kalamos-island-biological-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Kalamos Island biological field station is a research station located in the island Kalamos, in the Ionian Sea, in Western Greece. It is situated in the core of the inner Ionian marine protected area, site GR22220003 of the Natura 2000 network. The marine area is additionally protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area (ACCOBAMS). == Activities == The station is a base for year-round research activities in ecology, ecosystem management and sustainability issues such as permaculture. It was created as part of the Kalamos and Kastos sustainable development program of Terra Sylvestris, a non-governmental non profit organization that established the program in order to bring about sustainable development through rewilding in the area of the Island of Kalamos, Kastos and adjacent smaller islands and their marine environment. The station conducts and facilitates a wide variety of research projects, ranging from biodiversity conservation to environmental justice to permaculture. The biological field station is also the base for the volunteer and internship programs of Terra Sylvestris, which enables people from all over the world to participate in the activities of Terra Sylvestris in the area and specifically the biological


id: king-edward-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Point-0.md
category: reference
title: King Edward Point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:50.835182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: king-edward-point-20260505-0
summary:
King Edward Point (also known as KEP) is a permanent British Antarctic Survey research station on South Georgia island and is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It is situated in Cumberland East Bay on the northeastern coast of the island. The settlement is the second smallest capital in the world by population, after Ngerulmud in Palau. == History == King Edward Point was named in honour of King Edward VII. Grytviken (pot cove in Norwegian and Swedish) is nearby and was named after sealers' trywork. Both of these are along the King Edward Cove. The Post Office in King Edward Point was established in 1909, and has been in operation since then with the exception of the Falklands War. The oldest building in King Edward Point is the customs warehouse and jail built in 1914. Discovery House, a prefabricated laboratory, was established in 1925, and used by biologists collecting specimens from whale carcasses for six years. In 1929, Discovery II was opened for use in oceanographic study. Argentine soldiers arrived near King Edward Point on 24 March 1982, and occupied it on 3 April. The British retook King Edward Point


id: kirklington-hall-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklington_Hall_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Kirklington Hall Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklington_Hall_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:52.121766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kirklington-hall-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Kirklington Hall Research Station was a geophysical research institute of BP in Kirklington, Nottinghamshire. During the 1950s it was the main research site of BP. == Background == Cricketer John Boddam-Whetham was born at the site in 1843. Sir Albert Bennett, 1st Baronet, Liberal MP from 1922-23 for Mansfield, lived there from 1920. The Bennett baronets was formed in 1929. Lady Evelyn Maude Robinson, was the owner from around 1930, and the wife of Sir John Robinson of Worksop, who died aged 74 on Saturday 2 December 1944. The previous owner died aged 73 on Friday 14 December 1945, leaving £138,365 in her will. In June 1945 it was put up for auction, with 631 acres, 15 bedrooms, 6 bathrooms, and 11 servants rooms. It was sold for £24,500 in Derby in July 1945. Nottinghamshire County Council for two years was looking to buy the property, but it was a big investment, for a residential further education college; it chose another site in July 1947. == History == === BP === As part of the East Midlands Oil Province, oil was found in eastern Nottinghamshire. It was also known as the BP Research Centre or the Geophysical Centre, part of


id: liquid-jungle-lab-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Jungle_Lab-0.md
category: reference
title: Liquid Jungle Lab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Jungle_Lab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:53.372776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: liquid-jungle-lab-20260505-0
summary:
The Liquid Jungle Lab (LJL) is a tropical marine research station on the island of Canales de Tierra on the western coast of Pacific Panama along a primary marine biological corridor. The LJL research campus was completed in 2004 and is part of a private 3,500 hectare reserve composed of primary forest, mangroves, tide pools, and a rocky inter-tidal zone that transitions into fringing coral reefs. The island laboratory is adjacent to two large coastal bays, Bahia Honda, Veraguas Province and Pixvae Bay, which are important mangrove, estuarine and riparian (stream) habitats. The island and laboratory serve as a strategic base for ecologic research of the Coiba National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Panama's largest marine protected area. The tremendous biodiversity of the marine and terrestrial environments surrounding Isla Canales de Tierra allows visiting scientists to conduct multidisciplinary ecologic research in a pristine area and has even inspired a designer perfume fragrance, Fleur de Liane. The LJL was founded by Jean Pigozzi, a Swiss venture capitalist, photographer and art collector. == Research == A multi-disciplinary approach to research in Terrestrial and Marine Tropical Ecology are conducted between a consortium of scientists and researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic


id: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:54.620713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station is located on the west coast of Ireland, and is one of the longest running mercury recording stations in the world. The station's location is important as it is far away from neighbouring cities, to ensure no pollutants interfere with recordings, and its location is suitable for studying the atmosphere under Northern Hemispheric and European conditions. The station has the dual status of being a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GMO) station and a European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) supersite. Mace Head research and monitor the climate and atmospheric composition, focusing on aerosol-cloud interactions and mercury readings. == About == Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station was established in 1987, and is still in operation. The current station manager is Gerry Spain, who has held this position for the last 20 years. The station PI/Contact is Professor Simon O'Doherty, who runs trace gas measurement at the University of Bristol, and the station CO-PI is Professor Peter Simmonds. Mace Head funding is supported by the UK's Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and NASA. The station has the dual status of being a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GMO) station and


id: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station-1.md
category: reference
title: Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:54.620713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
== Measurements and recordings == Mace Head is renowned for their atmospheric chemistry research, as they measure numerous meteorological elements such as wind speed and direction, temperature, rainfall, and humidity. They also record and measure greenhouse gases, UV levels, and solar radiation. Mace Head began measuring the ozone since 1988, chloroform, methane and trichloro trifluoroethane in 1897, and carbon monoxide and hydrogen began in 1995. Mark Lunt measured chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), and Jurgita Ovadnevaite reported on the aerosol-cloud and climate interactions at Mace head, specifically the major advances in sea salt aerosols. Observations of methyl chloroform at Mace Head have also been useful in the understanding of methane removal from the atmosphere, which is caused by trends in atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations. Whilst Mace Head does measure numerous atmospheric compositions, they mainly focuses on the measurements of aerosols and mercury readings, but also observed and measures storms and strong winds. === Measured storms and wind speeds === Mace Head measures storms and strong winds that pass through specifically during winter; storm season. One such storm measured was Storm Ali, the first storm of the 2018–2019 season. Storm Ali arrived at the northern areas of the British Isles on 19 September, and


id: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station-2.md
category: reference
title: Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:54.620713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
=== Mercury === The Mace Head station has been recording mercury (Hg) since 1995, and has thus been one of the longest running mercury recording stations in the world. Mercury data recording and collection is vital as it is a global environmental pollutant emitted both naturally and from man-made sources. Evidence suggests that mercury emissions from man-made sources are as great as those originating from natural sources, thus it is the man-made emitted mercury that is contributing to an increase in environmental exposure to mercury. Long term and continuous measurements are necessary as it details whether a fluctuation is normal or something unusual, thus allowing one to monitor background levels of total gaseous mercury. Continuous measurements of mercury are taken within a 15 minute time resolution, and is one of the first stations to generate total gaseous measurements with such a high time resolution. Furthermore, long term monitoring can provide direct evidence of temporal trends, as mercury has an atmospheric residence time of approximately 1 year. Measurements recorded at Mace Head display that background levels of mercury in the Northern Hemisphere are approximately 1.7 ng/m3 with a seasonal variation of approximately 20%. == Other international research networks == Mace Head


id: macquarie-island-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Macquarie Island Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:55.838299+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macquarie-island-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Macquarie Island Station, commonly called Macca, is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between Mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island. The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997, the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level. == Purpose == The research station is operated by the Australian Antarctic Division. Scientific research on the island is focused around biology, geosciences, meteorology, and human impact on the environment. Macquarie island birds breed on the island so wildlife management and counting is key to a number of research projects. Monitoring is also undertaken for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency to detect radioactive debris from atmospheric explosions or vented by underground or underwater nuclear explosions. Macquarie Island is an important global monitoring


id: niwot-ridge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwot_Ridge-0.md
category: reference
title: Niwot Ridge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwot_Ridge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:58.198147+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: niwot-ridge-20260505-0
summary:
Niwot Ridge is an alpine ecology research station located 65 km northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado. It is on the Front Range of the southern Rocky Mountains and lies within the Roosevelt National Forest. Niwot Ridge is 2,900 metres (9,500 ft) high. == Characteristics of the site == Niwot Ridge was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1979 and was one of 17 reserves in the United States withdrew from the program in June 2017. The Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research Site was established in 1980 as a United States Forest Service experimental ecology reserve. The site is characterized by "extensive alpine tundra, a variety of glacial landforms, glacial lakes and moraines, cirques and talus slopes, patterned ground, and permafrost", and is home to Arikaree Glacier. Habitats include western spruce-fir forest, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) subalpine forest, alpine meadows as well as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) shrubland. The site is little influenced by human impact and is thus an excellent site to monitor biological, chemical, and physical responses to changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The site is administered cooperatively by the U.S. Forest Service and the University of Colorado Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) for


id: schneefernerhaus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneefernerhaus-0.md
category: reference
title: Schneefernerhaus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneefernerhaus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:59.397834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schneefernerhaus-20260505-0
summary:
The Schneefernerhaus is a former hotel in the Alps, that is now used as an environmental research station. It lies immediately below the summit of the Zugspitze at a height of 2,650 m and was opened on 20 January 1931. It used to house the top station of the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway as well as a tourist hotel. There was then a cable car from the Schneefernerhaus to the Zugspitze summit. In 1938 a gallery for pedestrians was opened from the ridge station of the Tyrolean Zugspitze Cable Car to the Schneefernerhaus. From 1945 to 1952 the hotel was commandeered for use as a "recreation facility" by the US Forces. On 15 May 1965 an avalanche, that swept over the sun terrace of the hotel and the lifts on the Zugspitzplatt, claimed 10 lives and injured 21. This tragedy was the impetus behind the introduction of a state avalanche warning service and local avalanche commissions. In 1988, after the new station of the Zugspitze Railway was opened on the plateau and, in 1989, the SonnAlpin restaurant there was extended, the hotel and restaurant operation at the Schneefernerhaus finally closed on 14 January 1992. The trackage of the Zugspitze Railway is


id: seaorbiter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaOrbiter-0.md
category: reference
title: SeaOrbiter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaOrbiter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:00.565678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seaorbiter-20260505-0
summary:
The SeaOrbiter, also known as Sea Orbiter (two words), is a proposed oceangoing research vessel based on the ideas of French architect and oceanographer Jacques Rougerie. Construction was due to start in 2014 but by May 2015, only the Eye of SeaOrbiter has been completed, and as of 2024, there is no news of any other construction. The SeaOrbiter is planned to allow scientists and others a residential yet mobile research station positioned under the oceans' surface, with laboratories, workshops, living quarters and a pressurized deck to support divers and submarines. SeaOrbiter is a project of the "Floating oceanographic laboratory" organisation. It is headed by Jacques Rougerie, oceanographer Jacques Piccard and astronaut Jean-Loup Chrétien. In 2012 the cost was estimated to be around US$52.7 million. == Description == As proposed, the laboratory would be a semi-submersible oceangoing craft weighing 1,000 tonnes (2,200,000 lb). It would have a total height of 51 metres (167 ft) with 31 metres (102 ft) below sea level. It is designed to float vertically and drift with the ocean currents but has two small propellers allowing it to modify its trajectory and maneuver in confined waters. Underwater robots would be sent from the laboratory to explore


id: shafter-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafter_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Shafter Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafter_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:01.815226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shafter-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Shafter Research Station is an agricultural research station near Shafter, Kern County, California, in the San Joaquin Valley. The station was established in 1922 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as Shafter Cotton Research Station. It was built to provide California with high-quality cotton. Initial research at the station focused on growing long-staple cotton, Egyptian Pima cotton, which was used to make airplane wings at the time. The Hatch Act of 1887 provided for U.S. funding of agricultural science. By 1925, the researchers had determined that Acala cotton, named after Acala, Texas, was the highest-quality variety of long-staple cotton; they then developed the "one variety" method of cotton production, in which every California cotton producer would grow Acala cotton. As a result of this research, the state of California enacted the California One Variety Cotton Act, which mandated that California cotton producers could grow only Acala cotton. The law spurred the growth of California's fledgling cotton industry, which now forms a major part of the state's agricultural economy. The success of the "one variety" policy caused the station to earn an international reputation for its research, and procedures developed at the station have been used in the Australian and


id: tropical-agricultural-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Agricultural_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Tropical Agricultural Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Agricultural_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:02.983139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tropical-agricultural-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station or TARS is an USDA-ARS agricultural research center with well known botanical garden in the city of Mayagüez, in Puerto Rico. Maricao, in Puerto Rico. Its code of international recognition as a botanical institution, as well as the initials of its herbarium is MAYAG. == Location == This botanical garden is located at Pedro Albizu Campos Ave. Suite 201 Mayagüez 00680, between Carr. 65 intersection with Carr. 108. Tropical Agricultural Research Station Mayagüez Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 70, Autonomous Municipality of Mayagüez, PR 00708, Puerto Rico. Office hours to arrange a visit of the TARS are from 7:00 am – 12:00 pm / 1:00 pm – 4:00 pm. == History == In 1901, the United States Congress authorized the establishment of the research station in Mayagüez to study agricultural problems of interest to Puerto Rico. One hundred years later, the station makes important contributions to agriculture on a regional and national scale. According to Ricardo J. Goenaga, the director of the TARS, the main goal of the scientists at the station is the development of fruit production systems that help growers to increase the market and the sales potential of the crops. The


id: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-0
category: reference
title: University of the Philippines Los Baños Limnological Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:04.171350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station-0.md

summary:
The UPLB Limnological Research Station traces its root from the Department of Entomology, of the then UP College of Agriculture. Since its conception, the station contributed immensely to the understanding of the bounties of Laguna de Bay and helped establish the duck farming industry on Los Baňos foreshores and pioneered in aquarium fish production in the country. It serves as the base for studies on limnology and biology of aquatic organisms aimed at developing strategies for the optimum utilization and sustained production of aquatic resources; developing, adapting or improving conventional technologies used to increase fish production; and promoting environment friendly approaches for effective water management. == History == === Pre-War === The idea of institutionalizing a Limnological Station began as a result of collaboration between Dr. Leopoldo B. Uichanco, professor and head of the Department of Entomology of the then UP College of Agriculture and Albert William Herre, then Chief of Fisheries Division, Bureau of Science, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources on ‘Dolong’, a species of goby that can be found in Laguna de Bay (Ref: Letter of Albert W. Herre to Dr. L.B. Uichangco dated January 19, 1926, UPLB LRS archive # 1). On August 17, 1928, the


id: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-1
category: reference
title: University of the Philippines Los Baños Limnological Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:04.171350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station-1.md

summary:
=== Present === The UPLB Limnological Research Station (popularly called Limno Station or just Limno) is being managed by the Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences. The Station has a total land area of 4.78 ha. situated at the foreshore of Laguna de Bay in Barangay Mayondon, Los Baňos Laguna. On January 28, 1994, the Station was identified and established as the National Center for Inland Waters Research and Development by the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development-Department of Science and Technology (PCAMRD-DOST). The Station is also the seat of PCAMRD-DOST's Southern Luzon Zonal Center for Aquatic and Marine R&D (Zonal Center 2). The UPLB Limnological Research Station once again plays an important role in the fisheries sector through the leadership of their Station Manager, Dr. Pablo P. Ocampo, paving the way towards achieving its goals to: (1) develop optimum utilization and sustained production of aquatic resources; (2) conduct limnological studies; (3) conduct training and extension activities on different aspects of aquarium fish production; (4) develop culture technique for live feeds; (5) develop new aquarium varieties from indigenous fish species; and, (6) conduct captive breeding on some selected endemic/endangered freshwater fish


id: university-of-zimbabwe-lake-kariba-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe_Lake_Kariba_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe_Lake_Kariba_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:05.323640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-zimbabwe-lake-kariba-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station is a research station in the Nyamhunga suburb of Kariba. It is operated by the University of Zimbabwe. Station staff have published research on topics such as fish diets and population dynamics and climate change. == References ==


id: wolf-creek-research-basin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Research_Basin-0.md
category: reference
title: Wolf Creek Research Basin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Research_Basin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:06.497001+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wolf-creek-research-basin-20260505-0
summary:
Wolf Creek is in the Yukon Territory, Canada. == Research station == A research station at Wolf Creek Research Basin has been providing continuous data since 1992 for hydrological data. There are three meteorological stations, a groundwater monitoring well since 2003, as well as specialized instrumentation running continuously for specific projects. It is an important location for the study of snow and climate in the region. == References ==


id: zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called a zoological park, animal park, or menagerie) is a facility where animals are kept within enclosures for public exhibition and often bred for conservation purposes. The term zoological garden refers to zoology, the study of animals. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion, 'animal', and the suffix -λογία, -logia, 'study of'. The abbreviation zoo was first used of the London Zoological Gardens, which was opened for scientific study in 1828, and to the public in 1847. The first modern zoo was the Tierpark Hagenbeck by Carl Hagenbeck in Germany. In the United States alone, zoos are visited by over 181 million people annually. However, animal welfare organizations have expressed criticism of zoos and the conditions in which animals are kept. Concerns have been raised about the impact of zoos on animal welfare, including both housing conditions and the effects of visitor behavior. In recent decades, efforts have been made to improve conditions in zoos. == Etymology == The London Zoo, which was opened in 1828, was initially known as the "Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London", and it described itself as a menagerie or "zoological forest".


id: zoo-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-1.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of Emperor Francis I, to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of Schönbrunn Palace. The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but was made accessible to the public in 1765. In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside the Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animals from the royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The planning about a space for the conservation and observation of animals was expressed in connection with the political construction of republican citizenship. The Kazan Zoo, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of Kazan Federal University Karl Fuchs. === The modern zoo === Until the early 19th century, the function of the zoo was often to symbolize royal power, like King Louis XIV's menagerie at Versailles. Major cities in Europe set up zoos in the 19th century, usually using London and Paris as models. The transition was


id: zoo-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-2.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, the Philadelphia Zoo, opened on July 1, 1874, earning its motto "America's First Zoo." The Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens in Chicago and the Cincinnati Zoo opened in 1875. In the 1930s, federal relief programs provided financial aid to most local zoos. The Works Progress Administration and similar New Deal government agencies helped greatly in the construction, renovation, and expansion of zoos when the Great Depression severely reduced local budgets. It was "a new deal for animals." The Atlanta Zoo, founded in 1886, suffered neglect. By 1984 it was ranked among the ten worst zoos in the United States. Systematic reform by 2000 put it on the list of the ten best. By 2020, the United States featured 230 accredited zoos and aquariums across 45 states, accommodating 800,000 animals, and 6,000 species out of which about 1,000 are endangered. The zoos provide 208,000 jobs, and with an annual budget of $230 million for wildlife conservation. They attract over 200 million visits a year and have special programs for schools. They are organized by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. === Japan === Japan's first modern zoo, Tokyo's Ueno Zoo, opened in 1882 based on European models. In


id: zoo-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-3.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The first public aquarium was opened at the London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental Europe (e.g. Paris in 1859, Hamburg in 1864, Berlin in 1869, and Brighton in 1872) and the United States (e.g. Boston in 1859, Washington in 1873, San Francisco Woodward's Gardens in 1873, and the New York Aquarium at The Battery in 1896). === Roadside zoos === Roadside zoos are found throughout North America, particularly in remote locations. They are often small, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some other facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos. Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of neglect and cruelty. In June 2014 the Animal Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit against the Iowa-based roadside Cricket Hollow Zoo for violating the Endangered Species Act by failing to provide proper care for its animals. Since filing the lawsuit, ALDF has obtained records from investigations conducted by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services; these records show that the zoo is also violating


id: zoo-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-4.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The position of most modern zoos in Australasia, Asia, Europe, and North America, particularly those with scientific societies, is that they display wild animals primarily for the conservation of endangered species, as well as for research purposes and education, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors. The Zoological Society of London states in its charter that its aim is "the advancement of Zoology and Animal Physiology and the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom." It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the United States, the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Philadelphia Zoo focuses on the study of comparative pathology. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, and in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the 21st century. When studying behaviour of captive animals, several things should however be taken into account before drawing conclusions about wild populations. Including that captive populations are often smaller than wild ones and that the space available to each animal is often less than in the wild. Conservation programs all


id: zoo-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-5.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
=== Capture in wild and mortality === In modern, well-regulated zoos, breeding is controlled to maintain a self-sustaining, global captive population. This is not the case in some less well-regulated zoos, often based in poorer regions. Overall "stock turnover" of animals during a year in a select group of poor zoos was reported as 20%-25% with 75% of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first 20 months. The authors of the report stated that before successful breeding programs, the high mortality rate was the reason for the "massive scale of importations." One 2-year study indicated that of 19,361 mammals that left accredited zoos in the U.S. between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38%) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms. === Behavioural restriction === Many modern zoos attempt to improve animal welfare by providing more space and behavioural enrichments. This often involves housing the animals in naturalistic enclosures that allow the animals to express more of their natural behaviours, such as roaming and foraging. Whilst many zoos have been working hard on this change, in some zoos, some enclosures still remain barren concrete enclosures or other minimally enriched cages. Sometimes animals are unable


id: zoo-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-6.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
=== Negative effects === Most studies have found that large or noisy visitor groups negatively affect animals. A study measuring stress hormone (corticoid) levels in rhinoceroses found a significant relationship between visitor exposure and stress levels. A review of primate studies indicated that visitors are generally a source of stress, with stronger negative effects when groups are large. Dominant group members can influence responses, as shown in gorillas, orangutans, and mangabey monkeys. Visitor behavior can also affect primate aggression. Orangutans showed more aggressive behavior in the presence of noisy audiences, and siamangs increased aggressive behavior when visitors attempted to mimic their actions or engage in disturbing interactions. In petting zoos, goats and sheep exhibited more fear behaviors, such as fleeing or attacking, when visitor numbers were high. Leopards exposed to the public had higher fecal stress hormone levels than leopards not shown to visitors, and larger visitor numbers increased stress hormones in Mexican wolves and black wolves. Increased stress-related behaviors with higher visitor numbers have also been observed in jaguars, fennec foxes, brown bears, harbor seals, deer, gazelles, and koalas. Studies suggest ways to improve animal welfare without removing public displays. These include limiting visitor numbers, providing educational signage, encouraging


id: bear-pit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_pit-0.md
category: reference
title: Bear pit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_pit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:09.511026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bear-pit-20260505-0
summary:
A bear pit is an enclosure historically used to display bears, typically for entertainment and especially bear-baiting. The pit area was normally surrounded by a high fence, above which the spectators would look down on the bears. The most traditional form of maintaining bears in captivity is keeping them in pits, although many zoos have replaced these by more elaborate and spacious enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural habitats, for the benefit of the animals and the visitors. == History == Bear pits originated as a place to keep bears used in bear-baiting. These pits were temporary structures, typically used just once. After the sport's popularity waned, bear pits continued to exist as a way to display bears for the public to see, and often, feed. In contrast to the ones used in baiting, these pits were permanent structures built with sturdy materials; the pit in Rosherville Gardens, for example, was made of brick. Bear pits peaked in popularity during the Victorian era, when the public developed a general fascination with exotic animals. Several violent incidents were known to occur in British bear pits. The public generally saw captive bears as "clownish" and thus feared them little. A bear


id: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment-0.md
category: reference
title: Behavioral enrichment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:10.666150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
summary:
Behavioral enrichment is an animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by identifying and providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being. Enrichment can either be active or passive, depending on whether it requires direct contact between the animal and the enrichment. A variety of enrichment techniques are used to create desired outcomes similar to an animal's individual and species' history. Each of the techniques used is intended to stimulate the animal's senses similarly to how they would be activated in the wild. Provided enrichment may be seen in the form of auditory, olfactory, habitat factors, food, research projects, training, and objects. == Purpose == Environmental enrichment can improve the overall welfare of animals in captivity and create a habitat similar to what they would experience in their wild environment. It aims to maintain an animal's physical and psychological health by increasing the range or number of species-specific behaviors, increasing positive interaction with the captive environment, preventing or reducing the frequency of abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypies, and increasing the individual's ability to cope with the challenges of captivity. Stereotypies are seen in captive animals due to stress and boredom. This


id: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment-1.md
category: reference
title: Behavioral enrichment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:10.666150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
summary:
Structural Enrichment is when objects are added to an enclosure to mimic an animal's natural habitat. These objects can be switched out occasionally or kept permanently. The environment of captive animals should be switched frequently since their environment in the wild would bring on new objects and exploration. Research into what constitutes the most beneficial and appropriate forms of enrichment must be used when considering the provision of enrichment options, especially for species where natural-like settings may be difficult to achieve. The animal should never become too familiar with their environment because that can cause boredom, no stimulation or stereotypical behavior. Examples of this could be swings or climbing structures. Stones have also been shown to encourage exploratory behavior in Japanese macaques. Interaction with the stones exhibited behaviors such as gathering, rolling in hands, rubbing, and carrying. Other common forms include cardboard, forage, and even the texture of the food (i.e. hard, smooth, cold, warm). === Olfactory enrichment === Olfactory enrichment can stimulate naturalistic behavior, enhance exploration, and reduce inactive behaviors. Olfactory enrichment can be utilized by itself, paired with novel toys, or paired with food-based enrichment. This type of enrichment is most commonly used with species that commonly utilize


id: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment-2.md
category: reference
title: Behavioral enrichment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:10.666150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
summary:
=== Training === Usage of more highly advanced enrichment devices, such as computerized devices, requires training. This can lead to issues as training often consists of food as a reward. While food encourages the animal to participate with the device, the animal could associate the device with food. As a result, the interaction with the enrichment would bring about behaviors that are associated with training instead of the desired playful and voluntary behaviors. === Time and resources === The process of producing and providing environmental enrichment usually require a large allocation of time and resources. In a survey, "time taken by animal care staff to complete other tasks" was the most significant factor influencing environmental enrichment provisions and scheduling. Therefore, it is important to develop appropriate environmental enrichment programs that can be effectively carried out with the size of staff and time available. == See also == Socialization == References == == External links == Laboratory Animal Refinement Database Animals in Laboratories (awionline.org) 3R Research Foundation Switzerland (forschung3R.ch) Environmental Enrichment, Animal Welfare Information Center The Shape of Enrichment selected articles on enrichment for zoo animals. Environmental Enrichment for Pet Cats (ASPCA) Environmental Enrichment for Pet Dogs(ASPCA) Environmental Enrichment for Horses(ASPCA)


id: captivity-animal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)-0.md
category: reference
title: Captivity (animal)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:11.938921+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: captivity-animal-20260505-0
summary:
Animal captivity is the confinement of domestic and wild animals. More specifically, animals that are held by humans and prevented from escaping are said to be in captivity. The term animal captivity is usually applied to wild animals that are held in confinement, but this term may also be used generally to describe the keeping of domesticated animals such as livestock or pets. This may include, for example, animals in farms, private homes, zoos, aquariums, public aquariums and laboratories. Animal captivity may be categorized according to the particular motives, objectives, and conditions of the confinement. == History == All throughout history, domestic animals like pets and livestock were kept in captivity and tended by humans. However, pets and livestock were not the only animals to be put in captivity and receive human care because wild animals had this as well. Despite the fact that wild animals have been harbored by humans for thousands of years, this captivity has not always come close to present zoos. Some were failed domestication attempts. Furthermore, the wealthy, predominantly the aristocrats and kings, collected wild animals for various reasons. The affluent built the first zoos as personal collections to demonstrate their dominance and wealth. These


id: captivity-animal-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)-1.md
category: reference
title: Captivity (animal)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:11.938921+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: captivity-animal-20260505-0
summary:
Zoos are known as a place where visitors come in to see wild animals. This means zoos may keep animals in confinement. For example, zoos may keep animals captive as a means to save them from going extinct. More specifically, in 2020 the Science Advances published a study where they concluded that the work and population of human beings has affected the growth of animals going extinct around the world. The uproar of animals going extinct has caused zoos to use their captive breeding programs on endangered animals in an effort to create a stronger population. It is said that zoos are responsible for reducing the number of animals on the endangered species list and from extinction. Zoos could also be known as a place where animals are put into after they are taken out of their natural habitat. When animals are pulled out from their native habitat and taken to a location they are unfamiliar with, then it is said that animals may experience shock and poor mental health. Furthermore, some wild animals have died inside zoos due to the shock of being placed in an unknown setting. To be more specific, this can also mean that taking animals


id: do-not-feed-the-animals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals-0.md
category: reference
title: Do not feed the animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:13.143029+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: do-not-feed-the-animals-20260505-0
summary:
The prohibition "do not feed the animals" reflects a policy forbidding the artificial feeding of wild or feral animals. Signs displaying this message are commonly found in zoos, circuses, animal theme parks, aquariums, national parks, parks, public spaces, farms, and other places where people come into contact with wildlife. In some cases there are laws to enforce such no-feeding policies. Feeding wild animals can significantly change their behavior. Feeding or leaving unattended food to large animals, such as bears, can lead them to aggressively seek out food from people, sometimes resulting in injury. Feeding can also alter animal behavior so that animals routinely travel in larger groups, which can make disease transmission between animals more likely. In public spaces, the congregation of animals caused by feeding can result in them being considered pests. Food given to animals may not be healthy for them artificial feeding can result in, for example, vitamin deficiencies and dietary mineral deficiencies; zoos have strict dietary controls in place for animals. Outside zoos, a concern is that the increase in local concentrated wildlife population due to artificial feeding can promote the transfer of disease among animals or between animals and humans. == National and state parks


id: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation-0.md
category: reference
title: Ex situ conservation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:14.368434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
summary:
Ex situ conservation (lit. 'off-site conservation') is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety, or breed of plant or animal outside its natural habitat. For example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, an artificial environment which is similar to the natural habitat of the respective animal and within the care of humans, such as a zoological park or wildlife sanctuary. The degree to which humans control or modify the natural dynamics of the managed population varies widely, and this may include alteration of living environments, reproductive patterns, access to resources, and protection from predation and mortality. Ex situ management can occur within or outside a species' natural geographic range. Individuals maintained ex situ exist outside an ecological niche. This means that they are not under the same selection pressures as wild populations, and they may undergo artificial selection if maintained ex situ for multiple generations. Agricultural biodiversity is also conserved in ex situ collections. This is primarily in the form of gene banks where samples are stored in order to conserve the genetic resources of major crops plants and their wild relatives. == Facilities == === Botanical gardens,


id: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation-1.md
category: reference
title: Ex situ conservation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:14.368434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
summary:
== Genetic management of captive populations == Captive populations are subject to problems such as inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and adaptations to captivity. It is important to manage captive populations in a way that minimizes these issues so that the individuals to be introduced will resemble the original founders as closely as possible, which will increase the chances of successful reintroductions. During the initial growth phase, the population size is rapidly expanded until a target population size is reached. The target population size is the number of individuals that are required to maintain appropriate levels of genetic diversity, which is generally considered to be 90% of the current genetic diversity after 100 years. The number of individuals required to meet this goal varies based on potential growth rate, effective size, current genetic diversity, and generation time. Once the target population size is reached, the focus shifts to maintaining the population and avoiding genetic issues within the captive population. === Minimizing mean kinship === Managing populations based on minimizing mean kinship values is often an effective way to increase genetic diversity and to avoid inbreeding within captive populations. Kinship is the probability that two alleles will be identical by


id: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation-2.md
category: reference
title: Ex situ conservation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:14.368434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Managing genetic disorders === Genetic disorders are often an issue within captive populations due to the fact that the populations are usually established from a small number of founders. In large, outbreeding populations, the frequencies of most deleterious alleles are relatively low, but when a population undergoes a bottleneck during the founding of a captive population, previously rare alleles may survive and increase in number. Further inbreeding within the captive population may also increase the likelihood that deleterious alleles will be expressed due to increasing homozygosity within the population. The high occurrence of genetic disorders within a captive population can threaten both the survival of the captive population and its eventual reintroduction back into the wild. If the genetic disorder is dominant, it may be possible to eliminate the disease completely in a single generation by avoiding breeding of the affected individuals. However, if the genetic disorder is recessive, it may not be possible to completely eliminate the allele due to its presence in unaffected heterozygotes. In this case, the best option is to attempt to minimize the frequency of the allele by selectively choosing mating pairs. In the process of eliminating genetic disorders, it is important to consider


id: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild-0.md
category: reference
title: Extinct in the wild
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:15.585025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-0
summary:
A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only consisting of living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. Classification requires exhaustive surveys conducted within the species' known habitat with consideration given to seasonality, time of day, and life cycle. Once a species is classified as EW, the only way for it to be downgraded is through reintroduction. Not all EW species are rare. An example is the Brugmansia genus, where all seven species are widely cultivated, but none are found in the wild. == Examples == Examples of species and subspecies that are extinct in the wild include (in alphabetical order): Abutilon pitcairnense (last surviving plant destroyed in 2005) Alagoas curassow (last unconfirmed sighting reported in the late 1980s, listed extinct in the wild since 1994) Corypha taliera (last tree cut down in 1979) Christmas Island blue-tailed skink (listed extinct in the wild since 2014) Dabry's sturgeon (listed extinct in the wild since 2022) Escarpment cycad (listed extinct in the wild since 2006) Franklinia alatamaha (last seen in 1803, listed extinct in the wild since 1998) Golden


id: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild-1.md
category: reference
title: Extinct in the wild
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:15.585025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-0
summary:
The IUCN developed a system of classifying species recovery efforts in 2012 entitled the Green Status. The species recovery score is a 0%–100% scale, with 0% being the species is extinct or extinct in the wild and 100% being fully recovered. In addition, the Green Status also classifies previous and future conservation impacts with the Green Scores of Conservation Dependency, Conservation Gain, Conservation Legacy, and Recovery Potential. For a species to receive a score of 100% and be considered fully recovered, three requirements must be met: the species must be present in all areas of both its current and historical range, it is viable in all areas of the range, and performs its ecological niche across the full range. Given the lofty standards, many species are not expected to meet the criteria and it is not a goal of this system. Land use changes have cumulated in many species losing habitat. Green Scores are snapshots in time to assess a species' current status and how conservation efforts have influenced their status. It is also predictive as it can project how the status would change if conservation efforts ceased or continued. Conservation Legacy assess how previous conservation work has changed or


id: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Frozen zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:16.788437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
A frozen zoo is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way can be stored indefinitely and used for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, and cloning. There are a few frozen zoos across the world that implement this technology for conservation efforts. Several different species have been introduced to this technology, including the Pyrenean ibex, Black-footed ferret, and potentially the white rhinoceros. == Overview == The first frozen zoo was established at the San Diego Zoo by pathologist Kurt Benirschke in 1972. At the time there was no technology available to make use of the collection, but Benirschke believed such technology would be developed in the future. The frozen zoo idea was later supported in Gregory Benford's 1992 paper proposing a Library of Life. Zoos such as the San Diego Zoo and research programs such as the Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species cryopreserve genetic material in order to protect the diversity of the gene pool of endangered species, or to provide for a prospective reintroduction of such extinct


id: frozen-zoo-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo-1.md
category: reference
title: Frozen zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:16.788437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
== Drawbacks == Due to the very low temperatures required, varying levels of stress are put on the DNA samples. Spermatozoa, in particular, are stressed by temperature shock, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress with the latter being the most detrimental. When temperature shock occurs, the membrane is damaged through freezing and thawing of the sperm. Osmotic stress occurs when ice crystals form inside the nucleus during the freezing process, causing differing osmotic pressures within the cell. Oxidative stress is the result of too many reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is highly reactive and damaging to all parts of the cell. Although these stressors are present within the cell, there are solutions to each. By introducing cholesterol to the samples, temperature shock can be reduced. The use of antifreeze proteins provides one solution for osmotic stress. Oxidative stress is the most difficult to combat because of the highly reactive components of ROS, but some measures like adding certain proteins to limit freeze-thaw damage and increase the survival rate of the DNA. == Applications == === Gaur === A gaur that died of natural causes had some skin cells frozen and added to the San Diego Frozen Zoo. Eight years later, DNA


id: frozen-zoo-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo-2.md
category: reference
title: Frozen zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:16.788437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The Pyrenean ibex went extinct in 2000. In 2003 frozen cells from the last one (a female killed by a falling branch) were used to clone 208 embryos, of which 7 successfully implanted in goats, and one made it to term. That one ibex died of respiratory failure just after birth; quite possibly as a result of the cloning process, its lungs had not developed properly. There may not be enough individuals' cells preserved to create a breeding population. Despite the death of the ibex, DNA analysis revealed that the offspring was a legitimate clone from its last living descendent. == Potential candidates == === White rhinoceros === Over the years, concerns over population declines of the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) have increased with the increasing value of their horns to poachers. Specifically, the population has declined nearly seventy percent from 2011 to 2019. Processes like SCNT can help aid in conservation efforts towards the revival of their population. Researchers are looking towards induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), as they hold limitless possibilities. With the lack of natural mating occurring within the species due to the limited number of them, this sub-species provides researchers the opportunity for iPSC


id: 2022-furuvik-zoo-chimpanzee-shootings-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Furuvik_Zoo_chimpanzee_shootings-0.md
category: reference
title: 2022 Furuvik Zoo chimpanzee shootings
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Furuvik_Zoo_chimpanzee_shootings
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:31.986411+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2022-furuvik-zoo-chimpanzee-shootings-20260505-0
summary:
The 2022 Furuvik Zoo chimpanzee shootings occurred around 12 o'clock noon on Wednesday, 14 December, 2022, when a number of the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) kept at Furuvik Zoo (Sw. Furuviksparken) in Furuvik, Gävle Municipality, Sweden, escaped from their enclosure into the chimpanzee building and park and made an attempt to exit the zoo itself, which was closed to the public for the winter season. The zoo staff responded by firing on the escaping apes, killing four of them. The story gained domestic and international attention, and prompted debate about zoos and the keeping of great apes in captivity. The incident has also been described as "the Massacre in Furuvik", "the Furuvik Bloodbath", and "the Chimpanzee Drama". == History == At around 12 p.m. on Wednesday, 14 December, 2022, two chimpanzees of Furuvik Zoo escaped from their enclosure through an unlocked lattice door and entered the chimpanzee building. An animal keeper attempted to fight one off, but soon fled and warned other employees by yelling and using their radio. Within five minutes, at least two chimps had escaped the building and entered the wider zoo, which was closed to the public for the winter season. Forty-five minutes later, two chimps were


id: 2022-furuvik-zoo-chimpanzee-shootings-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Furuvik_Zoo_chimpanzee_shootings-1.md
category: reference
title: 2022 Furuvik Zoo chimpanzee shootings
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Furuvik_Zoo_chimpanzee_shootings
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:31.986411+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2022-furuvik-zoo-chimpanzee-shootings-20260505-0
summary:
== Reactions == The chimpanzee shootings provoked intense media coverage and debate, both domestically in Sweden and abroad. Several political figures commented, including the Green Party politicians Märta Stenevi and Rebecka Le Moine who questioned the state of animal captivity in Sweden, the Sweden Democratic politician Yasmine Eriksson who called for a review of all Swedish zoos, and the Christian Democratic politician Peter Kullgren, Minister for Rural Affairs, who expressed sadness but refrained from commenting on ongoing investigations. Numerous Swedish celebrities and public figures also expressed sadness or condemnation, including Johanna Lind, Jessica Almenäs, Uno Svenningsson, Micael Bindefeld, Thomas Di Leva, Lars-Åke Wilhelmsson, and Linda Lindorff. The chimpanzee shootings also prompted many reactions from biologists and conservationists. When interviewed about the incident, the noted Dutch primatologist Frans de Waal expressed shock that the 3-year old chimpanzee infant Torsten was among those killed by the zoo, as such a young ape did not pose any physical danger to humans. The Dutch behavioural biologist Patrick van Veen, chair of the Jane Goodall Institute commented on the incident that recapture by non-lethal means, such as tranquilizers, should always be the first priority during chimpanzee escapes, and that lethal force should only be used


id: herpetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Herpetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:33.154295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: herpetarium-20260505-0
summary:
A herpetarium is a zoological exhibition space for reptiles and amphibians, most commonly a dedicated area of a larger zoo. A herpetarium which specializes in snakes is an ophidiarium or serpentarium, which are more common as stand-alone entities also known as snake farms. Many snake farms milk snakes for venom for medical and scientific research. == Notable herpetariums == Alice Springs Reptile Centre in Alice Springs, Australia Alligator Bay (zoo) in Beauvoir, France Armadale Reptile Centre in Perth, Australia Australian Reptile Park in Somersby, Australia Chennai Snake Park Trust in Chennai, India Crocodiles of the World in Brize Norton, UK Crocosaurus Cove in Darwin, Australia Clyde Peeling's Reptiland in Allenwood, Pennsylvania Kentucky Reptile Zoo in Slade, Kentucky The LAIR at the Los Angeles Zoo in Los Angeles, California Serpent Safari in Gurnee, Illinois Saint Louis Zoo Herpetarium in St. Louis, Missouri Staten Island Zoo Serpentarium in New York City, New York World of Reptiles at the Bronx Zoo in New York City, New York == See also == Herpetoculture Bill Haast (founder of Miami Serpentarium) == References == Murphy, James B., Herpetological History of the Zoo and Aquarium World, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 2007. ISBN 1-57524-285-0


id: human-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Human zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:34.331855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
Human zoos, also known as ethnological expositions, were a colonial practice of publicly displaying people, usually in a so-called "natural" or "primitive" state. They were most prominent during the 19th and 20th centuries. These displays often emphasized the supposed inferiority of the exhibits' culture, and implied the superiority of "Western society", through tropes that depicted marginalized groups as "savage". They then developed into independent displays emphasizing the exhibits' inferiority to western culture and providing further justification for their subjugation. Such displays featured in multiple colonial exhibitions and at temporary exhibitions in animal zoos. == Etymology == The term "human zoo" was not generally used by contemporaries of the shows, and was popularised by the French researcher Pascal Blanchard. The term has been criticised for denying the agency of the shows' non-European performers. According to Sandra Koutsoukos, the term "human zoos" was likely coined by French historians and anthropologists and first appeared in a 2002 publication. It is widely used in academia to critique the inhumanity and racism of events that displayed people from cultures deemed "exotic" or "savage". == Circuses and freak shows == The abstract concept of human displays in zoos has been documented throughout the duration of colonial


id: human-zoo-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo-1.md
category: reference
title: Human zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:34.331855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
=== German ethnographs === Ethnology studies in Germany took a new approach in the 1870s as human displays were incorporated into zoos. These exhibits were lauded as 'educational' to the general population by the scientific community. Very quickly, the exhibits were used as a way to show that Europeans had "evolved" into a 'superior', 'cosmopolitan' life. In the late 19th century, German ethnographic museums were seen as an empirical study of human culture. They contained artifacts from cultures around the world organized by continent allowing visitors to see the similarities and differences between the groups and "form their own ideas". === Objectification in human zoos === Within the history of human zoos, there are patterns of overt sexual representation of displayed peoples, most frequently women. Such objectification often led to treatment that reflected a lack of privacy and respect, including the dissection and display of bodies after death without consent. An example of the sexualization of ethnically diverse women in Europe is Saartje Baartman, often referred to as her anglicized name Sarah Bartmann. Bartmann was displayed both when she was alive throughout England and Ireland and after her death in the Musée de l'Homme. While alive, she participated in a


id: human-zoo-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo-2.md
category: reference
title: Human zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:34.331855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
=== First organized backlash === According to The New York Times, although "few expressed audible objection to the sight of a human being in a cage with monkeys as companions", controversy erupted as black clergymen in the city took great offense. "Our race, we think, is depressed enough, without exhibiting one of us with the apes", said the Reverend James H. Gordon, superintendent of the Howard Colored Orphan Asylum in Brooklyn. "We think we are worthy of being considered human beings, with souls." New York City Mayor George B. McClellan Jr. refused to meet with the clergymen, drawing the praise of Hornaday, who wrote to him: "When the history of the Zoological Park is written, this incident will form its most amusing passage." As the controversy continued, Hornaday remained unapologetic, insisting that his only intention was to put on an ethnological exhibition. In another letter, he said that he and Grant—who ten years later would publish the racist tract The Passing of the Great Race—considered it "imperative that the society should not even seem to be dictated to" by the black clergymen. 1903 saw one of the first widespread protests against human zoos, at the "Human Pavilion" of an exposition


id: human-zoo-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo-3.md
category: reference
title: Human zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:34.331855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
=== United Kingdom and France === Between 1 May and 31 October 1908, the Scottish National Exhibition, opened by one of Queen Victoria's grandsons, Prince Arthur of Connaught, was held in Saughton Park, Edinburgh. One of the attractions was the Senegal Village with its French-speaking Senegalese residents, on show demonstrating their way of life, art and craft while living in beehive huts. In 1909, the infrastructure of the 1908 Scottish National Exhibition in Edinburgh was used to construct the new Marine Gardens to the coast near Edinburgh at Portobello. A group of Somali men, women, and children were shipped over to be part of the exhibition, living in thatched huts. In 1924, the British Empire Exhibition had ethnographic displays across the Wembley Park site. Archival records indicate that 273 people from Britain’s colonies took part in this live ethnographic display. The official guide described the arrangement in strikingly clinical terms: "Every section of the empire is represented at Wembley. Many of the colonies have representatives of their local inhabitants at work in local conditions. The following list gives the name of the races and the approximate numbers actually living in the exhibition: Malays 20, Burmans 30, Hong Kong Chinese 160,


id: human-zoo-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo-4.md
category: reference
title: Human zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:34.331855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
As part of the Portuguese World Exhibition in 1940, members of a tribe from the Bissagos Islands of Guinea-Bissau were displayed on an island in a lake in the Lisbon Tropical Botanical Garden. A Congolese village was displayed at the Brussels 1958 World's Fair. The Congolese on display were among 598 people—including 273 men, 128 women and 197 children, a total of 183 families. Eight-month-old baby Juste Bonaventure Langa died during Expo 58; he rests in the Tervuren cemetery. In mid-July, the Congolese protested the condescending treatment they were receiving from spectators and demanded to be sent home, abruptly ending the exhibit and eliciting some sympathy from European newspapers. In April 1994, an example of an Ivory Coast village was presented as part of an African safari in Port-Saint-Père, near Nantes, in France, later called Planète Sauvage. In July 2005, the Augsburg Zoo in Germany hosted an "African village" featuring African crafts and African cultural performances. The event was subject to widespread criticism. Defenders of the event argued that it was not racist since it did not involve exhibiting Africans in a debasing way, as had been done at zoos in the past. Critics argued that presenting African culture in


id: immersion-exhibit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_exhibit-0.md
category: reference
title: Immersion exhibit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_exhibit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:35.474361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: immersion-exhibit-20260505-0
summary:
An immersion exhibit is a naturalistic zoo environment that gives visitors the sense of being in the animals' habitats. Buildings and barriers are hidden. By recreating sights and other sensorial input from natural environments, immersion exhibits provide an indication about how animals live in the wild. The landscape immersion term and approach were developed in 1975 through the efforts of David Hancocks at Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo. This led to the zoo's ground-breaking gorilla exhibit, which opened in 1978. The concept became the industry standard by the 1980s, and has since gained widespread acceptance as the best practice for zoological exhibits. == References ==


id: kyushu-natural-animal-park-african-safari-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_Natural_Animal_Park_African_Safari-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyushu Natural Animal Park African Safari
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_Natural_Animal_Park_African_Safari
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:36.640314+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyushu-natural-animal-park-african-safari-20260505-0
summary:
Kyushu Natural Animal Park African Safari (九州自然動物公園アフリカンサファリ, Kyūshū Shizen Dōbutsu Kōen Afurikan Safari), also referred to as simply African Safari, is Japan's largest safari park and is located at the base of the Kunisaki Peninsula in Usa, Ōita Prefecture. == Overview == === Interaction Zone === The park is separated into two "zones." In the Fureai Zone, or "Interaction Zone," visitors can interact with and even touch various animals such as rabbits, red kangaroos, and miniature horses while exploring the area on foot. In the area, there are various gift shops and restaurants. There are also both a "dog salon" and a "cat salon" in which visitors can directly interact with the animals. === Safari Zone === The Safari Zone is the large safari-style section of the park. This safari is divided into sections, each modeled on a different natural environment. Each animal species is placed in the section which most closely resembles their natural habitat. The sections within the Safari Zone are each separated by fences and security gates. However, there are no fences separating visitors from the animals during the safari. Visitors can either choose to travel the park in their personal car or ride the park's "Jungle


id: limassol-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol_Zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Limassol Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol_Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:37.815400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: limassol-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The Limassol Zoo (Greek: Ζωολογικός Κήπος Λεμεσού, romanized: Zōologikós Kḗpos Lemesoú) is located within the Limassol Public Gardens, is a 15 acres (6.1 ha) zoological garden in Limassol, Cyprus. It was founded by Mayor Kostas Partaside in 1956. After substantial renovations, the Limassol Zoo was reopened in 2012. == See also == List of zoos by country Captivity Botanical garden Captive animal == References == == External links == Media related to Limassol zoo at Wikimedia Commons


id: menagerie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie-0.md
category: reference
title: Menagerie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:38.997628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: menagerie-20260505-0
summary:
A menagerie is a collection of captive animals, frequently exotic, kept for display; or the place where such a collection is kept, a precursor to the modern zoo or zoological garden. The term was first used in 17th-century France, referring to the management of household or domestic stock. Later, it came to be used primarily in reference to aristocratic or royal animal collections. The French-language Methodical Encyclopaedia of 1782 defines a menagerie as an "establishment of luxury and curiosity". Later on, the term referred also to travelling animal collections that exhibited wild animals at fairs across Europe and the Americas. == Aristocratic menageries == A menagerie was mostly connected with an aristocratic or royal court and was situated within a garden or park of a palace. These aristocrats wanted to illustrate their power and wealth by displaying exotic animals which were uncommon, difficult to acquire, and expensive to maintain in a living and active state. The aristocratic menageries are distinguished from the later zoological garden (zoos) since they were founded and owned by aristocrats whose intentions were not primarily of scientific and educational interest. === Medieval period and Renaissance === During the Middle Ages, several sovereigns across Europe maintained menageries


id: menagerie-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie-1.md
category: reference
title: Menagerie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:38.997628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: menagerie-20260505-0
summary:
=== Versailles and its legacy === During the seventeenth century, exotic birds and small animals provided diverting ornaments for the court of France; lions and other large animals were kept primarily to be brought out for staged fights. The collecting grew and attained more permanent lodgings in the 1660s, when Louis XIV constructed two new menageries: one at Vincennes, next to a palace on the eastern edge of Paris, and a more elaborate one, which became a model for menageries throughout Europe, at Versailles, the site of a royal hunting lodge two hours (by carriage) west of Paris. Around 1661, he had a menagerie of "ferocious" beasts built at Vincennes for the organization of fights. Surrounding a rectangular courtyard, a two-storey building with balconies allowed spectators to view the scene. The animals were housed on the ground floor in cells bordering the courtyard, with small yards on the outside where they could take a bit of exercise. At Vincennes, lions, tigers, and leopards, as well as polecat, minks, and weasels were kept in cages around an amphitheater where the king could entertain courtiers and visiting dignitaries with bloody battles. In 1682, for instance, the ambassador of Persia enjoyed the spectacle


id: menagerie-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie-2.md
category: reference
title: Menagerie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:38.997628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: menagerie-20260505-0
summary:
In England travelling menageries had first appeared at around 1700. In contrast to the aristocratic menageries, these travelling animal collections were run by showmen who met the craving for sensation of the ordinary population. These animal shows ranged in size but the largest was George Wombwell's. The earliest record of a fatality at one such travelling menagerie was the death of Hannah Twynnoy in 1703 who was killed by a tiger in Malmesbury, Wiltshire. Also in North America travelling menageries became even more popular during that time. The first exotic animal known to have been exhibited in America was a lion, in Boston in 1710, followed a year later in the same city by a camel. A sailor arrived in Philadelphia in August 1727 with another lion, which he exhibited in the city and surrounding towns for eight years. The first elephant was imported from India to America by a ship's captain, Jacob Crowninshield, in 1796. It was first displayed in New York City and travelled extensively up and down the East Coast. In 1834 James and William Howes’ New York Menagerie toured New England with an elephant, a rhinoceros, a camel, two tigers, a polar bear, and several parrots


id: nocturnal-house-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_house-0.md
category: reference
title: Nocturnal house
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_house
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:40.149365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nocturnal-house-20260505-0
summary:
A nocturnal house, sometimes called a nocturama, is a building in a zoo or research establishment where nocturnal animals are kept and viewable by the public. The unique feature of buildings of this type is that the lighting within is isolated from the outside and reversed; i.e. it is dark during the day and lit at night. This is to enable visitors and researchers to more conveniently study nocturnal animals during daylight hours. Internally, a building usually consists of several glass-walled enclosures containing a replica of the animals' normal environments. In the case of burrowing animals, often their tunnels are 'half-glassed' so the animals can be observed while underground. == Notable nocturnal houses == === Current === ==== USA ==== Kingdoms of The Night, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium (Nebraska) Nocturnal Building and Aviary, Columbus Zoo & Aquarium (Ohio) Animals of The Night, Memphis Zoo (Tennessee) Bat House in Jaguar Jungle, Audubon Zoo (Louisiana) Brazos by Night, Cameron Park Zoo (Texas) Mouse House, Bronx Zoo (New York) Desert's Edge and Clouded leopard Rain Forest, Brookfield Zoo (Illinois) Night Hunters, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden (Ohio) ==== Mexico ==== Guadalajara Zoo ==== United Kingdom ==== Nightlife, ZSL London Zoo Fruit


id: our-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Our Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:41.344635+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
Our Zoo is a British period drama television series from BBC One, first broadcast on 3 September 2014. The six-part series, created by Matt Charman, is about George Mottershead, his dreams of creating a cage-free zoo, his family and how their lives changed when they embarked on the creation of Chester Zoo. == Cast == Lee Ingleby as George Mottershead Liz White as Lizzie Mottershead Anne Reid as Lucy Mottershead Peter Wight as Albert Mottershead Ralf Little as Billy Atkinson Sophia Myles as Lady Katherine Longmore Stephen Campbell Moore as Reverend Aaron Webb Amelia Clarkson as Muriel Mottershead Honor Kneafsey as June Mottershead == Production == Our Zoo was commissioned by Danny Cohen and Ben Stephenson for BBC One. The series was based on an idea introduced to Big Talk Productions by Aenon, the production company headed by Adam Kemp. Filming took place in Liverpool, as well as at Walton Hall in Warrington and at Abney Hall in Cheadle. When BBC said there would be no second series of Our Zoo, many fans were left surprised by the decision. On 10 December 2014 the Chester Chronicle created an online petition in the hopes of renewing the show for another series,


id: petting-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petting_zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Petting zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petting_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:42.494466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: petting-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
A petting zoo (also called a children's zoo, children's farm, or petting farm) features a combination of domesticated animals and some wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. In addition to independent petting zoos, many general zoos contain a petting zoo. Most petting zoos are designed to provide only relatively placid, herbivorous domesticated animals, such as sheep, goats, rabbits, ponies and donkeys to feed and interact physically with safety. This is in contrast to the usual zoo experience, where normally wild animals are viewed from behind safe enclosures where no contact is possible. A few provide wild species (such as pythons or big cat cubs) to interact with, but these are rare and usually found outside Western nations. Petting zoos are categorized as part of the agritourism sector. Concerns have been raised about the welfare of animals in petting zoos, particularly due to interactions with large numbers of visitors, which can be stressful. Under appropriate conditions, where animals have access to refuge and can avoid visitors, friendly species such as goats may be unaffected, while more sensitive animals, such as pigs, may alter their behavior, especially under high visitor density. Highly sensitive animals, including rabbits, experience persistent


id: pheasantry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasantry-0.md
category: reference
title: Pheasantry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasantry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:43.655744+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pheasantry-20260505-0
summary:
A pheasantry is a place or facility used for captive breeding and rearing pheasants, peafowls and other related birds, which may or may not be confined with enclosures such as aviaries. The pheasants may be sold or displayed to public as ornamental animals, or used as game birds. Pheasantries may also be used for conservation and research purposes. == See also == Aviculture Falconry Poultry Hatchery == References ==


id: reptile-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Reptile centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:44.830421+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reptile-centre-20260505-0
summary:
A reptile center is typically a facility devoted to keeping living reptiles, educating the public about reptiles, and serving as a control center for collecting reptiles that turn up in populated areas, where they will then help to rehabilitate some reptiles before returning them to the wild. Most are public-access, run as private businesses, or are state-sponsored. Some centers work with venomous reptiles as venom research labs. Others are simply privately run zoos devoted solely to reptiles, or are incorporated into larger zoos or organizations. One example is the reptile center in Alice Springs, Australia devoted to indigenous reptiles. Many are collected from local homes, yards, or from areas about to be burned under the controlled burning program to keep summer grass fires from threatening the local homes. Most of the reptiles end up being relocated to uninhabited areas. The Alice Springs center also doubles as a snake call centre, with the owner and staff coming out to homes to remove venomous snakes from inconvenient places. The United States of America has the world's largest collection of reptiles and reptile centers, with a lot of the states in the South hosting the majority of them. In Punta Gorda, Florida, Iguanaland


id: safari-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_park-0.md
category: reference
title: Safari park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:46.021271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: safari-park-20260505-0
summary:
A safari park, sometimes known as a wildlife park, is a zoo-like commercial drive-in tourist attraction where visitors can drive their own vehicles or ride in vehicles provided by the facility to observe freely roaming animals. A safari park is larger than a zoo and smaller than a game reserve. For example, African Lion Safari in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada is 750 acres (3.0 km2). For comparison, Lake Nakuru in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya, is 168 square kilometres (65 sq mi), and a typical large game reserve is Tsavo East, also in Kenya, which encompasses 11,747 square kilometres (4,536 sq mi). Many parks have conservation programmes with endangered animals like: elephants, white rhinos, giraffes, lions, tigers, cheetahs and wild dogs. == General overview of a safari park == The main attractions are frequently large animals from Africa which people can see in wildlife reserves such as: giraffes, lions (including white lions), white rhinos, African bush elephants, hippopotamuses, zebras, ostriches, lesser and greater flamingos, ground hornbills, guineafowl, African buffaloes, sometimes dromedary camels, great white and pink-backed pelicans, African sacred ibises, Ankole cattle, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, chimpanzees, baboons, African wild dogs, Barbary sheep, crowned cranes, Egyptian geese, saddle-billed, yellow-billed and marabou storks,


id: safari-park-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_park-1.md
category: reference
title: Safari park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:46.021271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: safari-park-20260505-0
summary:
Africa Egypt: Alexandria (Africa Safari Park, 2004) Americas Brazil: São Paulo (Zoo Safári, 2001 - this park was formerly known as Simba Safari from 1972 to 2001) Canada: Ontario: Hamilton (African Lion Safari, 1969) Quebec: Hemmingford (Parc Safari, 1972), Montebello (Parc Omega, 1985) Chile: Rancagua (Safari Park Rancagua, 2009) Guatemala: Escuintla (Auto Safari Chapin, 1980) Mexico: Amacuzac (Zoofari, 1984), Puebla (Africam Safari, 1972) United States: Alabama: Hope Hull, Alabama (Alabama Safari Park, 2018) Arizona: Camp Verde (Out of Africa Wildlife Park, 1988) Arkansas: Gentry (Wild Wilderness Drive-Through Safari, 1970) California: Escondido (San Diego Zoo Safari Park, formerly San Diego Wild Animal Park, 1972) Florida: Loxahatchee (Lion Country Safari, 1967) Georgia: Pine Mountain (Wild Animal Safari, 1991), Cleveland, Georgia (North Georgia Wildlife and Safari Park, 2018), Metter, Georgia (Wild Georgia Safari Park, 2018), Hartwell, Georgia (Lake Hartwell Wildlife Safari, 2021), Atlanta (Atlanta Safari Park, 2023), Madison, Georgia (Georgia Safari Conservation Park, 2024) Louisiana: Delhi (High Delta Safari Park, 2009) Nebraska: Ashland (Lee G. Simmons Conservation Park and Wildlife Safari, 1998) New Jersey: Jackson Township (Great Adventure, 1974, now Six Flags Great Adventure) New York: Chittenango (Wild Animal Park, 2010) Ohio: Port Clinton (African Safari Wildlife Park, 1973) Oregon: Winston (Wildlife Safari,


id: the-secret-life-of-the-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_Zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: The Secret Life of the Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:47.251792+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-secret-life-of-the-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The Secret Life of the Zoo is a British documentary programme produced by Blast! Films on behalf of Channel 4. The series is filmed on location at Chester Zoo in the North West of England, and focuses on the behaviour of the animals at the zoo and their relationships with the keepers. The first five series were narrated by Olivia Colman. Actress Tamsin Greig took over narration from the sixth series. == Production == The series gives viewers behind the scenes access to Chester Zoo's 21,000 animals and the people who work there. The zoo's keepers are interviewed in each episode about the various animals and incidents. Head of programmes at Blast!, Nick Hornby explained that as they wanted to tell the story from the animals' perspectives, they did not want the bars of the cages to be in shot, so they placed fixed cameras in the various enclosures. The first series was filmed over 10 months. The series was originally narrated by Olivia Colman. Tamsin Greig took over from October 2018. Ten series have aired between 2016 and 2021. The 8th series started airing in the UK on Channel 4 from 31 October 2019. The ninth series began on


id: species-survival-plan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Survival_Plan-0.md
category: reference
title: Species Survival Plan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Survival_Plan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:48.446007+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: species-survival-plan-20260505-0
summary:
The American Species Survival Plan or SSP program was developed in 1981 by the (American) Association of Zoos and Aquariums to help ensure the survival of selected species in zoos and aquariums, most of which are threatened or endangered in the wild. == SSP program == SSP programs focus on animals that are near threatened, threatened, endangered, or otherwise in danger of extinction in the wild, when zoo and zoology conservationists believe captive breeding programs will aid in their chances of survival. These programs help maintain healthy and genetically diverse animal populations within the Association of Zoos and Aquariums-accredited zoo community. AZA accredited zoos and AZA conservation partners that are involved in SSP programs engage in cooperative population management and conservation efforts that include research, conservation genetics, public education, reintroduction, and in situ or field conservation projects. The process for selecting recommended species is guided by Taxon Advisory Groups, whose sole objective is to curate Regional Collection Plans for the conservation needs of a species and how AZA institutions will cooperate to reach those needs. Today, there are almost 300 existing SSP programs. The SSP has been met with widespread success in ensuring that, should a species population become functionally


id: taronga-who-s-who-in-the-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taronga:_Who's_Who_in_the_Zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Taronga: Who's Who in the Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taronga:_Who's_Who_in_the_Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:49.650153+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: taronga-who-s-who-in-the-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
Taronga: Who's Who in the Zoo is an Australian factual television series which goes behind the scenes at both Taronga Zoo Sydney and Taronga Western Plains Zoo at Dubbo. It is produced by McAvoy Media and follows the 240 keepers and vets caring for 5,000 animals. The ten part series' first three seasons were narrated by actress Naomi Watts and the fourth season is narrated by Virginia Gay. The first series of the program premiered on 8 February 2020. The series was placed on hiatus from 21 March due to special A Current Affair broadcasts focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic occupying the program's timeslot. The program returned on 20 May 2020. The second series premiered on 22 October 2021. The third season premiered on 7 October 2022. The series fourth season returned on 22 November 2023, with Virginia Gay replacing Naomi Watts as narrator. The fifth season of the series premiered on 13 November 2024. The series sixth season premiered on 4 November 2025. == Series overview == == Episodes == === Season 1 (2020) === === Season 2 (2021–22) === == Notes == a This episode did not air on this night in New South Wales and Queensland due


id: travelling-menagerie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_menagerie-0.md
category: reference
title: Travelling menagerie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_menagerie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:50.795343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: travelling-menagerie-20260505-0
summary:
A travelling menagerie was a touring group of showmen and animal handlers who visited towns and cities with common and exotic animals. The term "menagerie", first used in seventeenth century France, was primarily used to refer to aristocratic or royal animal collections. Most visitors to travelling menageries would never have the opportunity to see such animals under other circumstances and their arrival in a town would catalyse great excitement. The shows were both entertaining and educational; in 1872 The Scotsman described George Wombwell's travelling menagerie as "[having] done more to familiarise the minds of the masses of our people with the denizens of the forest than all the books of natural history ever printed during its wandering existence." == Europe == In England travelling menageries had first appeared at the turn of the eighteenth century, but did not gain widespread popularity until closer to the beginning of the nineteenth century. In contrast to the aristocratic menageries, these travelling animal collections were run by showmen who met the craving for sensation of the ordinary population. These animal shows ranged in size but the largest was George Wombwell's which, by 1839, totalled fifteen wagons. By 1880 Bostock and Wombwell's Royal National Menagerie


id: virtual-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Virtual zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:51.974926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: virtual-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
A virtual zoo is an exploration of the zoo model of interacting with animals, but in a virtual environment such as a web page, a collection of videos, or virtual reality. Many virtual zoos are websites that are created to simulate a visit to a zoo, and the visitors to these sites can view exhibits about animals and their habitats. Many zoos as well as schools have developed virtual zoos offering educational articles and media as exhibits. == History == The first virtual zoo was created in 1994 by Ken Boschert, DVM. Boschert created his site as a way of informing people about animals and how to care for them. His site has been recognized by Education World and "Web 100". In 2017, Hari Kunduru founded Zoptiks, a virtual zoo offering zoologist-backed information about animals and dinosaurs, and an augmented reality interface. During the COVID-19 pandemic, families and children were unable to attend zoos due to nationwide lockdowns. Some groups such as Zoos Victoria offered a 24/7 livestream of animals including otters, lions and penguins. == Purpose == The validity of virtual zoos has met with some resistance. However, many view virtual zoos as the way of the future for


id: animalia-paradoxa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia_Paradoxa-0.md
category: reference
title: Animalia Paradoxa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia_Paradoxa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:53.676829+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animalia-paradoxa-20260505-0
summary:
Animalia Paradoxa (Latin for "contradictory animals"; cf. paradox) are the mythical, magical, or otherwise suspect animals mentioned in the first five editions of Carl Linnaeus's seminal work Systema Naturae under the header Paradoxa. It lists fantastic creatures found in medieval bestiaries and some animals reported by explorers from abroad and explains why they are excluded from Systema Naturae. According to Swedish historian Gunnar Broberg, it was to offer a natural explanation and demystify the world of superstition. Paradoxa was dropped from Linnaeus' classification system as of the 6th edition (1748). == Paradoxa == These 10 taxa appear in the 1st to 5th editions: Hydra: Linnaeus wrote: "Hydra: body of a snake, with two feet, seven necks and the same number of heads, lacking wings, preserved in Hamburg, similar to the description of the Hydra of the Apocalypse of St.John chapters 12 and 13. And it is provided by very many as a true species of animal, but falsely. Nature for itself and always the similar, never naturally makes multiple heads on one body. Fraud and artifice, as we ourselves saw [on it] teeth of a weasel, different from teeth of an Amphibian [or reptile], easily detected." See Carl Linnaeus#Doctorate. (Distinguish


