# kb

id: list-of-web-service-specifications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications-0.md
category: reference
title: List of web service specifications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:53.775257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-web-service-specifications-20260505-0
summary:
There are a variety of specifications associated with web services. These specifications are in varying degrees of maturity and are maintained or supported by various standards bodies and entities. These specifications are the basic web services framework established by first-generation standards represented by WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI. Specifications may complement, overlap, and compete with each other. Web service specifications are occasionally referred to collectively as "WS-*", though there is not a single managed set of specifications that this consistently refers to, nor a recognized owning body across them all. == XML specification == XML (eXtensible Markup Language) XML Namespaces XML Schema XPath XQuery XML Information Set XInclude XML Pointer == Messaging specification == SOAP (formerly known as Simple Object Access Protocol) SOAP-over-UDP SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism WS-Addressing WS-EndpointResolution WS-Notification WS-BaseNotification WS-Topics WS-BrokeredNotification WS-Transfer WS-Eventing WS-Enumeration WS-MakeConnection WS-MessageData WS-MessageDelivery (see WS-Addressing § History) == Metadata exchange specification == JSON-WSP WS-Policy WS-PolicyAssertions WS-PolicyAttachment WS-Discovery WS-Inspection WS-MetadataExchange Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) WSDL 2.0 Core WSDL 2.0 SOAP Binding Web Services Semantics (WSDL-S) WS-Naming == Security specification == WS-Security XML Signature XML Encryption XML Key Management (XKMS) WS-SecureConversation WS-SecurityPolicy WS-Trust WS-Federation WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile Web Services


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows 7 contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows Vista were removed or changed. The following is a list of features that were present in Windows Vista and earlier versions but were removed in Windows 7. == Windows shell == === Windows Explorer === Column headers for item properties only appear in the Details icon view mode. Additionally, even in Details view, column headers in Windows 7 only allow filtering items; there no longer are options in drop-down menus to group, sort, or stack items (Sort, Group, and Stack by Property options are removed). Filtering can only be done in Details view; grouping must be done from the context menu in every icon view mode; and sorting must be done by either clicking the column header itself in Details view, or by selecting the Sort By context menu in all other icon view modes. In Windows Vista, column headers could be used to filter, group, sort, and stack items regardless of the active icon view mode. Control Panel views are limited to Category, Small icons, and Large icons (which is actually Tiles view). List,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
=== Taskbar === 16-bit applications can no longer display their icon on the taskbar when running. The taskbar instead shows the icon for NTVDM.exe, which is the 32-bit host process for running 16-bit applications. Always on Top for the taskbar is mandatory in Windows 7; in previous versions of Windows this was possible to disable. Clicking a grouped application's taskbar button or thumbnail when it is active (in the foreground) does not minimize it unlike in previous Windows versions; only ungrouped application buttons minimize upon being clicked again. Floating deskbands (toolbars) are no longer available. The feature was previously deprecated in Windows Vista; all toolbars can only be located on the taskbar. It is no longer possible to place toolbars on the other (non-taskbar) edges of the desktop. Grouping (placing next to each other) taskbar buttons belonging to the same application cannot be disabled; users can still disable combining multiple taskbar buttons of the same type under a single button. Icons have been removed from the tooltips for the notification area Date and Time, Network, Power, and Volume system icons. Network activity animation on the Network system icon in the notification area is no longer available; the icon now only


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
Arrange By (called Stack By in Windows Vista) is now only available for libraries and folders included in libraries (when it was available for all folders and all Saved Searches in Windows Vista). Users can now only stack items by predefined properties depending on the library type in Windows 7. For example, in the Music library, users can only stack by Album, Artist, and Genre, but in Windows Vista, users could stack items by any valid property that exists for a music item (e.g., Album, Artist, Genre, Part of Set, Period, Sample Rate, Track Number, and Year). Compositional stacking introduced in Windows Vista is no longer available for all items; users can still stack items, but they cannot browse into one stack then navigate into another stack. Column header drop-down menus now display dates of items ordered from the oldest to the most recent (e.g., A long time ago, Last month, Last week, Today) instead of displaying them by order from the most recent to the oldest (e.g., Today, Last week, Last month, A long time ago) as in Windows Vista. Saved Searches in the Searches folder from Windows Vista (Recent Documents, Recent E-mail, Recent Music, Recent Pictures and Videos,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-3.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pen and touch input === Pointer Options of the Pen and Touch (Pen and Input Devices in Windows Vista) Control Panel applet is no longer available; users can no longer configure enabling or disabling pen cursors, or choose to show either pen cursors or mouse cursors when using pens to interact with the screen. The Touch Pointer toolbar in Windows Vista, which displays a button on the Windows taskbar to quickly show or hide the touch pointer interface when using touch input is no longer available. Under the Touch tab in Pen and Touch, the previous Practice using your finger instead of a mouse or a tablet pen option of Windows Vista that opened a wizard interface for training with touch input is no longer available. === Other Shell features === About in bundled Windows applications such as Microsoft Paint or Windows Calculator (as well as winver) no longer displays the system's RAM capacity, a detail that was previously included in this dialog of NT-based Windows versions since Windows NT 3.5. Beginning with Windows 7, AutoPlay disables AutoRun entries and only supports optical media such as CDs and DVDs due to security issues associated with automatically executing content on


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-4.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
The ability to lock the player while in full-screen mode using a 4-digit PIN has been removed. The option to adjust the bit rate when burning data CDs has been removed. Windows Media Player's taskbar-integrated Mini-player has been removed. The thumbnail preview which replaces this lacks volume control and a progress bar. The ability to start the miniplayer only for certain files based on specific text in their file names was also removed. Enhancements are only accessible from Now Playing view in a floating window. They do not dock to the Now Playing window, and do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, their position does not get saved. Left/Right balance control has been removed from the graphic equalizer and is no longer possible. Several player preferences are not saved and restored upon restarting the player. The playlist pane in Now Playing view is not shown automatically. Enhancements do not get restored when Windows Media Player is restarted. Even when manually restored, the previous position of the Now Playing window and enhancements is not retained. The context menu entry "Find In Library" which allowed locating the Now Playing song in the library was removed.


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7-5.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:54.974277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-7-20260505-0
summary:
== Other Windows applications and features == To preserve the digital signature of a Windows Installer (MSI) file during uninstall, embedded cabinets are no longer automatically stripped off by Windows Installer 5.0 to save disk space. As a result, MSIs cached in the %Windir%\Installer directory take more disk space than earlier Windows versions with no option to disable the caching. Transient Multimon Manager (TMM), a Windows Vista feature to automatically detect hot-Plug and Play displays as well as configure and save the multi-monitor setup is removed in favor of Win+P. The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes the ability to change or specify the font as a result of which keyboard layouts of fonts which use Dingbats and Unicode characters in place of alphabetic characters can no longer be viewed. The Windows 7 On-screen keyboard removes direct access to function keys. Function keys are now accessed using the 'Fn' key. Windows Remote Assistance does not support file transfer and clipboard sharing in Windows 7. The Offline Files cache can be relocated, however, an existing cache with previously cached files cannot be moved without resetting it as was possible in Windows Vista using Windows Easy Transfer or in Windows XP/2000 using Cachemov.exe


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 8
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 8 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 7. Several features that originated in earlier versions of Windows and that were included in versions up to Windows 7 are no longer present in Windows 8. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and Windows 8.1). == Windows Shell == Start button was removed from the taskbar (although it was added again in Windows 8.1). Replacement methods for invoking Start screen include a hotspot in the lower left corner of the screen, where the Start screen tile pops up, and a Start button among "the charms". "Recent documents" menu is removed from Start screen. Windows 8.1 no longer automatically adds newly installed programs to Start screen. Unified search is removed. A category-specific search replaces the former. It can search "Apps", "Settings", "Files" or within an app-specific index (such as, for example, e-mails from the Mail app) but not all at once. The default category is Apps, but can be changed before or after performing a search. Windows 8.1 restores this feature partially although unified search still does not search keywords or metadata like scoped search. Windows Desktop Gadgets introduced in Windows Vista and included


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 8
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:56.201754+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-8-20260505-0
summary:
== User accounts and security == Windows CardSpace was removed. Windows Defender: Can no longer schedule automatic system scans; it is now part of Action Center's maintenance schedule No longer shows the currently processed item == Media features == Windows Media Center is no longer included with any of Windows 8 editions and is no longer offered as an add-on by Microsoft. It was available until 2015-10-30 as a US$9.99 add-on (and before 2013-01-31 as a promotional free add-on) from Microsoft's now discontinued Windows 8 Feature Packs web site and through the now discontinued Add features to Windows 8 service for Windows 8 Pro (via the Media Center Pack) and Windows 8 core edition (via the Pro Pack). DVD-Video and MPEG-2 Video codecs are no longer included. Video DVDs can be played in Windows Media Center for those who acquired that add-on while it was available. Windows DVD Maker was removed in favor of third-party software. Windows Media Center cannot run on startup or on top of other windows because of "new Windows OS requirements and behaviors". Windows Media Player no longer has the Media Guide feature and the DVD tab in the Options menu. Windows 2000 Display Driver Model


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 10 is a version of Windows NT and the successor of Windows 8.1. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, and further changes in features offered have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 10. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases). == Features removed in version 1507: (RTM) == === Windows shell === The charms are removed, and replaced with the Action Center. In Windows Runtime apps, a menu button appears on the title bar that can be used to access the functions that previously required its usage. Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft account. A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications they want to emphasize on each device that they use, rather than use the same configuration across each device. The ability to automatically install a Windows app across all devices associated with an account was also removed. Dragging and dropping items from or within the start menu and the list of recent files (accessible from right click on a taskbar shortcut) is no


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
== Features removed in version 1607 == Cortana can now operate in a feature-limited mode with basic web and device search functionality, if users have not opted into data collection and personalization. On previous versions, a generic "Search" experience without Cortana branding was shown if the user had not granted permission to activate Cortana. In April 2016, Microsoft announced that it will no longer allow Cortana web searches to be executed through any other web browser and search engine combination but Microsoft Edge [Legacy] and Bing, intentionally disregarding user settings. Microsoft alleges that other web browsers and search engines results in a "compromised experience that is less reliable and predictable", and that only Microsoft Edge [Legacy] supports direct integration with Cortana within the browser itself. The ability to change the Exit Windows, Windows Logoff, and Windows Login sounds was hidden in Version 1607, although these features can be enabled by going to the Windows Registry and under the EventLabels folder and setting the value to 0. However, even changing these sounds in the sounds panel has not had any effect since Windows 8. Certain features related to embedded advertising in the operating system can no longer be disabled on non-Enterprise


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 10
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:57.433444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-10-20260505-0
summary:
== Features removed in version 2004 == Certain capabilities of Cortana have been removed, such as music and connected home. Windows To Go introduced in Windows 8 and included up to Windows 10 version 1909 is removed. The Mobile Plans and Messaging apps are removed for non-cellular devices and are not installed by default. == Features removed in version 21H1 == Adobe Flash Player is removed in Control Panel\System and Security. == Features removed in version 22H2 == The ability to install feature updates cumulatively is no longer available in version 22H2 as it requires at least Windows 10, version 2004 to be installed first. Since IE11 was disabled, the option to set Internet Explorer as the default browser in Internet Settings has been removed. However, shortcuts to the browser remain. This can also be seen in Windows 11. The bigger-looking search bar in File Explorer has been replaced with the pre-1909 search bar, starting with the KB5034203 and KB5034122 updates. == Deprecated features == Microsoft has published a list of Windows features that are no longer actively developed. Microsoft states that these features may potentially be removed in future updates to Windows 10. My People in the shell no


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-11-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows 11
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:04:58.606809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-11-20260505-0
summary:
Windows 11 is the latest major release of the Windows NT operating system and the successor of Windows 10. Some features of the operating system were removed in comparison to Windows 10, and further changes in older features have occurred within subsequent feature updates to Windows 11. The removed features are listed as follows (both original and later releases). == Features removed in original release == === Bundled software === ==== No longer available ==== The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11 and no longer available. Internet Explorer Wallet Windows Mixed Reality Skype ==== Not bundled, but available ==== The following applications are no longer bundled with Windows 11, but can still be installed from the Microsoft Store. 3D Viewer OneNote for Windows 10 === Windows shell === The following parts of the Windows shell are no longer available in Windows 11. Lock Screen's quick status Toggleable tablet mode (now is automatically enabled on touch devices) Timeline feature in Task View Save Search option in File Explorer In addition: The touch keyboard no longer docks in screens larger than 18 inches. Windows no longer synchronizes desktop wallpapers across devices with a Microsoft account. Windows no longer shows


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-phone-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Phone
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:11.370270+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-phone-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows Phone contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous versions up to Windows Mobile 6.5 were removed or changed. Until Windows Mobile 6.5, the previous version did always cover the complete feature range of the predecessor version. The following is a list of features which were present in Windows Mobile 6.5 but were removed in Windows Phone 7.0. == Calling == The list of past phone calls is now a single list, and cannot be separated into inbound, outbound or missed calls == Sync == Windows Phone does not support USB sync with Microsoft Outlook's Calendar, Contacts, Tasks and Notes as opposed to older versions of Windows Mobile with Desktop ActiveSync. Syncing Contacts and Appointments is done via cloud-based services (Windows Live, Google, or Exchange Server), and no method to sync this information directly with a PC is provided. Third-party software, such as Akruto Sync, provides some of this functionality. A petition to Microsoft was filed to reinstate USB sync for Outlook. == Other == Adobe Flash Ability to open .exe files (desktop Windows executeables), such as 7-Zip 32-bit for desktop. == Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 7.5


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
While Windows Vista contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows XP were removed or changed – some of which were later re-introduced in Windows 7 and later versions. The following is a list of features that were present in Windows XP and earlier versions but were removed in Windows Vista.


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Explorer == Windows Briefcase no longer allows synchronizing items across multiple computers and a removable media device. Windows Briefcase cannot sync files or folders in locations protected by User Account Control. This removes the ability to sync many locations. Grouping items by name in Explorer no longer groups them under each individual letter of the alphabet (A, B, C... Z) like in Windows XP. When using Group By Name, items are always combined into just a few groups (A-H, I-P, Q-Z). This removes the ability to locate items by their first letter. If hidden files are not allowed to be shown in Windows Explorer, the Status bar does not report how many hidden files are present. In addition, if all items within a folder are selected at once (by pressing Ctrl+A or Select all), the user is not alerted to hidden files being selected. Even after setting the ForceCopyAclwithFile and MoveSecurityAttributes values as documented in KB310316, permissions are not retained/copied when Windows Explorer is used to copy or move objects across volumes or in the same volume. A hotfix is available (KB2617058) to restore the MoveSecurityAttributes value but not ForceCopyAclwithFile. Thumbnails can no longer be forced to regenerate


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-2.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
Ability to add a password to a ZIP file (compressed folder) has been removed. Though this has no effect on third-party compression tools, such as WinZip or 7-Zip, Windows Explorer can no longer open ZIP files that are protected with a password. Filmstrip view is replaced by the Preview pane; however the state of the preview pane is not saved per folder. It can be globally enabled or disabled. Also, the preview pane does not show previews for folders whereas filmstrip view showed the preview of images within a folder if a folder was selected. Other functions available in filmstrip view such as rotating photos and navigating using Next and Forward buttons are only available in Windows Photo Gallery. Support for enabling a folder for web sharing with Internet Information Services via the Windows Explorer interface was removed. The "Computer Description" field is no longer shown on the Explorer view of a workgroup. It can be viewed from the command line using net view. The Status bar does not show file information shown in the infotips when the file is selected. It no longer shows the total space used by a folder when displaying a folder's contents. Some file information


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-3.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Taskbar == The Power icon on the taskbar only appears for laptops, and desktop computers with a USB-based UPS. The Network icon on the taskbar does not give direct access to the connection settings, connection status, firewall settings, or disabling the connection. The taskbar cannot be resized to zero height when unlocked, hiding it manually (users were unable to continue using the taskbar buttons after resizing the taskbar to zero height accidentally). Toolbars such as "Quick Launch" can no longer be "dragged off" the taskbar as floating minibars or docked to another edge of the screen, though physical folders can be dragged onto the desktop edge in a similar manner. The Language Bar is the only toolbar that can float on the desktop. Double clicking on the Printer icon in the notification area while printing does not open the printer's status window that allows managing print jobs. == Start menu == Neither the new nor the Classic Start menu shows infotips for folders stored inside the folder's desktop.ini. The All Programs mode has changed to an inline scrollable menu. As such, it is not possible to expand the All Programs menu in the Vista Start menu into flyout cascading


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-4.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== User accounts and winlogon.exe configuration == It is no longer possible to safely relocate the profiles directory (C:\Users) to another partition without using unsupported methods. Microsoft recommends against moving the user profile folder. In Windows XP, the WinNT.sif file allowed relocating "Documents and Settings" to another partition than C: before Windows installation completed. Subfolders under the user's profile can however still be redirected. Windows 7 further alleviates this issue by introducing Libraries which allow user's data to be located on another partition. Windows Installer and the Shell in Windows Vista do not support per-user app installs without the need to show the UAC prompt. This has been corrected in Windows 7. Winlogon no longer shows details of password complexity policy requirements due to the removal of GINA. The Biologon API to programmatically create a new interactive user session using the InitiateInteractiveLogon function has been removed. Unlike Windows XP, an administrator can no longer unlock the computer when another standard user has locked it. Protected Storage (PStore) has been deprecated and therefore made read-only in Windows Vista. Microsoft recommends using DPAPI to add new PStore data items or manage existing ones. However existing applications such as Outlook 2002 which used


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-5.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Win32 console == The Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) does not support all DOS video modes and therefore DOS-based and Win32 console programs can no longer run in full-screen mode. If Windows XP Driver Model (XPDM) graphics drivers are installed or if booted into safe mode, console programs can be run in full-screen mode, however they do not support DWM and therefore Windows Aero. In previous versions of Windows, it was possible to save different settings for each console window. Windows would ask the user whether to apply settings for the current window or the shortcut that started the window. Windows Vista, however, saves settings for all console windows without asking the user. Dragging and dropping a folder or file into a Win32 console window no longer pastes the path of the folder or file. This no longer works as a result of User Interface Privilege Isolation. == Graphics == When using Windows Aero, all GDI, GDI+ and DirectDraw applications run in the new compositing window manager known as Desktop Window Manager. The GDI or DirectDraw render paths are redirected through DWM; however GDI or DirectDraw are not hardware-accelerated when they are redirected. Hardware overlays are not supported when


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-6.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Media Player features == The List Pane no longer allows deleting or editing items by right clicking items. Categories in the player library such as Music, Pictures, Videos, Recorded TV show limited media information (metadata) columns, relevant only to their content type. In previous versions, all possible metadata columns were shown for all category types. Buttons to always show full-screen controls, show or hide the playlist while in full-screen mode and directly close Windows Media Player from full-screen have been removed. Auto sorting in the media library (similar to auto sorting in Windows Explorer) cannot be turned off. Grouping cannot be turned off. Library content is always grouped by the criteria by which it is sorted. The ability to add media to the library for searching local or network files and selectively adding only new files or existing files has been removed. Media can only be added from monitored folders. The seek slider cannot be always shown when playing media. The mouse must be hovered over the progress bar above the playback controls to reveal the seek slider. The sort order is not preserved in the library like Windows Media Player 10 as long as the player is


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-7.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== DirectX features == Since Windows Vista features a rewritten audio stack and does not inherit the Hardware Abstraction Layer for audio that was present under prior versions of Windows, there is no hardware acceleration of DirectSound and DirectSound3D APIs. DirectSound and DirectMusic are emulated entirely in software. As a result, hardware accelerated audio and 3D spatialization in games utilizing DirectSound3D is no longer supported. Direct3D Retained Mode (D3DRM) has been removed. DirectPlay was removed. Furthermore, DirectPlay Voice and DirectPlay's NAT Helper have been removed. Some DirectInput functionality (action-mapper UI) has been removed as well. The DirectMusic kernel mode synthesizer that supplies the DirectMusic components with a high-resolution timer has been removed. Support for the DirectX 7 and DirectX 8 interfaces for Visual Basic 6.0 was removed in Windows Vista. == Media features == Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 digital media components such as Windows Audio Converter, Windows Dancer, Windows CD Label Maker, Party Mode, Plus! screensavers and Windows Media Player skins and visualizations have been removed. Video content support is removed from Windows Image Acquisition for Windows Vista in favor of the newer Windows Portable Devices API. As a result, the Windows Vista version of Windows Movie Maker


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-8.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== File system, drivers, memory and hardware == Windows Task Manager no longer shows the peak commit charge. It only shows current commit charge and the maximum limit. The driver-signing policy post installation is always set to Warn, eliminating the Ignore and Block options that were available in Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000. For Plug-and-play hardware which is plugged in after Windows Vista is installed, it is not possible to choose from a list of available staged or on-disk device drivers in the Found new hardware wizard which starts automatically. The Found new hardware wizard automatically searches for the driver and fails if it does not find a driver in the driver store or Windows Update. Only the Update Driver wizard which can be invoked from Device Manager then allows manually choosing a driver from a list. Windows Management Instrumentation Driver Extensions to WDM are no longer supported. Unsigned 64-bit kernel-mode device drivers can no longer be installed. Advanced settings for PS/2 mice such as sample rate, input buffer length and fast initialization are not available in Mouse properties in Device Manager. Offline Files (Client Side Caching) has been completely rewritten for Vista, dropping backward compatibility of


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-9.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows applications and features == System Restore System Restore no longer supports configuring its settings through the registry. The GUI to configure the disk space utilized for System Restore points is not available in Windows Vista. File types and directories can no longer be included or excluded from monitoring by System Restore by editing %windir%\system32\restore\Filelist.xml as was possible in Windows XP. This file no longer exists in Windows Vista. Backup Unlike NTBackup, it is not possible to include or exclude specific files or folders during a backup using the Windows Vista backup application. Only categories of file types can be archived. Because of this, it is not possible to backup files located in a specific path or a network location(s). The backup application in Windows Vista does not support the use of tape drives to back up data. In the RTM release of Windows Vista, files encrypted using the Encrypting File System (EFS) were not archived by the operating system's backup application; this feature was reinstated in Service Pack 1. Windows Vista Backup does not have all the features and command line parameters supported by NTBackup. It also does not support the NTFS archive bit and granular restores. Diagnostics


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-10.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
Moreover, it cannot save in lossless (uncompressed) WAV format when run without using any switches; instead, it saves in lossy 96 kbit/s WMA format. Only the version of Sound Recorder from the N editions of Windows Vista saves audio in WAV format by default. Also, all the basic audio processing features such as format conversion, sample rate conversion, adding echo, reversing the audio, changing volume and playback speed, splitting, inserting and mixing audio have been removed. The graphical viewing of the sound wave spectrum has been replaced with a level meter. Support for Microsoft Office Word documents (*.DOC) has been removed from WordPad, partial support for the newer Office Open XML-based DOCX format with limited features was added later in Windows 7 and later versions. Microsoft recommends the freely downloadable Word Viewer for viewing these documents. The Unicode IME has been removed. It is included again in Windows 7. ClipBook Viewer is not included. Internet Backgammon, Internet Hearts (not to be confused with Hearts), Internet Reversi, Internet Spades, and Internet Checkers have been removed. Although freely playable online on MSN Games, they now require signing into a Windows Live ID. Internet Backgammon, Spades and Checkers returned in Windows 7, and


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-11.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Networking == The SMB 2 protocol unlike SMBv1 does not support determining if a file on a remote volume is a hard link or not. There is no longer a notification area icon for Ethernet connections and quick access to enable/disable/repair them, or view their status and properties. Windows Vista no longer automatically creates shortcuts to previously visited network shares in the Network Explorer which replaces My Network Places. There is no balloon notification when a new connection is connected or when the wired or wireless adapters have limited or no connectivity. IPsec tunneling when the computer is behind an NAT device is no longer possible. The Wireless Provisioning Services feature to automatically configure wireless hotspots by downloading XML files supplied by Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) is not supported. Audio (voice) sessions and sending invitations via mailto: are not supported in Windows Remote Assistance. The 1-click "Repair" function to perform a series of steps that quickly reset the network connection has been replaced by the Network Diagnostics feature which attempts to perform troubleshooting and offer suggestions. The Web Folders client is not included by default in any version in favor of the WebDAV mini-redirector. It is not available


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-12.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows Vista
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-vista-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy features and other changes == Object Packager, a legacy tool for packaging non-OLE objects and embedding/linking them inside OLE objects, is not included; however, objects can still be inserted in OLE applications such as WordPad. Program Manager has been removed altogether. Previously, in Windows XP Service Pack 2, running the executable did not launch it (it just acts as a compatibility stub to Windows Explorer), but it contained several old icons dating back to Windows 3.1. The Web Publishing Wizard is no longer available. The Desktop Cleanup Wizard is no longer available. The Windows Classic theme colors (Brick, Eggplant, Rainy Day, Wheat, Pumpkin, etc.) have been removed. The graphical world map has been removed from the Time Zone tab on Date and Time control panel setting in Windows Vista. The ability to install service packs cumulatively is no longer available in Windows Vista Service Pack 2 as it requires at least Service Pack 1 to be installed first. Cumulative slipstreaming, however, is possible and supported, however the Component Based Servicing introduced in Windows Vista is a form of layered servicing, meaning when files are updated or slipstreamed, the component is updated but the older files are not removed.,


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-0.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows XP
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
summary:
As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others. == Shell == The dialog box that warns the users when removing external flash storage devices without safe unmounting has been removed. The Line Up Icons command on the desktop was removed and replaced by the Align to Grid option. Due to this being a toggle, simply aligning desktop icons once without further constraining their placement requires an extra click. The Minimize all windows command on the taskbar was removed. The purported replacement, Show the desktop, co-existed with this feature on Windows 2000 and in any case only hides windows temporarily instead of actually minimizing them. It is still accessible through the ⊞ Win+M keyboard shortcut but it is not available through the mouse. The Show icons using all possible colors (which was previously introduced in Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0) option in Display Properties has been removed. Icons are always shown using all possible colors. Microsoft states that this is by design. The VGA screen resolution and 8-bit color depth options have been removed from


id: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-1.md
category: reference
title: List of features removed in Windows XP
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-features-removed-in-windows-xp-20260505-0
summary:
== Windows Explorer == Small Icons view was removed from Windows Explorer. Web view in folders was disabled by default but can be reinstated by editing the registry. Additionally, the Customize This Folder Wizard was removed. Due to the removal of Web view, pie charts showing disk space are no longer available immediately upon opening a drive. The status bar no longer shows the free space remaining on the given disk when browsing through folder paths of shell namespace extensions, removable drives, and network shares when the navigation pane (Folders) in Windows Explorer is turned on, unlike in Windows 2000. It continues to show the free space remaining only for paths on local drives. In combination with the Web view-related lack of pie charts previously mentioned, this means it is no longer possible to immediately view the amount of space remaining in these three cases. The Directory icon was removed from My Network Places. The default sort order in Windows Explorer has changed but can be restored by editing the registry. == Media components == Deluxe CD Player, which was also first part of Microsoft Plus! 98 before being included in Windows 2000, was removed. Some functionality, including uploading and


id: index-of-forestry-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of forestry articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:15.760324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-forestry-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Articles on forestry topics include:. == A == Afforestation - Aldo Leopold - Analog forestry - Ancient woodland - Angle gauge - Appalachian balds - Arboriculture - Arborist - Forestry in Argentina - Assarting == B == Backpacking (hiking) - Forestry in Bangladesh - Bernard Fernow - Forestry in Bhutan - Biltmore Forest School - Biltmore stick - Biochar - Biscuit Fire publication controversy - Bog-wood - Borderline tree - Botany - Bottomland hardwood forest - British timber trade - Buchonia - Buffer strip == C == Caliper - Canopy research - Canopy walkway - Carl A. Schenck - Cellulosic ethanol - Certified wood - Forestry in Chad - Charcoal - Clearcutting - Clinometer - CODIT - Community forestry - Conservation biology - Coppicing - Cork - Creosote - Cultigen - Cultivar - Cultblock == D == Deforestation - Deforestation during the Roman period - Dendrochronology - Desertification - Diameter tape - Drunken trees == E == Ecoforestry - Ecological succession - Ecological thinning - Ecological yield - Eloise Gerry - Energy forestry - Forestry in Ethiopia - Exploration Logging - Extended rotation forest == F == Faustmann's Formula - Firewood - Forbidden Forest - Forest dwellers - Forest fire


id: list-of-forestry-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:16.954971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-journals-20260505-0
summary:
This list includes notable peer-reviewed scientific journals in forestry, forest science, and related fields. More than 180 forestry journals were being published in 2008. == List of journals == == See also == Forestry literature List of botany journals List of environmental journals List of environmental social science journals List of forestry universities and colleges List of historic journals of forestry List of scientific journals == References == === Notes === === Bibliography === ScienceWatch.com. 2010, March 4. "Journals ranked by impact: forestry" Scimago Lab. 2011. "Journal rankings: forestry" Vanclay, Jerome K. 2008. "Ranking journals of forestry using the h-index," Journal of Informetrics 2(4): 326–334.


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry: Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in creating and modifying habitats, and affects ecosystem services provisioning. A practitioner of forestry is a forester. Below is a structured list of topics in forestry. == Focus of forestry == Tree – organism, whose species, age, vitality, growth, health, and size, are considered individually or more often, as part of a whole; Forest – defined as either a geographic area or delineated by the general composition of individuals; Biome – ecologically defined by its forest structure, leaf types, tree spacing, and climate == Branches of forestry == Agroforestry – integration of forests into agricultural systems in order to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and minimize negative side effects of farming Boreal forestry – analyzes the particular challenges of forestry in the world's boreal regions Close to


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
== Types of trees and forests == Types of trees List of trees and shrubs by taxonomic family List of tree species by shade tolerance – tree grouped by shade tolerance, a determinant in successional status List of woods – commonly used in the timber and lumber trade Types of forests By ecological factors (climate, composition, etc.) Boreal forests (taiga) – occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous Coniferous forests Temperate forests – forests in temperate zones Broadleaf forests, for example: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Evergreen coniferous forests, for example: Temperate coniferous forests Temperate rainforests Broadleaf evergreen forests – supported in warm temperate zones. Examples include: Laurel forests Tropical and subtropical forests Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests By physical structure or developmental stage Old growth forest Secondary forest By dominant tree species, for example Ponderosa pine forests Douglas-fir forests List of types of formally designated forests – various institutionally designated types of forest areas, generally classified by use or ownership == Geography of forests == List of countries by forest area – using data from the CIA's World Factbook, presents the total area in


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
Even-aged timber management Clearcutting – harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and size Coppicing – cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stump Seed-tree – cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cut Uneven-aged timber management Selection – harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning) Shelterwood – removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged stand Variable retention – removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversity Other Salvage logging – harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lost Sanitation harvest – removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affected Biomass harvest – harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestry Underwater logging – harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
Site index – a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years Stocking – a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density which varies according to management purpose even on the same site Stand Density Index – a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area Volume table – a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume Stand density management diagram – model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition Units of measurement Cord – very common measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet (3.6 m3), corresponding to a pile of wood, bark, and air 4 feet wide by 4 feet high and 8 feet long Stère – invented in France, equivalent to a cubic meter of cut wood with space for air Board foot – specialized unit of measure for lumber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
==== Log transportation tools ==== Ground Peavey – a traditional tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook with a sharp tip, used to spear the log for handling and moving Cant Hook – tool with the same premise as the peavey but with blunt teeth-bearing tip Yarder – in cable logging, a piece of equipment utilizing a pulley system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landing Forwarder – second half of the CTL system, the vehicle that carries logs clear off the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing Skidder – vehicle that drags logs along the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing Michigan logging wheels – historical skidder, consisting of a specially designed large set of wooden wagon wheels and could be used in unfrozen soil conditions Skid cone – a steel or plastic cone placed on the end of a log while being skidded, in order to ease its transportation or protect residual trees Water Splash dam – a dam built to temporarily raise the water level of a river to float timber downstream Flume – chutes specifically constructed to transport lumber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-5.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
==== Contemporary forestry ==== Urban forestry Plant a million trees Environmental forestry Forest aesthetics Forest restoration Analog forestry Ecological forestry === History of forestry institutions === ==== History of forestry law ==== History of forestry law United States Forest Reserve Act of 1891 Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 required multiple use of federal forest land Organic Act of 1897 Right of Way Act of 1901 – an act relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands (H.R. 11973) Transfer Act of 1905 – an act providing for the transfer of forest reserves from the Department of Interior to the Department of Agriculture (H.R. 8460, Public Resolution No. 34) American Antiquities Act of 1906 Appropriations Act Forbidding Further National Forests ("An Act Making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight", 1907) – also forbidding renaming forest reserves to National Forests (H.R. 24815, Public Act No. 242:2) Hong Kong Forests and Countryside Ordinance (1997) India Indian Forest Act, 1927 Forest Rights Act (India) – a historic law passed in 2006 protecting the rights of scheduled tribes and other forest dwellers International International Tropical Timber


id: outline-of-forestry-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-6.md
category: reference
title: Outline of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable people == John Evelyn (1620–1706) – known for his knowledge of trees, and his treatise Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber (1664) Henrik Dávid Wilckens (1763–1832) – Austro-Hungarian founder of the Schemnitz Forestry Institute, 1809, later to become the Mining and Forestry Academy, in what today is Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia Heinrich Cotta (1763–1844) – German silviculturist and pioneer of modern scientific forestry, founder of the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry Georg Ludwig Hartig (1764–1837) – prominent forest manager, author, and founder of one of the first dedicated schools of forestry in Europe; affiliated in his later years with the University of Berlin Alfonse Romanovich Vargas de Bedemar (1816–1902) – "one of the founders of the Russian school of forest mensuration" Franklin B. Hough, MD (1822–1885) – chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the "father of American forestry" Sir Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – considered the "father of tropical forestry" Sir William Schlich (1840–1925) – founder of Oxford University's forestry program Bernhard Fernow (1851–1923) – laid the groundwork for the United States Forest Service, founding dean of the first professional forestry school in the United States Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946) – first chief of


id: arbor-day-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-0.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season. == Origins and history == === First Arbor Day === The Spanish village of Mondoñedo held the first documented arbor plantation festival in the world organized by its mayor in 1594. The place remains as Alameda de los Remedios and it is still planted with lime and horse-chestnut trees. A humble granite marker and a bronze plate recall the event. Additionally, the small Spanish village of Villanueva de la Sierra held the first modern Arbor Day, an initiative launched in 1805 by the local priest with the enthusiastic support of the entire population. While Napoleon was ravaging Europe with his ambition in this village in the Sierra de Gata lived a priest, don Juan Abern Samtrés, which, according to the chronicles, "convinced of the importance of trees for health, hygiene, decoration, nature, environment and customs, decides to plant trees and give a festive air. The festival began on Carnival Tuesday with the ringing of two bells of the church,


id: arbor-day-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-1.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === The day was founded by Sir George William Ross, later the premier of Ontario, when he was minister of education in Ontario (1883–1899). According to the Ontario Teachers' Manuals "History of Education" (1915), Ross established both Arbour Day and Empire Day—"the former to give the school children an interest in making and keeping the school grounds attractive, and the latter to inspire the children with a spirit of patriotism" (p. 222). This predates the claimed founding of the day by Don Clark of Schomberg, Ontario for his wife Margret Clark in 1906. In Canada, National Forest Week is the last full week of September, and National Tree Day (Maple Leaf Day) falls on the Wednesday of that week. Ontario celebrates Arbour Week from the last Friday in April to the first Sunday in May. Prince Edward Island celebrates Arbour Day on the third Friday in May during Arbour Week. Arbour Day is the longest running civic greening project in Calgary and is celebrated on the first Thursday in May. On this day, each grade 1 student in Calgary's schools receives a tree seedling to be taken home to be planted on private property. === Central African Republic


id: arbor-day-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-2.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
Historically, Kenya celebrated National Tree Planting Day on April 21. Often, people plant palm trees and coconut trees along the Indian Ocean that borders the east coast of Kenya. They plant trees to remember Prof. Wangari Maathai, who won a Nobel Peace Prize for planting of trees and caring for them all over Kenya. With the Kenyan government launching a campaign to plant 15 billion trees by 2032, they launched National Tree Growing Day with very aggressive targets for the number of trees to be planted. The first national public holiday was November 13, 2023. The second was May 10, 2024, with a goal to plant one billion trees in a single day. === Korea === North Korea marks "Tree Planting Day" on March 2, when people across the country plant trees. This day is considered to combine traditional Asian cultural values with the country's dominant Communist ideology. In South Korea, April 5, Singmogil or Sikmogil (식목일), the Arbor Day, was a public holiday until 2005. Even though Singmogil is no longer an official holiday, the day is still celebrated, with the South Korean public continuing to take part in tree-planting activities. === Lesotho === National Tree Planting Day is


id: arbor-day-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-3.md
category: reference
title: Arbor Day
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arbor-day-20260505-0
summary:
=== Philippines === Since 1947, Arbor Day in the Philippines has been institutionalized to be observed throughout the nation by planting trees and ornamental plants and other forms of relevant activities. Its practice was instituted through Proclamation No. 30. It was subsequently revised by Proclamation No. 41, issued in the same year. In 1955, the commemoration was extended from a day to a week and moved to the last full week of July. Over two decades later, its commemoration was moved to the second week of June. In 2003, the commemorations were reduced from a week to a day and was moved to June 25 per Proclamation No. 396. The same proclamation directed "the active participation of all government agencies, including government-owned and controlled corporations, private sector, schools, civil society groups and the citizenry in tree planting activity". It was subsequently revised by Proclamation 643 in the succeeding year. In 2012, Republic Act 10176 was passed, which revived tree planting events "as [a] yearly event for local government units" and mandated the planting of at least one tree per year for able-bodied Filipino citizens aged 12 years old and above. Since 2012, many local arbor day celebrations have been commemorated,


id: list-of-chainsaw-carving-competitions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of chainsaw carving competitions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:20.829768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-chainsaw-carving-competitions-20260505-0
summary:
Chainsaw carving competitions are competitive events held all over the world where contestants display their skills in the act of chainsaw carving. == Australia == Australian Chainsaw Carving Championship, Melbourne == Canada == Chetwynd (International) Chainsaw Carving Competition (Championship), Chetwynd, British Columbia held annually since 2005 Brigade Days/Hope Chainsaw Carving Competition, Hope, British Columbia, biannually Prince George Chain Saw Carving Competition, Prince George, British Columbia == Japan == Tōei, Aichi, since 2001 == United Kingdom == Carve Carrbridge, Carrbridge, Scotland, held annually since 2003 English Open Chainsaw Carving Competition, Tatton Park, Cheshire, England, since 2005 == United States == === Arkansas === Arkansas State Championship Chainsaw Carving Competition, Russellville, Arkansas, annually since 2021 on the first weekend of May each year as part of Balloons over Russellville === Alaska === Seldovia Craft Invitational Chainsaw Competition, Seldovia, Alaska, annually since 2006 === Montana === Kootenai Country Montana International Chainsaw Carving Championship, Libby, Montana === Oregon === Reedsport Chainsaw Carving Competition/Oregon Divisional Chainsaw Sculpting Championship, Reedsport, Oregon, held annually since 2000 === Pennsylvania === Chainsaw Carvers Rendezvous, Ridgway, Pennsylvania, held annually since 2000 === Washington === Burning Bear, Ocean City, Washington Sedro Woolley Loggerodeo Longest running 4th of July Celebration in Washington


id: timeline-of-dendrochronology-timestamp-events-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of dendrochronology timestamp events
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:21.994409+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-dendrochronology-timestamp-events-20260505-0
summary:
A timeline of dendrochronology timestamped events. == Timelines == === Timeline from all sub-regions === === Cliff dwellings, etc, the Americas === for the Americas, see also: Timeline of Chacoan history == References ==


id: forest-cover-by-province-or-territory-in-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by province or territory in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:23.242854+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-province-or-territory-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of forest cover in Canada by province and territory. == Provinces == British Columbia: ~60% (Ministry of Students) Alberta: 58% (NAIT) Saskatchewan: 50% (SK Environmental Society) Manitoba: 48% (MB Forestry Branch) Ontario: 66% (Ontario Forest Industries Association) Quebec: 45% (McGill University) or ~50% Nova Scotia: ~75% Prince Edward Island: 45% (2000, PEI ) New Brunswick: ~85% (Riparian Habitat Restoration) Newfoundland and Labrador: ~45% of Newfoundland. 60% of Labrador (NF Heritage Society) == Territories == Northwest Territories: ~50% Nunavut: ~25% Yukon: ~55% == See also == Forest cover by state, U.S. Forest cover by state in India Forest cover by federal subject in Russia == References ==


id: forest-cover-by-state-and-territory-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by state and territory in the United States
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:24.548052+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-state-and-territory-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, the forest cover by state and territory is estimated from tree-attributes using the basic statistics reported by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Forest Service. Tree volumes and weights are not directly measured in the field, but computed from other variables that can be measured. This is only the total amount of timberland. Actual forest cover for each state may be significantly higher. == List by state, district, or territory == === List by region === == See also == Forests of the United States Forest cover by province or territory in Canada Forest cover by federal subject in Russia Forest cover by state in India == References == == Notes == == Further reading == US Department of Agriculture. US Forest Resource Facts and HIstorical Trends. 2012. 64 p. Archived 2021-04-28 at the Wayback Machine


id: forest-cover-by-state-in-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Forest cover by state in India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:25.873987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forest-cover-by-state-in-india-20260505-0
summary:
List of how many forests and percentage of forest cover in India by state. == Tree density == Tree density is the quantification of how closely the trees are growing in a hectare area. It is not the exact number of trees in the forest but, serves as an estimate to the foresters. The tree density of an area should be mentioned by the working Plan officer (WPO) or Divisional Forest Officer (Working Plan) after his field inspection of the lowest possible forest unit or compartment in the CH-4 form of compartment history. The compartment history forms are to be maintained at the Forest range and Forest division offices. The working Plan code-2014 mentions in para 105 that the density should also be mentioned on the stock map prepared by the WPO/DFO in decimal figures. The crown density is similar to the tree density. A forest area with a density of more than 0.4 is considered a good forest area and a forest area with less than 0.4 tree density is considered degraded forest. == Forest cover == Forest cover is the total geographical area declared as forest by the government. As of 2021, the total forest cover in India


id: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-0.md
category: reference
title: List of historic schools of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of historic schools of forestry, by founding date. Also included is information about each school's location, founder(s), present status, and (where applicable) closing date. Many remain active. == 1700s == 1778 - A course of study in forestry formally added to the curriculum at the University of Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holy Roman Empire 1785 - Master school of forestry established by Heinrich von Cotta and his father, in Kleine Zillbach, near Wasungen, Thuringia 1787 or 1789 - Master school of forestry established at Hungen, Hesse, by Georg Ludwig Hartig; moved to Dillenburg, Hesse, 1797–1805; reestablished in Berlin; then, in 1830, moved to Eberswalde, about 30 km away (see below) 1790 - School of forestry established in Munich, Bavaria 1798 - Waldau Forest Institute (Forstlehranstalt zu Waldau) established by Friedrich Ludwig von Witzelben, in the Kassel district of Hesse, Germany; closed 1815 == 1800-1849 == 1800 - First formal training of foresters in Russia; 'forstmeister' course established at the Naval Cadet Corps Academy, Saint Petersburg 1803 - Royal Forestry School (or 'Practical Forestry School'), in Tsarskoye Selo (near Saint Petersburg), Russia; in 1811, moved to Saint Petersburg to become the Imperial Forestry Institute, later the S. M. Kirov


id: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-1.md
category: reference
title: List of historic schools of forestry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historic-schools-of-forestry-20260505-0
summary:
1912 - Madras Forest Academy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, South India 1913 - School of Forestry, University of Montana. Established by the 12th Legislature of Montana. 1919 - Moscow Forest Engineering Institute, Russia's "first higher education institution for training forest engineers"; now Moscow State Forest University 1920 - Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Studies in the field of forestry began in 1920 as the Department of Forestry at the Agricultural Faculty in Belgrade. The Faculty of Forestry became separate in 1949, the first independent forestry faculty in the former Yugoslavia. 1926 - Australian Forestry School, Canberra, Australia. Foundation Principal Charles Lane Poole. Became part of the Australian National University in 1965. 1932 - Saasveld Forestry College, George, South Africa; now part of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) 1948, June 16 - Forestry Specialist School, Shanxi Province, China (established by the Chinese Communist Party) == 1950-present == 1951 - University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, established its Faculty of Forestry. The school would absorb students from Hungary's Sopron School in 1957. 1952 - Beijing Forestry University, China, with faculty from Tsinghua University, Peking University, and the Beijing Agricultural University 1962 - Forestry school established in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil,


id: list-of-forest-research-institutes-in-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forest research institutes in India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:28.394086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forest-research-institutes-in-india-20260505-0
summary:
This is a List of forest research institutes in India. == Autonomous research institutes == === Ministry of Environment and Forests === Institutes under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora (GBPIHED) Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI), Bengaluru Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun === Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education === Institutes under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Headquartered in Dehradun Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension (CFLE), Agartala Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Chhindwara Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation, Prayagraj Forest Research Institute (India), Dehradun Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur Van Vigyan Kendra (Forest Science Centres) == Other national institutes == Other research institutes under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Subordinate offices Forest Survey of India, Dehradun Indira Gandhi


id: list-of-forestry-ministries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry ministries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:29.650014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-ministries-20260505-0
summary:
A forestry ministry (also called a forestry agency, forestry department, or forest service) is a high, often cabinet-level government ministry charged with forestry. The ministry is often headed by a minister for forestry. Specific duties may relate to forest conservation, management, reforestation, education, forest protection, wildfire management, and related areas. == Forestry ministries by country == (Where a national forestry agency, forestry department, forest administration or parastatal corporation exists as a high-level agency within a multi-purpose ministry, it has been added to this list within parentheses.) == See also == == References ==


id: list-of-plants-known-as-oil-palm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm-0.md
category: reference
title: List of plants known as oil palm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:30.808716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-plants-known-as-oil-palm-20260505-0
summary:
Oil palm refers to several palms that yield oil from fruit pulp and seeds, primarily Elaeis guineensis, the African oil palm, the major palm oil crop species but also: Attalea maripa, the maripa palm Cocos nucifera, the coconut palm, which yields coconut oil from its seeds Elaeis oleifera, the American oil palm The genus Elaeis, with just two species, E. guineensis and E. oleifera, referred to as the oil-palm genus == See also == Wax palm


id: list-of-forest-research-institutes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forest research institutes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:32.089111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forest-research-institutes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of forest research institutes around the world, by continent and country. It includes research institutions with a primary focus on forest science, forestry, forest management, and related fields. == International == Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia Center for Tropical Forest Science, Panama City, Panama European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Vienna, Austria == Africa == === Algeria === Institut national de recherche forestière (INRF) (in French) === Ethiopia === Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute === Ghana === Forestry Research Institute of Ghana === Kenya === Kenya Forestry Research Institute === Malawi === Forestry Research Institute of Malawi === Nigeria === Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria === South Africa === Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Institute for Commercial Forestry Research Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria Forestry and Forest Products Research Center, Durban, "a joint venture between CSIR's Natural Resources and the Environment operating unit and the University of KwaZulu-Natal" Merensky === Uganda === Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation == Americas == === Canada === Atlantic Forestry Centre Canadian Wood Fibre Centre Centre for Forest Biology, Victoria, British Columbia Great Lakes Forestry Centre,


id: list-of-forestry-technical-schools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry technical schools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:33.313046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-technical-schools-20260505-0
summary:
(For higher educational institutions offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry and related fields see: List of forestry universities and colleges.) This is a list of notable secondary, tertiary, technical schools, and practical training institutes around the world offering one- or two-year forestry technician degrees, along with related diplomas or certificates, grouped by continent and country. == Africa == === Mali === Forestry Practical Training Centre of Tabakoro (CFPF) === Nigeria === Audu Bako School of Agriculture === Tunisia === Sylvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka, University of Jendouba === Zambia === Zambia Forestry College == Americas == === Bolivia === Technical School of Forestry, Universidad Mayor de San Simón === Canada === Forest Technology Program, Maritime College of Forest Technology, New Brunswick Forest Technology Program, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) Forestry Resources Technology Programme, Vancouver Island University, British Columbia === United States === Source: (alphabetized by state) Reedley College, Reedley, California Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, Maine Allegany College of Maryland, Cumberland, Maryland Itasca Community College, Grand Rapids, Minnesota Vermilion Community College, Ely, Minnesota Thompson School, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Paul


id: list-of-tree-cities-usa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Tree Cities USA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:34.618675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tree-cities-usa-20260505-0
summary:
There are more than 3,400 Tree Cities USA. The following is a partial listing of Tree Cities USA. To be a Tree City, the community must meet four standards set by the National Arbor Day Foundation and the National Association of State Foresters: The community must have a tree board or department. The community must have established a community ordinance for tree care. There must be a community forestry program with an annual budget of at least $2 per capita. The community must have an Arbor Day observance and proclamation. == States == == See also == Tree Cities of the World == References == == External links == "Tree City USA Directory". The Arbor Day Foundation.


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-0.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of tertiary educational institutions around the world offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry, agronomy, animal sciences, or related fields. Where noted, the country's accreditation board standard has been used and cited. They are grouped by colleges. (For educational institutions with forestry technician or professional certificate programs see: List of forestry technical schools.) == Africa == === Algeria === Abou Bakr Belkaïd University - Tlemcen === Benin === Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, National University of Benin National School of wildlife and Protected Areas Management of Kandi, University of Parakou Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou === Burkina Faso === Institute of Rural Development (IDR), Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso Life and Earth Sciences (UFR/SVT), University of Ouagadougou === Cameroon === The National Forestry School of Cameroon, location: Mbalmayo, the centre region of Cameroon French Abbre.: Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts de Mbalmayo === Côte d'Ivoire === College of Agronomy, Félix Houphouët-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute, Yamoussoukro === Egypt === Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. === Ethiopia === Burie College of Forestry, Debremarkos University Haramaya College of Forestry, Haramaya University Wollo University Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-1.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand [ICFRE (An autonomous government body governed by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change)]. Faculty of Forestry, Benhama, Ganderbal, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh College of Horticulture and Forestry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana College of Forestry, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth University (BSKKV), Dapoli, Maharashtra College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University College of Forestry, Ponnampet, UAHS, Shimoga College of Forestry, Sirsi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar now with VCSG University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Uttarakhand College of Horticulture and Forestry, Maharana Pratap University, Jhalawar, Rajasthan now with Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan Department of Applied Science, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam Department of Forestry, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Tanhril, Aizawl, Mizoram Department of Forest Sciences, Desh Bhagat University (DBU), Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab Department of Forestry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth University (PDKV), Akola, Maharashtra Department of


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-2.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Philippines === Bilar Campus, Bohol Island State University (BISU) Cabagan Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Environmental Sciences MSU-Naawan College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Caraga State University (CarSU) College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development (CAFSD), Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) College of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (CAFF), Negros Oriental State University (NoRSU) College of Agriculture, Forestry Department (SLSU-Lucban Quezon) College of Forestry, Benguet State University (BSU) College of Forestry, Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University (CMU) College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Mindanao State University (MSU) College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Visayas State University (VSU) College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) Department of Forestry University of Southeastern Philippines (USeP-, Tagum-Mabini Campus, Tagum City, Davao del Norte) Echague Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) Forestry and Environmental Studuies University of Mindanao (UM) Davao City Gonzaga Campus, Cagayan State University (CSU) Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC - Sta. Maria Campus) Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Tarlac College


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-3.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Germany === Department of Forest Sciences, Dresden University of Technology Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (FH) Faculty of Forest and Environment Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing, Rosenheim University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Forestry, Rottenburg University of Applied Forest Sciences Faculty of Forestry, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich Faculty of Resource Management, HAWK - University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen Department of Wood and Forestry, University of Hamburg Faculty of Forest Science, University of Munich === Greece === Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, School of Geosciences, International Hellenic University Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karpenisi, Agricultural University of Athens Department of Forestry, Management of the Environment and Natural Resources at Orestiada, Democritus University of Thrace Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Technological Educational Institute of Larissa Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karditsa Department of Wood & Furniture Design and Technology at Karditsa === Hungary === Faculty


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-4.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== United Kingdom === Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department, University of Reading Centre for Rural Development and Training, University of Wolverhampton Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford University School of Forestry, University of Edinburgh School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography (SENRG) Bangor University Scottish School of Forestry, University of the Highlands and Islands == North America == === Canada === Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University Faculty of Forestry, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Université Laval, Quebec City Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick University of Northern British Columbia Faculty of Natural Resources Management Faculty of Forestry Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto === Mexico === Department of Forestry, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Division of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Facultad de Agrobiología "Presidente Juarez"- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Faculty of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo


id: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-5.md
category: reference
title: List of forestry universities and colleges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-forestry-universities-and-colleges-20260505-0
summary:
=== Brazil === Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES Department of Forestry Engineering, Federal University of The Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri - UFVJM Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, AM Faculty of agricultural sciences (FCA) - Department of Forestry Sciences (DCF), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Forestry Engineering Course, Campus Universitário Curitibanos, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Curitibanos, SC Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, PR Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Lavras, MG Forestry Engineering Course, Forestry Department, State University of Midwestern Paraná - Paraná (UNICENTRO), Irati, PR Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) Forestry Engineering Course, University of São


id: index-of-geography-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of geography articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:41.993199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-geography-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This page is a list of geography topics. Geography is the study of the world and the distribution of life on Earth, including human populations and the effects of human activity. Geography research examines both the questions of where and why geographical patterns occur. It is a broad discipline that seeks to understand human and natural complexities—how features originated, how they are arranged, and how they have changed over time. == 0–9 == == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == K == == L == == M == == N == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == See also == Lists of places Outline of geography


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography: Geography – study of Earth and its people. == Nature of geography == === Geography as === an academic discipline – a body of knowledge given to − or received by − a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the Earth and its human and natural complexities − not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called 'the world discipline'. a field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. This field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many geography-related scientific journals. a natural science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of the natural environment (physical geography). a social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society (human geography). an interdisciplinary field – a field that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Fields of human geography ==== Cultural geography – study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. Children's geographies – study of places and spaces of children's lives, characterized experientially, politically and ethically. Children's geographies rest on the idea that children as a social group share certain characteristics that are experientially, politically, and ethically significant and worthy of study. The pluralization in the title is intended to imply that children's lives will be markedly different in differing times and places and in differing circumstances such as gender, family, and class. The range of foci within children's geographies includes: Children and the city Children and the countryside Children and technology Children and nature, Children and globalization Methodologies of researching children's worlds Ethics of researching children's worlds Otherness of childhood Animal geographies – studies the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture because social life and space are heavily populated by animals of many different kinds and in many differing


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Approaches of human geography ==== Behavioral geography – Approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach Cognitive geography – Interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography Critical geography – Variant of social science that seeks to interpret and change the world Feminist geography – Approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism Marxist geography – Strand of critical geography Non-representational theory – Post-structuralist human geography theory Postcolonialism – Study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism Post-structuralism – Philosophical school and tradition – Qualitative geography – qualitative research tools and methods applied to geography. === Integrated geography === Integrated geography – branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, ecology, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment. === Technical geography === Technical geography – branch of geography and the discipline of studying, developing, and applying methods to gather, store, process, and deliver geographic or spatially referenced information. It is a widespread interdisciplinary field that includes the tools and techniques used in land


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Exploration – Investigating an unfamiliar area Geocode, also known as Geospatial Entity Object Code – Process of turning a place name/address to coordinatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Geographic information system (GIS) – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data Globe – Scale model of a celestial body Map – Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships Atlas – Collection of maps Cartography – Study and practice of making maps Outline of cartography – Overview of and topical guide to cartography Map projection – Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane Demographics – Study of human populations and their structuresPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Spatial analysis – Techniques to study geometric data Surveying – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them === Types of geographic features === Geographic feature – component of a planet that can be referred to as a location, place, site, area, or region, and therefore may show up on a map. A geographic feature may be natural or artificial. ==== Location and place ==== Location – Absolute location – Point or an area on Earth's surface or elsewherePages displaying short descriptions


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
==== Natural body of water types ==== Natural bodies of water – Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface Bodies of seawater – Water from a sea or an ocean Channel – Narrow body of water Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits Harbor – Sheltered body of water where ships may shelter Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature Gulf – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lakePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet Creek (tidal) – Inlet or estuary that is affected by ebb and flow of ocean tidesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity Kettle – Depression formed by glaciers or floodwaters Kill – Creek, tidal inlet, river, strait, or arm of the sea Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-5.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Settlement – Community of any size, in which people live Rural area – Geographic area outside towns and cities Hamlet (place) – Small human settlement in a rural area – rural settlement which is too small to be considered a village. Historically, when a hamlet became large enough to justify building a church, it was then classified as a village. One example of a hamlet is a small cluster of houses surrounding a mill. Village – Human settlement smaller than a town – clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand (sometimes tens of thousands). Town – Type of human settlement – human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while many British "small towns" would qualify as cities in the United States. Urban hierarchy – Rank of cities based on their population – ranks the structure of towns within an area. 1st-order towns –


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-6.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Abstract geographic feature – does not exist physically in the real world, yet has a location by definition and may be displayed on maps. Geographical zone – Major regions of Earth's surface demarcated by latitude Hardiness zone – Region defined by minimum temperature relevant to the plant survival Time zone – Area that observes a uniform standard time Political division – A territorial entity for administration purposes Nation – Community based on common ethnic, cultural or political identity Administrative division – Territorial entity for administration purposes – a designated territory created within a country for administrative or identification purposes. Examples of the types of administrative divisions: Bailiwick – Area of jurisdiction of a bailiff Canton – Type of administrative division of a country Commune – An urban administrative division having corporate status County – Geographical and administrative region in some countries Department – Administrative or political division in some countriesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets District – Administrative division in some countries, managed by a local government Duchy – Territory ruled by, or representing the title of, a duke or duchess Emirate – Territory ruled by an emir Federal state – Type of political entity Parish – Ecclesiastical subdivision


id: outline-of-geography-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-7.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geography-20260505-0
summary:
Eratosthenes (276 – 194 BC) – who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of geodesy. Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. 168) – who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia. Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973 – 1048 AD) – considered the father of geodesy. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037) – whose observations in Kitab Al-Shifa contributed to later formulations of the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism. Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100 – c.1165) – who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times. Piri Reis (1465 – c.1554) – whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the Americas and possibly Antarctica Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) – an innovative cartographer and originator of the Mercator projection. Bernhardus Varenius (1622–1650) – Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650) – first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography. Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) – father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology. Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) – considered the father of modern geography. Published Kosmos and founded the study of biogeography. Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – who noted the structure of glaciers


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-0.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
This list of battles is organized geographically and alphabetically, by country in its present territory. == Afghanistan == == Albania == == Algeria == == Angola == == Argentina == == Armenia == == Australia == == Austria == == Azerbaijan == == Bahamas == == Bahrain == == Bangladesh == == Barbados == == Belarus == == Belgium == == Belize == == Benin == == Bolivia == == Bosnia and Herzegovina == == Botswana == == Brazil == == Bulgaria == For Fall of the Western Roman Empire, see List of battles during the fall of the Western Roman Empire Siege of Dorostolon - 896 For Rus'–Byzantine War (970–971), see Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria Battle of Dristra - 1087 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars Battle of Beroia - 1122 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars For Bulgarian–Ottoman wars, see List of battles during the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars Battle of Çamurlu - 1413 - Ottoman Interregnum Battle of Zlatitsa – 1443 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) Battle of Varna – 1444 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) For World War I, see Bulgaria during World War I For World War II, see


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-1.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle of the Maule – c. between 1471-1493 or 1532– Inca Empire wars of conquest Battle of Reynogüelén – 1536 Battle of Lincoya Fortress - 1563 Battle of Castro - 1600 - War of the Straits Battle of Yerbas Buenas – 1813 Battle of San Carlos (1813) – 1813 Siege of Chillán – 1813 Battle of El Roble – 1813 Battle of Talca (1814) – 1814 Battle of El Quilo – 1814 Battle of Membrillar – 1814 Battle of Valparaíso – 1814 – War of 1812 (Sixty Years' War) Battle of Cancha Rayada (1814) – 1814 Battle of Quechereguas (1814) – 1814 Battle of Las Tres Acequias – 1814 Battle of Rancagua – 1814 Battle of Chacabuco – 1817 Battle of Curapalihue – 1817 Battle of Cancha Rayada (1818) – 1818 Battle of Maipú – 1818 Battle of Lircay – 1830 – Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 Combat of Monte de Urra – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution Battle of Loncomilla – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution Battle of Papudo – 1865 – Chincha Islands War Battle of Abtao – 1866 – Chincha Islands War Battle of Iquique – 1879 – War of the Pacific Battle of Punta Gruesa –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-2.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Croatia == Battle of Cibalae - 316 - Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Mursa Major - 351 - Roman civil war of 350–353 Siege of Trsat - 799 Battle of Makarska - 887 - Croatian–Venetian wars Battle of Drava River - 925 - Croatian–Hungarian Wars Battle of Syrmia - 960 - Hungarian-Serbian War (c. 960) Siege of Zadar (998) - 998 - Croatian–Bulgarian wars Siege of Lastovo - 1000 - Croatian–Venetian wars Battle of Gvozd Mountain - 1097 - War of the Croatian Succession Battle of Pašman - 1190 Siege of Zara - 1202 - Fourth Crusade Battle of Grobnik Field - 1242 - First Mongol invasion of Hungary Battle of Curzola - 1298 - War of Curzola Battle of Bliska - 1322 Battle of Una - 1483 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Vrpile - 1491 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Krbava Field - 1493 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Battle of Dubica - 1513 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Siege of Knin - 1522 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Siege of Klis - 1536 - Croatian–Ottoman wars Battle of Gorjani - 1537 - Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) Battle of Otočac (1543)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-3.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
For Danish Civil War, see Military engagements during the Danish Civil War Battle of Copenhagen (1289) – 1289 – War of the Outlaws Battle of Skanör – 1289 – War of the Outlaws Naval Battle of the Sound (1427) - 1427 - Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428) – 1428 – Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) Battle of Bornholm (1457) – 1457 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) Battle of Bornholm (1535) – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) Battle of Little Belt – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) Battle of Bornholm (1563) – 1563 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Action of 4 June 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Action of 7 July 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) Battle of Kolding (1644) – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) Action of 16 May 1644 – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Møn (1657) – 1657 – Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] Battle of the Sound – 1658 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) Siege of Kolding (1658)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-4.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Estonia == Battle of Iron Gate – 1032 Battle of Ösel – 1206 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Viljandi – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lehola – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Otepää (1217) – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of St. Matthew's Day – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lyndanisse – 1219 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Lihula – 1220 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Tallinn – 1221 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ösel – 1222 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ümera – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Viljandi (1223) – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Tartu (1224) – 1224 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Muhu – 1227 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle on the Ice – 1242 – Livonian campaign against Rus' and Northern Crusades (Crusades) Battle of Wesenberg (1268) or Battle of Rakvere or Battle of Rakovor – 1268 – Northern Crusades (Crusades) Battle of Karuse – 1270 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-5.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Finland == Battle at Herdaler – 1007 – 1008 Battle of Hogland (1713) – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Pälkäne – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Napue – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Gangut – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Grengam – 1720 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) Battle of Villmanstrand – 1741 – Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) (War of the Austrian Succession) Battle of Porrassalmi – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Uttismalm – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Kaipiais – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Parkumäki – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Svensksund (1789) – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Elgsö – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Valkeala – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Pardakoski–Kärnakoski – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Fredrikshamn – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Keltis – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Savitaipal – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Svensksund – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) Battle of Pyhäjoki – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-6.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== France == Battle of Alalia – between 540 BC and 535 BC – Carthaginian Expansion Battle of Rhone Crossing – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Burdigala – 107 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Arausio – 105 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Aquae Sextiae – 102 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Magetobriga – 63 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of the Arar – 58 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Bibracte – 58 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Vosges – 58 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of the Axona – 57 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of the Sabis – 57 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Avaricum – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Gergovia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Lutetia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Alesia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars Siege of Uxellodunum – 51 BC – Gallic Wars Siege of Massilia – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Tauroento – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Forum Julii – 69 – Year of the Four


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-7.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
469 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Arles (471) – 471 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Soissons (486) – 486 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Strasbourg (506) – 506 – Clovis I's campaigns Battle of Vouillé – 507 – Franco-Visigothic Wars Battle of Compiègne – 715 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Vincy – 717 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Soissons (718) – 718 – Frankish Civil War Battle of Toulouse – 721 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of the River Garonne – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of Tours – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Avignon (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Narbonne (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of the River Berre – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Nîmes – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Siege of Laon - 741 Siege of Narbonne (752–759) – 752 – 759 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul Battle of Orbieu River - 793 - Reconquista Battle of Fontenoy (841) - 841 - Carolingian civil war Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-8.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
James – 1426 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Montargis – 1427 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Orléans – 1428 – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of the Herrings or Battle of Rouvray – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] and Anglo-Scottish Wars Battle of Jargeau – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Meung-sur-Loire – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Beaugency (1429) – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Battle of Patay – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] Siege of Paris (1429) – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of La Charité – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Compiègne – 1430 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Bulgnéville - 1431 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War Battle of Gerberoy – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Saint-Denis (1435) – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Calais (1436) – 1436 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-9.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Quentin (1557) – 1557 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Siege of Calais (1558) – 1558 – Anglo-French War (1557–1559) (Italian War of 1551–1559) [Italian Wars] Siege of Thionville (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Battle of Gravelines (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Siege of Rouen (1562) – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Vergt – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Dreux – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Siege of Orléans (1563) – 1563 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle of Vescovato - 1564 Siege of Valenciennes (1567) – 1566 – 1567 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Wattrelos – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Lannoy – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] Battle of Saint-Denis – 1567 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Siege of Chartres (1568) – 1568 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-10.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Quentin (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War Battle of Buzenval (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War Battle of Mulhouse - 1914 - World War I Battle of Lorraine - 1914 - World War I Battle of the Trouée de Charmes - 1914 - World War I Siege of Maubeuge - 1914 - World War I Battle of Le Cateau - 1914 - World War I Battle of St. Quentin (1914) - 1914 - World War I First Battle of the Marne – 1914 – World War I First Battle of the Aisne – 1914 – World War I Battle of La Bassée – 1914 – World War I First Battle of Champagne – 1914–1915 – World War I Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf - 1915 - World War I First Battle of Artois – 1915-1915 – World War I Battle of Neuve Chapelle – 1915 – World War I Second Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I Second Battle of Champagne – 1915 – World War I Battle of Loos – 1915 – World War I Third Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt - 1915 - World War I Battle of Verdun


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-11.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
235 – Crisis of the Third Century and Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Solicinium – 368 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Mainz - 406 - Vandal–Frankish war Battle of Tolbiac – 496 – Clovis I's campaigns Battle of the Unstrut River (531) – 531 Battle of Cologne – 716 – Frankish Civil War and Frisian–Frankish wars Battle of Epfach - 743 Battle of Süntel – 782 – Saxon Wars Battle of the Hase - 783 - Saxon Wars Battle of Lüne and the Elbe - 795 - Saxon Wars Battle of Bornhöved (798) – 798 – Saxon Wars Battle of Andernach (876) - 876 - Franco-Breton wars Battle of Lüneburg Heath - 880 Battle of Norditi - 884 Battle of Eisenach (908) – 908 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Lechfeld (910) – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Rednitz – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of the Inn – 913 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Püchen – 919 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Siege of Gana - 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Lenzen – 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Riade – 933 – Hungarian invasions of Europe


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-12.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Georgia == == Ghana == Battle of Guinea – 1478 – War of the Castilian Succession Battle of Elmina (1625) – 1625 – Dutch–Portuguese War Battle of Elmina (1637) – 1637 – Dutch–Portuguese War


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-13.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Greece == Battle of Deres – c. 684 BC – Second Messenian War Battle of the Great Foss – c. 682 BC – Second Messenian War Battle of Hysiae (c. 669 BC) – c. 669 BC Siege of Naxos (499 BC) – 499 BC – Greco-Persian Wars Siege of Eretria – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Marathon – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Thermopylae – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Artemisium – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Salamis – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Achaemenid destruction of Athens – 480 BC – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Plataea – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Aegina – 458 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Tanagra (457 BC) – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Oenophyta – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Coronea (447 BC) – 447 BC – First Peloponnesian War Battle of Sybota – 433 BC


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-14.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
873 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Cephalonia – 880 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Euripos – 883 – Arab–Byzantine wars Sack of Thessalonica (904) – 904 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Chandax – 960 – 961 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Thessalonica (995) – 995 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Spercheios – 997 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (1004) – 1004 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Kreta – 1009 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (1014) – 1014 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Setina – 1017 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Lemnos (1024) - 1024 - Rus'-Byzantine wars Battle of Thessalonica (1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Thessalonica (2nd 1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Ostrovo – 1041 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Larissa – 1083 – First Norman invasion of the Balkans Sack of Thessalonica (1185) – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans Battle of Demetritzes – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-15.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Grenada == Capture of Grenada (1779) – 1779 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Grenada – 1779 – American Revolutionary War == Guatemala == Battle of La Arada – 1851 == Guyana == Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) Capture of Demerara and Essequibo – 1782 – American Revolutionary War == Haiti == Capture of Fort Rocher – 1654 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Cap-Français – 1757 – Seven Years' War Battle of the Windward Passage – 1760 – Seven Years' War Action of 2 January 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets – 1792 – Haitian Revolution Siege of Port-au-Prince (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Cap-Français (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution Capture of Fort-Dauphin (1794) – 1794 – Haitian Revolution and War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) Battle of the Acul – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Saint-Raphaël – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Gonaïves – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Port-Républicain – 1794 – Haitian Revolution Battle of Jean-Rabel – 1797 – Haitian Revolution Action of 1 January 1800 – 1800 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-16.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Hungary == Battle of Bolia – 469 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Raab - 791 - Saxon Wars Battle of Ménfő - 1044 - German-Hungarian War Battle of Vértes - 1051 Battle of the Theben Pass - 1060 - Hungarian civil war Battle of Kemej – 1074 Battle of Mogyoród – 1074 Battle of Mohi – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary Siege of Esztergom (1241) – 1242 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary Battle of the Leitha River - 1246 Battle of Isaszeg (1265) – 1265 – Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) Battle of Lake Hód - 1282 - Feudal anarchy in Hungary Battle of Rozgony - 1312 - Charles I's wars for the centralized power Siege of Güns – 1526 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] Battle of Mohács – 1526 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Sződfalva – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) Battle of Tarcal – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) Siege of Buda (1530) – 1530 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] Siege of Güns – 1532 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-17.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
14th century BC Sack of Kausambi - 497 - First Hunnic War First Battle of Eran - 498 - First Hunnic War Second Battle of Eran - 510 - First Hunnic War Sack of Pataliputra - 520 - Second Hunnic War Battle of Sondani - 528 - Second Hunnic War Siege of Banavasi - 540 Conquest of the Revati Island - 599 Battle of Pullalur - 618 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Narmada - 619 Battle of Manimangala - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Vatapi - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars Battle of Peruvallanallur - 674 Siege of Nandigrama - 760 Battle of Venbai - 760 Battle of Ganges-Yamuna Doab - 791 Battle of Monghyr - 816 - Gurjara–Gauda War Battle of Tellaru - 830 Battle of Thirupurambiyam - 879 Battle of Niravadyapura - 894 Battle of Peruvanguru - 894 Battle of Vallala - 911 Battle of Vellore - 915 Sack of Kannauj - 916 Battle of Takkolam - 948 - Krishna's Southern Expedition Sack of Manyakheta - 972 Battle of Kandalur Salai - 988 - Chola Expansions under Rajaraja Battle of Rattapadi - 992 Battle of Puri - 997 - Western Chalukya expansion Battle of Donur - 1007 -


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-18.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
– Anglo-Nepalese War Battle of Khadki – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Sitabuldi – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Mahidpur – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Koregaon – 1818 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) Battle of Shopian – 1819 – Afghan–Sikh Wars Battle of Mudki – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Ferozeshah – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Sohana – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Baddowal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Aliwal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Sobraon – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Asal Uttar – 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Battle of Longewala – 1971 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Battle of Tololing – 1999


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-19.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Indonesia == Chola invasion of Srivijaya - 1025 - South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I Battle of Genter – 1222 Battle of Bubat – 1357 Battle of Palembang – 1407 – Ming treasure voyages Battle of Trowulan - 1478 - Spread of Islam in Indonesia Battle of Aceh – 1521 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Lingga - 1525 - Malay–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Sunda Kelepa - 1527 Battle of Aceh – 1528 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Tidore - 1536 Battle of Aceh – 1569 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Battle of Bantam – 1601 – Dutch–Portuguese War Capture of Amboina – 1605 – Dutch-Portuguese War Fall of Jayakarta – 1619 First Battle of Passempe – 1643 Second Battle of Passempe – 1646 Battle of Gegodog – 1676 – Trunajaya rebellion Battle of Surabaya – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion Fall of Plered – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion Assault of Kediri – 1678 – Trunajaya rebellion Action of 9 September 1796 – 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars Battle of Java Sea – 1942 - Pacific War Battle of Kotabaru – 1945 - Indonesian National Revolution Battle of Medan – 1945 Battle of Semarang – 1945 Battle of Ambarawa – 1945 Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-20.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Iran == Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Battle of Ulai – c. 653 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam Battle of Susa – 647 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam Battle of Hyrba – 552 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of the Persian Border – c. 551 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Pasargadae – c. 550 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of the Uxian Defile – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Battle of the Persian Gate – 330 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Battle of Paraitakene – 317 BC – Second War of the Diadochi Battle of Gabiene – 315 BC – Second War of the Diadochi Battle of Ecbatana – 129 BC – Seleucid–Parthian Wars Battle of Hormozdgan – 224 Battle of Avarayr – 451 Battle of the Blarathon – 591 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) and Sasanian civil war of 589–591 Siege of Shushtar – 641 – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Siege of Gundishapur – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Battle


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-21
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-21.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Iraq == Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Battle of Halule – 691 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Siege of Babylon – 689 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Fall of Tarbisu – 615 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Fall of Assur – 614 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Battle of Nineveh (612 BC) – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire Battle of Opis – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Fall of Babylon – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Gaugamela – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great First siege of Babylon (311 BC) – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of the Tigris – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Second siege of Babylon (310 BC) – 310 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Third siege of Babylon (309 BC) – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of the 25 of Abu – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) Battle of Ctesiphon (165) – 165 – Roman–Parthian


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-22
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-22.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Israel == Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC) – 1457 BC – Thutmose III's first campaign in the Levant Siege of Azekah – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Siege of Lachish – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Assyrian siege of Jerusalem – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Fall of Ashdod – c. 655 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) – c. 597 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) – 589 BC – 587 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon Battle of Panium – 200 BC – Fifth Syrian War Battle of Adasa – 161 BC – Maccabean Revolt Battle of Cana – 84 BC Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC) – 63 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) and Hasmonean Civil War Siege of Sepphoris (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Sack of Jaffa (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Geva – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Beth Horon (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War Pillage of Ein Gedi – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War Siege of Sepphoris (67) – 67 –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-23
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-23.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Italy == Battle of Cumae – 524 BC Battle of Lake Regillus – c. 496 BC – Latin War (498–493 BC) (Roman–Latin wars) Battle of Himera (480 BC) – 480 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of the Cremera – 477 BC – Roman–Etruscan Wars Battle of Cumae – 474 BC Battle of Mount Algidus – 458 BC – Roman–Italic wars Battle of the Himera River (446 BC) – 446 BC Battle of Corbio – 446 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) – 435 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns Battle of Selinus – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Himera (409 BC) – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Akragas (406 BC) – 406 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Gela (405 BC) – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars Sack of Camarina – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Motya – 398 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Segesta (397 BC) – 398 BC or 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Messene – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Catana (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Syracuse (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-24
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-24.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
376 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of the Anio River (361 BC) – 361 BC – Roman–Gallic wars Battle of Pedum (358 BC) – Roman–Gallic wars Siege of Syracuse (343 BC) – 344 BC – 343 BC or 342 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Vesuvius – 340 BC – Latin War Battle of Trifanum – 340 BC – Latin War Battle of Mount Gaurus – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of Saticula – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of Suessula – 339 BC – First Samnite War Battle of the Crimissus – 339 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Pedum (338 BC) – 338 BC – Latin War Capture of Neapolis – 327 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Imbrinium – 325 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of the Caudine Forks – 321 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Lautulae – 315 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of the Himera River (311 BC) – 311 BC – Sicilian Wars Siege of Syracuse (311–309 BC) – 311 BC – 309 BC – Sicilian Wars Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) – 310 BC – Second Samnite war Battle of Bovianum – 305


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-25
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-25.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
69 – Year of the Four Emperors First Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors Second Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors Siege of Aquileia – 238 – Year of the Six Emperors (Crisis of the Third Century) Battle of Verona (249) – 249 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Interamna Nahars – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of the Sanguinarian Bridge – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Mediolanum – 259 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Lake Benacus – 268 or 269 – Roman–Germanic wars and Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Placentia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Fano – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Pavia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars Siege of Segusio – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Turin (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Brescia (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of Verona (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Battle of the Milvian Bridge – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Siege of Asti (402) –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-26
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-26.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
538 or 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Auximus – 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Ravenna (539–540) – 539 – 540 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Treviso – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Verona – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Faventia – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Mucellium – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Naples (542–543) – 542 – 543 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Sack of Rome (546) – 546 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Siege of Rome (549–550) – 549 – 550 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Sena Gallica (551) – 551 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Taginae – 552 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Mons Lactarius – 552 or 553 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of the Volturnus – 554 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) Battle of Forino - 663 Battle of Coronate - 689 Battle of Ravenna (729) - 729 Siege of Pavia (773–774) - 773 Siege of Syracuse (827–828) – 827 – 828 – Muslim


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-27
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-27.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Jamaica == Invasion of Jamaica – 1655 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Battle of Ocho Rios – 1657 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Battle of Rio Nuevo – 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] Action of 15 January 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Action of 17 February 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-28
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-28.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Japan == Battle of Shigisan - 587 - Soga–Mononobe conflict Battle of Sufuse - 789 - Thirty-Eight Years' War Siege of Kuriyagawa - 1062 - Former Nine Years' War Battle of Uji (1180) – 1180 – Genpei War Siege of Nara – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Ishibashiyama – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Fujigawa – 1180 – Genpei War Battle of Sunomata-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War Battle of Yahagi-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War Siege of Hiuchi – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Kurikara – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Shinohara – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Mizushima – 1183 – Genpei War Siege of Fukuryūji – 1183 – Genpei War Battle of Muroyama – 1183 – Genpei War Siege of Hōjūjidono – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Uji (1184) – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Awazu – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Ichi-no-Tani – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Kojima – 1184 – Genpei War Battle of Yashima – 1185 – Genpei War Battle of Dan-no-ura – 1185 – Genpei War Battle of Uji (1221) - 1221 - Jōkyū War Battle of Bun'ei – 1274 – Mongol


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-29
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-29.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Jordan == Battle of Gadara – 93 BC Siege of Machaerus – 72 – First Jewish–Roman War Battle of Mu'tah – 629 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Fahl – 635 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Siege of Kerak – 1183 – Crusades Siege of Al-Karak (1834) – 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine == Kazakhstan == Battle of Zhizhi – 36 BC – Han–Xiongnu War Irghiz River Skirmish – 1209 or 1219 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Siege of Otrar – 1219 – 1220 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire == Kenya == == Korea == == Kosovo == Battle of Pantina - 1067 - Byzantine–Serbian wars Battle of Kosovo - 1389 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441) - 1440 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars Battle of Kosovo (1448) - 1448 - Hungarian–Ottoman Wars == Kuwait == == Kyrgyzstan == == Laos == == Latvia == Battle of Cēsis – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Ümera – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Turaida – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Riga – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Durbe


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-30
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-30.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Libya == Siege of Tripoli (1551) – 1551 – Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) and Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) Action of 1 August 1801 – 1801 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) First Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1802 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Action of 22 June 1803 – 1803 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1804 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Battle of Derna (1805) – 1805 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) Battle of Tripoli (1825) – 1825 – Sardinian-Tripolitanian war of 1825 Bombardment of Tripoli (1828) – 1828 – Tripolitan-Neapolitan War == Lithuania == Battle of Saule – 1236 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Memel (1257) – 1257 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Skuodas (1259) – 1258 or 1259 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Christmemel – 1315 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Medininkai – 1320 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Battle of Memel (1323) – 1323 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Medvėgalis – 1329 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] Siege of Pilėnai – 1336 – Lithuanian Crusade


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-31
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-31.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Mexico == Battle of Tlatelolco - 1473 Battle of Atlixco - 1503 - Flower war Battle of Catoche - 1517 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Centla - 1519 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Cempoala - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas La Noche Triste - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of Otumba - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Fall of Tenochtitlan - 1521 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568) – 1568 – Anglo-Spanish trade war (1568-1573) Raid on Tabasco (1599) – 1599 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Spanish attack on San Lorenzo maroons - 1610 - Slave Revolts in North America Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Monte de las Cruces – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of El Veladero – 1810 – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Calderón Bridge – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) Battle of Puerto de Piñones – 1811 – Mexican War of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-32
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-32.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Montenegro == Battle of Bar - 1042 - Byzantine–Serbian wars Siege of Castelnuovo – 1539 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) Battle of Lješkopolje - 1604 Battle of Perast – 1654 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) Battle on Vrtijeljka – 1685 – Great Turkish War Battle of Čevo - 1755 Battle of Martinići (1796) - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Battle of Krusi - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Battle of Lopate - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars Siege of Cattaro – 1813 – 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition and Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) == Morocco == Battle of the Muthul – 109 BC – Jugurthine War Siege of the fortress at Muluccha – 106 BC – Jugurthine War Battle of the Nobles – 740 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) Battle of Bagdoura – 741 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) Battle of Salé – 1260 – Reconquista Battle of Tangier (1437) – 1437 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista Conquest of Asilah – 1471 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista Battle of Azemmour – 1513 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) Fall of Agadir – 1541 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) Battle of Taza (1553) –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-33
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-33.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
695 – Frisian–Frankish wars Battle of the Boarn – 734 – Frisian–Frankish wars Siege of Asselt – 882 – Viking expansion Battle of Vlaardingen – 1018 Battle of IJsselmeer - 1076 Battle of Ane - 1227 Battle of Maastricht (1267) - 1267 - Liège-Brabant wars Siege of Maastricht (1303) - 1303 - Liège-Brabant wars Siege of Amsterdam (1303–1304) - 1303 - Franco-Flemish War Siege of Zierikzee - 1303 - Franco-Flemish War Siege of Schoonhoven (1304) - 1304 - Franco-Flemish War Battle of Zierikzee – 1304 – Franco-Flemish War Battle on the Manpad - 1304 - Franco-Flemish War Siege of Sittard (1318) - 1318 - War of the Limburg Succession Siege of Maastricht (1334) - 1334 - Liège-Brabant wars Battle of Cadzand – 1337 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Arnemuiden – 1338 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Sluys or Battle of l'Écluse – 1340 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Utrecht (1345) - 1345 - Friso-Hollandic Wars Battle of Warns - 1345 - Friso-Hollandic Wars Battle of Naarden - 1350 - Hook and Cod wars Siege of Medemblik (1351) - 1351 - Hook and Cod wars Battle of Veere - 1351 - Hook


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-34
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-34.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== New Zealand == Battle of the Five Forts - 1450 - Ngāti Hotu Battle of Kororareka – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Puketutu – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Ōhaeawai – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Ruapekapeka – 1845 – Flagstaff War Battle of Battle Hill – 1846 – Hutt Valley campaign (New Zealand Wars) == Nicaragua == Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua – 1762 – Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) (Seven Years' War) Battle of Rivas – 1856 == Nigeria == Battle of Tabkin Kwatto – 1804 – Fulani War Battle of Tsuntua – 1804 – Fulani War == North Macedonia == Battle of Skopje – 1004 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Strumica – 1014 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Bitola – 1015 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Pelagonia - 1259 - Struggle for Constantinople (1204–1261) Battle of Mokra (1445) – 1445 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Otonetë – 1446 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Svetigrad (1448) – 1448 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Oranik – 1448 – Albanian–Venetian War and


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-35
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-35.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Pakistan == Battle of the Ten Kings – c. 14th century BC Battle of the Hydaspes River – 326 BC – Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (Wars of Alexander the Great) Battle of Rasil – 644 – Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Battle of Aror - 711 - Arab conquest of Sindh Battle of Peshawar (1001) – 1001 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars Battle of Chach – 1008 - Ghaznavid campaigns in India Battle of Nandana – 1014 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars Battle of the Indus (1027) - 1027 - Ghaznavid campaigns in India Siege of Uch - 1176 - Ghurid campaigns in India Siege of Lahore (1186) - 1186 - Ghurid campaigns in India Battle of Jhelum (1206) - 1206 - Ghurid campaigns in India Battle of the Indus – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Battle of Sivistan – 1298 – Mongol invasions of India Bajaur massacre - 1519 - Campaigns of Babur Sack of Lahore - 1524 - Campaigns of Babur Battle of the Gulf of Oman – 1554 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] Battle of Sialkot (1761) – 1761 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-36
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-36.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Peru == Battle of Chillopampa – 1531 – Inca Civil War Battle of Huanucopampa – 1532 – Inca Civil War Battle of Quipaipán – 1532 – Inca Civil War Battle of Cajamarca or Battle of Cajamalca – 1532 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Vilcaconga – 1533 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Cuzco – 1533 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Maraycalla – 1534 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Siege of Cusco – 1536 – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Ollantaytambo – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Abancay – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Las Salinas – 1538 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Chupas – 1542 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Battle of Jaquijahuana – 1548 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Capture of the frigate Esmeralda – 1820 – Chilean War of Independence and Peruvian War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) First siege of Callao – 1821 – Peruvian War of Independence Battle of Zepita – 1823 – Peruvian War of Independence


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-37
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-37.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Poland == Battle of Cedynia – 972 – First Polish–German War Battle of Dadosesani Land - 1015 - Polish–German Wars (1003–1018) Battle of the River Bug - 1018 - Kievan succession crisis of 1015–1019 Battle of Nakło (1109) – 1109 Siege of Głogów – 1109 Battle of Hundsfeld – 1109 Battle of Niekładź - 1121 Battle on the Pilica - 1145 - Polish civil war Battle of Julin Bridge - 1170 - Danish Crusades Battle of Drohiczyn - 1192 - Feudal fragmentation of Poland Battle of Zawichost - 1205 - Feudal fragmentation of Poland Battle of Słońca – 1238 – First war against Swietopelk II Sack of Sandomierz (1241) – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Tursko – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Tarczek – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Chmielnik – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Racibórz – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Sack of Kraków (1241) – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Opole – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Battle of Legnica – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland Sack of Sandomierz (1260)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-38
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-38.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Portugal == Battle of Pedroso – 1071 Battle of São Mamede – 1128 Battle of Ourique – 1139 – Reconquista Arcos de Valdevez tournament - 1141 Siege of Lisbon (1142) – 1142 – Reconquista Conquest of Santarém – 1147 – Reconquista Siege of Lisbon – 1147 – Reconquista and Second Crusade (Crusades) Battle of Alcácer do Sal (1161) - 1161 - Portugal in the Reconquista Battle of Palmela - 1165 - Portugal in the Reconquista Siege of Santarém (1184) – 1184 – Reconquista Alvor massacre – 1189 – Reconquista and Third Crusade (Crusades) Siege of Silves (1189) – 1189 – Reconquista and Third Crusade (Crusades) Siege of Tomar - 1190 - Almohad wars in the Iberian Peninsula Siege of Faro (1249) – 1249 – Reconquista Battle of Atoleiros – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Siege of Lisbon (1384) – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Leça – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Naval Battle of the Tejo – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Trancoso – 1385 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) Battle of Aljubarrota – 1385 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years'


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-39
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-39.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Qatar == == Romania == Battle of Tapae – 87 – Domitian's Dacian War Second Battle of Tapae – 101 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Adamclisi – 101-102 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Gatae – 103 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Sarmisegetusa – 106 – Trajan's Dacian Wars Battle of Noviodunum – 369 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Ongal – 680 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Battle of Kerlés or Battle of Chiraleș or Battle of Cserhalom – 1068 Battle of Posada – 1330 – Hungarian-Wallachian War Battle of Karanovasa – 1394 – Ottoman wars in Europe Battle of Rovine – 1395 – Ottoman wars in Europe Battle of Hermannstadt – 1442 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars Battle of the Ialomița - 1442 - Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Night Attack at Târgovişte – 1462 Battle of Baia – 1467 – Hungarian–Moldavian Wars Battle of Vaslui – 1475 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars and Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Valea Albă or Battle of Războieni or Battle of Akdere – 1476 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Neamț Citadel – 1476 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Breadfield – 1479 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-40
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-40.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Russia == Battle of the River Thatis – 310 BC or 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War Siege of Siracena – 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War Battle of the Tanais River – 373 Siege of Derbent - 627 - Perso-Turkic war of 627–629 Battle of Balanjar (652) - 652 - First Arab–Khazar War Battle of Balanjar (723) - 723 - Arab–Khazar Wars Battle of Balanjar (730s) - 732 - Second Arab–Khazar War Siege of Sarkel - 965 - Rus'–Byzantine Wars Sack of Atil - 969 - Caspian expeditions of the Rus' Siege of Derbent - 1173 or 1174 - Caspian expeditions of the Rus' Battle of Lipitsa - 1216 - Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession Battle of Samara Bend - 1223 - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Siege of Bilär - 1236 - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Siege of Ryazan - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Battle of Voronezh River - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Siege of Kolomna - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Siege of Moscow (1238) - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Siege of Vladimir - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Battle of the Sit


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-41
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-41.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Saint Kitts and Nevis == Battle of St. Kitts (1629) – 1629 – Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) (Thirty Years' War) Battle of Nevis – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) Siege of Brimstone Hill – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Saint Kitts – 1782 – American Revolutionary War USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente – 1799 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) USS Constellation vs La Vengeance – 1800 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) == Saint Lucia == Battle of St. Lucia – 1778 – American Revolutionary War Capture of St. Lucia – 1778 – American Revolutionary War == Saint Vincent and the Grenadines == Capture of Saint Vincent – 1779 – American Revolutionary War == Saudi Arabia == Yawm al-Buath - 610s to 620s Battle of Badr – 624 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Uhud – 625 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Hamra al-Asad – 625 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of the Trench – 626 – 627 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Khaybar – 628 – Military career of Muhammad Conquest of Mecca – 629 – 630 – Muslim–Quraysh War Battle of Hunayn – 630 – Military career of Muhammad Battle of Autas – 630 – Military career of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-42
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-42.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Scotland == Battle of Mons Graupius – 83 or 84 – Roman conquest of Britain Siege of Burnswark – 140 – Roman conquest of Britain Battle of Alclud Ford – c. 574 or 580 or 590 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Raith – 596 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Degsastan – 603 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Two Rivers – 671 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Dun Nechtain – 685 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Dollar – 865 – Viking invasions of Scotland Battle of Carham – 1018 Battle of Lumphanan – 1057 Battle of Stracathro – 1130 Battle of Renfrew – 1164 Battle of Mam Garvia – 1187 Battle of Largs – 1263 – Scottish–Norwegian War Battle of Red Ford – 1294 Battle of Dunbar (1296) – 1296 – First War of Scottish Independence Action at Lanark – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence Raid on Scone – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence Battle of Stirling Bridge – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence Battle of Falkirk – 1298 – First War of Scottish Independence Battle of Roslin – 1303 – First War of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-43
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-43.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
1490 or more likely 1513 – Clan MacLeod-Clan MacDonald feuds Battle of Hornshole – 1514 – Anglo-Scottish Wars Battle of Torran Dubh or Battle of Torran-dow or Battle of Torran Du – 1517 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud or Clan Mackay-Clan Ross feud and Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud Battle of Alltachuilain – 1518 or 1519 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud Battle of Melrose – 1526 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud and Clan Kerr - Clan Scott feud Battle of Linlithgow Bridge – 1526 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud Battle of Alltan-Beath – 1542 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud Battle of Haddon Rig – 1542 – Anglo-Scottish Wars Battle of Glasgow (1544) – 1544 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars Burning of Edinburgh – 1544 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) Battle of the Shirts or Battle of Kinloch-Lochy – 1544 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud, Clan Cameron-Clan Grant feud and Clan MacDonald-Clan Fraser of Lovat feuds Battle of Ancrum Moor – 1545 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) Siege of St Andrews Castle – 1546 – 1547 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) Battle of Pinkie or Battle of Pinkie Cleugh – 1547 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-44
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-44.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Senegal == British capture of Senegal – 1758 – Seven Years' War Capture of Gorée – 1758 – Seven Years' War == Serbia == Battle of Naissus – 268 or 269 – Crisis of the Third Century and Roman–Germanic wars Battle of the Margus – 285 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Bassianae – 468 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Sirmium (489) - 489 Siege of Sirmium – 580 – 582 – Avar–Byzantine wars Battles of Viminacium – 599 – Avar–Byzantine wars Battle of the Rishki Pass - 759 Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Battle of W.l.n.d.r – 934 – Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Haram - 1128 - Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Battle of Sirmium - 1167 - Komnenian restoration Battle of Dubravnica – 1380 or 1381 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Pločnik – between 1385 – 1387 – Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Golubac – 1428 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Siege of Belgrade (1440) – 1440 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Nish (1443) – 1443 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars)


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-45
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-45.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Slovenia == Battle of Poetovio - 388 - Roman civil war Battle of the Frigidus – 394 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Pirano – 1812 – Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) Battle of Friedau – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Battle of Dražgoše – 1942 Battle of Osankarica Battle of Castle Turjak – 1943 Battle of Nanos – 1942 Battle of Trieste Battle of Poljana – 1945 Battle of Caporetto – 1917 == South Africa == Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) Battle of Muizenberg – 1795 – French Revolutionary Wars Capitulation of Saldanha Bay – 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars Action of 9 February 1799 (South Africa) – 1799 – French Revolutionary Wars Battle of Blaauwberg – 1806 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) Battle of Gqokli Hill – 1818 – Ndwandwe–Zulu War Battle of Amalinde – 1818 – Xhosa Wars Battle of Grahamstown – 1819 – Xhosa Wars Battle of Mhlatuze River – 1819 or 1820 – Ndwandwe–Zulu War Battle of Blood River – 1838 – Great Trek Battle of Magango – 1840 Battle of Isandlwana – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War Battle of Rorke's Drift


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-46
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-46.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Spain == Siege of Saguntum – 219 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Cissa – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ebro River – 217 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ibera – 215 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Upper Baetis – 211 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Cartagena (209 BC) – 209 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Baecula – 208 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Carmona – 207 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ilipa – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Carteia – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Carteia (naval) – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Ilerda – 49 BC – Caesar's Civil War Battle of Carteia (46 BC) – 46 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Munda – 45 BC – Caesar's Civil War Siege of Corduba – 45 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Lauro – 45 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of the Nervasos Mountains – 419


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-47
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-47.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
– Reconquista Battle of the Morcuera – 865 – Reconquista Battle of Polvoraria – 878 – Reconquista First Battle of Cellorigo – 882 – Reconquista Second Battle of Cellorigo – 883 – Reconquista Raid of 897 against Barcelona – 897 – Reconquista Day of Zamora – 901 – Reconquista Raid of 904 in Pallars and Ribagorza – 904 – Reconquista Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917) – 917 – Reconquista Battle of Valdejunquera – 920 – Reconquista Battle of Alhandic – 939 – Reconquista Battle of Simancas – 939 – Reconquista Battle of Baltarga - 942 - Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of the Cebreiro Mountains - 971 - Viking expansion Battle of Estercuel – 975 – Reconquista Battle of Torrevicente – 981 – Reconquista Battle of Rueda – 981 – Reconquista Battle of Rovirans - 985 - Reconquista Battle of Cervera – 1000 – Reconquista Battle of Calatañazor - 1002 - Reconquista Battle of Torà – 1003 – Reconquista Battle of Albesa – 1003 – Reconquista Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013) – 1009 – 1010 – Fitna of al-Andalus Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr – 1010 – Fitna of al-Andalus and Reconquista Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013) – 1010 – 1013


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-48
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-48.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Fermin – 1781 – American Revolutionary War Invasion of Minorca (1781) – 1781 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Action of 12 December 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Frigate action of 29 May 1794 – 1794 – Atlantic campaign of May 1794 (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] Battle of the Gulf of Roses – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) Action of 13 October 1796 – 1796 – Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 (War of the First Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] Action of 19 December 1796 – 1796 – Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 (War of the First Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] Action of 25 January 1797 – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Action of 26 April 1797 – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Assault on Cádiz – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) Action of 15 July 1798 – 1798 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-49
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-49.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Sri Lanka == Siege of Kotte (1557–1558) – 1557 – 1558 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Battle of Mulleriyawa – 1559 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Siege of Colombo – 1587 – 1588 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Battle of Randeniwela – 1630 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Battle of Gannoruwa – 1638 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) Siege of Galle (1640) – 1640 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) and Dutch–Portuguese War Action of 23 March 1654 – 1654 – Dutch–Portuguese War Action of 2 May 1654 – 1654 – Dutch–Portuguese War Capture of Trincomalee – 1782 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) Battle of Providien – 1782 – Anglo-French War (1778–1783) (American Revolutionary War) Action of 12 August 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War Battle of Trincomalee – 1782 – American Revolutionary War == Sudan == Battle of Suakin (1541) – 1541 – Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559) (Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations) == Suriname == Recapture of Fort Zeelandia (1667) – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) Battle of Suriname – 1804 == Sweden == Battle at Lake Vænir Battle on


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-50
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-50.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle of Octodurus – 57 BC – 56 BC – Gallic Wars Battle of Vindonissa – 298 or 302 – Roman–Germanic wars Battle of Winterthur - 919 First Battle of Ulrichen - 1211 Battle of Schosshalde - 1289 Battle of Coffrane - 1296 Battle of Morgarten – 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy Battle of Sempach - 1386 - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy Battle of Arbedo - 1422 - Transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy Battle of Freienbach - 1443 - Old Zurich War Battle of Hirzel - 1443 - Old Zurich War Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl - 1443 - Old Zurich War Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs - 1444 - Old Zurich War Battle of Wolfhalden - 1445 - Old Zurich War Battle of Männedorf - 1445 - Old Zurich War Battle of Ragaz - 1446 - Old Zurich War Battle of Castione – 1449 – Milanese War of Succession (Wars in Lombardy) Battle on the Planta – 1475 – Burgundian Wars Battle of Grandson – 1476 – Burgundian Wars Battle of Morat – 1476 – Burgundian Wars Battle of Giornico - 1478 - Transalpine campaigns of the Old


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-51
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-51.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Syria == Battle of Qarqar – 853 BC – Assyrian conquest of Aram Battle of Carchemish – c. 605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars Battle of Hamath – c. 605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars Siege of Apamea – 45 BC – 44 BC – Caesar's civil war Battle of Mount Gindarus – 38 BC – Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (Roman–Parthian Wars) Battle of Resaena – 243 – Roman–Persian Wars Battle of Barbalissos – 252 – Roman–Persian Wars Siege of Dura-Europos (256) – 256 – Roman–Persian Wars Sack of Bostra – 270 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Emesa – 272 – Crisis of the Third Century Battle of Thannuris – 528 – Iberian War Battle of Callinicum – 531 – Iberian War Battle of Marj Rahit (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of al-Qaryatayn – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of Bosra – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Siege of Damascus (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj – 634


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-52
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-52.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Tunisia == Siege of Aspis – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Adys – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC) – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Cape Hermaeum – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Utica – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Hamilcar's victory with Naravas – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Saw – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Siege of Tunis (Mercenary War) – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Battle of Leptis Parva – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) Siege of Utica (204 BC) – 204 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Utica (203 BC) – 203 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of the Great Plains – 203 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Zama – 202 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Oroscopa – 151 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) Battle of Lake


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-53
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-53.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars Battle of the Eclipse – 585 BC – Lydo–Median war Battle of Pteria – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Battle of Thymbra – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Siege of Sardis (547 BC) – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great Siege of Sardis (498 BC) – 498 BC – Ionian Revolt Battle of Lade – 494 BC – Ionian Revolt Battle of Mycale – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of the Eurymedon – 469 BC or 466 BC – Wars of the Delian League (Greco-Persian Wars) Battle of Cynossema – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Abydos – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Cyzicus – 410 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Notium – 406 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Arginusae – 406 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Aegospotami – 405 BC – Peloponnesian War Battle of Cnidus – 394 BC – Corinthian War Battle of the Granicus – 334 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Siege of Miletus – 334 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great Siege of Halicarnassus – 334 BC –


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-54
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-54.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
872 or 873 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Bathys Ryax – 872 or 878 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Boulgarophygon – 896 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Katasyrtai – 917 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Pegae – 921 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Battle of Constantinople (922) – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) Siege of Constantinople - 941 - Rus'-Byzantine Wars Battle of Marash (953) – 953 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Raban – 958 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Andrassos – 960 – Arab–Byzantine wars Byzantine conquest of Cilicia – 964 – 965 – Arab–Byzantine wars Siege of Antioch (968–969) – 968 – 969 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Arcadiopolis (970) – 970 – Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) and Hungarian invasions of Europe Battle of Alexandretta – 971 – Arab–Byzantine wars Battle of Pankaleia - 978 - Rebellion of Bardas Skleros Battle of Shirimni - 1021 - Byzantine–Georgian wars Battle of Svindax - 1022 - Byzantine–Georgian wars Battle of Kapetron – 1048 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars and Georgian–Seljuk wars Siege of Manzikert (1054) – 1054 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars Siege of Ani (1064) – 1064 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-55
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-55.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
== Turkmenistan == Battle of Oxus River – 651 – Muslim conquest of Khorasan (Muslim conquest of Persia) Battle of Dandanaqan – 1040 – Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars Siege of Gurganj – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Siege of Merv (1221) – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Battle of Marv or Battle of Merv – 1510 – Persian–Uzbek wars == Ukraine == Battle of Lake Maeotis – 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War Battle of Southern Buh – 896 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) List of wars involving Kievan Rus' Siege of Kiev (968) – 968 Battle of the Alta River – 1068 Battle of the Stuhna River – 1093 Battle of Sudak – 1221 or 1222 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars Battle of the Kalka River – 1223 – Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1237–1242), including Siege of Kiev (1240) List of wars and battles involving Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1392) List of battles of the Great Troubles (1359–1381/2), including Battle of Blue Waters Battle of the Vorskla River – 1399 Battle of Cătlăbuga – 1485 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) Battle of Novhorod-Siverskyi – 1604


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-56
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-56.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle of Aylesford - 455 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Wippedesfleot - 465 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Mercredesburne - 485 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Mons Badonicus - 518 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Beran Byrig - 556 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Bedcanford - 571 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Deorham - 577 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Alclud Ford - 590 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Woden's Burg (592) - 592 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Degsastan - 603 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Chester - 616 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of the River Idle - 616 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Cirencester - 628 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Fid Eoin - 629 - Irish clan battles Battle of Cefn Digoll - 630 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Hatfield Chase - 633 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Heavenfield - 634 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of Moira - 637 - Irish clan battles Battle of Maserfield - 642 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Battle of


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-57
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-57.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
James' Day Battle - 1666 - Second Anglo-Dutch War Raid on the Medway - 1667 - Second Anglo-Dutch War Action of 12 March 1672 - 1672 - Franco-Dutch War Battle of Solebay - 1672 - Third Anglo-Dutch War Dutch invasion of Saint Helena – 1673 – Third Anglo-Dutch War (Franco-Dutch War and Anglo-Dutch Wars) Battle of Ronas Voe - 1674 - Third Anglo-Dutch War Battle of Drumclog - 1679 - Scottish Covenanter Wars Battle of Bothwell Bridge - 1679 - Scottish Covenanter Wars Battle of Sedgemoor - 1685 - Monmouth Rebellion Battle of Reading (1688) - 1688 - Glorious Revolution Break of Dromore - 1689 - Williamite War Siege of Derry - 1689 - Williamite War Battle of Killiecrankie - 1689 - Jacobite rising of 1689 Battle of Newtownbutler - 1689 - Williamite War Siege of Carrickfergus - 1689 - Williamite War Battle of Dunkeld - 1689 - Jacobite rising of 1689 Raid on Newry - 1689 - Williamite War Battle of Cromdale - 1690 - Jacobite rising of 1689 Battle of Beachy Head (1690) - 1690 - Nine Years' War Capture of Gibraltar – 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession Twelfth siege of Gibraltar – 1704 – 1705


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-58
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-58.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Battle at Etzanoa - 1601 - Spanish colonization of the Americas Iroquois War (1609) - 1609 - Beaver Wars Battle of Oneida - 1615 Battle of the Severn - 1655 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms Battle of Bloody Run (1656) - 1656 Great Swamp Fight - 1675 - King Philip's War Bacon's Rebellion - 1676 - American Indian Wars Battle of Flint River - 1702 - Queen Anne's War Siege of St. Augustine (1702) - 1702 - Queen Anne's War Battle of Falmouth (1703) - 1703 - Queen Anne's War Raid on Deerfield - 1704 - Queen Anne's War Lefebvre's Charles Town expedition - 1706 - Queen Anne's War Siege of Pensacola (1707) - 1707 - Queen Anne's War Raid on Haverhill (1708) - 1708 - Queen Anne's War New York Slave Revolt of 1712 - 1712 - Slave Revolts in North America Battle of Fort Neoheroka - 1713 - Tuscarora War Siege of Charlestown - 1718 - Golden Age of Piracy Battle of Cape Fear River - 1718 - Golden Age of Piracy Capture of Pensacola (1719) - 1719 - War of the Quadruple Alliance Villasur expedition - 1720 - War of the Quadruple Alliance Capture of the


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-59
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-59.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
John - 1733 - Slave Revolts in North America Stono Rebellion - 1739 - Slave Revolts in North America Invasion of Georgia (1742) - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Bloody Marsh - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Gully Hole Creek - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Galudoghson - 1742 Saratoga raid - 1745 - King George's War Siege of Fort Massachusetts - 1746 - King George's War Siege of Fort at Number 4 - 1747 - King George's War Brunswick Town raid - 1748 - War of Jenkins' Ear Battle of Kathio - 1750 Battle of Jumonville Glen - 1754 - French and Indian War Battle of Fort Necessity - 1754 - French and Indian War Braddock Expedition - 1755 - French and Indian War Battle of the Monongahela - 1755 - French and Indian War Battle of Lake George - 1755 - French and Indian War Battle of Taliwa - 1755 Battle of Fort Bull - 1756 - French and Indian War Battle of the Trough - 1756 - French and Indian War Battle of Sideling Hill - 1756 - French and Indian War Battle of Great Cacapon - 1756


id: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-60
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-60.md
category: reference
title: List of battles by geographic location
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-battles-by-geographic-location-20260505-0
summary:
Louis - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Waxhaws - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Action of 7 June 1780 - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Connecticut Farms - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Mobley's Meeting House - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Ramsour's Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Springfield - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Huck's Defeat - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Bull's Ferry - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Colson's Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Rocky Mount - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Hanging Rock - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Piqua - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Camden - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Fishing Creek - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Musgrove Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Black Mingo - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Wahab's Plantation - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Charlotte - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Kings Mountain - 1780 - American Revolutionary War Battle of Shallow Ford - 1780 - American


id: list-of-geographical-bottoms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical bottoms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:47.007950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-bottoms-20260505-0
summary:
Bottom is used in the name of several geographical features: Bottom, North Carolina, small unincorporated community in the Stewarts Creek Township of northern Surry County, North Carolina Bottom Bay, on the southeast coast of Barbados, between Cave Bay and Palmetto Bay Bottom Creek, West Virginia, unincorporated community in McDowell County, West Virginia, USA Bottom Points railway station, railway station on the Zig Zag Railway in the Blue Mountains area of New South Wales Bottom Wood, 14.5-hectare (36-acre) woodland in the English county of Buckinghamshire, near the hamlet of Studley Green The Bottom (formerly Botte), the capital and largest town of the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands A number of valleys or low-lying areas are described as bottoms, as are their associated settlements: American Bottom, the flood plain of the Mississippi River in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois Aunt Mary's Bottom, an 8.62-hectare (21.3-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Ballingdon Bottom, a hamlet in Hertfordshire, England Beacon's Bottom, also known as Bacon's Bottom, is a hamlet between Piddington and Stokenchurch in England Beck Bottom, village in Cumbria, England Beech Bottom, Tennessee, unincorporated community in Macon County, Tennessee, in the United States Beech Bottom, West Virginia,


id: list-of-geographical-brows-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical brows
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:48.273151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-brows-20260505-0
summary:
Brow is used in the name of several geographical features: Brow, Dumfries and Galloway, hamlet about 3 km from Ruthwell on the Solway Firth in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland Brow Head (Irish: Ceann Bró) is the most southerly point of mainland Ireland Brow Point, the western entrance headland of Blue Whale Harbour on the north coast of South Georgia Brow Monument and Brow Monument Trail, Kaibab National Forest, in the National Register of Historic Places for Coconino County, Arizona Berry Brow, semi-rural village in West Yorkshire, England, situated about 3 km south of Huddersfield Cinnamon Brow, area on the east side of Warrington, England, between Orford and Birchwood Faulds Brow, small rise in the English Lake District, northwest of the village of Caldbeck in Cumbria Hill Brow, small village in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England Mere Brow, small village in Lancashire, England, situated between Tarleton and Banks Shaw's Brow, the original name of William Brown Street in Liverpool, England, a road remarkable for the number of public buildings Sunny Brow or Sunnybrow, village in County Durham, in England Swing Brow or Swingbrow, hamlet near to Chatteris, Cambridgeshire lying alongside the Forty Foot Drain built by Vermuyden == See


id: circumnavigation-world-record-progression-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression-0.md
category: reference
title: Circumnavigation world record progression
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:49.499151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: circumnavigation-world-record-progression-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the fastest circumnavigation, made by a person or team, excluding orbits of Earth from spacecraft. == List == == Other categories == == See also == List of circumnavigations == References ==


id: list-of-circles-of-latitude-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude-0.md
category: reference
title: List of circles of latitude
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:50.752240+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circles-of-latitude-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of the circles of latitude on Earth. == Northern Hemisphere == == Equator == The equator, a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the northern and southern hemispheres. On Earth, it is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude. == Southern Hemisphere ==


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of circumnavigations of Earth. Sections are ordered by ascending date of completion. == Global == === Nautical === ==== 16th century ==== The 18 survivors, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano (Spanish), of Ferdinand Magellan's Spanish expedition (which began with 5 ships and 270 men); 1519–1522; westward from Spain; in Victoria. After Magellan was killed by Lapulapu off the Philippines on 27 April 1521, the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on 6 September 1522, after a journey of 3 years and 1 month. These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe. The survivors of García Jofre de Loaísa's Spanish expedition 1525–1536 including Andrés de Urdaneta; westward from Spain. None of Loaísa's seven ships completed the voyage, but Santa María de la Victoria reached the Moluccas before being wrecked in a Portuguese attack. Successive chiefs of the expedition (Loaísa, Elcano, Salazar, Iñiguez, De la Torre) died during the voyages. Andrés de Urdaneta and other fellow men survived, reaching the Spice Islands in 1526, to be taken prisoner by the Portuguese. Urdaneta and three of his men returned to Spain in 1536


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-1.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
William Funnell (English); 1703–1706. William Dampier (English); 1703–1706. Woodes Rogers (British); 1708–1711; with the Duke and the Duchess; He rescued Alexander Selkirk on Juan Fernandez on 31 January 1709. Selkirk had been stranded there for four years. William Dampier (British); 1708–1711; First person to circumnavigate the world three times (1679–1691, 1703–1707 and 1708–1711). Gentile of the Barbinais (French); 1714–1718. The second circumnavigation of a commercial passenger. George Shelvocke (British); 1719–1721. John Clipperton (British); 1719–1722. Privateer, initially sailed with George Shelvocke. Jacob Roggeveen (Dutch); 1721–1724. George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (British); 1740–1744; in HMS Centurion. John Byron (British); 1764–1766; in HMS Dolphin. Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret (British); 1766–1768; in HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow; Carteret had served on Byron's expedition. Dolphin was the first ship to survive two circumnavigations. Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (French); 1766–1769; On board was Jeanne Baré, disguised as a man, the first woman to circumnavigate the globe; first French circumnavigation. James Cook (British); 1768–1771; in HMS Endeavour; The first circumnavigation to lose no personnel to scurvy. Tobias Furneaux (British); 1772–1774; in HMS Adventure. First east-to-west circumnavigation entirely by sea. Furneaux was a veteran of Byron's expedition. Furneaux was part of Cook's 1772–1775 circumnavigation, but they became separated,


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-2.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
==== 20th century ==== The Great White Fleet; 1907–1909; first fleet to circumnavigate the world. HMS New Zealand 1913, first by a Dreadnought era battleship or battlecruiser. Harry Pidgeon; 1921–1925; second single-handed circumnavigation. Conor O'Brien; 1923–1925; in Saoirse, a 20-ton 42 ft ketch, designed by himself and built in Baltimore, Ireland. First small private craft to circumnavigate west to east and south of the three great capes: Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope and Cape Leeuwin SW Australia – the Clipper route. HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, and the rest of the Special Service Squadron; 1923–24; in the Empire Cruise, a tour of the British Empire after World War I. Francesco Aurelio Geraci; 1932–1935; first Italian to circumnavigate the globe with his little wooden ship M.A.S. (Memento Audere Semper). Harry Pidgeon; 1932–1937; third single-handed circumnavigation, first person to circumnavigate solo twice (1921–1925 and 1932–1937). Electa and Irving Johnson; 1934–1958; sail training pioneers, circumnavigated the world seven times with amateur crews. Vito Dumas; 1942; single handed circumnavigation of the southern oceans, including the first single handed passage of all three great capes. Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation. Operation Sea Orbit; 1964; USS Enterprise, USS Long Beach, and USS Bainbridge;


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-3.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
He is still the only person in the world to perform this feat single-handed with a catamaran, although others have made faster single-handed circumnavigations in trimarans (Ellen MacArthur, 2005, and Francis Joyon, 2008). Cable and Wireless Adventurer; 1998; 74 days, 20 hours, 58 minutes, a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel. Robert E. Case; 1998–2001; American who was the first solo amputee to sail around the world. Amyr Klink; 1998–1999; Brazilian who completed a solo circumnavigation of Antarctica in 88 days. Jesse Martin; 1999; youngest recognized unassisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 66 days. Azhar Mansor; 1999; first Malaysian to sail solo around the world. Alex Thomson; 1999; youngest skipper ever to win a round the world race (Clipper 1998–1999). Daniel D. Moreland; 1997–1998; first circumnavigation of sail training vessel Picton Castle. Vinny Lauwers; 1999–2000; 233d 13h 43m 8s; 21760 nm; Vision Quest; first single-handed circumnavigation by a disabled sailor (paraplegic). Wladek Wagner, 1932–1939, first Polish citizen to sail around the world. He wrote the book By the Sun and Stars about the voyage.


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-4.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
==== 21st century ==== Wilfried Erdmann; 14 August 2000 – 23 July 2001 in 343 days; monohull Kathena Nui; solo westward non-stop circumnavigation. Ellen MacArthur; 2001; monohull; circumnavigated singlehandedly as the then fastest woman. Mike Golding; 2001; first person to circumnavigate non-stop in both eastward and westward directions. 1993 World record for a westward circumnavigation, 161 days, Group 4. 2001 Vendee Globe Race 7th position. INS Tarangini; 2003–2004; first Indian sail naval ship to circumnavigate the globe with the theme of "building bridges of friendship across the oceans". Bruno Peyron and crew; 2005; aboard maxi catamaran Orange II; set the then current wind-powered circumnavigation record, 50 days, 16 hours, 20 minute. Alan Priddy; 2004–2006; circumnavigation in Alec Rose's (see 1968) Lively Lady with crews of disadvantaged young adults. Ellen MacArthur; 2005; trimaran B&Q/Castorama; then the fastest singlehanded circumnavigation (71 days), was still the fastest woman in 2010. See also 2001. Dee Caffari; first female to sail non-stop round the world westabout and both ways; 2005–2006; first woman to perform a solo westward non-stop circumnavigation, in 178 days. 2008-2009 Vendee Globe Race (Solo Nonstop Eastabout) onboard IMOCA 60 Aviva in 99 days 1 hrs 10 min 57 sec Álvaro de Bazán;


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-5.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation, and fastest mechanically powered circumnavigation (disputed with Earthrace, 2008), in 60 days 21 hours. Jon Sanders; 1986–1988; holds the world record for completing a single-handed, non-stop, triple circumnavigation, in 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes. Jean-Luc Van Den Heede (French); 2004; fastest westward single-handed circumnavigation, 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds. Adrienne Cahalan (Australian); February–March 2004; fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation (crew of "Cheyenne") 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds. Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540 horsepower multi-fueled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes. François Gabart (French); Nov 2017–Dec 2017; current fastest single-handed circumnavigation, in 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes, 35 seconds. Francis Joyon and crew of five sailors; Dec 2016–Jan 2017; the Maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT; current absolute (wind or mechanically powered) fastest maritime circumnavigation, in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing. Average speed of 26.85 knots (30.71 mph), covering a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles (48,915 km; 30,394 mi). Bill Hatfield (Australian); 22 February 2020; fastest single-handed westbound circumnavigation in a


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-6.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
Elgen Long, 1971, first solo circumnavigation via the poles, in a Piper Navajo. Don Taylor, 1976, first circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft. Ross Perot, Jr. and Jay Coburn, 1982, first circumnavigation by helicopter, by Bell 206L-1 LongRanger II Dick Smith, 1982–1983, first solo circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Bell Jetranger III. Donald "Rode" Rodewald, 1984, first circumnavigation by a paraplegic pilot in a Comanche 260 with hand controls. Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, 1986, Voyager, first non-stop non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane, 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds. Dick Smith, 1988–1989, first circumnavigation landing at both poles, in a Twin Otter. In 1992 an Air France Concorde, registration F-BTSD, achieved the fastest non-orbital circumnavigation in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds. Fred Lasby, 1994, oldest circumnavigation, at 82 years of age, in Piper Comanche. Dick Smith, 1994–95, first east–west circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Sikorsky S-76, a distance traveled of 73,352 kilometres (39,407 nautical miles). Peter Joohak Lee, 1998, first Asian to circumnavigate the globe on a single engine aircraft. Using a Cherokee 235, he traveled east for 36 days and 29,920 miles. Brian Milton, 1998, first microlight circumnavigation. He used an open-cockpit single engine Pegasus Quantum 912. No


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-7.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
=== Spacecraft === On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space, and completed the first orbit of the Earth, in Vostok 1, in 108 minutes. The second and third orbital circumnavigations, the first two to have multiple orbits, were made by Gherman Titov (17.5 orbits, a little over a day, for the Soviet Union) and John Glenn, in Friendship 7 (3 orbits, almost five hours, for the US, first American orbital flight), respectively. The first woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit, and to also do so multiple times, was Valentina Tereshkova, who made forty-eight orbits between 16 and 19 June 1963, aboard Vostok 6. Frank F. Borman II, James A. Lovell Jr., and William A. Anders, 21–27 December 1968, first human circumnavigation of the Earth-Moon system, 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours, aboard Apollo 8; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days. === Human powered === Motorized transportation is permitted over water and where otherwise needed, but the human-powered distance must be a minimum of 18,000 miles (29,000 km) to qualify for a world record, according to Guinness rules since 2013. Thomas Stevens was the


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-8.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
=== Miscellaneous === King Kalākaua traveled around the world, over land and sea, thus becoming the first reigning monarch to complete such a journey in 1881. Nellie Bly traveled around the world with public steamboats and trains in 72 days (from 14 November 1889, to 25 January 1890), a world record, resembling the Around the World in Eighty Days novel. Clärenore Stinnes and Carl-Axel Söderström were the first persons to drive around the world in a car between 25 May 1927 and 24 June 1929. Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen, in a Klemm L.20 aircraft over land and via ship for ocean legs, circumnavigated the globe solo, between August 1928 and November 1929. Mrs Victor Bruce completed the first solo partially aerial circumnavigation by a woman (crossing oceans by vessel) in 1931. Beginning in Montreal, Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958, becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle. Heinz Stücke has been cycling around the world since 1962. Arthur Blessitt has been walking around the world carrying a 45 lb (20 kg) wooden cross since 25 December 1969, covering 42,279 miles (68,041 km) through 324 countries. As of


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-9.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
== Non-global == Phoenician expedition sent by Pharaoh Necho II; c. 600 BC; possibly circumnavigating Africa. Pytheas of Massalia apparently circumnavigated the British Isles circa 325 BC, though his account of the exploration is lost, except for references to it in the works of classical historians. Jacques Cartier; 1534–1535; first circumnavigation of Newfoundland. García de Nodal; 1619; first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego. Abel Tasman; 1642–1643; first circumnavigation of the Australian continent (including New Guinea and Tasmania). James Cook; 1769–1770; first circumnavigation of New Zealand. James Cook; 1772–1775; first high-southern circumnavigation of Antarctica (including New Zealand's South Island). George Bass and Matthew Flinders; 1798; first circumnavigation of Tasmania, Australia. Matthew Flinders; 1801–1803; first circumnavigation of Australia (without Tasmania). Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen; 1820–1821; first circumnavigation of Antarctica (without New Zealand). Robert McClure; 1850–1854; first both to circumnavigate the Americas, and to transit the Northwest Passage. All by sea save for a 550-mile stretch on foot over pack ice in the Parry Channel, from Mercy Bay to Beechey Island. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld; 1878–1879; first circumnavigation of Eurasia, via the Northeast Passage and the Suez Canal, during the Vega expedition. St Roch; 1940–1942 and 1950; first vessel to circumnavigate North America. 1940–1942


id: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cliffs by continent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
summary:
The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world. == Asia == === Above sea === Ra's Sajir, Oman, 900 m (3,000 ft) above the Arabian Sea Tōjinbō, Sakai, Fukui prefecture, Japan 25 m above Sea of Japan Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. Theoprosopon, between Chekka and Selaata in north Lebanon jutting into the Mediterranean. === Above land === Nanga Parbat, Rupal Face, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, 4,600 m Gyala Peri, southeast face, Mêdog County, Tibet, China, 4,600 m Ultar Sar southwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,000 m Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. Trango Towers: East Face Great Trango Tower, Baltoro Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,340 m (near vertical headwall), 2,100 m (very steep overall drop from East Summit to Dunge Glacier). Northwest Face drops approximately 2,200 m to the Trango Glacier below, but with a taller slab topped out with a shorter overhanging headwall of approximately 1,000 m. The Southwest "Azeem" Ridge forms the group's tallest steep


id: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-1.md
category: reference
title: List of cliffs by continent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
summary:
Mount Asgard, Baffin Island, Canada; vertical drop of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft). El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, California, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) Toroweap (a.k.a. Tuweep), Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) Painted Wall in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado, United States; 685 m (2,250 ft) Northwest Face of Half Dome, near El Capitan, California, United States; 1,444 m (4,737 ft) total, vertical portion about 610 m (2,000 ft) The west face of Notch Peak in the House Range of southwestern Utah, U.S.; a carbonate rock pure vertical drop of about 670 m (2,200 ft), with 4,450 feet (1,356 m) from the top of the cliff to valley floor (bottom of the canyon below the notch) East face of the West Temple in Zion National Park, Utah, United States believed to be the tallest sandstone cliff in the world, 670 m All faces of Devils Tower, Wyoming, United States, 195 m Faces of Shiprock, New Mexico, United States, 400 m Cap Éternité of Saguenay River, Quebec, Canada, 347 m The North Face of North Twin Peak, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada, 1,200 m Raftsmen's Acropolis, a rock face of the Montagne des Érables, Quebec,


id: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-0.md
category: reference
title: List of coalfields
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
summary:
A coalfield is an area of certain uniform characteristics where coal is mined. The criteria for determining the approximate boundary of a coalfield are geographical and cultural, in addition to geological. A coalfield often groups the seams of coal, railroad companies, cultural groups, and watersheds and other geographical considerations. At one time the coalfield designation was an important category in business and industrial discussions. The terminology declined into unimportance as the 20th century progressed, and was probably only referred to by a few small railroads and history buffs by the 1980s. Renewed interest in industrial heritage and coal mining history has brought the old names of the coalfields before a larger audience. == Australia == === New South Wales === Gunnedah Basin coalfields Hunter Valley coalfields South Maitland coalfields Sydney Basin coalfields === Queensland === Bowen Basin coalfields Galilee Basin coalfields Surat Basin coalfields Walloon coalfields === Victoria === Latrobe Valley coalfields === Western Australia === Collie coalfields == Belgium == Borinage Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) Campine Coalfield (1917–1992) Centre Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) Charleroi Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1984) Liege Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1980) == Canada == Ardley coalfield Beersville Coalfield Carbon-Thompson coalfield Comox Coalfield Crowsnest


id: list-of-coalfields-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-1.md
category: reference
title: List of coalfields
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pennsylvania === Anthracite Coalfield (Coal Region) Beaver Coalfield Bennetts Branch Coalfield Bernice Coalfield Black Lick Coalfield (aka Nanto Glo Coalfield) Blossburg Coalfield Broad Top Coalfield Butler Coalfield Cameron Coalfield Clarion Coalfield Clearfield Coalfield Connellsville Coalfield Freeport Coalfield Georges Creek Coalfield Indian Valley Coalfield Indiana Coalfield Irwin Gas Coalfield Keating Coalfield Kittanning Coalfield Klondike Coalfield Ligonier Coalfield Low Grade Division Coalfield Mercer Coalfield Meyersdale Coalfield Moshannon Coalfield Mountain Coalfield Pittsburgh Coalfield Punxsutawney Coalfield Ralston Coalfield Shawmut Coalfield Snowshoe Coalfield Somerset Pennsylvania Coalfield Westmoreland Coalfield Windber Coalfield === Tennessee === Cumberland Gap Coalfield Jellico Coalfield Lafollette Coalfield Rockwood Coalfield Soddy Coalfield Wartburg Coalfield === Utah === Blacktail Coalfield Book Cliffs Coalfield Castlegate Coalfield Coalville Coalfield Emery Coalfield Harmony Coalfield Henry Mountains Coalfield Kaiporonitis Plateau Coalfield Kolob Plateau Coalfield Sunnyside Coalfield Teton Basin Coalfield Vernal Coalfield Wasatch Plateau === Virginia === Buchanan Coalfield Clinch Valley Coalfield Pocahontas Coalfield Richmond Coalfield Southwestern Coalfield (Big Stone Gap Coalfield) Valley Coalfield (anthracite) === West Virginia === Elkins Coalfield Fairmont Coalfield Greenbrier Coalfield Kanawha Coalfield Logan Coalfield Meadow Branch Coalfield (anthracite) New River Coalfield Panhandle Coalfield Pocahontas Coalfield Upper Potomac Coalfield Williamson Coalfield Winding Gulf Coalfield === Wyoming === Bighorn Coalfield Black Hills Coalfield Goshen Hole


id: list-of-comedy-drama-television-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series-0.md
category: reference
title: List of comedy drama television series
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:55.975455+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-comedy-drama-television-series-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of television series in the comedy drama (aka dramedy) genre. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == References ==


id: conurbation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-0.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
A conurbation is a region consisting of a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area in which transportation has developed to link areas. They create a single urban labour market or travel to work area. Conurbations often emerged in coal-mining regions during the period of the Industrial Revolution. Patrick Geddes coined the term in his book Cities in Evolution (1915). He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples "Midlandton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States. For census purposes, the term as described is used in Britain, whereas in the United States a related concept of metropolitan area is used instead. Each polycentric "metropolitan area" may have its own common designation such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Internationally the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to convey a similar meaning


id: conurbation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-1.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Germany === The Ruhr region (Ruhrgebiet) is a major conurbation located in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It consists of several large cities of similar size — including Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, and Oberhausen — that have gradually grown together to form a continuous urban area. With no single dominant core city, the Ruhr represents a classical polycentric conurbation. It developed as a major coal and steel industrial center during the 19th and 20th centuries, and remains one of the most densely urbanized regions in Europe. The Ruhr covers an area of approximately 4,438 km2 (1,714 sq mi) and has a population of around 5.1 million people as of 2023. Unlike the broader Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, which includes both conurbations and monocentric metropolitan areas such as Cologne, the Ruhr region itself is specifically characterized by its polycentric, conurbation structure. === United Kingdom === Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central


id: conurbation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-2.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México or ZMVM), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes, Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla. Together those areas make up the Mexico City megalopolis. ==== Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara) ==== The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) consists of seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered


id: conurbation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-3.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Stamford-Hartford ==== Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million. ==== Northwest Arkansas ==== Northwest Arkansas is a metropolitan area in the Ozarks containing four of the ten largest cities in Arkansas - Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, and Bentonville. These four cities and smaller municipalities between and around them have grown together over time to form a conurbation with no dominant city. ==== Research Triangle ==== Raleigh is the capital city of North Carolina and second largest by population. Nearby cities Durham and Chapel Hill form a triangle shape along with Raleigh. These cities each contain major research universities that, along with the Research Triangle Park, bind these cities together to form one continuous urban area. == Oceania == === Australia === ==== Albury-Wodonga ==== Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the


id: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and dependencies by area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:59.783176+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies, ranked by total area, including land and water. This list includes entries that are not limited to those in the ISO 3166-1 standard, which covers sovereign states and dependent territories. All 193 member states of the United Nations plus the two observer states are given a rank number. Largely unrecognised states not in ISO 3166-1 are included in the list in ranked order. The areas of such largely unrecognised states are in most cases also included in the areas of the more widely recognised states that claim the same territory; see the notes in the "Notes" column for each country for clarification. Not included in the list are entities such as the European Union which do not encompass any non-overlapping preclaimed land. This list includes three measurements of area: Total area: the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines. Land area: the aggregate of all land within international boundaries and coastlines, excluding water area. Inland water area: the sum of the surface areas of all inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, and rivers) within international boundaries and coastlines. Coastal internal waters may be included. Territorial seas,


id: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-number-of-land-borders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and territories by number of land borders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:01.400162+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-number-of-land-borders-20260505-0
summary:
This list gives the number of distinct land borders of each country or territory,but not the neighbouring countries and territories. The length of each border is included, as is the total length of each country's or territory's borders. Countries or territories that are connected only by man-made structures such as bridges, causeways or tunnels are not considered to have land borders. However, borders along lakes, rivers, and other internal waters are considered land borders for the purposes of this article. == Land borders == Distinct land borders: Refers to the number of separate geographic boundaries a country shares with its neighbours. A single country may have multiple distinct land borders with the same neighbour (e.g., due to enclaves, exclaves, or disconnected regions). Distinct land neighbours: Refers to the number of unique countries a nation borders via land. == Superlatives == Longest land border: China: 22,147 km (13,762 mi) Longest land border between two countries: Canada – United States: 8,891 km (5,525 mi) (Canada–United States border) Kazakhstan – Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi) (Kazakhstan–Russia border) Argentina – Chile: 5,308 km (3,298 mi) (Argentina–Chile border) China – Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi) (China–Mongolia border) Bangladesh – India: 4,053 km (2,518 mi) (Bangladesh–India


id: list-of-countries-by-easternmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by easternmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:02.603165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-easternmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land (dependent territories included). The order does not always reflect how close a country's territory is to the 180th meridian. Russia, Fiji, and Antarctica are notable exceptions because the 180th meridian passes through them. Therefore, they each have both very westernmost and very easternmost points. For countries like Russia, New Zealand, Fiji, the United States, and Kiribati, which have territories on both sides of the 180th meridian, the easternmost point is defined as the easternmost point in the direction of travel. The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian, in the Western Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere. Conversely, Russia, New Zealand, and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian, in the Eastern Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere. == See also ==


id: list-of-countries-by-forest-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by forest area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:03.892014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-forest-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries and territories of the world according to the total area covered by forests, based on data published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In 2010, the world had 3.92 billion hectares (ha) of tree cover, extending over 30% of its land area. In 2020, the world had a total forest area of 4.06 billion ha, which was 31 percent of the total land area. This area is equivalent to 0.52 ha per person – although forests are not distributed equally among the world's people or geographically. The tropical domain has the largest proportion of the world's forests (45 percent), followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains. More than half (54 percent) of the world's forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation (20.1%), Brazil (12.2%), Canada (8.6%), the United States of America (7.6%) and China (5.4%). Many of the world's forests are being damaged and degraded or are disappearing altogether. Their capacity to provide tangible goods, such as fiber, food, and medicines, as well as essential ecological services, including habitat for biodiversity, carbon storage, and moderation of freshwater flows, is under greater threat than ever before.


id: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-length-of-coastline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and dependencies by length of coastline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:06.292644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-length-of-coastline-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of countries and dependencies by length of coastline, in kilometers. Though the coastline paradox stipulates that coastlines do not have a well-defined length, there are various methods in use to measure coastlines through ratios and other metrics. A coastline of zero indicates that the country is landlocked. == Coastline paradox == The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be. This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones. == Data sources == Data marked The World Factbook or TWF is derived from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency and covers 198 countries and 55 territories. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries. Data marked World Resources Institute


id: list-of-countries-by-northernmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by northernmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:07.540661+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-northernmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by northernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the northernmost point under the control of a nation is listed. Indicates a point of reference == Notes ==


id: list-of-countries-by-organic-farmland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by organic farmland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:08.847498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-organic-farmland-20260505-0
summary:
This article is a list of countries by organic farmland. As of 2023, approximately 99,000,000 hectares (240,000,000 acres) worldwide were farmed organically, representing approximately 2.1% of total world farmland. == Countries and territories == All areas are given in hectares. Source: FIBL == Biodynamic farmland == Biodynamic agriculture is practiced in 55 countries, with a world total of 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares. With Europe dominating the world map. All areas are given in hectares. Source: American Institute of Science. == Non-certified organic farmland == Percentages of farmland being used organically may vary because guidelines of organic farming practices vary across nations. For example, Cuba has a significant portion of its agricultural land managed without synthetic chemicals. Estimates suggest that about 25% of Cuban farms operate organically. However, in terms of land area officially classified as organic farmland, sources report a much smaller figure, around 0.03%, indicating a difference between formal certification and actual farming practices. This discrepancy can be explained by Cuba's widespread use of agroecological methods such as Organopónicos, especially in urban and small-scale farms, which may not always be formally certified but still follow organic principles. In 2012, Bhutan set the ambitious goal to become the world's first


id: list-of-countries-by-southernmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by southernmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:10.157160+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-southernmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by southernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the southernmost point under the control of a nation is listed, excluding points within Antarctica and its outlying islands south of 60°S. == Notes ==


id: list-of-countries-by-total-renewable-water-resources-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by total renewable water resources
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:11.487542+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-total-renewable-water-resources-20260505-0
summary:
This is the list of countries by total renewable water resources for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data). Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally. According to Food and Agriculture Organization, ″internal renewable water resources (IRWR) represents long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation. External renewable water resources (ERWR) represents that part of the country's long-term average annual renewable water resources which are not generated in the country. It includes inflows from upstream countries (groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes and/or rivers. Total actual renewable water resources (TARWR) is the sum of internal renewable water resources and incoming flow originating outside the country. The computation of TARWR takes into account upstream abstraction and quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties. It is a measure of the maximum theoretical amount of water actually available for the country.″ == Water resources == Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up


id: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:12.902426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme, including 193 UN member states, two UN observer states (the Holy See and Palestine), two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue), and 49 non-sovereign dependencies or territories, as well as Western Sahara (a disputed territory whose sovereignty is contested) and Antarctica. In total, 248 countries and territories have been listed. Not included in the list are eight de facto states (whose sovereignty are not recognised by the United Nations), the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA), and four uninhabited territories (the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Clipperton Island, the Coral Sea Islands, and Navassa Island). Kosovo and Taiwan (listed as Taiwan Province of China) have been separately listed for strictly statistical purposes. == Lists == The United Nations geoscheme was created for statistical analysis and consists of six continental regions, 22 geographical subregions, and two intermediary regions. The United Nations Statistics Division created and maintains the M49 – Standard country or area codes for statistical use. The codes are listed from smallest to largest region, left to right. === Current entries === === Entries for strictly statistical purposes === ===


id: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-0.md
category: reference
title: List of deserts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of deserts sorted by the region of the world in which the desert is located. == Africa == Kalahari Desert – a desert covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa Karoo Desert – a desert covering parts of southern South Africa Namib Desert – a desert in present-day Namibia Danakil Desert – a desert lying in the Afar Triangle and covering northeastern Ethiopia, southern Eritrea, southern Djibouti and northwesternmost Somalia Eritrean Coastal Desert – a desert lying along the southern part of the coast of Eritrea and the coast of Djibouti Guban Desert – a desert lying along the coast of northwestern Somalia Grand Bara Desert – a desert covering parts of south Djibouti Chalbi Desert – a desert in northern Kenya along the border with Ethiopia Nyiri Desert – a desert located in southern Kenya along the border with Tanzania Lompoul Desert – a desert lying in northwestern Senegal between Dakar and Saint-Louis Sahara Desert – Africa's largest desert and the world's largest hot desert which covers much of North Africa comprising: Ténéré – a desert covering northeastern Niger and western Chad Tanezrouft – a desert covering northern Mali, northwestern Niger


id: list-of-deserts-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-1.md
category: reference
title: List of deserts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
summary:
Atacama Desert – a desert in Chile and Peru La Guajira Desert – a desert in Colombia and Venezuela Monte Desert – in Argentina, a smaller desert above the Patagonian Desert Patagonian Desert – the largest desert in the Americas, located in Argentina Sechura Desert – a desert located south of the Piura Region of Peru Jalapão – a desert park in Tocantins, Brazil == Polar regions == === Antarctic === Antarctic Desert – the largest desert in the world McMurdo Dry Valleys – a series of extremely dry, snow-free valleys in Victoria Land Meyer Desert – a small desert close to the South Pole === Arctic === Arctic Desert – the second largest "desert" in the world, though it consists of frozen ocean, land ice, and tundra, so (like the rest of this section) not a desert climate in any conventional sense North American Arctic – a large tundra in Northern America Greenland – mostly covered by land ice, like Antarctica Russian Arctic – a large tundra in Russia == Pseudo-deserts == Some geographical features are referred to as "deserts", and this word may even feature in their names, despite not meeting any meteorological definitions for a desert. Accona


id: list-of-downs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Down is used in the name of geographical features or locations that are downland or close to downland, including:


id: list-of-downs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-1.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Abbotts Ann Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England Afton Down, chalk down near the village of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight Andover Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England Arreton Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight Ashley Down, area in the north of Bristol Aston Down, east of Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, England Asylum Down, neighborhood in Accra, Ghana Ballard Down, area of chalk downland on the Purbeck Hills in Dorset, England Batcombe Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Bathampton Down, overlooking Bath, Somerset, England Beaminster Down, one of the highest hills in West Dorset, England Bembridge Down, Site of special scientific interest north-east of Sandown, Isle of Wight Bin Down, hill, 203 metres (666 ft) high near Liskeard in the county of Cornwall, England Black Down, Dorset, hill on the South Dorset Ridgeway in Dorset, England Black Down, Somerset, the highest hill in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England Black Down, Sussex, the highest hill in the county of Sussex, England Black Hill Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Blow's Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England Bolberry Down, clifftop area on the coast of Devon,


id: list-of-downs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-2.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Catherine's Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, near the southernmost point on the island St Boniface Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, England Starveall and Stony Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Codford and Wylye, Wiltshire, England Steeple Langford Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Steeple Langford in Wiltshire, England Stenbury Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight Stockton Wood and Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Stonehill Down Nature Reserve, downland nature reserve on the Purbeck Hills, Dorset, England Stoney Down, hill and forested countryside in Dorset, England Stormy Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest near Pyle in Bridgend County Borough, south Wales Stratford Toney Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Tennyson Down, hill at the west end of the Isle of Wight just south of Totland Throope Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Thruxton Down, west of Andover, Hampshire, England Toller Down, one of the highest hills in the county of Dorset, England Trendlebere Down, woodland managed by Natural England in Dartmoor, Devon, England Twyford Down, area of chalk downland southeast of Winchester, Hampshire, England Tytherington Down, biological


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-0.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
The following drinks were named after places. == Non-alcoholic beverages == === Coffee drinks === Americano, diluted espresso, popularly believed to be after the habit of American soldiers in Italy in WW II. Coffee, perhaps after the Kingdom of Kaffa, now in southwest Ethiopia Cuban espresso or Café Cubano — Cuba Georgia (coffee), after the state of Georgia, United States Greek frappé — Greece Indian filter coffee — India Ipoh white coffee, after the city of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Java, slang for coffee — named after the Indonesian island of Java Kurdish coffee after Kurdistan Marocchino, Italian for Moroccan Mazagran after the city of Mazagran, Algeria Mocha/Caffè mocha and Moka coffee, after the port city of Mocha in Yemen Mustang Coffee after the Mustang region of Nepal Thai iced coffee — Thailand Tenom coffee, after the town of Tenom, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia Café Touba after the city of Touba, Senegal Turkish coffee — Turkey Vietnamese iced coffee — Vietnam Wiener Melange and Vienna coffee, after the city of Vienna, Austria ==== Coffee bean varieties ==== Arabica coffee — Arabia Ethiopian Harar and Ethiopian Sidamo — Ethiopia Guadeloupe Bonifieur after the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee, from


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-1.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Teas === Anji bai cha or Anji white tea, after Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China Assam tea, after the state of Assam, northeast India Berinag tea after the town of Berinag, Uttarakhand, India Ceylon tea — Ceylon, old name for Sri Lanka Chinese herb tea — China Darjeeling tea, after the city of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India Dianhong after Dian Lake in Yunnan province, southern China English breakfast tea — England Formosa oolong tea after a historical name of Taiwan Hong Kong-style milk tea — Hong Kong Huangshan Maofeng, after Huangshan, a mountain range in Anhui province, China Irish Breakfast tea — Ireland Junshan Yinzhen, from Junshan Island, Hunan province, China Kagoshima green tea from the Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan Kangra tea from the Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India Kashmiri tea, a.k.a. Noon Chai, from Kashmir Keemun, after Qimen County, Anhui province, China Korean tea - Korea Labrador tea after the Labrador region of eastern Canada London fog after the city of London, UK Longjing tea, after the village of Longjing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Lu'an Melon Seed tea, after the city of Lu'an, Anhui province, China Maghrebi mint tea, after the Maghreb region of northwest Africa Mengding Ganlu tea


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-2.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Brands ==== Achel, after the village of Achel, Belgian Limburg Alaskan Amber after the state of Alaska, USA Alhambra after the fortress complex of Alhambra, in Granada, Andalusia, Spain Amstel after the Amstel river in the Netherlands Andechser after the town and abbey of Andechs, southern Bavaria, Germany Angkor Beer and Angkor Extra Stout, after the historical city of Angkor, Cambodia Arequipeña after Arequipa, Peru Ballarat Bitter, after the city of Ballarat, Victoria (Australia) Bauskas, after the town of Bauska, Latvia Bavaria, a Dutch beer named after the state of Bavaria, Germany Belhaven Best after the town of Belhaven, Scotland Beerlao after the country of Laos Beijing Beer, after the city of Beijing, China Berliner Pilsner after the city of Berlin, Germany Bitburger after the city of Bitburg, Germany, near the border of Luxembourg La Binchoise after the town of Binche, Hainaut, Belgium Bohemia, a Mexican brand named after the historical Czech region of Bohemia Borsodi after the historical Borsod County, Hungary Bellevaux after the village of Bellevaux (Malmedy), Liège, Belgium Bourgogne des Flandres after Flanders, Belgium Brunehaut after the town of Brunehaut, Hainaut, Belgium Březňák after the village of Velké Březno, Czech Republic Brisbane Bitter after the city


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-3.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Cocktails === Alabama Slammer after the state of Alabama, USA Agua de Sevilla after the city of Seville, Andalusia, Spain Agua de Valencia after the city of Valencia, Spain Asiático — Asia (original name was "Ruso" or Russian) Bahama Mama after the Bahamas Blue Hawaii after the Hawaiian islands, USA Bronx after the borough of The Bronx, New York City, USA Brooklyn after the borough of Brooklyn, New York City, USA Cape Codder after Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Chicago Cocktail after the city of Chicago, USA Chimayó Cocktail after the town of Chimayo, New Mexico, USA Colombia after the country of Colombia Cuba Libre after the country of Cuba Curacao Punch after the Dutch Caribbean island of Curaçao Daiquiri after the beach and village of Daiquirí, southeast Cuba Harlem Mugger after the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, USA Irish car bomb, Irish coffee and Irish Flag after Ireland Japanese slipper after Japan, because of the Midori ingredient Liégeois after the city of Liège, Belgium Long Island Iced Tea after Long Island, New York State, USA Lorraine after the region of Lorraine, northeast France Lynchburg Lemonade after the city of Lynchburg, Tennessee, USA Manhattan after the borough of Manhattan,


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-4.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Brands ==== Angostura Rum, after the city of Angostura, Venezuela, now named Ciudad Bolívar Beenleigh Rum, after Beenleigh, Queensland, Australia Belaya Rus vodka, after the country of Belarus Bombay Sapphire, a gin named after the Star of Bombay and indirectly the city of Mumbai, India Bundaberg Rum, after the city of Bundaberg. Queensland, Australia Carúpano after the city of Carúpano, Venezuela Clontarf, an Irish whiskey named after (the battle of) Clontarf, Dublin Comber Whiskey, an Irish whiskey produced in Comber, Northern Ireland Corzo, a tequila named after Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico Cracovia, a vodka named after Kraków, Poland Dzama, a rum named after the city of Dzamandzar, Madagascar Finlandia, a vodka named after Finland Glenfiddich, a Scotch whisky named after the River Fiddich valley Havana Club, a rum named after the city of Havana, Cuba Khortytsia, a Ukrainian brand of vodka after island Khortytsia on the Dnieper river Kihnu Mark, a vodka named after the island of Kihnu, Estonia Konig's Westphalian Gin, a Steinhäger named after the Westphalia region of Germany Mackmyra Whisky, after the village Mackmyra near Valbo, Gästrikland, Sweden Malibu, a Barbados rum originating in Curaçao and presumably named after Malibu, California Midleton Very Rare, an


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-5.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Wine grapes ==== Acitana after the city of Acireale (or nearby villages Aci Catena, Aci Castello, etc.), Catania, Sicily, Italy Arnsburger after Arnsburg Abbey, Hesse, Germany Aspiran after the Aspiran, Hérault, southern France Auxerrois blanc and Gros Auxerrois after the historical Auxerrois region around Auxerre, Burgundy, France Barbera Sarda after the island of Sardinia, Italy Bianchetta Trevigiana after the Province of Treviso, northern Italy Biancone di Portoferraio after the town of Portoferraio on Elba, Tuscany, Italy Blauer Portugieser after Portugal Blaufränkisch after the Franconia region of south-central Germany Bonarda Piemontese after the Piedmont region, northwestern Italy Busuioacă de Bohotin afgter the village of Bohotin, northeastern Romania Calabrese Montenuovo after the Calabria region in southern Italy Carignan after Cariñena, Aragon, Spain Catanese nero after the Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy Catawba after the Catawba River Chalosse Noire after the region of Chalosse, France Chardonnay after the town of Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire, France Chasselas after the village of Chasselas, Saône-et-Loire, France Chenin blanc after Mont Chenin in Touraine, France Colombana nera after the Abbey of San Colombano in the town of Bobbio, Emilia-Romagna, Italy Cornalin d'Aoste after the Aosta Valley, northwestern Italy Cserszegi fűszeres after the village of Cserszegtomaj, western Hungary Ehrenfelser


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-6.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Wines from Italy ==== Aglianico del Vulture after the historical region of Vulture Albana di Romagna after the historical region of Romagna Alcamo after the town of Alcamo, Sicily Amarone after the town of Marano di Valpolicella, Veneto Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont Barbaresco after the municipality of Barbaresco, Piedmont Barolo after the municipality of Barolo, Piedmont Brachetto d'Acqui after the city of Acqui Terme, Piedmont Brunello di Montalcino after the town of Montalcino, Tuscany Carmignano after the city of Carmignano, Tuscany Chianti after the Chianti Mountains, Tuscany Franciacorta after the territory of Franciacorta, Lombardy Gattinara after the municipality of Gattinara, Piedmont Gavi after the municipality of Gavi, Piedmont Marsala after the city of Marsala, Sicily Morellino di Scansano after the village of Scansano, Tuscany Moscato d'Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont Nizza after the town of Nizza Monferrato, Asti, Piedmont Prosecco after Prosecco, now a suburb of Trieste Ramandolo after the village of the same name near Nimis, Udine Sagrantino di Montefalco after the town of Montefalco, Umbria Soave after the small city of Soave, Veneto Taurasi after the town of Taurasi, Campania Vernaccia di San Gimignano after the town of San Gimignano, Tuscany Vino


id: list-of-elevation-extremes-by-country-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country-0.md
category: reference
title: List of elevation extremes by country
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:19.045402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-elevation-extremes-by-country-20260505-0
summary:
The following sortable table lists land surface elevation extremes by country or dependent territory. Topographic elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface. == Table == == National elevation ranges == Of all countries, Lesotho has the world's highest low point at 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Other countries with high low points include Rwanda 950 metres (3,117 ft) and Andorra 840 metres (2,756 ft). Countries with very low high points include Maldives 5 metres (16 ft), Tuvalu, 5 metres (16 ft) and the Marshall Islands 10 metres (33 ft). These island countries also have the smallest range between their lowest (sea level) and highest points, and are very sensitive to changes in sea level. The highest and lowest points in China constitute the greatest elevation range within any single country at 9,002 metres (29,534 ft). The elevation ranges are also great in Nepal 8,789 metres (28,835 ft), Pakistan 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), and India 8,588.7 metres (28,178 ft). Monaco's elevation range is among the greatest relative to surface area. Within its 2.02 km2 territory, there is a difference of 140 m between its highest and lowest


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-0.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of foods named after places have been compiled by writers, sometimes on travel websites or food-oriented websites, as well as in books. Since all of these names are words derived from place names, they are all toponyms. This article covers English language food toponyms which may have originated in English or other languages. According to Delish.com, "[T]here's a rich history of naming foods after cities, towns, countries, and even the moon." The following foods and drinks were named after places. Each non-obvious etymology is supported by a reference on the linked Wikipedia page. Food names are listed by country of the origin of the word, not necessarily where the food originated or was thought to have originated. Some foods are certified to originate in that region with a protected designation of origin (PDO). == Africa == African eggplant African pepper Bourbon vanilla — Île Bourbon, now the island of Réunion Canarian wrinkly potatoes — Canary Islands Egyptian onion — Egypt Gabon nut — Gabon Guinea grains or Guinea peppers — the Guinea region of the African West coast Guineafowl — the Guinea region Galinha à africana — "African-style chicken" Madagascar vanilla — Madagascar Moroccan citron — Morocco Muscat of


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-1.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Allahabadi cake — the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, north India Bandel cheese — the city of Bandel, West Bengal Bombay duck — fish dish named after the city of Bombay Chicken Chettinad — the region of Chettinad, Tamil Nadu Hyderabadi Biryani — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Hyderabadi Haleem — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Hyderabadi Marag — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Indian omelette Kakinada Kaja - the city Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh Kalimpong cheese — the hill station of Kalimpong, West Bengal Madras curry sauce — the city of Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu Malabar matthi curry — the Malabar Coast, southeast India Mangalore Buns - banana and yogurt fried bread from Mangalore Mangalorean Bangude Masala — fish dish named after the city of Mangalore, Karnataka Mangalorean Chicken Sukka — the city of Mangalore, Karnataka Mysore pak — the city of Mysore, Karnataka Narsobawadi Basundi — dessert from the town of Narsobawadi, Maharashtra Tirunelveli Halva — the city of Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu Thoothukudi or Tuticorin macaroon — the city of Thoothukudi (formerly Tuticorin), Tamil Nadu Fruits and vegetables Bangalore Blue — grape grown in districts around Bangalore city, Karnataka Bikaneri bhujia —


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-2.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Turkey fowl (despite not being from Turkey—see Turkey (bird)#Names) Gemlik olive — the town of Gemlik, Bursa Province Harput meatballs — the historic city of Harput, now Elazığ, Eastern Anatolia İnegöl meatballs — the city of İnegöl, Marmara region Smyrna meatballs — the ancient city of Smyrna, Aegean Region Tire meatballs — the district of Tire, İzmir, Aegean Region Turkish delight Van köfte — meatballs from the city of Van, Eastern Anatolia == Europe == === Balkan States === Albanian vegetable pie — Albania Bosnian Pot — Bosnia Bulgarian yogurt — Bulgaria Cherni Vit (cheese) — the village of Cherni Vit, Bulgaria Elenski but — ham from the town of Elena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria Macedonia — mixed salad alluding to the diverse origin of the people of Alexander's Macedonian Empire Shopska salad — the Shopluk region in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Macedonia Sremska sausage — the district of Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia ==== Croatia ==== Istrian stew — the Istria peninsula Međimurska gibanica — cake from Međimurje County Morlacco — Italian cheese named after the historical Morlachia region now located in Croatia Pag cheese — the island of Pag Rab cake — the island of Rab ==== Romania ==== Magiun of Topoloveni


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-3.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Basler Brot and Basler Läckerli — bread and cookies from the city of Basel Berner Haselnusslebkuchen and Berner Honiglebkuchen — cakes from the city of Bern Bündner Nusstorte or Engadiner Nusstorte — sweet pastry from (the Engadin region of) the Graubünden canton Couque suisse — Belgian sweet roll Pain de seigle valaisan — bread from the canton of Valais Pane ticinese — bread from the canton of Ticino, Switzerland Papet vaudois — mashed potatoes and leek from the canton of Vaud Swiss roll Zuger Kirschtorte — layer cake from the city or canton of Zug, Switzerland Zürcher Murren — bread roll from the city of Zürich Cheeses Appenzeller — the canton of Appenzell Berner Alpkäse and Berner Hobelkäse — the Bernese Oberland region Emmentaler — Emmental, the name of a valley in the canton of Bern Gruyère — the town of Gruyères in the canton of Fribourg L'Etivaz — the hamlet of L'Etivaz in the canton of Vaud Swiss cheese — American cheese named for its resemblance to Emmental cheese Tomme Vaudoise — the canton of Vaud Vacherin Fribourgeois — the canton of Fribourg === Eastern Europe === ==== Baltic states ==== Liveland Raspberry apple — the Governorate of Livonia


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-4.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Asiago — Asiago, plateau and town in the Venetian Prealps Bastardo del Grappa — Monte Grappa in the Venetian Prealps Bitto — the Bitto River in Lombardy Bra — the town of Bra in Piedmont Casciotta d'Urbino — the city of Urbino in the Marche region Castelmagno — the municipality of Castelmagno in Piedmont Gorgonzola — the town of Gorgonzola near Milan Grana Padano — the Po Valley (Pianura Padana) Montasio — the mountain Jôf di Montasio in the Julian Alps Monte Veronese — the Province of Verona Pallone di Gravina — the town of Gravina in Puglia in Apulia Parmesan— the city or province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna Parmigiano-Reggiano — the cities of Parma and Reggio, Emilia-Romagna Pecorino di Filiano — the town of Filiano in the southern region of Basilicata Pecorino Romano — the city of Rome Pecorino Sardo — the island of Sardinia Pecorino Siciliano — the island of Sicily Pecorino Toscano — the region of Tuscany Piave — the Piave river in the Veneto region Quiche florentine — Florence Ragusano — the Province of Ragusa on Sicily Robiola — possibly named after the town of Robbio in Lombardy Romano cheese — American pecorino-style cheese named after Rome


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-5.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Albufera sauce — via the Duke of Albufera after the Albufera lagoon, eastern Spain Arroz a la valenciana — Latin American rice dish named after Valencia Castella — Japanese cake named after the historical region of Castile Chorizo de Pamplona — sausage from the city of Pamplona, Navarre Espagnole sauce — Spain Lacón Gallego — ham from the region of Galicia Mantecadas de Astorga — pastry from the town of Astorga, Léon Mató de Pedralbes — pastry from the Pedralbes neighborhood of Barcelona, Spain Mayonnaise — perhaps named after the city of Mahón, capital of the island of Menorca Morcilla de Burgos — sausage from the city of Burgos, Castile Sauce andalouse — Belgian sauce named after the Andalusia region of southern Spain Spanische Windtorte — Austrian cake named after Spain Spanish omelette Spanish rice — the American name for a Mexican side dish Tarragona – Swedish chocolate bar named after the city of Tarragona Valencian paella — the city, province or region of Valencia Valencia rice — Valencia Vic fuet — sausage from the town of Vic, Catalonia Cheeses Alpujarra — Alpujarra region, Andalusia Cabrales — Cabrales, a municipality in Asturias Cantabrian Cream — the autonomous community of Cantabria


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-6.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Abondance — the commune of Abondance, Haute-Savoie Banon — the town of Banon in the Provence Beaufort — the commune of Beaufort, Savoie Bleu d'Auvergne — the central historical province of Auvergne Bleu de Gex — the eastern historical Pays de Gex Brie — the historical Brie region near Paris Camembert — the town of Camembert, Orne, Normandy Cantal — the central department of Cantal Chaource — the village of Chaource in the Champagne region Comté — the eastern Franche-Comté region Crottin de Chavignol — the village of Chavignol, France in the central Loire valley Époisses — the village of Époisses, Burgundy Fourme de Montbrison — Montbriso in the upper Loire valley. Laguiole — the village of Laguiole in the southern Aveyron department Langres — the Langres plateau in the Champagne region Livarot — the town of Livarot in Normandy Mâconnais — the city of Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire Maroilles — the village of Maroilles near the Belgian border Morbier — the village of Morbier near the Swiss border Munster — the town of Munster, Haut-Rhin in the Alsace region Neufchâtel — the town of Neufchâtel-en-Bray in upper Normandie Ossau-iraty — the Ossau Valley and the Irati Forest, French Basque Country Pont-l'Évêque


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-7.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Brown Windsor soup — perhaps via the Windsor bean after the town of Windsor, Berkshire Cornish clotted cream and Cornish ice cream — the county of Cornwall Cornish sardines — the county of Cornwall Dover sole — the town of Dover, Kent English breakfast Eton mess — the town of Eton, Berkshire Everton mint — candy from the Everton suburb of Liverpool Grimsby smoked fish — the town of Grimsby, Lincolnshire Kendal Mint Cake — peppermint candy from the town of Kendal, Cumbria Kentish well pudding — the county of Kent Malvern pudding — the town of Malvern, Worcestershire Pontefract cake — licorice candy from the town of Pontefract, Yorkshire Sussex pond pudding — Sussex county Baked goods Bakewell pudding and Bakewell tart — the town of Bakewell, Derbyshire Banbury cake — the town of Banbury, Oxfordshire Bath bun and Bath Oliver cracker — the city of Bath, Somerset Bedfordshire clanger — the county of Bedfordshire Chelsea bun — the Chelsea area of London Chorley cake — the town of Chorley, Lancashire Cornish fairings and Cornish pasty — the county of Cornwall Cumberland pie — the historic county of Cumberland Dorset apple cake — Dorset county Dorset knob — flatbread


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-8.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === B.C. roll — the province of British Columbia Canadian bacon Canadian white bread Harovin Sundown pear — the town of Harrow, Ontario London broil — perhaps after London, Ontario Montreal hot dog — the city of Montreal, Quebec Montreal melon — Montreal Montreal-style bagel — Montreal Montreal-style smoked meat — Montreal Nanaimo bar — the city of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Canada Nova Scotia salmon — the province of Nova Scotia Oka cheese — originally manufactured by the Trappist monks in Oka, Quebec Pictou County Pizza — Pictou County, Nova Scotia Reinette du Canada — French apple named after Canada Saskatoonberry — Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (the city is named after the berry) Thousand Island dressing — the Thousand Islands archipelago in the St Lawrence river Yukon Gold (potato) — the territory of Yukon === Caribbean === Bajan pepper sauce — the island nation of Barbados Barbados cherry — Barbados Haitian patty — a savory pastry from Haiti Jamaican red banana — Jamaica Jamaican jerk spice — Jamaica] Jamaican patty — a savory pastry from Jamaica Trinidad moruga scorpion pepper — the district of Moruga, Trinidad ==== Cuba ==== Arroz a la cubana — "Cuban-style rice" Cuban bread Cuban oregano


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-9.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Meat products and dishes American chop suey — ground beef pasta dish basically unrelated to chop suey American goulash Barberton chicken — the city of Barberton, Ohio Beef Manhattan — the borough of Manhattan, New York City Bourbon chicken — Bourbon Street in New Orleans Louisiana Buffalo wing — the city of Buffalo, New York Chicago-style hot dog — the city of Chicago Chicken Maryland — the state of Maryland Carolina burger — the states of The Carolinas Coney Island hot dog — Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City Filet américain or steack à l'Americaine — "American steak" Kansas City strip steak and Kansas City-style barbecue — Kansas City, Missouri Kentucky hot brown — meat sandwich from the state of Kentucky Lebanon bologna — the city of Lebanon, Pennsylvania California burger — the state of California Maxwell Street Polish — the Maxwell Street market in Chicago, Illinois Memphis-style barbecue — the city of Memphis, Tennessee Michigan hot dog — the state of Michigan Nashville hot chicken — the city of Nashville, Tennessee New York strip steak — New York City Philadelphia Pepper Pot — the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philly cheesesteak — the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh rare steak


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-10.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Chanco — the commune of Chanco, Chile Chaource — the village of Chaource, Champagne, France Cheddar — the village of Cheddar, Somerset, England Cherni Vit — the village of Cherni Vit, Bulgaria Cheshire — Cheshire county, England Circassian — the historical region of Circassia now in Southern Russia Colby — the town of Colby, Wisconsin Coleraine — the town of Coleraine, Northern Ireland Comté — the eastern Franche-Comté region, France Coquetdale cheese — the valley of the River Coquet, Northumberland, England Cornish Blue, Cornish Brie and Cornish Yarg — cheeses from Cornwall, England Cotija — the town of Cotija de la Paz, Mexico Cotswold cheese — the Cotswolds area, England Crottin de Chavignol — the village of Chavignol, France Cuba cheese — the town of Cuba, New York Danbo cheese — Denmark Derby, Little Derby and Sage Derby — Derbyshire county, central England Dorset Blue Vinney — Dorset county, south England Dovedale — the valley of the River Dove, Central England Dubliner— the city of Dublin, Ireland Dunlop — the town of Dunlop, East Ayrshire, southwest Scotland Edam — the city of Edam, Netherlands Emmental — the valley of the river Emme, canton of Bern, Switzerland Époisses — the village


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-11.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Samsø — the island of Samsø, Denmark Santarém — the Santarém District, Portugal São Jorge — São Jorge Island in the Azores Selles-sur-Cher — the town of Selles-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher, France Serra da Estrela — the Serra da Estrela mountain range, Portugal Shropshire Blue — Shropshire county, west England Stilton and Stichelton — the village of Stilton, Cambridgeshire, England Sussex Slipcote — the historic county of Sussex, south England Svecia — Sweden Swaledale — Swaledale, a valley in North Yorkshire, England Swiss cheese — generic name in North America for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental Taleggio — Val Taleggio, Lombardy, Italy Teviotdale — the valley of the River Teviot, Roxburghshire, south Scotland Tilsit — the town of Tilsit in East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Russia) Tintern — the village of Tintern, southeast Wales Tomme de Savoie — the historic region of Savoy, France Tomme Vaudoise — the canton of Vaud, Switzerland Torta del Casar — Casar de Cáceres, a municipality in Extremadura, Spain Tzfatit — the city of Safed, Israel Vacherin Fribourgeois — the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland Valdeón — Posada de Valdeón, a municipality in Castile and León, Spain Valençay — the town of Valençay, Indre


id: list-of-sovereign-states-by-freshwater-withdrawal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:23.111706+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sovereign-states-by-freshwater-withdrawal-20260505-0
summary:
This is the list of countries by freshwater withdrawal for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data). The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. According to World Bank, ″annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes.″ The level of water stress (freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources) is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and


id: gazetteer-abbreviations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations-0.md
category: reference
title: Gazetteer abbreviations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:24.445272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gazetteer-abbreviations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of common atlas and gazetteer abbreviations. These abbreviations are not always used consistently between publications; some terms have fallen out of use over time. Older gazetteers and atlases often neglect to define abbreviations and underlying terms. Gazetteer and map abbreviations can show up in several forms: upper or lower case, with or without periods, sometimes with hyphens (e.g., Post Village may be P.V., PV, p.v., or p-v). This list does not include direction headings (e.g., N. or No. for north, etc.), which are generally clear. == References == == See also == Administrative division


id: glossary-of-arabic-toponyms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of Arabic toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:27.156360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-arabic-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
The glossary of Arabic toponyms gives translations of Arabic terms commonly found as components in Arabic toponyms. A significant number of them were put together during the PEF Survey of Palestine carried out in the second half of the 19th century. == A == 'Ain, pl.: `Ayūn, ʿUyūn Spring, fountain, source. Examples: El Aaiún All pages with titles containing Ain All pages with titles containing Aiun Ab, Abu Father; as a geographical term it signifies "producing", "containing", etc.; All pages with titles containing Ab All pages with titles containing Abu Arak, pl.: Arkan Cavern or cliff (among various meanings); see All pages with titles containing Arak == B == Bab, pl.: Buwab Gate. Examples Bab el-Mandeb; see All pages with titles containing Bab Baḥr Arabic: بحر - Sea, large river. see All pages with titles containing Bahr Beit House. see All pages with titles containing Beit Balad Arabic: بلد (sometimes transliterated as Beled or Belled) - Town; see All pages with titles containing Balad Bir Arabic: بير, Well; see All pages with titles containing Bir Birkeh Artificial pool, tank; see All pages with titles containing Birkeh Buḥayra, Baḥeirah Arabic: بحيرة, Lake, lagoon; Diminutive of بَحْر (baḥr, “sea”). Burj Arabic: برج,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles: This page, Glossary of geography terms (A–M), lists terms beginning with the letters A through M. Glossary of geography terms (N–Z) lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z. Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy. == A == absolute location The particular location of a point on Earth's surface that can be expressed by a grid reference such as latitude and longitude. accessibility A locational characteristic that permits a place to be reached by the efforts of those at other places. accessibility resource A naturally emergent landscape form that eases communication between areas. acculturation The act of adopting a culture different to your own; usually due to immersion into a dominant group. acme See summit. acre (ac) A unit of area traditionally defined as the area of a plot of land


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
anthropogenic 1. Of or relating to anthropogeny, the scientific study of the origins of human beings. 2. Having an origin in human activity; caused by or attributable to humans. anti-dip stream A stream flowing in a direction approximately opposite to that of the dip of the underlying surface rocks. It is frequently, though not necessarily, an obsequent stream. anticline A geological upfold that has an arch-like convex shape and its oldest beds near its center, often visible at the Earth's surface in exposed rock strata. Contrast syncline. antimeridian 1. The meridian of longitude that is directly opposite or antipodal to a given meridian, i.e. the imaginary line that is exactly 180 degrees of longitude distant from the given meridian. Together, a meridian and its antimeridian form a great circle that passes through the geographic poles. 2. The 180th meridian in particular, i.e. the meridian of longitude that is exactly 180 degrees both east and west of the Prime Meridian, with which it forms a great circle dividing the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The 180th meridian is used as the approximate basis for the International Date Line because it mostly passes through the open waters of the Pacific


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
awareness space All of the locations of which an individual is "aware", i.e. about which they have knowledge above some minimum level, even those they may not have actually visited. Awareness space includes activity space, and it enlarges as new locations are discovered and new information is gathered. See also search space and mental map. axis 1. (coordinate system) Any of the reference lines of a Cartesian coordinate system, from which the signed distances to each coordinate are measured, e.g. the x-axis or the y-axis. 2. (of a fold) The imaginary central line or plane dividing the limbs of the fold as symmetrically as possible; the crest from which strata dip downward and away in an anticline, or the lowest depth of the trough from which strata rise in opposite directions in a syncline. 3. (of the Earth) The rotational axis of the Earth: the diameter between the North Geographic Pole and the South Geographic Pole, passing through the planet's geometric center, around which the Earth rotates anti-clockwise (i.e. to the east) once every 23 hours and 56 minutes. This axis is constantly tilted at an angle of about 66°30' with respect to the plane of the Earth's orbit around


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
barysphere The Earth's core and mantle considered together, i.e. all of the Earth's interior beneath the lithosphere. base level The lowest level to which a stream can erode its bed. The ultimate base level of all streams is sea level. baseline An accurately measured line of known length on the Earth's surface, used as a reference line in triangulation and other surveying operations. basin Another name for a depression, particularly one that is approximately circular, level or nearly level at the bottom, and/or surrounded on all sides by land of uniform elevation. batholith A very large body of igneous rock, usually granite, which has been exposed by erosion of the overlying rock. bathymetry 1. The measurement of water depth, mainly of seas and oceans but sometimes of deep lakes. 2. The study and depiction of the physical features or relief of the floor of a lake or ocean. In this sense bathymetry is considered the underwater equivalent of hypsometry or topography. bay A coastal body of water that is directly connected to but recessed from a larger body of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, or another bay. The land surrounding a bay usually shelters it from strong winds


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
bocage A landscape of mixed woodland and pasture, with fields and winding country lanes sunken between low, narrow ridges and banks surmounted by tall, thick hedgerows, especially as found in rural parts of western Europe. body of water Any significant accumulation of water, either natural or artificial, on the surface of the Earth. Bodies of water may hold or contain water, as with lakes and oceans, or they may collect and move water from one place to another, as with rivers, streams, and other watercourses. bog Also mire, quagmire, or muskeg. A type of wetland which accumulates deposits of dead plant material, especially mosses, known as peat. Bogs occur where water at the ground surface is acidic and low in dissolved nutrients. They are one of four main types of wetland, along with fens, marshes, and swamps. bootheel See salient. border The geographical boundary of a political entity or legal jurisdiction, such as a country, state, or other subnational entity. bore 1. (tidal) A steep-fronted wave formed by the convergence of two tidal bulges or by the constriction of an incoming tide as it travels up a river, firth, or narrow bay, temporarily reversing the direction of the current. 2.


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
bushveld Also lowveld, or simply bush or veld. In southern Africa, a tropical or subtropical woodland ecoregion consisting largely of open savanna with scattered trees; wild countryside as opposed to cultivated land. butte An isolated hill or mountain with steep or precipitous sides, usually having a smaller summit area than a mesa. bypass 1. A route which diverges around a place rather than traveling through it, especially a road or footpath built specifically for the purpose of diverting automobile or pedestrian traffic away from areas that are congested, blocked, under construction, or unsafe. 2. See flood bypass. == C == cadastre Also cadaster. A type of parcel-based land recording system containing a comprehensive record of interests in individual units of land within a country or other polity, usually including a geometric description of each parcel's physical location, dimensions, and boundaries that is linked to legal information detailing the nature of the interests (e.g. rights, restrictions, and responsibilities), the ownership or control of those interests, and the economic value of the land and its improvements. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data used in resolving disputes between landowners. cairn A man-made stack or mound of rocks, stones, or masonry, usually


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
central business district (CBD) A centrally located commercial business district in an urban area, typically containing a concentration of office and retail activities. centroid The point in a geometric figure for which the coordinates are the average values of the coordinates of all other points in the figure, i.e. the arithmetic mean position of all points in the figure; or the point with the smallest possible average distance from all other points of the figure. In geography, the geographical center of a region of the Earth's surface is the centroid of the two-dimensional shape of that region, as projected radially to sea level or onto a geoid. chain A unit of length equal to 66 feet (20.117 m), used especially in public land surveys in the United States; 10 square chains is equal to 1 acre (0.40 hectares). Though the literal chains used to measure this distance have long been superseded, surveying tapes are often still called "chains", and measuring with a tape may be called "chaining". channel Also strait. 1. A waterway separating two relatively close landmasses. 2. Any narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. 3. The deepest part of a shallow body of


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-7.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
colluvium Loose, unconsolidated sediment that has been transported and deposited at the base of a hillslope by any of various wash or mass movement processes, such as surface runoff, sheet erosion, or landslides. Typically a heterogeneous mixture of rock types and sizes ranging from silt to talus boulders, colluvium is often derived from eluvium, and differs from alluvium, which is deposited primarily by fluvial activity. combe Variously comb, coomb, coombe, and cumb. A steep, narrow valley or a large hollow on the side of a hill or coastline, especially one enclosed on all but one side. The term is used primarily in southern England, where it often implies a dry ravine in a limestone or chalk escarpment. See also cwm. commonwealth 1. Traditionally, a political community founded for the benefit of all or most of the members of the community, i.e. for the public welfare or the common good; or a state or other polity in which the supreme power of government is vested in the people being governed; a republic or a democracy. 2. A free association of otherwise individual, autonomous, self-governing territories organized as a federation or confederation, with a jointly operated government being charged with responsibility for


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-8.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
cove 1. A walled, rounded, cirque-like opening at the head of a small valley. 2. A small, narrow, sheltered bay, inlet, tidal creek, or recess in an estuary, often within a larger embayment. 3. A small, often approximately circular, wave-cut indentation or recess in a cliff on a large body of water, especially one with a relatively narrow or secluded entrance. 4. A shallow tidal river, or the backwater near the mouth of a tidal river. crater Any large, roughly circular depression, pit, or hole in the Earth's surface. Craters are classified into different types based on their ultimate causes; see impact crater, volcanic crater, and pit crater. crater lake A lake that forms in a volcanic crater or caldera (such as a maar), an impact crater left by a meteorite, or a crater resulting from a man-made explosion. craton An old and stable region of continental lithosphere, characterized by a thick crust composed of ancient crystalline basement rock. Cratons are generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates, having remained relatively unaffected by orogenic and tectonic activity for very long periods of time. creek A small, intermittent stream that is larger than a brook but smaller than a river.


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-9.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
debouch Also debouche. A place where water runoff from a relatively small, confined space emerges into a much larger, broader space, or where a body of water pours forth from a narrow opening, such as where a stream or river enters a lake or ocean. deciduous forest A forest composed of trees which lose their leaves each year. decolonization The process of ending the colonization of a region or a state. deep A trough-like depression or trench in the ocean floor, of limited extent but great depth, generally more than 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) below sea level. deferred junction A confluence of two watercourses in which a tributary stream is prevented by levees, natural or artificial, from immediately joining another stream or river and consequently is forced to flow parallel beside it, usually within a large floodplain, for a considerable distance before the channels eventually merge, often at the convex bend of a large meander. defile A narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills. deforestation The destruction of forests by any means, whether naturally or by human activity. degree A unit of angular measure, represented by the º symbol. A circle is divided into 360 degrees; subdivisions of the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-10.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
desire path Also social trail. Any path or trail, often a footpath, created as a consequence of erosion caused by repeated human or animal traffic, usually because it is the shortest or easiest route to navigate between an origin and a destination. Desire paths often emerge as shortcuts where constructed paths or roads are circuitous, have gaps, or are non-existent. dew pond A shallow artificial pond built to capture and hold rainwater or sea mist in order to provide water for livestock, made especially in areas where natural supplies of surface water are not readily available, such as on the chalk downlands of southern England. diapir A type of igneous intrusion in which a more mobile, ductile, or deformable rock or other material is forced to intrude into relatively brittle overlying rocks. diaspora The scattered dispersion of a human population from its original homeland; or the members of a dispersed population, now residing in various locations to which they are not indigenous. digital elevation model (DEM) A three-dimensional computer graphics representation of a geographic terrain surface created from elevation data. DEMs are the most common basis for digitally produced relief maps. dike 1. A ditch, wall, embankment, or ridge, natural


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-11.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
drainage divide Also ridgeline, watershed, water parting, water divide, or simply divide. The topographical barrier that separates neighboring drainage basins. Divides are often, though not always, located along conspicuous elevated ridges or mountain ranges. draw Also re-entrant. 1. A terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between them. 2. Another name for an arroyo, ravine, or gulch, especially one with a broad floor and gently sloping sides. draw down The maximum extent to which the water table is reduced in elevation as a result of pumping water from a well that penetrates an aquifer. The amount of draw down diminishes logarithmically with distance from the site of the well, a fact which determines the shape of the subsurface cone of depression in the area surrounding the well. drift All sediment transported by a glacier, sorted or unsorted, whether deposited directly by the ice or by glacial meltwater. drift ice Also brash ice. A type of sea ice consisting of multiple ice floes that are not attached to the shoreline or any other fixed object such as a shoal, and which are therefore free to "drift" under the influence of winds and ocean currents. Contrast


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-12.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
elevation 1. The height of a geographic location above or below a fixed reference point; in particular, the height of a point on the Earth's surface with respect to sea level (or at least to a reference geoid used as an approximation of the Earth's mean sea level). Compare altitude, geopotential height, and depth. 2. The vertical angle between the horizontal and a high point, e.g. between the horizon and a star in the night sky, or between the base of a mountain and its summit. 3. In architecture, a view of one of the sides of a building, or a drawing of this view. ellipsoid See reference ellipsoid. emergence 1. The rise of the level of a land surface with respect to the sea, so that land formerly under the sea becomes dry. 2. The location at which an underground stream or aquifer comes to the surface. emergent coastline A coast or shoreline resulting from a rise in land surface elevation relative to sea level. empolder To reclaim by the creation of a polder. enclave A tract or territory completely surrounded by and enclosed within the territory of exactly one other state, country, or other political entity. Unlike enclaves,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-13.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
exurb A region or district that lies outside a city and usually beyond its suburbs; a place of this type is called an exurb. Compare rural. == F == fairway The part of a navigable waterway containing the navigable channel, in particular the central, deepest, widest, or most commonly used channel. fall line A geomorphologic unconformity between an upland region of relatively hard crystalline basement rock and a coastal plain of softer sedimentary rock. fallow Agricultural land that is plowed or tilled but left unseeded during a growing season. Fallowing is usually done to conserve moisture and soil nutrients. false origin A selected point in a projected coordinate system from which the position of any place can be expressed in terms of its coordinates with respect to the selected point. The false origin differs from the true origin in order to exclude negative values. fast ice Also land-fast ice and shore-fast ice. Sea ice that is more or less securely "fastened" to a coastline, to the sea floor, or to grounded icebergs, and which therefore does not move with currents and winds (unlike drift ice). The formation of fast ice is usually seasonal and its properties vary with water depth,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-14.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
floodway 1. Another name for a flood bypass. 2. A large-capacity channel or culvert designed to capture and divert floodwaters or excess streamflow from populous or flood-prone areas and eventually drain it into a river or other body of water, e.g. an artificial drainage canal bounded by levees. They often run below street level in larger cities. 3. A road crossing of a flood-prone channel, built at or close to the natural ground level. It is similar to a causeway but crosses a shallow and often dry depression that is subject to flooding, rather than a continuously flooded waterway. 4. A part of a floodplain kept clear of encumbrances and reserved for emergency diversion of floodwaters. floor The level or nearly level lower part of a valley or basin, or the bed of any body of water, such as a stream, lake, or ocean. flow regime The general behavior of a river or other watercourse as defined by its average flow conditions throughout the year, including seasonal variations in discharge, size and frequency of floods, and frequency and duration of droughts. flute A glacial landform created by the movement of a glacier around a boulder, consisting of a lineation or


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-15.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
gallery forest A narrow strip of trees or shrubs lining both banks of a river or stream in otherwise treeless, open country. Above very narrow streams, the foliage on each side may meet in the canopy. gazetteer A geographical dictionary or directory used in conjunction with a map or atlas and containing information concerning the geographical make-up, social statistics, and physical features of a country, region, or continent. gentilic See demonym. geo Also gio. A narrow inlet within a deep cleft in a rocky coastline, sheltered by tall, near-vertical cliffs created by wave-driven erosion along faults and bedding planes in the rock. The term is primarily used in the islands of northern Scotland. geoblocking Also geolocking. A technology that restricts access to online content according to an Internet user's geographical location, which may be determined by any of various geolocation techniques, including checking the user's IP address against a blacklist, triangulating GPS queries, and measuring the latency of a signal traveling between the user's computer and another endpoint in the network. geocode A concise, human-readable series of letters, numbers, and/or other symbols which represents and uniquely identifies a particular geographic entity so as to distinguish it from other geographic entities


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-16.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
geographical inertia Also geographical momentum. The tendency of a place with established installations and services to maintain its size and its importance as a focus of economic or industrial activity after the conditions originally influencing its development have appreciably altered, ceased to be relevant, or disappeared. geographical mile A unit of length defined as the distance equal to one minute of arc along the Earth's Equator: approximately 1,855.3 metres (1.1528 mi; 1.8553 km). The precise length varies with the reference ellipsoid used to approximate the shape of the Earth. Regardless of the particular ellipsoid, the length of one degree of longitude at the Equator is equal to exactly 60 geographical miles. geography The scientific study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. geoid The shape that the surface of the Earth's oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravity and rotational acceleration alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides. It is often characterized as the precise mathematical figure of the Earth: a smooth but irregular gravitational equipotential surface at every point of which, by definition, the direction of the force of gravity is always perpendicular and spirit levels are always parallel. Its


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-17.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
global 1. Of or concerning all parts of the world (i.e. worldwide); affecting or distributed across the whole of the Earth. 2. Of or relating to a globe or sphere; spherical or approximately so. 3. Comprehensive; total; encompassing all or nearly all considerations, categories, items, etc. global city Also world city, power city, or alpha city. A city which functions as an important or primary node in the global economy. Though criteria are not strictly defined, a global city typically is very large; dominates trade and economic interactions within a large surrounding area; supports a large and demographically diverse population; serves as a center of ideas and innovation in business, science, culture, and politics; and/or is a headquarters for major financial institutions, multinational corporations, or worldwide media and communications networks. global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Global Positioning System (GPS) A satellite-based radionavigation positioning system owned and operated by the United States Department of Defense and made available for use by both the military and the general public. It is one of several GNSS standards that provides geolocation and time information, transmitted via microwave signals, to enabled satellite navigation devices, known as GPS receivers, anywhere on or near the Earth where


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-18.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
grid A pattern of lines on a chart or map, such as those representing latitude and longitude, which helps determine absolute location. grid magnetic angle Also grid variation or grivation. The angular difference in direction between grid north and magnetic north, typically expressed in degrees east or west of grid north. grid north The direction northwards as indicated by the grid lines of a map projection, which may or may not be aligned with geodetic north and magnetic north. grivation See grid magnetic angle. groundwater The water present beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in fractures and voids within geological strata. Contrast surface water. grove A small group of trees growing close together and generally surrounded by little or no undergrowth. growing season The part of the year during which local weather conditions (i.e. temperature and precipitation) permit the normal growth of plants in a given location. What defines a "growing season" is often informal and colloquial, and may vary widely by location and from year to year; in many places, the local growing season is defined as the period of time between the average date of the last frost (in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-19.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
headwall A steep slope or sheer cliff face at the upper end of a valley (e.g. at the back of a cirque), or at the active face of a mine, pit, or quarry. headwaters 1. Another name for the source of a river, stream, or other watercourse, i.e. the point or points furthest from the mouth of a particular channel at which precipitation, meltwater, or groundwater first accumulates into a persistent, identifiable, and/or named body of water whose contents ultimately empty into that particular channel; or all of the uppermost tributaries of a watershed considered collectively (of which there may be thousands), typically including all streams identified as first-order through third-order in conventional stream order systems. 2. The entire region, inclusive of land, surrounding these sources, often abutting the boundary of a drainage divide that separates distinct watersheds. hearth The source area of any innovation; the place from which an idea, crop, artifact, or good is diffused to other areas. heartland 1. The central or interior part of a region. 2. A part of a region considered essential to the viability and survival of the whole. heath Also heathland. A shrubland habitat found mainly on free-draining, infertile, acidic soils and


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-20.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
horizontal equivalent The distance between two points on a land surface when projected on to a perfectly horizontal (i.e. flat) plane, e.g. on a map, as opposed to measuring the actual physical length along the real-world surface, which can be greatly increased by slopes and other topographic variation. The distance between the start and end points of any route, even if at the same elevation, will often appear to be much shorter on a map than the shortest route that could actually be walked between them, because of the influence of real-world changes in vertical displacement along the path followed by the route. horn A mountain formed by the back-to-back abutment of three or four adjacent cirques, leaving a distinctly pyramidal peak. horst A raised block of the Earth's crust, bounded by parallel escarpments or faults, that has been displaced upward or has remained stationary while adjacent blocks on either side, known as grabens, have been displaced downward. Horsts and grabens often occur side-by-side in a repeated series of vertical displacements. hotspot An area in the middle of a lithospheric plate where magma rises from the mantle and erupts at the Earth's surface, despite being far from the plate's tectonic


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-21
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-21.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
igneous rock Rock formed when molten (melted) materials harden. immigration To move to another country. People that move to another country are called immigrants. impact crater A type of crater formed by the hypervelocity collision of a solid astronomical body, such as a meteor, with the Earth's surface. Unlike volcanic craters, impact craters typically have raised rims higher in elevation and depressed floors lower in elevation than the surrounding terrain. impoundment 1. Another name for a dam that impounds a body of water. 2. The reservoir created by such a dam. improved land Any land area which has been intentionally altered from its natural condition by human activity, such as ploughing, clearing, cultivation, or some other form of management, and thereby made more valuable or productive for human purposes (not necessarily to the benefit of any other organism or the environment in general). Legal definitions vary with location, but in most countries the term refers primarily to certain types of agricultural land or to property which has been developed for residential or commercial use. inclinometer Also clinometer, declinometer, tilt meter, gradient meter, slope gauge, and level gauge. An instrument used to measure angles of slope, elevation, or depression with respect


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-22
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-22.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
intermontane Also intermountain. Situated between mountains or mountain ranges, e.g. the high plateaus lying between the eastern and western ranges of the Andes. International Date Line A line of longitude generally 180 degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian. The date is one day earlier to the east of the line. international waters interpolation In geographic information science, the estimation of the values of spatially dependent variables at unsampled points based on known values of surrounding points, under the assumption that any unknown quantity can be calculated based on its distance to each surrounding quantity. Interpolation techniques such as spline and kriging are commonly raster operations, but can also be applied in vector environments using a triangulated irregular network to model a surface. interruption Any place where the contiguous geographic area represented in a map projection has been split, separating to distant parts of the projection certain features and locations which are in reality much closer to each other, in order to permit the representation of a three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional map. All world maps, for example, have at least one interruption, conventionally along the length of a single meridian, thus forming an east–west boundary despite that the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-23
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-23.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
knickpoint Also nickpoint. 1. A point of abrupt inflection in the longitudinal profile of a river or its channel or valley, such as occurs at a waterfall. 2. Any interruption or break in the character of a slope. knob A peak or projection from the top of a hill or mountain, or any rounded protrusion of land, especially a small but prominent or isolated hill with steep sides; a boulder or an area of resistant rock protruding from the side of a hill or mountain. The term is used primarily in the southern United States. knoll See hillock. kolk Also colc and colk. 1. A violently rotating underwater vortex capable of plucking and scouring depressions in bedrock, which may leave behind distinct pits or lakes known as rock-cut basins or potholes. 2. Another name for a bog pond. kopje See tor. krai In Russia and other Slavic countries, a generic term for a region, historically and politically reserved for border regions in particular, and variously translated as march, frontier, or territory. The term is cognate with the name of Ukraine. kriging Also Gaussian process regression and Wiener–Kolmogorov prediction. In geostatistics, an interpolation technique in which, for a given spatially dependent


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-24
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-24.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
latitude A measure of distance north or south of the Equator. One degree of latitude equals approximately 111 kilometers (69 mi). Lines of latitude, also called circles of latitude or parallels, are the imaginary lines that cross the surface of the Earth in an east-west direction (parallel to the Equator) and measure how far north or south of the Equator a place is located. lava The term used for magma once it has erupted onto the Earth's surface. layer of no motion In oceanography, a hypothetical layer at some depth in the ocean within which the water is assumed to be at rest, implying that the isobaric surfaces within that layer are level and hence that such surfaces can be used as points of reference when calculating absolute-gradient currents. lea A pasture, meadow, or grassy field. leaching A process of soil nutrient removal through the erosive movement and chemical action of water. lee The side or slope of a physical feature (such as a hill or mountain) which faces downwind, i.e. away from the direction in which the wind is blowing, or which faces away from an advancing glacier or ice sheet. The lee side is often sheltered by the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-25
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-25.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
magnetic declination Also magnetic variation. The angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north and true north. Because compass needles always point to magnetic north, and because the Magnetic North Pole and the Geographic North Pole are not in precisely the same location, the north direction indicated by a compass may be slightly different from the direction of geographic north, depending on the user's location on the Earth. The user can compensate for this discrepancy by adding the known declination angle for their location to the magnetic bearing reported by their compass, yielding the true bearing with respect to true north. magnetic dip Also dip angle and magnetic inclination. The angle made with the horizontal by the Earth's magnetic field lines. Locations in the Northern Hemisphere usually have positive values of inclination, indicating that the magnetic field is angled downward, into the Earth; the angle increases as one approaches the North Magnetic Pole, where the field lines point vertically downward, perpendicular to the horizontal. Locations in the Southern Hemisphere usually have negative inclination, indicating that the field lines are angled upward, away from the Earth, with the maximum angle located at the South Magnetic Pole. Dip angle is in principle


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-26
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-26.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
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margin 1. The line or edge along which the surface of a body of water meets the land. 2. In property law, the boundary of a piece of land which is bounded by a stream or watercourse, often with the center of the stream or the thalweg defining the legal boundary. 3. The mostly blank, unused space lying beyond the neatline of a map and completely surrounding the map area. See also surround. marginal land Land that is of low agricultural value because any crops produced from it would be worth the same or less than the costs paid to produce them, either because the rights or improvements required to cultivate it are very expensive, or the market prices for the crops are very low, or for any other reason. A change in economic conditions may allow formerly marginal lands to become profitable again. marginal sea 1. A sea or other large area of the ocean that is partially enclosed by land and/or submarine ridges yet still adjacent to, widely open to, and connected to the larger ocean at the surface; e.g. the Yellow Sea and Hudson Bay. 2. Also territorial sea, marine belt, and maritime belt.Those waters along a


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-27
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-27.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
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Mercator projection Also equatorial cylindrical orthomorphic map projection. A conformal cylindrical map projection in which the equator is represented by a straight line true to scale and meridians are represented by parallel straight lines perpendicular to the equator and uniformly spaced according to the distances between them at the equator. Lines of latitude are also represented by a system of straight lines which are perpendicular to all of the meridians and therefore parallel to the equator, though their spacing is not uniform but rather increases with increasing distance from the equator in order to conform with the expanding scale resulting from the parallel representations of the meridians. The standard Mercator projection has long been popular in navigation because it represents north as up and south as down everywhere in the world while preserving local directions and shapes, though it also greatly inflates the size of objects near the geographic poles. mere A shallow pond, lake, or wetland. The term is used primarily in Great Britain and other parts of Western Europe. mereing A type of surveying in which boundaries are established with respect to ground features present at the time of the survey, which may include natural features and may


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-28
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-28.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
mouth 1. The place where a river or stream flows into another body of water, such as a lake or another river but especially a sea or ocean. Deltas and estuaries occur near the mouths of rivers. 2. The lower or downstream end or the most accessible entrance of a valley, canyon, ravine, or cave. mudflat Also mud flat and tidal flat. A type of coastal wetland consisting of exposed layers of bay mud formed by the deposition of silts, clays, and marine animal detritus by tides or rivers. Mudflats usually form within the intertidal zone of relatively sheltered areas such as bays and lagoons. mudflow See lahar. multicultural Of, pertaining to, or including multiple distinct cultures. multilingual The ability to use more than one language when speaking or writing. This term often refers to the presence of more than two populations of significant size within a single political unit, each group speaking a different language as their primary language. municipal corporation The legal term for a government body at the local level, including but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, towns, townships, villages, and boroughs. municipality A type of general-purpose urban administrative subdivision having corporate status and powers of


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles: Glossary of geography terms (A–M) lists terms beginning with the letters A through M. This page, Glossary of geography terms (N–Z), lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z. Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy. == N == nadir narrows Also narrow. A land or water passage that is confined or restricted by its narrow breadth, often a strait or a water gap. nation A stable community of people formed on the basis of a common geographic territory, language, economy, ethnicity, or psychological make-up as manifested in a common culture. national mapping agency A governmental agency which manages, produces, and publishes topographic maps, geographic data, and sometimes cadastral information that is specific to an individual nation or political territory, such as the United Kingdom's Ordnance Survey. national park A type of


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
North Magnetic Pole Also called the Magnetic North Pole or Magnetic North. The point in the Northern Hemisphere at which the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downward. It is close to but distinct from the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole, and its precise location varies considerably over time due to frequent magnetic changes in the Earth's core. Its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere is the South Magnetic Pole, though the two poles are not directly opposite each other. Northern Hemisphere The half sphere of the Earth that is north of the Equator. It is opposite the Southern Hemisphere. northing nubbin A small, gentle hill consisting of a bedrock core dotted with rounded residual boulders. Nubbins form in a similar way to castle koppies and bornhardts. nunatak == O == oasis A combination of a human settlement and an area of cultivated vegetation in an otherwise desolate desert or semi-desert environment, made fertile when sources of fresh water, such as underground aquifers, irrigate the surface naturally or via man-made wells. oblate spheroid The approximate geometric shape of the Earth: a three-dimensional ellipsoid that is nearly but not exactly a true sphere, being instead slightly flattened at the poles


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
orographic rainfall Precipitation that results when moist air is lifted over a topographic barrier, such as a mountain range. orography A branch of physical geography and geomorphology concerned with the scientific study and description of the topographic relief of the Earth, particularly of mountains and hills, and more broadly of any elevated terrain. orthodrome See great circle. orthodromic distance See great-circle distance. orthophotograph Also orthophoto, orthoimage, or orthoimagery. An aerial photograph or satellite image that has been geometrically corrected or orthorectified such that the scale is uniform across all parts of the image, allowing the image to align with a particular map projection. In an uncorrected aerial photo, distances on the ground may be distorted by topographic relief, camera tilt, or the curvature of the Earth; techniques of digital image processing can compensate for these distortions, often by combining multiple images captured from slightly different perspectives into a single composite image. Orthophotos can be used to measure true distances because they accurately depict the relative sizes and positions of features on the Earth's surface. outback In Australia, the vast, remote, sparsely populated backcountry. See also bush. outcrop Also outcropping. Any visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
pediment An eroded, often bare rock platform, cut into the local bedrock, usually slightly concave and triangular in shape and extending over a considerable area at the foot of an abrupt mountain slope or face, the lower edge sloping gently away. Pediments form basal slopes of transport for weathered material derived from the steeper slope above, and are characteristic of arid and semi-arid lands. pediplain pedology The scientific study of the morphology, composition, and spatial distribution of soils, with an emphasis on classifying soils and understanding their formation and evolution. pedosphere The uppermost layer of the Earth's crust that is composed of soils and subject to pedological processes such as soil formation and erosion, a consequence of dynamic interactions between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. pelagic zone peneplain A low-relief plain leveled by long-term erosion, often implying a landscape that is in the final stages of fluvial erosion during an extended period of tectonic stability, i.e. approaching the point at which all initial topographic inequalities such as mountains and hills have been eroded and evenly redistributed into a broad, flat, uniform surface at or near sea level. peninsula A piece of land surrounded almost entirely by water while still


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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place A particular point on the Earth's surface, or the area surrounding such a point, having or encompassing a definite position; a location, often specifically named, that is identifiable in social interaction because humans have endowed it with meaning or purpose; or a mental representation of a physical space created from functional or emotional associations in the human mind. The concept of place – how places are created, identified, mapped, connected, and used – is fundamental to all of geography. place identity place utility The measure of approval or satisfaction accorded by an individual to a location in his or her action space; the value or usefulness of a particular place as perceived by a particular person. Dissatisfaction with place utility may result in migration. placename See toponym. placer 1. (mineral deposit) An accumulation of valuable minerals, particularly gold, formed by gravity separation from a source rock during natural sedimentary processes. The minerals, weathered from rocks or veins, are washed out by streams and mixed with alluvial deposits of sand or gravel, from which they can then be extracted by placer mining. 2. (reef) A flat, shallow sandbank or reef submerged beneath the ocean surface, often with a sandy bottom


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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polar ice cap Also polar ice sheet. Either of the two very large regions near the Earth's geographical poles that are seasonally or persistently covered in ice, which occurs because high-latitude regions receive less direct solar radiation than other regions and therefore experience much lower surface temperatures. The Earth's polar ice may cover both land and sea, and varies in size seasonally and with long-term climate change. They typically cover a much larger area than true ice caps and are more correctly termed ice sheets. polar region Either of the two high-latitude regions surrounding the Earth's geographical poles (the North and South Poles), which are characterized by frigid climates and extensive polar ice caps. The polar region of the Northern Hemisphere is often called the Arctic and that of the Southern Hemisphere is called the Antarctic. polder Also empolder. A low-lying tract of land enclosed by dikes, forming an artificial hydrological entity by creating land from a naturally inundated area, e.g. by reclaiming land from a lake or sea, or by building barriers around a floodplain or marsh and then draining it. All polders are eventually below the surrounding water table some or all of the time, making them especially


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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pothole Also pot, swirlhole, churn hole, evorsion, rock mill, and eddy mill. 1. Any smooth, bowl-shaped or cylindrical hollow, generally deeper than it is wide, that is carved into the rocky bed of a watercourse such as a stream or river. Fluvial potholes are created by the grinding action of stones or coarse sediment kept in perpetual motion in the same spot by the turbulence of the current. The term is also used to refer to plunge pools beneath waterfalls, which are created by similar processes. See also kolk. 2. A vertical or steeply inclined karstic shaft in a limestone deposit. 3. In the Great Plains of North America, a shallow depression, generally less than 10 acres (4.0 ha) in area, occurring between dunes or on morainic relief on a prairie and often filled by an intermittent pond or marsh. 4. Another name for a kettle. 5. Another name for a panhole. prairie A type of temperate grassland ecosystem dominated by a characteristic composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than by trees. The term is used primarily in North America, but similar ecosystems can be found across the world. Precambrian rock The oldest rocks, generally more than 600 million


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-7.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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rake A sloping terrace on a mountainside or rock face. The term is used primarily in Scotland. rapid Also rapids or whitewater. A section of a river or stream where the riverbed is sufficiently steep, the rate of flow is sufficiently fast, and/or the channel is sufficiently narrow or obstructed by shallow or protruding rocks or other obstacles that the water at the surface is visibly swift, turbulent, and broken, often forming large white-capped breaking waves, eddies, whirlpools, and "holes", in contrast to other sections where relatively slow, steady, laminar flows predominate. Rapids can persist long enough to form distinct, stable patterns at particular locations, though they are ultimately dependent on water volume and thus may change seasonally, disappearing entirely if water levels are too low or too high. Generally, watercourses are more likely to form rapids closer to their source, where channels are relatively shallow and narrow and often pass through mountainous or highly eroded terrain, than to downstream portions near their mouth, where channels tend to be deeper and wider. raster A representation of spatial data within a two-dimensional image that defines space as a rectangular array or grid of equally sized cells arranged in rows and columns,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-8.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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relief The actual physical surface of a region of the Earth, i.e. the specific shape, dimensions, and particularities of its terrain; or the deviation of a real-world surface from a reference surface such as the geoid, a sphere, or a plane. When only the patterns and contours of the natural surface are considered and man-made features are ignored, relief is more or less synonymous with topography. relief map See topographic map. religion The belief in a supernatural power that is regarded as the creator and maintainer of the universe, as well as the system of beliefs itself. remote (of a particular location) Isolated or inaccessible, either by being physically very distant from another location or by lacking connectivity to transportation or communication networks which would otherwise make exchange between locations convenient. remote sensing The gathering of information about an object or place from a remote location (i.e. without making physical on-site observations), most commonly by the use of satellite- or aircraft-based electromagnetic sensor technologies. representative fraction (RF) The fraction expressing the ratio between the distance measured between two points on a map and the corresponding actual distance measured between those points in the real world, used to indicate the map's


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-9.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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rose A diagram printed on a map consisting of a set of lines radiating from a point and marked so as to indicate velocity or some other quantity having direction; e.g. a compass rose or current rose. route 1. A way or course taken in getting from one place to another; an established or selected course of travel or action; a line of travel or means of access, especially when marked by a path, track, road, or rail. 2. A circuit traveled in delivering, selling, or collecting goods, e.g. by a mail carrier. routefinding The determination of a viable route or line of travel between two places, especially in rugged or unexplored areas such as mountainous terrain or in conditions of poor visibility, and especially when done without the benefits of prior knowledge of the area, maps, or other technology that might aid orienteering, instead relying entirely on recognition of natural features and landmarks and quick estimations of distance, scale, ease, and safety. rural An adjective describing any geographic area located outside areas of significant human population such as towns and cities; all population, housing, and territory not included within an urban area is often said to be rural. Rural


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-10.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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sea lane Also sea road, seaway, or shipping lane. A navigable route across a wide waterway such as an ocean, sea, or large lake that is regularly used for maritime trade by large vessels or ships because it is safe, direct, and economical. sea level The average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans from which heights such as elevation and altitude are commonly measured. Often called mean sea level (MSL), it is a type of standardized geodetic vertical datum that is used in numerous applications, including surveying, cartography, and navigation. Mean sea level is commonly defined as the midpoint between the mean low and mean high tides at a particular location. sea stack See stack. seabed Also sea floor or ocean floor. The bottom of a sea or ocean. As with land terrain, the ocean floor may have ridges, mountains, valleys, and plains. seaboard Any extensive region of land adjacent to the sea, broadly synonymous with coast or coastline. seamount A mountain (often a volcano) rising from the ocean floor whose summit does not reach the water's surface and which is therefore entirely submerged and not an island or islet. search space In human geography,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-11.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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shield volcano A class of volcano that resembles an inverted warrior's shield, with long gentle slopes produced by multiple eruptions of fluid lava flows. shoal Also sandbank, sandbar, or gravel bar. A natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of or is covered by sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the bed of a body of water to just below or above the surface. shore Also shoreline. The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. Compare coast. shore platform See wave-cut platform. shoulder 1. A rounded spur on a mountainside; or a bench on the side of a glacier-deepened U-shaped valley, demarcating an abrupt transition between the gentle upper slopes which have been largely unaffected by glacial erosion and the steep lower slopes of the heavily eroded inner valley. 2. The part of a roadway between the edge of the graded or paved driving surface and the top of the foreslope of an adjacent ditch or embankment. shoulder drop See topographic prominence. side valley A valley whose mouth opens onto a larger, lower-order valley to which its drainage is tributary. sighting compass A handheld magnetic


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-12.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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soil building process The creation of organic matter from weathered rock, air, and water. soil horizon A distinct layer of soil which can be distinguished from other layers in vertical cross-section. solstice The time when the Sun reaches its most northerly or southerly excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. Two solstices occur annually, around 20–22 June and 20–22 December. In many countries, the seasons of the year are defined by reference to the solstices and the equinoxes. solution pan See panhole. solubility The degree to which a substance can be dissolved in another substance. In a geographical context, solubility is a characteristic of soil minerals that describes their tendency to be carried away in solution by water. See also leaching. sound 1. A large inlet of a sea or ocean that is larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, and wider than a fjord. 2. A narrow sea or ocean channel between two landmasses. sounding 1. A measured depth in water, usually a measurement of the distance from an instrument on a vessel at the surface to the bottom of the bed or floor of the body of water at a point directly below the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-13.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
spatiomap A map that is not merely a diagrammatic representation of a place but is based on an aerial orthophotograph, such that the map includes actual imagery of ground-level features which are often omitted from conventional maps. Spatiomaps are usually created by overlaying annotations directly upon an orthophoto, such as a north arrow or compass rose, a scale bar, political boundaries and labels, or other cartographical information. They are useful when reliable data from ground-based surveys are missing for a particular geographical area or when accurate maps must be produced very quickly, especially during disaster relief efforts where a natural disaster has dramatically changed ground-level detail but new surveys have not yet been conducted. spirit level spit Also sandspit. A type of bar or shoal extending from a beach into an ocean or lake and which develops by the deposition of sediment as a result of longshore drift. Spits form where the shoreline sharply changes direction, such as at a headland, and often develop a "hooked" or recurve shape at their distal ends. spot elevation Also spot height. A point on a map or chart whose height or elevation above a specified reference datum (often mean sea level) is explicitly


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-14.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
strip map A map covering only a narrow band of territory in which the user is interested, e.g. alongside each side of a trail or vehicle route. subcontinent A large landmass forming a contiguous part of an even larger continent, though often separable by physiographic or political boundaries, e.g. the Indian subcontinent; or a non-contiguous but still very large landmass that is smaller than one usually termed a continent, e.g. Greenland. subduction zone The place where two lithospheric plates come together, one riding over the other. Most volcanoes on land occur parallel to and inland from the boundary between the two plates. subglacial Of, relating to, or formed on or by the underside of a glacier. Contrast englacial and superglacial. sublittoral 1. Of or relating to the coastal area of the sea between the intertidal zone and the edge of the continental shelf. Compare littoral zone. 2. Of or relating to the deepest parts of a lake or other large body of freshwater, distant from the shore, where plants cannot root. See also aphotic zone. subsequent (of a stream, river, or any natural water flow) Flowing along a course determined by the structure of the local bedrock. Contrast consequent and


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-15.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
tectonic plate Any of several very large divisions of the Earth's crust consisting of solid rock which "floats" on top of the semi-solid mantle. temperate zone Traditionally, either of the two mid-latitude regions of the Earth defined by their latitudinal position between the tropics and the polar zones, i.e. the region between latitudes 23°30' N and 66°30' N, or that between 23°30' S and 66°30' S. In modern usage, the term may refer instead to regions of mild or temperate climate, regardless of latitude. temperature inversion An increase in temperature with height above the Earth's surface, a reversal of the normal pattern, often observed in deep valleys and basins that are mostly or entirely enclosed by high mountain ranges. tephra Solid material of all sizes explosively ejected from a volcano into the atmosphere. terminal moraine Also end moraine. A moraine that forms at the terminus or snout of a glacier, marking its furthest advance. Debris transported by plucking and abrasion accumulates at the glacier's leading edge, where it is deposited in an unsorted pile of sediment as the ice begins to retreat. terracette One of a series of regularly spaced, horizontal, step-like ridges forming a distinctive ribbed pattern on a


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-16.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
tidal creek Also tidal channel. A narrow inlet or estuary that is affected by the ebb and flow of tides from an adjacent ocean. Water in the lower portions of these channels tends to vary greatly in depth, salinity, electrical conductivity, and other hydrological properties over the course of the tidal cycle, but is often slow-moving and rich in organic sediment drained from upstream freshwater sources, making them important habitats for many species. tidal flat An extensive, nearly horizontal, and barren or sparsely vegetated tract of land at the edge of a sea or ocean that is alternately covered and uncovered by the tide. tidal prism The total volume of water that flows in and out of a coastal inlet or estuary with each cycle of the tides, excluding any freshwater discharges; i.e. the difference in the inlet's volume between the mean high and low tides. tidal range The difference in height between high tide and low tide at a given location. This range may vary over the course of the year, e.g. during neap tides and spring tides. tide The periodic rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-17.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
township A type of populated place or administrative subdivision for which definitions vary widely between jurisdictions. In the United States, the township is the basic unit of land in the Public Land Survey System, a quadrangle with sides of approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) aligned to parallels and meridians and further subdivided into 36 one-square-mile sections. The location of each township is specified with respect to a designated reference parallel and a reference meridian. township and range The rectangular system of land subdivision used to plat real property for sale and settlement in much of the agriculturally settled United States west of the Appalachian Mountains, established by the Land Ordinance of 1785. towpath A road or path alongside a navigable river, canal, or other inland waterway designed to allow land vehicles, draught animals, or a team of human pullers to tow a boat or barge. trafficability The capacity of a soil or of a particular type of terrain to permit the movement of vehicles or pedestrians. trail transferability The extent to which a good or service can be moved from one location to another; the relative capacity for spatial interaction. transhumance The seasonal movement of people and animals in search


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-18.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
trough Any elongated, generally U-shaped valley, ravine, basin, or ditch, natural or artificial, dry or wet. Particularly common usages refer to a submarine trench or deep in the ocean floor, or to a geological syncline. true north Also geodetic north. The direction along the Earth's surface towards the Geographic North Pole. Geodetic true north differs from magnetic north and grid north, and also very slightly from astronomical true north, which is based on the direction of the north celestial pole. true south Also geodetic south. The direction along the Earth's surface that is exactly opposite (i.e. bearing 180 degrees) of true north, towards the Geographic South Pole. trunk See main stem. tsunami A giant ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption with great destructive power. tundra A treeless plain characteristic of the Arctic and subarctic regions. tunnel valley A deep, greatly elongated, U-shaped valley carved from land beneath a mass of glacial ice, often near the margin of a continental ice sheet. Tunnel valleys may be up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) wide, and 400 metres (1,300 ft) deep, and often occur side-by-side in a series of multiple parallel valleys. turlough In


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-19.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
volcanic avalanche Also debris avalanche. A large, chaotic mass of soil, rock, and volcanic debris moving swiftly down the slopes of a volcano. Volcanic avalanches can also occur without an eruption due to an earthquake, heavy rainfall, or unstable soil, rock, and volcanic debris. volcanic crater A type of crater created by volcanic activity, typically shaped like a bowl and containing one or more volcanic vents. Compare caldera. volcano A vent or opening in the Earth's surface through which magma erupts, or the landform that is constructed by the eruptive material. volcanology Also vulcanology. The scientific study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and the body of related geophysical phenomena known as volcanism. It is a branch of geology and Earth science which seeks to understand the formation, activity, and dormancy of volcanoes, their current and historic eruptions, and how to predict them. vrtače See doline. == W == wadi 1. A dry, ephemeral riverbed which contains water only when heavy rainfall occurs. 2. Another name for a valley, used primarily in Arabic-speaking parts of the world. warping 1. The slow, gentle deformation of the Earth's crust over a wide area, resulting in a raising or lowering of the surface. 2. (sedimentation)


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-20.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
wave-cut platform Also shore platform, wave-cut cliff, or coastal bench. A flat erosion surface along the shore of a lake, bay, or sea that is formed by the undercutting and eventual collapse of a sea cliff as a result of repetitive wave action. waypoint A reference point in physical space used for purposes of navigation, especially when plotted on a map or in a GIS application as part of a traveled route. weathering The breaking of rocks into smaller rocks, gradually becoming soil. weir Also low head dam. A man-made obstruction built across the width of a river that alters its flow and usually results in a change in the height of the river level, commonly by permitting water to flow freely over a low barrier before cascading down to a lower level. Weirs may serve many purposes, including decreasing or increasing the force of the current, maintaining water depth, or diverting or impounding flow, typically for navigation, irrigation, fishing, to generate a head for a water mill, or to control outflow from a lake or reservoir. Compare dam and barrage. welfare geography An approach in human geography which considers the areal differentiation and spatial organization of human activity from


id: glossary-of-hebrew-toponyms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of Hebrew toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:31.550888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-hebrew-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary gives translations of Hebrew terms commonly found as components in Hebrew toponyms. == B == Be'er Beer Be'erot (plural) בְּאֵר, wiktionary:באר, 'well'; plural בְּאֵרוֹת All pages with titles beginning with Beer All pages with titles beginning with Be'er All pages with titles beginning with Be'erot BeitBayit (sometimes)BethBet בֵּית, wiktionary:בית, 'house' All pages with titles beginning with Beit All pages with titles beginning with Bayit All pages with titles beginning with Beth All pages with titles beginning with Bet == E == Ein'En עַיִן, wiktionary:עין, 'spring, fountain' All pages with titles beginning with Ein All pages with titles beginning with 'En Emek עֵמֶק, wiktionary:עמק, 'valley' All pages with titles beginning with Emek == G == Gan גַּן, wiktionary:גן, 'garden' All pages with titles containing Gan Giv'atGivatGivatayim (dual)Giv'ot (plural) גִּבְעַת, wiktionary:גבעה, 'hill' All pages with titles beginning with Givat All pages with titles beginning with Giv'at All pages with titles beginning with Giv'ot == H == Har הַר, wiktionary:הר, 'mountain' All pages with titles beginning with Har == I == Illit עילית, wiktionary:עילית, 'upper' All pages with titles containing Illit == K == Kerem כֶּרֶם, wiktionary:כרם, 'vineyard' All pages with titles beginning with Kerem Kfar כְּפַר, wiktionary:כפר, 'village' All pages


id: list-of-highest-large-cities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities-0.md
category: reference
title: List of highest large cities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:32.821149+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-highest-large-cities-20260505-0
summary:
This list of the highest cities in the world includes only cities with a population greater than 100,000 inhabitants and an average height above sea level over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). == See also == List of cities by elevation == References ==


id: list-of-historical-maps-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps-0.md
category: reference
title: List of historical maps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:34.059214+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historical-maps-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of notable extant historical maps. == Early world maps == Babylonian Map of the World (flat-earth diagram on a clay tablet, c. 600 BC) Tabula Rogeriana (1154) Psalter world map (1260) Tabula Peutingeriana (1265, medieval map of the Roman Empire, believed to be based on 4th century source material) Hereford Mappa Mundi (c. 1285; the largest medieval map known still to exist) Map of Maximus Planudes (c. 1300), earliest extant realization of Ptolemy's world map (2nd century) Gangnido (Korea, 1402) Bianco world map (1436) Fra Mauro map (c. 1450) Map of Bartolomeo Pareto (1455) Genoese map (1457) Map of Juan de la Cosa (1500) Cantino planisphere (1502) Piri Reis map (1513) Dieppe maps (c. 1540s-1560s) Mercator 1569 world map Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Ortelius, Netherlands, 1570–1612) Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (1602) == Notable atlases == Atlas Maior (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1635–1658) Klencke Atlas (1660) Atlas Maior (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1662–1667) Cary's New and Correct English Atlas (London, 1787) Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas (Germany, 1881–1939; in the UK as Times Atlas of the World, 1895) Times Atlas of the World (United Kingdom, 1895) Rand McNally Atlas (United States, 1881–present) Stielers Handatlas (Germany, 1817–1944) Atlante Internazionale del Touring Club Italiano (Italy, 1927)


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
There are hot springs on all continents and in many countries around the world. Countries that are renowned for their hot springs include Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Fiji, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Romania, Turkey, Taiwan, New Zealand, and the United States, but there are interesting and unique hot springs in many other places as well. == Africa == === Algeria === Hammam Chellala (Thermes Chellala) Hammam Essalihine (Thermes de Flavius), 35.4403°N 7.0844°E Hammam Guedjima (Thermes Guedjima) Guelma (Source de Guelma) N'Gaous (Source de Saïda) === Democratic Republic of the Congo === Kambo, North Kivu, in North Kivu province (150 to 270 °C) Uvira, South Kivu province (275 to 369 °C), 3°22′12″S 29°08′24″E === Egypt === Hammam Musa (Moses' Bath) Hammam Pharaon (Pharaoh Bath) Oyoun Mossa (Moses Springs) Siwa === Eswatini === There are thirteen developed and undeveloped hot spring pools in Eswatini. All are sulphur springs with temperatures ranging from 26 °C to 52 °C. Ezulwini spring Fairview spring Lobamba spring Madubula spring Mawelawela spring Mbekelweni spring Mbikwakhe hot spring Mbondela spring Mkoba spring Mpopoma spring Mvuntshini spring Ngwempisi spring Siphofaneni spring === Ethiopia === Dallol Hot Springs at Dallol volcano, Afar Region, Ethiopia Sodere (Oromo: Sodaree), a spa town


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-1.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
==== British Columbia ==== Ahousat Hot Springs, Ahousat (Gibson Marine Provincial Park) Ainsworth Hot Springs and Cody Caves, south of Kaslo Bishop Bay Hot Springs, located in Devastation Channel, south of Kitimat, North Coast Boulder Creek Hot Springs (aka Pebble Creek Hot Springs and Keyhole Hot Springs) in the Pemberton Valley Brandywine Creek Hot Springs Canyon Hot Springs and Albert Canyon, near Revelstoke Dewar Hot Springs, Purcell Mountains Fairmont Hot Springs, near Invermere Frizzell Hotsprings, lower Skeena River Harrison Hot Springs, north of Agassiz Hotspring Island, Haida Gwaii Iskut River Hot Springs Lakelse Hot Springs, Terrace Liard River Hot Springs Lussier Hot Springs in Whiteswan Lake Provincial Park Meager Creek Hot Springs northwest of Pemberton Mount Cayley Hot Springs Mount Layton Hot Springs, near Kitimat Nascall Hot Springs, located in Dean Channel Nakusp and vicinity, along the Arrow Lakes: Coyote Springs Halcyon Hot Springs Halfway River Nakusp Hot Springs Octopus Creek Upper Halfway River Wilson Lake Pitt River Hot Springs, on the upper Pitt River Prophet River Hot Springs, Alaska Highway Radium Hot Springs, Columbia Valley Ram Creek Hot Springs, Skookumchuck Ramsay Hot Springs near Ahousat Shearwater Hot Springs, south of Kitimat, North Coast Sherwin Hot Springs, west side of


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-2.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
Conundrum Hot Springs Hot Sulphur Springs Idaho Springs Glenwood Springs Ouray Pagosa hot springs (110 °F to 144 °F/62 °C), 37°16′5″N 107°1′28″W Penny Hot Springs Radium Hot Springs Steamboat Springs ==== Florida ==== Warm Mineral Springs ==== Georgia ==== Radium Springs (20 °C, 68 °F) Warm Springs (90 °F) ==== Idaho ==== Boat Box Hot Spring Frenchman's Hot Springs Goldbug Hot Springs Green Canyon Hot Springs Heise Hot Springs, Ririe (28 °C, 82 °F) Lava Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs) Silver Creek Hot Spring Stanley Hot Springs Sunflower Hot Springs ==== Illinois ==== Little Hot Springs of Illinois ==== Massachusetts ==== Sand Spring (75 °F / 24 °C) ==== Montana ==== Chico Hot Springs (104 °F / 40 °C) Gregson Hot Springs Hot Springs Hunters Hot Springs Lolo Hot Springs Montana Sleeping Buffalo Hot Springs ==== Nevada ==== ==== New Mexico ==== Black Rock Hot Springs, near Taos Faywood Hot Springs Jordan Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) Manby Hot Springs, near Taos McCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs Melanie Hot Springs, near Silver City Middle Fork Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) Montezuma Hot Springs Ojo Caliente Hot Springs, Ojo Caliente Radium Hot Springs San Antonio Hot Springs, Jemez Springs Soda Dam


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-3.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
==== Sumatra ==== Danau Linting (Hot Spring Lake about 8000 m2 near tiga juhar village), Deli Serdang, North Sumatra Dolok Tinggi Raja white crater, Simalungun District, North Sumatra; dubbed mini Pamukkale or mini Yellowstone Gemuhak, Muara Anip Regency, South Sumatra Ie Seum (Aceh Language: Hot Water), near Port Malayahati Krueng Raya, Aceh Besar, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Sei Batang Serangan Hot Spring (at Ekowisata Tangkahan), Langkat, North Sumatra Sei Wampu Hot Spring (White Water Hot Spring at Wampu River near Marike Estate of PTPN II), Langkat, North Sumatra Hot Semurup, Air Hangat Subdistrict, Kerinci Sibayak Hot Spring (at Lau Debuk-Debuk Village), Karo District, North Sumatra Tarutung Hot Spring (many Hot Spring Like Hutabarat, Sipaholon), North Tapanuli, North Sumatra === Iran === Ferdows Hot Spring Kousar Hot Spring Meshkin Shahr (Ghoutor Soee, Ilanjigh, Gheynarjeh, Shabil) Sar-Ein Hot Springs, more than 20 traditional and modern thermal springs Sardabeh Hot Spring === Israel === Ein Gedi Hamat Gader Hamei Ga'ash Hamei Yoav Tiberias === Japan === Being located in the "Pacific Ring of Fire", Japan is in a volcanic region, and is home to many hot springs. The onsen (a Japanese word for "hot spring") plays a notable role in Japanese culture. In March


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-4.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
Blue Lagoon, Grindavík, 36 °C Deildartunguhver 97 °C Geysir hot springs Grjótagjá Gunnuhver hot springs Guðrúnarlaug hot spring Hellulaug Hrunalaug (Hruni hot springs) Hveragarðurinn Hveravellir Hverir Kualaug hot spring Mývatn Nature Baths Pollurinn hot springs Reykjadalur Hot Spring Thermal River Seltún Hot Springs Sky Lagoon === Italy === Abano Terme, Veneto, 130 hot springs Aeolian Islands, Sicily, hot springs Arta Terme, Friuli Venezia Giulia, sulphurous springs Bagni di Craveggia, Valle Onsernone, hot springs, 28 degrees C Bagni di Lucca, Tuscany, thermal springs Bagni San Filippo, near Monte Amiata, Tuscany Bagni di Tivoli, Lazio, sulphurous springs Bagno Vignoni, near Val d'Orcia, Tuscany Baiae, ancient Roman volcanic hot springs town on the shore of the Gulf of Naples, now partially submerged Bormio, Sondrio Province, Lombardy (geothermal spa), 36–43 degrees C Brisighella, Emilia Romagna, sulphorus waters Caramanico Terme, Abruzzi, two springs Chianciano Terme, Tuscany Ischia, Campania, volcanic heat source Islands Sciacca, Sicily, sulphurous waters Monsummano, Grotta Parlanti and Grotta Giusti, Northern Tuscany Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, thermal springs Montegrotto Terme, Veneto Petriolo, Tuscany Piemonte Acqui Terme, Piedmont, sulphurous spring Rapolano Terme, Tuscany San Casciano dei Bagni, Tuscany San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Tuscany, thermal springs Santa Cesarea Terme, Lecce Province, Apulia Region, coastal thermal spring


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-5.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Turkey === Afyonkarahisar (Gazlıgöl, Heybeli, Ömer, Hüdai, Gecek) Aksaray (Ihlara Valley, Ziga) Amasya (Terziköy, Hamamözü, Gözlek) Ankara (Ayaş, Beypazarı, Dutlu, Kapullu, Haymana, Kızılcahamam) Aydın (Alangüllü, Germencik, İmamköy Kızıldere, Kuşadası) Ağrı (Didaydın) Balıkesir (Balya, Bigadiç, Edremit, Ferman, Güre, Pamukçu, Sındırgı, Gönen) Bolu (Karacasu, Babas, Sarot, Seben, Çatak) Bursa (Çelik Palas, Kükürtlü, Karamustafa, Kaynarca, Eski Kaplıca) Çanakkale (Afrodit, Külcüler, Çan, Tepeköy, Hıdırlar, Kestanbolu, Kızılca, Küçük Çeymi) Çankırı (Çavundur, Acısu) Denizli (Pamukkale, Gölemezli, Babacık, Tekkeköy, Kızıldere, Çizmeli, Karahayıt) Diyarbakır (Çermik) Erzurum (Pasinler, Ilıca, Köprüköy) Eskişehir (City center, Sakarılıca, Hamamkarahisar, Yarıkçı, Kızılinler) Istanbul (Tuzla) İzmir (Balçova, Nebiler, Reisdere, Karakoç, Gülbahçe) Kahramanmaraş (Ekinözü, Büyük Kızılcık, Zeytun) Kayseri (Bayramhacı, Yeşilhisar, Tekgöz, Hacı Veli) Konya (Ilgın, İsmil, Seydişehir, Karasu, Kuşaklı) Kütahya (Harlek, Yoncalı, Yeşil, Kaynarca, Murat Dağı, Simav-Eynal, Tavşanlı-Göbel, Hisarcık-Esire, Çıtgöl, Dereli) Kırşehir (Terme, Karakurt, Bulamaçlı, Mahmutlu) Manisa (Kurşunlu, Sart, Urganlı, Emir, Saraycık, Hisar, Menteşe, Ilıcak) Muğla (Fethiye, Bodrum, Dalaman) Nevşehir (Kozaklı) Rize (Ayder) Sakarya (Kuzuluk, Acısu, Taraklı, Çökek) Sivas (Akçaağıl, Alamani, Kangal, Balıklı, Ortaköy, Sıcak/Soğuk Çermiği) Tokat (Sulusaray, Reşadiye) Yalova (Termal, Armutlu) Yozgat (Sarıkaya, Saraykent, Karadikmeni, Boğazlıyan, Sorgun, Yerköy) === United Kingdom === There are many geothermal springs in the UK, but the hot springs found in the town of Bath, Somerset are the only


id: housing-affordability-in-anglophone-countries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries-0.md
category: reference
title: Housing affordability in anglophone countries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:36.814644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: housing-affordability-in-anglophone-countries-20260505-0
summary:
The 16th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2020 analyzed affordability in 7 Anglophone countries and Hong Kong. Among this sample, the housing markets with the least affordable real estate prices are Hong Kong, Vancouver, and Sydney. The top three housing markets with the most affordable real estate prices based on major housing markets are Rochester, New York, Cleveland, Ohio, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. This survey was performed by Demographia, a global analysis firm. == Methodology == The prices are based on data from the third quarter of 2019. The housing markets ranked are located in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, United Kingdom, and the United States. The report also includes special coverage on Russia. The housing markets are ranked on middle income housing affordability, which uses the "median multiple". This was calculated by taking the median house price divided by the median gross pre-tax household income of the housing market. The median multiple is used widely for analyzing housing markets and is recommended by the World Bank and the United Nations. It has also been used by the Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University. Demographia uses housing affordability ratings to categorize each housing market's


