diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 705b8c854..813ec55f8 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7afd9257f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "Arbor Day" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season. + +== Origins and history == + +=== First Arbor Day === +The Spanish village of Mondoñedo held the first documented arbor plantation festival in the world organized by its mayor in 1594. The place remains as Alameda de los Remedios and it is still planted with lime and horse-chestnut trees. A humble granite marker and a bronze plate recall the event. Additionally, the small Spanish village of Villanueva de la Sierra held the first modern Arbor Day, an initiative launched in 1805 by the local priest with the enthusiastic support of the entire population. + +While Napoleon was ravaging Europe with his ambition in this village in the Sierra de Gata lived a priest, don Juan Abern Samtrés, which, according to the chronicles, "convinced of the importance of trees for health, hygiene, decoration, nature, environment and customs, decides to plant trees and give a festive air. The festival began on Carnival Tuesday with the ringing of two bells of the church, and the Middle and the Big. After the Mass, and even coated with church ornaments, don Juan, accompanied by clergies, teachers and a large number of neighbours, planted the first tree, a poplar, in the place known as Valley of the Ejido. Tree plantations continued by Arroyada and Fuente de la Mora. Afterwards, there was a feast, and did not miss the dance. The party and plantations lasted three days. He drafted a manifesto in defence of the trees that was sent to surrounding towns to spread the love and respect for nature, and also he advised to make tree plantations in their localities. + +=== First American Arbor Day === + +The first American Arbor Day was originated by J. Sterling Morton of Nebraska City, Nebraska, at an annual meeting of the Nebraska State board of agriculture held in Lincoln. On April 10, 1872, an estimated one million trees were planted in Nebraska. +In 1883, the American Forestry Association made Birdsey Northrop of Connecticut the chairman of the committee to campaign for Arbor Day nationwide; Northrop further globalized the idea when he visited Japan in 1895 and delivered his Arbor Day and Village Improvement message. He also brought his enthusiasm for Arbor Day to Australia, Canada, and other countries in Europe. + +=== McCreight and Theodore Roosevelt === +Beginning in 1906, Pennsylvania conservationist Major Israel McCreight of DuBois, Pennsylvania, argued that President Theodore Roosevelt's conservation speeches were limited to businessmen in the lumber industry and recommended a campaign of youth education and a national policy on conservation education. McCreight urged Roosevelt to make a public statement to school children about trees and the destruction of American forests. Conservationist Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the United States Forest Service, embraced McCreight's recommendations and asked the President to speak to the public school children of the United States about conservation. On April 15, 1907, Roosevelt issued an "Arbor Day Proclamation to the School Children of the United States" about the importance of trees and that forestry deserves to be taught in U.S. schools. Pinchot wrote McCreight, "we shall all be indebted to you for having made the suggestion." + +== Observance by country == + +=== Algeria === +Algeria celebrates Arbor Day on October 25. They teach children about trees and host tree planting events. In 2025, they launched a campaign to plant one million trees. + +=== Australia === +Arbor Day has been observed in Australia since the first event took place in Adelaide, South Australia on the 20th June 1889. Planet Ark's National Schools Tree Day is held on the last Friday of July for schools and National Tree Day the last Sunday in July throughout Australia. Many states have Arbour Day, although Victoria has an Arbour Week, which was suggested by Premier Rupert (Dick) Hamer in the 1980s. + +=== Belgium === +International Day of Tree Planting is celebrated in Flanders on or around 21 March as a theme-day/educational-day/observance, not as a public holiday. Tree planting is sometimes combined with awareness campaigns of the fight against cancer under the name Kom Op Tegen Kanker. + +=== Brazil === +The Arbor Day (Dia da Árvore) is celebrated on September 21. It is not a national holiday. However, schools nationwide celebrate this day with environment-related activities, namely tree planting. + +=== British Virgin Islands === +Arbour Day is celebrated on November 22. It is sponsored by the National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands. They have celebrated the holiday since the 1950s. Activities include an annual national Arbour Day Poetry Competition and tree planting ceremonies throughout the territory. + +=== Cambodia === +Cambodia celebrates Arbor Day on July 9 with a tree planting ceremony attended by the king. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..626b7ff21 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "Arbor Day" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Canada === +The day was founded by Sir George William Ross, later the premier of Ontario, when he was minister of education in Ontario (1883–1899). According to the Ontario Teachers' Manuals "History of Education" (1915), Ross established both Arbour Day and Empire Day—"the former to give the school children an interest in making and keeping the school grounds attractive, and the latter to inspire the children with a spirit of patriotism" (p. 222). This predates the claimed founding of the day by Don Clark of Schomberg, Ontario for his wife Margret Clark in 1906. In Canada, National Forest Week is the last full week of September, and National Tree Day (Maple Leaf Day) falls on the Wednesday of that week. Ontario celebrates Arbour Week from the last Friday in April to the first Sunday in May. Prince Edward Island celebrates Arbour Day on the third Friday in May during Arbour Week. Arbour Day is the longest running civic greening project in Calgary and is celebrated on the first Thursday in May. On this day, each grade 1 student in Calgary's schools receives a tree seedling to be taken home to be planted on private property. + +=== Central African Republic === +National Tree Planting Day is on July 22. + +=== Chile === +"Dia del Arbol" was celebrated on June 28, 2022, as defined by Chile's Environment Ministry + +=== Greater China === + +==== Republic of China (Taiwan) ==== +Arbor Day (植樹節) was founded by the forester Ling Daoyang in 1915 and has been a traditional holiday in the Republic of China since 1916. The Beiyang government's Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce first commemorated Arbor Day in 1915 at the suggestion of forester Ling Daoyang. In 1916, the government announced that all provinces of the Republic of China would celebrate the on the same day as the Qingming Festival, April 5, despite the differences in climate across China, which is on the first day of the fifth solar term of the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. From 1929, by decree of the Nationalist government, Arbor Day was changed to March 12, to commemorate the death of Sun Yat-sen, who had been a major advocate of afforestation in his life. Following the retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan in 1949, the celebration of Arbor Day on March 12 was retained. + +==== People's Republic of China ==== +In People's Republic of China, during the fourth session of the Fifth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China in 1979 adopted the Resolution on the Unfolding of a Nationwide Voluntary Tree-planting Campaign. This resolution established the Arbor Day (植树节), also March 12, and stipulated that every able-bodied citizen between the ages of 11 and 60 should plant three to five trees per year or do the equivalent amount of work in seedling, cultivation, tree tending, or other services. Supporting documentation instructs all units to report population statistics to the local afforestation committees for workload allocation. Many couples choose to marry the day before the annual celebration, and they plant the tree to mark beginning of their life together and the new life of the tree. + +=== Republic of Congo === +National Tree Planting Day is on November 6. + +=== Costa Rica === +"Día del Árbol" is on June 15. + +=== Colombia === +"Día de los Árboles" (Day of Trees) is on April 29. + +=== Cuba === +"Dia del Árbol" (Day of the Tree) was first observed on October 10, 1904, and today is officially observed on June 21 of each year. + +=== Czechia === +Arbor Day in the Czech Republic is celebrated on October 20. + +=== Egypt === +Arbor Day is on January 15. + +=== Germany === +Arbor Day ("Tag des Baumes") is on April 25. Its first celebration was in 1952. + +=== India === +Van Mahotsav is an annual pan-Indian tree-planting festival, during a week in July. During this event, millions of trees are planted. It was initiated in 1950 by K. M. Munshi, the then Union Minister for Agriculture and Food, to create an enthusiasm in the mind of the populace for the conservation of forests and planting of trees. +The name Van Mahotsava (the festival of trees) originated in July 1947 after a successful tree-planting drive was undertaken in Delhi, in which national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr Rajendra Prasad and Abul Kalam Azad participated. Paryawaran Sachetak Samiti, a leading environmental organization conducts mass events and activities on this special day celebration each year. The week was simultaneously celebrated in a number of states in the country. + +=== Iran === + +In Iran, it is known as "National Tree Planting Day". By the Solar Hijri calendar, it is on the fifteenth day of the month Esfand, which usually corresponds with March 5. This day is the first day of the "Natural Recyclable Resources Week" (March 5 to 12). +This is the time when the saplings of the all kinds in terms of different climates of different parts of Iran are shared among the people. They are also taught how to plant trees. + +=== Israel === + +The Jewish holiday Tu Bishvat, the new year for trees, is on the 15th day of the month of Shvat, which usually falls in January or February. Originally based on the date used to calculate the age of fruit trees for tithing as mandated in Leviticus 19:23–25, the holiday now is most often observed by planting trees or raising money to plant trees, and by eating dried fruits, specifically Raisins, figs, dates and nuts. Tu Bishvat is a semi-official holiday in Israel; schools are open but Hebrew-speaking schools often go on tree-planting excursions. + +=== Italy === +Italy's national Arbor Day is held on November 21. + +=== Japan === +Japan celebrates a similarly themed Greenery Day, held on May 4. + +=== Kenya === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57747c60b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Arbor Day" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Historically, Kenya celebrated National Tree Planting Day on April 21. Often, people plant palm trees and coconut trees along the Indian Ocean that borders the east coast of Kenya. They plant trees to remember Prof. Wangari Maathai, who won a Nobel Peace Prize for planting of trees and caring for them all over Kenya. +With the Kenyan government launching a campaign to plant 15 billion trees by 2032, they launched National Tree Growing Day with very aggressive targets for the number of trees to be planted. The first national public holiday was November 13, 2023. The second was May 10, 2024, with a goal to plant one billion trees in a single day. + +=== Korea === + +North Korea marks "Tree Planting Day" on March 2, when people across the country plant trees. This day is considered to combine traditional Asian cultural values with the country's dominant Communist ideology. +In South Korea, April 5, Singmogil or Sikmogil (식목일), the Arbor Day, was a public holiday until 2005. Even though Singmogil is no longer an official holiday, the day is still celebrated, with the South Korean public continuing to take part in tree-planting activities. + +=== Lesotho === +National Tree Planting Day is usually on March 21 depending on the lunar cycle. + +=== Luxembourg === +National Tree Planting Day is on the second Saturday in November. + +=== Malawi === +National Tree Planting Day is on the 2nd Monday of December. + +=== Mexico === + +The Día del Árbol was established in Mexico in 1959 with President Adolfo López Mateos issuing a decree that it should be observed on the 2nd Thursday of July. + +=== Mongolia === +National Tree Planting Day is on the 2nd Saturday of May and October. The first National Tree Planting Day was celebrated May 8, 2010. + +=== Namibia === +Namibia's first Arbor Day was celebrated on October 8, 2004. It takes place annually on the second Friday of October. + +=== Netherlands === +Since conference and of the Food and Agriculture Organization's publication World Festival of Trees, and a resolution of the United Nations in 1954: "The Conference, recognising the need of arousing mass consciousness of the aesthetic, physical and economic value of trees, recommends a World Festival of Trees to be celebrated annually in each member country on a date suited to local conditions"; it has been adopted by the Netherlands. In 1957, the National Committee Day of Planting Trees/Foundation of National Festival of Trees (Nationale Boomplantdag/Nationale Boomfeestdag) was created. +On the third Wednesday in March each year (near the spring equinox), three-quarters of Dutch schoolchildren aged 10/11 and Dutch celebrities plant trees. Stichting Nationale Boomfeestdag organizes all the activities in the Netherlands for this day. Some municipalities, however, plant the trees around 21 September because of the planting season. +In 2007, the 50th anniversary was celebrated with special golden jubilee activities. + +=== New Zealand === +New Zealand's first Arbor Day planting was on 3 July 1890 at Greytown, in the Wairarapa, The first official celebration was scheduled to take place in Wellington in August 1892, with the planting of pohutukawa and Norfolk pines along Thorndon Esplanade. It was instigated by William Nation. +Prominent New Zealand botanist Dr Leonard Cockayne worked extensively on native plants throughout New Zealand and wrote many notable botanical texts. As early as the 1920s, he held a vision for school students of New Zealand to be involved in planting native trees and plants in their school grounds. This vision bore fruit and schools in New Zealand have long planted native trees on Arbor Day. +Since 1977, New Zealand has celebrated Arbor Day on 5 June, which is also World Environment Day. Prior to then, Arbor Day was celebrated on 4 August, which is rather late in the year for tree planting in New Zealand, hence the date change. +Many of the Department of Conservation's Arbor Day activities focus on ecological restoration projects using native plants to restore habitats that have been damaged or destroyed by humans or invasive pests and weeds. There are great restoration projects underway around New Zealand and many organisations including community groups, landowners, conservation organisations, iwi, volunteers, schools, local businesses, nurseries and councils are involved in them. These projects are part of a vision to protect and restore the indigenous biodiversity. + +=== Niger === +Since 1975, Niger has celebrated Arbor Day as part of its Independence Day: 3 August. On this day, aiding the fight against desertification, each Nigerien plants a tree. + +=== North Macedonia === +Having in mind the bad condition of the forest fund, and in particular the catastrophic wildfires which occurred in the summer of 2007, a citizens' initiative for afforestation was started in North Macedonia. The campaign by the name 'Tree Day-Plant Your Future' was first organized on 12 March 2008, when an official non-working day was declared and more than 150,000 Macedonians planted 2 million trees in one day (symbolically, one for each citizen). Six million more were planted in November the same year, and another 12,5 million trees in 2009. This has been established as a tradition and takes place every year. + +=== Pakistan === +National tree plantation day of Pakistan (قومی شجر کاری دن) is celebrated on 18 August. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eef53318a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +--- +title: "Arbor Day" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:19.510722+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Philippines === +Since 1947, Arbor Day in the Philippines has been institutionalized to be observed throughout the nation by planting trees and ornamental plants and other forms of relevant activities. Its practice was instituted through Proclamation No. 30. It was subsequently revised by Proclamation No. 41, issued in the same year. In 1955, the commemoration was extended from a day to a week and moved to the last full week of July. Over two decades later, its commemoration was moved to the second week of June. In 2003, the commemorations were reduced from a week to a day and was moved to June 25 per Proclamation No. 396. The same proclamation directed "the active participation of all government agencies, including government-owned and controlled corporations, private sector, schools, civil society groups and the citizenry in tree planting activity". It was subsequently revised by Proclamation 643 in the succeeding year. +In 2012, Republic Act 10176 was passed, which revived tree planting events "as [a] yearly event for local government units" and mandated the planting of at least one tree per year for able-bodied Filipino citizens aged 12 years old and above. Since 2012, many local arbor day celebrations have been commemorated, as in the cases of Natividad and Tayug in Pangasinan and Santa Rita in Pampanga. + +=== Poland === +In Poland, Arbor Day has been celebrated since 2002. Each October 10, many Polish people plant trees as well as participate in events organized by ecological foundations. Moreover, Polish Forest Inspectorates and schools give special lectures and lead ecological awareness campaigns. + +=== Portugal === +Arbor Day is celebrated on March 21. It is not a national holiday but instead schools nationwide celebrate this day with environment-related activities, namely tree planting. + +=== Russia === +All-Russian day of forest plantation was celebrated for the first time on 14 May 2011. Now it is held in April–May (it depends on the weather in different regions). + +=== Samoa === +Arbor Day in Samoa is celebrated on the first Friday in November. + +=== Saudi Arabia === +Arbor Day in Saudi Arabia is celebrated on April 29. + +=== Singapore === +In 1971 a 'Tree Planting Day' was established which in 1990 was replaced by 'Clean and Green Week'. + +=== South Africa === +Arbor Day was celebrated from 1945 until 2000 in South Africa. After that, the national government extended it to National Arbor Week, which lasts annually from 1–7 September. Two trees, one common and one rare, are highlighted to increase public awareness of indigenous trees, while various "greening" activities are undertaken by schools, businesses and other organizations. For example, the social enterprise Greenpop, which focusses on sustainable urban greening, forest restoration and environmental awareness in Sub-Saharan Africa, leverages Arbor Day each year to call for tree planting action. During Arbor Month 2019, responding to recent studies that underscore the importance of tree restoration, they launched their new goal of planting 500,000 by 2025. + +=== Spain === + +In 1896 Mariano Belmás Estrada promoted the first "Festival of Trees" in Madrid. +In Spain there was an International Forest Day on 21 March, but a decree in 1915 also brought in an Arbor Day throughout Spain. Each municipality or collective decides the date for its Arbor Day, usually between February and May. In Villanueva de la Sierra (Extremadura), where the first Arbor Day in the world was held in 1805, it is celebrated, as on that occasion, on Tuesday Carnaval. It is a great day in the local festive calendar. +As an example of commitment to nature, the small town of Pescueza, with only 180 inhabitants, organizes every spring a large plantation of holm oaks, which is called the "Festivalino", promoted by city council, several foundations, and citizen participation. + +=== Sri Lanka === +National Tree Planting Day is on November 15. + +=== Tanzania === +National Tree Planting Day is on April 1. + +=== Turkey === +National Tree Planting Day is on November 11. + +=== Uganda === +National Tree Planting Day is on March 24. + +=== United Kingdom === +First mounted in 1975, National Tree Week is a celebration of the start of the winter tree planting season, usually at the end of November. Around a million trees are planted each year by schools, community organizations and local authorities. +On 6 February 2020, Myerscough College in Lancashire, England, supported by the Arbor Day Foundation, celebrated the UK's first Arbor Day. + +=== United States === + +Arbor Day was founded in 1872 by J. Sterling Morton in Nebraska City, Nebraska. By the 1920s, each state in the United States had passed public laws that stipulated a certain day to be Arbor Day or Arbor and Bird Day observance. +National Arbor Day is celebrated every year on the last Friday in April; it is a civic holiday in Nebraska. Other states have selected their own dates for Arbor Day. +The customary observance is to plant a tree. On the first Arbor Day, April 10, 1872, an estimated one million trees were planted. + +=== Venezuela === +Venezuela recognizes Día del Arbol (Day of the Tree) on the last Sunday of May. + +== See also == + +== References == + +== External links == + +International Arbor Days +Arbor Day lesson plans for the classroom +National Arbor Day Foundation +State Arbor Days and state trees + + Arbor Day Leaves – A Complete Programme For Arbor Day Observance, Including Readings, Recitations, Music, and General Information at Project Gutenberg +History of Arbor Day \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b76ee977 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Circumnavigation world record progression" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation_world_record_progression" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:49.499151+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of the fastest circumnavigation, made by a person or team, excluding orbits of Earth from spacecraft. + + +== List == + + +== Other categories == + + +== See also == + +List of circumnavigations + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32af7c4c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Conurbation" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A conurbation is a region consisting of a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area in which transportation has developed to link areas. They create a single urban labour market or travel to work area. +Conurbations often emerged in coal-mining regions during the period of the Industrial Revolution. +Patrick Geddes coined the term in his book Cities in Evolution (1915). He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples "Midlandton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States. +For census purposes, the term as described is used in Britain, whereas in the United States a related concept of metropolitan area is used instead. Each polycentric "metropolitan area" may have its own common designation such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Internationally the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to convey a similar meaning to "conurbation". +A conurbation is different from a megalopolis in that the urban areas of a megalopolis are close but not physically contiguous, and labor markets have not yet merged. The region structure should also be contrasted with a megacity, as a megacity is hierarchical with a dominant urban core, whereas a conurbation is polycentric and no single urban centre has the dominant role over all other centres. + +== Africa == + +=== Congo-Democratic Republic of Congo === +The capital cities of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo form a conurbation. + +=== Morocco === +In Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region, the capital city of Rabat and the city of Salé, both located at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg, form a conurbation. + +=== Nigeria === +Lagos is a conurbation formed through the merged development of the initial Lagos city area with other cities and towns including Ikeja and Ojo. Also various suburban communities such as Agege, Alimosho, Ifako-Ijaiye, Kosofe, Mushin, Oshodi, and Shomolu are included in the area. + +=== South Africa === +Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (East Rand), and Tshwane (greater Pretoria) merged to form a region that has a population of 14.6 million. + +== Asia == + +=== Bangladesh === + +The city of Dhaka is linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur; there are no gaps between Dhaka and the two cities. This conurbation which consists of the areas of the city of Dhaka and its surrounding cities and towns is collectively knowns as the Greater Dhaka City. The city of Dhaka is the core city of the conurbation and has a population of about 10 million. The satellite cities of the conurbation include Narayanganj, Gazipur, Tongi, Fatullah, Keraniganj, Tarabo, and Kaliganj. + +=== China === +There are 3 well-known conurbations in China. + +The Yangtze River Delta consisting of Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Ningbo houses 150 million people and in 2016 it generated $2.76 trillion, 20 percent of China's national GDP. It is responsible for one-third of China's imports and exports. +The Jingjinji, consisting of Tianjin, Beijing, Tangshan, and Qinhuangdao houses an estimated 130 million people and is responsible for a GDP of $1.1 trillion. +The Pearl River Delta including Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Hong Kong, and Macau houses 60 million people and is responsible for a GDP of $1.5 trillion, 9% of China's national GDP. + +=== Indonesia === +Greater Jakarta or Jabodetabek comprises the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world with a population of around 30 million. The center and national capital, Jakarta, has a population of 10.3 million within its borders. +The second-most populated city in Indonesia, Surabaya, also forms a conurbation known as Gerbangkertosusila with a metropolitan population of about 10 million compared to the city proper of 3 million. Conurbations are also present around Bandung and Medan. + +=== India === +The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consists of Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of seven municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils. The region has an area of 4,355 km2 and with a population of 20.5 million, and is among the top ten most populated urban agglomerations in the world. It is linked together through the Mumbai Suburban Railway system and a large network of roads. +The National Capital Region (NCR) is a name for the coordinated planning region which encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as several surrounding districts in the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. However, the conurbation of Delhi is actually limited to the NCT of Delhi and the neighbouring contiguous urban areas comprising Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad. The area is officially known as the Central National Capital Region (CNCR), a small part of overall NCR. The population of this conurbation was estimated 21.7 million in 2011. It is the world's third most populous urban agglomeration. +The Amaravati Metropolitan Region (AMR) of Andhra Pradesh is a conurbation of three cities, namely Vijayawada, Eluru and Guntur and 11 other towns which include Mangalagiri, Tadepalle, Tenali, Ponnuru, Chilakaluripeta, Narasaraopeta, Sattenapally, Nandigama, Jaggayyapeta, Nuzividu, Gudivada and Vuyyuru. The new capital city of the state, Amaravati, is being developed between the cities of Vijayawada and Guntur at the center of the conurbation. The region holds a total population of 58 lakhs. +The Jamshedpur Metropolitan Area has Greater Jamshedpur and it contains the area and city of Adityapur, Maango, and Jugsalai. + +== Europe == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b87040819 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Conurbation" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Germany === +The Ruhr region (Ruhrgebiet) is a major conurbation located in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It consists of several large cities of similar size — including Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, and Oberhausen — that have gradually grown together to form a continuous urban area. With no single dominant core city, the Ruhr represents a classical polycentric conurbation. It developed as a major coal and steel industrial center during the 19th and 20th centuries, and remains one of the most densely urbanized regions in Europe. +The Ruhr covers an area of approximately 4,438 km2 (1,714 sq mi) and has a population of around 5.1 million people as of 2023. Unlike the broader Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, which includes both conurbations and monocentric metropolitan areas such as Cologne, the Ruhr region itself is specifically characterized by its polycentric, conurbation structure. + +=== United Kingdom === + +Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central area. In the mid-1950s the Green Belt was introduced to stem the further urbanisation of the countryside in South East England. +Different organisations define conurbations in the UK differently for example, the Liverpool–Manchester or the Manchester–Liverpool conurbation is defined as one conurbation by AESOP in a comparison report published by the University of Manchester in 2005 found here. The Liverpool–Manchester Conurbation has a population of 5.68 million. + +=== The Netherlands === +The Randstad ("Rim City" or "Edge City") is a roughly crescent- or arc-shaped conurbation in the Netherlands, that includes almost half the country's population. With a central-western location, it connects and comprises the Netherlands' four biggest cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht), their suburbs, and many towns in between, that all grew and merged into each other. Among other things, it includes the Port of Rotterdam (the world's busiest seaport outside Asia), the Port of Amsterdam (Europe's fourth-busiest seaport), and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. With a population of approximately 8.4 million people it is one of the largest metropolitan regions in Europe, comparable in population size to the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region or the San Francisco Bay Area, and covers an area of approximately 11,372 km2 (4,391 sq mi). The Randstad had a gross regional domestic product of €510 billion in 2022, making it the second most productive region in the European Union, only behind the Paris metropolitan area. It encompasses both the Amsterdam metropolitan area and Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area. + +== North America == + +=== Canada === + +==== Golden Horseshoe (Ontario) ==== +The Golden Horseshoe is a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the west end of Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The largest cities in the region are Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton, Hamilton, Oakville, Burlington, St. Catharines, and Niagara Falls. If metropolitan areas (which are somewhat distinct from the core urban area of the Golden Horseshoe by about 30 to 50 km of less developed and semi-rural land) are included (similar to Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States as defined by United States Office of Management and Budget), the total population is 8.8 million people. This is slightly over a quarter (25.6%) of the population of Canada, approximately 75% of Ontario's population, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in North America. +The larger area is named the Greater Golden Horseshoe and includes the metropolitan areas of Kitchener (including adjacent cities it is often referred to as Waterloo Region), Barrie, Guelph, Peterborough, and Brantford. The Greater Golden Horseshoe is also part of the Windsor-Quebec Corridor and its southeastern boundary is across the Niagara River from the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area in the United States. + +==== Greater Montreal (Quebec) ==== +Greater Montreal is Canada's second-largest conurbation. Statistics Canada defines the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) as having 4,258.31 square kilometres (1,644.14 mi2) and a population of 3,824,221 as of 2011, which represents almost half of the population of the province of Quebec. Slightly smaller, there are 82 municipalities grouped under the Montreal Metropolitan Community to coordinate issues such as land planning, transportation, and economic development. + +==== Lower Mainland (British Columbia) ==== + +British Columbia's Lower Mainland is the most populated area in Western Canada. It consists of many mid-sized contiguous urban areas, including Vancouver, North Vancouver (city and district municipality), West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, among others. The Lower Mainland population is around 2.5 million (as of 2011) and the area has one of the highest growth rates on the continent of up to 9.2 percent from the 2006 census. + +==== Ottawa-Gatineau / National Capital Region ==== +The National Capital Region (NCR) is made up of the capital, Ottawa, and neighbouring Gatineau which is located across the Ottawa River. As Ottawa is in Ontario and Gatineau is in Quebec, it is a unique conurbation. Federal government buildings are located in both cities and many workers live in one city and work in the other. The National Capital Region consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The area of the National Capital Region is very similar to that of the Ottawa-Gatineau Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) although the National Capital Region contains a number of small neighbouring communities that are not contained within the CMA. When all the communities are included, the population of the area is about 1,500,000. Ottawa-Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces and is the fourth largest. + +=== Mexico === + +==== Mexico City (CDMX) ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65f2aa6d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Conurbation" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México or ZMVM), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes, Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla. Together those areas make up the Mexico City megalopolis. + +==== Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara) ==== +The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) consists of seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered part of the Metropolitan Area, although they are not contiguous with the other seven. The area had an estimated population of 4 500 000 in 2010, spread over a combined area of 2,734 square kilometres (1,056 mi2). + +=== United States === + +==== Puerto Rico ==== + +The Caribbean area has a conurbation in Puerto Rico consisting of San Juan, Bayamón, Guaynabo, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Cataño, and Caguas. The area is colloquially known as the "Área Metropolitana", and houses around 1.4 million inhabitants spread over an area of approximately 396.61 square kilometers (153.13 sq mi), making it the largest city in the Caribbean by area. + +==== New York Tri-state area ==== +One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007. Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York City area, the world's most brightly illuminated urban conurbation and largest urban landmass. This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have merged. + +==== San Francisco Bay Area ==== +Another conurbation is the combination of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and several minor urban centers with a combined population of nearly 8 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area. + +==== Greater Los Angeles Area ==== + +The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. The area is also often referred to simply as southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 2016, Southern California had a population of 23,800,500, making it slightly larger than the New York Tri-State Area, and is projected to remain so due to a faster growth rate. But because southern California is not yet a recognized Combined Statistical Area by the United States Office of Management and Budget, the New York Tri-State Area officially remains the nation's largest as of now. + +==== San Diego–Tijuana ==== +The largest conurbation between the United States and Mexico is San Diego–Tijuana. It includes the two countries' busiest border crossing and a shared economy. + +==== Dallas–Fort Worth ==== +Three large cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington—make up this area. Each city is linked by bordering city limits or suburbs. The area is also known as the Dallas–Fort Worth "metroplex", so called because it has more than one principal anchor city of nearly equal size or importance, and is included in the emerging megalopolis known as the Texas Triangle. According to Texas Monthly, the term is a portmanteau of the terms "metropolitan" and "complex" and was created by a local advertising agency, TracyLocke. The North Texas Commission trademarked the term "Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex" in 1972 as a replacement for the previously ubiquitous term "North Texas". Urban areas with smaller secondary anchor cities (including Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, and Phoenix) are not considered to be conurbations. + +==== Detroit–Windsor ==== +The major U.S. city of Detroit lies immediately across the Detroit River from Windsor, Ontario in Canada. In many respects—economically, historically, culturally, socially, and geographically—Windsor is more a part of Metro Detroit than of Ontario. The two cities and their surrounding suburbs are commonly referred to collectively as the Detroit–Windsor area. The Detroit-Windsor border is the largest commercial border crossing in North America and the busiest between the two countries. + +==== South Florida ==== + +The entire tri-county area also known as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metropolitan area is now continuously urbanized along a roughly 100 miles (161 km) length of the Florida east coast as well as extending inland and continuing south of Miami as far as Florida City. Although this is generally all referred to as a single metropolitan area, not a conurbation, it is sometimes broken up into the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach metros. + +==== Minneapolis–St. Paul ==== +Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships built around the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population and Saint Paul, the state capital. + +==== Quad Cities ==== +The Quad Cities is a metropolitan area located along the border of Illinois and Iowa. Straddling the Mississippi River as it flows west, the area once known as the "Tri Cities" consists of a handful of larger cities and smaller municipalities that have grown together. The largest cities include Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in Illinois as well as Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2107247b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +--- +title: "Conurbation" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Stamford-Hartford ==== +Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million. + +==== Northwest Arkansas ==== +Northwest Arkansas is a metropolitan area in the Ozarks containing four of the ten largest cities in Arkansas - Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, and Bentonville. These four cities and smaller municipalities between and around them have grown together over time to form a conurbation with no dominant city. + +==== Research Triangle ==== +Raleigh is the capital city of North Carolina and second largest by population. Nearby cities Durham and Chapel Hill form a triangle shape along with Raleigh. These cities each contain major research universities that, along with the Research Triangle Park, bind these cities together to form one continuous urban area. + +== Oceania == + +=== Australia === + +==== Albury-Wodonga ==== +Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the Murray River. Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria. In the early 1970s Albury-Wodonga was selected as the primary focus of the Whitlam government's scheme to arrest the uncontrolled growth of Australia's large metropolitan areas (in particular Sydney and Melbourne) by encouraging decentralisation. The two cities combine to form an urban area with an estimated population of 93,603. + +==== Canberra-Queanbeyan ==== +A cross border built-up area comprising the nation's capital Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory and the city of Queanbeyan in New South Wales, which is considered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a single labour market. + +==== Newcastle, Sydney, and Wollongong ==== + +This conurbation in New South Wales extends from Newcastle and surrounding satellite towns of the Hunter Valley through the Central Coast. It is broken up only by waterways and national parks, through to the greater Sydney metropolitan area and the Wollongong urban area. The total length from the top to the bottom of the conurbation is around 270 km with a population of just over 6 million people. +Transport is linked throughout the region by motorways, the M1, M2, M4, M5, M7, M8, M15 and M31. An extensive public transport network allows for commuting for work or services across and between multiple distinct but joined centres, with NSW TrainLink's intercity network serving Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra. +Plans for making Wollongong, Sydney and Newcastle a single city have been around since the 1960s. A report titled The Committee for Sydney contains a chapter called The Sandstone Mega-Region, Uniting Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney, Wollongong (since all of the cities are in a geological region called the Sydney Basin, which is made up of Sydney sandstone). The report says that the link would benefit the "six cities" within the region, which are: Illawarra and Wollongong, the Western City (Greater Western Sydney), the Central City (Parramatta), the Eastern City (Sydney central business district, eastern suburbs, and Northern Sydney), the Central Coast (Gosford) and Newcastle (including Lake Macquarie). + +==== Greater Perth ==== +The Perth Metropolitan Region, and Peel regions form a continuous urban area in Western Australia more than 130 km (80 miles) long, on a north–south axis. It is sometimes known as Greater Perth and has a population of more than 2.3 million (2023). Introduction of the Mandurah railway line in 2007 made it possible for commuters to travel the 70 km (43.5 mi) from Mandurah to Perth in 51 minutes. + +==== South East Queensland ==== +A built-up area 200 kilometres long which is centred on Brisbane, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan City, Moreton Bay, Redland City, Sunshine Coast, Noosa Shire, and Tweed Heads, New South Wales. This area is served by a single public transport network, Translink. +Broader definitions of South East Queensland are also used, including the separate built-up area of Toowoomba (140 kilometres; 87 miles west of Brisbane), which is not part of the Translink network. Expansive definitions of South East Queensland give it a population of more than 3.4 million people (2014), covers 22,420 square kilometres (8,660 sq mi), incorporates ten LGAs, and extends 240 kilometres (150 mi) from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast (some sources include Tweed Heads). + +==== Greater Darwin ==== +The Greater Darwin metropolitan area is a built-up urban area in the Northern Territory that spans across two cities: Darwin (the capital of the Northern Territory) and Palmerston (Darwin's satellite city). It lies within three local government areas: the City of Darwin, Litchfield Municipality and the City of Palmerston. + +=== New Zealand === +In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural area and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Auckland Council is the largest council in Australasia and the region has a population of 1,529,300, being almost 33% of the total population of New Zealand. The entire urban area rather than the constituent administrative city was often referred to as "Auckland" by New Zealanders long before formal recognition. +The Wellington Metropolitan Area compromises the four cities of Wellington City, Porirua and the cities of Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, together known as Hutt Valley. The Wellington Metropolitan Area is the second largest urban population in New Zealand with a population of 440,900 as of the 2023 census (or 550,500 if the Wairarapa region is included), followed by Christchurch City at 396,200. + +== South America == +Article in Spanish Wikipedia: List of Conurbations in South America + +=== Argentina === + +Greater Buenos Aires (12.046.799) – Greater La Plata (694.253) – Zárate / Campana + +=== Brazil === +The entire Rio–São Paulo area is also sometimes considered a conurbation, and plans are in the works to connect the cities with a high-speed rail. However the government of Brazil does not consider this area a single unit for statistical purposes, and population data may not be reliable. + +=== Colombia === + +=== Perú === + +== See also == + +Urban area +Transborder agglomeration +Urban sprawl +Metropolitan area +Megalopolis +Ecumenopolis +Ekistics + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Patrick Geddes – "Cities In Evolution" +Edward Soja – "Postmetropolis" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c0aeb7ad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Forest cover by province or territory in Canada" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_province_or_territory_in_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:23.242854+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of forest cover in Canada by province and territory. + + +== Provinces == +British Columbia: ~60% (Ministry of Students) +Alberta: 58% (NAIT) +Saskatchewan: 50% (SK Environmental Society) +Manitoba: 48% (MB Forestry Branch) +Ontario: 66% (Ontario Forest Industries Association) +Quebec: 45% (McGill University) or ~50% +Nova Scotia: ~75% +Prince Edward Island: 45% (2000, PEI ) +New Brunswick: ~85% (Riparian Habitat Restoration) +Newfoundland and Labrador: ~45% of Newfoundland. 60% of Labrador (NF Heritage Society) + + +== Territories == +Northwest Territories: ~50% +Nunavut: ~25% +Yukon: ~55% + + +== See also == +Forest cover by state, U.S. +Forest cover by state in India +Forest cover by federal subject in Russia + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b917eb26 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Forest cover by state and territory in the United States" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:24.548052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In the United States, the forest cover by state and territory is estimated from tree-attributes using the basic statistics reported by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Forest Service. Tree volumes and weights are not directly measured in the field, but computed from other variables that can be measured. +This is only the total amount of timberland. Actual forest cover for each state may be significantly higher. + + +== List by state, district, or territory == + + +=== List by region === + + +== See also == +Forests of the United States +Forest cover by province or territory in Canada +Forest cover by federal subject in Russia +Forest cover by state in India + + +== References == + + +== Notes == + + +== Further reading == +US Department of Agriculture. US Forest Resource Facts and HIstorical Trends. 2012. 64 p. Archived 2021-04-28 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c501b3781 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "Forest cover by state in India" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:25.873987+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +List of how many forests and percentage of forest cover in India by state. + + +== Tree density == +Tree density is the quantification of how closely the trees are growing in a hectare area. It is not the exact number of trees in the forest but, serves as an estimate to the foresters. The tree density of an area should be mentioned by the working Plan officer (WPO) or Divisional Forest Officer (Working Plan) after his field inspection of the lowest possible forest unit or compartment in the CH-4 form of compartment history. The compartment history forms are to be maintained at the Forest range and Forest division offices. The working Plan code-2014 mentions in para 105 that the density should also be mentioned on the stock map prepared by the WPO/DFO in decimal figures. The crown density is similar to the tree density. A forest area with a density of more than 0.4 is considered a good forest area and a forest area with less than 0.4 tree density is considered degraded forest. + + +== Forest cover == +Forest cover is the total geographical area declared as forest by the government. As of 2021, the total forest cover in India is 80.9 million hectares, which is 21.71 per cent of the total geographical area. There is a 1,540 sq.km increase in forest cover over 2019. Madhya Pradesh has the highest forest cover by area followed by Arunachal Pradesh. Mizoram has the highest forest cover in terms of percentage of total geographical area. +Ministry of the Environment, Forest and Climate Change used the mid-resolution satellite data on LISS-III data from Indian remote sensing satellite. Minister of environment forest and climate change Bhupendra Yadav released the Indian forest survey report 2021-22 on 13 January 2022. +As per the report, 17 Indian states have a forest cover of over 33%. + + +== Forest cover over the years == + + +== 2021 == + +The forest cover in 2021 in India by state and union territory as published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) is shown in the table below. +Very Dense= All lands with tree canopy density of 70 percent ( 0.7 tree density) and above. +Moderately Dense= All lands with tree canopy density of 40 percent and more but less than 70 percent ( 0.4 to 0.7 tree density). +Open Forest= All lands with tree canopy density of 10 percent and more but less than 40 percent (0.1 to 0.4 tree density). +(Area in square kilometers) + + +== 2017 == +The forest cover in 2017 in India by state and union territory as published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) is shown in the table below. +Very Dense= All lands with tree canopy density of 70 percent ( 0.7 tree density) and above. +Moderately Dense= All lands with tree canopy density of 40 percent and more but less than 70 percent ( 0.4 to 0.7 tree density). +Open Forest= All lands with tree canopy density of 10 percent and more but less than 40 percent (0.1 to 0.4 tree density). +Scrub= All forest lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees canopy density less than 10 percent (Less than 0.1 tree density). +(Area in square kilometers) + + +== 2015 == +According to Forest Survey of India (FSI), the forest cover by State/UT in India in 2015 is listed below. +Very Dense= All lands with tree canopy density of 70 percent and above. +Moderately Dense= All lands with tree canopy density of 40 percent and more but less than 70 percent. +Open Forest= All lands with tree canopy density of 10 percent and more but less than 40 percent. +(Area in square kilometers) + + +== See also == +List of countries by forest area +List of forests in India +Indian Forest Service + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations-0.md index 83ef0c2f3..f09cc7580 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:20:20.584200+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:24.445272+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms-0.md index 3ad7bdcd5..cb5fc06ae 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:18.485594+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:27.156360+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms-0.md index 0b8bdeea7..03d78ddc7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:51:00.083558+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:31.550888+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-0.md index fb0725f52..868352add 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-1.md index 045083010..209dbea43 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-10.md index e13acafa8..e1567c8b5 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-10.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-10.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 11/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-11.md index 81155036d..f1681cd6d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-11.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-11.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 12/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-12.md index 26d84968c..48a3d0473 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-12.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-12.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 13/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-13.md index adad0cdcb..6fd888abe 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-13.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-13.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 14/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-14.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-14.md index 4da2d56a7..7847388fd 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-14.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-14.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 15/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-15.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-15.md index 79b8aa883..84ca62e93 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-15.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-15.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 16/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-16.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-16.md index fd915d732..d8832f081 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-16.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-16.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 17/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-17.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-17.md index e9025c39f..02b71c5ce 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-17.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-17.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 18/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-18.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-18.md index 6c162f9d4..729ff9be7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-18.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-18.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 19/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-19.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-19.md index 18b5c054d..c234ae84f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-19.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-19.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 20/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-2.md index 96f27d73f..49d4b1129 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-20.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-20.md index ca022f932..f3b358af1 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-20.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-20.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 21/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-21.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-21.md index 241973b6c..e6d9e794f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-21.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-21.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 22/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-22.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-22.md index 4ff1ac5b2..691ac745f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-22.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-22.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 23/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-23.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-23.md index 0d0f88f71..0d2cae409 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-23.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-23.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 24/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-24.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-24.md index a626f44b5..d21f77614 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-24.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-24.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 25/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-25.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-25.md index c98cb6e26..243be47a9 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-25.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-25.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 26/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-26.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-26.md index d3b3eaa0b..d3ddb9700 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-26.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-26.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 27/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-27.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-27.md index 89757b1b7..8233a31c9 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-27.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-27.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 28/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-28.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-28.md index 08844558f..933bb818a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-28.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-28.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 29/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-3.md index 650120a0e..7362ac30a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-4.md index 21f38732a..2a8ac2090 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-4.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-4.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-5.md index 7dc8f60a6..9a88fb856 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-5.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-5.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 6/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-6.md index f4611f48a..980f9c88a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-6.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-6.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 7/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-7.md index ed05c2c4b..ebc2da1bf 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-7.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-7.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 8/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-8.md index e63ceeee6..01a8b722f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-8.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-8.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 9/29 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:53.394949+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git 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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-1.md index 3cb777925..b26b4f891 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-10.md index e52f20958..2d9f3288f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-10.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-10.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 11/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-11.md index a54a2f9aa..f4517526d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-11.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-11.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 12/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-12.md index 7437cfaa6..e82d3013f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-12.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-12.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 13/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-13.md index 86730e518..1940094cc 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-13.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-13.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 14/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-14.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-14.md index 57823963e..113d4b7b8 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-14.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-14.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 15/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-15.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-15.md index 00e7a811d..aa9022a8c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-15.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-15.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 16/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-16.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-16.md index 17327f6f8..32bd57067 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-16.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-16.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 17/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-17.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-17.md index e83e78454..028156478 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-17.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-17.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 18/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-18.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-18.md index 4c5d64155..bbc2e0a7a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-18.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-18.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 19/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-19.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-19.md index fda7255f1..97203bf01 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-19.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-19.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 20/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git 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900fc57c9..41975b826 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-4.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-4.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-5.md index 9e33757fc..419f079e7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-5.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-5.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 6/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-6.md index 27db1a43d..ebc7cc0a0 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-6.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-6.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 7/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-7.md index 6972cdeb6..35467b105 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-7.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-7.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 8/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-8.md index 769f83cbb..5b36ef5c6 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-8.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-8.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 9/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-9.md index 5e1600413..4bfa8dad2 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-9.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-9.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 10/21 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:50:54.848656+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cd1b392b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +--- +title: "Glossary of landforms" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:45.935926+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as their creating process, shape, elevation, slope, orientation, rock exposure, and soil type. + + +== Landforms by process == +Landforms organized by the processes that create them. + + +=== Aeolian landforms === +Aeolian landform – Landforms produced by action of the winds include: + + +=== Coastal and oceanic landforms === + +Coastal and oceanic landforms include: + + +=== Cryogenic landforms === +Landforms produced by or in low-temperatures include: + + +=== Erosion landforms === +Landforms produced by erosion and weathering usually occur in rocky or fluvial environments, and many also appear under those headings. + + +=== Fluvial landforms === + +Fluvial – Natural flowing freshwater streamPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets landforms include: + + +=== Impact landforms === +Landforms created by extraterrestrial impacts – Collision of two astronomical objects – include: + + +=== Lacustrine landforms === +Lacustrine – associated with lakes – landforms include: + + +=== Mountain and glacial landforms === +Mountain and glacial landform – Landform created by the action of glaciers – include: + + +=== Slope landforms === +Slope landforms include: + + +=== Tectonic landforms === +Landforms created by tectonic activity include: + + +=== Volcanic landforms === +Volcanic landforms include: + + +=== Weathering landforms === +Weathering landforms include: + + +== Landforms by shape == + + +=== Positive landforms === + + +=== Depressions === + + +=== Flat landforms === + + +== Landforms, alphabetic == + + +== Further reading == +Hargitai H., Kereszturi Á. (eds): Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer. https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3 + + +== See also == +Geomorphology – Scientific study of landforms +Glossary of geology +Types of bodies of water +Volcanic landforms in the Canary Islands – list of examples in the Canary Islands (with photos) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b9f70a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Housing affordability in anglophone countries" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:36.814644+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The 16th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2020 analyzed affordability in 7 Anglophone countries and Hong Kong. Among this sample, the housing markets with the least affordable real estate prices are Hong Kong, Vancouver, and Sydney. The top three housing markets with the most affordable real estate prices based on major housing markets are Rochester, New York, Cleveland, Ohio, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. This survey was performed by Demographia, a global analysis firm. + + +== Methodology == +The prices are based on data from the third quarter of 2019. The housing markets ranked are located in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, United Kingdom, and the United States. The report also includes special coverage on Russia. +The housing markets are ranked on middle income housing affordability, which uses the "median multiple". This was calculated by taking the median house price divided by the median gross pre-tax household income of the housing market. The median multiple is used widely for analyzing housing markets and is recommended by the World Bank and the United Nations. It has also been used by the Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University. +Demographia uses housing affordability ratings to categorize each housing market's median multiple. + + +== List == +The report is split into two rankings, one for major housing markets, and one for all housing markets. The list below shows the rankings from the most unaffordable housing market to the most affordable housing market for the major housing markets. The list contains 92 housing markets. + + +== See also == +Real estate +Affordable housing + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eecf8bb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +--- +title: "Index of forestry articles" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:15.760324+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Articles on forestry topics include:. + + +== A == +Afforestation - +Aldo Leopold - +Analog forestry - +Ancient woodland - +Angle gauge - +Appalachian balds - +Arboriculture - +Arborist - +Forestry in Argentina - +Assarting + + +== B == +Backpacking (hiking) - +Forestry in Bangladesh - +Bernard Fernow - +Forestry in Bhutan - +Biltmore Forest School - +Biltmore stick - +Biochar - +Biscuit Fire publication controversy - +Bog-wood - +Borderline tree - +Botany - +Bottomland hardwood forest - +British timber trade - +Buchonia - +Buffer strip + + +== C == +Caliper - +Canopy research - +Canopy walkway - +Carl A. Schenck - +Cellulosic ethanol - +Certified wood - +Forestry in Chad - +Charcoal - +Clearcutting - +Clinometer - +CODIT - +Community forestry - +Conservation biology - +Coppicing - +Cork - +Creosote - +Cultigen - +Cultivar - +Cultblock + + +== D == +Deforestation - +Deforestation during the Roman period - +Dendrochronology - +Desertification - +Diameter tape - +Drunken trees + + +== E == +Ecoforestry - +Ecological succession - +Ecological thinning - +Ecological yield - +Eloise Gerry - +Energy forestry - +Forestry in Ethiopia - +Exploration Logging - +Extended rotation forest + + +== F == +Faustmann's Formula - +Firewood - +Forbidden Forest - +Forest dwellers - +Forest fire - +Forest farming, the ecosystem approach to forest management - +Forest fragmentation - +Forest governance - +Forest history - +Forest interpretation - +Forest management - +Forest policy - +Forest politics - +Forest Principles - +Forest produce - +Forest protection - +Forest ranger - +Forest transition - +Forester - +Forestry - +Forestry agencies - +Forestry education - +Forestry journals + + +== G == +Georg Ludwig Hartig - +Forestry in Ghana - +Gifford Pinchot - +Girard form class - +Girdling - +Green Chain + + +== H == +Hand compass - +Hardwood timber production - +Hemispherical photography - +Hendre-Dru Tramway - +High forest (woodland) - +High grading - +Historic schools of forestry - +Historical Logging Switchback Railway in Vychylovka - +History of the New York State College of Forestry - +Franklin B. Hough - +Hotshot crew - +Hydro axe mulching + + +== I == +Illegal logging - +Increment borer - +Independent Forest Monitoring - +Forestry in India - +Interception (water) - +International Society of Tropical Foresters - +International Year of Forests + + +== J == +Forestry in Japan - +Jewish National Fund - +Joint Forest Management - +Journals + + +== K == +Károly Bund - +Kerry Tramway - +Krummholz + + +== L == +Forestry in Laos - +Leaf Area Index - +Limbing - +Line plot survey - +Living stump - +Log bridge - +Log bucking - +Log driver - +Log scaler - +Logging - +Lumber - +Lumberjack - +Lumberjack sports - +Lumberjack World Championship + + +== M == +Management of Pacific Northwest riparian forests - +Mean annual increment - +Micropropagation - +Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act of 1960 + + +== N == +Nalini Nadkarni - +New York State College of Forestry - +New Zealand Journal of Forestry - +Non-timber forest product - +Northwest Forest Plan + + +== O == +Old growth forest - +Optimal rotation age + + +== P == +Pacing - +Paper - +Patch cut - +Periodic annual increment - +Pollarding - +Pruning - +Pulp and paper industry - +Pulp and paper industry in Canada - +Pulp and paper industry in Europe - +Pulp and paper industry in Japan - +Pulp and paper industry in the United States - +Pulpwood + + +== R == +Rainforest - +Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation - +Reforestation - +Relascope - +Research institutes - +Restoration ecology - +Riparian buffer - +Robert Marshall - +Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry - +Natural rubber - +Rubber tapper + + +== S == +Sakari Pinomäki - +Salvage logging - +Sawdust - +Sawmill - +Scleroderris canker - +Secondary forest - +Selection cutting - +Shelterwood cutting - +Short rotation coppice - +Short rotation forestry - +Shredding (tree pruning technique) - +Silviculture - +Site index - +Site tree - +Slash-and-char - +Harry A. Slattery - +Smokejumper - +Snag - +Softwood - +Stand Density Index - +Stand density management diagram - +Stemflow - +Stephen C. Sillett - +Stihl Timbersports Series - +Stump harvesting - +Stumpage - +Sustainable forest management - +Kenneth Dupee Swan + + +== T == +Tall oil - +Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy - +Tar - +Technical schools - +Thinning - +Throughfall - +Timber - +Timber rafting - +Timberjack - +Timberlands West Coast Limited - +Town forest - +Tree - +Tree inventory - +Tree preservation order - +Tree shelter - +Tree stump - +Tree taper - +Treethanol - +Treeplanting - +Turpentine - +Types of formally designated forests + + +== U == +Forestry in Uganda - +United Nations Forum on Forests - +Universities and colleges - +Urban forest - +Urban forestry - +Urban reforestation + + +== V == +Variable retention harvesting - +Veteran tree - +Volume table + + +== W == +Wedge prism - +Whip (tree) - +Wildfire - +Windbreak - +Windthrow - +Wood - +Wood chopping - +Wood fuel - +Wood management - +Wood pellet - +Wood processing - +Woodchipping in New Zealand - +Woodland management - +Woodlot - +Woodsman - +Theodore Salisbury Woolsey, Jr. - +World forestry - +World Logging Championship + + +== Z == +Raphael Zon \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles-0.md index 3dd0ca743..937a0a6e3 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:49:23.750526+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:41.993199+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c696ac44 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "List of ISO 3166 country codes" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:41.910912+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created and maintains the ISO 3166 standard – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions. The ISO 3166 standard contains three parts: + +ISO 3166-1 – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. It defines three sets of country codes: +ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 – two-letter country codes which are also used to create the ISO 3166-2 country subdivision codes and the Internet country code top-level domains. +ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes which may allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the 3166-1 alpha-2 codes. +ISO 3166-1 numeric – three-digit country codes which are identical to those developed and maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division, with the advantage of script (writing system) independence, and hence useful for people or systems using non-Latin scripts. +ISO 3166-2 – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 2: Country subdivision code defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces, states, departments, regions) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. +ISO 3166-3 – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 3: Code for formerly used names of countries defines codes for country names which have been deleted from ISO 3166-1 since its first publication in 1974. +The ISO 3166-1 standard currently comprises 249 countries, 193 of which are sovereign states that are members of the United Nations. Many dependent territories in the ISO 3166-1 standard are also listed as a subdivision of their administering state in the ISO 3166-2 standard, which is the case for China, Finland, France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Norway (Svalbard and Jan Mayen are listed, but Bouvet Island is not), and the United States of America, but not Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. + + +== Current ISO 3166 country codes == +The sortable table below contains the three sets of ISO 3166-1 country codes for each of its 249 countries, links to the ISO 3166-2 country subdivision codes, and the Internet country code top-level domains (ccTLD) which are based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard with the few exceptions noted. See the ISO 3166-3 standard for former country codes. + +For user-assigned codes used by certain organizations, see ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 § User-assigned code elements and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 § User-assigned code elements. + + +== See also == + +Country code +Comparison of alphabetic country codes +Lists of country codes +Country code top-level domain +Country code second-level domain +Lists of countries and territories +Sovereign state +List of sovereign states +List of states with limited recognition +Dependent territory + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) +ISO 3166 Country Codes +The ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuala_settlements-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuala_settlements-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac83ac037 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuala_settlements-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "List of Kuala settlements" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuala_settlements" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:44.670933+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Kuala is used in the name of a number of settlements, districts and geographical features in Malaysia and Indonesia; in the Malay and Indonesian languages it means the mouth of a river, an estuary, or a confluence where two or more rivers meet: + +Kuala, town and administrative district of Langkat Regency in northern Sumatra, Indonesia +Kuala Balah, state constituency in Kelantan, Malaysia +Kuala Batee, district in Southwest Aceh Regency, Aceh, Indonesia +Kuala Bekah, town in the far south of Thailand, near the border with Malaysia +Kuala Belait, the administrative town of Belait District, Brunei +Kuala Berang, the seat and largest town of Hulu Terengganu District, Terengganu, Malaysia +Kuala Besut, mukim in Besut District, Terengganu, Malaysia +Kuala Cenaku, town in Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau, Indonesia +Kuala Dipang, kampong near Kampar in Perak, Malaysia +Kuala Dungun, the capital of Dungun District, Terengganu, Malaysia +Kuala Jeneris, small town in Hulu Terengganu District, Terengganu, Malaysia +Kuala Kangsar, the royal town of Perak, Malaysia +Kuala Kapuas, the regency seat of Kapuas Regency and a major town in Kalimantan, Indonesia +Kuala Kedah, mukim and parliamentary constituency in Kota Setar District, Kedah, Malaysia +Kuala Kencana, district in Mimika Regency, Central Papua, Indonesia +Kuala Ketil, small town in Baling District, Kedah, Malaysia +Kuala Klawang, the district capital of Jelebu District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia +Kuala Krai, town in southern-central Kelantan, Malaysia +Kuala Krau, federal constituency in Temerloh District, Jerantut District and Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia +Kuala Kubu Bharu, the district capital of Hulu Selangor District, Selangor, Malaysia +Kuala Kurau, mukim in Kerian District, Perak, Malaysia +Kuala Kurun, the regency seat of Gunung Mas Regency and a town in Central Kalimantan +Kuala Langat, federal constituency in Kuala Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia +Kuala Linggi, state constituency in Malacca, Malaysia +Kuala Lipis, capital of Lipis District, Pahang, Malaysia +Kuala Lumpur, capital city and a federal territory of Malaysia +Kuala Muda, federal constituency in Kedah, Malaysia +Kuala Namu International Airport (IATA: KNO, ICAO: WIMM) +Kuala Nerang, the capital of Padang Terap District, Kedah, Malaysia +Kuala Nerus, district in Terengganu, Malaysia +Kuala Pahang, town ward and mukim in Pekan District, Pahang, Malaysia +Kuala Pegang, small town in Baling District, Kedah, Malaysia +Kuala Pembuang, the capital of Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia +Kuala Penyu, the capital of the Kuala Penyu District in the Interior Division of Sabah, Malaysia +Kuala Perlis, suburb of Kangar and the second-largest town in and the main port of Perlis in Malaysia +Kuala Pilah, town in Kuala Pilah District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia +Kuala Rajang, federal constituency in Sarawak, Malaysia +Kuala Rompin, the district capital of Rompin District, southeastern Pahang, Malaysia +Kuala Sanglang, small coastal village town at the border of the Malaysian states of Perlis and Kedah +Kuala Sawah, hamlet located in Rantau State Constituency District of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia +Kuala Sedili, village in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia +Kuala Selangor, town in northwestern Selangor, Malaysia +Kuala Sentul, state constituency in Pahang, Malaysia +Kuala Sepetang, coastal town in Larut, Matang and Selama District in Perak, Malaysia +Kuala Simpang, small town located in Pahang, Malaysia +Kuala Sungai Baru, mukim and town in Alor Gajah District, Malacca, Malaysia +Kuala Sungai Buloh, small town in Kuala Selangor District, Selangor, Malaysia +Kuala Tahan, Malaysian village located at the confluence of the Tahan and Tembiling Rivers, in Jerantut District, Pahang +Kuala Tatau, village in Tatau District, Bintulu Division in the Malaysian state of Sarawak +Kuala Telemung, mukim in Hulu Terengganu District, Terengganu, Malaysia +Kuala Tembeling, mukim in Jerantut District, Pahang, Malaysia +Kuala Terengganu, the administrative, economic and royal city of the state of Terengganu, Malaysia + + +== See also == +Kuala Stabas, premium economy class train that serves the Tanjungkarang-Baturaja, Indonesia +Koala (disambiguation) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71d671b34 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "List of Massachusetts Wildlife Management Areas" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Wildlife_Management_Areas" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:50.954737+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Massachusetts Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife is tasked with managing Massachusetts fauna and flora. Enforcement is provided by the Massachusetts Department of Public Safety. There are Thirteen wildlife management zones and thirteen wildlife sanctuaries. + + +== Wildlife Management Areas == + +Leadmine Wildlife Management Area + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ee816ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "List of New Mexico Wildlife Management Areas" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_Wildlife_Management_Areas" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:52.171617+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +New Mexico Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the US state of New Mexico managed by the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF). The state is divided into four wildlife management zones (WMZ). + + +== List of New Mexico Wildlife Management Areas == +The state is divided into four wildlife management zones (WMZ). + + +=== Northwest Area === +Bernardo Wildlife Management Area: 1,675 acres (678 ha). +Bluebird Mesa Wildlife Management Area: 160 acres (65 ha) purchased in 1953. +Edward Sargent Wildlife Management Area: 20,209 acres (8,178 ha) purchased in 1975. +Hammond Tract Wildlife Management Area: 80 acres (32 ha) of excess (surplus) Bureau of Reclamation transferred June 11, 1987. +Jackson Lake Wildlife Management Area: 840 acres (340 ha) along the La Plata River and includes Jackson Lake. +La Joya Wildlife Area: 3,405 acres (1,378 ha) purchased in parcels until 1940. +Marquez/LBar WildlifeManagement Area: estimated 70,000 acres (28,000 ha) with the addition of the 54,000 acres (22,000 ha) of LBar property purchased in 2021 by the Trust for Public Land, with funding from Walmart’s Acres for America program. +Navajo Dam Wildlife Area (Navajo WMA): 3,785 acres (1,532 ha) surrounding Navajo Lake. +Pine River Wildlife Management Area: 34.2 acres (13.8 ha). +Retherford Wildlife Management Area: 72.3 acres (29.3 ha) +Rio Chama Wildlife Management Area: 13,239 acres (5,358 ha) purchased from 1953. +Rio Chama Fishing Easement: +San Juan Fishing Easement +W.A. Humphries Wildlife Management Area: 10,950 acres (4,430 ha) purchased beginning in 1966. +Water Canyon Wildlife Management Area: 2,840 acres (1,150 ha). + + +=== Northeast Area === +Charette Lakes Wildlife Management Area: 1,901 acres (769 ha). +Colin Neblett Wildlife Area: 33,116 acres (13,402 ha). +Elliott Barker Wildlife Management Area: 5,416 acres (2,192 ha). +McAllister Lake Wildlife Management Area: 623 acres (252 ha). +Bert Clancy WMA / Pecos River Complex: 1,967 acres (796 ha) spread out into the Bert Clancy, Mora, Tererro, and Jamie Koch areas along the Pecos River. +Rio de los Pinos Wildlife Management Area: 848 acres (343 ha) located along the Rio de los Pinos River. +Tres Piedras Wildlife Management Area: 3,260 acres (1,320 ha) purchased in 1940. +Urraca Wildlife Management Area: 13,304 acres (5,384 ha) purchased in 1940. +Wagon Mound Lake Wildlife Management Area: 850 acres (340 ha) including Salt Lake. +Tucumcari Lake Wildlife Management Area: 702 acres (284 ha). +Eagle Nest Wildlife Management Area: 999.9 acres (404.6 ha). Located due east of Eagle Nest Lake State Park and Eagle Nest Lake. + + +=== Southwest Area === +Bear Canyon Lake Wildlife Management Area: 75 acres (30 ha) purchased in 1949. +Bill Evans Wildlife Management Area: 300 acres (120 ha) including the 62 acres (25 ha) Bill Evans Lake purchased in 1972. +Glenwood Allred Wildlife Management Area: 107 acres (43 ha). +Heart Bar Wildlife Management Area: 797 acres (323 ha) purchased in 1951 +Lake Roberts Wildlife Management Area: 79 acres (32 ha). +Mimbres River Tract: 23 acres (9.3 ha) purchased in 1985 for habitat protection of the Chihuahua chub. +Red Rock Wildlife Management Area: 1,530 acres (620 ha) purchased in 1960. +Socorro-Escondida Wildlife Management Area: 94 acres (38 ha). +Double E Ranch Wildlife Management Area: 23,000 acres (9,300 ha). +River Ranch Wildlife Management Area: 1,010 acres (410 ha). +San Simon Cienega Wildlife Management Area: Approximately 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) in the WMA of the total 47,027 acres (19,031 ha) of habitat in New Mexico and Arizona. Purchased in 1966 as habitat for the Mexican duck (Anas diazi). + + +=== Southeast Area === +Sandhills Prairie Conservation Area: 5,285 acres (2,139 ha). +Prairie Chicken Wildlife Management Areas: 21,621 acres (8,750 ha) purchased in 1940 for habitat of the Lesser prairie chicken. +W.S. Huey Wildlife Management Area: 2,880 acres (1,170 ha) as habitat loss mitigation as a result of the Brantley Dam. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d052b3f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "List of North Dakota Wildlife Management Areas" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_Wildlife_Management_Areas" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:53.377360+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +North Dakota Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the US state of North Dakota. + + +== List of WMAs == + +There are 200 Wildlife Management Areas in North Dakota covering around 220,000 acres (89,000 ha) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f58236ba3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "List of Tennessee Wildlife Management Areas" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_Wildlife_Management_Areas" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:54.511912+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tennessee Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the US state of Tennessee managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission. The law enforcement body of the areas is the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. + + +== List of Wildlife management areas == +The state is divided into four regions + + +=== West Tennessee Region 1 === +WMAs in Region1: + + +=== Middle Tennessee Region 2 === +WMAs in Region 2: + + +=== Cumberland Plateau Region 3 === +WMAs in Region 3: + + +=== East Tennessee - Region 4, Wildlife Management Areas === +WMAs in Region 4: + + +== See also == +List of Tennessee state parks and natural areas + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49a04ae67 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of Tree Cities USA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tree_Cities_USA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:34.618675+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +There are more than 3,400 Tree Cities USA. +The following is a partial listing of Tree Cities USA. To be a Tree City, the community must meet four standards set by the National Arbor Day Foundation and the National Association of State Foresters: + +The community must have a tree board or department. +The community must have established a community ordinance for tree care. +There must be a community forestry program with an annual budget of at least $2 per capita. +The community must have an Arbor Day observance and proclamation. + + +== States == + + +== See also == +Tree Cities of the World + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"Tree City USA Directory". The Arbor Day Foundation. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Georgia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Georgia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06d442b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Georgia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "List of Wildlife Management Areas in Georgia" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Georgia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:55.670583+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) in the U.S. state of Georgia. + + +== Wildlife Management Areas == +Alapaha River WMA: 6,870 acres (2,780 ha) located southwest of Ocilla in Irwin County. +Albany Nursery WMA: 300 acres (120 ha) located in Dougherty County. +Alexander WMA: Established in 1996 the WMA is 1,300 acres (530 ha), with 20 acres (8.1 ha) of dove fields, located near Waynesboro in Burke County. +Allatoona WMA: 6,818-acre located near White, in Bartow County. +Alligator Creek WMA: 3,086 acres (1,249 ha) located near the confluence of the Little Ocmulgee River and Alligator Creek, two miles from Lumber City +Altama Plantation WMA: 3,986 acres (1,613 ha) in Glynn County + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8c9f042e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 1/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list of battles is organized geographically and alphabetically, by country in its present territory. + +== Afghanistan == + +== Albania == + +== Algeria == + +== Angola == + +== Argentina == + +== Armenia == + +== Australia == + +== Austria == + +== Azerbaijan == + +== Bahamas == + +== Bahrain == + +== Bangladesh == + +== Barbados == + +== Belarus == + +== Belgium == + +== Belize == + +== Benin == + +== Bolivia == + +== Bosnia and Herzegovina == + +== Botswana == + +== Brazil == + +== Bulgaria == + +For Fall of the Western Roman Empire, see List of battles during the fall of the Western Roman Empire +Siege of Dorostolon - 896 +For Rus'–Byzantine War (970–971), see Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria +Battle of Dristra - 1087 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars +Battle of Beroia - 1122 - Byzantine–Pecheneg wars +For Bulgarian–Ottoman wars, see List of battles during the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars +Battle of Çamurlu - 1413 - Ottoman Interregnum +Battle of Zlatitsa – 1443 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) +Battle of Varna – 1444 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) +For World War I, see Bulgaria during World War I +For World War II, see Bulgaria during World War II + +== Cambodia == + +Battle of Kompong Speu – 1970 – Vietnam War +Operation Chenla I – 1970 – 1971 – Cambodian Civil War (Vietnam War) +Operation Chenla II – 1971 – Cambodian Civil War (Vietnam War) +Battle of Snuol – 1971 – Vietnam War +Battle of Kampot – 1974 Cambodian Civil War (Vietnam War) + +== Cameroon == + +== Canada == + +Battle at Bae de Bic - 1534 +Battle at Bouabouscache River - 1534 +Battle at Riviere Trois Pistoles - 1534 +Battle of Port Royal - 1613 +Battle of Fort Albany - 1688 - Nine Years' War +Battle of Chedabucto - 1690 - King William's War +Battle of Quebec (1690) - 1690 - King William's War +Battle of La Prairie - 1691 - King William's War +Battle of Placentia (1692) - 1692 - King William's War +Battle of Hudson's Bay - 1697 - King William's War +Battle of Winnepang - 1722 - Dummer's War +Battle of Norridgewock - 1724 - Dummer's War +Raid on Canso - 1744 - King George's War +Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744) - 1744 - King George's War +Siege of Louisbourg (1745) - 1745 - War of the Austrian Succession +Capture of Vigilant - 1745 - King George's War +Naval battle off Tatamagouche - 1745 - King George's War +Battle at Port-la-Joye - 1746 - King George's War +Battle of Grand Pré - 1747 - King George's War +Raid on Dartmouth (1749) - 1749 - Father Le Loutre's War +Siege of Grand Pré - 1749 - Father Le Loutre's War +Battle at St. Croix - 1750 - Father Le Loutre's War +Battle at Chignecto - 1750 - Father Le Loutre's War +Raid on Dartmouth (1751) - 1751 - Father Le Loutre's War +Attack at Mocodome - 1753 - Father Le Loutre's War +Attack at Jeddore - 1753 - Father Le Loutre's War +For battles in the Atlantic theater during the French and Indian War, see French and Indian War: Atlantic theater +Battle of Beauport - 1759 - French and Indian War +Battle of the Plains of Abraham - 1759 - French and Indian War +St. Francis raid - 1759 - French and Indian War +Ile Saint-Jean campaign - 1759 - French and Indian War +Battle of Sainte-Foy - 1760 - French and Indian War +Battle of Pointe-aux-Trembles - 1760 - French and Indian War +Sainte-Thérèse raid - 1760 - French and Indian War +Battle of Restigouche - 1760 - French and Indian War +Battle of the Thousand Islands - 1760 - French and Indian War +Battle of Signal Hill - 1762 - French and Indian War +Battle of Point Pelee - 1763 - Pontiac's War +For battles during the Invasion of Quebec (1775), see American Revolutionary War: Canada +Raid on Saint John - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Charlottetown (1775) - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (1775) - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Canso (1776) - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fort Cumberland (1776) - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle off Yarmouth (1777) - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Capture of USS Hancock - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle off Liverpool, Nova Scotia (1778) - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle off Halifax (1780) - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Blomindon - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 21 July 1781 - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Annapolis Royal (1781) - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle off Halifax (1782) - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Chester, Nova Scotia - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782) - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Hudson Bay expedition - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Newfoundland expedition - 1796 - War of the First Coalition + +== Cape Verde == + +== Chile == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682d72b84 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 2/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Battle of the Maule – c. between 1471-1493 or 1532– Inca Empire wars of conquest +Battle of Reynogüelén – 1536 +Battle of Lincoya Fortress - 1563 +Battle of Castro - 1600 - War of the Straits +Battle of Yerbas Buenas – 1813 +Battle of San Carlos (1813) – 1813 +Siege of Chillán – 1813 +Battle of El Roble – 1813 +Battle of Talca (1814) – 1814 +Battle of El Quilo – 1814 +Battle of Membrillar – 1814 +Battle of Valparaíso – 1814 – War of 1812 (Sixty Years' War) +Battle of Cancha Rayada (1814) – 1814 +Battle of Quechereguas (1814) – 1814 +Battle of Las Tres Acequias – 1814 +Battle of Rancagua – 1814 +Battle of Chacabuco – 1817 +Battle of Curapalihue – 1817 +Battle of Cancha Rayada (1818) – 1818 +Battle of Maipú – 1818 +Battle of Lircay – 1830 – Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 +Combat of Monte de Urra – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution +Battle of Loncomilla – 1851 – 1851 Chilean Revolution +Battle of Papudo – 1865 – Chincha Islands War +Battle of Abtao – 1866 – Chincha Islands War +Battle of Iquique – 1879 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Punta Gruesa – 1879 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Angamos – 1879 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Pisagua – 1879 – War of the Pacific +Battle of San Francisco – 1879 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Tarapacá – 1879 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Arica – 1880 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Pozo Almonte – 1891 – Chilean Civil War of 1891 +Battle of Concón – 1891 – Chilean Civil War of 1891 +Battle of Placilla – 1891 – Chilean Civil War of 1891 +Battle of Coronel – 1914 – World War I + +== China == + +Battle of Yinshan - 630 - Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks +Tibetan attack on Songzhou - 638 - Early Tang expansion +Battle of Lake Baikal - 639 - Early Tang expansion +Tang campaign against Karakhoja - 640 - Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions +Battle of Nuozhen River - 641 - Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo +Tang campaigns against Karasahr - 644 - Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions +First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War - 645 - Goguryeo–Tang War +Battle of Mount Jupil - 645 - Goguryeo–Tang War +Battle of Ansi - 645 - Goguryeo–Tang War +Tang campaign against Kucha - 649 - Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions +Battle of Irtysh River - 657 - Tang campaigns against the Western Turks +Battle of Geumsan - 667 - Goguryeo–Tang War +Battle of Dafei River - 670 +Battle of Tianmenling - 698 +Battle of Bolchu - 711 +Battle of Aksu (717) - 717 - Muslim conquest of Transoxiana +Siege of Yongqiu - 756 - An Lushan rebellion +Siege of Suiyang - 757 - An Lushan rebellion +Siege of Fengtian - 783 +Battle of Weizhou - 801 +Siege of Gaochang - 803 +Battle of Yanzhou - 819 +Shilong's invasion of Sichuan - 829 - Tang-Nanzhao Conflicts +Battle of Qingkou - 897 +Battle of Jisu - 909 - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period +Battle of Langshan Jiang - 919 - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period +Siege of Shouzhou - 955 - Later Zhou conquest of Huainan +Battle of Dingchuan Village - 1042 - Song–Xia wars +Siege of Yongzhou - 1075 - Song–Đại Việt war +Jingkang incident - 1127 - Jin–Song wars +Battle of Huangtiandang - 1130 - Jin–Song wars +Siege of De'an - 1132 - Jin–Song wars +Battle of Yancheng - 1140 - Jin–Song wars +Battle of Tangdao - 1161 - Jin–Song wars +Battle of Caishi - 1161 - Jin–Song wars +Battle of Yehuling - 1211 - Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty +Battle of Zhongdu - 1215 - Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty +Siege of Kashgar - 1217 - Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai +Siege of Yinchuan - 1227 - Mongol conquest of Western Xia +Battle of Sanfengshan - 1232 - Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty +Siege of Kaifeng (1232) - 1232 - Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty +Siege of Caizhou - 1233 - Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty +Siege of Diaoyucheng - 1259 - Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty +Battle of Xiangyang - 1268 - Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty +Battle of Yamen - 1279 - Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty +Battle of Lake Poyang - 1363 - Red Turban Rebellions +Battle of Buir Lake - 1388 - Wars of the Hongwu Emperor +Battle of Tunmen - 1521 - Ming–European conflicts +Battle of Sincouwaan - 1522 - Ming–European conflicts + +== Colombia == +Battle of Punta Quemada – 1525 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586) – 1586 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Raid on Cartagena de Indias (1697) – 1697 – Nine Years' War +Action of August 1702 – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Wager's Action – 1708 – War of the Spanish Succession +Capture of the galleon San Joaquin or Battle of Cartagena – 1710 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Cartagena de Indias – 1741 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of Cúcuta – 1813 – Admirable Campaign (Venezuelan War of Independence) +Los Andes vs Prueba – 1820 – Chilean War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) + +== Democratic Republic of the Congo == +Siege of Jadotville – 1961 +Second Battle for the Tunnel – 1961 + +== Costa Rica == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d60f85ff --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 11/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Quentin (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Buzenval (1871) - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Mulhouse - 1914 - World War I +Battle of Lorraine - 1914 - World War I +Battle of the Trouée de Charmes - 1914 - World War I +Siege of Maubeuge - 1914 - World War I +Battle of Le Cateau - 1914 - World War I +Battle of St. Quentin (1914) - 1914 - World War I +First Battle of the Marne – 1914 – World War I +First Battle of the Aisne – 1914 – World War I +Battle of La Bassée – 1914 – World War I +First Battle of Champagne – 1914–1915 – World War I +Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf - 1915 - World War I +First Battle of Artois – 1915-1915 – World War I +Battle of Neuve Chapelle – 1915 – World War I +Second Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I +Second Battle of Champagne – 1915 – World War I +Battle of Loos – 1915 – World War I +Third Battle of Artois – 1915 – World War I +Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt - 1915 - World War I +Battle of Verdun – 1916 – World War I +Battle of Delville Wood – 1916 – World War I +Battle of the Somme – 1916 – World War I +Battle of Bazentin Ridge - 1916 - World War I +Attack at Fromelles - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Pozières - 1916 - World War I +Fighting for Mouquet Farm - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Guillemont - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Ginchy - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Flers–Courcelette - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Morval - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Thiepval Ridge - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Le Transloy - 1916 - World War I +Battle of the Ancre - 1916 - World War I +Battle of Arras – 1917 – World War I +Battle of Vimy Ridge – 1917 – World War I +Nivelle offensive - 1917 - World War I +Second Battle of the Aisne – 1917 – World War I +Battle of Messines – 1917 – World War I +Battle of Cambrai – 1917 – World War I +First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux - 1918 - World War I +First Battle of Morlancourt - 1918 - World War I +Battle of the Avre - 1918 - World War I +Second Battle of Dernancourt - 1918 - World War I +Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux - 1918 - World War I +Second Battle of Morlancourt - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Cantigny - 1918 - World War I +Third Battle of Morlancourt - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Belleau Wood - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Hamel - 1918 - World War I +Second Battle of the Marne - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Château-Thierry (1918) - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Amiens (1918) - 1918 - World War I +Battle of the Ailette - 1918 - World War I +Second Battle of the Somme - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Havrincourt - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Saint-Mihiel - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Épehy - 1918 - World War I +Meuse–Argonne offensive - 1918 - World War I +Battle of St Quentin Canal - 1918 - World War I +Battle of the Sambre (1918) - 1918 - World War I +Battle of Sedan (1940) - 1940 - World War II +Battle of Arras (1940) - 1940 - World War II +Battle of Dunkirk – 1940 – World War II +Battle of France – 1940 – World War II +Dieppe Raid - 1942 - World War II +D-Day – 1944 – World War II +Battle for Caen - 1944 - World War II +Battle of Normandy – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Villers-Bocage - 1944 - World War II +Operation Martlet - 1944 - World War II +Operation Cobra - 1944 - World War II +Falaise pocket - 1944 - World War II +Operation Dragoon - 1944 - World War II +Liberation of Paris - 1944 - World War II + +== Gabon == +Battle of Gabon – 1940 + +== Germany == +Battle of Arbalo – 11 BC – Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of the Lupia River – 11 BC – Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of the Teutoburg Forest – 9 AD – Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle at Pontes Longi – 15 AD – Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Idistaviso – 16 AD – Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of the Angrivarian Wall – 16 AD – Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle at the Harzhorn – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c63af7e68 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,359 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 12/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +235 – Crisis of the Third Century and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Solicinium – 368 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Mainz - 406 - Vandal–Frankish war +Battle of Tolbiac – 496 – Clovis I's campaigns +Battle of the Unstrut River (531) – 531 +Battle of Cologne – 716 – Frankish Civil War and Frisian–Frankish wars +Battle of Epfach - 743 +Battle of Süntel – 782 – Saxon Wars +Battle of the Hase - 783 - Saxon Wars +Battle of Lüne and the Elbe - 795 - Saxon Wars +Battle of Bornhöved (798) – 798 – Saxon Wars +Battle of Andernach (876) - 876 - Franco-Breton wars +Battle of Lüneburg Heath - 880 +Battle of Norditi - 884 +Battle of Eisenach (908) – 908 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Lechfeld (910) – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Rednitz – 910 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of the Inn – 913 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Püchen – 919 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Siege of Gana - 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Lenzen – 929 - Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Riade – 933 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Andernach - 939 +Battle of Lechfeld – 955 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle on the Raxa - 955 - Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Langensalza (1075) - 1075 - Saxon revolt of 1073–1075 +Battle of Mellrichstadt – 1078 – Great Saxon Revolt +Battle of Flarchheim – 1080 – Great Saxon Revolt +Battle on the Elster – 1080 – Great Saxon Revolt +Battle of Pleichfeld – 1086 – Great Saxon Revolt +Battle of Schmilau - 1093 - Christianisation of the Germanic peoples +Battle of Welfesholz - 1115 +Siege of Weinsberg - 1140 - Welf-Hohenstaufen feud +Siege of Lübeck - 1147 - Northern Crusades +Battle of Flochberg - 1150 - Welf-Hohenstaufen feud +Battle of Verchen - 1164 +Battle of Stellau - 1201 - Danish Crusades +Battle of Mölln - 1225 +Battle of Bornhöved (1227) - 1227 - Dano–German War (1226–1227) +Battle of Altenesch - 1234 - Crusades +Battle of Frankfurt (1246) - 1246 - Crusade against the Hohenstaufen +Siege of Aachen (1248) - 1248 - German civil war +Battle of the Wülferichskamp - 1254 +Cyriacus Battle - 1266 - Würzburg civil war +Battle of Zülpich (1267) - 1267 +Battle of Frohse - 1278 +Battle of Worringen – 1288 – War of the Limburg Succession +Battle of Göllheim - 1298 - Fight for rule over the Holy Roman Empire +Battle of Lucka - 1307 +Battle of Gammelsdorf - 1313 - Conflict over Bavarian tutelage +Battle of Gransee - 1316 - North German Margrave War +Battle of Wöhrden - 1319 +Battle of Mühldorf - 1322 +Battle of Dinklar - 1367 +Battle of Baesweiler - 1371 +Battle of Leveste - 1373 +Battle of Loppersum - 1380 - Frisian War +Battle of Döffingen - 1388 +Battle of Kleverhamm - 1397 +Battle of Bergtheim - 1400 +Battle of Alling - 1422 - Bavarian War (1420–1422) +Battle of Detern - 1426 - Pre-East Frisian Liberation Wars +Battle of the Wild Fields - 1427 - East Frisian Liberation Wars +Battle of Hiltersried – 1433 – Hussite Wars +Battle of Linnich - 1444 - War of the Guelderian Succession +Battle of Waldstetten - 1449 - War of the Cities +Battle of Varlar - 1454 - Münster Diocesan Feud +Battle of Seckenheim - 1462 - Bavarian War (1459–1463) +Battle of Straelen - 1468 - War in Guelders +Siege of Neuss – 1474 – 1475 – Burgundian Wars +Battle of Hemmingstedt – 1500 +Battle of Wenzenbach – 1504 – War of the Succession of Landshut +Battle of the Hartwarder Landwehr - 1514 +Battle of Soltau - 1519 - Hildesheim Diocesan Feud +Battle of Wurzach – 1524 – German Peasants' War +Battle of Frankenhausen – 1525 – German Peasants' War +Battle of Meiningen - 1525 - German Peasants' War +Battle of Pfeddersheim - 1525 - German Peasants' War +Battle of Jemgum (1533) - 1533 - Guelders Wars +Battle of Lauffen - 1534 +Battle of Mühlberg – 1547 – Schmalkaldic War (European wars of religion) +Battle of Drakenburg – 1547 – Schmalkaldic War (European wars of religion) +Battle of Sievershausen – 1553 – Second Margrave War +Siege of Hof – 1553 – Second Margrave War +Siege of Kulmbach and Plassenburg Castle - 1553 - Second Margrave War +Battle of Schwarzach - 1554 - Second Margrave War +Battle of Rügen (1565) – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Action of 4 June 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Dahlen – 1568 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Jemmingen – 1568 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Kerpen - 1579 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Godesberg – 1583 – Cologne War (European wars of religion) +Battle of Hüls (1583) - 1583 - Cologne War +Battle of Werl – 1585 – Cologne War (European wars of religion) +Destruction of Neuss – 1586 – Cologne War and Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590) – 1586 – 1590 – Cologne War, Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Bonn - 1588 - Cologne War +Battle of the Lippe – 1595 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Rheinberg (1597) – 1597 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Meurs (1597) – 1597 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Lingen (1597) – 1597 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Rheinberg - 1598 +Siege of Schenckenschans (1599) – 1599 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Rees (1599) – 1599 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Rheinberg (1601) – 1601 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Jülich (1610) – 1610 – War of the Jülich Succession (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Aachen (1614) – 1614 – War of the Jülich Succession (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Bad Kreuznach – 1620 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Capture of Oppenheim – 1620 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Capture of Bacharach – 1620 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Frankenthal – 1621 – 1623 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Jülich (1621–1622) – 1621 – 1622 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Mingolsheim – 1622 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Wimpfen – 1622 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Höchst – 1622 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Heidelberg (1622) – 1622 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Capture of Mannheim – 1622 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Stadtlohn – 1623 – Palatinate campaign (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Dessau Bridge – 1626 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Lutter – 1626 – Thirty Years' War +Siege of Stralsund (1628) – 1628 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Wolgast – 1628 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder – 1631 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Sack of Magdeburg – 1631 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Werben – 1631 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) – 1631 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Bamberg – 1632 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Rain – 1632 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Nuremberg – 1632 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Wiesloch (1632) – 1632 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of the Alte Veste – 1632 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Fürth – 1632 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Lützen (1632) – 1632 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Oldendorf – 1633 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Nördlingen (1634) – 1634 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Strasbourg Bridge – 1634 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Schenkenschans – 1635 – 1636 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Wittstock – 1636 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Rheinfelden – 1638 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Breisach – 1638 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Vlotho – 1638 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Chemnitz – 1639 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Wolfenbüttel – 1641 – Thirty Years' War +Siege of Dorsten – 1641 – Hessian War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Kempen – 1642 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Breitenfeld (1642) – 1642 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Tuttlingen – 1643 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Colberger Heide – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Freiburg – 1644 – Thirty Years' War +Siege of Philippsburg (1644) – 1644 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Fehmarn (1644) – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Jüterbog – 1644 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Herbsthausen – 1645 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Nördlingen (1645)) – 1645 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Zusmarshausen – 1648 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Wevelinghoven – 1648 – Thirty Years' War +Siege of Bonn (1673) – 1673 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Sinsheim – 1674 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Rathenow – 1675 – Swedish invasion of Brandenburg (1674–75) (Scanian War) [Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars] +Battle of Nauen – 1675 – Swedish invasion of Brandenburg (1674–75) (Scanian War) [Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars] +Battle of Fehrbellin – 1675 – Swedish invasion of Brandenburg (1674–75) (Scanian War) [Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars] +Battle of Salzbach – 1675 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Altenheim – 1675 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Konzer Brücke – 1675 – Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Philippsburg (1676) – 1676 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Warksow – 1678 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Ortenbach – 1678 – Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Stralsund (1678) – 1678 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Invasion of Rügen (1678) – 1678 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Siege of Philippsburg (1688) – 1688 – Nine Years' War +Siege of Bonn (1689) – 1689 – Nine Years' War +First siege of Tönning – 1700 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Reinbek – 1700 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Kaiserswerth – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Landau (1702) – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Friedlingen – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Kehl (1703) – 1703 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Bonn (1703) – 1703 – War of the Spanish Succession +First Battle of Höchstädt – 1703 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Speyerbach – 1703 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Schellenberg – 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Blenheim – 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession +Sendling's night of murder – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Stralsund (1711–1715) – 1711 – 1715 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Wismar (1711) – 1711 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Gadebusch – 1712 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Second siege of Tönning – 1713 – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Fehmarn (1715) – 1715 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Rügen (1715) – 1715 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Stresow – 1715 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Kehl (1733) – 1733 – War of the Polish Succession +Siege of Trarbach – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Siege of Philippsburg (1734) – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Battle of Clausen – 1735 – War of the Polish Succession +Battle of Simbach – 1743 – War of the Austrian Succession +Battle of Dettingen – 1743 – War of the Austrian Succession +Battle of Pfaffenhofen – 1745 – War of the Austrian Succession +Battle of Kesselsdorf – 1745 – Second Silesian War (War of the Austrian Succession and Silesian Wars) +Siege of Pirna – 1756 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Hastenbeck – 1757 – Seven Years' War +1757 raid on Berlin – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Rossbach – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Blockade of Stralsund – 1757 – 1758 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Rheinberg – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Krefeld – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Tornow – 1758 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Fehrbellin (1758) – 1758 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +First siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War) – 1758 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Lutterberg (1758) – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Hochkirch – 1758 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Güstow – 1758 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Bergen (1759) – 1759 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Minden – 1759 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Frisches Haff – 1759 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Hoyerswerda – 1759 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Maxen – 1759 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Meissen – 1759 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Corbach – 1760 – Seven Years' War +Siege of Dresden – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Emsdorf – 1760 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Warburg – 1760 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Strehla – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Second siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War) – 1760 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Raid on Berlin – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Pasewalk – 1760 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Kloster Kampen – 1760 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Torgau – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Langensalza (1761) – 1761 – Seven Years' War +Siege of Cassel (1761) – 1761 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Grünberg – 1761 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Villinghausen – 1761 – Seven Years' War +Third siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War) – 1761 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Neuensund – 1761 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Ölper (1761) – 1761 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Neukalen – 1762 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Wilhelmsthal – 1762 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Lutterberg (1762) – 1762 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Nauheim – 1762 – Seven Years' War +Siege of Cassel (1762) – 1762 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Freiberg – 1762 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Mainz (1792) – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Limburg (1792) – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Aldenhoven (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Mainz (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Landau (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Pirmasens – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Bergzabern – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Biesingen – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Kaiserslautern – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Trippstadt – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Aldenhoven (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Handschuhsheim – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Höchst (1795) – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Action at Mannheim (1795) – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Mainz – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Pfeddersheim (1795) – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Siegburg – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Altenkirchen – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Maudach – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Wetzlar (1796) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Kircheib – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Kehl (1796) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Rastatt (1796) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Ettlingen – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Neresheim – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Theiningen – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Amberg – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Friedberg (Bavaria) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Würzburg – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Limburg (1796) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Kehl (1796) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Biberach (1796) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Emmendingen – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Schliengen – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Kehl (1796–1797) – 1796 – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Hüningen (1796–1797) – 1796 – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Neuwied (1797) – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Diersheim (1797) – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Ostrach – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Stockach (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Mannheim (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Wiesloch (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battles of Stockach and Engen – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Messkirch – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Biberach (1800) – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Höchstädt (1800) – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Neuburg (1800) – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Ampfing (1800) – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Hohenlinden – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Donauwörth – 1805 – Ulm campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Wertingen – 1805 – Ulm campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Günzburg – 1805 – Ulm campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Haslach-Jungingen – 1805 – Ulm campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Memmingen – 1805 – Ulm campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Elchingen – 1805 – Ulm campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Ulm – 1805 – Ulm campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Schleiz – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Saalfeld – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Jena-Auerstedt – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Halle – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Magdeburg (1806) – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Fall of Berlin (1806) – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Prenzlau – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Waren-Nossentin – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lübeck – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition and Franco-Swedish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Hamelin – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Stralsund (1807) – 1807 – Franco-Swedish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Teugen-Hausen – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Abensberg – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Landshut (1809) – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Eckmühl – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Ratisbon – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Stralsund (1809) – 1809 – Franco-Swedish War and Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Gefrees – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Halberstadt – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Ölper (1809) – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lüneburg – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Möckern – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Lützen (1813) – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Bautzen (1813) – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Luckau – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Großbeeren – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Dresden – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Hagelberg – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Dennewitz – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of the Göhrde – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Altenburg – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Combat of Rosslau – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Wartenburg – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Dresden (1813) – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Leipzig – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Torgau – 1813 – 1814 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Hanau – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Bornhöved (1813) – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Sehested – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Hamburg – 1813 – 1814 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Mainz (1814) – 1814 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Bov – 1848 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Schleswig – 1848 – First Schleswig War +Skirmish of Oversø – 1848 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Eckernförde – 1849 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Heligoland (1849) – 1849 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Isted – 1850 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Lottorf – 1850 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Aachen – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Nuremberg (1945) – 1945 – World War II +Battle of Berlin – 1945 – World War II \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-12.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3f861b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-12.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 13/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Georgia == + +== Ghana == +Battle of Guinea – 1478 – War of the Castilian Succession +Battle of Elmina (1625) – 1625 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Battle of Elmina (1637) – 1637 – Dutch–Portuguese War \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-13.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4533d4980 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-13.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 14/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Greece == +Battle of Deres – c. 684 BC – Second Messenian War +Battle of the Great Foss – c. 682 BC – Second Messenian War +Battle of Hysiae (c. 669 BC) – c. 669 BC +Siege of Naxos (499 BC) – 499 BC – Greco-Persian Wars +Siege of Eretria – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of Marathon – 490 BC – First Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of Thermopylae – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of Artemisium – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of Salamis – 480 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Achaemenid destruction of Athens – 480 BC – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of Plataea – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of Aegina – 458 BC – First Peloponnesian War +Battle of Tanagra (457 BC) – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War +Battle of Oenophyta – 457 BC – First Peloponnesian War +Battle of Coronea (447 BC) – 447 BC – First Peloponnesian War +Battle of Sybota – 433 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Potidaea – 432 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Spartolos – 429 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Rhium – 429 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Naupactus – 429 BC – Peloponnesian War +Siege of Plataea – 429 BC – 427 BC – Peloponnesian War +Mytilenean revolt – 428 BC – 427 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Tanagra (426 BC) – 426 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Olpae – 426 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Idomene – 426 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Pylos – 425 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Sphacteria – 425 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Megara – 424 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Delium – 424 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Amphipolis – 422 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Mantinea (418 BC) – 418 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Hysiae (417 BC) – 417 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Orneae – 417 BC – Peloponnesian War +Siege of Melos – 416 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Syme – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Eretria – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Mytilene (406 BC) – 406 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Haliartus – 395 BC – Corinthian War +Battle of Nemea – 394 BC – Corinthian War +Battle of Coronea (394 BC) – 394 BC – Corinthian War +Battle of Lechaeum – 391 BC – Corinthian War +Battle of Naxos – 376 BC – Boeotian War +Battle of Tegyra – 375 BC +Battle of Leuctra – 371 BC +Battle of Cynoscephalae (364 BC) – 364 BC +Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) – 362 BC – Theban–Spartan War +Battle of Crocus Field – 353 BC or 352 BC – Third Sacred War and Rise of Macedon +Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) – 338 BC – Rise of Macedon +Battle of Thebes – 335 BC – Alexander's Balkan campaign (Wars of Alexander the Great) +Battle of Megalopolis – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Battle of Plataea (323 BC) – 323 BC – Lamian War +Battle of Thermopylae (323 BC) – 323 BC – Lamian War +Siege of Lamia – 322 BC – Lamian War +Battle of Amorgos – 322 BC – Lamian War +Battle of the Echinades (322 BC) – 322 BC – Lamian War +Defeat of Leonnatus by Antiphilus – 322 BC – Lamian War +Battle of Crannon – 322 BC – Lamian War +Siege of Megalopolis – 317 BC – Second War of the Diadochi +Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC) – 305 BC – 304 BC – Fourth War of the Diadochi +Siege of Athens (287 BC) – 287 BC +Battle of Thermopylae (279 BC) – 279 BC – Gallic invasion of the Balkans +Battle of Cos – 261 BC or 255 BC – Chremonidean War and Syrian Wars +Battle of Andros (246 BC) – 246 BC or 245 BC – Third Syrian War +Siege of Medion – 231 BC – First Illyrian War +Battle of Paxos – 229 BC – First Illyrian War +Siege of Corcyra – 229 BC – First Illyrian War +Battle of Mount Lycaeum – 227 BC – Cleomenean War +Battle of Ladoceia – 227 BC – Cleomenean War +Battle of Dyme – 226 BC – Cleomenean War +Battle of Sellasia – 222 BC – Cleomenean War +First Battle of Lamia – 209 BC – First Macedonian War (Macedonian Wars) +Second Battle of Lamia – 209 BC – First Macedonian War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Mantinea (207 BC) – 207 BC – First Macedonian War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Chios (201 BC) – 201 BC – Cretan War (205–200 BC) +Battle of Cynoscephalae – 197 BC – Second Macedonian War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC) – 191 BC – Roman–Seleucid War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Callinicus – 171 BC – Third Macedonian War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Pydna – 168 BC – Third Macedonian War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Pydna (148 BC) – 148 BC – Fourth Macedonian War (Macedonian Wars) +Siege of Rhodes (88 BC) – 88 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Siege of Athens and Piraeus (87–86 BC) – 87 BC – 86 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC) – 86 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Orchomenus – 85 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Lemnos (73 BCE) – 73 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Siege of Gomphi – 48 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Pharsalus – 48 BC – Caesar's civil war +Siege of Thessalonica (254) – 254 – Roman–Germanic wars and Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Thermopylae (254) – 254 – Roman–Germanic wars and Crisis of the Third Century +Sack of Athens (267 AD) – 267 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Thessalonica (380) – 380 – Gothic War (376–382) (Fall of the Western Roman Empire) and Roman–Germanic wars +Siege of Thessalonica (617) – 617 or 618 – Avar–Byzantine wars +Siege of Thessalonica (676–678) - 676 - Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Litosoria - 774 - Byzantine–Bulgarian wars +Battle of Thasos – 829 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of the Gulf of Corinth – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-14.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-14.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e9129173 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-14.md @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 15/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +873 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Cephalonia – 880 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Euripos – 883 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Sack of Thessalonica (904) – 904 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Chandax – 960 – 961 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Thessalonica (995) – 995 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Spercheios – 997 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Thessalonica (1004) – 1004 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Kreta – 1009 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Thessalonica (1014) – 1014 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Setina – 1017 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Lemnos (1024) - 1024 - Rus'-Byzantine wars +Battle of Thessalonica (1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Thessalonica (2nd 1040) – 1040 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Ostrovo – 1041 – Uprising of Peter Delyan (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Larissa – 1083 – First Norman invasion of the Balkans +Sack of Thessalonica (1185) – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans +Battle of Demetritzes – 1185 – Third Norman invasion of the Balkans +Battle of Serres (1196) – 1196 – Battles of the Second Bulgarian Empire (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Serres (1205) – 1205 – Bulgarian–Latin wars +Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras - 1205 - Fourth Crusade +Battle of Messinopolis – 1207 – Bulgarian–Latin wars +Battle of Karydi - 1258 - War of the Euboeote Succession +Battle of Settepozzi – 1263 – War of Saint Sabas +Battle of Prinitza - 1263 - Byzantine-Latin Wars +Battle of Makryplagi - 1264 - Byzantine-Latin Wars +Battle of Neopatras - 1275 - Byzantine-Latin Wars +Battle of Demetrias - 1275 - Byzantine-Latin Wars +Battle of Pharsalus (1277) - 1277 - Wars of Michael VIII Palaiologos +Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes - 1306 - 1310 - Crusades +Battle of Halmyros – 1311 – Catalan Company +Battle of Amorgos (1312) - 1312 - Crusades +Battle of Picotin – 1316 – Ferdinand of Majorca +Battle of Manolada – 1316 – Ferdinand of Majorca +Battle of Chios (1319) - 1319 +Battle of Saint George - 1320 - Byzantine–Frankish conflicts +Battle of Rhodes (1320) - 1320 +Battle of Stephaniana - 1344 - Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 +Battle of Peritheorion - 1345 - Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 +Battle of Demotika – 1352 – Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 (Serbian-Ottoman wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Battle of Sapienza - 1354 - War of the Straits +Battle of Achelous (1359) - 1359 +Battle of Megara (1359) - 1359 - Crusades +First Albanian Siege of Ioannina - 1367 +Battle of Maritsa – 1371 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Gardiki - 1375 - Struggle for Constantinople (1204–1261) +Knights Hospitaller Invasion of Arta - 1378 +Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) – 1422 – 1430 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars and Ottoman–Venetian wars +Battle of the Echinades (1427) - 1427 - Struggle for Constantinople (1204–1261) +Siege of Rhodes (1444) - 1444 +Siege of Mytilene - 1462 - Expansion of the Ottoman Empire +Siege of Negroponte (1470) - 1470 - Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) +Siege of Rhodes (1480) – 1480 – Ottoman wars in Europe +Battle of Zonchio – 1499 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of Modon (1500) – 1500 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Siege of the Castle of Saint George – 1500 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Siege of Rhodes (1522) – 1522 – Ottoman wars in Europe +Siege of Coron (1533–1534) - 1533 - Ottoman–Habsburg wars +Siege of Corfu (1537) – 1537 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of Preveza – 1538 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of Lepanto – 1571 – Ottoman–Habsburg wars and Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Siege of Candia – 1648 – 1669 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Action of 10 July 1651 – 1651 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Action of 27 August 1661 – 1661 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Action of 29 September 1662 – 1662 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Siege of Santa Maura (1684) – 1684 – Morean War (Great Turkish War) +Siege of the Acropolis (1687) – 1687 – Morean War (Great Turkish War) +Siege of Negroponte (1688) – 1688 – Morean War (Great Turkish War) +Battle of Mytilene (1690) – 1690 – Morean War (Great Turkish War) +Battle of the Oinousses Islands – 1695 – Morean War (Great Turkish War) +Battle of Andros (1696) – 1696 – Morean War (Great Turkish War) +Battle of Samothrace (1698) – 1698 – Morean War (Great Turkish War) +Siege of Nauplia (1715) – 1715 – Ottoman reconquest of the Morea (Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)) +Siege of Corfu (1716) – 1716 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) +Action of 8 July 1716 – 1716 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) +Battle of Matapan – 1717 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) +Battle of Vromopigada – 1770 – Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770) +Battle of Nauplia (1770) – 1770 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) +Battle of Chesma – 1770 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) +Battle of Patras (1772) – 1772 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) +Battle of Andros (1790) – 1790 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Mykonos – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Action of 18 August 1798 – 1798 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Nicopolis (1798) – 1798 – French campaign in Egypt and Syria (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Siege of Corfu (1798–1799) – 1798 – 1799 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Athos – 1807 – Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) +Siege of Santa Maura (1810) – 1810 – Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) +Liberation of Kalamata – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Navarino massacre – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Siege of Patras (1821) – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Siege of Tripolitsa – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Alamana – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822) – 1821 – 1822 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Gravia Inn – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Valtetsi – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Doliana – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Lalas – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Vasilika (Thessaloniki) – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of the Trench (1821) – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Massacre of Samothrace (1821) – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Vassilika – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Chios massacre – 1822 – Greek War of Independence +Naousa massacre – 1822 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Peta – 1822 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Dervenakia – 1822 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Nauplia (1822) – 1822 – Greek War of Independence +First siege of Missolonghi – 1822 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Karpenisi – 1823 – Greek War of Independence +Second siege of Missolonghi – 1823 – Greek War of Independence +Kasos Massacre – 1824 – Greek War of Independence +Destruction of Psara – 1824 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Samos – 1824 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Gerontas – 1824 – Greek War of Independence +Third siege of Missolonghi – 1825 – 1826 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Andros (1825) – 1825 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Sphacteria (1825) – 1825 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Maniaki – 1825 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of the Lerna Mills – 1825 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Vergas – 1826 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Diro – 1826 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Polyaravos – 1826 – Greek War of Independence +Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827) – 1826 – 1827 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Arachova – 1826 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Kamatero – 1827 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Phaleron – 1827 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Itea – 1827 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Navarino – 1827 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Petra – 1829 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Giannitsa – 1912 +Battle of Lemnos (1912) +Battle of Pente Pigadia – 1912 +Battle of Sarantaporo – 1912 +Battle of Bizani – 1913 +Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas – 1913 +Battle of Sorovich – 1916 +Battle of Skra-di-Legen – 1918 +Battle of Greece – 1940 or 1941 +Battle of Pindus – 1940 +Battle of Cape Matapan – 1941 +Battle of Crete – 1941 +Battle of Vevi (1941) +Battle of Leros – 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-15.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-15.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee72b6e73 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-15.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 16/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Grenada == +Capture of Grenada (1779) – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Grenada – 1779 – American Revolutionary War + +== Guatemala == +Battle of La Arada – 1851 + +== Guyana == +Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Capture of Demerara and Essequibo – 1782 – American Revolutionary War + +== Haiti == +Capture of Fort Rocher – 1654 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Cap-Français – 1757 – Seven Years' War +Battle of the Windward Passage – 1760 – Seven Years' War +Action of 2 January 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets – 1792 – Haitian Revolution +Siege of Port-au-Prince (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution +Battle of Cap-Français (1793) – 1793 – Haitian Revolution +Capture of Fort-Dauphin (1794) – 1794 – Haitian Revolution and War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of the Acul – 1794 – Haitian Revolution +Battle of Saint-Raphaël – 1794 – Haitian Revolution +Battle of Gonaïves – 1794 – Haitian Revolution +Battle of Port-Républicain – 1794 – Haitian Revolution +Battle of Jean-Rabel – 1797 – Haitian Revolution +Action of 1 January 1800 – 1800 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres – 1802 – Saint-Domingue expedition (Haitian Revolution) +Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot – 1802 – Saint-Domingue expedition (Haitian Revolution) +Action of 28 June 1803 – 1803 – Saint-Domingue expedition (Haitian Revolution) +Siege of Port-au-Prince (1803) – 1803 – Saint-Domingue expedition (Haitian Revolution) +Battle of Vertières – 1803 – Saint-Domingue expedition (Haitian Revolution) +Battle of Fort Cachimán – 1844 – Dominican War of Independence +Battle of Fort Rivière – 1915 – Banana Wars +Battle of Port-au-Prince – 1920 – Banana Wars + +== Honduras == +Raid on Puerto Caballos (1594) – 1594 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Puerto Caballos (1603) – 1603 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of San Fernando de Omoa – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 12 December 1779 – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Roatán – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of the Black River – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of La Trinidad – 1827 – First Central American Civil War \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-16.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-16.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41832df6a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-16.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 17/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Hungary == +Battle of Bolia – 469 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Raab - 791 - Saxon Wars +Battle of Ménfő - 1044 - German-Hungarian War +Battle of Vértes - 1051 +Battle of the Theben Pass - 1060 - Hungarian civil war +Battle of Kemej – 1074 +Battle of Mogyoród – 1074 +Battle of Mohi – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary +Siege of Esztergom (1241) – 1242 – First Mongol invasion of Hungary +Battle of the Leitha River - 1246 +Battle of Isaszeg (1265) – 1265 – Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) +Battle of Lake Hód - 1282 - Feudal anarchy in Hungary +Battle of Rozgony - 1312 - Charles I's wars for the centralized power +Siege of Güns – 1526 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Battle of Mohács – 1526 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Sződfalva – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Tarcal – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Siege of Buda (1530) – 1530 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Güns – 1532 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Buda (1541) – 1541 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Pest – 1542 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Esztergom (1543) – 1543 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Székesfehérvár (1543) – 1543 – Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Eger – 1552 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Szigetvár – 1566 – Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (Croatian–Ottoman wars, Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Eger (1596) – 1596 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Keresztes – 1596 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Siege of Székesfehérvár – 1601 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Saint Gotthard – 1664 – Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Visegrád – 1684 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Vác (1684) – 1684 – Great Turkish War +Siege of Buda (1684) – 1684 – Great Turkish War +Siege of Buda (1686) – 1686 – Great Turkish War +Siege of Pécs – 1686 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Mohács (1687) – 1687 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Koroncó – 1704 – Rákóczi's War of Independence (War of the Spanish Succession) +Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705) – 1705 – Rákóczi's War of Independence (War of the Spanish Succession) +Battle of Raab – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Pákozd – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Letenye – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Moson – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Mór – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +First Battle of Szolnok – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Cegléd – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Raid of Kompolt – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Cibakháza – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Kápolna – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Mezőkövesd – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Second Battle of Szolnok – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Hatvan – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Tápióbicske – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Isaszeg (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +First Battle of Vác (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +First Battle of Komárom (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Siege of Buda (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Csorna – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Ihász – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Győr – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Second Battle of Komárom (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Third Battle of Komárom (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Second Battle of Vác (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Tura – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Fourth Battle of Komárom (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Debrecen (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Szőreg – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Debrecen – 1944 +Siege of Budapest – 1945 +Operation Spring Awakening – 1945 + +== Iceland == +Battle of Víðines - 1208 - Age of the Sturlungs +Battle of Örlygsstaðir – 1238 +Battle of Haugsnes – 1246 - Age of the Sturlungs +Battle of Sauðafell – 1550 + +== India == +Battle of the Ten Kings – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-17.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-17.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246baf3d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-17.md @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 18/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +14th century BC +Sack of Kausambi - 497 - First Hunnic War +First Battle of Eran - 498 - First Hunnic War +Second Battle of Eran - 510 - First Hunnic War +Sack of Pataliputra - 520 - Second Hunnic War +Battle of Sondani - 528 - Second Hunnic War +Siege of Banavasi - 540 +Conquest of the Revati Island - 599 +Battle of Pullalur - 618 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars +Battle of Narmada - 619 +Battle of Manimangala - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars +Battle of Vatapi - 642 - Chalukya–Pallava Wars +Battle of Peruvallanallur - 674 +Siege of Nandigrama - 760 +Battle of Venbai - 760 +Battle of Ganges-Yamuna Doab - 791 +Battle of Monghyr - 816 - Gurjara–Gauda War +Battle of Tellaru - 830 +Battle of Thirupurambiyam - 879 +Battle of Niravadyapura - 894 +Battle of Peruvanguru - 894 +Battle of Vallala - 911 +Battle of Vellore - 915 +Sack of Kannauj - 916 +Battle of Takkolam - 948 - Krishna's Southern Expedition +Sack of Manyakheta - 972 +Battle of Kandalur Salai - 988 - Chola Expansions under Rajaraja +Battle of Rattapadi - 992 +Battle of Puri - 997 - Western Chalukya expansion +Battle of Donur - 1007 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Rattapadi - 1008 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Tavareyaghatta - 1008 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Chebrolu - 1008 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of the River Tausi – 1014 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars +Battle of Maski - 1019 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of the Ramganga – 1020 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars +Siege of Gwalior - 1021 +Sack of Somnath - 1026 - Ghaznavid campaigns in India +Battle of the Godavari River - 1028 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Dannada - 1046 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Koppam - 1052 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Kudal-Sangamam - 1062 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Vijayawada - 1068 - Chola–Chalukya Wars +Battle of Sanderao - 1070 - Chahamana-Chaulukya Wars +Chola invasion of Kalinga (1097) - 1097 +Chola invasion of Kalinga (1110) - 1110 +Battle of Talakad - 1116 +Battle of Kannegala - 1118 +Battle of Goggasthana - 1175 +Battle of Kasahrada - 1178 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Battle of Nagor - 1184 +Battle of Nettur - 1188 +First Battle of Tarain - 1191 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Second Battle of Tarain - 1192 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Battle of Chandawar - 1194 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Siege of Gwalior (1196) - 1196 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Battle of Kasahrada (1197) - 1197 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Siege of Kalinjar (1203) - 1203 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Sack of Madurai (1205) - 1205 +Third Battle of Tarain - 1216 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Battle of Mahendramangalam - 1236 +Battle of Beas River – 1285 – Mongol invasions of India +Battle of Jaran-Manjur - 1298 - Mongol invasions of India +Mongol invasion of Sindh - 1298 - Mongol invasions of India +Battle of Kili – 1299 – Mongol invasions of India +Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) - 1303 - Wars between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate +Siege of Delhi (1303) – Mongol invasions of India +Battle of Amroha – 1305 – Mongol invasions of India +Battle of Ravi – 1306 – Mongol invasions of India +Siege of Siwana - 1308 - Campaigns of Alauddin Khalji of Delhi Sultanate +Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri - 1308 - Campaigns of Alauddin Khalji of Delhi Sultanate +Siege of Warangal (1310) - 1310 +Sack of Halebidu - 1327 - Campaigns of Alauddin Khalji of Delhi Sultanate +Battle of Kannanur - 1342 +First battle of Delhi (1398) – 1398 – Timurid conquests and invasions +Second battle of Delhi (1398) – 1398 – Timurid conquests and invasions +Battle of Kondavidu - 1427 - Vijayanagara–Gajapati wars +First Battle of Cannanore – 1501 – Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean +Battle of Calicut (1503) – 1503 – Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean +Battle of Cochin - 1504 - Portuguese colonial campaigns +Battle of Pandarane - 1504 - First Luso-Malabarese War +Battle of Cannanore – 1506 – Portuguese–Mamluk naval war +Siege of Cannanore (1507) – 1507 – Portuguese–Mamluk naval war +Battle of Chaul – 1508 – Portuguese–Mamluk naval war +Battle of Dabul - 1508 - Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts +Battle of Diu (1509) – 1509 – Portuguese–Mamluk naval war +Portuguese conquest of Goa – 1510 – Portuguese–Mamluk naval war +Battle of Kondavidu Fort - 1518 +Battle of Raichur - 1520 - Deccani–Vijayanagar wars +First Battle of Panipat – 1526 – Mughal conquests +Siege of Sambhal – 1526 – Mughal conquests +Battle of Khanwa – 1527 – Mughal conquests +Battle of Chanderi or siege of Chanderi – 1528 – Mughal conquests +Battle of Ghaghra – 1529 – Mughal conquests +Siege of Diu (1531) – 1531 – Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations +Siege of Diu (1538) – 1538 – Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559) (Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations) +Battle of Chausa - 1539 - Afghan-Mughal Wars +Battle of Kannauj - 1540 +Battle of Sammel - 1544 +Battle of Bharuch - 1547 - Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts +Battle of Vedalai - 1549 - Vijayanagar-Portuguese Conflicts +Action at Diu – 1554 – Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559) (Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations) +Battle of Machhiwara - 1555 - Humayun Campaign +Battle of Sirhind (1555) - 1555 - Humayun Campaign +Battle of Tughlaqabad - 1556 - Humayun Campaign +Second Battle of Panipat – 1556 – Mughal conquests +Battle of Talikota – 1565 – Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent +Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568) - 1567 - Mughal–Rajput wars +Siege of Ranthambore (1568) - 1568 - Mughal–Rajput wars +Battle of Tukaroi – 1575 – Mughal invasion of Bengal +Battle of Haldighati - 1576 - Mughal–Rajput wars +Battle of Rajmahal - 1576 - Mughal–Rajput wars +Siege of Penukonda - 1577 +Battle of Bhuchar Mori - 1591 - Mughal conquest of Gujarat +Battle of Swally – 1612 – Portuguese Empire +Battle of Samdhara – 1616 – Ahom–Mughal conflicts +Battle of Goa (1638) – 1638 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Action of 30 September 1639 – 1639 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Battle of Samugarh – 1658 – Mughal War of Succession 1658–1659 +Battle of Saraighat – 1671 – Ahom–Mughal conflicts +Siege of Jinji – 1690 – 1698 – Mughal–Maratha Wars +Battle of Palkhed – 1728 – Battles involving the Maratha Empire +Battle of Karnal – 1739 – Nader Shah's invasion of India (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Siege of Trichinopoly (1741) – 1741 – Battles involving the Maratha Empire +Battle of Colachel – 1741 – Travancore–Dutch War +Siege of Trichinopoly (1743) – 1743 +Action of 6 July 1746 – 1746 – First Carnatic War (War of the Austrian Succession and Carnatic Wars) +Battle of Madras – 1746 – First Carnatic War (War of the Austrian Succession and Carnatic Wars) +Battle of Adyar – 1746 – First Carnatic War (War of the Austrian Succession and Carnatic Wars) +Battle of Manupur – 1748 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Siege of Cuddalore (1748) – 1748 – First Carnatic War (War of the Austrian Succession and Carnatic Wars) +Siege of Pondicherry (1748) – 1748 – First Carnatic War (War of the Austrian Succession and Carnatic Wars) +Battle of Ambur – 1749 – Second Carnatic War +Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–1752) – 1751 – 1752 – Second Carnatic War +Siege of Arcot – 1751 – Second Carnatic War +Battle of Arnee – 1751 – Second Carnatic War +Battle of Chingleput – 1752 – Second Carnatic War +Battle of Golden Rock – 1753 – Second Carnatic War +Battle of Seringham – 1753 – Second Carnatic War +Battle of Plassey – 1757 – Bengal War and Seven Years' War +Battle of Amritsar (1757) – 1757 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Mahilpur (1757) – 1757 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Panipat (1761) – 1761 – Afghan-Maratha Wars +Battle of Kup – 1762 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Harnaulgarh – 1762 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of the Ravi Ford – 1762 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Sirhind (1764) – 1764 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Sutlej – 1765 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Tiruvannamalai – 1767 – First Anglo-Mysore War (Anglo-Mysore Wars) +Siege of Ambur – 1767 – First Anglo-Mysore War (Anglo-Mysore Wars) +Battle of Ooscota – 1768 – First Anglo-Mysore War (Anglo-Mysore Wars) +Siege of Tanjore – 1769 +Siege of Pondicherry (1778) – 1778 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Wadgaon – 1779 – First Anglo-Maratha War +Siege of Tellicherry – 1779 – 1782 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Pollilur (1780) – 1780 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Vellore – 1780 – 1782 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Porto Novo – 1781 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Pollilur (1781) – 1781 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Sholinghur – 1781 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Negapatam – 1781 – Second Anglo-Mysore War and Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Battle of Sadras – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Negapatam (1782) – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Siege of Bednore – 1783 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Mangalore – 1783 – 1784 – Second Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Cuddalore – 1783 – Second Anglo-Mysore War and Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Battle of Cuddalore (1783) – 1783 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Nedumkotta – 1789 – 1790 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Sittimungulum – 1790 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Darwar – 1790 – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Koppal – 1790 – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Tirurangadi – 1790 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Capture of Cannanore – 1790 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Bangalore – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Arakere – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Coimbatore – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Goorumconda – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Nundydroog – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Tellicherry – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Capture of Hooly Honore – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Savendroog – 1791 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Capture of Shimoga – 1791 – 1792 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Seringapatam (1792) – 1792 – Third Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Pondicherry (1793) – 1793 – French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 28 February 1799 – 1799 – French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of Seedaseer – 1799 – Fourth Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Mallavelly – 1799 – Fourth Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Sultanpet Tope – 1799 – Fourth Anglo-Mysore War +Siege of Seringapatam (1799) – 1799 – Fourth Anglo-Mysore War +Battle of Poona – 1802 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Siege of Ahmednagar – 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Siege of Aligarh – 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Delhi (1803) – 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Assaye – 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Laswari – 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Argaon – 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Capture of Gawilghur – 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Mukandwara Pass – 1804 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Siege of Delhi (1804) – 1804 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Deeg – 1804 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Farrukhabad – 1804 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Siege of Deeg – 1804 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Siege of Bharatpur (1805) – 1805 – Second Anglo-Maratha War +Battle of Nalapani – 1814 – Anglo-Nepalese War +Battle of Jaithak – ??? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-18.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-18.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13c7a94a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-18.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 19/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +– Anglo-Nepalese War +Battle of Khadki – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) +Battle of Sitabuldi – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) +Battle of Mahidpur – 1817 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) +Battle of Koregaon – 1818 – Third Anglo-Maratha War (Anglo-Maratha Wars) +Battle of Shopian – 1819 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Battle of Mudki – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Ferozeshah – 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Sohana – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Baddowal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Aliwal – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Sobraon – 1846 – First Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Asal Uttar – 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 +Battle of Longewala – 1971 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 +Battle of Tololing – 1999 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-19.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-19.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..316be2dea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-19.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 20/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Indonesia == +Chola invasion of Srivijaya - 1025 - South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I +Battle of Genter – 1222 +Battle of Bubat – 1357 +Battle of Palembang – 1407 – Ming treasure voyages +Battle of Trowulan - 1478 - Spread of Islam in Indonesia +Battle of Aceh – 1521 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts +Battle of Lingga - 1525 - Malay–Portuguese conflicts +Battle of Sunda Kelepa - 1527 +Battle of Aceh – 1528 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts +Battle of Tidore - 1536 +Battle of Aceh – 1569 – Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts +Battle of Bantam – 1601 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Capture of Amboina – 1605 – Dutch-Portuguese War +Fall of Jayakarta – 1619 +First Battle of Passempe – 1643 +Second Battle of Passempe – 1646 +Battle of Gegodog – 1676 – Trunajaya rebellion +Battle of Surabaya – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion +Fall of Plered – 1677 – Trunajaya rebellion +Assault of Kediri – 1678 – Trunajaya rebellion +Action of 9 September 1796 – 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of Java Sea – 1942 - Pacific War +Battle of Kotabaru – 1945 - Indonesian National Revolution +Battle of Medan – 1945 +Battle of Semarang – 1945 +Battle of Ambarawa – 1945 +Battle of Surabaya – 1945 +Kolaka incident – 1945 +Cumbok affair – 1945 +Battle of Kumai – 1946 +Lengkong incident – 1946 +Bandung Sea of Fire – 1946 +Battle of Margarana – 1946 +3 March affair – 1947 +Madiun Affair – 1948 +Siege of Surakarta – 1949 +Battle of Arafura Sea – 1962 – West New Guinea dispute +Sunda Straits Crisis – 1964 – Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation +Battle of Sungei Koemba – 1965 +Battle of Kindau – 1965 +Battle of Babang – 1965 +Arfai incident – 1965 – Papua conflict +Operation Trisula – 1968 +Battle of Dili – 1975 – Indonesian invasion of East Timor \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a9b7d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 3/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Croatia == +Battle of Cibalae - 316 - Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of Mursa Major - 351 - Roman civil war of 350–353 +Siege of Trsat - 799 +Battle of Makarska - 887 - Croatian–Venetian wars +Battle of Drava River - 925 - Croatian–Hungarian Wars +Battle of Syrmia - 960 - Hungarian-Serbian War (c. 960) +Siege of Zadar (998) - 998 - Croatian–Bulgarian wars +Siege of Lastovo - 1000 - Croatian–Venetian wars +Battle of Gvozd Mountain - 1097 - War of the Croatian Succession +Battle of Pašman - 1190 +Siege of Zara - 1202 - Fourth Crusade +Battle of Grobnik Field - 1242 - First Mongol invasion of Hungary +Battle of Curzola - 1298 - War of Curzola +Battle of Bliska - 1322 +Battle of Una - 1483 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Battle of Vrpile - 1491 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Battle of Krbava Field - 1493 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Battle of Dubica - 1513 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Siege of Knin - 1522 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Siege of Klis - 1536 - Croatian–Ottoman wars +Battle of Gorjani - 1537 - Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) +Battle of Otočac (1543) - 1543 - Croatian–Ottoman wars +Battle of Slunj - 1584 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Battle of Brest (1592) - 1592 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Battle of Sisak - 1593 - Long Turkish War +Battle of Brest (1596) - 1596 - Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War +Siege of Novi Zrin (1664) - 1664 - Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) +Relief of Cetingrad - 1790 - Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) + +== Cuba == + +Battle of Pinos – 1596 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Raid on Santiago de Cuba (1603) – 1603 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle in the Bay of Matanzas – 1628 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Invasion of Cuba (1741) – 1741 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of Santiago de Cuba (1748) – 1748 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of Havana (1748) – 1748 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of the Windward Passage – 1760 – Seven Years' War +Siege of Havana – 1762 – Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) (Seven Years' War) +Action of 17 February 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 23 August 1806 – 1806 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Las Guasimas – 1874 – Ten Years' War +Battle of San Juan Hill – 1898 – Spanish–American War +Battle of Santiago de Cuba – 1898 – Spanish–American War +Battle of Santa Clara – 1958–59 – Cuban Revolution + +== Cyprus == + +== Czech Republic == +Battle at Brůdek - 1040 +Battle of Chlumec - 1126 - War of Bohemian Succession (1125–1126) +Battle of Vysoká - 1142 +Battle of Loděnice (1179) – 1179 +Battle of Olomouc - 1253 +Battle of Vyšehrad – 1419 +Battle of Živohoště – 1419 +Battle of Nekmíř – 1419 +Battle of Sudoměř – 1420 +Battle of Vítkov Hill – 1420 +Battle of Tábor – 1420 +Battle of Brüx – 1421 +Battle of Kutná Hora – 1421 +Battle of Nebovidy – 1422 +Battle of Německý Brod – 1422 +Battle of Hořice – 1423 +Battle of Aussig – 1426 +Battle of Tachov – 1427 +Battle of Kratzau – 1428 +Battle of Domažlice – 1431 +Siege of Pilsen (1433–1434) – 1433 – 1434 +Battle of Lipany or Battle of Český Brod – 1434 +Battle of Křeč – 1435 +Battle of Sellnitz – 1438 +Siege of Pilsen or siege of Plzeň – 1618 – Bohemian Revolt (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Lomnice or Battle of Lomnice nad Lužnicí – 1618 – Bohemian Revolt (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Sablat or Battle of Záblatí – 1619 – Bohemian Revolt (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Wisternitz or Battle of Dolní Věstonice – 1619 – Bohemian Revolt (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of White Mountain – 1620 – Bohemian Revolt (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Neu Titschein – 1621 – Bohemian Revolt (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Preßnitz – 1641 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Jankau – 1645 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Triebl – 1647 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Prague (1648) – 1648 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Prague (1741) – 1741 – War of the Austrian Succession +Battle of Chotusitz – 1742 – First Silesian War (War of the Austrian Succession and Silesian Wars) +Battle of Sahay – 1742 – War of the Austrian Succession +Siege of Prague (1742) – 1742 – War of the Austrian Succession +Battle of Soor – 1745 – Second Silesian War (War of the Austrian Succession and Silesian Wars) +Battle of Lobositz – 1756 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Reichenberg – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Prague – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Prague – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Kolín – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Olomouc – 1758 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Domstadtl – 1758 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Peterswalde – 1759 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Wischau – 1805 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Austerlitz – 1805 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Znaim – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Kulm – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Second Battle of Kulm – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Königgrätz (also Battle of Sadová) – 1866 +Prague Offensive – 1945 + +== Denmark == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-20.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-20.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87b03193f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-20.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 21/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Iran == +Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire +Battle of Ulai – c. 653 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam +Battle of Susa – 647 BC – Assyrian conquest of Elam +Battle of Hyrba – 552 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Battle of the Persian Border – c. 551 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Battle of Pasargadae – c. 550 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Battle of the Uxian Defile – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Battle of the Persian Gate – 330 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Battle of Paraitakene – 317 BC – Second War of the Diadochi +Battle of Gabiene – 315 BC – Second War of the Diadochi +Battle of Ecbatana – 129 BC – Seleucid–Parthian Wars +Battle of Hormozdgan – 224 +Battle of Avarayr – 451 +Battle of the Blarathon – 591 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) and Sasanian civil war of 589–591 +Siege of Shushtar – 641 – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Siege of Gundishapur – 642 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Nahavand – 642 – Muslim conquest of Central Persia (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Spahan – 642 – Muslim conquest of Central Persia (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Waj Rudh – 642 or 643 – Muslim conquest of Central Persia (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Bayrudh – 643 or 644 – Muslim conquest of Khuzestan (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Bishapur (643–644) – 643 – 644 – Muslim conquest of Pars (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Istakhr (650–653) – 650 – 653 – Muslim conquest of Pars (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Ray (651) – 651 – Muslim conquest of Central Persia (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Nishapur – 652 – Muslim conquest of Khorasan (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Marj Ardabil - 730 - Second Arab–Khazar War +Battle of Ray (811) - 811 - Fourth Fitna +Battle of Iskhabad - 940 - Samanid–Ziyarid Wars +Battle of Damghan (1063) – 1063 – Seljuk Civil War +Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf – 1073 – Seljuk Civil War +Battle of Rey - 1095 +Siege of Shahdiz - 1107 - Nizari–Seljuk conflicts +Battle of Saveh - 1119 +Battle of Rey - 1194 - Seljuk-Khwarazmian Wars +Battle of Nishapur - 1201 - Ghurid conquest of Khorasan +Battle of Mount Siyalan - 1256 - Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia +Siege of Firuzkuh - 1256 - Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia +Siege of Maymun-Diz - 1256 - Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia +Siege of Alamut - 1256 - Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia +Battle of Zava – 1342 +Siege of Isfahan (1387) – 1387 – Timurid conquests and invasions +Battle of Damghan (1447) – 1447 – Timurid wars of succession +Battle of Nishapur (1447) – 1447 – Timurid wars of succession +Battle of Farhadgerd – 1449 – Timurid wars of succession +Battle of Sarakhs (1459) – 1459 – Timurid wars of succession +Portuguese conquest of Hormuz - 1507 - Portuguese–Safavid wars +Battle of Chaldiran – 1514 – Ottoman–Persian Wars +Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553) – 1553 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of the Gulf of Oman – 1554 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of Leitao Coast - 1586 +Safavid capture of Tabriz (1603) – 1603 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Urmia (1604) – 1604 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Sufiyan – 1605 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Battle off Hormuz (1625) – 1625 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Battle of Gulnabad – 1722 – Fall of the Safavid Empire (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Siege of Isfahan – 1722 – Fall of the Safavid Empire (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Peter the Great's capture of Rasht – 1722 – 1723 – Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) (Russo-Persian Wars) +Battle of Sangan – 1727 – Khorasan campaign of Nader Shah (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Battle of Damghan (1729) – 1729 – Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Battle of Khwar Pass – 1729 – Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Battle of Murche-Khort – 1729 – Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Liberation of Isfahan – 1729 – Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Battle of Zarghan – 1730 – Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne (Campaigns of Nader Shah) +Battle of Aslanduz – 1812 – Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-21.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-21.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dad72e205 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-21.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 22/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Iraq == +Battle of Diyala River – 693 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire +Battle of Halule – 691 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire +Siege of Babylon – 689 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire +Fall of Tarbisu – 615 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire +Fall of Assur – 614 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire +Battle of Nineveh (612 BC) – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire +Battle of Opis – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Fall of Babylon – 539 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Battle of Gaugamela – 331 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +First siege of Babylon (311 BC) – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) +Battle of the Tigris – 311 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) +Second siege of Babylon (310 BC) – 310 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) +Third siege of Babylon (309 BC) – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) +Battle of the 25 of Abu – 309 BC – Babylonian War (Wars of the Diadochi) +Battle of Ctesiphon (165) – 165 – Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (Roman–Parthian Wars) +Battle of Ctesiphon (198) – 198 – Roman–Persian Wars +Fall of Hatra – 240 – 241 – Roman–Persian Wars +Battle of Misiche – 244 – Roman–Persian Wars +Battle of Ctesiphon (263) – 263 – Roman–Persian Wars +Battle of Singara (344) – 344 – Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Singara (360) - 360 - Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Pirisabora – 363 – Julian's Persian expedition (Roman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Maiozamalcha – 363 – Julian's Persian expedition (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Ctesiphon (363) – 363 – Julian's Persian expedition (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Maranga – 363 – Julian's Persian expedition (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Samarra (363) – 363 – Julian's Persian expedition (Roman–Persian Wars) +Sack of al-Hirah - 575 +Battle of Dhi Qar - 604 +Battle of Nineveh (627) – 627 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Ctesiphon (629) – 629 – Sasanian civil war of 628–632 +Battle of River – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Walaja – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Ullais – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Hira – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of al-Anbar – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Ayn al-Tamr – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Husayd – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Muzayyah – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Saniyy – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Zumail – 633 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Firaz – 634 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Babylon (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Namaraq – 634 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Kaskar – 634 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of the Bridge – 634 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Buwaib – 634 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of al-Qadisiyyah – 636 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Burs – 636 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Babylon (636) – 636 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Siege of Ctesiphon (637) – 637 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of Jalula – 637 – Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia +Battle of the Camel – 656 – First Fitna +Battle of Nahrawan – 658 – First Fitna +Battle of Karbala – 680 – Second Fitna +Battle of Khazir – 686 – Second Fitna +Battles of Madhar and Harura – 686 – Second Fitna +Battle of Maskin – 691 – Second Fitna +Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim - 703 +Battle of Aqr - 720 +Battle of Rupar Thutha - 746 +Siege of Wasit - 749 - Abbasid revolution +Battle of the Zab - 750 - Abbasid revolution +Battle of Bakhamra - 762 - Alid revolt of 762–763 +Siege of Baghdad (812–813) – 812 – 813 – Fourth Fitna +Siege of Baghdad (865) – 865 – Abbasid civil war (865–866) +Battle of the Barges – 869 – Zanj Rebellion +Battle of Basra (871) – 871 – Zanj Rebellion +Battle of Dayr al-Aqul - 876 +Sack of Basra (923) - 923 - Qarmatian—Abbasid wars +Qarmatian raid into Upper Mesopotamia - 928 - Qarmatian invasion of Iraq +Battle of al-Mada'in - 942 +Battle of Baghdad (946) – 946 – Buyid-Hamdanid Wars +Battle of Sinjar - 1057 +Battle of Khabur River - 1107 +Siege of Baghdad (1136) – 1136 – Abbasid-Seljuq Wars +Siege of Baghdad (1157) – 1157 – Abbasid-Seljuq Wars +Siege of Baghdad (1258) – 1258 – Mongol invasions and conquests +Capture of Mosul (1517) – 1517 – Ottoman–Persian Wars +Capture of Baghdad (1534) – 1534 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Capture of Baghdad (1624) – 1624 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Capture of Baghdad (1638) – 1638 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Baghdad (1733) – 1733 – Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign (Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)) +Battle of Samarra (1733) – 1733 – Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign (Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)) +Battle of Kirkuk (1733) – 1733 – Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign (Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)) +Wahhabi sack of Karbala – 1802 +Battle of Ctesiphon (1915) – 1915 – Mesopotamian campaign (World War I) +Iran–Iraq War, 1980–88 +Invasion of Kuwait, 1990 +Gulf War, 1990–91 +Iraq War + +== Ireland == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-22.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-22.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c57b0970d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-22.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 23/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Israel == +Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC) – 1457 BC – Thutmose III's first campaign in the Levant +Siege of Azekah – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant +Siege of Lachish – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant +Assyrian siege of Jerusalem – 701 BC – Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant +Fall of Ashdod – c. 655 BC – Campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian Empire +Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) – c. 597 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon +Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) – 589 BC – 587 BC – Judah's revolts against Babylon +Battle of Panium – 200 BC – Fifth Syrian War +Battle of Adasa – 161 BC – Maccabean Revolt +Battle of Cana – 84 BC +Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC) – 63 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) and Hasmonean Civil War +Siege of Sepphoris (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War +Sack of Jaffa (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War +Battle of Geva – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War +Battle of Beth Horon (66) – 66 – First Jewish–Roman War +Pillage of Ein Gedi – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Sepphoris (67) – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War +Battle of Arrab – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Yodfat – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Gamla – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War +Battle of Mount Tabor (67) – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Gush Halav – 67 – First Jewish–Roman War +Zealot Temple Siege – 68 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) – 70 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Masada – 73 – 74 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Caesarea Maritima (614) – 614 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem – 614 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Ajnadayn – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Fahl – 635 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) – 636 – 637 or 638 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Jerusalem (1099) – 1099 – First Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Ascalon – 1099 – First Crusade (Crusades) +First siege of Arsuf – 1099 – Crusades +Battle of Ramla (1101) – 1101 – Crusades +Battle of Ramla (1102) – 1102 – Crusades +Siege of Acre (1104) – 1104 – Crusades +Battle of Ramla (1105) – 1105 – Crusades +Battle of al-Sannabra – 1113 – Crusades +Battle of Yibneh – 1123 – Crusades +Siege of Ascalon – 1153 – Crusades +Battle of Lake Huleh (1157) – 1157 – Crusades +Battle of Montgisard – 1177 – Crusades +Siege of Jacob's Ford – 1179 – Crusades +Battle of Belvoir Castle – 1182 – Crusades +Battle of al-Fule – 1183 – Crusades +Battle of Cresson – 1187 – Crusades +Battle of Hattin – 1187 – Crusades +Siege of Jerusalem (1187) – 1187 – Crusades +Siege of Safed (1188) – 1188 – Crusades +Siege of Acre (1189–1191) – 1189 – 1191 – Third Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Arsuf – 1191 – Third Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Jaffa (1192) – 1192 – Third Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Acre (1258) – 1258 – War of Saint Sabas +Battle of Ain Jalut – 1260 – Mongol invasions of the Levant +Fall of Arsuf – 1265 – Crusades +Fall of Caesarea – 1265 – Crusades +Fall of Haifa (1265) – 1265 – Crusades +Siege of Safed (1266) – 1266 – Crusades +Siege of Acre (1291) – 1291 – Crusades +Siege of Jaffa – 1799 – French campaign in Egypt and Syria (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Siege of Acre (1799) – 1799 – French campaign in Egypt and Syria (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Mount Tabor (1799) – 1799 – French campaign in Egypt and Syria (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Siege of Jerusalem (1834) – 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine +1834 looting of Safed – 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine +Battle of Acre (1840) – 1840 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) +Battle of Megiddo (1918) – 1918 – World War I +Battle of Sharon – 1918 – World War I \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-23.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-23.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1a9b42f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-23.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 24/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Italy == +Battle of Cumae – 524 BC +Battle of Lake Regillus – c. 496 BC – Latin War (498–493 BC) (Roman–Latin wars) +Battle of Himera (480 BC) – 480 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of the Cremera – 477 BC – Roman–Etruscan Wars +Battle of Cumae – 474 BC +Battle of Mount Algidus – 458 BC – Roman–Italic wars +Battle of the Himera River (446 BC) – 446 BC +Battle of Corbio – 446 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns +Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) – 435 BC – Rome's early Italian campaigns +Battle of Selinus – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Himera (409 BC) – 409 BC – Sicilian Wars +Siege of Akragas (406 BC) – 406 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Gela (405 BC) – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars +Sack of Camarina – 405 BC – Sicilian Wars +Siege of Motya – 398 BC – Sicilian Wars +Siege of Segesta (397 BC) – 398 BC or 397 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Messene – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Catana (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars +Siege of Syracuse (397 BC) – 397 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Veii – c. 396 BC – Roman–Etruscan Wars +Siege of Tauromenium (394 BC) – 394 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Abacaenum – 393 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Chrysas – 392 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of the Allia – 387 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Cabala – between 378 BC to 375 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Cronium – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-24.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-24.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de44bfdb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-24.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 25/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +376 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of the Anio River (361 BC) – 361 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Pedum (358 BC) – Roman–Gallic wars +Siege of Syracuse (343 BC) – 344 BC – 343 BC or 342 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Vesuvius – 340 BC – Latin War +Battle of Trifanum – 340 BC – Latin War +Battle of Mount Gaurus – 339 BC – First Samnite War +Battle of Saticula – 339 BC – First Samnite War +Battle of Suessula – 339 BC – First Samnite War +Battle of the Crimissus – 339 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Pedum (338 BC) – 338 BC – Latin War +Capture of Neapolis – 327 BC – Second Samnite war +Battle of Imbrinium – 325 BC – Second Samnite war +Battle of the Caudine Forks – 321 BC – Second Samnite war +Battle of Lautulae – 315 BC – Second Samnite war +Battle of the Himera River (311 BC) – 311 BC – Sicilian Wars +Siege of Syracuse (311–309 BC) – 311 BC – 309 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) – 310 BC – Second Samnite war +Battle of Bovianum – 305 BC – Second Samnite war +Battle of Tifernum – 297 BC – Third Samnite War +Battle of Camerinum – 295 BC – Third Samnite War +Battle of Sentinum – 295 BC – Third Samnite War +Battle of Aquilonia – 293 BC – Third Samnite War +Battle of Arretium – 284 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC) – 283 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Heraclea – 280 BC – Pyrrhic War +Battle of Asculum – 279 BC – Pyrrhic War +Siege of Syracuse (278 BC) – 278 BC – Sicilian Wars and Pyrrhic War +Siege of Lilybaeum (278 BC) – 278 BC – Sicilian Wars and Pyrrhic War +Battle of the Cranita hills – 277 BC – Pyrrhic War +Battle of the Strait of Messina – 276 BC – Sicilian Wars and Pyrrhic War +Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) – 275 BC – Pyrrhic War +Battle of Messana – 264 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Agrigentum – 262 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Lipari Islands – 260 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Mylae – 260 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Thermae – 259 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Sulci – 258 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Tyndaris – 257 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Cape Ecnomus – 256 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Panormus – 250 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Lilybaeum (250–241 BC) – 250 BC – 241 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Drepana – 249 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Phintias – 249 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Drepana – 249 BC – 241 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Aegates – 241 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Faesulae (225 BC) – 225 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Telamon – 225 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Clastidium – 222 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Lilybaeum – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Ticinus – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Trebia – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Lake Trasimene – 217 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Ager Falernus – 217 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Geronium – 217 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Cannae – 216 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Silva Litana – 216 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) and Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Nola (216 BC) – 216 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Nola (215 BC) – 215 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Decimomannu – 215 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Beneventum (214 BC) – 214 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Nola (214 BC) – 214 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC) – 213 BC – 212 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Tarentum (212 BC) – 212 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Beneventum (212 BC) – 212 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Capua – 212 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Silarus – 212 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Herdonia (212 BC) – 212 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Capua (211 BC) – 211 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Herdonia (210 BC) – 210 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Numistro – 210 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Canusium – 209 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Tarentum (209 BC) – 209 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Petelia – 208 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Grumentum – 207 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Metaurus – 207 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Crotona – 204 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Insubria – 203 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Cremona (200 BC) – 200 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Placentia (194 BC) – 194 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Mutina (193 BC) – 193 BC – Roman–Gallic wars +Battle of Tridentum – 102 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Vercellae – 101 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Acerrae – 90 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Aesernia – 90 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Taenum – 90 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of the Tolenus River – 90 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Mount Falernus – 90 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Firmum – 90 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Asculum (89 BC) – 89 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Canusium (89 BC) – 89 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Fucine Lake – 89 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Nola (89 BC) – 89 BC – Social War (91–87 BC) +Battle of Mount Tifata – 83 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of the Asio River (82 BC) – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of Sacriportus – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of Sena Gallica (82 BC) – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +First Battle of Clusium (82 BC) – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of Faventia (82 BC) – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of Fidentia (82 BC) – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +Second Battle of Clusium – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of the Colline Gate – 82 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of Mount Vesuvius – 73 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Battle of Lentula – 72 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Battle of Gargano – 72 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Battle of Picenum – 72 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Battle of Mutina (72 BC) – 72 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Battle of Cantenna – 71 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +First Battle of Campania – 71 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Second Battle of Campania – 71 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Battle of the Silarius River – 71 BC – Third Servile War (Servile Wars) +Siege of Corfinium – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war +Siege of Brundisium – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Mutina – 43 BC – War of Mutina +Battle of Locus Castorum – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-25.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-25.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f0d7f1b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-25.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 26/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +69 – Year of the Four Emperors +First Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors +Second Battle of Bedriacum – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors +Siege of Aquileia – 238 – Year of the Six Emperors (Crisis of the Third Century) +Battle of Verona (249) – 249 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Interamna Nahars – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of the Sanguinarian Bridge – 253 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Mediolanum – 259 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Lake Benacus – 268 or 269 – Roman–Germanic wars and Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Placentia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Fano – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Pavia (271) – 271 – Roman–Germanic wars +Siege of Segusio – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of Turin (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of Brescia (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of Verona (312) – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of the Milvian Bridge – 312 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Siege of Asti (402) – 402 – Gothic War (401–403) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Pollentia – 402 – Gothic War (401–403) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Verona (402) – 402 – Gothic War (401–403) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Florence (405) – 405 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Faesulae (406) – 406 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Ostia (409) – 409 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Sack of Rome (410) – 410 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Rimini (432) – 432 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Sack of Aquileia – 452 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Sack of Rome (455) – 455 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Agrigentum (456) – 456 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Garigliano – 457 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Campi Cannini – 457 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Bergamo – 464 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Siege of Rome (472) – 472 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Ravenna (475) – 475 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Pavia (476) – 476 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Ravenna (476) – 476 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Isonzo (489) – 489 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Verona (489) – 489 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of the Adda River – 490 – Roman–Germanic wars +Siege of Panormus – 535 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Naples (536) – 536 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Rome (537–538) – 537 – 538 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Ariminum (538) – 538 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Urbinus – 538 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Urviventus – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-26.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-26.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b920c30c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-26.md @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 27/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +538 or 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Auximus – 539 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Ravenna (539–540) – 539 – 540 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Treviso – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Verona – 541 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Faventia – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Mucellium – 542 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Naples (542–543) – 542 – 543 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Sack of Rome (546) – 546 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Rome (549–550) – 549 – 550 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Sena Gallica (551) – 551 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Taginae – 552 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Mons Lactarius – 552 or 553 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of the Volturnus – 554 – Gothic War (535–554) (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Forino - 663 +Battle of Coronate - 689 +Battle of Ravenna (729) - 729 +Siege of Pavia (773–774) - 773 +Siege of Syracuse (827–828) – 827 – 828 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Syracuse (868) – 868 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Syracuse (877–878) – 877 – 878 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Stelai – 880 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Taranto (880) - 880 - Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Taormina - 881 - Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Caltavuturo – 881 or 882 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Milazzo (888) – 888 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Brenta – 899 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Siege of Taormina (902) – 902 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Garigliano – 915 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Fiorenzuola - 923 +Siege of Taormina (962) – 962 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of the Straits – 965 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Rometta - 965 - Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Stilo - 982 +Battle of Cannae (1018) – 1018 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Olivento – 1041 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Montemaggiore – 1041 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Montepeloso – 1041 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Civitate – 1053 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Cerami – 1063 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Misilmeri – 1068 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Siege of Bari – 1068 – 1071 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Siege of Taormina (1078) – 1078 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Volta Mantovana (1080) - 1080 - Investiture Controversy +Sack of Rome (1084) – 1084 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Sorbara - 1084 - Investiture Controversy +Siege of Capua – 1098 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Nocera - 1132 - Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Rignano - 1137 - Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Vernavola - 1154 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Tortona – 1155 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Brindisi (1156) – 1156 – Byzantine–Norman wars +Siege of Milan (1158) - 1158 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Crema – 1159 – 1160 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Siziano - 1159 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Carcano - 1160 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Milan (1162) - 1161/2 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Monte Porzio – 1167 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Alexandria (1175) - 1175 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Legnano – 1176 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Calcinato (1201) – 1201 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of San Cesario - 1229 - Lombard League civil war +Battle of Cortenuova – 1237 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Brescia – 1238 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Faenza – 1240 – 1241 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Giglio (1241) – 1241 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Viterbo – 1243 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Parma – 1248 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Fossalta – 1249 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Cingoli – 1250 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Montebruno - 1255 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Cassano (1259) – 1259 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Montaperti – 1260 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Benevento – 1266 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Trapani – 1266 – War of Saint Sabas +Battle of Tagliacozzo – 1268 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa – 1269 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Roccavione – 1275 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Desio – 1277 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Forlì – 1282 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of the Gulf of Naples – 1284 – War of the Sicilian Vespers +Battle of Meloria (1284) - 1284 - Genoese-Pisan Wars +Battle of the Counts – 1287 – War of the Sicilian Vespers +Battle of Pieve al Toppo – 1288 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Campaldino – 1289 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Cape Orlando – 1299 – War of the Sicilian Vespers +Battle of Falconaria – 1299 – War of the Sicilian Vespers +Battle of Ponza (1300) – 1300 – War of the Sicilian Vespers +Siege of Brescia (1311) - 1311 - Italienzug +Battle of Soncino - 1312 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Montecatini - 1315 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Mirandola (1321) – 1321 +Battle of Bardi - 1321 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Siege of Villa di Chiesa - 1323 - Aragonese conquest of Sardinia +Battle of Lucocisterna - 1324 - Aragonese conquest of Sardinia +Battle of Zappolino – 1325 – War of the Bucket (Guelphs and Ghibellines) +Battle of San Felice - 1332 - Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Parabiago - 1339 +Battle of Gamenario – 1345 – Guelphs and Ghibellines +Battle of Porta San Lorenzo - 1347 - Cola di Rienzo conflict +Siege of Mirandola (1355) – 1355 +Battle of Campo delle Mosche - 1359 +Battle of Cascina - 1364 +Battle of Montichiari - 1373 +Cesena Bloodbath - 1375 - War of the Eight Saints +Battle of Cape d'Anzio – 1378 – War of Chioggia (Venetian–Genoese wars) +Battle of Lido and Brondolo – 1379 – War of Chioggia (Venetian–Genoese wars) +Battle of Chioggia – 1380 – War of Chioggia (Venetian–Genoese wars) +Battle of Castagnaro - 1387 +Battle of Alessandria - 1391 - Florentine–Milanese Wars +Battle of Portomaggiore - 1395 +Battle of Casalecchio - 1402 - Third Florentine–Milanese War +Battle of Sanluri - 1409 - Aragonese conquest of Sardinia +Battle of Roccasecca - 1411 +War of L'Aquila - 1424 +Battle of Zagonara – 1424 – Wars in Lombardy +Battle of Maclodio – 1427 – Wars in Lombardy +Battle of Soncino – 1431 – Wars in Lombardy +Battle on the Po (1431) – 1431 – Wars in Lombardy +Battle of San Romano – 1432 – Wars in Lombardy +Battle of Delebio – 1432 – Wars in Lombardy +Battle of Ponza (1435) - 1435 - Aragonese conquest of Naples +Battle of Anghiari – 1440 – Wars in Lombardy +Battle of Bosco Marengo – 1447 – Milanese War of Succession (Wars in Lombardy) +Battle of Caravaggio – 1448 – Milanese War of Succession (Wars in Lombardy) +First siege of Pontevico - 1452 - Wars in Lombardy +Second siege of Pontevico - 1453 - Wars in Lombardy +Siege of Orzinuovi - 1453 - Wars in Lombardy +Battle of Ghedi – 1453 – Milanese War of Succession (Wars in Lombardy) +Third siege of Pontevico - 1453 - Wars in Lombardy +Battle of the Sarno - 1460 - War of Neapolitan Succession +Battle of Genoa - 1461 +Battle of Troia - 1462 - Conspiracy of the Barons +Battle of Molinella - 1467 +Battle of Macomer - 1478 - Aragonese conquest of Sardinia +Battle of Poggio Imperiale - 1479 +Battle of Otranto – 1480 – 1481 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Campomorto - 1482 - War of Ferrara (1482–1484) +Battle of Calliano (1487) - 1487 +Battle of Rapallo – 1494 – Italian War of 1494–1495 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Rapallo (1495) – 1495 – Italian War of 1494–1495 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Novara (1495) – 1495 – Italian War of 1494–1495 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Seminara – 1495 – Italian War of 1494–1495 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Fornovo – 1495 – Italian War of 1494–1495 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Novara (1500) – 1500 – Italian Wars of 1499–1504 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Ruvo – 1503 – Italian Wars of 1499–1504 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Seminara (1503) – 1503 – Italian Wars of 1499–1504 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Cerignola – 1503 – Italian Wars of 1499–1504 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Garigliano (1503) – 1503 – Italian Wars of 1499–1504 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Cadore – 1508 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Battle of Agnadello – 1509 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Siege of Padua – 1509 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Battle of Polesella – 1509 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Siege of Mirandola (1511) – 1511 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Sack of Brescia - 1512 - War of the League of Cambrai +Battle of Ravenna (1512) – 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Battle of Novara (1513) – 1513 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Battle of La Motta (1513) or Battle of Schio or Battle of Vicenza or Battle of Creazzo – 1513 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Battle of Marignano – 1515 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +War of Urbino - 1516 - War of the League of Cambrai +Battle of Pianosa - 1519 +Battle of Vaprio d'Adda (1521) - 1521 - Italian War of 1521–1526 +Battle of Bicocca – 1522 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Genoa (1522) – 1522 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Pavia (1522) - 1522 - Italian War of 1521–1526 +Battle of the Sesia (1524) – 1524 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Dubino - 1525 - Musso War +Battle of Pavia – 1525 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Camollia - 1526 - War of the League of Cognac +Battle of Governolo (1526) - 1526 - War of the League of Cognac +Sack of Rome (1527) – 1527 – War of the League of Cognac (Italian Wars) +Sack of Pavia (1527) - 1527 - War of the League of Cognac +Siege of Melfi - 1528 - War of the League of Cognac +Siege of Catanzaro - 1528 - War of the League of Cognac +Siege of Naples (1528) – 1528 – War of the League of Cognac (Italian Wars) +Battle of Capo d'Orso – 1528 – War of the League of Cognac (Italian Wars) +Siege of Monopoli - 1529 - War of the League of Cognac +Battle of Landriano – 1529 – War of the League of Cognac (Italian Wars) +Siege of Florence (1529–1530) – 1529 – 1530 – War of the League of Cognac (Italian Wars) +Battle of Gavinana – 1530 – War of the League of Cognac (Italian Wars) +Battle of Ceresole – 1544 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Serravalle (1544) – 1544 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Mirandola (1551) – 1551 – 1552 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Ponza (1552) – 1552 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Marciano or Battle of Scannagallo – 1554 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Pantelleria (1586) – 1586 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Relief of Genoa – 1625 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Villabuona – 1630 – War of the Mantuan Succession (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Veillane – 1630 – War of the Mantuan Succession (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Tornavento – 1636 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Turin (1640) – 1640 – Piedmontese Civil War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Orbetello – 1646 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Elba – 1652 – First Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Leghorn – 1653 – First Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Stromboli – 1676 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Augusta – 1676 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Palermo – 1676 – Franco-Dutch War +Bombardment of Genoa – 1684 – War of the Reunions +Battle of Staffarda – 1690 – Nine Years' War +Siege of Cuneo (1691) – 1691 – Nine Years' War +Battle of Marsaglia – 1693 – Nine Years' War +Battle of Carpi – 1701 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Chiari – 1701 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Cremona – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Santa Vittoria – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Luzzara – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Cassano (1705) – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Calcinato – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Turin – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Castiglione (1706) – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Gaeta (1707) – 1707 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Syracuse (1710) – 1710 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Cape Passaro – 1718 – War of the Quadruple Alliance +Battle of Milazzo (1718) – 1718 – War of the Quadruple Alliance +Battle of Francavilla – 1719 – War of the Quadruple Alliance +Siege of Pizzighettone – 1733 – War of the Polish Succession +Siege of Gaeta (1734) – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Siege of Capua (1734) – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Battle of Bitonto – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Battle of Colorno – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Battle of San Pietro – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Battle of Guastalla – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Raid on Genoa – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Action of 22 October 1793 – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Dego – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Genoa (1795) – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Loano – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Voltri – 1796 – Montenotte campaign (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Montenotte – 1796 – Montenotte campaign (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Millesimo – 1796 – Montenotte campaign (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Second Battle of Dego – 1796 – Montenotte campaign (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Ceva – 1796 – Montenotte campaign (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Mondovì – 1796 – Montenotte campaign (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Fombio – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Lodi – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Borghetto – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Mantua (1796–1797) – 1796 – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Lonato – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Castiglione – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Peschiera – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Rovereto – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Bassano – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Bassano – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Calliano – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Caldiero (1796) – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Arcole – 1796 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Rivoli – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Faenza – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Valvasone (1797) – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Tarvis (1797) – 1797 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Verona (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Mantua (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Magnano – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Cassano (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Bassignana (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Marengo (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Modena (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Trebbia (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Marengo (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Novi (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Novi (1799) – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Genola – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Genoa (1800) – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Fort Bard – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Montebello (1800) – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Marengo – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Pozzolo – 1800 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Porto Ferrajo – 1801 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Verona (1805) – 1805 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Caldiero (1805) – 1805 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Castelfranco Veneto – 1805 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Gaeta (1806) – 1806 – Invasion of Naples (1806) (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Campo Tenese – 1806 – Invasion of Naples (1806) (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Maida – 1806 – Invasion of Naples (1806) (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Mileto – 1807 – Invasion of Naples (1806) (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Sacile – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Caldiero (1809) – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Piave River (1809) – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Tarvis (1809) – 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Caldiero (1813) – 1813 – War of the Sixth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of the Mincio River (1814) – 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Genoa (1814) – 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of the Panaro – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Occhiobello – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Carpi (1815) – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Casaglia – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Ronco – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Cesenatico – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Pesaro – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Scapezzano – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Tolentino – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Ancona – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Castel di Sangro – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of San Germano – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Gaeta (1815) – 1815 – Neapolitan War (Hundred Days) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Goito Bridge – 1848 – First Italian War of Independence +Skirmish of Pastrengo (1848) – 1848 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Santa Lucia – 1848 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Goito – 1848 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Custoza (1848) – 1848 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Volta Mantovana (1848) – 1848 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Mestre – 1848 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Mortara – 1849 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Novara (1849) – 1849 – First Italian War of Independence +Battle of Solferino – 1859 +Battle of the Piave River – 1918 +Battle of Anzio – 1944 +Battle of Salerno – 1943 +Battle of Monte Cassino – 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-27.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-27.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..579b1652c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-27.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 28/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Jamaica == +Invasion of Jamaica – 1655 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Ocho Rios – 1657 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Rio Nuevo – 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Action of 15 January 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 17 February 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-28.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-28.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0939f3060 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-28.md @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 29/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Japan == +Battle of Shigisan - 587 - Soga–Mononobe conflict +Battle of Sufuse - 789 - Thirty-Eight Years' War +Siege of Kuriyagawa - 1062 - Former Nine Years' War +Battle of Uji (1180) – 1180 – Genpei War +Siege of Nara – 1180 – Genpei War +Battle of Ishibashiyama – 1180 – Genpei War +Battle of Fujigawa – 1180 – Genpei War +Battle of Sunomata-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War +Battle of Yahagi-gawa – 1181 – Genpei War +Siege of Hiuchi – 1183 – Genpei War +Battle of Kurikara – 1183 – Genpei War +Battle of Shinohara – 1183 – Genpei War +Battle of Mizushima – 1183 – Genpei War +Siege of Fukuryūji – 1183 – Genpei War +Battle of Muroyama – 1183 – Genpei War +Siege of Hōjūjidono – 1184 – Genpei War +Battle of Uji (1184) – 1184 – Genpei War +Battle of Awazu – 1184 – Genpei War +Battle of Ichi-no-Tani – 1184 – Genpei War +Battle of Kojima – 1184 – Genpei War +Battle of Yashima – 1185 – Genpei War +Battle of Dan-no-ura – 1185 – Genpei War +Battle of Uji (1221) - 1221 - Jōkyū War +Battle of Bun'ei – 1274 – Mongol invasions of Japan +Battle of Kōan – 1281 – Mongol invasions of Japan +Siege of Kasagi – 1331 – Genkō War +Siege of Akasaka – 1331 – Genkō War +Siege of Chihaya – 1333 – Genkō War +Battle of Kotesashi (1333) – 1333 – Genkō War +Battle of Kumegawa – 1333 – Genkō War +Battle of Bubaigawara – 1333 – Genkō War +Siege of Kamakura (1333) – 1333 – Genkō War +Battle of Tatarahama (1336) – 1336 – Nanboku-chō period +Battle of Minatogawa – 1336 – Nanboku-chō period +Siege of Kanegasaki (1337) – 1337 – Nanboku-chō period +Battle of Fujishima – 1338 – Nanboku-chō period +Siege of Kuromaku – 1339 – Nanboku-chō period +Battle of Shijōnawate – 1348 – Nanboku-chō period +Battle of Yawata – 1353 – Nanboku-chō period +Koshamain's War - 1457 - Colonisation of Hokkaido +Battle of Sakainehara – 1478 – Sengoku period +Siege of Gongenyama – 1510 – Sengoku period +Siege of Arai – 1516 – Sengoku period +Battle of Arita-Nakaide – 1517 – Sengoku period +Siege of Edo – 1524 – Sengoku period +Battle of Nashinokidaira – 1526 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kamakura (1526) – 1526 – Sengoku period +Battle of Ozawahara – 1530 – Sengoku period +Battle of Idano – 1535 – Sengoku period +Battle of Sendanno – 1536 – Sengoku period +Battle of Un no Kuchi – 1536 – Sengoku period +Siege of Musashi-Matsuyama (1537) – 1537 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kōnodai (1538) – 1538 – Sengoku period +Battle of Ichiki Tsurumaru Castle – 1539 – Sengoku period +Battle of Momotsugi – 1539 – Sengoku period +Siege of Yoshida-Kōriyama Castle – 1540 – 1541 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kuwabara – 1542 – Sengoku period +Siege of Fukuyo – 1542 – Sengoku period +Battle of Ankokuji – 1542 – Sengoku period +Battle of Azukizaka (1542) – 1542 – Sengoku period +Battle of Sezawa – 1542 – Sengoku period +Siege of Uehara – 1542 – Sengoku period +Siege of Gassantoda Castle (1542) – 1542 – 1543 – Sengoku period +Siege of Nagakubo – 1543 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kojinyama – 1544 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kōriyama Castle (1544) – 1544 – Sengoku period +Siege of Ryūgasaki – 1545 – Sengoku period +Siege of Takatō (1545) – 1545 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kawagoe Castle – 1545 – 1546 – Sengoku period +Siege of Uchiyama – 1546 – Sengoku period +Siege of Shika Castle – 1547 – Sengoku period +Battle of Odaihara – 1547 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kanōguchi – 1547 – Sengoku period +Battle of Uedahara – 1548 – Sengoku period +Battle of Shiojiritoge – 1548 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kajiki – 1549 – Sengoku period +Siege of Fukashi – 1550 – Sengoku period +Sieges of Toishi – 1550 – 1551 – Sengoku period +Battle of Akatsuka – 1552 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kiyosu Castle – 1552 – 1554 – Sengoku period +First Battle of Kawanakajima - 1553 - Campaigns of the Takeda and of Uesugi Kenshin +Siege of Katsurao – 1553 – Sengoku period +Battle of Muraki Castle – 1554 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kiso Fukushima – 1554 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kannomine – 1554 – Sengoku period +Siege of Matsuo – 1554 – Sengoku period +Siege of Iwatsurugi Castle – 1554 – Sengoku period +Battle of Oshikibata – 1554 – Sengoku period +Second Battle of Kawanakajima - 1555 - Campaigns of the Takeda and of Uesugi Kenshin +Battle of Miyajima – 1555 – Sengoku period +Battle of Nagara-gawa – 1556 – Sengoku period +Battle of Inō – 1556 – Sengoku period +Siege of Katsurayama – 1557 – Sengoku period +Third Battle of Kawanakajima - 1557 - Campaigns of the Takeda and of Uesugi Kenshin +Siege of Terabe – 1558 – Sengoku period +Battle of Ukino – 1558 – Sengoku period +Siege of Marune – 1560 – Sengoku period +Battle of Okehazama – 1560 – Sengoku period +Battle of Norada – 1560 – Sengoku period +Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima - 1561 - Campaigns of the Takeda and of Uesugi Kenshin +Siege of Moji – 1561 – Sengoku period +Siege of Odawara (1561) – 1561 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kaminogō Castle – 1562 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kyōkōji – 1562 – Sengoku period +Siege of Musashi-Matsuyama (1563) – 1563 – Sengoku period +Battle of Azukizaka (1564) – 1564 – Sengoku period +Fifth Battle of Kawanakajima - 1564 - Campaigns of the Takeda and of Uesugi Kenshin +Battle of Kōnodai (1564) – 1564 – Sengoku period +Siege of Gassantoda Castle (1565) – 1565 – 1566 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kuragano – 1565 – Sengoku period +Battle of Fukuda Bay - 1565 - Portuguese colonial campaigns +Siege of Minowa – 1566 – Sengoku period +Siege of Inabayama Castle – 1567 – Sengoku period +Siege of Hachigata (1568) – 1568 – Sengoku period +Battle of Torisaka – 1568 – Sengoku period +Siege of Gassantoda Castle (1569) – 1569 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kakegawa – 1569 – Sengoku period +Siege of Odawara (1569) – 1569 – Sengoku period +Battle of Mimasetoge – 1569 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kanbara – 1569 – Sengoku period +Siege of Oguchi Castle – 1569 – Sengoku period +Siege of Tachibana – 1569 – Sengoku period +Battle of Tatarahama (1569) – 1569 – Sengoku period +Siege of Hanazawa – 1570 – Sengoku period +Siege of Chōkō-ji – 1570 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kanegasaki (1570) – 1570 – Sengoku period +Battle of Anegawa – 1570 – Sengoku period +Siege of Fukazawa – 1571 – Sengoku period +Siege of Nagashima (1571) – 1571 – Sengoku period +Siege of Mount Hiei – 1571 – Sengoku period +Battle of Tonegawa – 1571 – Sengoku period +Siege of Iwamura Castle – 1572 – Sengoku period +Siege of Futamata – 1572 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kizaki – 1572 – Sengoku period +Siege of Noda Castle – 1573 – Sengoku period +Battle of Mikatagahara – 1573 – Sengoku period +Siege of Nagashima (1573) – 1573 – Sengoku period +Siege of Hikida Castle – 1573 – Sengoku period +Siege of Ichijōdani Castle – 1573 – Sengoku period +Siege of Odani Castle – 1573 – Sengoku period +Siege of Itami (1574) – 1574 – Sengoku period +Siege of Nagashima (1574) – 1574 – Sengoku period +Siege of Takatenjin (1574) – 1574 – Sengoku period +Siege of Yoshida Castle – 1575 – Sengoku period +Battle of Nagashino – 1575 – Sengoku period +Siege of Mitsuji – 1576 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kizugawaguchi (1576) – 1576 – Sengoku period +Siege of Takabaru – 1576 – Sengoku period +Siege of Shigisan – 1577 – Sengoku period +Battle of Tedorigawa – 1577 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kōzuki Castle – 1578 – Sengoku period +Siege of Otate – 1578 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kizugawaguchi (1578) – 1578 – Sengoku period +Siege of Miki – 1578 – 1580 – Sengoku period +Battle of Mimigawa – 1578 – Sengoku period +Siege of Itami (1579) – 1579 – Sengoku period +Battle of Mimaomote – 1579 – Sengoku period +Battle of Omosu – 1580 – Sengoku period +Ishiyama Hongan-ji War - 1580 - Campaigns of Oda Nobunaga +Siege of Takatenjin (1581) – 1580 – 1581 – Sengoku period +Siege of Hijiyama – 1581 – Sengoku period +Siege of Tottori – 1581 – Sengoku period +Siege of Minamata Castle – 1581 – Sengoku period +Siege of Takatō (1582) – 1582 – Sengoku period +Battle of Tenmokuzan – 1582 – Sengoku period +Siege of Takamatsu – 1582 – Sengoku period +Battle of Uchidehama – 1582 – Sengoku period +Siege of Uozu – 1582 – Sengoku period +Battle of Kanagawa – 1582 – Sengoku period +Honnō-ji Incident - 1582 - Campaigns of Oda Nobunaga +Battle of Yamazaki – 1582 – Sengoku period +Battle of Nakatomigawa – 1582 – Sengoku period +Battle of Hiketa – 1583 – Sengoku period +Battle of Shizugatake – 1583 – Sengoku period +Siege of Kaganoi – 1584 – Sengoku period +Siege of Takehana – 1584 – Sengoku period +First siege of Kanie – 1584 – Sengoku period +Second siege of Kanie – 1584 – Sengoku period +Battle of Komaki and Nagakute – 1584 – Sengoku period +Battle of Okitanawate – 1584 – Sengoku period +Siege of Negoro-ji – 1585 – Sengoku period +Invasion of Shikoku (1585) - 1585 - Campaigns of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, of the Chōsokabe clan and of the Mōri clan +Siege of Ōta Castle – 1585 – Sengoku period +Siege of Toyama – 1585 – Sengoku period +Battle of Hitotoribashi or Battle of Hitadori Bridge – 1586 – Sengoku period +Siege of Iwaya Castle – 1586 – Sengoku period +Battle of Hetsugigawa – 1587 – Kyūshū campaign (Sengoku period) +Battle of Takajō – 1587 – Kyūshū campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Ganjaku – 1587 – Kyūshū campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Akizuki – 1587 – Kyūshū campaign (Sengoku period) +Battle of Sendaigawa – 1587 – Kyūshū campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Kagoshima – 1587 – Kyūshū campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Kurokawa Castle – 1589 – Sengoku period +Battle of Suriagehara – 1589 – Sengoku period +Siege of Hachigata (1590) – 1590 – Sengoku period +Siege of Odawara (1590) – 1590 – Sengoku period +Siege of Shimoda – 1590 – Sengoku period +Siege of Oshi – 1590 – Sengoku period +Siege of Ueda – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Fushimi Castle – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Ōtsu – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Shiroishi – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Hataya – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Kaminoyama – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Hasedō – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Tanabe – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Battle of Kuisegawa – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Battle of Sekigahara – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Udo – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Siege of Yanagawa – 1600 – Sekigahara Campaign (Sengoku period) +Battle of Shigino – 1614 – Siege of Osaka (Sengoku period) +Battle of Kizugawa – 1614 – Siege of Osaka (Sengoku period) +Battle of Imafuku – 1614 – Siege of Osaka (Sengoku period) +Battle of Kashii – 1615 – Siege of Osaka (Sengoku period) +Battle of Dōmyōji – 1615 – Siege of Osaka (Sengoku period) +Battle of Yao (Japan) – 1615 – Siege of Osaka (Sengoku period) +Battle of Tennōji – 1615 – Siege of Osaka (Sengoku period) +Battle of Fukae Village – 1637 – Shimabara Rebellion (Edo period) +Siege of Shimabara Castle – 1637 – 1638 – Shimabara Rebellion (Edo period) +Battle of Hondo Castle – 1637 – Shimabara Rebellion (Edo period) +Siege of Tomioka Castle – 1638 – Shimabara Rebellion (Edo period) +Siege of Hara Castle – 1638 – Shimabara Rebellion (Edo period) +Battle of Tsushima – 1905 – Russo-Japanese War +Battle of Iwo Jima – 1945 – World War II +Battle of Okinawa – 1945 – World War II \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-29.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-29.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc912fcda --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-29.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 30/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Jordan == +Battle of Gadara – 93 BC +Siege of Machaerus – 72 – First Jewish–Roman War +Battle of Mu'tah – 629 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Fahl – 635 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Kerak – 1183 – Crusades +Siege of Al-Karak (1834) – 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine + +== Kazakhstan == +Battle of Zhizhi – 36 BC – Han–Xiongnu War +Irghiz River Skirmish – 1209 or 1219 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire +Siege of Otrar – 1219 – 1220 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire + +== Kenya == + +== Korea == + +== Kosovo == + +Battle of Pantina - 1067 - Byzantine–Serbian wars +Battle of Kosovo - 1389 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars +Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441) - 1440 - Serbian–Ottoman Wars +Battle of Kosovo (1448) - 1448 - Hungarian–Ottoman Wars + +== Kuwait == + +== Kyrgyzstan == + +== Laos == + +== Latvia == +Battle of Cēsis – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Ümera – 1210 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Turaida – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Riga – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Durbe – 1260 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Aizkraukle or Battle of Ascheraden – 1279 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Garoza – 1287 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Turaida – 1298 – Livonian civil war +Battle of Ergeme – 1560 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Wenden (1577) – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Wenden (1578) – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Wenden (1601) – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Kokenhausen – 1601 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Siege of Wolmar – 1601 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Kircholm – 1605 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Capture of Daugavgrīva – 1608 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Salis – 1609 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Daugavgrīva (1609) – 1609 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Kroppenhof – 1621 – Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Listenhoff – 1625 – Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Wallhof – 1626 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Selburg – 1626 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Wenden (1626) – 1626 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Treiden (1628) – 1628 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Siege of Dyneburg – 1656 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Storm of Kokenhusen – 1656 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Riga (1656) – 1656 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Riga (1700) – 1700 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Crossing of the Düna – 1701 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Jakobstadt – 1704 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Gemauerthof – 1705 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Riga (1710) – 1710 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Ekau – 1812 – French invasion of Russia (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Riga (1812) – 1812 – French invasion of Russia (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Dahlenkirchen – 1812 – French invasion of Russia (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Mesoten – 1812 – French invasion of Russia (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Cēsis – 1919 – Estonian and Latvian War of Independence +Battle of Daugavpils – 1919 – Latvian War of Independence + +== Lebanon == +Battle of Djahy – 1178 BC or 1175 BC – Egyptian–Sea People wars +Rebellion of Byblos – 8th century BC +Siege of Tyre – 724–720 BC – (by the Assyrians under Shalmaneser V and Sargon II) +Siege of Tyre – 701 BC – (by the Assyrians under Sennacherib) +Siege of Tyre – 671 BC – (by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon) +Siege of Tyre – 663 BC – (by the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal) +Siege of Tyre – 586 BC – 573 BC – Nebuchadnezzar II's wars +Siege of Tyre – 332 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Siege of Tyre – 315–314 BC – (by Antigonus I Monophthalmus) +Battle of Amioun – 694 +Revolt of Tyre (996–998) – 996–998 – (by the Fatimids) +Siege of Tripoli – 1102 – 1109 – Crusades +Siege of Beirut (1110) – 1110 – Crusades +Siege of Sidon – 1110 – Norwegian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Tyre – 1111–1112 – (by the Crusaders under Baldwin I of Jerusalem) +Siege of Tyre – 1124 – Venetian Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of al-Buqaia – 1163 – Crusades +Battle of Marj Ayyun – 1179 – Crusades +Siege of Tyre (1187) – 1187 – Crusades +Siege of Tripoli (1271) – 1271 – Crusades +Fall of Tripoli (1289) – 1289 – Crusades +Keserwan campaigns – 1292, 1300 and 1305 +Battle of Anjar – 1623 +Battle of Ain Dara – 1711 +Battle of Lake Huleh – 1771 +Russian siege of Beirut – 1772–1773 (Part of Russo-Turkish Wars) +Battle of Wadi Bakka – 1838 +Bombardment of Beirut (1840) – 1840 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) +Battle of Sidon (1840) – 1840 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) +Battle of Damour – 1941 +Battle of the Litani River – 1941 +Battle of Jezzine – 1941 +Battle of Merdjayoun – 1941 +Battle of Beirut – 1941 +Battle of Sidon – 1941 +1948 Arab–Israeli War (small battles on the borders) – 1948 +Battle of the Hotels – 1975–1976 +Battle of Zahleh – 1980–1981 +Siege of Beirut – 1982 +Seven-Day War – 1993 +Battle of Khiam – 2000 +Battle of Maroun al-Ras – 2006 +Battle of Bint Jbeil – 2006 +Battle of Nahr al-Bared – 2007 +Qalamoun offensive – 2014 +Battle of Arsal – 2014 +Qalamoun Offensive – 2017 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6dc6e989 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 4/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +For Danish Civil War, see Military engagements during the Danish Civil War +Battle of Copenhagen (1289) – 1289 – War of the Outlaws +Battle of Skanör – 1289 – War of the Outlaws +Naval Battle of the Sound (1427) - 1427 - Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) +Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428) – 1428 – Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) +Battle of Bornholm (1457) – 1457 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Bornholm (1535) – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) +Battle of Little Belt – 1535 – Count's Feud (European wars of religion) +Battle of Bornholm (1563) – 1563 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Action of 4 June 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Action of 7 July 1565 – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Kolding (1644) – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) +Action of 16 May 1644 – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Møn (1657) – 1657 – Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of the Sound – 1658 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Kolding (1658) – 1658 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Assault on Copenhagen (1659) – 1659 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Ebeltoft – 1659 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Nyborg – 1659 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Bornholm (1676) – 1676 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Møn – 1677 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Køge Bay (1677) – 1677 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Landing at Humlebæk – 1700 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Køge Bay (1710) – 1710 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Fladstrand – 1712 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Fehmarn (1715) – 1715 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Copenhagen – 1801 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Copenhagen (1807) – 1807 – Gunboat War +Battle of Køge – 1807 – Gunboat War +Battle of Zealand Point – 1808 – Gunboat War +Battle of Saltholm – 1808 – Gunboat War +Battle of Anholt – 1811 – Gunboat War +Battle of Nybøl – 1848 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Dybbøl (1848) – 1848 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Kolding (1849) – 1849 – First Schleswig War +Skirmish of Århus – 1849 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Fredericia – 1849 – First Schleswig War +Battle of Mysunde – 1864 +Battle of Als – 1864 +Battle of Dybbøl – 1864 + +== Djibouti == + +== Dominica == + +== Dominican Republic == + +== East Timor/Timor-Leste == + +== Ecuador == + +Action of San Mateo Bay – 1594 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Action off James Island – 1813 – War of 1812 (Sixty Years' War) +Action off Charles Island – 1813 – War of 1812 (Sixty Years' War) + +== Egypt == + +== El Salvador == + +== England == +See #United Kingdom + +== Eritrea == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-30.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-30.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1bac7e76 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-30.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 31/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Libya == +Siege of Tripoli (1551) – 1551 – Ottoman–Habsburg wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) and Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Action of 1 August 1801 – 1801 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) +First Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1802 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) +Action of 22 June 1803 – 1803 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) +Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor – 1804 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) +Battle of Derna (1805) – 1805 – First Barbary War (Barbary Wars) +Battle of Tripoli (1825) – 1825 – Sardinian-Tripolitanian war of 1825 +Bombardment of Tripoli (1828) – 1828 – Tripolitan-Neapolitan War + +== Lithuania == +Battle of Saule – 1236 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Memel (1257) – 1257 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Skuodas (1259) – 1258 or 1259 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Siege of Christmemel – 1315 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Medininkai – 1320 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Memel (1323) – 1323 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Siege of Medvėgalis – 1329 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Siege of Pilėnai – 1336 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Strėva – 1348 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Siege of Kaunas (1362) – 1362 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Wiłkomierz – 1435 – Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) +Battle of Vilnius (1655) – 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Skuodas (1658) – 1658 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Verkiai – 1658 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Valkininkai (1700) – 1700 – Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702) +Battle of Tryškiai – 1701 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Darsūniškis – 1702 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Vilnius (1702) – 1702 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Saločiai (1703) – 1703 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Palanga – 1705 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Valkininkai (1706) – 1706 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Kaunas (1915) – 1915 – World War I +Battle of Wilno – 1939 +Battle of Raseiniai – 1941 + +== Luxembourg == +Siege of Luxembourg (1684) – 1684 – War of the Reunions +Siege of Luxembourg (1794–1795) – 1794 – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) + +== Madagascar == +Battle of Madagascar – 1942 – World War II +Malagasy Uprising – 1947 + +== Malaysia == +Capture of Malacca (1511) – 1511 – Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago (Portuguese Empire) +Siege of Malacca (1568) – 1568 +Siege of Malacca (1606) – 1606 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Battle of Cape Rachado – 1606 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Battle of Malacca (1641) – 1641 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Action of 10 September 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War + +== Mali == +Battle of Kirina – 1235 +Battle of Jenné – 1599 +Battle of Areich Hind – 2010 +First Battle of Ménaka – 2012 +Battle of In Emsal – 2012 +Battle of Aguelhok (2012) – 2012 +Battle of Tinzaouaten – 2012 +Battle of Kidal (2012) – 2012 +Battle of In-Delimane – 2012 +Second Battle of Ménaka – 2012 +Battle of Tessalit – 2013 +Battle of Ifoghas – 2013 +Battle of In Khalil – 2013 +Battle of Timetrine – 2013 +Battle of Imenas – 2013 +Battle of Tin Keraten – 2013 +Battle of In Arab – 2013 +Battle of Anefis (May 2013) – 2013 +Battle of Anefis (June 2013) – 2013 +Battle of Kondaoui – 2014 +Battle of Dayet in Maharat – 2014 +Battle of Anéfis (2014) – 2014 +Battle of Kidal (2016) – 2016 +Battle of Takellote - 2017 + +== Malta == +Capture of Malta (218 BC) – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Melite (870) – c. 870 – Muslim conquest of Sicily (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Medina (1053–1054) – 1053 or 1054 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Norman invasion of Malta – 1091 – Norman conquest of southern Italy (Byzantine–Norman wars) +Battle of Malta – 1283 – War of the Sicilian Vespers +Invasion of Gozo – 1551 +Great Siege of Malta – 1565 +Raid of Żejtun – 1614 +French invasion of Malta – 1798 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Siege of Malta (1798–1800) – 1798 – 1800 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of the Malta Convoy – 1800 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Siege of Malta – 1940–1942 + +== Manchuria == +Battle of Sarhū – 1619 + +== Marshall Islands == +Battle of Kwajalein – 1944 +Battle of Eniwetok – 1944 + +== Mauritania == +Battle of Tabfarilla – 1056 +Battle of Ain Ben Tili (January 1976) – 1976 +Battle of Bassikounou – 2011 + +== Mauritius == +Action of 5 May 1794 – 1794 – French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of Île Ronde – 1794 – French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of Port Louis – 1799 – French Revolutionary Wars \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-31.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-31.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5a5375e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-31.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 32/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Mexico == +Battle of Tlatelolco - 1473 +Battle of Atlixco - 1503 - Flower war +Battle of Catoche - 1517 - Spanish colonization of the Americas +Battle of Centla - 1519 - Spanish colonization of the Americas +Battle of Cempoala - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas +La Noche Triste - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas +Battle of Otumba - 1520 - Spanish colonization of the Americas +Fall of Tenochtitlan - 1521 - Spanish colonization of the Americas +Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568) – 1568 – Anglo-Spanish trade war (1568-1573) +Raid on Tabasco (1599) – 1599 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Spanish attack on San Lorenzo maroons - 1610 - Slave Revolts in North America +Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Monte de las Cruces – 1810 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of El Veladero – 1810 – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Calderón Bridge – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Puerto de Piñones – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Zacatecas (1811) – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of El Maguey – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Llanos de Santa Juana – 1811 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Zitácuaro – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Tecualoya – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Tenancingo – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Siege of Cuautla – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Izúcar – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Siege of Huajuapan de León – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Tenango del Valle – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Zitlala – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Escamela – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Capture of Orizaba – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Capture of Oaxaca (1812) – 1812 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Siege of Acapulco (1813) – 1813 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of La Chincúa – 1813 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Lomas de Santa María – 1813 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Puruarán – 1814 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Temalaca – 1815 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Agua Zarca – 1819 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Azcapotzalco – 1821 – Mexican War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +Battle of Almolonga – 1823 – Casa Mata Plan Revolution +Battle of Tampico (1829) – 1829 – Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico +Battle of Zacatecas (1835) – 1835 – Zacatecas rebellion of 1835 +Action of April 3, 1836 – 1836 – Texas Revolution +Battle of Monterrey – 1846 – Mexican–American War +First Battle of Tabasco – 1846 – Mexican–American War +Battle of Buena Vista – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Battle of the Sacramento River – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Siege of Veracruz – 1847 – Mexican–American War +First Battle of Tuxpan – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Battle of Cerro Gordo – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Second Battle of Tuxpan – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Second Battle of Tabasco – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Third Battle of Tuxpan – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Battle of Contreras – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Battle of Churubusco – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Battle of Molino del Rey – 1847 – Battle for Mexico City (Mexican–American War) +Battle of Chapultepec – 1847 – Battle for Mexico City (Mexican–American War) +Siege of Puebla (1847) – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Battle of Mulegé – 1847 – Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War) (Mexican–American War) +Battle of Huamantla – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Action of Atlixco – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Battle of La Paz – 1847 – Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War) (Mexican–American War) +Battle of San José del Cabo – 1847 – Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War) (Mexican–American War) +Skirmish at Matamoros – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Affair at Galaxara Pass – 1847 – Mexican–American War +Siege of La Paz – 1847 – Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War) (Mexican–American War) +Siege of San José del Cabo – 1848 – Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War) (Mexican–American War) +Action of Sequalteplan – 1848 – Mexican–American War +Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales – 1848 – Mexican–American War +Skirmish of Todos Santos – 1848 – Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War) (Mexican–American War) +Battle of Puebla – 1862 – Second French intervention in Mexico +Crawford affair – 1886 – Apache Wars +Battle of Mazocoba – 1900 – Yaqui Wars +Battle of Veracruz – 1914 – Mexican Revolution + +== Moldova == +Skirmish at Bender – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Larga – 1770 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) +Battle of Kagul – 1770 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) +Battle of Sculeni – 1821 – Greek War of Independence + +== Mongolia == +Battle of Mobei – 119 BC – Han–Xiongnu War +Battle of Buir Lake – 1388 +Battle of Kherlen – 1409 +Battle of Jao Modo – 1696 – Dzungar–Qing Wars +Battle of Khalkhin Gol – 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-32.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-32.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59f1a686c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-32.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 33/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Montenegro == +Battle of Bar - 1042 - Byzantine–Serbian wars +Siege of Castelnuovo – 1539 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of Lješkopolje - 1604 +Battle of Perast – 1654 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle on Vrtijeljka – 1685 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Čevo - 1755 +Battle of Martinići (1796) - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars +Battle of Krusi - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars +Battle of Lopate - 1796 - Montenegrin–Ottoman wars +Siege of Cattaro – 1813 – 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition and Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) + +== Morocco == +Battle of the Muthul – 109 BC – Jugurthine War +Siege of the fortress at Muluccha – 106 BC – Jugurthine War +Battle of the Nobles – 740 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) +Battle of Bagdoura – 741 – Berber Revolt (Berber Wars) +Battle of Salé – 1260 – Reconquista +Battle of Tangier (1437) – 1437 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista +Conquest of Asilah – 1471 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista +Battle of Azemmour – 1513 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) +Fall of Agadir – 1541 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) +Battle of Taza (1553) – 1553 – Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco +Capture of Fez (1554) – 1554 – Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco and Ottoman expeditions to Morocco +Battle of Wadi al-Laban – 1558 – Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco +Capture of Fez (1576) – 1576 – Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco and Ottoman expeditions to Morocco +Battle of Alcácer Quibir – 1578 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations +Battle of Moulouya – 1692 – Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco +Battle of Cape Spartel – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Bombardment of Tangier – 1844 – Franco-Moroccan War +Battle of Isly – 1844 – Franco-Moroccan War +Bombardment of Mogador – 1844 – Franco-Moroccan War +Bombardment of Salé – 1851 +Battle of Tétouan – 1860 + +== Mozambique == + +== Myanmar (formerly Burma) == + +== Namibia == +Battle of Waterberg – 1904 +Battle of Sandfontein – 1914 +Battle of Trekkopjes – 1915 +Battle of Otavi – 1915 + +== Nauru == +Operation RY – 1942 – Pacific War (World War II) + +== Nepal == +Battle of Jit Gadhi – 1814 – Anglo-Nepalese War +Battle of Makwanpur (1816) – 1816 – Anglo-Nepalese War + +== Netherlands == +Battle of Baduhenna Wood – 28 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Finnsburg - 450 - Germanic Heroic Age +Battle on the Rhine - 525 +Battle of Dorestad – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-33.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-33.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d02d69d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-33.md @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 34/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +695 – Frisian–Frankish wars +Battle of the Boarn – 734 – Frisian–Frankish wars +Siege of Asselt – 882 – Viking expansion +Battle of Vlaardingen – 1018 +Battle of IJsselmeer - 1076 +Battle of Ane - 1227 +Battle of Maastricht (1267) - 1267 - Liège-Brabant wars +Siege of Maastricht (1303) - 1303 - Liège-Brabant wars +Siege of Amsterdam (1303–1304) - 1303 - Franco-Flemish War +Siege of Zierikzee - 1303 - Franco-Flemish War +Siege of Schoonhoven (1304) - 1304 - Franco-Flemish War +Battle of Zierikzee – 1304 – Franco-Flemish War +Battle on the Manpad - 1304 - Franco-Flemish War +Siege of Sittard (1318) - 1318 - War of the Limburg Succession +Siege of Maastricht (1334) - 1334 - Liège-Brabant wars +Battle of Cadzand – 1337 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Arnemuiden – 1338 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Sluys or Battle of l'Écluse – 1340 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Utrecht (1345) - 1345 - Friso-Hollandic Wars +Battle of Warns - 1345 - Friso-Hollandic Wars +Battle of Naarden - 1350 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Medemblik (1351) - 1351 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Veere - 1351 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Zwartewaal - 1351 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Geertruidenberg (1351–1352) - 1351 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Soest - 1356 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Heusden (1358-1359) - 1358 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Heemskerk - 1358 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Delft (1359) - 1359 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Venlo (1373) - 1373 - First War of the Guelderian Succession +Second Siege of Altena Castle - 1393 +Battle of Schoterzijl - 1396 - Friso-Hollandic Wars +Siege of Gorinchem (1402) - 1402 - Arkel War +Siege of Maastricht (1407–1408) - 1407 +Siege of IJsselstein (1416-17) - 1416 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Okswerderzijl - 1417 - Great Frisian War +Siege of Gorinchem (1417) - 1417 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Dordrecht (1418) - 1418 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Dokkum (1418) - 1418 - Great Frisian War +Battle of Miedum - 1419 - Great Frisian War +Battle of the Palesloot - 1420 - Great Frisian War +Siege of Leiden (1420) - 1420 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Sloten (1420) - 1420 - Great Frisian War +Siege of Geertruidenberg (1420) - 1420 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Schoonhoven (1425) - 1425 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Alphen aan den Rijn - 1425 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Brouwershaven - 1426 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Haarlem (1426) - 1426 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Alphen aan den Rijn - 1426 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Hoorn - 1426 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Zevenbergen - 1426 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Wieringen - 1427 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Amersfoort (1427) - 1427 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Gouda (1428) - 1428 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Deventer (1456) - 1456 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Venlo - 1459 +Battle of Aalsum - 1463 - Donia War +Siege of Leiden (1481) - 1481 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Scherpenzeel - 1481 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Vreeswijk (1481) - 1481 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Westbroek - 1481 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of IJsselstein (1482) - 1482 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Utrecht (1483) - 1483 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of the Lek - 1489 - Hook and Cod wars +Siege of Montfoort - 1490 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Moordrecht - 1490 - Hook and Cod wars +Battle of Brouwershaven (1490) - 1490 - Hook and Cod wars +Arumer Zwarte Hoop - 1515 - Frisian peasant rebellion +Siege of Zwolle - 1524 - Guelders Wars +Battle of Heiligerlee (1536) – 1536 – Guelders Wars and Count's Feud (European wars of religion) +Battle of Heiligerlee (1568) - 1568 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of the Ems - 1568 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Groningen (1568) - 1568 - Eighty Years' War +Capture of Brielle - 1572 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Kampen (1572) - 1572 - Eighty Years' War +Relief of Goes - 1572 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574) - 1572 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Haarlem - 1572 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Flushing - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Borsele - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Haarlemmermeer - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573) - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Alkmaar - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Battle on the Zuiderzee - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Delft (1573) - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Leiden - 1573 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of the Scheldt (1574) - 1574 - Eighty Years' War +Capture of Valkenburg (1574) - 1574 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Mookerheyde - 1574 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Zaltbommel - 1574 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Zoetermeer - 1574 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Buren - 1575 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Oudewater (1575) - 1575 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Schoonhoven (1575) - 1575 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Bommenede - 1575 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Woerden - 1575 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Zierikzee - 1575 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Krimpen aan de Lek - 1576 - Eighty Years' War +Attack on Muiden - 1576 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Vredenburg - 1576 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Breda (1577) - 1577 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Kampen (1578) - 1578 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Deventer (1578) - 1578 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Maastricht (1579) - 1579 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Groningen (1580) - 1580 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of the Hardenbergerheide - 1580 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581) - 1580 - Eighty Years' War +Capture of Breda (1581) - 1581 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Goor - 1581 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Noordhorn - 1581 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Niezijl - 1581 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Lochem (1582) - 1582 - Eighty Years' War +Keppel Castle - 1582 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Eindhoven (1583) - 1583 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Steenbergen (1583) - 1583 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Terborg - 1584 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Zutphen (1584) - 1584 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Amerongen - 1585 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of IJsseloord - 1585 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Boksum - 1586 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Grave (1586) - 1586 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Venlo (1586) - 1586 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Zutphen - 1586 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Zutphen (1586) - 1586 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Sluis (1587) - 1587 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Medemblik (1588) - 1588 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588) - 1588 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Heusden (1589) - 1589 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Zoutkamp - 1589 - Eighty Years' War +Capture of Breda (1590) - 1590 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Zutphen (1591) - 1591 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Deventer (1591) - 1591 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Knodsenburg - 1591 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Hulst (1591) - 1591 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Nijmegen (1591) - 1591 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Steenwijk (1592) - 1592 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Coevorden (1592) - 1592 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593) - 1593 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Coevorden (1593) - 1593 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Groningen (1594) - 1594 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Groenlo (1595) - 1595 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Groenlo (1597) - 1597 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Bredevoort (1597) - 1597 - Eighty Years' War +Siege of Zaltbommel - 1599 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Scheveningen – 1653 – First Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Holmes's Bonfire – 1666 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Siege of Groenlo (1672) – 1672 – Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Groningen (1672) – 1672 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Schooneveld – 1673 – Third Anglo-Dutch War (Franco-Dutch War and Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Siege of Maastricht (1673) – 1673 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Texel – 1673 – Third Anglo-Dutch War (Franco-Dutch War and Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Siege of Maastricht (1676) – 1676 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Texel (1694) – 1694 – Nine Years' War +Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747) – 1747 – War of the Austrian Succession +Siege of Maastricht (1748) – 1748 – War of the Austrian Succession +Capture of Sint Eustatius – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +1792–1815 Coalition Wars: See +List of battles of the War of the First Coalition (20 April 1792 – 18 October 1797); further information Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition +List of battles of the War of the Second Coalition (1798/9 – 1801/2); further information Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland +List of battles of the War of the Third Coalition (1803/1805–1805/1806); see also Battle of Blaauwberg +List of battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition (9 October 1806 – 9 July 1807); see also Siege of Hamelin +List of battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition (10 April – 14 October 1809); see also Walcheren Campaign +List of battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition (3 March 1813 – 30 May 1814); further information Low Countries campaign 1814 +List of battles of the Hundred Days (War of the Seventh Coalition) (15/20 March – 8 July / 16 August 1815); further information Waterloo campaign +Battle of the Grebbeberg – 1940 +Battle of the Afsluitdijk – 1940 +Operation Market Garden – 1944 +Battle of Overloon – 1944 +Battle of the Scheldt – 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-34.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-34.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..911588459 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-34.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 35/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== New Zealand == +Battle of the Five Forts - 1450 - Ngāti Hotu +Battle of Kororareka – 1845 – Flagstaff War +Battle of Puketutu – 1845 – Flagstaff War +Battle of Ōhaeawai – 1845 – Flagstaff War +Battle of Ruapekapeka – 1845 – Flagstaff War +Battle of Battle Hill – 1846 – Hutt Valley campaign (New Zealand Wars) + +== Nicaragua == +Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua – 1762 – Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Rivas – 1856 + +== Nigeria == +Battle of Tabkin Kwatto – 1804 – Fulani War +Battle of Tsuntua – 1804 – Fulani War + +== North Macedonia == +Battle of Skopje – 1004 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Strumica – 1014 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Bitola – 1015 – Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Pelagonia - 1259 - Struggle for Constantinople (1204–1261) +Battle of Mokra (1445) – 1445 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Otonetë – 1446 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Svetigrad (1448) – 1448 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Oranik – 1448 – Albanian–Venetian War and Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman-Albanian Wars) +Battle of Polog – 1453 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Oranik (1456) – 1456 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Ohrid – 1464 – Skanderbeg's rebellion and First Ottoman–Venetian War (Ottoman–Venetian wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Battle of Vaikal – 1465 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Meçad (1465) – 1465 – Skanderbeg's rebellion (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Skopje fire of 1689 - 1689 - Great Turkish War +Battle of Egri Palanka - 1689 - Great Turkish War +Karposh's rebellion - 1689 - Karposh's rebellion + +== Norway == +Battle of Hakadal – c. 860 – Unification of Norway +Battle of Orkdal – c. 870 – Unification of Norway +First battle of Solskjel – c. 870 – Unification of Norway +Second battle of Solskjel – c. 870 – Unification of Norway +Battle of Fjaler – c. 880 – Unification of Norway +Battle of Hafrsfjord – between 872 and 900 – Unification of Norway +Battle of Nesjar – 1016 +Battle of Stiklestad – 1030 +Battle of Oslo (1161) - 1161 - Civil war era in Norway +Battle of Kringen – 1612 – Kalmar War +Battle of Vågen – 1665 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Høland – 1716 – Norway during the Great Northern War (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Fredriksten – 1718 – Norway during the Great Northern War (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Action of 22 August 1795 – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Lier (1808) – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Toverud – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Rødenes – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Trangen – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Alvøen – 1808 – Gunboat War +Battle of Mobekk – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Prestebakke – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Berby – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Silda – 1810 – Gunboat War +Battle of Lyngør – 1812 – Gunboat War +Invasion of Hvaler – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Tistedalen – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lier (1814) – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Fredrikstad – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Matrand – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Rakkestad – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Langnes – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Kjølberg Bridge – 1814 – Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Drøbak Sound – 1940 +Battles of Narvik – 1940 +Battle of Midtskogen – 1940 +Battle of Dombås – 1940 +Namsos campaign – 1940 +Åndalsnes landings – 1940 +Battle of Hegra Fortress – 1940 +Battle of Vinjesvingen – 1940 +Battle of the North Cape – 1943 + +== Oman == +Capture of Muscat (1552) – 1552 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553) – 1553 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of the Gulf of Oman – 1554 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle off Hormuz (1625) – 1625 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Battle of Mirbat – 1972 – Dhofar Rebellion \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-35.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-35.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a18ff901b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-35.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 36/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Pakistan == +Battle of the Ten Kings – c. 14th century BC +Battle of the Hydaspes River – 326 BC – Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (Wars of Alexander the Great) +Battle of Rasil – 644 – Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent +Battle of Aror - 711 - Arab conquest of Sindh +Battle of Peshawar (1001) – 1001 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars +Battle of Chach – 1008 - Ghaznavid campaigns in India +Battle of Nandana – 1014 – Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars +Battle of the Indus (1027) - 1027 - Ghaznavid campaigns in India +Siege of Uch - 1176 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Siege of Lahore (1186) - 1186 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Battle of Jhelum (1206) - 1206 - Ghurid campaigns in India +Battle of the Indus – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire +Battle of Sivistan – 1298 – Mongol invasions of India +Bajaur massacre - 1519 - Campaigns of Babur +Sack of Lahore - 1524 - Campaigns of Babur +Battle of the Gulf of Oman – 1554 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of Sialkot (1761) – 1761 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Gujranwala (1761) – 1761 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Siege of Lahore (1761) – 1761 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of the Ravi Ford – 1762 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Sialkot (1763) – 1763 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Qarawal – 1764 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Sutlej – 1765 – Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan–Sikh Wars) +Battle of Rohtas (1779) – 1779 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Battle of Shujabad – 1780 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Battle of Kasur – 1807 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Battle of Hasan Abdal (1813) – 1813 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Battle of Attock (1813) – 1813 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Siege of Multan (1818) – 1818 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Battle of Nowshera – 1823 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Battle of Jamrud – 1837 – Afghan–Sikh Wars +Siege of Kahun – 1840 – First Anglo-Afghan War (Great Game) +Action at Hykulzye – 1842 – First Anglo-Afghan War (Great Game) +Siege of Multan (1848-1849) – 1848 – 1849 – Second Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Ramnagar – 1848 – Second Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Chillianwala – 1849 – Second Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Gujrat – 1849 – Second Anglo-Sikh War +Battle of Chawinda – 1965 – (Indo-Pakistani war) +Battle of Miani – 1843 – (then Indian Empire) +Battle of Basantar – 1971 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 + +== Palau == +Battle of Peleliu – 1944 +Battle of Angaur - 1944 + +== Palestine == +Siege of Gaza – 332 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Battle of Gaza (312 BC) – 312 BC – Third War of the Diadochi +Battle of Raphia – 217 BC – Fourth Syrian War +Battle of the Ascent of Lebonah – 167 BC or 166 BC – Maccabean Revolt +Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC) – 166 BC – Maccabean Revolt +Battle of Emmaus – 165 BC – Maccabean Revolt +Battle of Beth Zur – 164 BC – Maccabean Revolt +Battle of Beth Zechariah – 162 BC – Maccabean Revolt +Battle of Elasa – 160 BC – Maccabean Revolt +Siege of Herodium – 71 – First Jewish–Roman War +Siege of Herodium – 134 – Bar Kokhba revolt +Siege of Betar – 135 – Bar Kokhba revolt +Battle of Dathin – 634 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Nablus (1260) – 1260 – Mongol invasions of the Levant +Battle of Yaunis Khan – 1516 – Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517) (Ottoman wars in Asia) +Battle of Hebron – 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine +Battle of Rafah – 1917 – World War I +First Battle of Gaza – 1917 – World War I +Second Battle of Gaza – 1917 – World War I +Battle of Megiddo (1918) – 1918 – World War I +Battle of Nablus (1918) – 1918 – World War I + +== Panama == + +== Papua New Guinea == +Battle of Milne Bay – 1942 +Battle of Savo Island – 1942 +Battle of Buna-Gona – 1942 +Battle of the Bismarck Sea – 1943 + +== Paraguay == +Battle of Campichuelo – 1810 – Paraguay campaign (Argentine War of Independence) +Battle of Paraguarí – 1811 – Paraguay campaign (Argentine War of Independence) +Battle of Tacuarí – 1811 – Paraguay campaign (Argentine War of Independence) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-36.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-36.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8a0b21bd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-36.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 37/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Peru == +Battle of Chillopampa – 1531 – Inca Civil War +Battle of Huanucopampa – 1532 – Inca Civil War +Battle of Quipaipán – 1532 – Inca Civil War +Battle of Cajamarca or Battle of Cajamalca – 1532 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Vilcaconga – 1533 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Cuzco – 1533 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Maraycalla – 1534 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Siege of Cusco – 1536 – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Ollantaytambo – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Abancay – 1537 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Las Salinas – 1538 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Chupas – 1542 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Battle of Jaquijahuana – 1548 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire +Capture of the frigate Esmeralda – 1820 – Chilean War of Independence and Peruvian War of Independence (Spanish American wars of independence) +First siege of Callao – 1821 – Peruvian War of Independence +Battle of Zepita – 1823 – Peruvian War of Independence +Battle of Junín – 1824 – Peruvian War of Independence +Second siege of Callao – 1824 – 1826 – Peruvian War of Independence +Battle of Ayacucho – 1824 – Peruvian War of Independence +Battle of Punta Malpelo – 1828 – Gran Colombia–Peru War +Battle of Islay – 1838 – War of the Confederation +Battle of Portada de Guías – 1838 – War of the Confederation +Third siege of Callao – 1838 – War of the Confederation +Battle of Callao (1838) – 1838 – War of the Confederation +Battle of Buin – 1839 – War of the Confederation +Battle of Casma – 1839 – War of the Confederation +Battle of Yungay – 1839 – War of the Confederation +Battle of Callao – 1866 – Chincha Islands War +Battle of Miraflores – 1881 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Callao – 1881 – War of the Pacific +Battle of La Concepción – 1882 – War of the Pacific +Battle of Huamachuco – 1883 – War of the Pacific + +== Philippines == +Battle of Mactan – 1521 +Battle of Manila (1570) – 1570 – History of the Philippines (1565–1898) +Battle of Bangkusay – 1571 – History of the Philippines (1565–1898) +Battle of Manila (1574) – 1574 – History of the Philippines (1565–1898) +Battle of Playa Honda – 1617 – Eighty Years' War (European wars of religion) +Battles of La Naval de Manila – 1646 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Puerto de Cavite – 1647 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Manila (1762) – 1762 – Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) (Seven Years' War) +Action of 30 October 1762 – 1762 – Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) (Seven Years' War) +Raid on Manila – 1798 – French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican – 1896 +Battle of Manila Bay – 1898 +Battle of Tirad Pass – 1899 +Battle of Bataan – 1942 +Battle of Corregidor – 1942 +Battle of the Philippine Sea – 1944 +Battle of Leyte Gulf – 1944 +Battle of Leyte – 1945 +Battle of Luzon – 1944 +Battle of Mindanao – 1945 +Battle of Davao – 1945 +Battle of Maguindanao – 1945 +Battle of Basilan – 2014 +Siege of Marawi – 2017 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-37.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-37.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89846870d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-37.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 38/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Poland == +Battle of Cedynia – 972 – First Polish–German War +Battle of Dadosesani Land - 1015 - Polish–German Wars (1003–1018) +Battle of the River Bug - 1018 - Kievan succession crisis of 1015–1019 +Battle of Nakło (1109) – 1109 +Siege of Głogów – 1109 +Battle of Hundsfeld – 1109 +Battle of Niekładź - 1121 +Battle on the Pilica - 1145 - Polish civil war +Battle of Julin Bridge - 1170 - Danish Crusades +Battle of Drohiczyn - 1192 - Feudal fragmentation of Poland +Battle of Zawichost - 1205 - Feudal fragmentation of Poland +Battle of Słońca – 1238 – First war against Swietopelk II +Sack of Sandomierz (1241) – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Battle of Tursko – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Battle of Tarczek – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Battle of Chmielnik – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Battle of Racibórz – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Sack of Kraków (1241) – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Battle of Opole – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Battle of Legnica – 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland +Sack of Sandomierz (1260) – 1259 – 1260 – Second Mongol invasion of Poland +Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) – 1308 – Polish–Teutonic War +Battle of Wopławki - 1311 - Lithuanian Crusade +Raid on Brandenburg – 1326 – Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) +Battle of Pyzdry (1331) – 1331 – Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) +Battle of Płowce – 1331 – Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) +Battle of Lelowo - 1345 - Polish–Bohemian War (1345–1348) +Battle of Pogoń - 1345 - Polish–Bohemian War (1345–1348) +Battle of Grunwald – 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War +Siege of Marienburg (1410) – 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War +Battle of Koronowo – 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War +Battle of Grotniki – 1439 – Hussite Wars +Siege of Malbork (1454) – 1454 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Chojnice (1454) – 1454 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Eylau (1455) – 1455 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Ryn – 1456 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Sępopol – 1457 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Siege of Marienburg (1457) – 1457 – 1460 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Pruszcz Gdański – 1460 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Świecino – 1462 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of Vistula Lagoon – 1463 – Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) (Polish–Teutonic War) +Battle of the Cosmin Forest – 1497 +Siege of Allenstein – 1521 – Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) +Battle of Lubieszów – 1577 – Danzig rebellion +Siege of Danzig (1577) – 1577 – Danzig rebellion +Battle of Byczyna - 1588 - War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) +Battle of Gniew – 1626 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Czarne – 1627 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Dirschau – 1627 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Oliwa – 1627 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Górzno – 1629 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Trzciana – 1629 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Ujście – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Danzig (1655–1660) – 1655 – 1660 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Sobota – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Żarnów – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Kraków – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Wojnicz – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Jasna Góra – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Krosno – 1655 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Radom (1656) – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Gołąb – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Zamość – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Jarosław (1656) – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Sandomierz – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Nisko – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Warka – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Warsaw (1656) – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Kłecko – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Kcynia – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Tykocin – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Warsaw (1656) – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Łowicz – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Lubrze – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Prostki – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Filipów – 1656 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Chojnice (1656) – 1656 or 1657 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Kraków (1657) – 1657 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Toruń (1658) – 1658 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Grudziądz (1659) – 1659 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Krasnobród (1672) – 1672 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Kliszów – 1702 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Pułtusk (1703) – 1703 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Thorn (1703) – 1703 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Poznań (1704) – 1704 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Poniec – 1704 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Warsaw (1705) – 1705 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Praga (1705) – 1705 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Fraustadt – 1706 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Kalisz – 1706 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Koniecpol – 1708 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Danzig (1734) – 1734 – War of the Polish Succession +Battle of Mollwitz – 1741 – First Silesian War (War of the Austrian Succession and Silesian Wars) +Battle of Hohenfriedberg – 1745 – Second Silesian War (War of the Austrian Succession and Silesian Wars) +Battle of Hennersdorf – 1745 – Second Silesian War (War of the Austrian Succession and Silesian Wars) +Battle of Moys – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Breslau (1757) – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Leuthen – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Breslau (1757) – 1757 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Küstrin – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Zorndorf – 1758 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Kay – 1759 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Frisches Haff – 1759 – Pomeranian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Kunersdorf – 1759 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Neustadt (1760) – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Glatz – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Landeshut (1760) – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Liegnitz (1760) – 1760 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Burkersdorf (1762) – 1762 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Schweidnitz (1762) – 1762 – Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War) +First battle of Lanckorona – 1771 – Bar Confederation +Second Battle of Lanckorona – 1771 – Bar Confederation +Battle of Dubienka – 1792 – Polish–Russian War of 1792 +Battle of Racławice – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Warsaw Uprising (1794) – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Battle of Szczekociny – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Battle of Chełm – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Battle of Rajgród (1794) – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Siege of Warsaw (1794) – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Battle of Maciejowice – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Battle of Praga – 1794 – Kościuszko Uprising +Battle of Czarnowo – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Golymin – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Pułtusk (1806) – 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Graudenz – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Mohrungen – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Allenstein – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Ostrołęka (1807) – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Danzig (1807) – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Kolberg (1807) – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Heilsberg – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Raszyn (1809) – 1809 – Austro-Polish War (War of the Fifth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Radzymin (1809) – 1809 – Austro-Polish War (War of the Fifth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Kock (1809) – 1809 +Siege of Danzig (1813) – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Haynau – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of the Katzbach – 1813 – German campaign of 1813 (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Stoczek – 1831 – November Uprising +First Battle of Wawer – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Nowa Wieś (1831) – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Białołęka – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Olszynka Grochowska – 1831 – November Uprising +Second Battle of Wawer – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Dębe Wielkie – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Iganie – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Ostrołęka (1831) – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Rajgród – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Warsaw (1831) – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Kock (1944) – fought during Operation Tempest: World War II +Battle of Nasielsk – 1920 +Battle of Tannenberg – 1914 +Battle of the Vistula River – 1914 – during World War I +Battle of Warsaw (1920) – during the Polish–Soviet War +Siege of Warsaw (1939) – at the outset of World War II +Warsaw Uprising – near the end of World War II \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-38.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-38.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..512971c80 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-38.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 39/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Portugal == +Battle of Pedroso – 1071 +Battle of São Mamede – 1128 +Battle of Ourique – 1139 – Reconquista +Arcos de Valdevez tournament - 1141 +Siege of Lisbon (1142) – 1142 – Reconquista +Conquest of Santarém – 1147 – Reconquista +Siege of Lisbon – 1147 – Reconquista and Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Alcácer do Sal (1161) - 1161 - Portugal in the Reconquista +Battle of Palmela - 1165 - Portugal in the Reconquista +Siege of Santarém (1184) – 1184 – Reconquista +Alvor massacre – 1189 – Reconquista and Third Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Silves (1189) – 1189 – Reconquista and Third Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Tomar - 1190 - Almohad wars in the Iberian Peninsula +Siege of Faro (1249) – 1249 – Reconquista +Battle of Atoleiros – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Lisbon (1384) – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Leça – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) +Naval Battle of the Tejo – 1384 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Trancoso – 1385 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Aljubarrota – 1385 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Alfarrobeira – 1449 +Battle of Alcântara (1580) – 1580 – War of the Portuguese Succession +Capture of Porto – 1580 – War of the Portuguese Succession +Battle of Salga – 1581 – War of the Portuguese Succession +Battle of Vila Franca do Campo or Battle of Ponta Delgada or Naval Battle of Isla Terceira – 1582 – War of the Portuguese Succession, Anglo-Spanish War and Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Conquest of the Azores – 1583 – War of the Portuguese Succession and Anglo-Spanish War +Battle of the Berlengas (1591) – 1591 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Flores (1591) – 1591 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Flores (1592) – 1592 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Action of Faial – 1594 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Sesimbra Bay – 1602 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of the Gulf of Cadiz (1604) – 1604 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606) – 1606 – Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 and Dutch–Portuguese War (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Sack of Madeira – 1617 – Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations +Siege of São Filipe – 1641 – 1642 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641) – 1641 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Arronches – 1653 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of Vilanova – 1658 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of the Lines of Elvas – 1659 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of Ameixial – 1663 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of Castelo Rodrigo – 1664 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of Montes Claros – 1665 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of the Berlengas (1666) – 1666 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of Lagos (1693) – 1693 – Nine Years' War +Battle of Cap de la Roque – 1703 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of La Gudiña – 1709 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1719) – 1719 – War of the Quadruple Alliance +Action of 18 March 1748 – 1748 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of Lagos – 1759 – Planned French invasion of Britain (1759) (Seven Years' War) +Siege of Almeida (1762) – 1762 – Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) (Fantastic War) [Seven Years' War] +Battle of Vila Velha – 1762 – Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) (Fantastic War) [Seven Years' War] +Battle of Marvão – 1762 – Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) (Fantastic War) [Seven Years' War] +Action of 14 September 1779 – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 11 November 1779 – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 20 November 1779 – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) – 1780 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 24 February 1780 – 1780 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 9 August 1780 – 1780 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 30 May 1781 – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Battle of the Levant Convoy – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797) – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 5 October 1804 – 1804 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 7 December 1804 – 1804 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Combat of Padrões de Teixeira – 1808 – Peninsular War +Battle of Évora (1808) – 1808 – Peninsular War +Battle of Roliça – 1808 – Peninsular War +Battle of Vimeiro – 1808 – Peninsular War +Siege of Chaves – 1809 – Peninsular War +Battle of Braga (1809) – 1809 – Peninsular War +First Battle of Porto – 1809 – Peninsular War +Battle of Grijó – 1809 – Peninsular War +Second Battle of Porto – 1809 – Peninsular War +Combat of the Côa – 1810 – Peninsular War +Siege of Almeida – 1810 – Peninsular War +Battle of Bussaco – 1810 – Peninsular War +Trant's raid – 1810 – Peninsular War +Battle of Sobral – 1810 – Peninsular War +Battle of Pombal – 1811 – Peninsular War +Battle of Redinha – 1811 – Peninsular War +Battle of Casal Novo – 1811 – Peninsular War +Battle of Foz de Arouce – 1811 – Peninsular War +Battle of Campo Maior – 1811 – Peninsular War +Battle of Sabugal – 1811 – Peninsular War +Blockade of Almeida – 1811 – Peninsular War +Battle of Praia da Vitória – 1829 – Liberal Wars +Battle of the Tagus – 1831 – Liberal Wars +Battle of Ladeira da Velha – 1831 – Liberal Wars +Landing at Mindelo – 1832 – Liberal Wars +Battle of Ponte Ferreira – 1832 – Liberal Wars +Siege of Porto – 1832 – 1833 – Liberal Wars +Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833) – 1833 – Liberal Wars +Battle of Cova da Piedade – 1833 – Liberal Wars +Battle of Asseiceira – 1834 – Liberal Wars \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-39.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-39.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9e814f70 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-39.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 40/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Qatar == + +== Romania == +Battle of Tapae – 87 – Domitian's Dacian War +Second Battle of Tapae – 101 – Trajan's Dacian Wars +Battle of Adamclisi – 101-102 – Trajan's Dacian Wars +Battle of Gatae – 103 – Trajan's Dacian Wars +Battle of Sarmisegetusa – 106 – Trajan's Dacian Wars +Battle of Noviodunum – 369 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Ongal – 680 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars +Battle of Kerlés or Battle of Chiraleș or Battle of Cserhalom – 1068 +Battle of Posada – 1330 – Hungarian-Wallachian War +Battle of Karanovasa – 1394 – Ottoman wars in Europe +Battle of Rovine – 1395 – Ottoman wars in Europe +Battle of Hermannstadt – 1442 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars +Battle of the Ialomița - 1442 - Hungarian–Ottoman Wars +Night Attack at Târgovişte – 1462 +Battle of Baia – 1467 – Hungarian–Moldavian Wars +Battle of Vaslui – 1475 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars and Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Valea Albă or Battle of Războieni or Battle of Akdere – 1476 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Neamț Citadel – 1476 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Breadfield – 1479 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Szőlős – 1527 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Siege of Mediaș - 1534 +Siege of Temesvár (1552) - 1552 - Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1551–1562 +Battle of Călugăreni – 1595 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Giurgiu – 1595 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Șelimbăr – 1599 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Mirăslău – 1600 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Guruslău – 1601 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Brașov – 1603 – Long Turkish War (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) +Battle of Cornul lui Sas - 1612 - Moldavian Magnate Wars +Battle of Cecora (1620) – 1620 – Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Finta – 1653 +Battle of Kaloszvar - 1660 +Battle of Zernest – 1690 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Lugos – 1695 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Olasch – 1696 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Cenei – 1696 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Zsibó – 1705 – Rákóczi's War of Independence (War of the Spanish Succession) +Battle of Larga – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) +Revolt of Horea, Cloșca, and Crișan - 1784 +Battle of Mehadia - 1788 - Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) +Battle of Karánsebes – 1788 – Austro-Turkish War (1788–91) +Battle of Focșani – 1789 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Rymnik – 1789 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Siege of Giurgiu (1790) - 1790 - Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) +Battle of Calafat - 1790 - Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) +Battle of Măcin – 1791 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Slobozia – 1811 – Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) +Battle of Dragashani – 1821 – Greek War of Independence +Battle of Rika – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Vízakna – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Piski – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Second Battle of Nagyszeben – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Segesvár – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Temesvár – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Oltenița – 1853 – Crimean War +Battle of Cetate – 1853–1854 – Crimean War +World War I +Battle of Transylvania – 1916 +Battle of Turtucaia – 1916 +First Battle of Cobadin – 1916 +Flămânda Offensive – 1916 +Second Battle of Cobadin – 1916 +Battle of Bucharest – 1916 +Prunaru Charge +Battle of the Argeș +First Battle of Oituz – 1916 +Second Battle of Oituz – 1916 +Battle of Mărăști – 1917 +Third Battle of Oituz – 1917 +Battle of Mărășești – 1917 +World War II +Uman–Botoșani Offensive – 1944 +First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive – 1944 +First Battle of Târgu Frumos – 1944 +Battle of Podu Iloaiei – 1944 +Second Battle of Târgu Frumos – 1944 +Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive – 1944 +Battle of Turda – 1944 +Battle of Păuliș – 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e153dfeb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 5/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Estonia == +Battle of Iron Gate – 1032 +Battle of Ösel – 1206 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Viljandi – 1211 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Lehola – 1215 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Otepää (1217) – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of St. Matthew's Day – 1217 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Lyndanisse – 1219 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Lihula – 1220 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Siege of Tallinn – 1221 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Ösel – 1222 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Ümera – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Viljandi (1223) – 1223 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Siege of Tartu (1224) – 1224 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle of Muhu – 1227 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Battle on the Ice – 1242 – Livonian campaign against Rus' and Northern Crusades (Crusades) +Battle of Wesenberg (1268) or Battle of Rakvere or Battle of Rakovor – 1268 – Northern Crusades (Crusades) +Battle of Karuse – 1270 – Livonian Crusade (Northern Crusades) [Crusades] +Siege of Narva (1558) – 1558 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Lode – 1573 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Siege of Wesenberg (1574) – 1574 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Karksi (1600) – 1600 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Siege of Fellin – 1602 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Siege of Weissenstein – 1602 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Reval (1602) – 1602 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Rakvere (1603) – 1603 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Weissenstein – 1604 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Siege of Pärnu – 1609 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) (Polish–Swedish wars) +Siege of Dorpat (1656) – 1656 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Walk – 1657 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Varja – 1700 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Narva – 1700 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Rauge – 1701 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Erastfer – 1702 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Hummelshof – 1702 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Wesenberg (1704) – 1704 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Narva (1704) – 1704 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Ösel Island – 1719 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Reval – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Mahtra War – 1858 +Battle of Rägavere – 1918 – Estonian War of Independence +Battle of Krivasoo – 1919 – Estonian War of Independence +Battle of Laagna – 1919 – Estonian War of Independence +Battle of Paju – 1919 – Estonian War of Independence +Battle of Juminda – 1941 – World War II +Battle of Kautla – 1941 – World War II +Battle of Loobu – 1941 – World War II +Battle of Ratva – 1941 – World War II +Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive – 1944 – World War II +Battle for Narva Bridgehead – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Tannenberg Line – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Emajõgi – 1944 – World War II +Tallinn Offensive – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Porkuni – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Avinurme – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Tehumardi – 1944 – World War II +Battle of Osula – 1946 – Partisan war +Battle of Saika – 1951 – Partisan war +Battle of Puutli – 1953 – Partisan war + +== Ethiopia == +Battle of Marra Biete - 1320 +Battle of Das - 1322 +Battle of Gomit - 1445 +Battle of Shimbra Kure – 1529 – Ethiopian–Adal War +Battle of Antukyah – 1531 – Ethiopian–Adal War +Battle of Amba Sel – 1531 – Ethiopian–Adal War +Battle of Sahart – 1541 – Ethiopian–Adal War +Battle of Baçente – 1542 – Ethiopian–Adal War (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of Jarte – 1542 – Ethiopian–Adal War (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of the Hill of the Jews – 1542 – Ethiopian–Adal War (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of Wofla – 1542 – Ethiopian–Adal War (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of Wayna Daga – 1543 – Ethiopian–Adal War (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of Adwa – 1895 +Battle of Keren – 1941 +Battle of Harar – 1978 – Ogaden War +Battle of Jijiga – 1978 – Ogaden War \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-40.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-40.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee8c28927 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-40.md @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 41/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Russia == +Battle of the River Thatis – 310 BC or 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War +Siege of Siracena – 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War +Battle of the Tanais River – 373 +Siege of Derbent - 627 - Perso-Turkic war of 627–629 +Battle of Balanjar (652) - 652 - First Arab–Khazar War +Battle of Balanjar (723) - 723 - Arab–Khazar Wars +Battle of Balanjar (730s) - 732 - Second Arab–Khazar War +Siege of Sarkel - 965 - Rus'–Byzantine Wars +Sack of Atil - 969 - Caspian expeditions of the Rus' +Siege of Derbent - 1173 or 1174 - Caspian expeditions of the Rus' +Battle of Lipitsa - 1216 - Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession +Battle of Samara Bend - 1223 - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria +Siege of Bilär - 1236 - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria +Siege of Ryazan - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +Battle of Voronezh River - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +Siege of Kolomna - 1237 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +Siege of Moscow (1238) - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +Siege of Vladimir - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +Battle of the Sit River - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +Siege of Kozelsk - 1238 - Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +List of wars involving the Novgorod Republic +Battle of the Neva – 1240 – Swedish–Novgorodian Wars +Battle on the Ice – 1242 – Livonian campaign against Rus' and Northern Crusades (Crusades) +List of wars and battles involving the Principality of Smolensk +Battle of Terek River - 1262 - Berke–Hulegu war +Battle of Rudau – 1370 – Lithuanian Crusade (Northern Crusades) Crusades +Battle on Pyana River - 1375 - Great Troubles +Battle of the Vozha River - 1378 - Great Troubles +Battle of Kulikovo - 1380 - Great Troubles +Battle of the Kalka River (1381) - 1381 - Great Troubles +Siege of Moscow (1382) - 1382 - Post-Great Troubles +Battle of the Kondurcha River – 1391 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war (Timurid conquests and invasions) +Battle of the Terek River – 1395 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war (Timurid conquests and invasions) +Battle of Belyov – 1437 – Muscovite War of Succession and Russo-Kazan Wars +Battle of Suzdal – 1445 – Muscovite War of Succession and Russo-Kazan Wars +Battle of Shelon - 1471 - Muscovite-Novgorodian Wars +Great Stand on the Ugra River - 1480 - Golden Horde conflicts +Siege of Kazan (1487) – 1487 – Russo-Kazan Wars +Battle of Vedrosha – 1500 – Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars +Battle of the Siritsa River – 1501 – Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars +Siege of Smolensk (1502) – 1502 – Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars +Siege of Smolensk (1514) – 1514 – Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars +Siege of Opochka – 1517 – Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars +Siege of Kazan – 1552 – Russo-Kazan Wars +Battle of Kivinebb – 1555 – Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) (Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Nevel – 1562 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Fire of Moscow (1571) - 1571 - Russo-Crimean Wars +Battle of Molodi – 1572 – Russo-Crimean Wars +Siege of Velikiye Luki – 1580 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Toropets (1580) – 1580 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Siege of Pskov – 1581 – 1582 – Livonian War (Polish-Russian Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars) +Battle of Chuvash Cape - 1582 - Russian conquest of Siberia +Battle of Torches – 1583 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Dobrynichi – 1605 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry I) +Siege of Kromy – 1605 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry I) +Siege of Moscow (1606) – 1606 – Uprising of Bolotnikov (Time of Troubles) +Battle of Kozelsk – 1607 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry II) +Battle of Zaraysk – 1608 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry II) +Battle of Bolkhov – 1608 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry II) +Battle of Medvezhiy Brod – 1608 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry II) +Siege of Troitsky monastery – 1608 – 1610 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry II) +Siege of Smolensk (1609–1611) – 1609 – 1611 – Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618) +Siege of Tsaryovo-Zaymishche – 1610 – Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618) +Battle of Klushino or Battle of Kłuszyn – 1610 – Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618) +Capture of Novgorod (1611) – 1611 – Ingrian War +Battle of Moscow (1612) – 1612 – Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618) +Siege of Tikhvin – 1613 – Ingrian War +Siege of Smolensk (1613–1617) – 1613 – 1617 – Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618) +Battle of Bronnitsy – 1614 – Ingrian War +Siege of Gdov – 1614 – Ingrian War +Siege of Pskov (1615) – 1615 – Ingrian War +Battle of Mozhaysk – 1618 – Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618) +Siege of Moscow (1618) – 1618 – Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618) +Siege of Dorogobuzh – 1632 – Smolensk War +Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) – 1632 – 1633 – Smolensk War +Siege of Belaya – 1634 – Smolensk War +Siege of Smolensk (1654) – 1654 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Siege of Nyenschantz (1656) – 1656 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Gdov – 1657 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) (Second Northern War) [Northern Wars] +First siege of Albazin – 1685 – Sino-Russian border conflicts +Second siege of Albazin – 1686 – Sino-Russian border conflicts +Siege of Nöteborg (1702) – 1702 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Systerbäck – 1703 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of the Neva (1708) – 1708 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Rajovka – 1708 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Koporye – 1708 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Evacuation of Kolkanpää – 1708 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Siege of Viborg (1710) – 1710 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf – 1757 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Beshtamak – 1774 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Kazan (1774) – 1774 – Pugachev's Rebellion +Battle of Tsaritsyn (1774) – 1774 – Pugachev's Rebellion +Battle of the Sunja – 1785 – Russo-Circassian War and Chechen–Russian conflict +Battle of Jilehoy – 1787 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Hogland – 1788 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Kronstadt – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Uransari – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Björkösund – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Vyborg Bay (1790) – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Siege of Anapa (1791) – 1791 – Russo-Circassian War and Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Eylau – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Khankala (1807) – 1807 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Friedland – 1807 – War of the Fourth Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Pälkjärvi – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +List of battles of the French invasion of Russia – 1812 – Napoleonic Wars +Battle of Dadi-yurt – 1819 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Khunzakh – 1830 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Gimry – 1832 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Argvani – 1839 – Russo-Circassian War +Siege of Akhoulgo – 1839 – Russo-Circassian War +Siege of Lazarevsky – 1840 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of the Valerik River – 1840 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Ichkeria – 1842 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Dargo (1845) – 1845 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Gordali (1852) – 1852 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Ghunib – 1859 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Qbaada – 1864 – Russo-Circassian War +Battle of Lake Khasan – 1939 +Battle of Moscow – 1941 +Siege of Leningrad – 1941–43 +Battle of Stalingrad – 1942–1943 +Battles of Rzhev – 1942–43 +Battle of Kursk – 1943 +Battle of Prokhorovka – 1943 +Operation Bagration – 1944 +Battle of Grozny (November 1994) +Battle of Dolinskoye – 1994 +Battle of Khankala (1994) +Battle of Grozny (1994–1995) +Battle of Grozny (August 1996) +Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) +Battle for Height 776 – 2000 +Battle of Komsomolskoye – 2000 +Battle for Vedeno – 2001 +Wagner Group rebellion – 2023 – Wagner Group–Russian Ministry of Defence conflict +Kursk campaign – 2024 – 2025 – Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-41.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-41.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fae96774 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-41.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 42/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Saint Kitts and Nevis == +Battle of St. Kitts (1629) – 1629 – Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Nevis – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Siege of Brimstone Hill – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Saint Kitts – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente – 1799 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) +USS Constellation vs La Vengeance – 1800 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) + +== Saint Lucia == +Battle of St. Lucia – 1778 – American Revolutionary War +Capture of St. Lucia – 1778 – American Revolutionary War + +== Saint Vincent and the Grenadines == +Capture of Saint Vincent – 1779 – American Revolutionary War + +== Saudi Arabia == +Yawm al-Buath - 610s to 620s +Battle of Badr – 624 – Muslim–Quraysh War +Battle of Uhud – 625 – Muslim–Quraysh War +Battle of Hamra al-Asad – 625 – Muslim–Quraysh War +Battle of the Trench – 626 – 627 – Muslim–Quraysh War +Battle of Khaybar – 628 – Military career of Muhammad +Conquest of Mecca – 629 – 630 – Muslim–Quraysh War +Battle of Hunayn – 630 – Military career of Muhammad +Battle of Autas – 630 – Military career of Muhammad +Siege of Ta'if – 630 – Military career of Muhammad +Battle of Zhu Qissa – 632 – Ridda Wars +Battle of Buzakha – 632 – Ridda Wars +Battle of Ghamra – 632 – Ridda Wars +Battle of Zafar – 632 – Ridda Wars +Battle of Yamama – 632 – Ridda Wars +Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal – 633 – Ridda Wars +Battle of Naqra – 633 – Ridda Wars +Battle of al-Harra – 683 – Second Fitna +Siege of Mecca (683) – 683 – Second Fitna +Siege of Mecca (692) – 692 – Second Fitna +Battle of Fakhkh – 786 +Siege of Jeddah – 1517 – Portuguese–Mamluk naval war and Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations +Siege of Qatif (1551) – 1551 – Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559) (Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations) +Battle of Yanbu – 1811 – Wahhabi War +Battle of Al-Safra – 1812 – Wahhabi War +Battle of Medina (1812) – 1812 – Wahhabi War +Battle of Jeddah (1813) – 1813 – Wahhabi War +Battle of Mecca (1813) – 1813 – Wahhabi War +Siege of Diriyah – 1818 – Wahhabi War +Battle of Mulayda – September 29, 1890 – Rashidi troops ended the Second Saudi State. +Battle of Riyadh (1902) – Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh from Rashidis. +Battle of Dilam – (1903) – Ibn Saud victory over Rashidis. +Battle of Bekeriyah (1904) – Ibn Saud victory over Rashidis. +Battle of Shinanah (1904) – Ibn Saud victory over Rashidis. +Battle of Rawdat Muhanna (1906) – Ibn Saud victory over Rashidis. +Battle of Tarafiyah (1907) – Ibn Saud victory over Rashidis. +Battle of Mecca (1924) – Ibn Saud captured Mecca. +Battle of Jeddah (1925) – Ibn Saud captured Jeddah and ended the Kingdom of Hejaz. +Bombing of Bahrain in World War II – 1940 – World War II +Battle of Khafji – (1991) – Saudi, Qatari and American troops successfully regained control over Khafji from Iraqis. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-42.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-42.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e319592a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-42.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 43/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Scotland == +Battle of Mons Graupius – 83 or 84 – Roman conquest of Britain +Siege of Burnswark – 140 – Roman conquest of Britain +Battle of Alclud Ford – c. 574 or 580 or 590 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Raith – 596 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Degsastan – 603 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Two Rivers – 671 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Dun Nechtain – 685 – Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Dollar – 865 – Viking invasions of Scotland +Battle of Carham – 1018 +Battle of Lumphanan – 1057 +Battle of Stracathro – 1130 +Battle of Renfrew – 1164 +Battle of Mam Garvia – 1187 +Battle of Largs – 1263 – Scottish–Norwegian War +Battle of Red Ford – 1294 +Battle of Dunbar (1296) – 1296 – First War of Scottish Independence +Action at Lanark – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence +Raid on Scone – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Stirling Bridge – 1297 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Falkirk – 1298 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Roslin – 1303 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Happrew – 1304 – First War of Scottish Independence +Sieges of Stirling Castle – 1304 – First War of Scottish Independence +Action at Earnside – 1304 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Methven – 1306 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Dalrigh – 1306 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Loch Ryan – 1307 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Turnberry – 1307 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Glen Trool – 1307 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Loudoun Hill – 1307 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Slioch – 1307 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Inverurie (1308) or Battle of Barra – 1308 – First War of Scottish Independence +Harrying of Buchan or Rape of Buchan or Herschip – 1308 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of the River Dee – 1308 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of the Pass of Brander – 1308 – First War of Scottish Independence +Capture of Roxburgh (1314) – 1314 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Bannockburn – 1314 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Skaithmuir – 1316 – First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Drumlui – 1330 or 1337 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud +Battle of Kinghorn – 1332 – Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Dupplin Moor – 1332 – Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Annan – 1332 – Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Dornock – 1333 – Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Boroughmuir – 1335 – Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Culblean – 1335 – Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Nesbit Moor (1355) – 1355 – Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Invernahavon – 1370 or 1386 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud +Battle of Duns – 1372 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of the North Inch – 1396 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud +Battle of Fulhope Law – 1400 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Nesbit Moor (1402) – 1402 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Dingwall – 1411 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars +Battle of Harlaw – 1411 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars +Battle of Harpsdale or Battle of Achardale or Battle of Harpasdal – 1426 – Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud +Battle of Drumnacoub – c. between 1427 and 1433 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud +Siege of Inverness (1429) – 1429 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars +Battle of Mamsha – 1429 – Clan MacDonald-Clan Fraser of Lovat feuds +Battle of Palm Sunday – 1429 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud +Battle of Lochaber – 1429 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars +Battle of Inverlochy (1431) – 1431 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars +Battle of Piperdean – 1435 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Sandside Chase or The Chase of Sandside or The Chase of Sansett – 1437 – Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud +Siege of Edinburgh Castle – 1440 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud +Battle of Craig Cailloch – 1441 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud +Battle of Arbroath – 1445 or 1446 – Clan Gordon-Clan Lindsay feud +Battle of Sark – 1448 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Bealach nam Broig – 1299 or more likely 1452 – Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud and Clan Fraser of Lovat-Clan Mackenzie feud +Battle of Brechin – 1452 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud and Clan Gordon-Clan Lindsay feud +Battle of Clachnaharry – 1454 – Clan Munro-Clan Mackintosh feuds +Battle of Arkinholm – 1455 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud +Capture of Roxburgh (1460) – 1460 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Tannach – 1438 or more likely 1464 – Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud and Clan Gunn-Clan Keith feud +Battle of Champions – 1464 or 1478 – Clan Gunn-Clan Keith feud +Battle of Corpach – c. 1470 +Battle of Lagabraad – 1480 or 1483 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars, Clan MacDonald-Clan Mackenzie feud and Clan MacDonald-Clan Fraser of Lovat feuds +Battle of Bloody Bay – 1480 or 1483 – Clan Maclean-Clan MacDonald feuds and Clan MacLeod-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of Lochmaben Fair – 1484 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud +Battle of Tarbat – 1480s maybe in 1486 – Clan Mackay-Clan Ross feud +Battle of Aldy Charrish – 1486 or 1487 – Clan Mackay-Clan Ross feud +Battle of Sauchieburn – 1488 – Clan Cunningham - Clan Montgomery feud +Sack of Kerelaw Castle – 1488 – Clan Cunningham - Clan Montgomery feud +Battle of Blar Na Pairce – 1491 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars and Clan MacDonald-Clan Mackenzie feud +Raid on Ross – 1491 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars and Clan MacDonald-Clan Mackenzie feud +Battle of Drumchatt (1497) – 1497 – Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars and Clan MacDonald-Clan Mackenzie feud +Battle of Drumchatt (1501) – 1501 – Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud +Siege of Cairnburgh Castle – 1504 – Dubh's Rebellion (Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars) +Battle of Achnashellach – 1505 – Dubh's Rebellion (Clan Donald and Stewart royal family wars) and Clan Munro-Clan Cameron feuds +Battle of Glendale (Skye) – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-43.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-43.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71e8abe21 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-43.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 44/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +1490 or more likely 1513 – Clan MacLeod-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of Hornshole – 1514 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Torran Dubh or Battle of Torran-dow or Battle of Torran Du – 1517 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud or Clan Mackay-Clan Ross feud and Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud +Battle of Alltachuilain – 1518 or 1519 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud +Battle of Melrose – 1526 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud and Clan Kerr - Clan Scott feud +Battle of Linlithgow Bridge – 1526 – Clan Douglas and Stewart royal family feud +Battle of Alltan-Beath – 1542 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud +Battle of Haddon Rig – 1542 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Glasgow (1544) – 1544 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars +Burning of Edinburgh – 1544 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) +Battle of the Shirts or Battle of Kinloch-Lochy – 1544 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud, Clan Cameron-Clan Grant feud and Clan MacDonald-Clan Fraser of Lovat feuds +Battle of Ancrum Moor – 1545 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) +Siege of St Andrews Castle – 1546 – 1547 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) +Battle of Pinkie or Battle of Pinkie Cleugh – 1547 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) +Siege of Broughty Castle – 1547 – 1550 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) +Siege of Haddington – 1548 – 1549 – Rough Wooing (Anglo-Scottish Wars) +Battle of Garbharry – 1555 – Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud +Siege of Leith – 1560 – European wars of religion and Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Corrichie – 1562 – Clan Gordon-Clan Forbes feud +Battle of Carberry Hill – 1567 +Battle of Langside – 1568 – Marian civil war +Siege of Chanonry Castle – 1569 – 1573 – Marian civil war (European wars of religion), Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud and Clan Munro-Clan Mackintosh feuds +Battle of Bun Garbhain – 1570 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud +Battle of Torran-Roy – 1570 – Clan Sutherland - Clan Sinclair feud and Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud +Battle of Tillieangus – 1571 – Clan Gordon-Clan Forbes feud and Marian civil war +Battle of Craibstone – 1571 – Clan Gordon-Clan Forbes feud and Marian civil war +Raid of the Redeswire – 1575 – Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of the Spoiling Dyke – 1578 – Clan MacLeod-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of the Western Isles – 1585 – 1586 – Clan Maclean-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of Allt Camhna – 1586 – Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud +Battle of Leckmelm – 1586 – Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud +Battle of Clynetradwell – 1590 – Clan Sutherland - Clan Sinclair feud and Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud +Battle of Glenlivet – 1594 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud, Clan Cameron-Clan Grant feud and Clan Gordon-Clan Forbes feud +Battle of Logiebride – 1597 – Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud and Clan Fraser of Lovat-Clan Mackenzie feud +Battle of Traigh Ghruinneart – 1598 – Clan Maclean-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of Benbigrie – 1598 – Clan Maclean-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of Carinish – 1601 – Clan MacLeod-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of Coire Na Creiche – 1601 – Clan MacLeod-Clan MacDonald feuds +Battle of Morar – 1602 – Clan MacDonald-Clan Mackenzie feud +Battle of Glen Fruin – 1603 +Battle of the Brig of Dee – 1639 – First Bishops' War (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Tippermuir – 1644 – First English Civil War, 1644 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Aberdeen (1644) – 1644 – First English Civil War, 1644 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Inverlochy (1645) – 1645 – Clan MacDonald-Clan Campbell feuds and First English Civil War, 1645 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Auldearn – 1645 – First English Civil War, 1645 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Alford – 1645 – First English Civil War, 1645 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Kilsyth – 1645 – First English Civil War, 1645 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Philiphaugh – 1645 – First English Civil War, 1645 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Annan Moor – 1645 – First English Civil War, 1645 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Aberdeen (1646) – 1646 – First English Civil War, 1646 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Lagganmore – 1646 – Clan MacDonald-Clan Campbell feuds and First English Civil War, 1646 (First English Civil War) [Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms] [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Rhunahaorine Moss – 1647 – Clan MacDonald-Clan Campbell feuds and First English Civil War (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Castle Sween – 1647 – Clan MacDonald-Clan Campbell feuds +Battle of Dunaverty – 1647 – Clan MacDonald-Clan Campbell feuds and Second English Civil War (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Mauchline Muir – 1648 – Second English Civil War (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Whiggamore Raid – 1648 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Stirling (1648) – 1648 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Siege of Inverness (1649) – 1649 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Siege of Inverness (1650) – 1650 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Carbisdale – 1650 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Dunbar (1650) – 1650 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Hieton – 1650 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Inverkeithing – 1651 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Siege of Dundee – 1651 – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Tullich – 1654 – Glencairn's rising (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Dalnaspidal – 1654 – Glencairn's rising (Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) [Wars of the Three Kingdoms] +Battle of Rullion Green – 1666 – Pentland Rising +Battle of Ronas Voe – 1674 – Third Anglo-Dutch War (Franco-Dutch War and Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Drumclog – 1679 – Scottish Covenanter Wars +Battle of Bothwell Bridge – 1679 – Scottish Covenanter Wars +Battle of Mulroy – 1688 – Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud +Battle of Loup Hill – 1689 – Jacobite rising of 1689 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Killiecrankie – 1689 – Jacobite rising of 1689 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Dunkeld – 1689 – Jacobite rising of 1689 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Cromdale – 1690 – Jacobite rising of 1689 (Jacobite risings) +Massacre of Glencoe – 1692 – Jacobite rising of 1689 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Culloden House (1715) – Jacobite rising of 1715 (Jacobite risings) +Skirmish of Alness – 1715 – Jacobite rising of 1715 (Jacobite risings) and Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud +Skirmish of Dunfermline – 1715 – Jacobite rising of 1715 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Inverness (1715) – 1715 – Jacobite rising of 1715 (Jacobite risings), Clan Fraser of Lovat-Clan Mackenzie feud, Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud and Clan MacDonald-Clan Fraser of Lovat feuds +Battle of Sheriffmuir – 1715 – Jacobite rising of 1715 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Brahan – 1715 – Jacobite rising of 1715 (Jacobite risings), Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud and Clan Fraser of Lovat-Clan Mackenzie feud +Capture of Eilean Donan Castle – 1719 – Jacobite rising of 1719 (Jacobite risings and War of the Quadruple Alliance) +Battle of Glen Shiel – 1719 – Jacobite rising of 1719 (Jacobite risings and War of the Quadruple Alliance), Clan Munro-Clan Cameron feuds, Clan Fraser of Lovat-Clan Mackenzie feud, Clan Munro-Clan Mackintosh feuds and Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud +Battle of Glen Affric – 1721 – Jacobite rising of 1719 (Jacobite risings and War of the Quadruple Alliance) +Battle of Coille Bhan – 1721 – Jacobite rising of 1719 (Jacobite risings and War of the Quadruple Alliance) +Highbridge Skirmish – 1745 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Ruthven Barracks (1745) – 1745 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Prestonpans – 1745 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Culloden House (1745) – 1745 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Fort Augustus (December 1745) – 1745 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Inverurie (1745) – 1745 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Falkirk Muir – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) and Clan Munro-Clan Cameron feuds +Siege of Stirling Castle (1746) – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Ruthven Barracks (1746) – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Rout of Moy – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Inverness (1746) – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Fort Augustus (March 1746) – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Atholl raids – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Blair Castle – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Skirmish of Keith – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Siege of Fort William – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Dornoch – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Skirmish of Tongue – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Littleferry – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Battle of Culloden – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Skirmish of Loch nan Uamh – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Skirmish of Loch Ailort – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Skirmish of Arisaig – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore – 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) and Clan Munro-Clan Cameron feuds +Killin incident of 1749 – 1749 – Aftermath of Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Appin Murder – 1752 – Aftermath of Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) +Raid on Rannoch – 1753 – Aftermath of Jacobite rising of 1745 (Jacobite risings) and Clan Munro-Clan Cameron feuds \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-44.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-44.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eda3e6d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-44.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 45/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Senegal == +British capture of Senegal – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Capture of Gorée – 1758 – Seven Years' War + +== Serbia == +Battle of Naissus – 268 or 269 – Crisis of the Third Century and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of the Margus – 285 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Bassianae – 468 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Sirmium (489) - 489 +Siege of Sirmium – 580 – 582 – Avar–Byzantine wars +Battles of Viminacium – 599 – Avar–Byzantine wars +Battle of the Rishki Pass - 759 Byzantine–Bulgarian wars +Battle of W.l.n.d.r – 934 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Haram - 1128 - Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) +Battle of Sirmium - 1167 - Komnenian restoration +Battle of Dubravnica – 1380 or 1381 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Pločnik – between 1385 – 1387 – Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Golubac – 1428 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Belgrade (1440) – 1440 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Nish (1443) – 1443 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) +Battle of Kunovica – 1444 – Crusade of Varna (Crusades, Ottoman–Hungarian wars, Polish–Ottoman Wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars) +Battle of Leskovac – 1454 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Kruševac – 1454 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Belgrade (1456) – 1456 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars and Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Belgrade (1521) – 1521 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Šabac (1521) – 1521 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Siege of Belgrade (1688) – 1688 – Great Turkish War, Ottoman–Habsburg wars and Polish–Ottoman Wars +Battle of Batočina – 1689 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Niš (1689) – 1689 – Great Turkish War +Siege of Belgrade (1690) – 1690 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Slankamen – 1691 – Great Turkish War +Siege of Belgrade (1693) - 1693 - Great Turkish War +Battle of Olasch – 1696 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Zenta – 1697 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Petrovaradin - 1716 - Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) +Siege of Belgrade (1717) - 1717 - Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) +Battle of Grocka – 1739 – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) +Capture of Belgrade (1739) – 1739 – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) +Siege of Belgrade (1789) – 1789 – Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) +Battles of Batočina and Jagodina – 1804 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Drlupa – 1804 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Ivankovac – 1805 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Mišar – 1806 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Siege of Belgrade (1806) – 1806 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Deligrad – 1806 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Čegar – 1809 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Suvodol – 1809 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Varvarin – 1810 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Loznica – 1810 – First Serbian Uprising (Serbian Revolution) +Battle of Karlóca – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +First siege of Szenttamás – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Second siege of Szenttamás – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Perlasz – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Third siege of Szenttamás – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Jarkovác – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Pancsova – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Fourth siege of Szenttamás – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Káty – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Kishegyes – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Cer – 1914 +Battle of Kolubara – 1914 +Battle of Morava – 1915 +Battle of Kosovo (1915) – 1915 +Battle of Ovche Pole – 1915 + +== Seychelles == +Battle of Mahé – 1801 – French Revolutionary Wars + +== Slovakia == +Battle of Pressburg - 907 - Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin +Battle of Trnava (1430) – 1430 – Hussite Wars +Battle of Ilava or Battle of Rudé Polé – 1431 – Hussite Wars +Battle of Szina – 1528 – Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Battle of Humenné – 1619 – Thirty Years' War +Battle of Köbölkút – 1663 – Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Érsekújvár (1663) – 1663 – Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Siege of Léva – 1664 – Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) (Ottoman–Habsburg wars) [Ottoman wars in Europe] +Battle of Párkány – 1683 – Great Turkish War and Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) +Siege of Érsekújvár (1685) – 1685 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Eperjes – 1685 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Kassa – 1685 – Great Turkish War +Battle of Zvolen (1703) – 1703 – Rákóczi's War of Independence (War of the Spanish Succession) +Battle of Biskupice – 1704 – Rákóczi's War of Independence (War of the Spanish Succession) +Battle of Smolenice – 1704 – Rákóczi's War of Independence (War of the Spanish Succession) +Battle of Trenčín – 1708 – Rákóczi's War of Independence (War of the Spanish Succession) +Battle of Kassa (1849) – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Nyárasd – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Branyiszkó – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Nagysalló – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Zsigárd – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Alsónyárasd – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Pered – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Hetény – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Hetény-Kurtakeszi-Izsa – 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-45.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-45.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f760e66e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-45.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 46/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Slovenia == +Battle of Poetovio - 388 - Roman civil war +Battle of the Frigidus – 394 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Pirano – 1812 – Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Friedau – 1848 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 +Battle of Dražgoše – 1942 +Battle of Osankarica +Battle of Castle Turjak – 1943 +Battle of Nanos – 1942 +Battle of Trieste +Battle of Poljana – 1945 +Battle of Caporetto – 1917 + +== South Africa == +Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Battle of Muizenberg – 1795 – French Revolutionary Wars +Capitulation of Saldanha Bay – 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 9 February 1799 (South Africa) – 1799 – French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of Blaauwberg – 1806 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Gqokli Hill – 1818 – Ndwandwe–Zulu War +Battle of Amalinde – 1818 – Xhosa Wars +Battle of Grahamstown – 1819 – Xhosa Wars +Battle of Mhlatuze River – 1819 or 1820 – Ndwandwe–Zulu War +Battle of Blood River – 1838 – Great Trek +Battle of Magango – 1840 +Battle of Isandlwana – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Battle of Rorke's Drift – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Battle of Intombe – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Battle of Hlobane – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Battle of Kambula – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Battle of Gingindlovu – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Siege of Eshowe – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Battle of Ulundi – 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War +Action at Bronkhorstspruit – 1880 – First Boer War +Battle of Laing's Nek – 1881 – First Boer War +Battle of Majuba Hill – 1881 – First Boer War +Battle of Schuinshoogte – 1881 – First Boer War +Battle of Talana Hill – 1899 – Second Boer War +Battle of Elandslaagte – 1899 – Second Boer War +Battle of Stormberg – 1899 – Second Boer War +Battle of Magersfontein – 1899 – Second Boer War +Battle of Colenso – 1899 – Second Boer War +Battle of Modder River – 1899 – Second Boer War +Battle of Faber's Put – 1900 – Second Boer War +Siege of Kimberley – 1899–1900 – Second Boer War +Siege of Ladysmith – 1899–1900 – Second Boer War +Siege of Mafeking – 1899–1900 – Second Boer War +Battle of Sanna's Post – 1900 – Second Boer War +Battle of Spion Kop – 1900 – Second Boer War +Battle of Witpoort – 1900 – Second Boer War +Battle of Paardeberg – 1900 – Second Boer War \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-46.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-46.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cb8562d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-46.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 47/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Spain == +Siege of Saguntum – 219 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Cissa – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Ebro River – 217 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Ibera – 215 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Upper Baetis – 211 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Cartagena (209 BC) – 209 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Baecula – 208 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Carmona – 207 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Ilipa – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Carteia – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Carteia (naval) – 206 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Ilerda – 49 BC – Caesar's Civil War +Battle of Carteia (46 BC) – 46 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Munda – 45 BC – Caesar's Civil War +Siege of Corduba – 45 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Lauro – 45 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of the Nervasos Mountains – 419 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Tarraco – 422 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Mérida (428) – 428 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Órbigo (456) – 456 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Cartagena (461) – 460 or 461 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Barcelona (512) - 512 - War of the Visigothic Succession +Battle of Guadalete – 711 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania +Battle of Écija (711) - 711 - Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula +Battle of Orihuela (713) - 713 - Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula +Battle of Covadonga – 718 or 722 – Reconquista +Battle of Musarah - 756 - Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula +Battle of Montecubeiro - 774 - Reconquista +Battle of Roncevaux Pass – 778 – Reconquista +Battle of the Burbia River – 791 – Reconquista +Battle of Lutos – 794 – Reconquista +Battle of Las Babias – 795 – Reconquista +Siege of Barcelona (801) – 800 – 801 – Reconquista +Siege of Tortosa (808–809) – 808 – 809 – Reconquista +Battle of Pancorbo (816) – 816 – Reconquista +Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824) – 824 – Reconquista +Battle of Anceo - 825 - Reconquista +Battle of the Bridge of Cornellana - 842 +Viking raid on Seville - 844 - Viking expansion +Battle of Albelda (851) – 851 – Reconquista +Battle of Guadalacete – 852 – Reconquista +Battle of Jándula - 853 - Reconquista +Battle of Monte Laturce – ??? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-47.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-47.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..440fdfa98 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-47.md @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 48/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +– Reconquista +Battle of the Morcuera – 865 – Reconquista +Battle of Polvoraria – 878 – Reconquista +First Battle of Cellorigo – 882 – Reconquista +Second Battle of Cellorigo – 883 – Reconquista +Raid of 897 against Barcelona – 897 – Reconquista +Day of Zamora – 901 – Reconquista +Raid of 904 in Pallars and Ribagorza – 904 – Reconquista +Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917) – 917 – Reconquista +Battle of Valdejunquera – 920 – Reconquista +Battle of Alhandic – 939 – Reconquista +Battle of Simancas – 939 – Reconquista +Battle of Baltarga - 942 - Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of the Cebreiro Mountains - 971 - Viking expansion +Battle of Estercuel – 975 – Reconquista +Battle of Torrevicente – 981 – Reconquista +Battle of Rueda – 981 – Reconquista +Battle of Rovirans - 985 - Reconquista +Battle of Cervera – 1000 – Reconquista +Battle of Calatañazor - 1002 - Reconquista +Battle of Torà – 1003 – Reconquista +Battle of Albesa – 1003 – Reconquista +Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013) – 1009 – 1010 – Fitna of al-Andalus +Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr – 1010 – Fitna of al-Andalus and Reconquista +Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013) – 1010 – 1013 – Fitna of al-Andalus +Battle of Tafalla - 1035 - Reconquista +Battle of Tamarón - 1037 - Reconquista +Battle of Atapuerca – 1054 – Reconquista +Battle of Graus – 1063 – Reconquista +Crusade of Barbastro – 1064 – Reconquista +Battle of Paterna – 1065 – Reconquista +Battle of Llantada – 1068 – Reconquista +Battle of Golpejera – 1072 – Reconquista +Battle of Cabra – 1079 – Reconquista +Battle of Almenar (1082) - 1082 - Reconquista +Battle of Piedra Pisada – 1084 – Reconquista +Battle of Morella – 1084 or 1088 – Reconquista +Siege of Toledo (1085) - 1085 - Reconquista +Battle of Sagrajas – 1086 – Reconquista +Siege of Tudela – 1087 – Reconquista +Battle of Cuarte - 1094 - Reconquista +Battle of Alcoraz – 1096 – Reconquista +Battle of Bairén – 1097 – Reconquista +Battle of Consuegra – 1097 – Reconquista +Battle of Mollerussa – 1102 – Reconquista +Battle of Uclés – 1108 – Reconquista +Battle of Ibiza (1109) - 1109 - Norwegian Crusade +Battle of Valtierra - 1110 - Reconquista +Battle of Candespina – 1111 – Reconquista +Battle of Martorell (1114) - 1114 - Reconquista +Battle of Cutanda – 1120 – Reconquista +Battle of Arnisol - 1126 - Reconquista +Battle of Corbins - 1126 - Reconquista +Battle of Fraga – 1134 – Reconquista +Siege of Coria (1138) – 1138 – Reconquista +Siege of Oreja – 1139 – Reconquista +Siege of Coria (1142) – 1142 – Reconquista +Battle of Montiel (1143) – 1143 – Reconquista +Battle of Albacete - 1146 - Reconquista +Siege of Almería (1147) – 1147 – Reconquista +Siege of Tortosa (1148) – 1148 – Reconquista and Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Lobregal - 1160 +Battle of Fahs al-Jullab - 1165 +Battle of Alarcos – 1195 – Reconquista +Siege of Al-Dāmūs – 1210 – Reconquista +Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa – 1212 – Reconquista +Siege of Jaén (1225) – 1225 – Reconquista +Battle of Portopí – 1229 – Conquest of Majorca (Reconquista) +Siege of Jaén (1230) – 1230 – Reconquista +Battle of Alange - 1230 - Reconquista +Battle of Jerez – 1231 – Reconquista +Siege of Burriana – 1233 – Reconquista +Siege of Córdoba (1236) – 1236 – Reconquista +Battle of the Puig – 1237 – Reconquista +Siege of Jaén (1245–1246) – 1245 – 1246 – Reconquista +Siege of Seville – 1247 – 1248 – Reconquista +Siege of Jerez (1261) – 1261 – Reconquista +Battle of Écija (1275) – 1275 – Reconquista +Battle of Martos – 1275 – Reconquista +Battle of Algeciras (1278) – 1278 – Reconquista +Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279) – 1278 – 1279 – Reconquista +Battle of Moclín (1280) – 1280 – Reconquista +Siege of Tudela - 1284 +Setge de Girona de 1285 - 1285 - Aragonese Crusade +Battle of Sant Feliu de Guíxols - 1285 - War of the Sicilian Vespers +Battle of Les Formigues – 1285 – Aragonese Crusade (Crusades and War of the Sicilian Vespers) +Battle of the Col de Panissars – 1285 – Aragonese Crusade (Crusades and War of the Sicilian Vespers) +Battle of Besalú - 1285 - War of the Sicilian Vespers +Battle of Alaró Castle - 1285 - Aragonese Crusade +Battle of Iznalloz – 1295 – Reconquista +Siege of Algeciras (1309–1310) – 1309 – 1310 – Reconquista +Siege of Almería (1309) – 1309 – Reconquista +Battle of the Vega of Granada – 1319 – Reconquista +Battle of Teba – 1330 – Reconquista +Battle of Villanueva de Barcarrota - 1336 +Battle of Vega de Pagana – 1339 – Reconquista +Battle of Río Salado – 1340 – Reconquista +Battle of Guadalmesí - 1342 +Battle of Estepona – 1342 – Reconquista +Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344) – 1342 – 1344 – Reconquista +Battle of Épila - 1348 +Battle of Mislata - 1348 +Battle of Llucmajor - 1349 +Battle of Barcelona (1359) – 1359 – War of the Two Peters (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Araviana – 1359 – War of the Two Peters and Castilian Civil War (both part of the Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Linuesa – 1361 – Reconquista +Battle of Guadix – 1362 – Reconquista +Battle of Nájera or Battle of Navarrete – 1367 – Castilian Civil War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of León (1368) – Castilian Civil War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Montiel – 1369 – Reconquista and Castilian Civil War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Algeciras (1369) – 1369 – Reconquista +Battle of Valverde (1385) – 1385 – 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum (Hundred Years' War) +Nasrid raid on Murcia (1392) – 1392 – Reconquista +Battle of Collejares – 1406 – Reconquista +Battle of Morvedre - 1412 - Count of Urgell's revolt +Conquest of Ceuta – 1415 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista +Siege of Ceuta (1419) – 1419 – Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese Empire) and Reconquista +Battle of La Higueruela – 1431 – Reconquista +First Battle of Olmedo - 1445 - Castilian Civil War of 1437–1445 +Battle of Hellín - 1448 - Reconquista +Battle of Aibar - 1451 - Navarrese Civil War (1451–1455) +Battle of Los Alporchones – 1452 – Reconquista +Battle of Rafal Garcés - 1452 +Battle of Calaf - 1465 - Catalan Civil War +Second Battle of Olmedo - 1467 +Siege of Burgos (1475) – 1475 – War of the Castilian Succession +Battle of Toro – 1476 – War of the Castilian Succession +Battle of Lucena – 1483 – Granada War (Reconquista) +Siege of Málaga (1487) – 1487 – Granada War (Reconquista) +Battle of Granada - 1492 - Reconquista +First Battle of Acentejo – 1494 +Battle of Aguere – 1494 +Second Battle of Acentejo – 1494 +Conquest of Melilla – 1497 – Reconquista +Battle of Tordesillas (1520) – 1520 – Revolt of the Comuneros +Siege of Segovia - 1520 - Revolt of the Comuneros +Battle of El Romeral - 1521 Revolt of the Comuneros +Battle of Miñano Mayor - 1521 - Revolt of the Comuneros +Battle of Villalar – 1521 – Revolt of the Comuneros +Battle of Pampeluna – 1521 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Logroño - 1521 - Italian War of 1521–1526 +Battle of Noáin or Battle of Esquiroz – 1521 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Battle of San Marcial - 1522 - Post-War of the League of Cambrai +Siege of Fuenterrabía (1523–1524) – 1523 – 1524 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Formentera - 1529 - Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) +Sack of Mahón - 1535 - Spanish–Ottoman wars +Battle of Alborán - 1540 - Ottoman–Habsburg wars +Battle of Muros Bay – 1543 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Battle of the Bay of Velez - 1553 - Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560) +Raid of the Balearic islands (1558) - 1558 - Italian War of 1551–1559 +Battle of Bayona Islands (1590) – 1590 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590) – 1590 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1591) – 1591 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591) – 1591 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Las Palmas – 1595 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Capture of Cádiz – 1596 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Gibraltar (1607) – 1607 – Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Gibraltar (1618) – 1618 – Eighty Years' War (European wars of religion) +Battle of Gibraltar (1621) – 1621 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638) – 1638 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Getaria – 1638 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Cádiz (1640) – 1640 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Cambrils – 1640 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Martorell (1641) – 1641 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Montjuïc (1641) – 1641 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Naval battle of Tarragona – 1641 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Tarragona (August 1641) – 1641 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Montmeló – 1642 – Reapers' War and (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Barcelona – 1642 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Lleida (1642) – 1642 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Cartagena (1643) – 1643 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Lleida (1644) – 1644 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Montijo – 1644 – Portuguese Restoration War +Action of 23 November 1650 – 1650 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Capture of the galleon Lion Couronné – 1651 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Barcelona (1651) – 1651 – 1652 – Reapers' War (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Raid on Málaga (1656) – 1656 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–16)59)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Cádiz (1656) – 1656 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1)659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) – 1657 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Siege of Badajoz (1658) – 1658 – Portuguese Restoration War +Battle of Torroella – 1694 – Nine Years' War +Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727) – 1694 – 1720 and 1721 – 1727 +Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas – 1695 – Nine Years' War +Siege of Barcelona (1697) – 1697 – Nine Years' War +Battle of Cádiz (1702) – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Vigo Bay – 1702 – War of the Spanish Succession +Landing at Barcelona (1704) – 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Málaga (1704) – 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Cabrita Point – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Montjuïc (1705) – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Barcelona (1705) – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Badajoz (1705) – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Barcelona (1706) – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Alcántara (1706) – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Murcia – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of El Albujón – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1706) – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Almansa – 1707 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Xàtiva (1707) – 1707 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1707) – 1707 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Tortosa (1708) – 1708 – War of the Spanish Succession +Capture of Minorca (1708) – 1708 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Alicante – 1708 – 1709 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of La Gudiña – 1709 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Almenar – 1710 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Saragossa – 1710 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Brihuega – 1710 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Villaviciosa – 1710 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Barcelona (1713–1714) – 1713 – 1714 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of San Sebastián (1719) – 1719 – War of the Quadruple Alliance +Capture of Vigo – 1719 – War of the Quadruple Alliance +Action of 11 March 1727 – 1727 – Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) +Action of 8 April 1740 – 1740 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Attacks on Fuerteventura in 1740 – 1740 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Siege of Fort St Philip (1756) – 1756 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Minorca (1756) – 1756 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Cartagena (1758) – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Action of 29 April 1758 – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Valencia de Alcántara – 1762 – Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) (Fantastic War) [Seven Years' War] +Action of 20 October 1778 – 1778 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 8 January 1780 – 1780 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 25 February 1781 – 1781 – American Revolutionary War +Capture of HMS St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-48.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-48.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8034c570f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-48.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 49/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fermin – 1781 – American Revolutionary War +Invasion of Minorca (1781) – 1781 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 12 December 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Frigate action of 29 May 1794 – 1794 – Atlantic campaign of May 1794 (War of the First Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of the Gulf of Roses – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Action of 13 October 1796 – 1796 – Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 (War of the First Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] +Action of 19 December 1796 – 1796 – Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 (War of the First Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] +Action of 25 January 1797 – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 26 April 1797 – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Assault on Cádiz – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 15 July 1798 – 1798 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] +Capture of Minorca (1798) – 1798 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) and Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] +Action of 6 February 1799 – 1799 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 7 July 1799 – 1799 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 16 October 1799 – 1799 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 7 April 1800 – 1800 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Brion – 1800 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 10 December 1800 – 1800 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 6 May 1801 – 1801 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +First Battle of Algeciras – 1801 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) and War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Second Battle of Algeciras – 1801 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) and War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 25 November 1804 – 1804 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805) – 1805 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) and Trafalgar campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] +Action of 10 August 1805 – 1805 – Trafalgar campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Trafalgar – 1805 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) and Trafalgar campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Cape Ortegal – 1805 – Trafalgar campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Action of 4 April 1808 – 1808 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) +Peninsular War (12–18 October 1807 – 4 June 1814), see Timeline of the Peninsular War +Battle off Cape Gata – 1815 – Second Barbary War +Battle of Cape Palos (1815) – 1815 – Second Barbary War +First Carlist War (1833–1840), see First Carlist War § Chronology of battles +Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), see List of battles in the Spanish Civil War \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-49.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-49.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd702d39b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-49.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 50/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Sri Lanka == +Siege of Kotte (1557–1558) – 1557 – 1558 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) +Battle of Mulleriyawa – 1559 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) +Siege of Colombo – 1587 – 1588 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) +Battle of Randeniwela – 1630 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) +Battle of Gannoruwa – 1638 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) +Siege of Galle (1640) – 1640 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War (Crisis of the Sixteenth Century) and Dutch–Portuguese War +Action of 23 March 1654 – 1654 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Action of 2 May 1654 – 1654 – Dutch–Portuguese War +Capture of Trincomalee – 1782 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Battle of Providien – 1782 – Anglo-French War (1778–1783) (American Revolutionary War) +Action of 12 August 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Trincomalee – 1782 – American Revolutionary War + +== Sudan == +Battle of Suakin (1541) – 1541 – Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559) (Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations) + +== Suriname == +Recapture of Fort Zeelandia (1667) – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Suriname – 1804 + +== Sweden == +Battle at Lake Vænir +Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern - 530 +Battle of Bråvalla - 750 - Dano-Swedish wars +Battle of the Brávellir – 770 - Dano-Swedish wars +Battle of Fotevik – 1134 – Danish Civil Wars +Pillage of Sigtuna - 1187 - Swedish–Novgorodian Wars +Battle of Lena - 1208 - Dano-Swedish wars +Battle of Skanör – 1289 - War of the Outlaws +Battle of Visby - 1361 - Danish–Hanseatic War (1361–1370) +Battle of Helsingborg (1362) - 1362 - Danish–Hanseatic War (1361–1370) +Siege of Älvsborg (1439) - 1439 - Eric of Pomerania's War against Sweden +Battle of Brunkeberg – 1471 – Dano-Swedish War (1470–1471) +Battle of Falun – 1521 – Swedish War of Liberation (Dano-Swedish War) +Battle of Brunnbäck Ferry – 1521 – Swedish War of Liberation (Dano-Swedish War) +Battle of Västerås – 1521 – Swedish War of Liberation (Dano-Swedish War) +Conquest of Uppsala – 1521 – Swedish War of Liberation (Dano-Swedish War) +Conquest of Kalmar – 1523 – Swedish War of Liberation (Dano-Swedish War) +Conquest of Stockholm – 1523 – Swedish War of Liberation (Dano-Swedish War) +Capture of Älvsborg - 1563 - Northern Seven Years' War +Battle of Öland (1563) – 1563 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Mared – 1563 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +First battle of Öland (1564) – 1564 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Action of 14 August 1564 – 1564 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Axtorna – 1565 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Action of 26 July 1566 – 1566 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Brobacka – 1566 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Siege of Varberg – 1569 – Northern Seven Years' War (Dano-Swedish War and Polish–Swedish wars) +Battle of Stegeborg – 1598 – War against Sigismund +Battle of Stångebro – 1598 – War against Sigismund +Siege of Kalmar – 1611 – Kalmar War +Storming of Kristianopel – 1611 – Kalmar War +Battle of Vittsjö – 1612 – Kalmar War +Battle of Bysjön – 1644 – Torstenson War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of the Sound – 1658 – Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Öland – 1676 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Halmstad – 1676 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Lund – 1676 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Siege of Malmö – 1677 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Marstrand – 1677 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Landskrona – 1677 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Uddevalla – 1677 – Scanian War (Franco-Dutch War and Northern Wars) +Battle of Helsingborg – 1710 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Dynekilen – 1716 – Norway during the Great Northern War (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Attack on Nya Varvet – 1717 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Strömstad – 1717 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Attack on Marstrand – 1719 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Stäket – 1719 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Attack on Nya Älvsborg – 1719 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Kvistrum – 1788 – Theatre War (Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)) +Battle of Öland (1789) – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Furuholm – 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Skellefteå – 1809 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Hörnefors – 1809 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Sävar – 1809 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Ratan – 1809 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Piteå – 1809 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) + +== Switzerland == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dae8fc7eb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 6/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Finland == +Battle at Herdaler – 1007 – 1008 +Battle of Hogland (1713) – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Pälkäne – 1713 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Napue – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Gangut – 1714 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Grengam – 1720 – Great Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Villmanstrand – 1741 – Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of Porrassalmi – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Uttismalm – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Kaipiais – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Parkumäki – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Svensksund (1789) – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Elgsö – 1789 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Valkeala – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Pardakoski–Kärnakoski – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Fredrikshamn – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Keltis – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Savitaipal – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Svensksund – 1790 – Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) +Battle of Pyhäjoki – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Siikajoki – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Revolax – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Siege of Sveaborg – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Pulkkila – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Kumlinge – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Kuopio – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lemo – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Nykarleby – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Vaasa – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Rimito Kramp – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lintulaks – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Kokonsaari – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lapua – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Sandöström – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Kauhajoki – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Alavus – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Karstula – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Nummijärvi – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lappfjärd – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Grönvikssund – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Ruona–Salmi – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Jutas – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Oravais – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Lokalaks – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Palva Sund – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Helsinki village landing – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Koljonvirta – 1808 – Finnish War (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Tampere – 1918 +Battle of Länkipohja – 1918 +Battle of Petsamo – 1939 +Battle of Salla – 1939 +Battle of Kollaa – 1939 +Battle of Suomussalmi – 1939 +Battle of Ilomantsi – 1939 +Battle of Tolvajärvi – 1939 +Battle of Taipale – 1939 +Battle of Raate-Road – 1940 +Battle of Summa – 1940 +Battle of Honkaniemi – 1940 +Battle of Tali-Ihantala – 1944 +Battle of the Bay of Viipuri – 1944 +Battle of Vuosalmi – 1944 +Battle of Nietjärvi – 1944 +Battle of Ilomantsi – 1944 +Battle of Tornio – 1944 +Battle of Rovaniemi – 1944 +Battle of Kuhmo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-50.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-50.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02b77e0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-50.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 51/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Battle of Octodurus – 57 BC – 56 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of Vindonissa – 298 or 302 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Winterthur - 919 +First Battle of Ulrichen - 1211 +Battle of Schosshalde - 1289 +Battle of Coffrane - 1296 +Battle of Morgarten – 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy +Battle of Sempach - 1386 - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy +Battle of Arbedo - 1422 - Transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy +Battle of Freienbach - 1443 - Old Zurich War +Battle of Hirzel - 1443 - Old Zurich War +Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl - 1443 - Old Zurich War +Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs - 1444 - Old Zurich War +Battle of Wolfhalden - 1445 - Old Zurich War +Battle of Männedorf - 1445 - Old Zurich War +Battle of Ragaz - 1446 - Old Zurich War +Battle of Castione – 1449 – Milanese War of Succession (Wars in Lombardy) +Battle on the Planta – 1475 – Burgundian Wars +Battle of Grandson – 1476 – Burgundian Wars +Battle of Morat – 1476 – Burgundian Wars +Battle of Giornico - 1478 - Transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy +Battle of Bruderholz – 1499 – Swabian War +Battle of Schwaderloh – 1499 – Swabian War +Battle of Calven – 1499 – Swabian War +Battle of Dornach – 1499 – Swabian War +Battle of Kappel - 1531 - Second War of Kappel +Siege of Rheinfelden (1633) – 1633 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Rheinfelden – 1638 – Thirty Years' War +Capture of Porrentruy – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Grauholz – 1798 – French invasion of Switzerland (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Frauenfeld – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Winterthur – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Zurich – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Oberwald – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Amsteg – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Schwyz – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Gotthard Pass – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Zurich – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Linth River – 1799 – War of the Second Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-51.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-51.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..408972168 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-51.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 52/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Syria == +Battle of Qarqar – 853 BC – Assyrian conquest of Aram +Battle of Carchemish – c. 605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars +Battle of Hamath – c. 605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars +Siege of Apamea – 45 BC – 44 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Mount Gindarus – 38 BC – Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (Roman–Parthian Wars) +Battle of Resaena – 243 – Roman–Persian Wars +Battle of Barbalissos – 252 – Roman–Persian Wars +Siege of Dura-Europos (256) – 256 – Roman–Persian Wars +Sack of Bostra – 270 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Emesa – 272 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Thannuris – 528 – Iberian War +Battle of Callinicum – 531 – Iberian War +Battle of Marj Rahit (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of al-Qaryatayn – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Bosra – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Damascus (634) – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj – 634 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Marj ar-Rum – 635 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Emesa – 635 – 636 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of the Yarmuk – 636 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Laodicea (636) – 636 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Hazir – 637 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Aleppo (637) – 637 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Emesa (638) – 638 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Siffin – 657 – First Fitna +Battle of Marj Rahit (684) – 684 – Second Fitna +Battle of Ayn al-Warda – 685 – Second Fitna +Sack of Aleppo (962) – 962 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of the Orontes – 994 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Aleppo (994–995) – 994 – 995 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Apamea – 998 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Azaz (1030) – 1030 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Ma'arra – 1098 – First Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Shaizar – 1111 – Crusades +Battle of Sarmin – 1115 – Crusades +Battle of Ager Sanguinis – 1119 – Crusades +Battle of Hab – 1119 – Crusades +Siege of Aleppo (1124) – 1124 – 1125 – Crusades +Battle of Azaz (1125) – 1125 – Crusades +Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1126) – 1126 – Crusades +Battle of al-Atharib (1130) – 1130 – Crusades +Battle of Rafaniyya – 1133 – Crusades +Battle of Qinnasrin – 1135 – Crusades +Battle of Ba'rin – 1137 – Crusades +Siege of Aleppo (1138) – 1138 – Crusades +Siege of Shaizar – 1138 – Crusades +Battle of Bosra (1147) – 1147 – Crusades +Siege of Damascus (1148) – 1148 – Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Inab – 1149 – Crusades +Battle of Harim – 1164 – Crusades +First Battle of Homs – 1260 – Mongol invasions of the Levant +Fall of Krak des Chevaliers – 1271 – Crusades +Second Battle of Homs – 1281 – Mongol invasions of the Levant and Crusades +Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar – 1299 – Mongol invasions of the Levant +Fall of Ruad – 1302 – Crusades +Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303) – 1303 – Mongol invasions of the Levant +Sack of Aleppo (1400) – 1400 – Timurid conquests and invasions +Siege of Damascus (1400) – 1400 – Timurid conquests and invasions +Battle of Marj Dabiq – 1516 – Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517) (Ottoman wars in Asia) + +== Taiwan == +Battle of Liaoluo Bay – 1633 – Sino-Dutch conflicts +Battle of San Salvador (1641) – 1641 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of San Salvador (1642) – 1642 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Fort Zeelandia – 1661 – 1662 – Sino-Dutch conflicts + +== Tajikistan == +Siege of Cyropolis – 329 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Battle of Jaxartes – 329 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Siege of the Sogdian Rock – 327 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Day of Thirst – 724 – Muslim conquest of Transoxiana + +== Thailand == + +Battle of Ayutthaya - 1549 - Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549) +Battle of Kamphaeng Phet - 1549 - Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549) +Siege of Ayutthaya - 1564 - Burmese–Siamese War (1563–1564) +Battle of Nong Sa Rai - 1593 - Burmese–Siamese War (1593–1600) + +== Trinidad and Tobago == +Action of March 1677 or Battle of Tobago – 1677 – Franco-Dutch War +Invasion of Tobago – 1781 – American Revolutionary War +Invasion of Trinidad (1797) – 1797 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) (French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-52.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-52.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f52c8adbc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-52.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 53/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Tunisia == +Siege of Aspis – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Adys – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC) – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Cape Hermaeum – 255 BC – First Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Utica – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) +Hamilcar's victory with Naravas – 240 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Saw – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Tunis (Mercenary War) – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Leptis Parva – 238 BC – Mercenary War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Utica (204 BC) – 204 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Utica (203 BC) – 203 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Great Plains – 203 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Zama – 202 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Oroscopa – 151 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Lake Tunis – 149 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Nepheris (149 BC) – 149 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War) – c. 149 BC – 146 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of the Port of Carthage – 147 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Nepheris (147 BC) – 147 BC – Third Punic War (Punic Wars) +Siege of Zama – 109 BC – Jugurthine War +Siege of Thala – 108 BC – Jugurthine War +Battle of Utica (81 BC) – 81 BC – Sulla's civil war +Battle of Utica (49 BC) – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC) – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Ruspina – 46 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Ascurum – 46 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Thapsus – 46 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Carthage (238) – 238 – Crisis of the Third Century +Capture of Carthage (439) – 439 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Cape Bon (468) – 468 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Ad Decimum – 533 – Vandalic War (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Tricamarum – 533 – Vandalic War (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Mammes – 534 – Berber Wars +Battle of Bourgaon – 535 – Berber Wars +Battle of the Bagradas River (536) – 536 – Berber Wars +Battle of Thacia – 545 – Moorish wars (Berber Wars) +Battle of Sufetula (546 or 547) – 546 or 547 – Moorish wars (Berber Wars) +Battle of Sufetula (647) – 647 – Muslim conquest of the Maghreb (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Carthage (698) – 698 – Muslim conquest of the Maghreb (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of Tabarka – 701 or 702 or 703 – Muslim conquest of the Maghreb (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Conquest of Tunis (1534) – 1534 – Ottoman–Habsburg wars +Conquest of Tunis (1535) – 1535 – Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations and Ottoman–Habsburg wars +Battle of Kef (1694) – 1694 – Tunisian–Algerian War (1694) (Tunisian–Algerian Wars) +Siege of Tunis (1694) – 1694 – Tunisian–Algerian War (1694) (Tunisian–Algerian Wars) + +== Turkey == +Battle of Nihriya – c. 1237 BC +Fall of Harran – 610 BC – 609 BC – Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire +Battle of Carchemish – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-53.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-53.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ebb5b09e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-53.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 54/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +605 BC – Egyptian–Babylonian wars +Battle of the Eclipse – 585 BC – Lydo–Median war +Battle of Pteria – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Battle of Thymbra – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Siege of Sardis (547 BC) – 547 BC – Wars of Cyrus the Great +Siege of Sardis (498 BC) – 498 BC – Ionian Revolt +Battle of Lade – 494 BC – Ionian Revolt +Battle of Mycale – 479 BC – Second Persian invasion of Greece (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of the Eurymedon – 469 BC or 466 BC – Wars of the Delian League (Greco-Persian Wars) +Battle of Cynossema – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Abydos – 411 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Cyzicus – 410 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Notium – 406 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Arginusae – 406 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Aegospotami – 405 BC – Peloponnesian War +Battle of Cnidus – 394 BC – Corinthian War +Battle of the Granicus – 334 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Siege of Miletus – 334 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Siege of Halicarnassus – 334 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Battle of Issus – 333 BC – Wars of Alexander the Great +Battle of the Hellespont (321 BC) – 321 BC – First War of the Diadochi +Battle of Orkynia – 319 BC – Wars of the Diadochi +Battle of Cretopolis – 319 BC – Wars of the Diadochi +Battle of Byzantium – 317 BC – Second War of the Diadochi +Battle of White Tunis – 310 BC – Sicilian Wars +Battle of Ipsus – 301 BC – Fourth War of the Diadochi +Battle of Corupedium – 281 BC – Wars of the Diadochi +Battle of Lysimachia – 277 BC – Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe +Siege of Sardis (213 BC) – 213 BC +Battle of Lade (201 BCE) – 201 BC – Cretan War (205–200 BC) +Battle of Corycus – 191 BC – Roman–Seleucid War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of the Eurymedon (190 BC) – 190 BC – Roman–Seleucid War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Myonessus – 190 BC – Roman–Seleucid War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of Magnesia – 190 BC or 189 BC – Roman–Seleucid War (Macedonian Wars) +Battle of the Oenoparus – 145 BC – Syrian Wars +Battle of the River Amnias – 89 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Protopachium – 89 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Mount Scorobas – 88 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Tenedos (86 BC) – 86 BC – First Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Halys – 82 BC – Second Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Chalcedon (74 BC) – 74 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Siege of Cyzicus – 73 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of the Rhyndacus (73 BC) – 73 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Siege of Heraclea – 72 BC – 71 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Cabira – 72 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Tigranocerta – 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Zela (67 BC) – 67 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of the Lycus – 66 BC – Third Mithridatic War (Mithridatic Wars) +Battle of Carrhae – 53 BC – Roman–Parthian Wars +Battle of Nicopolis (48 BC) – 48 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Zela – 47 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of the Cilician Gates – 39 BC – Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (Roman–Parthian Wars) +Battle of Amanus Pass – 39 BC – Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (Roman–Parthian Wars) +Battle of Issus (194) – 194 – Year of the Five Emperors +Battle of Nisibis (217) – 217 – Parthian war of Caracalla (Roman–Parthian Wars) +Siege of Nisibis (235) – 235 or 237 – Roman–Persian Wars +Siege of Nisibis (252) – 252 – Roman–Persian Wars +Siege of Antioch (253) – 253 – Roman–Persian Wars +Battle of Edessa – 260 – Roman–Persian Wars +Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260) – 260 – Roman–Persian Wars +Siege of Tyana (272) – 272 – Palmyrene War +Battle of Immae – 272 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Satala (298) – 298 – Roman–Persian Wars +Battle of Tzirallum – 313 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of Adrianople (324) – 324 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of the Hellespont – 324 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Battle of Chrysopolis – 324 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy +Siege of Nisibis (337) - 337 - Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 +Siege of Nisibis (338) - 338 - Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 +Siege of Nisibis (346) - 346 - Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 +Siege of Nisibis (350) - 350 - Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 +Siege of Amida (359) – 359 – Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Shapur II's siege of Bezabde – 360 – Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Constantius II's siege of Bezabde – 360 – Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Thyatira – 366 – Procopius's Rebellion +Battle of Bagavan – 371 +Battle of Adrianople – 378 – Gothic War (376–382) (Fall of the Western Roman Empire) and Roman–Germanic wars +Siege of Adrianople (378) – 378 – Gothic War (376–382) (Fall of the Western Roman Empire) and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Constantinople (378) – 378 – Gothic War (376–382) (Fall of the Western Roman Empire) and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Cotyaeum - 492 - Isaurian War +Siege of Amida (502–503) - 502 - Anastasian War +Battle of Dara – 530 – Iberian War +Battle of Satala (530) – 530 – Iberian War +Siege of Martyropolis (531) – 531 – Iberian War +Battle of Nisibis (541) – 541 – Belisarius invasion of Mesopotamia +Siege of Edessa (544) - 544 - Lazic War +Battle of Melantias - 559 - Byzantine-Kutrigurs war 558–559 +Siege of Nisibis (573) – 573 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Dara (573) – 573 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Melitene (576) - 576 - Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 +Battle of Solachon – 586 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Mardin - 586 - Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 +Battle of Martyropolis (588) – 588 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Antioch (613) – 613 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of Sarus – 625 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Siege of Constantinople (626) – 626 – Avar–Byzantine wars and Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 (Roman–Persian Wars) +Battle of the Iron Bridge – 637 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Siege of Germanicia – 638 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars) +Battle of the Masts – 655 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Constantinople (674–678) – 674 – 678 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Sebastopolis – 692 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Tyana – 707 – 708 or 708 – 709 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Constantinople (717–718) – 717 – 718 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Nicaea (727) – 727 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Akroinon – 740 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of the Long Walls - 756 +Siege of Kamacha – 766 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Litosoria - 774 - Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars +Battle of Bagrevand - 775 +Battle of Kopidnadon – 788 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Krasos – 804 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Adrianople (813) – 813 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars +Battle of Kedouktos - 822 - Rebellion of Thomas the Slav +Battle of Anzen – 838 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Sack of Amorium – 838 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Mauropotamos – 844 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Constantinople (860) – 860 – Rus'–Byzantine War +Capture of Faruriyyah – 862 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Lalakaon – 863 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Kardia – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-54.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-54.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5648907db --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-54.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 55/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +872 or 873 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Bathys Ryax – 872 or 878 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Boulgarophygon – 896 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Katasyrtai – 917 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Pegae – 921 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Constantinople (922) – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Siege of Constantinople - 941 - Rus'-Byzantine Wars +Battle of Marash (953) – 953 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Raban – 958 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Andrassos – 960 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Byzantine conquest of Cilicia – 964 – 965 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Siege of Antioch (968–969) – 968 – 969 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Arcadiopolis (970) – 970 – Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) and Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Alexandretta – 971 – Arab–Byzantine wars +Battle of Pankaleia - 978 - Rebellion of Bardas Skleros +Battle of Shirimni - 1021 - Byzantine–Georgian wars +Battle of Svindax - 1022 - Byzantine–Georgian wars +Battle of Kapetron – 1048 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars and Georgian–Seljuk wars +Siege of Manzikert (1054) – 1054 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Ani (1064) – 1064 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Caesarea – 1067 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Iconium (1069) – 1069 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Manzikert – 1071 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Kalavrye - 1078 +Battle of Levounion - 1091 - Komnenian restoration +Siege of Xerigordos – 1096 – People's Crusade (First Crusade) +Battle of Civetot – 1096 – People's Crusade (First Crusade) +Siege of Nicaea – 1097 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars and First Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Dorylaeum (1097) – 1097 – First Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Antioch – 1097 – 1098 – First Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of the Lake of Antioch - 1098 - First Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Antioch (1098) – 1098 – First Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Melitene – 1100 – Crusades +Battle of Heraclea - 1101 - Crusade of 1101 +Battle of Mersivan – 1101 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars and Crusade of 1101 (Crusades) +Battle of Harran – 1104 – Crusades +Battle of Artah – 1105 – Crusades +Siege of Nicaea (1113) – 1113 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Philomelion (1116) – 1116 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Laodicea (1119) – 1119 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Botora - 1120 - Georgian–Seljuk wars +Siege of Sozopolis – 1120 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Edessa (1144) – 1144 – Crusades +Fall of Saruj – 1145 – Crusades +Siege of Edessa (1146) – 1146 – Crusades +Battle of Constantinople (1147) – 1147 – Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Dorylaeum (1147) – 1147 – Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Ephesus (1147) – 1147 – Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of the Meander – 1147 – Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Mount Cadmus – 1148 – Second Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Aintab – 1150 – Crusades +Fall of Turbessel – 1151 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Ani (1161) - 1161 - Georgian–Seljuk wars +Battle of Myriokephalon – 1176 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir – 1177 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Claudiopolis – 1179 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Philomelion (1190) – 1190 – Third Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Iconium (1190) – 1190 – Third Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Arcadiopolis (1194) – 1194 – Battles of the Second Bulgarian Empire (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Battle of Basian – 1202 – Georgian–Seljuk wars +Siege of Constantinople (1203) – 1203 – Fourth Crusade (Crusades) +Sack of Constantinople – 1204 – Fourth Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Adramyttion (1205) - 1205 - Nicaean–Latin wars +Battle of Adrianople (1205) – 1205 – Bulgarian–Latin wars +Siege of Trebizond (1205–1206) – 1205 – 1206 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Rusion – 1206 – Bulgarian–Latin wars +Battle of Rodosto – 1206 – Bulgarian–Latin wars +Siege of Antalya – 1207 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Antioch on the Meander – 1211 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of the Rhyndacus (1211) - 1211 - Nicaean–Latin wars +Siege of Sinope – 1214 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Alanya (1221) – 1221 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Siege of Trebizond (1222–1223) – 1222 – 1223 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of Poimanenon - 1224 - Nicaean-Latin Wars +Battle of Yassıçemen - 1230 - Battles involving Jalal al-Din +Siege of Constantinople (1235) – 1235 – Bulgarian–Latin wars +Battle of Constantinople (1241) - 1241 - Nicaean-Latin Wars +Battle of Köse Dağ – 1243 – Mongol invasions of Anatolia +Battle of Adrianople (1254) – 1254 – Battles of the Second Bulgarian Empire (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +Siege of Constantinople (1260) - 1260 - Nicaean-Latin Wars +Reconquest of Constantinople - 1261 - Nicaean-Latin Wars +Battle of Mari - 1266 - Wars of Cilician Armenia +Siege of Antioch (1268) – 1268 – Crusades +Battle of Elbistan – 1277 – Mongol invasions of the Levant +Siege of Trebizond (1282) - 1282 - Byzantine–Georgian wars +Siege of Kulaca Hisar – 1285 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of Bapheus – 1302 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of Dimbos – 1303 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of the Cyzicus – 1303 – Catalan campaign in Asia Minor (Catalan Company) +Battle of Apros – 1305 – Catalan Company +Battle of Gallipoli (1312) - 1312 +Siege of Bursa – 1317 – 1326 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331) – 1328 – 1331 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of Pelekanon – 1329 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Siege of Nicomedia – 1333 – 1337 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Fall of Gallipoli – 1354 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Ottoman conquest of Adrianople – 1362 or 1369 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of Sırpsındığı – 1364 – Serbian-Ottoman wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Ottoman conquest of Adrianople - 1365 - Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Fall of Philadelphia – 1378 – 1390 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) – 1394 – 1402 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora – 1402 – Timurid conquests and invasions +Siege of Smyrna – 1402 – Timurid conquests and invasions +Siege of Constantinople (1411) – 1411 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of Gallipoli (1416) – 1416 – Ottoman–Venetian wars +Siege of Constantinople (1422) – 1422 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Fall of Constantinople – 1453 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Siege of Trebizond (1461) – 1461 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars +Battle of Chapakchur – 1467 – Qara Qoyunlu–Aq Qoyunlu Wars +Battle of Otlukbeli – 1473 – Ottoman-Aq Qoyunlu wars +Battle of Yenişehir (1481) - 1481 +Adana campaign - 1485 - Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491) +Battle of Aga-Cayiri - 1488 - Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491) +Battle of Erzincan (1507) – 1507 – Ottoman–Persian Wars +Capture of Bayburt (1514) – 1514 – Ottoman–Persian Wars +Battle of Tekiryaylağı – 1515 – Ottoman–Persian Wars +Siege of Harput (1516) – 1516 – Ottoman–Persian Wars +Battle of Koçhisar – 1516 – Ottoman–Persian Wars +Battle of Çıldır – 1578 – Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) +Action of 26 May 1646 – 1646 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of Focchies – 1649 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of the Dardanelles (1654) – 1654 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of the Dardanelles (1655) – 1655 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of the Dardanelles (1656) – 1656 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of the Dardanelles (1657) – 1657 – Cretan War (1645–1669) (Ottoman–Venetian wars) +Battle of Imbros (1717) – 1717 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) +Dardanelles operation – 1807 – Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809) +Battle of the Dardanelles (1807) – 1807 – Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) +Battle of Erzurum (1821) – 1821 – Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823) +Siege of Kars (1828) – 1828 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) +Battle of Konya – 1832 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833) +Battle of Nezib – 1839 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-55.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-55.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a31fb0813 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-55.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 56/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Turkmenistan == +Battle of Oxus River – 651 – Muslim conquest of Khorasan (Muslim conquest of Persia) +Battle of Dandanaqan – 1040 – Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars +Siege of Gurganj – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire +Siege of Merv (1221) – 1221 – Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire +Battle of Marv or Battle of Merv – 1510 – Persian–Uzbek wars + +== Ukraine == +Battle of Lake Maeotis – 309 BC – Bosporan Civil War +Battle of Southern Buh – 896 – Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars) +List of wars involving Kievan Rus' +Siege of Kiev (968) – 968 +Battle of the Alta River – 1068 +Battle of the Stuhna River – 1093 +Battle of Sudak – 1221 or 1222 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars +Battle of the Kalka River – 1223 – Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' +List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1237–1242), including Siege of Kiev (1240) +List of wars and battles involving Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1392) +List of battles of the Great Troubles (1359–1381/2), including Battle of Blue Waters +Battle of the Vorskla River – 1399 +Battle of Cătlăbuga – 1485 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars (Ottoman wars in Europe) +Battle of Novhorod-Siverskyi – 1604 – Time of Troubles (False Dmitry I) +Battle of Khotyn (1621) – 1621 – Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Ochmatów (1644) – 1644 +Battle of Zhovti Vody – 1648 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Korsuń – 1648 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Starokostiantyniv – 1648 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Pyliavtsi – 1648 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Siege of Zbarazh – 1649 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Zboriv (1649) – 1649 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Krasne – 1651 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Kopychyntsi – 1651 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Berestechko – 1651 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Bila Tserkva (1651) – 1651 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Batoh – 1652 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Zhvanets – 1653 – Khmelnytsky Uprising (Deluge (history)) +Battle of Okhmativ (1655) – 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Horodok (1655) – 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Magierów – 1657 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Czarny Ostrów – 1657 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Skałat – 1657 – Deluge (history) and Second Northern War (Northern Wars) +Battle of Konotop (1659) – 1659 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Lyubar – 1660 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Slobodyshche – 1660 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Chudnov – 1660 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Siege of Hlukhiv – 1664 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Stavishche – 1664 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) (Polish-Russian Wars) +Battle of Podhajce (1667) – 1667 – Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) +Battle of Ładyżyn – 1672 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Siege of Kamenets – 1672 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Niemirów – 1672 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Komarno – 1672 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Khotyn (1673) – 1673 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Lwów (1675) – 1675 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Trembowla – 1675 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Żurawno – 1676 – Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) (Polish–Ottoman Wars) +Battle of Hodów – 1694 – Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) (Great Turkish War) +Battle of Ustechko – 1694 – Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) (Great Turkish War) +Battle of Podhajce (1698) – 1698 – Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) (Great Turkish War) +Storming of Lemberg – 1704 – Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Desna – 1708 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Sack of Baturyn – 1708 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Veprik – 1709 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Oposhnya – 1709 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye – 1709 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Sokolki – 1709 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Battle of Poltava – 1709 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Surrender at Perevolochna – 1709 – Swedish invasion of Russia (Great Northern War) [Northern Wars] +Siege of Perekop (1736) – 1736 – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) +Siege of Ochakov (1737) – 1737 – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) +Battle of Stavuchany – 1739 – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) +Siege of Bar – 1768 – Bar Confederation +Battle of Kerch Strait (1774) – 1774 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) +Battle of Kinburn (1787) – 1787 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Siege of Ochakov (1788) – 1788 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Naval actions at the siege of Ochakov (1788) – 1788 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Siege of Khotin (1788) – 1788 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Fidonisi – 1788 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Kerch Strait (1790) – 1790 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Tendra – 1790 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Siege of Izmail – 1790 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) +Battle of Boruszkowce – 1792 – Polish–Russian War of 1792 +Battle of Zieleńce – 1792 – Polish–Russian War of 1792 +Battle of Poryck – 1831 – November Uprising +Battle of Alma – 1854 +Battle of Balaclava – 1854 +Battle of Inkerman – 1854 +Battle of Malakoff – 1855 +Brusilov Offensive – 1916 +Battle of Zborov – 1917 +List of battles involving the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921) +Battle of Bakhmach – 1918 +Battle of Borodozianka – 1920 +Battle of Kiev (1941) – 1941 +Siege of Odessa – 1941 +First Battle of Kharkov – 1941 +Battle of Sevastopol – 1941–1942 +Second Battle of Kharkov – 1942 +Third Battle of Kharkov – 1943 – Last major Axis victory in east front +Fourth Battle of Kharkov – 1943 – Red army recover Kharkov definitely +Battle of Kyiv (2022) – 2022 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine +Battle of Kharkiv – 2022 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine + +== United Arab Emirates == +Battle of Dibba – c. between 632 and 634 – Ridda Wars +Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553) – 1553 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle of the Gulf of Oman – 1554 – Ottoman campaign against Hormuz (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)) [Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations] +Battle off Hormuz (1625) – 1625 – Dutch–Portuguese War + +== United Kingdom == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-56.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-56.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0818afa94 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-56.md @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 57/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Battle of Aylesford - 455 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Wippedesfleot - 465 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Mercredesburne - 485 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Mons Badonicus - 518 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Beran Byrig - 556 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Bedcanford - 571 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Deorham - 577 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Alclud Ford - 590 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Woden's Burg (592) - 592 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Degsastan - 603 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Chester - 616 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of the River Idle - 616 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Cirencester - 628 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Fid Eoin - 629 - Irish clan battles +Battle of Cefn Digoll - 630 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Hatfield Chase - 633 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Heavenfield - 634 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Moira - 637 - Irish clan battles +Battle of Maserfield - 642 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Bulcamp - 654 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of the Winwaed - 655 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Two Rivers - 671 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of the Trent - 679 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Dun Nechtain - 685 - Pictish-Northumbrian conflicts +Battle of Hehil - 721 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Bensington - 779 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Ellendun - 825 - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain +Battle of Athelstaneford - 832 - Pictish-Northumbrian confilcts +Battle of Hingston Down - 838 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of York (867) - 867 - Viking invasions of England +Siege of Nottingham (868) - 868 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Englefield - 870 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Reading (871) - 871 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Edington - 878 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Cynwit - 878 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of the Conwy - 881 +Siege of London - 886 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Buttington - 893 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of the Holme - 902 - Æthelwold's Revolt +Battle of Tettenhall - 910 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Derby - 917 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Corbridge - 918 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Brunanburh - 937 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Bauds - 962 - Viking invasions of Scotland +Battle of Maldon - 991 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Assandun - 1016 Cnut's invasion of England +Battle of Carham - 1018 +Battle of Dunsinane - 1054 +Battle of Lumphanan - 1057 +Battle of Fulford - 1066 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Stamford Bridge - 1066 - Viking invasions of England +Battle of Hastings - 1066 - Norman Conquest +Battle of Northam - 1069 - Norman Conquest +Battle of Alnwick (1093) - 1093 +Battle of Brecon - 1093 - Norman Conquest +Battle of Crug Mawr - 1136 - Norman invasion of Wales +Battle of Clitheroe - 1138 - The Anarchy +Battle of the Standard - 1138 - The Anarchy +Battle of Wilton - 1143 - The Anarchy +Battle of Ewloe - 1157 +Battle of Fornham - 1173 - Revolt against Henry II +Battle of Alnwick (1174) - 1174 - Revolt against Henry II +Siege of Nottingham (1194) - 1194 +Battle of Aberconwy - 1194 +Battle of Lincoln (1217) - 1217 - First Barons' War +Battle of Sandwich (1217) - 1217 - First Barons' War +Battle of Bryn Derwin - 1255 - Struggle for Gwynedd +Battle of Cadfan - 1257 +Battle of Largs - 1263 - Scottish–Norwegian War +Battle of Northampton (1264) - 1264 - Second Barons' War +Battle of Lewes - 1264 - Second Barons' War +Battle of Evesham - 1265 - Second Barons' War +Battle of Chesterfield - 1266 - Second Barons' War +Siege of Kenilworth - 1266 - Second Barons' War +Battle of Ronaldsway – 1275 – Manx revolt of 1275 +Battle of Llandeilo Fawr - 1282 - Welsh Rebellion of 1282 +Battle of Moel-y-don - 1282 - Welsh Rebellion of 1282 +Battle of Orewin Bridge - 1282 - Welsh Rebellion of 1282 +Battle of Maes Moydog - 1295 - Welsh revolt of 1294–95 +Sack of Berwick (1296) - 1296 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Dunbar (1296) - 1296 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Stirling Bridge - 1297 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Falkirk - 1298 - First War of Scottish Independence +First Siege of Stirling Castle - 1299 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Roslin - 1303 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Happrew - 1304 - First War of Scottish Independence +Siege of Stirling Castle (1304) - 1304 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Methven - 1306 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Dalrigh - 1306 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Loch Ryan - 1307 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Glen Trool - 1307 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Loudoun Hill - 1307 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Inverurie (1308) - 1308 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of the Pass of Brander - 1308 - First War of Scottish Independence +First siege of Gibraltar – 1309 – Reconquista +Battle of Bannockburn - 1314 - First War of Scottish Independence +Siege of Carlisle (1315) - 1315 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Moiry Pass - 1315 - First War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Skaithmuir - 1316 - First War of Scottish Independence +Second siege of Gibraltar – 1316 – 1317 – Reconquista +Battle of Burton Bridge (1322) - 1322 - Despenser War +Battle of Boroughbridge - 1322 - Despenser War +Siege of Bristol (1326) - 1326 - Invasion of England +Battle of Kinghorn - 1332 - Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Dupplin Moor - 1332 - Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Annan - 1332 - Second War of Scottish Independence +Third siege of Gibraltar – 1333 – Reconquista +Fourth siege of Gibraltar – 1333 – Reconquista +Battle of Halidon Hill - 1333 - Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Boroughmuir - 1335 - Second War of Scottish Independence +Battle of Lough Neagh - 1345 +Battle of Neville's Cross - 1346 - Second War of Scottish Independence +Fifth siege of Gibraltar – 1349 – 1350 – Reconquista +Battle of Winchelsea - 1350 - Hundred Years' War +Battle of North Walsham - 1381 - Peasants' Revolt +Battle of Margate - 1387 - Hundred Years' War +Battle of Radcot Bridge - 1387 +Battle of Otterburn - 1388 - Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of the North Inch - 1396 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen - 1401 - Glyndŵr rebellion +Battle of Tuthill - 1401 - Glyndŵr rebellion +Battle of Bryn Glas - 1402 - Glyndŵr rebellion +Battle of Nesbit Moor (1402) - 1402 - Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Homildon Hill - 1402 - Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Shrewsbury - 1403 - Glyndŵr Rising +Battle of Pwll Melyn - 1405 - Glyndŵr Rising +Battle of Tuiteam Tarbhach - 1406 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Bramham Moor - 1408 - Percy Rebellion +Sixth siege of Gibraltar – 1411 – Reconquista +Battle of Harlaw - 1411 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Inverlochy (1431) - 1431 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Piperdean - 1435 - Anglo-Scottish Wars +Seventh siege of Gibraltar – 1436 – Reconquista +Battle of Sark - 1448 - Anglo-Scottish Wars +First Battle of St Albans - 1455 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Arkinholm - 1455 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Blore Heath - 1459 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Ludford Bridge - 1459 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Sandwich (1460) - 1460 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Northampton (1460) - 1460 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Wakefield - 1460 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Mortimer's Cross - 1461 - Wars of the Roses +Second Battle of St Albans - 1461 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Ferrybridge - 1461 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Towton - 1461 - Wars of the Roses +Eighth siege of Gibraltar – 1462 – Reconquista +Battle of Hedgeley Moor - 1464 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Hexham - 1464 - Wars of the Roses +Ninth siege of Gibraltar – 1466 – 1467 – Reconquista +Battle of Edgcote - 1469 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Losecoat Field - 1470 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Ravenspur - 1471 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Barnet - 1471 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Tewkesbury - 1471 Wars of the Roses +Battle of Skibo and Strathfleet - 1480 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Bloody Bay - 1480 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Lagabraad - 1480 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Lochmaben Fair - 1484 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Bosworth Field - 1485 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Stoke Field - 1487 - Wars of the Roses +Battle of Aldy Charrish - 1487 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Sauchieburn - 1488 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Drumchatt (1497) - 1497 - Rebellion of Domhnall Dubh +Battle of Flodden - 1513 - War of the League of Cambrai +Battle of Haddon Rig - 1542 - Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Alltan-Beath - 1542 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of the Shirts - 1542 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Solway Moss - 1542 - Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Ancrum Moor - 1545 - Rough Wooing +Battle of the Solent - 1545 - Italian War of 1542–1546 +Battle of Bonchurch - 1545 - Italian War of 1542–1546 +Battle of Pinkie - 1547 - Rough Wooing +Battle of Dussindale - 1549 - Kett's Rebellion +Battle of Garbharry - 1555 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Glasgow (1560) - 1560 - The Reformation +Battle of Corrichie - 1562 - Marian civil war +Battle of Glentaisie - 1565 - Irish Clan Wars +Battle of Carberry Hill - 1567 - Marian civil war +Battle of Langside - 1568 - Marian civil war +Battle of Tillieangus - 1571 - Marian civil war +Battle of Craibstone - 1571 - Marian civil war +Battle of Bun Garbhain - 1580 - Scottish clan wars +Action off Bermuda (1585) – 1585 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Dryfe Sands - 1593 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Glenlivet - 1594 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of the Yellow Ford - 1598 - Nine Years' War +Battle of Carinish - 1601 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Coire Na Creiche - 1601 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Morar - 1602 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of the Narrow Seas - 1602 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Glen Fruin - 1603 - Scottish clan wars +Battle of Gibraltar (1607) – 1607 – Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Gibraltar (1618) – 1618 – Eighty Years' War (European wars of religion) +Battle of Gibraltar (1621) – 1621 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle off Lizard Point - 1637 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of the Downs - 1639 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Newburn - 1640 - Second Bishops' War +Battle of Babylon Hill - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Powick Bridge - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Kings Norton - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Edgehill - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Aylesbury - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Brentford (1642) - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Turnham Green - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Tadcaster - 1642 - First English Civil War +Battle of Braddock Down - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Leeds - 1643 - First English Civil War +First Battle of Middlewich - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Hopton Heath - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Seacroft Moor - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Camp Hill - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Ripple Field - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Sourton Down - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Stratton - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Chalgrove Field - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Adwalton Moor - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Burton Bridge (1643) - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Lansdowne - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Roundway Down - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Gainsborough - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Aldbourne Chase - 1643 - First English Civil War +First Battle of Newbury - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Winceby - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Alton - 1643 - First English Civil War +Battle of Nantwich - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Boldon Hill - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Cheriton - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Selby - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Tipton Green - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Oswestry - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Cropredy Bridge - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Marston Moor - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Lostwithiel - 1644 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Tippermuir - 1644 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Aberdeen (1644) - 1644 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Second Battle of Newbury - 1644 - First English Civil War +Battle of Inverlochy (1645) - 1645 - Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Weymouth - 1645 - First English Civil War +Battle of Auldearn - 1645 - Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Naseby - 1645 - First English Civil War +Battle of Alford - 1645 - Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Kilsyth - 1645 - Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Philiphaugh - 1645 - Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Bovey Heath - 1646 - First English Civil War +Battle of Torrington - 1646 - First English Civil War +Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold - 1646 - First English Civil War +Battle of Benburb - 1646 - Irish Confederate Wars +Battle of Rhunahaorine Moss - 1647 - Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of St Fagans - 1648 - Second English Civil War +Siege of Pembroke - 1648 - Second English Civil War +Battle of Maidstone - 1648 - Second English Civil War +Battle of Preston (1648) - 1648 - Second English Civil War +Battle of Carbisdale - 1650 - Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Dunbar (1650) - 1650 - Third English Civil War +Battle of Hieton - 1650 - Third English Civil War +Battle of Worcester - 1651 - Third English Civil War +Capture of Elizabeth Castle - 1651 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Plymouth (1652) - 1652 - First Anglo-Dutch War +Battle of the Kentish Knock - 1652 - First Anglo-Dutch War +Battle of Dungeness - 1652 - First Anglo-Dutch War +Battle of Portland - 1653 - First Anglo-Dutch War +Battle of the Gabbard - 1653 - First Anglo-Dutch War +Battle of Lowestoft - 1665 - Second Anglo-Dutch War +Four Days' Battle - 1666 - Second Anglo-Dutch War +St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-57.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-57.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9dcbe0fa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-57.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 58/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +James' Day Battle - 1666 - Second Anglo-Dutch War +Raid on the Medway - 1667 - Second Anglo-Dutch War +Action of 12 March 1672 - 1672 - Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Solebay - 1672 - Third Anglo-Dutch War +Dutch invasion of Saint Helena – 1673 – Third Anglo-Dutch War (Franco-Dutch War and Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Ronas Voe - 1674 - Third Anglo-Dutch War +Battle of Drumclog - 1679 - Scottish Covenanter Wars +Battle of Bothwell Bridge - 1679 - Scottish Covenanter Wars +Battle of Sedgemoor - 1685 - Monmouth Rebellion +Battle of Reading (1688) - 1688 - Glorious Revolution +Break of Dromore - 1689 - Williamite War +Siege of Derry - 1689 - Williamite War +Battle of Killiecrankie - 1689 - Jacobite rising of 1689 +Battle of Newtownbutler - 1689 - Williamite War +Siege of Carrickfergus - 1689 - Williamite War +Battle of Dunkeld - 1689 - Jacobite rising of 1689 +Raid on Newry - 1689 - Williamite War +Battle of Cromdale - 1690 - Jacobite rising of 1689 +Battle of Beachy Head (1690) - 1690 - Nine Years' War +Capture of Gibraltar – 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession +Twelfth siege of Gibraltar – 1704 – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Action of 2 May 1707 - 1707 - War of the Spanish Succession +Battle at the Lizard - 1707 - War of the Spanish Succession +Skirmish of Dunfermline - 1715 - Jacobite rising of 1715 +Skirmish of Alness - 1715 - Jacobite rising of 1715 +Battle of Preston (1715) - 1715 - Jacobite rising of 1715 +Battle of Sheriffmuir - 1715 - Jacobite rising of 1715 +Capture of Eilean Donan Castle - 1719 - Jacobite rising of 1719 +Battle of Glen Shiel - 1719 - Jacobite rising of 1719 +Battle of Glen Affric - 1721 - Jacobite rising of 1719 +Battle of Coille Bhan - 1721 - Jacobite rising of 1719 +Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar – 1727 – Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) +Battle of Anguilla - 1745 - War of the Austrian Succession +Highbridge Skirmish - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Ruthven Barracks (1745) - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Battle of Prestonpans - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Culloden House (1745) - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Carlisle (November 1745) - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Clifton Moor Skirmish - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Carlisle (December 1745) - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Battle of Inverurie (1745) - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Fort Augustus (December 1745) - 1745 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Battle of Falkirk Muir - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Stirling Castle - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Ruthven Barracks (1746) - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Inverness (1746) - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Fort Augustus (1746) - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Atholl raids - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Blair Castle - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Skirmish of Keith - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Battle of Dornoch - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Siege of Fort William - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Skirmish of Tongue - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Battle of Littleferry - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Battle of Culloden - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Skirmish of Loch nan Uamh - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Skirmish of Loch Ailort - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Skirmish of Arisaig - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore - 1746 - Jacobite rising of 1745 +Battle of Carrickfergus (1760) - 1760 - Seven Years' War +Battle of Bishops Court – 1760 – Planned French invasion of Britain (1759) (Seven Years' War) +Capture of Port Egmont - 1770 +North Channel Naval Duel – 1778 – American Revolutionary War +Invasion of Jersey (1779) – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Great Siege of Gibraltar – 1779 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Flamborough Head - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 30 September 1780 – 1780 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Jersey – 1781 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 4 February 1781 – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Battle of Dogger Bank (1781) – 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (American Revolutionary War) +Capture of Montserrat – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Grand Turk – 1783 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 18 June 1793 - 1793 - War of the First Coalition +Action of 23 April 1794 - 1794 - War of the First Coalition +Battle of the Diamond - 1795 - Armagh disturbances +Battle of Fishguard - 1797 - War of the First Coalition +Battle of Antrim - 1798 - Irish Rebellion of 1798 +Action of 19 January 1799 - 1799 - French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 7 July 1799 - 1799 - Napoleonic Wars +Action of 10 December 1800 - 1800 - Napoleonic Wars +Battle of Britain - 1940 - World War II +Battle of the Bogside - 1969 - The Troubles +Battle of St Matthew's - 1970 - The Troubles +Battle at Springmartin - 1972 - The Troubles +1978 British Army Gazelle downing - 1978 - The Troubles +Warrenpoint ambush - 1979 - The Troubles +Battle of San Carlos (1982) - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Seal Cove - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Goose Green - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Mount Harriet - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Two Sisters - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Mount Longdon - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Wireless Ridge - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Mount Tumbledown - 1982 - Falklands War +Battle of Newry Road - 1993 - The Troubles + +== United States == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-58.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-58.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..012f7e49f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-58.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 59/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Battle at Etzanoa - 1601 - Spanish colonization of the Americas +Iroquois War (1609) - 1609 - Beaver Wars +Battle of Oneida - 1615 +Battle of the Severn - 1655 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms +Battle of Bloody Run (1656) - 1656 +Great Swamp Fight - 1675 - King Philip's War +Bacon's Rebellion - 1676 - American Indian Wars +Battle of Flint River - 1702 - Queen Anne's War +Siege of St. Augustine (1702) - 1702 - Queen Anne's War +Battle of Falmouth (1703) - 1703 - Queen Anne's War +Raid on Deerfield - 1704 - Queen Anne's War +Lefebvre's Charles Town expedition - 1706 - Queen Anne's War +Siege of Pensacola (1707) - 1707 - Queen Anne's War +Raid on Haverhill (1708) - 1708 - Queen Anne's War +New York Slave Revolt of 1712 - 1712 - Slave Revolts in North America +Battle of Fort Neoheroka - 1713 - Tuscarora War +Siege of Charlestown - 1718 - Golden Age of Piracy +Battle of Cape Fear River - 1718 - Golden Age of Piracy +Capture of Pensacola (1719) - 1719 - War of the Quadruple Alliance +Villasur expedition - 1720 - War of the Quadruple Alliance +Capture of the sloop Ranger - 1723 - Golden Age of Piracy +Battle of Pequawket - 1725 - Dummer's War +Natchez revolt - 1729 +Samba rebellion - 1731 - Slave Revolts in North America +1733 slave insurrection on St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-59.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-59.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a7629f58 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-59.md @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 60/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +John - 1733 - Slave Revolts in North America +Stono Rebellion - 1739 - Slave Revolts in North America +Invasion of Georgia (1742) - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear +Battle of Bloody Marsh - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear +Battle of Gully Hole Creek - 1742 - War of Jenkins' Ear +Battle of Galudoghson - 1742 +Saratoga raid - 1745 - King George's War +Siege of Fort Massachusetts - 1746 - King George's War +Siege of Fort at Number 4 - 1747 - King George's War +Brunswick Town raid - 1748 - War of Jenkins' Ear +Battle of Kathio - 1750 +Battle of Jumonville Glen - 1754 - French and Indian War +Battle of Fort Necessity - 1754 - French and Indian War +Braddock Expedition - 1755 - French and Indian War +Battle of the Monongahela - 1755 - French and Indian War +Battle of Lake George - 1755 - French and Indian War +Battle of Taliwa - 1755 +Battle of Fort Bull - 1756 - French and Indian War +Battle of the Trough - 1756 - French and Indian War +Battle of Sideling Hill - 1756 - French and Indian War +Battle of Great Cacapon - 1756 - French and Indian War +Battle of Fort Oswego - 1756 - French and Indian War +Kittanning Expedition - 1756 - French and Indian War +Battle on Snowshoes (1757) - 1757 - French and Indian War +Battle of Sabbath Day Point - 1757 - French and Indian War +Siege of Fort William Henry - 1757 - French and Indian War +Attack on German Flatts (1757) - 1757 - French and Indian War +Battle on Snowshoes - 1758 - French and Indian War +Battle of Bernetz Brook - 1758 - French and Indian War +Battle of Fort Duquesne - 1758 - French and Indian War +Battle of Fort Ligonier - 1758 - French and Indian War +Battle of Fort Niagara - 1759 - French and Indian War +Siege of Fort Loudoun - 1760 - French and Indian War +Battle of Echoee - 1760 - French and Indian War +Siege of Fort Detroit - 1763 - Pontiac's War +Siege of Fort Pitt - 1763 - Pontiac's War +Battle of Bloody Run - 1763 - Pontiac's War +Battle of Bushy Run - 1763 - Pontiac's War +Battle of Devil's Hole - 1763 - Pontiac's War +Louisiana Rebellion of 1768 - 1768 +Battle of Point Pleasant - 1774 - Lord Dunmore's War +Capture of Fort Ticonderoga - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle off Fairhaven - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Chelsea Creek - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Machias - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Bunker Hill - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Gloucester (1775) - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Burning of Falmouth - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Kemp's Landing - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Savage's Old Fields - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Great Bridge - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Great Cane Brake - 1775 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of the Rice Boats - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Block Island - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Sullivan's Island - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +First Battle of Terrenate - 1776 - Apache–Mexico Wars +Battle of Gwynn's Island - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Lindley's Fort - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Long Island - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Landing at Kip's Bay - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Harlem Heights - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Valcour Island - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Rutherford Light Horse expedition - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Pell's Point - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Mamaroneck - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of White Plains - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Ambush of Geary - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Iron Works Hill - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Trenton - 1776 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of the Assunpink Creek - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Princeton - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Millstone - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Forage War - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Punk Hill - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Bound Brook - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Ridgefield - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Thomas Creek - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Meigs Raid - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Short Hills - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777) - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Hubbardton - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fort Anne - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Oriskany - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Machias (1777) - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Bennington - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Staten Island - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Setauket - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Cooch's Bridge - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Brandywine - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of the Clouds - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of 1st Saratoga - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Paoli - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Germantown - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of 2nd Saratoga - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Red Bank - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Gloucester (1777) - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of White Marsh - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Matson's Ford - 1777 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Quinton's Bridge - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Frederica naval action - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Crooked Billet - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Barren Hill - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Mount Hope Bay raids - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Cobleskill - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Monmouth - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Alligator Creek Bridge - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Wyoming - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Rhode Island - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Grey's raid - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Attack on German Flatts (1778) - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Edgar's Lane - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Chestnut Neck - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Affair at Little Egg Harbor - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Carleton's Raid - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Capture of Savannah - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Beaufort - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Van Creek - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Kettle Creek - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Kealakekua Bay - 1779 +Siege of Fort Vincennes - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Brier Creek - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Invasion of Jersey (1779) - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Chesapeake raid - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Chillicothe - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Sullivan Expedition - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Stono Ferry - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Tryon's raid - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Norwalk - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Stony Point - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Minisink - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Penobscot Expedition - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Paulus Hook - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Newtown - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Capture of Fort Bute - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Lake Pontchartrain - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 11 September 1779 - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Boyd and Parker ambush - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Savannah (1779) - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Baton Rouge (1779) - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +Capture of Fort New Richmond - 1779 - American Revolutionary War +First Battle of Tucson - 1779 - Apache–Mexico Wars +Raid on Elizabethtown and Newark - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Young's House - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fort Charlotte - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Charleston - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Monck's Corner - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Lenud's Ferry - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Bird's invasion of Kentucky - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44670219b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 7/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== France == +Battle of Alalia – between 540 BC and 535 BC – Carthaginian Expansion +Battle of Rhone Crossing – 218 BC – Second Punic War (Punic Wars) +Battle of Burdigala – 107 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Arausio – 105 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Aquae Sextiae – 102 BC – Cimbrian War (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of Magetobriga – 63 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of the Arar – 58 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of Bibracte – 58 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of Vosges – 58 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) +Battle of the Axona – 57 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of the Sabis – 57 BC – Gallic Wars (Roman–Germanic wars) +Siege of Avaricum – 52 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of Gergovia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of Lutetia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars +Battle of Alesia – 52 BC – Gallic Wars +Siege of Uxellodunum – 51 BC – Gallic Wars +Siege of Massilia – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Tauroento – 49 BC – Caesar's civil war +Battle of Forum Julii – 69 – Year of the Four Emperors +Battle of Lugdunum – 197 – Year of the Five Emperors +Siege of Augustodunum Haeduorum – 269 – 270 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Châlons (274) – 274 – Crisis of the Third Century +Battle of Lingones – 298 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Mons Seleucus – 353 – Roman civil war of 350–353 +Siege of Senonae – 356 – Roman–Germanic wars +Siege of Autun – 356 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Durocortorum – 356 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Brumath – 356 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Strasbourg – 357 – Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Argentovaria – 378 – Roman–Germanic wars +Siege of Massilia (413) – 413 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Siege of Arles (425) – 425 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Arles (435) – 435 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Narbonne (436) – 436 – 437 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Toulouse (439) – 439 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Vicus Helena – c. between 445 and 450 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of the Catalaunian Plains – 451 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Corsica – 456 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Toulouse (458) – 458 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Arelate – 458 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic wars +Battle of Orleans (463) – 463 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Déols – c. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-60.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-60.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..224995e91 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-60.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 61/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Louis - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Waxhaws - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 7 June 1780 - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Connecticut Farms - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Mobley's Meeting House - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Ramsour's Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Springfield - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Huck's Defeat - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Bull's Ferry - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Colson's Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Rocky Mount - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Hanging Rock - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Piqua - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Camden - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fishing Creek - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Musgrove Mill - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Black Mingo - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Wahab's Plantation - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Charlotte - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Kings Mountain - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Shallow Ford - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Royalton raid - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Klock's Field - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Tearcoat Swamp - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fishdam Ford - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Blackstock's Farm - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fort St. George - 1780 - American Revolutionary War +Raid on Richmond - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle at The Village - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Cowpens - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Cowan's Ford - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Torrence's Tavern - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Wetzell's Mill - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Skirmish at Waters Creek - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Pensacola - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Guilford Court House - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Cape Henry - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Brodhead's Coshocton expedition - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Blandford - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Hobkirk's Hill - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Pine's Bridge - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Augusta - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Spencer's Ordinary - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Green Spring - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Francisco's Fight - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of the House in the Horseshoe - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Lochry's Defeat - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 2 September 1781 - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of the Chesapeake - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Groton Heights - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Capture of HMS Savage - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Eutaw Springs - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Lindley's Mill - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Yorktown - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fort Slongo - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Johnstown - 1781 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Videau's Bridge - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Wambaw - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Little Mountain - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Delaware Bay - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Second Battle of Tucson - 1782 - Apache–Mexico Wars +Crawford expedition - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 29 July 1782 - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Mokuʻōhai - 1782 - Unification of Hawai'i +Battle of Blue Licks - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of the Combahee River - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 5 September 1782 - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Siege of Fort Henry (1782) - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 15 September 1782 - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of James Island - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Kedges Strait - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of the Delaware Capes - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Cedar Bridge - 1782 - American Revolutionary War +Action of 22 January 1783 - 1783 - American Revolutionary War +Colbert raid - 1783 - American Revolutionary War +Fourth Battle of Tucson - 1783 - Apache–Mexico Wars +Battle of the Catalina River - 1783 - Apache–Mexico Wars +Skirmishes around Vincennes (1786) - 1786 - Northwest Indian War +Shays's Rebellion - 1786 +Logan's raid - 1786 - Northwest Indian War +Battle of the Pinal Mountains - 1788 - Apache–Mexico Wars +Harmar campaign - 1790 - Northwest Indian War +1790 Footprints - 1790 - Unification of Hawai'i +Battle of Kepaniwai - 1790 - Unification of Hawai'i +Battle of Kenapacomaqua - 1791 - Northwest Indian War +Battle of Kawaihae - 1791 - Unification of Hawai'i +St. Clair's defeat - 1791 - Northwest Indian War +Action of 31 July 1793 - 1793 - War of the First Coalition +Battle of Fallen Timbers - 1794 - Northwest Indian War +Nickajack Expedition - 1794 +Battle of Nuʻuanu - 1795 - Unification of Hawai'i +Capture of La Croyable - 1798 - Quasi-War + +== Uruguay == + +== Uzbekistan == + +== Venezuela == + +== Vietnam == + +== Wales == + +== Yemen == + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb6d2cafb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 8/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +469 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Arles (471) – 471 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Soissons (486) – 486 – Roman–Germanic wars and Fall of the Western Roman Empire +Battle of Strasbourg (506) – 506 – Clovis I's campaigns +Battle of Vouillé – 507 – Franco-Visigothic Wars +Battle of Compiègne – 715 – Frankish Civil War +Battle of Vincy – 717 – Frankish Civil War +Battle of Soissons (718) – 718 – Frankish Civil War +Battle of Toulouse – 721 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Battle of the River Garonne – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Battle of Tours – 732 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Siege of Avignon (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Siege of Narbonne (737) – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Battle of the River Berre – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Siege of Nîmes – 737 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Siege of Laon - 741 +Siege of Narbonne (752–759) – 752 – 759 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul +Battle of Orbieu River - 793 - Reconquista +Battle of Fontenoy (841) - 841 - Carolingian civil war +Battle of Blain – 843 – Franco-Breton wars +Battle of Toulouse (844) - 844 - Carolingian civil war +Siege of Paris (845) – 845 – Viking expansion +Battle of Ballon – 845 – Franco-Breton wars +Siège de Bordeaux (847) - 847 - Viking incursions into Gascony +Battle of Jengland – 851 – Franco-Breton wars +Siège de Paris (856-857) - 856 - Viking incursions into Gascony +Siège de Paris (861) - 861 - Viking incursions into Gascony +Battle of Brissarthe – 866 – Viking expansion and Franco-Breton wars +Siège de Vienne (880) - 880 +Battle of Attigny - 880 +Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu – 881 – Viking expansion +Siege of Paris (885–886) – 885 – 886 – Viking expansion +Siege of Chartres (911) – 911 – Viking expansion +Battle of Soissons (923) - 923 +Battle of Trans-la-Forêt – 939 – Franco-Breton wars and Viking expansion +Battle of Fraxinet – 942 – Hungarian invasions of Europe +Battle of Rouen (946) - 946 +Battle of Tourtour - 973 +Battle of Conquereuil (981) - 981 - Civil war in Brittany +Battle of Taller - 982 - Viking incursions into Gascony +Battle of Conquereuil – 992 – Franco-Breton wars +Battle of Pontlevoy – 1016 +Battle of Bar-le-Duc - 1037 +Battle of Nouy - 1044 +Battle of Val-ès-Dunes - 1047 +Battle of Mortemer - 1054 +Battle of Varaville - 1057 +Battle of La Castelle - 1063 +Battle of Dinan – 1065 – Breton–Norman war +Battle of Pouancé – 1066 – Breton–Norman war +Battle of Segré – 1066 – Breton–Norman war +Battle of Cassel (1071) - 1071 +Battle of Tinchebray - 1106 - Anglo-French Wars +Battle of Brémule – 1119 – Anglo-French Wars +Battle of Bourgthéroulde - 1124 - Anglo-French Wars +Siege of Bayonne (1130–1131) - 1130 +Battle of Visseiche bridge - 1144 +Siege of Taillebourg - 1179 - Anglo-French Wars +Battle of Gisors - 1198 - Anglo-French Wars +Battle of Mirebeau – 1202 – French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204) (Anglo-French Wars) +Siege of Château Gaillard – 1203 – 1204 – French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204) (Anglo-French Wars) +Siege of Carcassonne – 1209 – Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Minerve – 1210 – Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Termes – 1210 – Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Lavaur - 1211 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Montgey - 1211 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Toulouse - 1211 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Castelnaudary - 1211 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Muret – 1213 – Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Roche-au-Moine – 1214 – Anglo-French War (1213–1214) (Anglo-French Wars) +Battle of Bouvines – 1214 – Anglo-French War (1213–1214) (Anglo-French Wars) +Siege of Beaucaire - 1216 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Toulouse (1217–1218) – 1217 – 1218 – Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Marmande - 1218 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Baziège - 1219 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Toulouse (1219) - 1219 - Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Siege of Avignon (1226) – 1226 – Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Taillebourg – 1242 – Saintonge War +Siege of Saintes – 1242 – Saintonge War +Siege of Montségur – 1243 – 1244 – Albigensian Crusade (Crusades) +Battle of Hausbergen - 1262 +Siege of Elne - 1285 - Aragonese Crusade +Siege of Salses - 1285 - Aragonese Crusade +Battle of the Col de Panissars – 1285 – Aragonese Crusade (Crusades and War of the Sicilian Vespers) +Battle of Bonnegarde - 1297 - Gascon War +Siège de Lille (1297) - 1297 - Franco-Flemish War +Battle of Arques (1303) – 1303 – Franco-Flemish War +Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle or Battle of Pevelenberg – 1304 – Franco-Flemish War +Battle of Varey - 1325 - Savoy-Viennois Wars +Battle of Cassel (1328) – 1328 – 1323–1328 Flemish revolt +Siege of Cambrai (1339) – 1339 – Thiérache campaign (Edwardian Phase) [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Saint-Omer – 1340 – Tournaisis campaign of 1340 (Edwardian Phase) [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Champtoceaux – 1341 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Sieges of Vannes (1342) – 1342 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Hennebont (1342) – 1342 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Brest (1342) or Battle of the River Penfeld – 1342 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Morlaix – 1342 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Cadoret – 1345 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Bergerac – 1345 – Gascon campaign of 1345 (Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347) [Edwardian Phase] [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Auberoche – 1345 – Gascon campaign of 1345 (Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347) [Edwardian Phase] [Hundred Years' War] +Siege of Aiguillon – 1346 – Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347 (Edwardian Phase) [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of St Pol de Léon – 1346 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Caen (1346) – 1346 – Crécy campaign (Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347) [Edwardian Phase] [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Blanchetaque – 1346 – Crécy campaign (Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347) [Edwardian Phase] [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Crécy – 1346 – Crécy campaign (Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347) [Edwardian Phase] [Hundred Years' War] +Siege of Calais (1346–1347) – 1346 – 1347 – Crécy campaign (Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347) [Edwardian Phase] [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of La Roche-Derrien – 1347 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Lunalonge – 1349 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Calais – 1350 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (1351) – 1351 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Combat of the Thirty – 1351 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Saintes – 1351 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Ardres – 1351 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Guînes (1352) – 1352 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Mauron – 1352 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Montmuran – 1354 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Breteuil – 1356 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Poitiers – 1356 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Rennes (1356–1357) – 1356 – 1357 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Mello - 1358 - Jacquerie +Black Monday (1360) or siege of Chartres (1360) – 1360 – Edwardian Phase (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Brignais - 1362 +Battle of Cocherel – 1364 – Caroline War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Auray – 1364 – War of the Breton Succession (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Limoges – 1370 – Caroline War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Pontvallain – 1370 – Caroline War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of La Rochelle – 1372 – Caroline War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Chiset or Battle of Chizai or Battle of Chizé – 1373 – Caroline War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Dunkirk (1383) - 1383 - Hundred Years' War +Siege of Brest (1386) – 1386 – Caroline War (Hundred Years' War) +Bataille de Saint-Rémy-du-Plain - 1412 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War +Siège de Bourges (1412) - 1412 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War +Siège de Dreux (1412) - 1412 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War +Siege of Harfleur – 1415 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Agincourt – 1415 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Valmont – 1416 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Caen (1417) – 1417 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Rouen (1418–1419) – 1418 – 1419 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of La Rochelle (1419) – 1419 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Bataille de Mons-en-Vimeu - 1421 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War +Battle of Baugé – 1421 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) and Anglo-Scottish Wars +Siege of Meaux – 1421 – 1422 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Cravant – 1423 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) and Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of La Brossinière or Battle of la Gravelle – 1423 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Verneuil – 1424 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) and Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8bf725f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 9/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +James – 1426 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Montargis – 1427 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Orléans – 1428 – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of the Herrings or Battle of Rouvray – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] and Anglo-Scottish Wars +Battle of Jargeau – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Meung-sur-Loire – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Beaugency (1429) – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] +Battle of Patay – 1429 – Loire Campaign (1429) (Lancastrian War) [Hundred Years' War] +Siege of Paris (1429) – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of La Charité – 1429 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Compiègne – 1430 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Bulgnéville - 1431 - Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War +Battle of Gerberoy – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Saint-Denis (1435) – 1435 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Calais (1436) – 1436 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Tartas – 1440 – 1442 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Creil – 1441 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Pontoise – 1441 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Dieppe – 1442 – 1443 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Formigny – 1450 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Caen (1450) – 1450 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Falaise (1450) – 1450 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Siege of Cherbourg (1450) – 1450 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Blanquefort – 1450 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Castillon – 1453 – Lancastrian War (Hundred Years' War) +Battle of Montlhéry - 1465 - War of the Public Weal +Siège de Nesle - 1472 +Siege of Beauvais - 1472 +Battle of Héricourt – 1474 – Burgundian Wars +Battle of Nancy – 1477 – Burgundian Wars +Bataille du pont d'Émagny - 1477 - War of the Burgundian Succession +Siège de Dole (1477) - 1477 - War of the Burgundian Succession +Battle of Guinegate (1479) – 1479 – War of the Burgundian Succession +Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (1488) - 1488 - Mad War +Battle of Saint-Mathieu – 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Battle of the Spurs or Battle of Guinegate (1513) – 1513 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Siege of Dijon – 1513 – War of the League of Cambrai (Italian Wars) +Siege of Mézières – 1521 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Marseille (1524) – 1524 – Italian War of 1521–1526 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Girolata - 1540 - Spanish–Ottoman wars +Siege of Perpignan (1542) – 1542 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Nice – 1543 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Landrecies (1543) – 1543 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Saint-Dizier – 1544 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +First siege of Boulogne – 1544 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Second siege of Boulogne – 1544 – Italian War of 1542–1546 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Metz (1552) – 1552 – 1553 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Renty – 1554 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Battle of St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..decb8ea92 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +--- +title: "List of battles by geographic location" +chunk: 10/61 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_geographic_location" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:45.537530+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Quentin (1557) – 1557 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Calais (1558) – 1558 – Anglo-French War (1557–1559) (Italian War of 1551–1559) [Italian Wars] +Siege of Thionville (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Battle of Gravelines (1558) – 1558 – Italian War of 1551–1559 (Italian Wars) +Siege of Rouen (1562) – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of Vergt – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of Dreux – 1562 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Siege of Orléans (1563) – 1563 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of Vescovato - 1564 +Siege of Valenciennes (1567) – 1566 – 1567 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Wattrelos – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Lannoy – 1566 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Saint-Denis – 1567 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Siege of Chartres (1568) – 1568 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of Le Quesnoy (1568) – 1568 – Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Jarnac – 1569 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille – 1569 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Siege of Poitiers (1569) – 1569 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of Orthez (1569) – 1569 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of Moncontour – 1569 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573) – 1572 – 1573 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Siege of Sancerre – 1572 – 1573 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Siege of Sommières – 1573 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Battle of Dormans – 1575 – French Wars of Religion (European wars of religion) +Beleg van Kamerijk (1581) - 1581 - Eighty Years' War +Battle of Coutras – 1587 – War of the Three Henrys (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Vimory – 1587 – War of the Three Henrys (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Arques – 1589 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Battle of Ivry – 1590 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Siege of Paris (1590) – 1590 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Battle of Château-Laudran – 1591 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Bataille de Pontcharra - 1591 - War of the Three Henrys +Siege of Rouen (1591–1592) – 1591 – 1592 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Siege of Caudebec – 1592 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Battle of Craon – 1592 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Battle of the Bay of Biscay (1592) - 1592 - Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Battle of Blaye – 1593 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Siege of Morlaix (1594) – 1594 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Siege of Fort Crozon – 1594 – Succession of Henry IV of France (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Battle of Fontaine-Française – 1595 – Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Le Catelet (1595) – 1595 – Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Doullens – 1595 – Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595) – 1595 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) +Siege of Calais (1596) – 1596 – Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Siege of Amiens (1597) – 1597 – Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) (French Wars of Religion) [European wars of religion] and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Eighty Years' War) +Battle of the Narrow Seas – 1602 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 (Eighty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Battle of Les Ponts-de-Cé - 1620 - War of Mother and Son +Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (1621) -1621 - Huguenot rebellions +Siege of Clairac - 1621 - Huguenot rebellions +Siege of Montauban - 1621 - Huguenot rebellions +Blockade of La Rochelle - 1621 - Huguenot rebellions +Siege of Royan - 1622 - Huguenot rebellions +Nègrepelisse massacre - 1622 - Huguenot rebellions +Siege of Montpellier - 1622 - Huguenot rebellions +Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré - 1622 - Huguenot rebellions +Battle of Blavet - 1625 - Huguenot rebellions +Recovery of Ré Island - 1625 - Huguenot rebellions +Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré - 1627 - Anglo-French War (1627–1629) +Siege of La Rochelle - 1627 - Anglo-French War (1627–1629) +Siege of Privas - 1629 - Huguenot rebellions +Siege of Alès - 1629 - Huguenot rebellions +Battle of Castelnaudary - 1632 +Capture of Saint Martin (1633) – 1633 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Crossing of the Somme – 1636 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Saint-Omer – 1638 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Action of 18 February 1639 – 1639 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Relief of Thionville – 1639 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Salses – 1639 – 1640 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Action of 18 September 1639 – 1639 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Arras (1640) – 1640 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Sieges of Aire-sur-la-Lys - 1641 - Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) +Battle of La Marfée – 1641 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Perpignan (1642) – 1641 – 1642 – Reapers' War and (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Honnecourt – 1642 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Rocroi – 1643 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Attack on Saint Martin – 1644 – Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) [European wars of religion] +Siege of Gravelines (1644) – 1644 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Lens – 1648 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Bléneau - 1652 - The Second Fronde +Battle of Dover (1652) – 1652 – First Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Bordeaux – 1653 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Arras – 1654 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Battle of Valenciennes – 1656 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) (Thirty Years' War) +Siege of Dunkirk (1658) – 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of the Dunes – 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) (Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)) [Thirty Years' War] +Battle of Martinique (1667) – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Siege of Lille (1667) – 1667 – War of Devolution (Franco-Spanish War) +Capture of Cayenne (1667) – 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War (Anglo-Dutch Wars) +Battle of Saint-Lothain - 1673 - Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Gray - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Scey-sur-Saône - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Chariez - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Arbois - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Orgelet - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Besançon – 1674 – Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Dole - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Salins - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Faucogney - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Seneffe - 1674 - Franco-Dutch War +Invasion of Martinique (1674) – 1674 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Entzheim – 1674 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Mulhouse (1674) – 1674 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Turckheim – 1675 – Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677) – 1677 – Franco-Dutch War +Siege of Cambrai (1677) – 1677 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Cassel (1677) – 1677 – Franco-Dutch War +Battle of Kochersberg - 1677 - Franco-Dutch War +Action at Barfleur – 1692 – Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue (Nine Years' War) +Action at Cherbourg (1692) – 1692 – Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue (Nine Years' War) +Action at La Hogue (1692) – 1692 – Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue (Nine Years' War) +Battle of Camaret – 1694 – Nine Years' War +Siege of Guadeloupe – 1703 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Nice (1705) – 1705 – 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Haguenau (1705) – 1705 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Toulon (1707) – 1707 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Lille (1708) – 1708 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Malplaquet – 1709 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Bouchain (1711) – 1711 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Denain – 1712 – War of the Spanish Succession +Siege of Bouchain (1712) – 1712 – War of the Spanish Succession +Battle of Calenzana - 1732 +Action of 14 June 1742 – 1742 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of Toulon (1744) – 1744 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Siege of Villafranca (1744) – 1744 – War of Jenkins' Ear (War of the Austrian Succession) +Battle of Joseau - 1745 - War of the Austrian Succession +Raid on Lorient - 1746 - War of the Austrian Succession +Siege of Antibes -1746 - War of the Austrian Succession +Action of 31 January 1748 - 1748 - War of the Austrian Succession +Raid on Rochefort – 1757 – Seven Years' War +Action of 29 April 1758 – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Raid on St Malo – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Raid on Cherbourg – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Saint Cast – 1758 – Seven Years' War +Invasion of Martinique (1759) – 1759 – Seven Years' War +Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759) – 1759 – Seven Years' War +Raid on Le Havre – 1759 – Planned French invasion of Britain (1759) (Seven Years' War) +Battle of Quiberon Bay – 1759 – Planned French invasion of Britain (1759) (Seven Years' War) +Capture of Belle Île - 1761 - Seven Years' War +Invasion of Martinique (1762) – 1762 – Seven Years' War +Battle of Borgo – 1768 – French conquest of Corsica +Battle of Ponte Novu – 1769 – French conquest of Corsica +Action of 17 June 1778 - 1778 - American Revolutionary War +Battle of Ushant (1778) – 1778 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 13 May 1779 - 1779 - Anglo-French War (1778–1783) +Action of 6 October 1779 – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Martinique (1779) – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Guadeloupe (1779) – 1779 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Martinique (1780) – 1780 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 10 August 1780 – 1780 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 4 January 1781 – 1781 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Fort Royal – 1781 – Anglo-French War (1778–1783) (American Revolutionary War) +Battle of Ushant (1781) – 1781 – American Revolutionary War +Battle of Ushant (1782) – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 4 September 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 6 December 1782 – 1782 – American Revolutionary War +Action of 15 February 1783 – 1783 – American Revolutionary War +Storming of the Bastille - 1789 - French Revolution +Insurrection of 10 August 1792 – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Capture of Longwy – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Thionville (1792) – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Verdun (1792) – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Valmy – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Lille (1792) – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Capture of Nice – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Recapture of Longwy – 1792 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Childers Incident - 1793 - French Revolutionary Wars +First Massacre of Machecoul – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Cholet – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Condé (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Thouars – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Raismes (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Mas Deu – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Famars – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Bellegarde (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Valenciennes (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Saorgio (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Saumur (1793) – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Nantes – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Châtillon – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Perpignan – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Vihiers – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Caesar's Camp – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Lyon – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Luçon – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Lincelles – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Dunkirk (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Le Quesnoy (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Toulon (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Chantonnay – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Hondschoote – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Avesnes-le-Sec – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Méribel – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Epierre – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Peyrestortes – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Coron (1793) – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Tiffauges – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Pont-Barré – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Montaigu – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Saint-Fulgent – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Maubeuge (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Châtillon – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Noirmoutier – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +First Battle of Wissembourg (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Fort-Louis (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Wattignies – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of La Tremblaye – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Cholet – 1793 – War in the Vendée (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Laval – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Entrames – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Fougères – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Granville – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Haguenau (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Dol – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Siege of Angers – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Le Mans (1793) – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Froeschwiller (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Collioure – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Savenay – 1793 – Virée de Galerne (War in the Vendée) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793) – 1793 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Sans Culottes Camp – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Martinique (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of San Fiorenzo – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Le Cateau (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Bastia – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Landrecies (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Second Battle of Saorgio (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Beaumont (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Collioure (1794) – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Tourcoing – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Calvi – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Recapture of Landrecies – 1794 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of La Grève - 1794 - French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 8 March 1795 – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Liffré - 1795 - Chouannerie +Cornwallis's Retreat - 1795 - War of the First Coalition +Battle of Groix – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Quiberon (1795) – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Action of 24 June 1795 – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of the Hyères Islands – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +13 Vendémiaire – 1795 – War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars) +Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (1796) – 1796 – Chouannerie (French Revolutionary Wars) +Siege of Hüningen (1796–1797) - 1796 - French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 13 January 1797 - 1797 - French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of the Raz de Sein - 1798 - French Revolutionary Wars +Battle of the Îles Saint-Marcouf - 1798 - French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 30 May 1798 - 1798 - French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 30 June 1798 - 1798 - French Revolutionary Wars +Action of 14 December 1798 - 1798 - War of the Second Coalition +Action of 18 June 1799 – 1799 – Mediterranean campaign of 1798 (War of the Second Coalition) [French Revolutionary Wars] +Battle of Nantes - 1799 - Chouannerie +Battle of the Tombettes – 1800 – Chouannerie (French Revolutionary Wars) +Raid on Dunkirk (1800) -1800 - War of the Second Coalition +USS Boston vs Berceau – 1800 – Quasi-War (French Revolutionary Wars) +Raid on Boulogne – 1804 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Action of 15 July 1805 - 1805 - War of the Third Coalition +Battle of Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez - 1805 - War of the Third Coalition +Battle of Diamond Rock – 1805 – Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) and Trafalgar campaign (War of the Third Coalition) [French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez – 1805 – War of the Third Coalition (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Les Sables-d'Olonne - 1809 - Napoleonic Wars +Battle of the Basque Roads – 1809 – Napoleonic Wars +Battle of Grand Port - 1810 - Napoleonic Wars +Action of 13 September 1810 - 1810 - Napoleonic Wars +Action of 18 September 1810 - 1810 - Napoleonic Wars +Battle of the Bidassoa – 1813 – Campaign in south-west France (1814) (Peninsular War and War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Nivelle – 1813 – Campaign in south-west France (1814) (Peninsular War and War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Typee Valley – 1813 – War of 1812 (Sixty Years' War) +Battle of the Nive – 1813 – Campaign in south-west France (1814) (Peninsular War and War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Besançon (1814) - 1814 - War of the Sixth Coalition +Siege of Metz (1814) – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Brienne – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of La Rothière – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Lesmont – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Champaubert – 1814 – Six Days' Campaign (Campaign in north-east France (1814)) [War of the Sixth Coalition] [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Montmirail – 1814 – Six Days' Campaign (Campaign in north-east France (1814)) [War of the Sixth Coalition] [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Château-Thierry (1814) – 1814 – Six Days' Campaign (Campaign in north-east France (1814)) [War of the Sixth Coalition] [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Vauchamps – 1814 – Six Days' Campaign (Campaign in north-east France (1814)) [War of the Sixth Coalition] [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Garris – 1814 – Campaign in south-west France (1814) (Peninsular War and War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Mormant – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Montereau – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Orthez – 1814 – Campaign in south-west France (1814) (Peninsular War and War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Bar-sur-Aube – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Orthez - 1814 - Peninsular War +Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Saint-Julien (1814) – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Laubressel – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Berry-au-Bac - 1814 - War of the Sixth Coalition +Battle of Craonne – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Laon – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Mâcon (1814) – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Reims – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Limonest – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Fère-Champenoise – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Saint-Dizier – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Claye = 1814 - War of the Sixth Coalition +Battle of Paris (1814) – 1814 – Campaign in north-east France (1814) (War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Toulouse – 1814 – Campaign in south-west France (1814) (Peninsular War and War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Battle of Bayonne – 1814 – Campaign in south-west France (1814) (Peninsular War and War of the Sixth Coalition) [Napoleonic Wars] +Siege of Ajaccio - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Échaubrognes - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of L'Aiguillon - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Aizenay - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Sainte-Anne-d'Auray - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Cossé - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Saint-Gilles-sur-Vie - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Redon - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Mathes - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Muzillac - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Rocheserviere – 1815 – Hundred Days (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Thouars - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Auray - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of La Suffel – 1815 – Hundred Days (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Châteauneuf-du-Faou - 1815 - Hundred Days +Battle of Rocquencourt – 1815 – Hundred Days (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Issy – 1815 – Hundred Days (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Guérande - 1815 - Hundred Days +Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815) – 1815 – Hundred Days (Napoleonic Wars) +Battle of Wissembourg (1870) - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Spicheren - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Wörth – 1870 – Franco-Prussian War +Siege of Strasbourg - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Mars-la-Tour - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Gravelotte – 1870 – Franco-Prussian War +Siege of Metz (1870) - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Sedan – 1870 – Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Le Bourget - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Chevilly - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Siege of Belfort - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Coulmiers - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of Villiers - 1870 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of the Lisaine - 1871 - Franco-Prussian War +Battle of St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..896f7a1d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "List of chainsaw carving competitions" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chainsaw_carving_competitions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:20.829768+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Chainsaw carving competitions are competitive events held all over the world where contestants display their skills in the act of chainsaw carving. + + +== Australia == +Australian Chainsaw Carving Championship, Melbourne + + +== Canada == +Chetwynd (International) Chainsaw Carving Competition (Championship), Chetwynd, British Columbia held annually since 2005 +Brigade Days/Hope Chainsaw Carving Competition, Hope, British Columbia, biannually +Prince George Chain Saw Carving Competition, Prince George, British Columbia + + +== Japan == +Tōei, Aichi, since 2001 + + +== United Kingdom == +Carve Carrbridge, Carrbridge, Scotland, held annually since 2003 +English Open Chainsaw Carving Competition, Tatton Park, Cheshire, England, since 2005 + + +== United States == + + +=== Arkansas === +Arkansas State Championship Chainsaw Carving Competition, Russellville, Arkansas, annually since 2021 on the first weekend of May each year as part of Balloons over Russellville + + +=== Alaska === +Seldovia Craft Invitational Chainsaw Competition, Seldovia, Alaska, annually since 2006 + + +=== Montana === +Kootenai Country Montana International Chainsaw Carving Championship, Libby, Montana + + +=== Oregon === +Reedsport Chainsaw Carving Competition/Oregon Divisional Chainsaw Sculpting Championship, Reedsport, Oregon, held annually since 2000 + + +=== Pennsylvania === +Chainsaw Carvers Rendezvous, Ridgway, Pennsylvania, held annually since 2000 + + +=== Washington === +Burning Bear, Ocean City, Washington +Sedro Woolley Loggerodeo Longest running 4th of July Celebration in Washington State, Sedro Woolley, Washington, since before 1999 +Sequim Irrigation Fest, Sequim, Washington, featuring Logging Show since 1989 +Sand and Sawdust, Ocean Shores, Washington +Texas Chainsaw Pumpkin Carving Contest, Fremont Oktoberfest in Seattle since before 2005, draws 30,000 spectators + + +=== Wisconsin === +US Open Chainsaw Sculpture Championship, Eau Claire, Wisconsin + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c12d1b63d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "List of circles of latitude" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:50.752240+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article contains a list of the circles of latitude on Earth. + + +== Northern Hemisphere == + + +== Equator == +The equator, a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the northern and southern hemispheres. On Earth, it is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude. + + +== Southern Hemisphere == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf748fb04 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 1/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of circumnavigations of Earth. Sections are ordered by ascending date of completion. + +== Global == + +=== Nautical === + +==== 16th century ==== +The 18 survivors, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano (Spanish), of Ferdinand Magellan's Spanish expedition (which began with 5 ships and 270 men); 1519–1522; westward from Spain; in Victoria. After Magellan was killed by Lapulapu off the Philippines on 27 April 1521, the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on 6 September 1522, after a journey of 3 years and 1 month. These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe. +The survivors of García Jofre de Loaísa's Spanish expedition 1525–1536 including Andrés de Urdaneta; westward from Spain. None of Loaísa's seven ships completed the voyage, but Santa María de la Victoria reached the Moluccas before being wrecked in a Portuguese attack. Successive chiefs of the expedition (Loaísa, Elcano, Salazar, Iñiguez, De la Torre) died during the voyages. Andrés de Urdaneta and other fellow men survived, reaching the Spice Islands in 1526, to be taken prisoner by the Portuguese. Urdaneta and three of his men returned to Spain in 1536 aboard Portuguese ships via India, the Cape of Good Hope and Portugal, and completed the second world circumnavigation in history. +Hans von Aachen (German) was one of the four survivors of the Loaísa expedition and also one of the 18 survivors of Magellan's expedition, making him the first to circumnavigate the world twice. +Francis Drake (English); expedition against the Spanish Main 1577–1580; westward from England; in Golden Hind; discovered the Drake Passage but entered the Pacific via the Strait of Magellan; first English circumnavigation and the second carried out in a single expedition. Drake was the first to complete a circumnavigation as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation. +Martín Ignacio de Loyola (Spanish); 1580–1584, westward from Spain. +Thomas Cavendish (English); 1586–1588; westward from England; in Desire. +Martín Ignacio de Loyola (Spanish); 1585–1589, eastward from Spain (via Macau (then a Portuguese territory), China, and Acapulco, Mexico) to become the first to circumnavigate the world eastwards and first to use overland routes in his circumnavigation. +João da Gama (Portuguese); 1584 (or 1585)–1590; eastward from Portugal; from Lisbon to India, Malacca, Macau (then Portuguese) and Japan. Gama crossed the Pacific at a higher northern latitude; was taken prisoner in Mexico and carried in Spanish ships to the Iberian Peninsula. One of the first to go eastwards, mostly by sea. + +==== 17th century ==== + +The survivors of the expedition of Jacques Mahu (Dutch); 1598–1601; westward from Holland; Of Mahu's five ships only one returned. +The survivors of the expedition of Olivier van Noort (Dutch); 1598–1601; westward from Holland; Of Van Noort's four ships only one returned. +Francesco Carletti (Italian); Florentine merchant; 1594–1602; westward from Italy; travelled across the American continent overland, through Panama. All Carletti's other travel was by sea until he ended in the Netherlands; he travelled from there overland back to Italy. Carletti was perhaps the first to travel all legs as a passenger, not as a ship's officer or a crew member. Carletti described his journey in his autobiography, "My Voyage Around the World", translated into various languages. +Joris van Spilbergen (Dutch); 1614–1617; westward from Holland. +Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire (Dutch); 1615–1617; expedition conducted westward from Holland; in Eendraght; Discovered Cape Horn and the first expedition to enter the Pacific via the Drake Passage. +Admiral Jacques l'Hermite, Vice-admiral John Hugo Schapenham, and Rear-admiral Jan Willemszn Verschoor (Dutch); 1623–1626; westward from Holland. +Pedro Cubero (Spain); 1670–1679; eastward from Spain; the first maritime circumnavigation including significant travel overland. +William Dampier and Ambrose Cowley (English); 1679–1691 and 1683–1686; westward from England, travelling together in parts of their voyages and producing the first maps of the Galapagos Islands while raiding Spanish shipping between Panama and Peru. +Gemelli Careri (Italian); 1693–1698; eastward from Naples; the first tourist to circumnavigate the globe, paying his own way on multiple voyages, crossing Mexico on land. + +==== 18th century ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9610a8cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 2/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +William Funnell (English); 1703–1706. +William Dampier (English); 1703–1706. +Woodes Rogers (British); 1708–1711; with the Duke and the Duchess; He rescued Alexander Selkirk on Juan Fernandez on 31 January 1709. Selkirk had been stranded there for four years. +William Dampier (British); 1708–1711; First person to circumnavigate the world three times (1679–1691, 1703–1707 and 1708–1711). +Gentile of the Barbinais (French); 1714–1718. The second circumnavigation of a commercial passenger. +George Shelvocke (British); 1719–1721. +John Clipperton (British); 1719–1722. Privateer, initially sailed with George Shelvocke. +Jacob Roggeveen (Dutch); 1721–1724. +George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (British); 1740–1744; in HMS Centurion. +John Byron (British); 1764–1766; in HMS Dolphin. +Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret (British); 1766–1768; in HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow; Carteret had served on Byron's expedition. Dolphin was the first ship to survive two circumnavigations. +Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (French); 1766–1769; On board was Jeanne Baré, disguised as a man, the first woman to circumnavigate the globe; first French circumnavigation. +James Cook (British); 1768–1771; in HMS Endeavour; The first circumnavigation to lose no personnel to scurvy. +Tobias Furneaux (British); 1772–1774; in HMS Adventure. First east-to-west circumnavigation entirely by sea. Furneaux was a veteran of Byron's expedition. Furneaux was part of Cook's 1772–1775 circumnavigation, but they became separated, and Furneaux returned to Britain before Cook. +James Cook (British); 1772–1775; in HMS Resolution. +George Dixon and Nathaniel Portlock (British); 1785–1788; in Queen Charlotte and King George respectively; early pioneers of the Maritime Fur Trade between the Pacific Northwest and China. +Alessandro Malaspina (Spanish); 1786–1788. +Archibald Menzies (British); 1786–1789 +Robert Gray (American maritime fur trader); 1787–1790; first American circumnavigation. +John Hunter (British); 1788–1789 +Alessandro Malaspina; 1789–1794. +Etienne Marchand (French); 1790–1792 +Edward Edwards (British); 1790–1792 +George Vancouver (British); 1791–1795; Prior to commanding the Vancouver Expedition, George Vancouver had also participated in the circumnavigations of the HMS Resolution during James Cook's second voyage, and the HMS Discovery during James Cook's third voyage. +John Boit (American maritime fur trader); 1794–1796; in Union; first sloop of her size and rig to sail around the world. + +==== 19th century ==== + +Ignacio María de Álava; 1795–1803; in Montañés, flagship of a Spanish Navy. +Francisco Javier de Balmis; 1803–1806, led the Balmis Expedition, the first international healthcare expedition in history. +Adam Johann von Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky; 1803–1806; the first Russian circumnavigation. +John DeWolf; 1804–1808; circumnavigation by sea and land; first American to travel overland across Siberia; first person known to have circumnavigated the globe by way of an overland route across Russia. +Hippolyte Bouchard;1817–1819; in "La Argentina"; the first Argentine circumnavigation. +Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev; 1819–1821; the first circumnavigation mostly between 60° and 70° S, discovered Antarctica and the first islands south of the Antarctic Circle. +HMS Warspite; 1826–1827; as part of her assuming the role of the flagship of the South American station squadron, from England via Cape of Good Hope, Burma, Australia and Brazil, returning to England via the Caribbean. +USS Vincennes, 3 September 1826 – 8 June 1830; from New York by way of Cape Horn, visiting the Hawaiian islands in 1829 and Macau in 1830. Her return voyage was made by way of China, the Philippines, the Indian Ocean, and the Cape of Good Hope. After nearly four years, Vincennes arrived back in New York under Commander William B. Finch. Two days later the ship was decommissioned. +USS Potomac; 19 August 1831 – 23 May 1834; Commodore John Downes commanding, departed New York for the first Sumatran Expedition via the Cape of Good Hope, and returned via Cape Horn to Boston. +Robert Fitzroy; 1831–1836; in HMS Beagle; with Charles Darwin. +Sir George Simpson; 1841–1842; made the first "land circumnavigation" by crossing Canada and Siberia. +USS Constitution; May 1844 – September 1846; commanded by Captain John Percival. +The paddle sloop HMS Driver; 1845–1847; first steamship circumnavigation. +The first Galathea expedition; 1845–1847; first Danish circumnavigation. +HMS Herald; 1845–1851; Discovered Herald Island in the Bering Straits while searching for the Sir John Franklin Expedition. +The screw frigate Amazonas; 1856–1858; first Peruvian circumnavigation. +SMS Novara; 1857–1859; first Austrian circumnavigation. +Shenandoah; 1864–65; only Confederate ship to circumnavigate. Captain James Iredell Waddell. +Casto Méndez Núñez; 1865–1868; aboard Numancia; first ironclad warship circumnavigation; "Enloricata navis que primo terram circuivit". +Ulysses S. Grant; 1877–1879; included the first meeting of a former United States president (Grant) and a monarch of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria. +The corvette Vital de Oliveira; 19 November 1879 – 21 January 1881; commanded by Júlio César de Noronha; first Brazilian circumnavigation. +King Kalākaua; 1881; first monarch to circumnavigate the globe. +Nellie Bly; 1889–1890; one of the first female journalists to solo circumnavigate the globe at the record-breaking 72 days. +Fernando Villaamil; 1892–1894; aboard Nautilus; first training ship circumnavigation. +Joshua Slocum; 1895–1898; first single-handed circumnavigation. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..555df30c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 3/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== 20th century ==== +The Great White Fleet; 1907–1909; first fleet to circumnavigate the world. HMS New Zealand 1913, first by a Dreadnought era battleship or battlecruiser. Harry Pidgeon; 1921–1925; second single-handed circumnavigation. Conor O'Brien; 1923–1925; in Saoirse, a 20-ton 42 ft ketch, designed by himself and built in Baltimore, Ireland. First small private craft to circumnavigate west to east and south of the three great capes: Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope and Cape Leeuwin SW Australia – the Clipper route. HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, and the rest of the Special Service Squadron; 1923–24; in the Empire Cruise, a tour of the British Empire after World War I. Francesco Aurelio Geraci; 1932–1935; first Italian to circumnavigate the globe with his little wooden ship M.A.S. (Memento Audere Semper). Harry Pidgeon; 1932–1937; third single-handed circumnavigation, first person to circumnavigate solo twice (1921–1925 and 1932–1937). Electa and Irving Johnson; 1934–1958; sail training pioneers, circumnavigated the world seven times with amateur crews. Vito Dumas; 1942; single handed circumnavigation of the southern oceans, including the first single handed passage of all three great capes. Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation. Operation Sea Orbit; 1964; USS Enterprise, USS Long Beach, and USS Bainbridge; first circumnavigation by an all-nuclear naval task force. 1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation; 1966; K-133 and K-116; first underwater circumnavigation conducted by the Soviet Union. Francis Chichester; 1966–1967; first single-handed circumnavigation with just one port of call. Alec Rose; 1967–1968; single-handed circumnavigation with two stops (in Australia and New Zealand) in yawl Lively Lady (see also 21st century). Leonid Teliga; 1967–1969; single-handed circumnavigation aboard SY Opty. Robin Knox-Johnston; 1968–1969; first single-handed non-stop circumnavigation. Robin Lee Graham; 1965–1970; then youngest (at ages 16–21) solo circumnavigation aboard 24-foot sailboat Dove. Chay Blyth; 1971; first westwards single-handed non-stop circumnavigation. Edward Allcard; 1957–1973; circumnavigation via the three great capes aboard his 36-foot wooden ketch Sea Wanderer. Webb Chiles; solo circumnavigation 6 times, with the first being in 1975–1976 +Jon Sanders; 1970–2021; completed eleven circumnavigations. 1970 First solo circumnavigation trip east to west mostly sailing through tropics. 1981–82 Double nonstop solo circumnavigation west to east via Southern Ocean. 1986–88 Triple non-stop solo circumnavigation: 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes at sea. Guinness World Records cites this as the longest distance sailed non-stop by any vessel (71,023 nautical miles) +2016–17 Completed 10th circumnavigation at the age of 78, mostly singlehanded. 2019–21 Completed 11th circumnavigation at the age of 81 +USS Inchon; ETR-3 crew September 1972 – September 1973 Circumnavigation via Panama Canal Norfolk VA. East to west. Kenichi Horie; 1974; First person to sail solo non-stop across the Pacific in 1962. Circumnavigated the Earth East to West in 1974, and North to South in 1978. Also became the oldest to single hand non-stop across the Pacific in 2022 at 84. Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz; 1976–1978; first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation. Naomi James; 1977–1978; first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation via Cape Horn. Mark Schrader; 1982; completed two solo circumnavigations. In 1982–1983 became the first American to complete a solo circumnavigation via the five southernmost capes. Marvin Creamer; 21 December 1982 – 17 May 1984; only known person to circumnavigate the globe by boat with no nautical aids +Bertie Reed – 1982 – the first South African to complete three singlehanded circumnavigations. Nikolay Dzambasov; 1 September 1983 – 25 July 1985; the first Bulgarian to circumnavigate the globe; traveled in a self-made yacht. David Scott Cowper; 1985; first single-handed circumnavigation by motor boat. Peter Freeman; 14 October 1984 – 14 July 1985; Skippered a Hartley 32 ferro-cement sloop Laiviņa, from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 236 days. Set a new Guinness World Record. Dodge Morgan; 12 November 1985 – 11 April 1986; Aboard sailboat American Promise, became first American to sail solo around the world, non-stop. Trishna; 28 September 1985 – 10 January 1987; First Indian circumnavigation by an Indian Army Corps of Engineers crew. Also had the first handicapped (one-legged) sailor to sail around the globe. USS Missouri (BB-63); 10 September – 19 December 1986; Circumnavigation of recommissioned battleship for Shakedown prior to operational deployment; port calls at allies in Australia, Turkey, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. As the feat was not subsequently repeated by another battleship, and all battleships are now withdrawn from service and widely regarded as obsolete, this stands as the final global circumnavigation by a major–caliber gun armed battleship. Serge Testa; 1987; an Australian yachtsman who holds the world record for the circumnavigation in the smallest boat, completing the voyage in 1987, in his 11-foot-10-inch (3.61 m) boat, the Acrohc Australis. Teddy Seymour; 1987; aboard sailboat Love Song; the first African-American to complete solo single-handed circumnavigation. Mike Plant; 1987–1991; completed three circumnavigations. 1986–87: Won the BOC Challenge with a time of 157 days aboard Airco Distributor, an Open 50 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin. 1989: Competed in the first Vendée Globe on Duracell, an Open 60 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin. Although eliminated from the race after receiving help with a rudder repair in New Zealand, Plant still set a record for the fastest American to sail single-handed around the world with a time of 135 days. 1990/91: Finished 4th overall in the BOC Challenge, setting the highest mark in a solo-sailing event for an American with a time of 132 days. Tania Aebi; 1985–1987; American woman who completed a solo circumnavigation by the age of 21, one 80-nautical-mile (150 km) stretch with crew disqualified her from an official record. Kay Cottee; 1988; first woman to perform a solo non-stop circumnavigation. Tracy Edwards; 1989–90; skippered the first all-female crew in the 1989–1990 Whitbread Round the World Race in Maiden. David Scott Cowper; 1990; first single-handed circumnavigation via the North West Passage. William (Bill) Deltoris Pinkney III; 1990–1992; Via the 5 Great Capes of the southern oceans. He departed from Boston 5 August 1990. Sailing first to Bermuda, then along the eastern South American coastline, across the Atlantic Ocean to Cape Town, South Africa, across the Indian Ocean to Hobart, Tasmania, across the South Pacific Ocean, around Cape Horn, and up the eastern South American coastline, finally ending up back in Boston. Pinkney sailed a Valiant 47, named "Commitment". Duncan McQueen; 1992–1999; +Pat Lawless Snr; 1993–1996 Irish solo sailor, took him 3 years and 3 days in his 32-foot yacht Loon. He returned to Limerick, Ireland at the age of 70 after his solo circumnavigation. Lisa Clayton; 1994–1995; first British woman to sail single-handed and non-stop around the world. Robbie Marshall; 1995–1996; Completed a solo circumnavigation of the world on his Triumph Trophy 1200. It took him 51 weeks, after which he wrote a book about his travels. His trip was the first solo round-world account committed to tape. Brian Caldwell; 1995–1996; '1st-Under-Age-21' to complete solo circumnavigation with stops, completed by age 20. David Dicks; 1996; youngest recognized assisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 41 days. Karen Thorndike; 1996–1998; Guinness record as the first American woman to sail solo around the world without assistance, not done continuously +Henk de Velde; 1997; sailed a catamaran eastbound around the world in 119 days, non-stop. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc69baa48 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 4/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +He is still the only person in the world to perform this feat single-handed with a catamaran, although others have made faster single-handed circumnavigations in trimarans (Ellen MacArthur, 2005, and Francis Joyon, 2008). Cable and Wireless Adventurer; 1998; 74 days, 20 hours, 58 minutes, a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel. Robert E. Case; 1998–2001; American who was the first solo amputee to sail around the world. Amyr Klink; 1998–1999; Brazilian who completed a solo circumnavigation of Antarctica in 88 days. Jesse Martin; 1999; youngest recognized unassisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 66 days. Azhar Mansor; 1999; first Malaysian to sail solo around the world. Alex Thomson; 1999; youngest skipper ever to win a round the world race (Clipper 1998–1999). Daniel D. Moreland; 1997–1998; first circumnavigation of sail training vessel Picton Castle. Vinny Lauwers; 1999–2000; 233d 13h 43m 8s; 21760 nm; Vision Quest; first single-handed circumnavigation by a disabled sailor (paraplegic). Wladek Wagner, 1932–1939, first Polish citizen to sail around the world. He wrote the book By the Sun and Stars about the voyage. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76a45eb56 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 5/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== 21st century ==== +Wilfried Erdmann; 14 August 2000 – 23 July 2001 in 343 days; monohull Kathena Nui; solo westward non-stop circumnavigation. +Ellen MacArthur; 2001; monohull; circumnavigated singlehandedly as the then fastest woman. +Mike Golding; 2001; first person to circumnavigate non-stop in both eastward and westward directions. 1993 World record for a westward circumnavigation, 161 days, Group 4. 2001 Vendee Globe Race 7th position. +INS Tarangini; 2003–2004; first Indian sail naval ship to circumnavigate the globe with the theme of "building bridges of friendship across the oceans". +Bruno Peyron and crew; 2005; aboard maxi catamaran Orange II; set the then current wind-powered circumnavigation record, 50 days, 16 hours, 20 minute. +Alan Priddy; 2004–2006; circumnavigation in Alec Rose's (see 1968) Lively Lady with crews of disadvantaged young adults. +Ellen MacArthur; 2005; trimaran B&Q/Castorama; then the fastest singlehanded circumnavigation (71 days), was still the fastest woman in 2010. See also 2001. +Dee Caffari; first female to sail non-stop round the world westabout and both ways; +2005–2006; first woman to perform a solo westward non-stop circumnavigation, in 178 days. +2008-2009 Vendee Globe Race (Solo Nonstop Eastabout) onboard IMOCA 60 Aviva in 99 days 1 hrs 10 min 57 sec +Álvaro de Bazán; 2007; First circumnavigation of the globe by a Spanish warship in 142 years. +RMS Queen Mary 2; 2007 world cruise; at 148,528 gross ton, the world's largest passenger ship to circumnavigate the globe. +Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540-horsepower multi-fueled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes. +Francis Joyon; 2008; 95 ft (29 m) IDEC 2; fastest singlehanded multihull circumnavigation at that time, 57 days 13 hours 34 minutes 06 seconds. +Michael Perham; 2009; then youngest person (aged 16–17 years) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (with stops, through Panama Canal). +Franck Cammas and a crew of 10; 2010; French trimaran Groupama 3; set the fastest maritime circumnavigation at the time, in a time of 48 days, 7 hours 44 minutes and 52 seconds. +Dilip Donde (Indian Navy); 2009–2010; first Indian to carry out a solo circumnavigation; stopped in four ports – Fremantle, Lyttelton, Port Stanley and Cape Town. +Jessica Watson; 2009–2010; youngest person (aged 16) to perform a solo non-stop southern hemisphere circumnavigation (past Cape Horn). +Reid Stowe; 2007–2010; eastbound circumnavigation, 1152 days; longest time spent at sea without resupply or touching land. +Minoru Saito; 2008–2011; oldest person (aged 77) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (westbound, past Cape Horn, with stops). He has made eight singlehanded circumnavigations; after the seventh (which was non-stop) at age 71 he was already the oldest. +PlanetSolar; 2010–2012; first solar vehicle to circumnavigate the globe. +Laura Dekker; 2011–2012; youngest person (aged 14–16 years) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (with stops, through Panama Canal). +Jerome Rand, Oct 2017 to June 2018, 271 day, unsponsored, nonstop circumnavigation from Gloucester MA on a Westsail 32 (Mighty Sparrow) +British sailor Jeanne Socrates; 2018–2019; oldest woman (aged 77) to single-handedly sail around the world, non-stop without outside assistance, for a year oldest person until Bill Hatfield sailed at a higher age. Also oldest woman at the time (aged 70) to do the same thing 2012–2013, also making her first woman to make solo non-stop unassisted circumnavigation from west coast of North America (Victoria BC, Canada). Oldest, in 2010–2011 (aged 68), to sail single-handedly around the world, with stops. Both were eastbound via Cape Horn. +Bill Hatfield; 2019–2020; oldest person (at 81) to sail solo non-stop unassisted single-handedly around the world, also first person (of any age) to sail solo non-stop unassisted single-handedly westabout (westbound) around the world in an under 40 ft vessel. +Abhilash Tomy (Indian Navy); 2012–2013; first Indian to sail solo, non-stop around the world without outside assistance. Sailed south of the five southernmost capes. +Gerry Hughes; 2012–2013; first deaf yachtsman to sail single-handed around the world to pass the five great capes. On 1 September 2012, Hughes left Troon, Scotland to start his eight-month journey across the world. Hughes travel around the world solo, sailed 32,000 miles and became the first deaf yachtsman to passed all five southernmost capes. +INSV Tarini (Indian Navy); 2017–2018; six female naval officers sailed south of the five southernmost capes during their Navika Sagar Parikrama expedition; they stopped in Fremantle, Lyttelton, Port Stanley and Cape Town. +Hōkūleʻa; 2013-2019; traditionally rigged Polynesian voyaging canoe circumnavigated the world using only non-instrument navigation techniques, visiting 150 ports and 18 nations to bring awareness of and inspire indigenous communities around the world. Also disproved the then Euro-centric theory perpetuated by Thor Heyerdahl that Polynesians were not capable of deliberately crossing the Pacific by travelling from Hawai'i to Tahiti using the same traditional navigation methods in 1975. +2020–2021 Vendée Globe Race a total of 25 sailors completed a solo non-stop circumnavigation and 2 more completed a stopping. +Jason Jernigan, Oct 2019 - June 2023; Singlehanded circumnavigation via Panama and South Africa in SV Lora 1972 Alberg 30. +Cole Brauer; 2023–2024; first woman from the United States to sail single-handed around the world nonstop and unassisted. + +==== Fastest ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..181f13782 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 6/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation, and fastest mechanically powered circumnavigation (disputed with Earthrace, 2008), in 60 days 21 hours. +Jon Sanders; 1986–1988; holds the world record for completing a single-handed, non-stop, triple circumnavigation, in 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes. +Jean-Luc Van Den Heede (French); 2004; fastest westward single-handed circumnavigation, 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds. +Adrienne Cahalan (Australian); February–March 2004; fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation (crew of "Cheyenne") 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds. +Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540 horsepower multi-fueled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes. +François Gabart (French); Nov 2017–Dec 2017; current fastest single-handed circumnavigation, in 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes, 35 seconds. +Francis Joyon and crew of five sailors; Dec 2016–Jan 2017; the Maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT; current absolute (wind or mechanically powered) fastest maritime circumnavigation, in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing. Average speed of 26.85 knots (30.71 mph), covering a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles (48,915 km; 30,394 mi). +Bill Hatfield (Australian); 22 February 2020; fastest single-handed westbound circumnavigation in a vessel of under 40 feet (12 m) in length: 258 days, 22 hours, 24 minutes, and 9 seconds + +=== Aerial === + +Two open-cockpit biplanar Douglas World Cruiser floatplanes of the United States Army Air Service, piloted by Lowell H. Smith, Leslie P. Arnold, Erik H. Nelson and John Harding Jr., made the first aerial circumnavigation, in 1924, taking 175 days, covering 26,345 miles (42,398 km). +LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin, in 1929, piloted by Hugo Eckener made the first circumnavigation by an airship. It was also the then fastest aerial circumnavigation, in 21 days. +Between 1928 and 1930 Charles Kingsford Smith made a series of flights completing the first circumnavigation by monoplane and first "true" circumnavigation (crossing equator) by air. +In 1931 Wiley Post and navigator Harold Gatty made the first circumnavigation in a single-engined aircraft, completing a west to east journey within the Northern hemisphere and travelling 15,474 miles (24,903 km) in 8 days, 15 hours and 51 minutes. +In 1932, Wolfgang von Gronau made the first aerial circumnavigation by flying boat in a twin-engine Dornier seaplane, Gronland-Wal D-2053, in nearly four months, making 44 stops en route. He was accompanied by co-pilot Gerth von Roth, mechanic Franzl Hack, and radio operator Fritz Albrecht. +In 1933, Wiley Post repeated his 1931 circumnavigation by aeroplane, but this time solo, using an autopilot and radio direction finder. He made the first solo aerial circumnavigation in a time one day faster than his previous record: 7 days, 19 hours, 49 minutes, in which he covered 25,110 kilometres (15,600 mi), but did not cross the equator. +Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, a Boeing 314 piloted by Robert Ford was forced to fly from Auckland, New Zealand to New York following the westerly route. Landing in Natal, Brazil and continuing on to New York, the Ford's Boeing 314 became the first commercial aircraft to circumnavigate the world. +Richarda Morrow-Tait became the first woman pilot to fly around the world, accompanied by navigator Michael Townsend, in a year and a day, from 18 August 1948 to 19 August 1949. +In 1949, the United States Air Force B-50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II made the first non-stop aerial circumnavigation in 94 hours and 1 minute. Four in-air refuelings were required for the flight, which covered 37,743 kilometres (23,452 mi). +In 1957, three United States Air Force Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses made the first non-stop jet-aircraft circumnavigation in 45 hours and 19 minutes, with two in-air refuelings. The 39,147 kilometres (24,325 mi) flight was completed at an average speed of 525 miles per hour. +Geraldine Mock, 1964, first woman to complete a solo aerial circumnavigation, in a Cessna 180. +Flying Tigers Boeing 707, crewed by five airline pilots, completed the first circumnavigation via the poles, 14–17 November 1965, in 62 hours 27 minutes. +(Widespread introduction of Very Low Frequency navigational aids) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c8213a3f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 7/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Elgen Long, 1971, first solo circumnavigation via the poles, in a Piper Navajo. +Don Taylor, 1976, first circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft. +Ross Perot, Jr. and Jay Coburn, 1982, first circumnavigation by helicopter, by Bell 206L-1 LongRanger II +Dick Smith, 1982–1983, first solo circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Bell Jetranger III. +Donald "Rode" Rodewald, 1984, first circumnavigation by a paraplegic pilot in a Comanche 260 with hand controls. +Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, 1986, Voyager, first non-stop non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane, 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds. +Dick Smith, 1988–1989, first circumnavigation landing at both poles, in a Twin Otter. +In 1992 an Air France Concorde, registration F-BTSD, achieved the fastest non-orbital circumnavigation in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds. +Fred Lasby, 1994, oldest circumnavigation, at 82 years of age, in Piper Comanche. +Dick Smith, 1994–95, first east–west circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Sikorsky S-76, a distance traveled of 73,352 kilometres (39,407 nautical miles). +Peter Joohak Lee, 1998, first Asian to circumnavigate the globe on a single engine aircraft. Using a Cherokee 235, he traveled east for 36 days and 29,920 miles. +Brian Milton, 1998, first microlight circumnavigation. He used an open-cockpit single engine Pegasus Quantum 912. No support aircraft escorted the flight. Keith Reynolds was copilot from Webridge, Surrey, to Yuzhno Sakhalinsk, Siberia. Then, as required by the Russian authorities, navigator Petr Petrov accompanied Milton to Nome, Alaska. Milton completed the rest of the 120-day voyage solo (71 flying days). +Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones, 1999, first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3, 19 days, 1 hour and 49 minutes, covering 42,810 kilometres (26,600 mi). +Jennifer Murray, 2000, first solo circumnavigation by a woman by helicopter. +Colin Bodill, 2000, first solo circumnavigation by a microlight (Mainair Blade) in 99 days. Also held fastest circumnavigation by microlight until broken. Bodill was part of an entourage of 4 aircraft, one of which carried supplies and support. +Steve Fossett, 2 July 2002, first solo balloon circumnavigation. +Matevž Lenarčič; 2004; Circumnavigation with microlight aircraft Pipistrel". +Steve Fossett, 3 March 2005, GlobalFlyer, first non-stop, non-refueled solo circumnavigation in an airplane, 67 hours, covering 37,000 kilometres (23,000 mi). +Steve Fossett, 11 February 2006, GlobalFlyer, longest non-stop, non-refueled solo flight (with circumnavigation) in an airplane, covering 42,469.5 kilometres (26,389.3 mi), in 76 hours and 45 minutes. +Barrington Irving, 27 June 2007, Inspiration, youngest solo circumnavigation in an airplane, at that time, 23 years, 228 days; left Miami, Florida, 23 March 2007, first stop, Cleveland, Ohio. (record broken numerous times subsequently) +Rahul Monga and Anil Kumar, 2007, fastest circumnavigation in a microlight, 79 days. Team from the Indian Air Force to commemorate the 75 Anniversary of the founding of the Indian Air Force. Aircraft used was a Flight Design CTSW. They covered 40,529 kilometres (25,184 mi) in a total flight time of 247 hours and 27 minutes. +Matt Guthmiller at age 19 became the youngest pilot to circumnavigate by aircraft, solo in 2014. Since then the record has been surpassed by Australian Lachlan Smart in 2016, American Mason Andrews in 2018 and Englishman Travis Ludlow in 2021. +Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg, in the first circumnavigation by solar-powered aircraft, took off from Abu Dhabi aboard the Solar Impulse 2 on 9 March 2015, and were originally scheduled to complete their circumnavigation of the Northern Hemisphere in five months. Due to battery damage, continuation of the flight was postponed until April 2016. This circumnavigation was completed on 26 July 2016. +Michael Smith, November 2015, first solo circumnavigation in a single-engine flying boat in Progressive Aerodyne SeaRey two-seater light sport aircraft +Fyodor Konyukhov, 23 July 2016, broke the record for the fastest circumnavigation in a hot air balloon. He took "just over 11 days", breaking Steve Fossett's 2002 record of 13+1⁄2 days. +Peter Wilson and Matthew Gallagher; 7 August 2017; First circumnavigation by helicopter through antipodes. +Ravinder Bansal, 20 August 2017, became the first person of Indian origin to complete a solo circumnavigation in a single engine plane. +Shaesta Waiz, 4 October 2017, became the youngest woman to fly solo around the world in a single-engine aircraft, a feat superseded by Zara Rutherford. +Norman Surplus, 28 June 2019, first Gyroplane/Autogyro circumnavigation. Using an open cockpit, Rotorsport UK MT-03 Autogyro (Registered G-YROX – "Roxy"), Surplus flew a distance of 27,000 NM, through 32 Countries and set 19x FAI new world records. Initial departure was on 22 March 2010, but difficulty with Russian permission delayed the aircraft in Japan for 3.5 years. The circumnavigation was reset/continued from the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum, McMinnville, Oregon on 1 June 2015 and was finally successfully completed on return to the same place on 28 June 2019. +Terry W. Virts and Hamish Harding, 11 July 2019, fastest circumnavigation of the globe via the North and South Poles. Virts and Harding headed a crew of eight in a Gulfstream G650ER jet to circumnavigate the globe in a time of 46 hours, 40 minutes and 22 seconds, with an average speed of 860.95 km/h (534.97 mph). +Robert DeLaurentis, 10 August 2020, the first pilot and aircraft (Turbine Commander 900 "Citizen of the World" N29GA) to successfully circumnavigate and use biofuels over the North and South poles. Initial departure from Gillespie Field, El Cajon, CA, was 17 November 2019, completed 10 August 2020 with a five-month delay due to Pandemic. Other first-time records include the longest distance flown in a twin or single engine turboprop—18.1 hours; first and fastest Polar circumnavigation in a twin or single engine turboprop; first testing for plastic microfibers across the globe including over the South and North poles. +Zara Rutherford, 20 January 2022, became the youngest woman to fly solo around the world and the first person to complete the circumnavigation in a microlight. She began her westabout journey from her native Belgium on 18 August 2021. +Mack Rutherford, 24 August 2022, became the youngest person to circumnavigate the world by aircraft solo and youngest person to circumnavigate the world by microlight. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e0543b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 8/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Spacecraft === +On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space, and completed the first orbit of the Earth, in Vostok 1, in 108 minutes. +The second and third orbital circumnavigations, the first two to have multiple orbits, were made by Gherman Titov (17.5 orbits, a little over a day, for the Soviet Union) and John Glenn, in Friendship 7 (3 orbits, almost five hours, for the US, first American orbital flight), respectively. +The first woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit, and to also do so multiple times, was Valentina Tereshkova, who made forty-eight orbits between 16 and 19 June 1963, aboard Vostok 6. +Frank F. Borman II, James A. Lovell Jr., and William A. Anders, 21–27 December 1968, first human circumnavigation of the Earth-Moon system, 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours, aboard Apollo 8; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days. + +=== Human powered === + +Motorized transportation is permitted over water and where otherwise needed, but the human-powered distance must be a minimum of 18,000 miles (29,000 km) to qualify for a world record, according to Guinness rules since 2013. + +Thomas Stevens was the first person to circle the globe by bicycle. The feat was accomplished between 1884 and 1886. While impressive at the time, a good portion of the trip was by steamer due to technical and political constraints. +Dave Kunst walked around the world between 20 June 1970 and 10 October 1974. +Rick Hansen, a paraplegic athlete, became the first person to travel around the world in a wheelchair from 21 March 1985 to 22 May 1987, covering over 25,000 mi (40,000 km) through 34 countries on four continents. +Robert Garside is credited by Guinness World Records as the first person to run around the world from 20 October 1997 to 13 June 2003, taking 2,062 days to cover 30,000 mi (48,000 km) across 29 countries and 6 continents. +On 1 August 1999, Polly Letofsky left her home in Colorado on a five-year journey spanning four continents and 22 countries. She started her leg across Australia on 29 October 2000 from St Kilda Pier on Port Phillip Bay in Melbourne, and concluded on 22 July 2001 after arriving in Port Douglas. On 30 July 2004, she concluded her journey having walked over 22,730 km (14,120 mi), having raised over $250,000 for breast cancer research, and having officially become the first woman to have walked around the world. +Steve Strange completed the first true cycling circumnavigation, riding for 276 days in 2004–2005, following updated Guinness World Record rules for a proper circumnavigation. Nick Sanders had set the record for cycling around the Northern Hemisphere in 1984, which was considered a circumnavigation by earlier Guinness rules. +Jesper Olsen travelled 16,000 mi (26,000 km) from 1 January 2004 to 23 October 2005 during a circumnavigation solely on foot except for ocean crossings. +Colin Angus circumnavigated the Northern Hemisphere solely by human power in 2006 but did not qualify under the Guinness guidelines as a human powered circumnavigation. His attempt, however, was recognized by National Geographic. +Jason Lewis completed the first true human-powered circumnavigation (without sails or any motorized transport) from 12 July 1994 to 6 October 2007, covering 46,505 mi (74,843 km) in both the southern and northern hemispheres and reaching two antipodal points, gaining accreditation from Guinness World Records and Adventurestats by Explorersweb. +Rosie Swale-Pope travelled 20,000 mi (32,000 km) from 2 October 2003 to 25 August 2008 during a circumnavigation solely on foot except for ocean crossings. +Erden Eruç completed the first solo human-powered circumnavigation (without sails or any motorized transport) traveling by rowboat, sea kayak, foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012. Erden crossed the equator two times, passed over 12 pairs of antipodal points, and logged 41,196 mi (66,299 km) while setting 13 Guinness records for ocean rowing. +Juliana Buhring completed the first cycling circumnavigation by a solo female cyclist in 2012 following updated Guinness World Record rules for a cycling circumnavigation. She began in July and finished in December 2012 after 152 days of riding over 18,063 mi (29,070 km), averaging about 119 mi (192 km) a day. +Paola Gianotti set a record for the fastest cycling circumnavigation by a female cyclist in 2014. She began her attempt on 8 March and finished on 30 November 2014—including four months of recovery after an accident that broke a vertebra—riding for 144 days over 18,389 mi (29,594 km), averaging about 128 mi (206 km) a day. +Mark Beaumont set the current record for the fastest cycling circumnavigation in 2017. He began his attempt on 2 July and finished on 18 September 2017, after 78 days, 14 hours, and 40 minutes, averaging about 230 mi (370 km) a day on an 18,039-mile (29,031 km) ride across Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and North America. Beaumont had also broken the same record in 2008. +Jenny Graham set a record for the fastest unsupported cycling circumnavigation in 2018. She completed the attempt in 124 days, 10 hours and 50 minutes, starting in Berlin on 16 June 2018, and arriving back on 18 October. +Marie Leautey, of France, became the fastest woman to run a complete circumnavigation of the world, starting in 2019 and finishing on 1 September 2022, for a total time of 825 days. +Andrew Mortensen, of Texas, became the first openly gay man to officially cycle around the world, which he did non-continuously from 2020 until 2024. +Lael Wilcox cycled around the world, starting in Chicago. She finished on 11 September 2024, having taken 108 days, 12 hours and 12 minutes to cycle 18,125 miles, becoming the fastest woman to cycle around the world. +Ed Pratt is the second person to circumnavigate the world on a unicycle. Starting on March 14th, 2015, and taking 3 years and 135 days. The record is not officially recognized by Guinness, due to Pratt taking at least one break longer than 14 days. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddd94fa91 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 9/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Miscellaneous === +King Kalākaua traveled around the world, over land and sea, thus becoming the first reigning monarch to complete such a journey in 1881. +Nellie Bly traveled around the world with public steamboats and trains in 72 days (from 14 November 1889, to 25 January 1890), a world record, resembling the Around the World in Eighty Days novel. +Clärenore Stinnes and Carl-Axel Söderström were the first persons to drive around the world in a car between 25 May 1927 and 24 June 1929. +Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen, in a Klemm L.20 aircraft over land and via ship for ocean legs, circumnavigated the globe solo, between August 1928 and November 1929. +Mrs Victor Bruce completed the first solo partially aerial circumnavigation by a woman (crossing oceans by vessel) in 1931. +Beginning in Montreal, Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958, becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle. +Heinz Stücke has been cycling around the world since 1962. +Arthur Blessitt has been walking around the world carrying a 45 lb (20 kg) wooden cross since 25 December 1969, covering 42,279 miles (68,041 km) through 324 countries. As of 13 June 2008, aged 67, he had walked in every country of the world, since when he has returned to some. +Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Charles Burton, et al.; 1979–1982; first circumnavigation via the North and South Poles on the Transglobe Expedition. +Garry Sowerby holds four world records for circumnavigation in an automobile. +Vladimir Lysenko circumnavigated the globe from west to east, deviating no more than two degrees of latitude from the Equator. Starting in Libreville, Gabon, Lysenko crossed (in a car, a motor boat, a yacht, a ship, a kayak, a bicycle, and by foot) Africa, Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Pacific Ocean, South America and Atlantic Ocean, finishing in Libreville in 2012. +Kane Avellano became the youngest person to circumnavigate the globe by motorcycle on a trip completed just one day before his 24th birthday. The circumnavigation began on 31 May 2016 and ended on 19 January 2017, with a total duration of 233 days. Avellano covered more than 28,000 miles (45,062 km), passing through 36 countries and 6 continents. +The second season of Jet Lag: The Game, recorded in 2022, featured Sam Denby, Joseph Pisenti, Adam Chase and Ben Doyle racing to circumnavigate the world on commercial flights while completing various challenges; the race was won by Chase and Doyle after 93 hours of game time. +On 26 March 2024, Lexie Alford set a world record as the first person to circumnavigate the globe in an electric vehicle, completing a 30,000 kilometres (19,000 mi) journey in the new all-electric Ford Explorer. The expedition, part of her "Charge Around The Globe" initiative with Ford, spanned six continents and 27 countries. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a08b1ba0b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "List of circumnavigations" +chunk: 10/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Non-global == +Phoenician expedition sent by Pharaoh Necho II; c. 600 BC; possibly circumnavigating Africa. +Pytheas of Massalia apparently circumnavigated the British Isles circa 325 BC, though his account of the exploration is lost, except for references to it in the works of classical historians. +Jacques Cartier; 1534–1535; first circumnavigation of Newfoundland. +García de Nodal; 1619; first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego. +Abel Tasman; 1642–1643; first circumnavigation of the Australian continent (including New Guinea and Tasmania). +James Cook; 1769–1770; first circumnavigation of New Zealand. +James Cook; 1772–1775; first high-southern circumnavigation of Antarctica (including New Zealand's South Island). +George Bass and Matthew Flinders; 1798; first circumnavigation of Tasmania, Australia. +Matthew Flinders; 1801–1803; first circumnavigation of Australia (without Tasmania). +Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen; 1820–1821; first circumnavigation of Antarctica (without New Zealand). +Robert McClure; 1850–1854; first both to circumnavigate the Americas, and to transit the Northwest Passage. All by sea save for a 550-mile stretch on foot over pack ice in the Parry Channel, from Mercy Bay to Beechey Island. +Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld; 1878–1879; first circumnavigation of Eurasia, via the Northeast Passage and the Suez Canal, during the Vega expedition. +St Roch; 1940–1942 and 1950; first vessel to circumnavigate North America. 1940–1942 Vancouver to Halifax, Nova Scotia, via the Northwest Passage. 1950, Halifax to Vancouver, via the Panama Canal. +HMCS Labrador (AW 50); 1954; first vessel to circumnavigate North America in a single voyage, via the Panama Canal. Halifax west through Northwest Passage. South to Panama canal and return to Halifax. +USS Belmont; 1967; circumnavigated South America via the Panama Canal. +Apollo 8; 23 December 1968; first crewed circumnavigation of the Moon. +CCGS Hudson; 1970; first circumnavigation of North and South America entirely by sea, including the Northwest Passage. +Miles Clark; 1992; circumnavigation of Europe, going from the White Sea to the Black Sea through several Russian waterways. +The making waves foundation project team, 2003, achieved the world record for a non-stop, unassisted circumnavigation around Australia by a monohulled vessel. The 7 person crew was made up of Albert Lee (double amputee), Al Grundy (polio), Kim Jaggar (amputee), David Pescud (dyslexic), Phil Thompson (amputee), Harald Merlieb (hearing impaired) and Brett Pearce (spina bifida). It took skipper David Pescud, and his disabled crew 37 days and 1 hour to complete the sail. +Phoenicia (a replica of a Phoenician ship); 2009–2010; remade the possible circumnavigation of Africa, but completed the modern trip by going from Syria to the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. +Børge Ousland in the yacht Northern Passage July–October 2010 and Daniel Gavrilov in the yacht Peter I; June–November 2010; first circumnavigation of the Arctic in a single season. Ousland claims to have crossed his wake north of Bergen on 14 October; it's unclear when Gavrilov crossed his wake. +Matt Rutherford; June 2011 – April 2012; first single-handed, non-stop 27,000 mi (43,000 km) sailing circumnavigation of the Americas, leaving from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, through the Northwest Passage, around Cape Horn, and back to the Chesapeake Bay. The Scott Polar Research Institute officially recognized Rutherford's 27 ft (8.2 m) sailboat as the smallest vessel to ever transit the Northwest Passage. +Tim Batstone; 1984; first non-stop windsurfing circumnavigation of the British Isles. +Jonathan Dunnett; June–September 2015; first single-handed and unsupported, non-stop windsurfing circumnavigation of Britain. +Jonathan Dunnett; May 2017 – May 2019; first single-handed and unsupported, non-stop windsurfing circumnavigation of Europe, from the border of Russia with Norway, to the border between Russia and Ukraine. + +== See also == + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df5d502a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "List of cliffs by continent" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world. + +== Asia == + +=== Above sea === +Ra's Sajir, Oman, 900 m (3,000 ft) above the Arabian Sea +Tōjinbō, Sakai, Fukui prefecture, Japan 25 m above Sea of Japan +Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. +Theoprosopon, between Chekka and Selaata in north Lebanon jutting into the Mediterranean. + +=== Above land === +Nanga Parbat, Rupal Face, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, 4,600 m +Gyala Peri, southeast face, Mêdog County, Tibet, China, 4,600 m +Ultar Sar southwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,000 m +Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. +Trango Towers: East Face Great Trango Tower, Baltoro Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,340 m (near vertical headwall), 2,100 m (very steep overall drop from East Summit to Dunge Glacier). Northwest Face drops approximately 2,200 m to the Trango Glacier below, but with a taller slab topped out with a shorter overhanging headwall of approximately 1,000 m. The Southwest "Azeem" Ridge forms the group's tallest steep rise of roughly 2,286 m from the Trango Glacier to the Southwest summit. +Uli Biaho Towers, Baltoro Glacier, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan +Baintha Brakk (The Ogre), Panmah Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2,000 m +The Latok Group, Panmah Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,800 m +Spantik northwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2,000 m +Shispare Sar southwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,200 m +Hunza Peak south face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,700 m +Lhotse south face, Mahalangur Himal, Nepal, 3,200 m +Lhotse northeast face, Mahalangur Himal, Nepal, 2,900 m +K2 west face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2,900 m +Meru Peak, Uttarakhand, India, 1,200 m. +Ramon Crater, Israel, 400 m +Various cliffs in the Ak-Su Valley of Kyrgyzstan are high and steep. +World's End, Horton Plains, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. It has a sheer drop of about 1,200 m. +Various cliffs in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Hunan Province, China. The cliffs can get to around 300 m. + +== Europe == + +=== Above sea === +Hornelen, Norway, 860 m above Skatestraumen +Los Gigantes, Tenerife, Spain, 800m above Atlantic Ocean +Cape Enniberg, Faroe Islands, 750 m above North Atlantic +Croaghaun, Achill Island, Ireland, 688 m above Atlantic Ocean +Hvanndalabjarg, Ólafsfjörður, Iceland, 630 m above Atlantic Ocean +Vixía Herbeira, Northern Galicia, Spain, 621 m above Atlantic Ocean +Preikestolen, Norway, 604 m above Lysefjorden +Slieve League, Ireland, 601 m above Atlantic Ocean + +Monte Solaro, Capri, Italy, 589 m above the Mediterranean Sea +Jaizkibel, Spain, 547 m above the Bay of Biscay +Beinisvørð, Faroe Islands, 470 m above North Atlantic +Conachair, St Kilda, Scotland 427 m above Atlantic Ocean, highest sea cliff in the UK +Cap Canaille, France, 394 m above Mediterranean sea is the highest sea cliff in France +The Kame, Foula, Shetland, 376 m above the North Atlantic, second highest sea cliff in the UK +St John's Head, Hoy, Orkney, 335m above the North Atlantic, highest purely vertical sea cliff in the UK +Hangman cliffs, Devon 318 m above Bristol Channel is the highest sea cliff in England +Benwee Head Cliffs, Erris, County Mayo, Ireland, 304 m above Atlantic Ocean +Dingli Cliffs, Malta, 250 m above Mediterranean sea +High Cliff, between Boscastle and St Gennys, 223 m above Celtic Sea +Cliffs of Moher, Ireland, 217 m above Atlantic Ocean +Beachy Head, England, 162 m above the English Channel +Møns Klint, Denmark, 143 m above Baltic Sea +Le Tréport, France, 110 m above the English Channel +White cliffs of Dover, England, 100 m above the Strait of Dover +Étretat, France, 84 m above the English Channel +Kaliakra cliffs, Bulgaria, more than 70 m above the Black Sea +Ontika Limestone cliff, Estonia, 55 m above Baltic Sea. +Snake Island, Ukraine, 41 m above the Black Sea + +=== Above land === +The six great north faces of the Alps (Eiger 1,500 m, Matterhorn 1,350 m, Grandes Jorasses 1,100 m, Petit Dru 1,000 m, and Piz Badile 850 m, Cima Grande di Lavaredo 450 m) +Troll Wall, Norway 1,100 m above base +Mięguszowiecki Szczyt north face rises to 1,043 m above Morskie Oko lake level, High Tatras, Poland +Kjerag, Norway 984 m. +Giewont (north face), Tatra Mountains, Poland, 852 m above Polana Strążyska glade +Mont Granier, in the French Chartreuse Mountains, 700 m +Vihren peak north face, Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria 460 m to the (Golemiya Kazan) +Dvuglav, Rila Mountain, Bulgaria 460 m (south face) +Vratsata, Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park, Bulgaria 400 m +Belogradchik Rocks, Bulgaria - up to 200 m high sandstone towers + +== North America == + +Several big granite faces in the Arctic region vie for the title of 'highest vertical drop on Earth', but reliable measurements are not always available. The possible contenders include (measurements are approximate): + +Mount Thor, Baffin Island, Canada; 1,370 metres (4,490 ft) total; the top 480 metres (1,570 ft) are overhanging. This is commonly regarded as being the largest vertical drop on Earth [1] at 1,250 metres (4,100 ft). +The sheer north face of Polar Sun Spire, Baffin Island, rises 4,300 ft above the flat frozen fjord, although the lower portion of the face breaks from the vertical wall with a series of ledges and buttresses. +Ketil's and its neighbor Ulamertorsuaq's west faces in Tasermiut, Greenland have been reported as over 1,000 m high. Another relevant cliff in Greenland is Agdlerussakasit's Thumbnail. +Other notable cliffs include: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9985b6e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- +title: "List of cliffs by continent" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Mount Asgard, Baffin Island, Canada; vertical drop of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft). +El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, California, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) +Toroweap (a.k.a. Tuweep), Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) +Painted Wall in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado, United States; 685 m (2,250 ft) +Northwest Face of Half Dome, near El Capitan, California, United States; 1,444 m (4,737 ft) total, vertical portion about 610 m (2,000 ft) +The west face of Notch Peak in the House Range of southwestern Utah, U.S.; a carbonate rock pure vertical drop of about 670 m (2,200 ft), with 4,450 feet (1,356 m) from the top of the cliff to valley floor (bottom of the canyon below the notch) +East face of the West Temple in Zion National Park, Utah, United States believed to be the tallest sandstone cliff in the world, 670 m +All faces of Devils Tower, Wyoming, United States, 195 m +Faces of Shiprock, New Mexico, United States, 400 m +Cap Éternité of Saguenay River, Quebec, Canada, 347 m +The North Face of North Twin Peak, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada, 1,200 m +Raftsmen's Acropolis, a rock face of the Montagne des Érables, Quebec, Canada, 800 m +Rockwall, Kootenay National Park, British Columbia, Canada, 30 km of mostly unbroken cliffs up to 900 m +All walls of the Stawamus Chief, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada, up to 500 m +Calvert Cliffs along the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, U.S. 25 m +Mount Siyeh, Glacier National Park (U.S.) north face, 1,270 m (4,170 ft) +Longs Peak Diamond, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, United States, 400 m +Royal Gorge cliffs, Colorado, United States, 350 m +Doublet Peak, southwest face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, United States, 370 m +Big Sandy Mountain, east face buttress, Wind River Range, Wyoming, US, 550 m +Temple Peak, east face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, US,400 m +East Temple Peak, north face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, US, 450 m +Uncompahgre Peak, northeast face, San Juan Range, Colorado, US, 275 m (550 m rise above surrounding plateau) +Grand Teton, north face Teton Range, Wyoming, US 760 m (2,490 ft) +Ättestupan Cliff, northern side of Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord, Greenland 1,300 m (4,300 ft) + +== South America == + +Pared Sur Cerro Aconcagua. Las Heras, Mendoza, Argentina, 2,700 m +Scratched Stone (Pedra Riscada), São José do Divino/MG, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1,480 m +All faces of Auyan Tepui, along with all other Tepuis, Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana, Auyan Tepui is about 1,000 m (location of Angel Falls) (the falls are 979 m, the highest in the world) +Pared de Gocta, Peru, 771 m +Pedra Azul, Pedra Azul State Park, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 540 m +Pão de Açúcar/Sugar Loaf, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 395 m +All faces of Cerro Torre, Patagonia, Chile-Argentina +All faces of Cerro Chalten (Fitz Roy), Patagonia, Argentina-Chile, 1200 m +Faces of the Torres del Paine group, Patagonia, Chile, up to 900 m + +== Africa == + +=== Above sea === +Faneque, Gran Canaria, Spain, 1,027 m above Atlantic Ocean +Karbonkelberg, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 653 m (2,142 ft) above Hout Bay, Atlantic Ocean +Los Gigantes, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 637 m (2,090 ft) above Atlantic Ocean +Chapman's Peak, Western Cape, South Africa, 596 m (1,955 ft) above Atlantic Ocean +Anaga's Cliffs, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 592 m (1,942 ft) above Atlantic Ocean +Cabo Girão, Madeira, Portugal, 589 m above Atlantic Ocean +Cape Hangklip, Western Cape, South Africa, 453.1 m (1,487 ft) above False Bay, Atlantic Ocean +Cape Point, Western Cape, South Africa, 249 m (817 ft) above Atlantic Ocean + +=== Above land === +Drakensberg Amphitheatre, South Africa 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above base, 5 km (3.1 mi) long. The Tugela Falls, the world's second tallest waterfall, falls 948 m (3,110 ft) over the edge of the cliff face. +Mount Meru, Tanzania Caldera Cliffs, 1,500 m (4,900 ft) +Tsaranoro, Madagascar, 700 m (2,300 ft) above base +Karambony, Madagascar, 380 m (1,250 ft) above base. +Innumerable peaks in the Drakensberg mountains of South Africa are considered cliff formations. The Drakensberg Range is regarded, together with Ethiopia's Simien Mountains, as one of the two finest erosional mountain ranges on Earth. Because of their near-unique geological formation, the range has an extraordinarily high percentage of cliff faces making up its length, particularly along the highest portion of the range. This portion of the range is virtually uninterrupted cliff faces, ranging from 600 m (2,000 ft) to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in height for almost 250 km (160 mi). Of all, the "Drakensberg Amphitheatre" (mentioned above) is most well known. Other notable cliffs include the Trojan Wall, Cleft Peak, Injisuthi Triplets, Cathedral Peak, Monk's Cowl, Mnweni Buttress, etc. The cliff faces of the Blyde River Canyon, still part of the Drakensberg, may be over 800 m (2,600 ft), with the main face of the Swadini Buttress approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) tall. + +== Oceania == + +=== Above sea === +Mitre Peak, New Zealand, 1,683 m above Milford Sound + +The Lion, New Zealand, 1,302 m above Milford Sound (drops from approx 1,280 m to sea level in a very short distance) +The Elephant, New Zealand, has cliffs falling approx 1,180m into Milford Sound, and a 900 m drop in less than 300 m horizontally +Kalaupapa, Hawaii, 1,010 m above Pacific Ocean +Great Australian Bight +Zuytdorp Cliffs in Western Australia +Ball's Pyramid, a sea stack 562 m high and only 200 m across at its base +The Twelve Apostles (Victoria). A series of sea stacks in Australia, ranging from approximately 50 to 70 m above the Bass Strait +Tasman National Park, Tasmania, has 300 m dolerite sea cliffs dropping directly to the ocean in columnar form +Lovers Leap, Highcliff, and The Chasm, on Otago Peninsula, New Zealand, all 200 to 300 m above the Pacific Ocean + +=== Above land === +Mount Banks in the Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales, Australia: west of its saddle there is a 490 m fall within 100 m horizontally. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..306cae043 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ +--- +title: "List of coalfields" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A coalfield is an area of certain uniform characteristics where coal is mined. The criteria for determining the approximate boundary of a coalfield are geographical and cultural, in addition to geological. A coalfield often groups the seams of coal, railroad companies, cultural groups, and watersheds and other geographical considerations. At one time the coalfield designation was an important category in business and industrial discussions. The terminology declined into unimportance as the 20th century progressed, and was probably only referred to by a few small railroads and history buffs by the 1980s. Renewed interest in industrial heritage and coal mining history has brought the old names of the coalfields before a larger audience. + +== Australia == + +=== New South Wales === +Gunnedah Basin coalfields +Hunter Valley coalfields +South Maitland coalfields +Sydney Basin coalfields + +=== Queensland === +Bowen Basin coalfields +Galilee Basin coalfields +Surat Basin coalfields +Walloon coalfields + +=== Victoria === +Latrobe Valley coalfields + +=== Western Australia === +Collie coalfields + +== Belgium == +Borinage Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) +Campine Coalfield (1917–1992) +Centre Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) +Charleroi Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1984) +Liege Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1980) + +== Canada == + +Ardley coalfield +Beersville Coalfield +Carbon-Thompson coalfield +Comox Coalfield +Crowsnest coalfield +Cypress Coalfield +Daly-Weaver coalfield +Dominion coalfield +Drumheller coalfield +East Kootenay coalfield +Elk Valley Coalfield +Estevan Coalfield +Flathead Coalfield +Gething coalfield +Hat Creek Coalfield +Howley Coalfield +Inverness Coalfield +Joggins River Herbert Coalfield +Lethbridge coalfield +Mabou Coalfield +MacKay coalfield +Mannville coalfield +Merritt Coalfield +Minto Coalfield +Nanaimo Coalfield +Onakawana Coalfield +Peace River coalfield +Pictou Coalfield +Princeton Coalfield +St. George Coalfield +St Rose-Chimney Corner Coalfield +Spring Hill Coalfield +Sydney Coalfield +Taber coalfield +Tulameen Coalfield +Willow Bunch Coalfield +Wood Mountain Coalfield + +== Chile == + +Curanilahue Coalfield, Curanilahue, Bío Bío Region +Boca Lebu Coalfield, Lebu, Bío Bío Region +Lirquén Coalfield, Penco, Bío Bío Region +Loreto Coalfield, Punta Arenas, Magallanes Region +Lota Coalfield, Lota, Bío Bío Region +Mulpún Coalfield, Mafil, Los Ríos Region +Puchoco Coalfield, Coronel, Bío Bío Region + +== China == + +Juye coalfield +Sha'er Lake coalfield +Zhunggar coalfield + +== Colombia == + +Colombia has the largest coal reserves in Latin America and is a major exporter. + +Cerrejón, in La Guajira +Guajira coalfield + +== France == +Aumance Coalfield +Blanzy Coalfield +Brassac Coalfield +Carmaux Coalfield +Champagnac Coalfield +Dauphiné Coalfield +Decazeville Coalfield +Epinac Coalfield +Gard Coalfield +Hérault Coalfield +Loire Coalfield +Lorraine Coalfield (1820–2004) +La Machine Coalfield +Messeix Coalfield +Nord-Pas-de-Calais Coalfield (1852–1990) +Provence Coalfield +St Eloi Coalfield + +== Germany == +Aachen Coalfield +Erkelenz Coalfield (1914–1997) +Inde Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1944) +Wurm Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1992) +Ibbenbüren Coalfield (Middle Ages – 2018) +Lugau-Oelsnitz Coalfield (1844–1971) +Ruhr Coalfield (Middle Ages – 2018) +Saar Coalfield (Middle Ages – 2012) +Zwickau Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1979) + +== Great Britain == + +=== England === +Bristol Coalfield +Cheadle Coalfield +Clee Hills Coalfield +Coalbrookdale Coalfield +Cumberland Coalfield +Durham Coalfield +East Staffordshire Coalfield +Forest of Dean Coalfield +Ingleton Coalfield +Kent Coalfield +Lancashire Coalfield +Burnley Coalfield +South Lancashire Coalfield +Cheshire Coalfield +Manchester Coalfield +Oldham Coalfield +St Helens Coalfield +Wigan Coalfield +Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield +Midgeholme Coalfield +Newent Coalfield +Oxfordshire-Berkshire Coalfield +North Staffordshire Coalfield +Northumberland Coalfield +Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Coalfield +Oswestry Coalfield +Shrewsbury Coalfield +Shropshire Coalfield +Somerset Coalfield +South Staffordshire Coalfield +Cannock Chase Coalfield +Warwickshire Coalfield +Wyre Forest Coalfield +Yorkshire Coalfield +South Yorkshire Coalfield + +=== Scotland === +Ayrshire Coalfield +Central Ayrshire Coalfield +South Ayrshire Coalfield +Brora Coalfield +Canonbie Coalfield +Central Coalfield +Clackmannan Coalfield +Dailly Coalfield +Douglas Coalfield +Fife Coalfield +Central Fife Coalfield +East Fife Coalfield +West Fife Coalfield +Lanarkshire Coalfield +Lothians Coalfield +Machrihanish Coalfield +Midlothian Coalfield +Northeast Stirlingshire Coalfield +Sanquhar Coalfield +Scremerston Coalfield + +=== Wales === +Anglesey Coalfield +North Wales Coalfield +Denbighshire Coalfield +Flintshire Coalfield +Pembrokeshire Coalfield +South Wales Coalfield + +== India == + +Chirimiri Coalfield +Daltonganj Coalfield +Delhi-Jaipur Coalfield +Deoghar Coalfield +East Bokaro Coalfield +Ib Valley Coalfield +Jharia Coalfield +Jhilimili Coalfield +Kamptee Coalfield +Korba Coalfield +Makum Coalfield +Mand Raigarh Coalfield +Namchik-Namphuk Coalfield +North Karanpura Coalfield +Pench Kanhan Coalfield +Rajmahal coalfield +Ramgarh Coalfield +Raniganj Coalfield +Singrauli Coalfield +Singareni Coalfield +Sohagpur Coalfield +South Eastern Coalfields +South Karanpura Coalfield +Talcher Coalfield +Umaria Coalfield +Wardha Valley Coalfield +West Bokaro Coalfield + +== Japan == + +=== Hokkaidō === +Ishikari coalfield +Kayanuma coalfield +Kushiro coalfield +Rumoi coalfield +Tenpoku coalfield + +=== Honshū === +Jōban coalfield +Omine coalfield +Ube coalfield + +=== Kyūshū === +Amakusa coalfield +Chikuhō coalfield +Miike coalfield +Nishisonogi coalfield + +== The Netherlands == +Limburg Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1974) +Peel Coalfield (1955–1962) + +== New Zealand == + +Ashers-Waituna coalfield +Rotowaro +Stockton + +== Pakistan == + +Thar Coalfield + +== Poland == + +Lower Silesia Coalfield +Lublin Coalfield +Upper Silesian Coal Basin + +== Russia == +Ulug-Khem coal basin + +== South Africa == + +Ermelo Coalfield +Highveld Coalfield +Klip River Coalfield +Utrecht Coalfield +Waterberg Coalfield +Witbank Coalfield + +== Ukraine == + +Bogdanovskoye coalfield +Dnieper Coalfield (lignite) +Donets Coalfield, sometimes known by its misnomer Donetsk Coalfield +Lviv-Volhynian Coalfield + +== United States == + +=== Alabama === +Cahaba Coalfield +Coosa Coalfield +Lookout Mountain Coalfield +Sand Mountain Coalfield +Warrior Coalfield + +=== Alaska === +Nenana Coalfield + +=== Arkansas === +Arkansas Valley Coalfield + +=== Colorado === +Book Cliffs Coalfield +Boulder-Weld Coalfield +Canyon City Coalfield +Colorado Springs Coalfield +Crested Butte Coalfield +Dan Forth Hills Coalfield +Durango Coalfield +Grand Hogback Coalfield +Grand Mesa Coalfield +North Park Coalfield +Nucla Naturita Coalfield +Pagosa Springs Coalfield +Somerset Colorado Coalfield +South Park Coalfield +Trinidad Coalfield +Yampa Coalfield + +=== Illinois === +Harrisburg Coalfield +Southern Illinois + +=== Indiana === +Southwestern Indiana + +=== Iowa === +Appanoose-Wayne Coalfield +Eldora Coalfield +Fort Dodge Coalfield +Walnut Creek Coalfield + +=== Kansas === +Pittsburg-Weir Coalfield + +=== Kentucky === + +Cincinnati-Southern Coalfield +Cumberland Gap Coalfield +Elkhorn Coalfield +Harlan Coalfield +Hazard Coalfield +Jellico Coalfield +Kenova Coalfield +Paintsville Coalfield +Thacker Coalfield +West Kentucky Coalfield + +=== Maryland === +Cassellman Coalfield +Georges Creek Coalfield +Lower Youghiogheny Coalfield +Upper Potomac Coalfield +Upper Youghiogheny Coalfield + +=== North Carolina === +Dan River Coalfield +Deep River Coalfield + +=== Ohio === +Amsterdam-Salineville Coalfield +Cambridge Coalfield +Coshocton Coalfield +Crooksville Coalfield +Federal Creek Coalfield +Goshen Coalfield +Hocking Coalfield +Ironton Coalfield +Jackson Coalfield +Lisbon Coalfield +Massillion Coalfield +Meigs Creek Coalfield +Palmyra Coalfield +Pittsburgh No. 8 Coalfield +Pomeroy Coalfield + +=== Oklahoma === +Arkoma Basin Coalfield +Northeastern Shelf Coalfield +Oklahoma Coalfield + +=== Oregon === +Coos Bay Coalfield \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bedea9d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +--- +title: "List of coalfields" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Pennsylvania === +Anthracite Coalfield (Coal Region) +Beaver Coalfield +Bennetts Branch Coalfield +Bernice Coalfield +Black Lick Coalfield (aka Nanto Glo Coalfield) +Blossburg Coalfield +Broad Top Coalfield +Butler Coalfield +Cameron Coalfield +Clarion Coalfield +Clearfield Coalfield +Connellsville Coalfield +Freeport Coalfield +Georges Creek Coalfield +Indian Valley Coalfield +Indiana Coalfield +Irwin Gas Coalfield +Keating Coalfield +Kittanning Coalfield +Klondike Coalfield +Ligonier Coalfield +Low Grade Division Coalfield +Mercer Coalfield +Meyersdale Coalfield +Moshannon Coalfield +Mountain Coalfield +Pittsburgh Coalfield +Punxsutawney Coalfield +Ralston Coalfield +Shawmut Coalfield +Snowshoe Coalfield +Somerset Pennsylvania Coalfield +Westmoreland Coalfield +Windber Coalfield + +=== Tennessee === +Cumberland Gap Coalfield +Jellico Coalfield +Lafollette Coalfield +Rockwood Coalfield +Soddy Coalfield +Wartburg Coalfield + +=== Utah === +Blacktail Coalfield +Book Cliffs Coalfield +Castlegate Coalfield +Coalville Coalfield +Emery Coalfield +Harmony Coalfield +Henry Mountains Coalfield +Kaiporonitis Plateau Coalfield +Kolob Plateau Coalfield +Sunnyside Coalfield +Teton Basin Coalfield +Vernal Coalfield +Wasatch Plateau + +=== Virginia === +Buchanan Coalfield +Clinch Valley Coalfield +Pocahontas Coalfield +Richmond Coalfield +Southwestern Coalfield (Big Stone Gap Coalfield) +Valley Coalfield (anthracite) + +=== West Virginia === +Elkins Coalfield +Fairmont Coalfield +Greenbrier Coalfield +Kanawha Coalfield +Logan Coalfield +Meadow Branch Coalfield (anthracite) +New River Coalfield +Panhandle Coalfield +Pocahontas Coalfield +Upper Potomac Coalfield +Williamson Coalfield +Winding Gulf Coalfield + +=== Wyoming === +Bighorn Coalfield +Black Hills Coalfield +Goshen Hole Coalfield +Green River Coalfield +Hams Fork Coalfield +Hanna Coalfield +Jackson Hole Coalfield +Powder River Coalfield (aka Gillette Coalfield) +Rock Creek Coalfield +Wind River Coalfield + +== Venezuela == + +Guasare coalfield + +== See also == +List of oil fields +Major coal producing regions + +== References == +"COAL". Pakistaneconomist.com. Retrieved 26 January 2017. +"Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation". www.pmdc.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 26 August 2001. Retrieved 14 January 2022. +"Coal Mining in Pakistan – Overview". Mbendi.co.za. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017. +"Archived copy". www.pakistan.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) +"USTDA Grant to Support Integrated Coal Mining, Power Generation Project in Pakistan - U.S. Embassy Islamabad Pakistan". islamabad.usembassy.gov. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2022. +Lesher, C.E. State of Kentucky – Coalfields and Producing Districts (Map). Scale 1:1,000,000. Washington D.C. U.S. Geological Survey. 1919 +Lesher, C.E. State of West Virginia and Part of Maryland – Coalfields and Producing Districts (Map). Scale 1:1,000,000. Washington D.C. U.S. Geological Survey. 1919 +Lesher, C.E. State of Ohio – Coalfields and Producing Districts (Map). Scale 1:1,000,000. Washington D.C. U.S. Geological Survey. 1919 +Lesher, C.E. State of Pennsylvania – Coalfields and Producing Districts (Map). Scale 1:1,000,000. Washington D.C. U.S. Geological Survey. 1919 +Lesher, C.E. State of Virginia – Coalfields and Producing Districts (Map). Scale 1:1,000,000. Washington D.C. U.S. Geological Survey. 1919 +Lesher, C.E. State of Tennessee – Coalfields and Producing Districts (Map). Scale 1:1,000,000. Washington D.C. U.S. Geological Survey. 1919 +Lesher, C.E. State of Alabama and Part of Georgia – Coalfields and Producing Districts (Map). Scale 1:1,000,000. Washington D.C. U.S. Geological Survey. 1919 + +== Notes == + +== External links == +Coal Camp USA: Coalfields of the Appalachian Mountains +Coal Mining in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society) +Online mapping of Coal Mining sites in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3baf19e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- +title: "List of comedy drama television series" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:55.975455+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of television series in the comedy drama (aka dramedy) genre. + + +== A == + + +== B == + + +== C == + + +== D == + + +== E == + + +== F == + + +== G == + + +== H == + + +== I == + + +== J == + + +== K == + + +== L == + + +== M == + + +== N == + + +== O == + + +== P == + + +== R == + + +== S == + + +== T == + + +== U == + + +== V == + + +== W == + + +== X == + + +== Y == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..471cf68c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries and dependencies by area" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:59.783176+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies, ranked by total area, including land and water. +This list includes entries that are not limited to those in the ISO 3166-1 standard, which covers sovereign states and dependent territories. All 193 member states of the United Nations plus the two observer states are given a rank number. Largely unrecognised states not in ISO 3166-1 are included in the list in ranked order. The areas of such largely unrecognised states are in most cases also included in the areas of the more widely recognised states that claim the same territory; see the notes in the "Notes" column for each country for clarification. +Not included in the list are entities such as the European Union which do not encompass any non-overlapping preclaimed land. +This list includes three measurements of area: + +Total area: the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines. +Land area: the aggregate of all land within international boundaries and coastlines, excluding water area. +Inland water area: the sum of the surface areas of all inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, and rivers) within international boundaries and coastlines. Coastal internal waters may be included. Territorial seas, contiguous zones and exclusive economic zones are not included unless otherwise noted. +Total area is taken from the United Nations Statistics Division unless otherwise noted. Land and water are taken from the Food and Agriculture Organization unless otherwise noted. The CIA World Factbook is most often used when different UN departments disagree. Other sources and details for each entry may be specified in the relevant footnote. + + +== Countries and dependencies by area == +For a list of countries by maritime area see: Exclusive economic zone#Rankings_by_total_maritime_area + + +== See also == + +List of countries and dependencies by population density +List of countries and dependencies by population +List of largest cities +List of largest empires +Lists of political and geographic subdivisions by total area +List of sovereign states +Orders of magnitude (area) +regional lists: +List of African countries by area +List of Asian countries by area +List of European countries by area +List of North American countries by area +List of South American countries by area + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Encyclopaedia Britannica: List of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories by total area +https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/largest-countries-in-the-world +https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm +cia.gov \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c47eb4ed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries and dependencies by length of coastline" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:06.292644+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article contains a list of countries and dependencies by length of coastline, in kilometers. Though the coastline paradox stipulates that coastlines do not have a well-defined length, there are various methods in use to measure coastlines through ratios and other metrics. A coastline of zero indicates that the country is landlocked. + + +== Coastline paradox == + +The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be. This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones. + + +== Data sources == +Data marked The World Factbook or TWF is derived from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency and covers 198 countries and 55 territories. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries. + +Data marked World Resources Institute or WRI covers 182 independent countries and 13 dependencies, based on data calculated in 2000 from the World Vector Shoreline, United States Defense Mapping Agency, 1989. It may include territories whose status have changed. According to their technical notes,"Coastline length was derived from the World Vector Shoreline database at 1:250,000 scale. The estimates (...) were calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and an underlying database consistent for the entire world. The methodology used to estimate length is based on the following: 1) A country's coastline is made up of individual lines, and an individual line has two or more vertices and/or nodes. 2) The length between two vertices is calculated on the surface of a sphere. 3) The sum of the lengths of the pairs of vertices is aggregated for each individual line, and 4) the sum of the lengths of individual lines was aggregated for a country. In general, the coastline length of islands that are part of a country, but are not overseas territories, are included in the coastline estimate for that country (e.g., Canary Islands are included in Spain). Coastline length for overseas territories and dependencies are listed separately. Disputed areas are not included in country or regional totals."In addition to coastline lengths, The World Factbook is the source of the land area used to calculate the "coast/area ratio" for both coastline measurements. This ratio measures how many metres of coastline correspond to every square kilometer of land area. The ratio illustrates the ease of accessibility to the country's coast from every point in its interior. Therefore, an island country like Maldives, or a country carved by the sea like Greece, is more likely to have a high ratio, while a landlocked country will have a ratio of zero. + + +== List == +Data are from the CIA World Factbook and the World Resources Institute. Non-sovereign areas are listed in italics. + + +== See also == +Coastal India +Coastline of Brazil +Coastline of China +Coastline of Malta +Coastline of New Zealand +Coastline of the United Kingdom +Coastline of Western Australia +List of countries bordering on two or more oceans +List of U.S. states by coastline + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Eric Bird (2011). "1.5 Coastline length". Coastal Geomorphology: An Introduction. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-96435-3. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c982d0753 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries and territories by number of land borders" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:01.400162+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list gives the number of distinct land borders of each country or territory,but not the neighbouring countries and territories. The length of each border is included, as is the total length of each country's or territory's borders. +Countries or territories that are connected only by man-made structures such as bridges, causeways or tunnels are not considered to have land borders. However, borders along lakes, rivers, and other internal waters are considered land borders for the purposes of this article. + + +== Land borders == +Distinct land borders: Refers to the number of separate geographic boundaries a country shares with its neighbours. A single country may have multiple distinct land borders with the same neighbour (e.g., due to enclaves, exclaves, or disconnected regions). +Distinct land neighbours: Refers to the number of unique countries a nation borders via land. + + +== Superlatives == +Longest land border: China: 22,147 km (13,762 mi) +Longest land border between two countries: + Canada – United States: 8,891 km (5,525 mi) (Canada–United States border) + Kazakhstan – Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi) (Kazakhstan–Russia border) + Argentina – Chile: 5,308 km (3,298 mi) (Argentina–Chile border) + China – Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi) (China–Mongolia border) + Bangladesh – India: 4,053 km (2,518 mi) (Bangladesh–India border) + China – Russia: 3,645 km (2,265 mi) (China–Russia border) + Mongolia – Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi) (Mongolia–Russia border) + Bolivia – Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi) (Bolivia–Brazil border) + China – India : 3,488 km (2,167 mi) (Line of Actual Control) + India– Pakistan : 3,320 km (2,060 mi) (India-Pakistan Border) + Mexico – United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi) (Mexico–United States border) +Longest single segments of land borders: + Kazakhstan – Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi) + Canada – United States: 6,414 km (3,985 mi) + Argentina – Chile: 5,150 km (3,200 mi) +Shortest land borders between two countries: + Botswana – Zambia: 155 m (509 ft) near Kazungula + Saudi Arabia – Bahrain: 196 m (643 ft) at Passport Island + UK (Gibraltar) – Spain: 1.22 km (0.76 mi) + Kingdom of Denmark (Greenland) – Canada: 1.28 km (0.80 mi) at Hans Island + Italy – Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi) + France – Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi) + Turkey – Azerbaijan: 9 km (5.6 mi) +Shortest single segments of land border: + Morocco – Spain: 75 m (246 ft) at Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera + Romania – Ukraine: 80 m (260 ft) at K Island + Botswana – Zambia: 155 m (509 ft) at what was previously thought to be the Kazungula quadripoint + Saudi Arabia – Bahrain: 196 m (643 ft) at Passport Island + Belgium – Netherlands: 210 m (690 ft) at Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog + Belgium – Netherlands: 215 m (705 ft) at Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog + Belgium – Netherlands: 250 m (820 ft) north of Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog + Belgium – Netherlands: 260 m (850 ft) at Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog + Finland – Sweden: 320 m (1,050 ft) at Kataja +Shortest single segments of land border, if including islands in lakes and rivers: + Norway – Sweden: 5 m (16 ft) Tannsjøen/Tannsjön (59°52′22″N 11°54′59″E) +Most separate segments of land borders between any two countries or territories: + Belgium – Netherlands: 31 + Armenia – Azerbaijan: 6 + Belgium – Germany: 6 + Kyrgyzstan – Uzbekistan: 6 + Cyprus – Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK): 6 + Oman – United Arab Emirates: 4 +Highest number of bordering countries: + China: 14 (16 if Hong Kong and Macau are included) + Russia: 14 (16 if Abkhazia and South Ossetia are included) + + +== Artificial border crossings == +In addition to the above number of land borders per country, some countries have a man-made bridge, causeway or tunnel between each other without having any proper land border. These artificial land borders are usually less than 50 metres (160 ft) long. + + +== See also == +Coastline paradox +Island country +Landlocked country +List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders +List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries +List of countries that border only one other country +List of land borders with dates of establishment +List of divided islands +List of island countries +List of political and geographic borders +List of bordering countries with greatest relative differences in GDP (PPP) per capita +Separation barrier + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b2dd4807 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:12.902426+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme, including 193 UN member states, two UN observer states (the Holy See and Palestine), two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue), and 49 non-sovereign dependencies or territories, as well as Western Sahara (a disputed territory whose sovereignty is contested) and Antarctica. +In total, 248 countries and territories have been listed. Not included in the list are eight de facto states (whose sovereignty are not recognised by the United Nations), the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA), and four uninhabited territories (the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Clipperton Island, the Coral Sea Islands, and Navassa Island). +Kosovo and Taiwan (listed as Taiwan Province of China) have been separately listed for strictly statistical purposes. + + +== Lists == +The United Nations geoscheme was created for statistical analysis and consists of six continental regions, 22 geographical subregions, and two intermediary regions. +The United Nations Statistics Division created and maintains the M49 – Standard country or area codes for statistical use. The codes are listed from smallest to largest region, left to right. + + +=== Current entries === + + +=== Entries for strictly statistical purposes === + + +=== Former entries === + + +== Notes == + + +== See also == + +Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories +Country +List of associated states +List of de facto states +List of sovereign states +Territory +List of dependent territories +List of disputed territories +List of overseas territories +United Nations list of non-self-governing territories +Timeline of geopolitical changes +Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500) +Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899) +Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900–1999) +Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present) +United Nations Statistics Division +United Nations geoscheme +UNSD M49 Codes + + +== References == + + +== External links == +UNSD: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) +The Geoscheme of the United Nations. Scroll down to the country table. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ded6d3d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries by easternmost point" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:02.603165+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land (dependent territories included). +The order does not always reflect how close a country's territory is to the 180th meridian. Russia, Fiji, and Antarctica are notable exceptions because the 180th meridian passes through them. Therefore, they each have both very westernmost and very easternmost points. For countries like Russia, New Zealand, Fiji, the United States, and Kiribati, which have territories on both sides of the 180th meridian, the easternmost point is defined as the easternmost point in the direction of travel. The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian, in the Western Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere. Conversely, Russia, New Zealand, and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian, in the Eastern Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere. + + +== See also == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8872804c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries by forest area" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:03.892014+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of countries and territories of the world according to the total area covered by forests, based on data published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In 2010, the world had 3.92 billion hectares (ha) of tree cover, extending over 30% of its land area. +In 2020, the world had a total forest area of 4.06 billion ha, which was 31 percent of the total land area. This area is equivalent to 0.52 ha per person – although forests +are not distributed equally among the world's people +or geographically. The tropical domain has the largest proportion of the world's forests (45 percent), followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains. More than half (54 percent) of the world's forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation (20.1%), Brazil (12.2%), Canada (8.6%), the United States of America (7.6%) and China (5.4%). +Many of the world's forests are being damaged and degraded or are disappearing altogether. Their capacity to provide tangible goods, such as fiber, food, and medicines, as well as essential ecological services, including habitat for biodiversity, carbon storage, and moderation of freshwater flows, is under greater threat than ever before. According to World Resource Institute in Washington, between 2000 and 2020 the world lost 101 million hectares (Mha) of tree cover, mostly tropical and subtropical forests (92%). The FAO is compiling a new global assessment due to be published in 2025. + + +== Planet, continents and regions == +All areas are given in units of 1000 hectares (approximately 2,500 acres; 3.9 sq mi). Source: Food and Agriculture Organization + + +== Countries and territories == + +Data are for the year 2022 and are from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. + + +== See also == + +Deforestation by continent +Forest cover by state and territory in the United States +Forest cover by state in India +Forest cover by federal subject in Russia +Forest cover by province or territory in Canada +Forest Landscape Integrity Index +Forest restoration +Reforestation + + +== Sources == +This article incorporates text from "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings" (PDF). FAO. 2020. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. See c:File:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings.pdf. VRTS ticket # 2020073010003087. + This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Global Forest Resources Assessment at FAO +Forest data at FAO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..343d27bd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries by irrigated land area" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:39.282130+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of countries by irrigated land area based on The World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency. The two countries with the largest irrigated land area are India and China, which make up 22.06% and 21.33% of worldwide irrigated land area respectively as of 2020. Sorting is in alphabetical order. + +Note: + + +== See also == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +World map of irrigated land as percentage of cultivated land(PDF) from Food and Agriculture Organization, UN, Accessed March 4, 2009 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9784b88ab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries by northernmost point" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:07.540661+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of countries by northernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the northernmost point under the control of a nation is listed. + Indicates a point of reference + + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9110b84a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries by organic farmland" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:08.847498+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article is a list of countries by organic farmland. +As of 2023, approximately 99,000,000 hectares (240,000,000 acres) worldwide were farmed organically, representing approximately 2.1% of total world farmland. + + +== Countries and territories == +All areas are given in hectares. Source: FIBL + + +== Biodynamic farmland == +Biodynamic agriculture is practiced in 55 countries, with a world total of 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares. With Europe dominating the world map. +All areas are given in hectares. Source: American Institute of Science. + + +== Non-certified organic farmland == +Percentages of farmland being used organically may vary because guidelines of organic farming practices vary across nations. +For example, Cuba has a significant portion of its agricultural land managed without synthetic chemicals. +Estimates suggest that about 25% of Cuban farms operate organically. +However, in terms of land area officially classified as organic farmland, sources report a much smaller figure, around 0.03%, indicating a difference between formal certification and actual farming practices. +This discrepancy can be explained by Cuba's widespread use of agroecological methods such as Organopónicos, especially in urban and small-scale farms, which may not always be formally certified but still follow organic principles. +In 2012, Bhutan set the ambitious goal to become the world's first 100% organic farming country. However, the percentage of officially certified organic farmland in Bhutan was about 5.6% in 2022. Despite this, over 80% of Bhutanese farmers practice traditional farming methods that are largely chemical-free, which aligns closely with organic principles, and their products are sold without organic certification but considered as organic. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aa745aa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries by southernmost point" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:10.157160+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of countries by southernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the southernmost point under the control of a nation is listed, excluding points within Antarctica and its outlying islands south of 60°S. + + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0aca97038 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of countries by total renewable water resources" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:11.487542+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is the list of countries by total renewable water resources for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data). Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally. +According to Food and Agriculture Organization, ″internal renewable water resources (IRWR) represents long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation. External renewable water resources (ERWR) represents that part of the country's long-term average annual renewable water resources which are not generated in the country. It includes inflows from upstream countries (groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes and/or rivers. Total actual renewable water resources (TARWR) is the sum of internal renewable water resources and incoming flow originating outside the country. The computation of TARWR takes into account upstream abstraction and quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties. It is a measure of the maximum theoretical amount of water actually available for the country.″ + + +== Water resources == + +Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts. + + +== List of countries by total renewable water resources == +The following table provides information on annual renewable water resources based on data published by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization. Total renewable water resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates. Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3. + + + + +== See also == +List of countries by freshwater withdrawal +List of rivers by discharge +List of largest unfragmented rivers + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deepest_natural_harbours-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deepest_natural_harbours-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..427e01c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deepest_natural_harbours-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "List of deepest natural harbours" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deepest_natural_harbours" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:48.419269+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article presents a non-exhaustive list of the world’s deepest natural harbours. Often formed by flooded estuaries, rias, fjords, or coastal basins, natural harbours are valued for their protection from ocean swell, deep navigable waters, and strategic positioning. Deep natural harbours have historically played a critical role in military and commercial development, contributing to the rise of major port cities. Their natural shelter often reduces the need for artificial structures such as breakwaters and dredged channels. + + +== List parameters == +This list ranks harbours solely by their natural average and maximum depths. Artificially deepened deep water ports are excluded unless their depth is primarily natural. Other characteristics such as surface area, catchment, or shipping volume are not considered. + + +=== Depth rationale === +For the purposes of this list, a deep natural harbour is defined as having a minimum natural depth of approximately 15 m (49 ft), sufficient to accommodate most large commercial and naval vessels without major dredging. This threshold reflects the typical draft requirements of Panamax and Post-Panamax container ships, which range from 12 to 15 m (39 to 49 ft) depending on capacity and loading. + + +=== Harbour definition === +A harbour is defined as a sheltered coastal body of water with sufficient depth to support safe anchorage and developed port operations, regularly used for mooring, cargo handling, or naval activities. A natural harbour is identified not only by its geographic formation, but also by its functional use without requiring extensive dredging. +Natural harbours may occur within fjords, lagoons, or straits, but not all deep coastal features qualify. For example, some fjords or straits may have significant depth but lack developed port facilities or regular anchorage, and are therefore excluded. Conversely, many qualifying harbours are located within fjord-like environments. +Note: The table below is sortable. By default, entries are listed alphabetically. To sort by depth, location, or other fields, click the arrow icon at the top of the relevant column. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8647c12d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +--- +title: "List of deserts" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of deserts sorted by the region of the world in which the desert is located. + +== Africa == + +Kalahari Desert – a desert covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa +Karoo Desert – a desert covering parts of southern South Africa +Namib Desert – a desert in present-day Namibia +Danakil Desert – a desert lying in the Afar Triangle and covering northeastern Ethiopia, southern Eritrea, southern Djibouti and northwesternmost Somalia +Eritrean Coastal Desert – a desert lying along the southern part of the coast of Eritrea and the coast of Djibouti +Guban Desert – a desert lying along the coast of northwestern Somalia +Grand Bara Desert – a desert covering parts of south Djibouti +Chalbi Desert – a desert in northern Kenya along the border with Ethiopia +Nyiri Desert – a desert located in southern Kenya along the border with Tanzania +Lompoul Desert – a desert lying in northwestern Senegal between Dakar and Saint-Louis +Sahara Desert – Africa's largest desert and the world's largest hot desert which covers much of North Africa comprising: +Ténéré – a desert covering northeastern Niger and western Chad +Tanezrouft – a desert covering northern Mali, northwestern Niger as well as central and southern Algeria, at the west of the Hoggar Mountains +El Djouf – a desert which covers northeastern Mauritania and parts of northwestern Mali +Djurab Desert – a desert covering northern central Chad +Tin-Toumma Desert – a desert covering southeastern Niger, at the south of the Ténéré +Libyan Desert (also called Western Desert) – a desert covering eastern Libya, western Egypt and northwestern Sudan at the west of the Nile River +White Desert – a desert covering a part of western Egypt and located in Farafra, Egypt +Eastern Desert – a desert covering eastern Egypt and northeastern Sudan between the Nile River and the Red Sea +Nubian Desert – a desert covering northeastern Sudan between the Nile River and the Red Sea +Bayuda Desert – a desert covering eastern Sudan located just at the southwest of the Nubian Desert +Sinai Desert – a desert located on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt +Atlantic Coastal Desert – a desert lying along the western coast of the Sahara Desert and occupies a narrow strip in Western Sahara and Mauritania + +== Asia == +Arabian Desert – desert complex on the Arabian Peninsula comprising: +Al Khatim Desert – a desert near Abu Dhabi +Al-Dahna Desert – a desert being the main central division of the Arabian Desert and covering parts of Saudi Arabia +Empty Quarter (Rub' al Khali) – the world's largest sand desert and covering much of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen +Nefud Desert – a desert in northern part of the Arabian Peninsula +Ramlat al-Sab`atayn – a desert in north-central Yemen +Sharqiya Sands – a desert covering great parts of Oman +Judaean Desert – a desert in eastern Israel and the West Bank +Negev – a desert located in southern Israel +Bromo Sand Sea – a volcanic desert in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia +Dasht-e Kavir – a desert in central Iran +Dasht-e Lut – a large salt desert in southeastern Iran +Polond Desert – a desert in eastern Iran +Maranjab Desert – a desert in central Iran +Katpana Desert – a cold desert in Pakistan +Indus Valley Desert – a desert located in Pakistan +Kharan desert – a desert located in Pakistan +Syrian desert – a desert located in Syria, Jordan and Iraq +Thal Desert – a desert in Pakistan +Thar Desert – a desert in India and Pakistan +Cholistan Desert – a desert in Pakistan +Dasht-e-Margo – a desert in southwestern Afghanistan +Kyzyl Kum – a desert in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan +Kara Kum – a large desert in Central Asia +Lop Desert – a desert in China +Ordos – a desert in northern China +Kubuqi Desert – a desert in northern China +Mu Us Desert – a desert in northern China +Gobi – a desert in Mongolia and China +Badain Jaran Desert – a desert in China +Hami Desert – a desert in China +Tengger Desert – a desert in China +Taklamakan – a desert located in China +Gurbantünggüt Desert – a desert located in northwestern China +Kumtag Desert – a desert in northwestern China +Karapinar Desert – a desert in Southern Central Anatolia + +== Europe == + +=== Spain === +Bardenas Reales – a semi-arid desert in Navarre, Spain (455 km2; 176 sq mi) +Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park – an arid desert in Almeria, Spain (460 km2; 180 sq mi) +Monegros Desert – a semi-arid desert in Aragón, Spain +Tabernas Desert – an arid and semi-arid desert in Almería, Spain (280 km2; 110 sq mi) + +=== Other European nations === +Oleshky Sands – a sand semi-arid desert in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine +Ryn Desert - a desert in western Kazakhstan and Astrakhan Oblast, Russia + +== North America == + +Chihuahua Desert – a desert in Mexico and the United States +Great Basin Desert +Black Rock Desert +Mojave Desert – a desert in the United States +Death Valley +Red Desert (Wyoming) +Sonoran Desert – a desert in the United States and Mexico +Colorado Desert +Gran Desierto de Altar +Thompson Plateau – a desert in Canada + +== Oceania == + +=== Australia === + +Central Desert – a central Australian desert +Gibson Desert – a central Australian desert +Great Sandy Desert – a northwestern Australian desert +Great Victoria Desert – the biggest desert in Australia +Little Sandy Desert – a western Australian desert +Simpson Desert – a central Australian desert +Strzelecki Desert – a south-central Australian desert +Tanami Desert – a northern Australian desert + +== South America == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b76c4d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "List of deserts" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Atacama Desert – a desert in Chile and Peru +La Guajira Desert – a desert in Colombia and Venezuela +Monte Desert – in Argentina, a smaller desert above the Patagonian Desert +Patagonian Desert – the largest desert in the Americas, located in Argentina +Sechura Desert – a desert located south of the Piura Region of Peru +Jalapão – a desert park in Tocantins, Brazil + +== Polar regions == + +=== Antarctic === +Antarctic Desert – the largest desert in the world +McMurdo Dry Valleys – a series of extremely dry, snow-free valleys in Victoria Land +Meyer Desert – a small desert close to the South Pole + +=== Arctic === +Arctic Desert – the second largest "desert" in the world, though it consists of frozen ocean, land ice, and tundra, so (like the rest of this section) not a desert climate in any conventional sense +North American Arctic – a large tundra in Northern America +Greenland – mostly covered by land ice, like Antarctica +Russian Arctic – a large tundra in Russia + +== Pseudo-deserts == +Some geographical features are referred to as "deserts", and this word may even feature in their names, despite not meeting any meteorological definitions for a desert. + +Accona Desert – area of Siena, Italy. +Barreiro da Faneca – clayey expanse in the Azores. +Błędowska Desert – area of sands in Poland. +The Burren – limestone karst in County Clare, Ireland. +Carcross Desert – sand-dune system in Yukon, Canada. +Chara Sands – region of Siberia, Russia. +Deliblatska Peščara – sand expanse in Vojvodina, Serbia. +Desert of Maine – 40-acre expanse of glacial sand-dunes in Maine, United States. +Desert of Wales – a large, upland area of Wales. +Dunas dos Ingleses – sand-dune system in Brazil. +Dungeness – shingle expanse in South East England, United Kingdom, misleadingly nicknamed "Britain's only desert". +Highlands of Iceland – the interior plateau of Iceland; +Joaquina Beach – beach in Brazil. +Kaʻū Desert – an area of desertification in Hawaii, due to the acid rainfall caused by the nearby Kīlauea volcano. +Larzac – limestone karst plateau in the south of the Massif Central, France. +Lençóis Maranhenses National Park +Lieberose Desert – a desert on a former military training ground in southern Brandenburg, Germany +Melnik Desert Canyon – a canyon in Bulgaria. +Oltenian Sahara – area of desertification in Oltenia, Romania. +The Stone Desert – rock formation in Bulgaria. +Red Desert – desert-like region in South Africa. +Sand dunes of Lemnos – sand-dune expanse on Lemnos, Greece. +Sands of Đurđevac – sand-dune system in Croatia. +Sleeping Bear Dunes – lakeshore in Michigan, United States. +Słowiński National Park – sand-dune expanse in Poland. +Tottori Sand Dunes – sand-dune system in Tottori Prefecture, Japan. +Chad Basin National Park – desert park in northern Nigeria. + +== See also == +Desert +Desertification +List of deserts by area +Polar desert +Tundra + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..836e9cf59 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of downs" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Down is used in the name of geographical features or locations that are downland or close to downland, including: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fc2e7d52 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +--- +title: "List of downs" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Abbotts Ann Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England +Afton Down, chalk down near the village of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight +Andover Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England +Arreton Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight +Ashley Down, area in the north of Bristol +Aston Down, east of Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, England +Asylum Down, neighborhood in Accra, Ghana +Ballard Down, area of chalk downland on the Purbeck Hills in Dorset, England +Batcombe Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England +Bathampton Down, overlooking Bath, Somerset, England +Beaminster Down, one of the highest hills in West Dorset, England +Bembridge Down, Site of special scientific interest north-east of Sandown, Isle of Wight +Bin Down, hill, 203 metres (666 ft) high near Liskeard in the county of Cornwall, England +Black Down, Dorset, hill on the South Dorset Ridgeway in Dorset, England +Black Down, Somerset, the highest hill in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England +Black Down, Sussex, the highest hill in the county of Sussex, England +Black Hill Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England +Blow's Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England +Bolberry Down, clifftop area on the coast of Devon, England +MoD Boscombe Down, aircraft testing site in Amesbury, Wiltshire, England +Botley Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Bourton Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, England +Brading Down, chalk down southwest of Brading, Isle of Wight +Brean Down, promontory off the coast of Somerset, England +Brickworth Down and Dean Hill, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Brighstone Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight +Broadhalfpenny Down, historic cricket ground in Hambledon, Hampshire +Burcombe Down, area of chalk grassland south of Burcombe in Wiltshire, England +Burham Down, woodland reserve in Kent +Calbourne Down in Calbourne, a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight +Camp Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Camp Down, Portsdown Hill, Admiralty semaphore station, near Portsmouth, England +Castle Down, windswept plateau of maritime heath in the island of Tresco, Isles of Scilly +Catherington Down, Hampshire, England +Chaldon Down, one of the highest hills on South Dorset's Jurassic Coast in England +Charlton Down, village in Dorset, England +Charnage Down Chalk Pit, geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Chavey Down, hamlet in Berkshire, England +Cherhill Down, village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England +Chilbolton Down, hamlet in the civil parish of Chilbolton, Hampshire, England +Claverton Down, suburb on the south-east hilltop edge of Bath, Somerset, England +Clearbury Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Clifton Down, public open space in Bristol, England, north of the village of Clifton +Cockey Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Combe Down, village suburb of Bath, Somerset, England +Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Bath, Somerset, England +Compton Down, hill on the Isle of Wight just to the east of Freshwater Bay +Copehill Down, UK Ministry of Defence training facility on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England +County Down, county in Northern Ireland +Crawley Down, village in the Mid Sussex district of West Sussex, England +Culver Down, chalk down to the north of Sandown, Isle of Wight +Danks Down and Truckle Hill, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Dorset Down, breed of sheep native to the Dorset Downs region of England +Downe, a village in Greater London, England; formerly known as Down +Duncan Down, open, public, area to the south west of Whitstable, England +Dundry Down, village south of Bristol, England +Durdham Down, area of public open space in Bristol, England +East Down, Devon, village and civil parish in the Barnstaple district of Devon, England +Ebsbury Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Emery Down, small village in the New Forest National Park in Hampshire, England +Epsom Down, used as a cricket venue between 1816 and 1819, near Epsom, England +Farthing Down, open space in Coulsdon in the London Borough of Croydon, England +Finkley Down, suburb and hamlet in the civil parish of Finkley in Hampshire, England +Five Ash Down, small village within the civil parish of Maresfield, East Sussex, England +Fyfield Down, part of the Marlborough Downs, north of the village of Fyfield, Wiltshire, England +Galley Down Wood, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Hampshire, England +Garston's Down, Site of special scientific interest which is south of Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight +Gurston Down Motorsport Hillclimb, in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, England +Hadlow Down, village and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England +Head Down, Hampshire, one of the highest points in the county of Hampshire, England +Headley Down, village within the civil parish of Headley, Hampshire, England +Henwood Down, one of the highest points in the county of Hampshire, England +High Down (Isle of Wight), area of downland on Isle of Wight, England +Hingston Down, hill not far from Gunnislake in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom +Holybourne Down, high point near Alton, Hampshire, England +Houghton Down, hamlet in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England +Itchin Stoke Down, rural location near the town of Alresford in Hampshire, England +Kentisbury Down, location of an Iron Age enclosurenear Blackmore Gate, Exmoor, Devon, England +Kimpton Down, village and civil parish in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England +Lady Down Quarry, geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Lardon Chase, the Holies and Lough Down, adjacent National Trust properties in Berkshire, England +Maes Down, geological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Shepton Mallet and Stoney Stratton in Somerset, England +Melbury Down, area of downland in northern Dorset, England +Milber Down, Iron Age hill fort on the hill above the suburb of Milber, Newton Abbot, Devon, England +Mockham Down, the site of an Iron Age Hill Fort close to Brayfordhill in Devon, England +Mottistone Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Mottistone, Isle of Wight +Nine Barrow Down, elongated hill, the northern ridge of the Purbeck Hills in Dorset, England +Normanton Down Barrows, Neolithic and Bronze Age barrow cemetery south of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England +Northington Down, hamlet in the civil parish of Northington, Hampshire, England +Odd Down, area of the city of Bath, Somerset, England +Odstock Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Old Castle Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales +Old Down, hamlet near Olveston and Tockington in South Gloucestershire, England +Otterham Down, village and a civil parish in north Cornwall, England +Overton Down, a long-term project in experimental archaeology in Wiltshire, England +Park Gate Down, stretch of chalk downland near Elham in East Kent, England +Parsonage Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Payne's Down, prominent hill near Axminster, Dorset, England +Perham Down, village in Wiltshire, England, near Ludgershall and Tidworth +Perriam Down near Ludgershall, Wiltshire, England was used as a cricket venue between 1787 and 1796 +Pincombe Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Pitcombe Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England +Porth Hellick Down, area of downland on the island of St Mary's in the Isles of Scilly +Porton Down, United Kingdom government military science park +Prescombe Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Rampisham Down, chalk hill in the Dorset Downs, near Dorchester, Dorset, England +Rew Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest and Local Nature Reserve, Isle of Wight +Roundway Down and Covert, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Seaton Down, the location of an Iron Age hill fort near Seaton, Devon, England +Shovel Down, area of Dartmoor in Devon, England that is covered in megaliths +Southern Down or Southerndown, village in South Wales to the southwest of Bridgend +St. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfbe09f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "List of downs" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Catherine's Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, near the southernmost point on the island +St Boniface Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, England +Starveall and Stony Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Codford and Wylye, Wiltshire, England +Steeple Langford Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Steeple Langford in Wiltshire, England +Stenbury Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight +Stockton Wood and Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Stonehill Down Nature Reserve, downland nature reserve on the Purbeck Hills, Dorset, England +Stoney Down, hill and forested countryside in Dorset, England +Stormy Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest near Pyle in Bridgend County Borough, south Wales +Stratford Toney Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Tennyson Down, hill at the west end of the Isle of Wight just south of Totland +Throope Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Thruxton Down, west of Andover, Hampshire, England +Toller Down, one of the highest hills in the county of Dorset, England +Trendlebere Down, woodland managed by Natural England in Dartmoor, Devon, England +Twyford Down, area of chalk downland southeast of Winchester, Hampshire, England +Tytherington Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Upton Cow Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +War Down, one of the highest hills in the county of Hampshire, England +Waterpit Down in Forrabury and Minster, a civil parish in Cornwall, England +Watership Down, Hampshire, hill in Ecchinswell, Sydmonton and Bishops Green in Hampshire, England +Wavering Down, geological and biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England +West Down, civil parish and village located in North Devon, England, between Braunton and Ilfracombe +Headon Warren and West High Down SSSI, Site of special scientific interest, Isle of Wight +West Yatton Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Westover Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight +Wether Down, one of the highest hills in the county of Hampshire, England +Whiddon Down, hamlet within the parish of Drewsteignton in Devon +Whitehill Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Carmarthen & Dinefwr, Wales +Willingdon Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Eastbourne, East Sussex, England +Win Green Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England +Windmill Down, rural location near the town of Hambledon in Hampshire, England +Wingletang Down (St Agnes), Site of Special Scientific Interest on the island of St Agnes in the Isles of Scilly, England +Winterbourne Down, Gloucestershire, village in South Gloucestershire, England +Worthy Down Camp, British Army barracks near Winchester, Hampshire, England +Yellowmead Down, location of Yellowmead stone circle near Sheepstor in Devon, England + +== Battles on downs == +Battle of Hingston Down in 838 at Hingston Down, Cornwall between Cornish and Vikings against West Saxons +Battle of Roundway Down in 1643 during the First English Civil War +Battle of Sourton Down in 1643 during the First English Civil War +Battle of Stalling Down in 1403 between the supporters of the Welsh leader Owain Glyndŵr and those of King Henry IV of England + +== See also == +Downland +Down (disambiguation) +Down (surname) +Downs (disambiguation) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aae31c117 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +--- +title: "List of drinks named after places" +chunk: 1/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following drinks were named after places. + +== Non-alcoholic beverages == + +=== Coffee drinks === +Americano, diluted espresso, popularly believed to be after the habit of American soldiers in Italy in WW II. +Coffee, perhaps after the Kingdom of Kaffa, now in southwest Ethiopia +Cuban espresso or Café Cubano — Cuba +Georgia (coffee), after the state of Georgia, United States +Greek frappé — Greece +Indian filter coffee — India +Ipoh white coffee, after the city of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia +Java, slang for coffee — named after the Indonesian island of Java +Kurdish coffee after Kurdistan +Marocchino, Italian for Moroccan +Mazagran after the city of Mazagran, Algeria +Mocha/Caffè mocha and Moka coffee, after the port city of Mocha in Yemen +Mustang Coffee after the Mustang region of Nepal +Thai iced coffee — Thailand +Tenom coffee, after the town of Tenom, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia +Café Touba after the city of Touba, Senegal +Turkish coffee — Turkey +Vietnamese iced coffee — Vietnam +Wiener Melange and Vienna coffee, after the city of Vienna, Austria + +==== Coffee bean varieties ==== +Arabica coffee — Arabia +Ethiopian Harar and Ethiopian Sidamo — Ethiopia +Guadeloupe Bonifieur after the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe +Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee, from the Blue Mountains of Jamaica +Kona coffee after the Kona District of Hawaii +Liberian coffee — Liberia +Maragogipe Coffee after the town of Maragogipe, Bahia, Brazil +Mocha coffee bean after the port city of Mocha in Yemen +Molokai coffee after the Hawaiian island of Molokai +Monsooned Malabar after the Malabar Coast of southwest India + +=== Drinking waters === +Acqua Panna after the village of Panna, Scarperia e San Piero, Tuscany, Italy +Ambo Mineral Water after the town of Ambo, central Ethiopia +Arrowhead Water after the rock formation in Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino, California +Bílinská kyselka after the city of Bílina, Czech Republic +Borjomi from the Borjomi Gorge in the country of Georgia +Deer Park Spring Water after the town of Deer Park, Maryland, USA +Ein Gedi after the Ein Gedi oasis, Israel +Evian after Évian-les-Bains, Haute-Savoie, France +Fiji Water — Fiji +Fuentealta after the springs of the same name in Teide National Park, Tenerife, Canary Islands +Gerolsteiner Brunnen from Gerolstein in the Eifel mountains, western Germany +Iceland Pure Spring Water and Icelandic Glacial — Iceland +Londonderry Lithia after the town of Londonderry, New Hampshire, USA +Malvern Water after the Malvern Hills, western England +Mohai Agnes mineral water after the village of Moha, central Hungary +Nabeglavi after the village of Nabeghlavi in the country of Georgia +Ozarka after the Ozark Mountains, south central USA +Panama Blue — Panama +Pennine Spring after the Pennine Hills, northwest England +Poland Spring after the town of Poland, Maine, USA +Radenska after the town of Radenci, Slovenia +Ramlösa after Ramlösa, a neighborhood of Helsingborg, southern Sweden +Sairme after the town of Sairme in the country of Georgia +San Pellegrino, after the town of San Pellegrino Terme, Lombardy, Italy +Selters after the town of Selters, Hesse, Germany +Seltzer water, a generic term for carbonated water named after Selters, Germany +Shollar water after the village of Şollar, northern Azerbaijan +Sierra Springs after the Sierra Nevada, California, USA +Souroti water after the village of Souroti, near Thessaloniki, Greece +Spa after the town of Spa, Liège, Belgium +Tipperary Natural Mineral Water after County Tipperary, Ireland +Vittel after the town of Vittel, Vosges, northeast France +Volvic after the village of Volvic, Auvergne, France +Whistler Water after Whistler, British Columbia, Canada +Zephyrhills after the town of Zephyrhills, Florida, USA + +=== Soft drinks === +Afri-Cola — Africa +Auvergnat Cola after the Auvergne region, central France +Baikal after Lake Baikal, Russia +Blenheim Ginger Ale after Blenheim, South Carolina, USA +Breizh Cola after Brittany (Breizh in Breton), western France +Canada Dry — Canada +Cavan Cola after the town of Cavan, Ireland +Champagne cola, indirectly after the Champagne region of France +Chicago Root Beer, a brand named after Chicago +Clearly Canadian — Canada +Cola Turka — Turkey +Corsica Cola after the island of Corsica, France +Cuba Cola, a Swedish soft drink named after the island nation of Cuba +Delaware Punch via the Delaware grape after the city of Delaware, Ohio, USA +Dublin Dr. Pepper, after Dublin, Texas, USA +Guaraná Antarctica — Antarctica +Inca Kola — Peru +Italian soda — Italy +Kola Escocesa, a Peruvian soft drink named after Scotland +Kola Inglesa, a Peruvian soft drink named after England +La Croix Sparkling Water after La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA +Lemon & Paeroa — from mineral water springs at the New Zealand town of Paeroa +Paso de los Toros after the city of Paso de los Toros, Uruguay +Perú Cola — Peru +Polo-Cockta — Poland +San Pellegrino, after the town of San Pellegrino Terme, Lombardy, Italy +Sussex Golden Ginger Ale after Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94358fe7e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +--- +title: "List of drinks named after places" +chunk: 2/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Teas === +Anji bai cha or Anji white tea, after Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China +Assam tea, after the state of Assam, northeast India +Berinag tea after the town of Berinag, Uttarakhand, India +Ceylon tea — Ceylon, old name for Sri Lanka +Chinese herb tea — China +Darjeeling tea, after the city of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India +Dianhong after Dian Lake in Yunnan province, southern China +English breakfast tea — England +Formosa oolong tea after a historical name of Taiwan +Hong Kong-style milk tea — Hong Kong +Huangshan Maofeng, after Huangshan, a mountain range in Anhui province, China +Irish Breakfast tea — Ireland +Junshan Yinzhen, from Junshan Island, Hunan province, China +Kagoshima green tea from the Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan +Kangra tea from the Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India +Kashmiri tea, a.k.a. Noon Chai, from Kashmir +Keemun, after Qimen County, Anhui province, China +Korean tea - Korea +Labrador tea after the Labrador region of eastern Canada +London fog after the city of London, UK +Longjing tea, after the village of Longjing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China +Lu'an Melon Seed tea, after the city of Lu'an, Anhui province, China +Maghrebi mint tea, after the Maghreb region of northwest Africa +Mengding Ganlu tea after the Meng Mountain, Sichuan, China +Nepali tea — Nepal +Nilgiri tea after the Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, south India +Pu-erh tea, after the city of Pu'er, southern Yunnan province, China +Russian Caravan, a blend tea named after the tea trade through Russia +Shanjuan Chunyue, after the Shanjuan Cave near Yixing, Jiangsu, China +Söder tea after Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden +Thai tea — Thailand +Tibetan tea, a fermented tea named after Tibet +Turkish tea — Turkey +Uji tea, from Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan +Vietnamese lotus tea — Vietnam +Wuyi tea after the Wuyi Mountains of northern Fujian, China +Xinyang Maojian tea, after the city of Xinyang, Henan province, China +Yingdehong tea after the city of Yingde, Guangdong province, China + +=== Other === +Capri Sun after the island of Capri, Campania, Italy +Crodino after the town of Crodo, northern Piedmont, Italy +Hawaiian Punch, after the Hawaiian Islands, USA +Jumex after Mexico +Nantucket Nectars after the island or town of Nantucket, Massachusetts, USA +Tampico Beverages after the city of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico + +== Alcoholic beverages == + +=== Beers === + +==== Styles ==== +American lager, American Pale Ale and American wild ale — United States +Baltic porter — the Baltic region +Berliner Weisse, after the city of Berlin, in Germany +California common beer — a.k.a. steam beer, after California +Dortmunder, from the city of Dortmund, in Germany +Flanders red ale after the historical region of Flanders, Belgium +Gose after the town of Goslar, Lower Saxony, Germany +Gotlandsdricka, an ale named after the island of Gotland, Sweden +Grodziskie after the town of Grodzisk Wielkopolski, western Poland +Gueuze after the Geuzen street in Brussels, Belgium +India pale ale — India +Kentucky common beer — Kentucky, USA +Kölsch, from Cologne in Germany (Köln in German) +Kottbusser after the town of Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany +Pilsner after the city of Pilsen (Czech: Plzeň) in the Czech Republic +Scotch ale — Scotland +Vienna lager — Vienna, Austria \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77609af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +--- +title: "List of drinks named after places" +chunk: 3/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Brands ==== +Achel, after the village of Achel, Belgian Limburg +Alaskan Amber after the state of Alaska, USA +Alhambra after the fortress complex of Alhambra, in Granada, Andalusia, Spain +Amstel after the Amstel river in the Netherlands +Andechser after the town and abbey of Andechs, southern Bavaria, Germany +Angkor Beer and Angkor Extra Stout, after the historical city of Angkor, Cambodia +Arequipeña after Arequipa, Peru +Ballarat Bitter, after the city of Ballarat, Victoria (Australia) +Bauskas, after the town of Bauska, Latvia +Bavaria, a Dutch beer named after the state of Bavaria, Germany +Belhaven Best after the town of Belhaven, Scotland +Beerlao after the country of Laos +Beijing Beer, after the city of Beijing, China +Berliner Pilsner after the city of Berlin, Germany +Bitburger after the city of Bitburg, Germany, near the border of Luxembourg +La Binchoise after the town of Binche, Hainaut, Belgium +Bohemia, a Mexican brand named after the historical Czech region of Bohemia +Borsodi after the historical Borsod County, Hungary +Bellevaux after the village of Bellevaux (Malmedy), Liège, Belgium +Bourgogne des Flandres after Flanders, Belgium +Brunehaut after the town of Brunehaut, Hainaut, Belgium +Březňák after the village of Velké Březno, Czech Republic +Brisbane Bitter after the city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia +Budweiser an American brand named after the city České Budějovice (Budweis in German) in the Czech Republic +Budweiser Budvar produced in České Budějovice +Burgasko after the city of Burgas, Bulgaria +Castle Eden Ale, after the village of Castle Eden, County Durham, northern England +Cēsu after the town of Cēsis, Latvia +Chernihivske after the city of Chernihiv, northern Ukraine +Chimay after the town of Chimay, Hainaut, Belgium +Chiswick Bitter after the Chiswick district of London, England +Chouffe after the village of Achouffe, Belgian Luxembourg +Christianssands Bryggeri (CB) after the city of Kristiansand, south Norway +Ciney after the town of Ciney, Namur, Belgium +Creemore Springs after the village of Creemore, Ontario, Canada +Cusqueña, after Cusco, Peru +Devils Peak Ale after the Devil's Peak, near Cape Town, South Africa +Dixie after the Dixie region of the United States +Dommelsch after the village of Dommelen, North Brabant, Netherlands +Dutch Gold, after the Netherlands +Efes after the ancient Greek city of Ephesus (Turkish: Efes), western Turkey +Einbecker after the town of Einbeck, Lower Saxony, Germany +Erdinger after the town of Erding, Bavaria, Germany +Estrella Galicia, after the Galicia region of Spain +Faxe after the town of Faxe, Zealand, Denmark +Flensburger after the town of Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany +Föroya Bjór after the Faroe Islands +Galway Hooker after the city of Galway, Ireland +Gösser after the town Göss, now a part of Leoben, Austria +Grimbergen after the town of Grimbergen, Flemish Brabant, Belgium +Grolsch after the city of Groenlo ("Grol" in 1615), Netherlands +Gulpener after the village of Gulpen, Limburg, Netherlands +Hanoi Beer after the city of Hanoi, northern Vietnam +Harar Beer after the city of Harar, Ethiopia +Harbin Beer after the city of Harbin, northeast China +Hasseröder after the village of Hasserode, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany +Helsingborgs after Helsingborg, Scania, southern Sweden +Hengelo Bier after the city of Hengelo, Gelderland, Netherlands +Hoegaarden after the village of Hoegaarden, Flemish Brabant, Belgium +Huế Beer after city of Huế, central Vietnam +Ichnusa after the ancient name of Sardinia, Italy +Jenlain after the town of Jenlain, Nord, northern France +Jever after the city of Jever, East Frisia, Germany +Jupiler after the town of Jupille-sur-Meuse, Liège, Belgium +Kalgoorlie Stout, after Kalgoorlie, Western Australia +Kamenitza after the Kamenitsa Hill in Plovdiv, Bulgaria +Karjala, a Finnish beer named after Karelia +Karlovačko after the city of Karlovac, Croatia +Kilkenny cream ale — originally produced in Kilkenny, Ireland +Koblenzer after the city of Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany +Kokanee after the Kokanee Glacier, British Columbia, Canada +Korça after the city of Korçë, Albania +Köstritzer after the town of Bad Köstritz, Thuringia, Germany +Krombacher after the town of Krombach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany +Kronenbourg after the Cronenbourg neighborhood of Strassbourg, (once the town of Kronenburg), Alsace, France +Kulmbacher after the town of Kulmbach, northern Bavaria, Germany +Lapin Kulta after Finnish Lapland +Laško Brewery after the town of Laško, Slovenia +Ledenika after the Ledenika cave, Bulgaria +Leżajsk after the town of Leżajsk, south-eastern Poland +Licher from the town of Lich, Hesse, Germany +Lübzer after the city of Lübz, Germany +Łomż after the city of Łomża, north-eastern Poland +London Pride, after London, England +Lvivske after the city of Lviv, western Ukraine +Mariestads after the city of Mariestad, Sweden +Melbourne Bitter after the city of Melbourne, Australia +Michelob, an American brand named after the village of Měcholupy (German: Michelob), Czech Republic +Milwaukee's Best and Old Milwaukee after the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA +Mosi Lager after the Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya), Zambia +Murree beer after the town of Murree, northeastern Pakistan +Narragansett after the Narragansett Bay (or the Narragansett people), Rhode Island, USA +National Bohemian an American brand named after the historical Czech region of Bohemia +Newcastle Brown Ale, after the city Newcastle upon Tyne in England +Nokian Panimo after the town of Nokia, southwest Finland +Norrlands Guld after the Norrland region of Sweden +Odense Pilsner and Odense Classic, after the city of Odense, Funen, Denmark +Obolon after the Obolon district of Kyiv, Ukraine +Oettinger from the resort town of Oettingen in Bayern, Germany +Olympia Beer after the city of Olympia, Washington, Washington, USA +Oud Beersel after the town of Beersel, Flemish Brabant, Belgium +Paceña after the city if La Paz, Bolivia +Pacífico, a Mexican beer named after the Pacific Ocean +Parbo Bier after the city of Paramaribo, Suriname +Phuket Beer after the island of Phuket, southern Thailand +Pilsner Urquell after the city of Pilsen, Czech Republic +Pirinsko Pivo after the Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria +Quilmes after the city of Quilmes, Argentina +Radeberger from the town of Radeberg, Saxony, Germany +Rainier Beer after Mount Rainier, a volcano in Washington, USA +Rheingold Beer after the river Rhine, western Europe +Sagres after the town of Sagres, southwest Portugal +Saigon Beer after the city of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), southern Vietnam +Saku after the town of Saku, Estonia +Sapporo after the city of Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan +Sarajevsko pivo after the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina +Šariš after the town of Veľký Šariš, Slovakia +Shangri-La Beer after Gyalthang, Yunnan, China, recently renamed Shangri-La City +Shumensko after the city of Shumen, Bulgaria +Sierra Nevada after the mountain range in California, USA +Śląskie after the Silesia (Polish "Śląsk") region, mostly in Poland +Soproni after the city of Sopron, western Hungary +Spalter from the town of Spalt, Bavaria, Germany +Starobrno after the city of Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic +Strakonický Dudák after the Strakonice District, Czech Republic +Taybeh Beer after the village of Taybeh, West Bank, Palestine +Tecate after the city of Tecate, Baja California, Mexico +Timișoreana after the city of Timișoara, western Romania +Birra Tirana after the city of Tirana, Albania +Topvar after the town of Topoľčany, Slovakia +Trujillo after the city of Trujillo, northwestern Peru +Trumer Pils after the town of Obertrum, Salzburg, Austria +Tsingtao Beer after the city of Qingdao, Shandong province, China +Tyskie after the city of Tychy, Silesia, Poland +Utenos after the city of Utena, Lithuania +Utica Club after the city of Utica, New York, USA +Velebitsko after the Velebit mountains in Croatia +Velkopopovický Kozel after the town of Velké Popovice, Czech Republic +Victoria Bitter after the state of Victoria, Australia +Viru after the Virumaa region, Estonia +Waikato Draught after the Waikato region, North Island, New Zealand +Warka after the town of Warka, central Poland +Warsteiner from the town of Warstein, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany +Wernesgrüner from the village of Wernesgrün, Saxony, Germany +Westmalle trappist after the village of Westmalle, Antwerp, Belgium +Westvleteren after the town of Westvleteren, West Flanders, Belgium +Windhoek after the city of Windhoek, capital of Namibia +Wittinger from the town of Wittingen, Lower Saxony, Germany +Wrexham Lager after the town of Wrexham, northeast Wales +Xingu after the Xingu River in the Amazon rainforest, Brazil +Yorkshire Bitter after the historic county of Yorkshire, northern England +Zagorka after the city of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria +Zaječarsko after the town of Zaječar, Serbia +Zundert from the town of Zundert, North Brabant, Netherlands +Żywiec after the town of Żywiec, southern Poland \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6844689ec --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of drinks named after places" +chunk: 4/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Cocktails === +Alabama Slammer after the state of Alabama, USA +Agua de Sevilla after the city of Seville, Andalusia, Spain +Agua de Valencia after the city of Valencia, Spain +Asiático — Asia (original name was "Ruso" or Russian) +Bahama Mama after the Bahamas +Blue Hawaii after the Hawaiian islands, USA +Bronx after the borough of The Bronx, New York City, USA +Brooklyn after the borough of Brooklyn, New York City, USA +Cape Codder after Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA +Chicago Cocktail after the city of Chicago, USA +Chimayó Cocktail after the town of Chimayo, New Mexico, USA +Colombia after the country of Colombia +Cuba Libre after the country of Cuba +Curacao Punch after the Dutch Caribbean island of Curaçao +Daiquiri after the beach and village of Daiquirí, southeast Cuba +Harlem Mugger after the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, USA +Irish car bomb, Irish coffee and Irish Flag after Ireland +Japanese slipper after Japan, because of the Midori ingredient +Liégeois after the city of Liège, Belgium +Long Island Iced Tea after Long Island, New York State, USA +Lorraine after the region of Lorraine, northeast France +Lynchburg Lemonade after the city of Lynchburg, Tennessee, USA +Manhattan after the borough of Manhattan, New York City, USA +Missouri Mule after the state of Missouri, USA +Mexican martini after Mexico, because of the tequila ingredient +Moscow Mule after the city of Moscow, Russia +New Englander after the region of New England, USA +Pegu Club after the Pegu River, Burma +Queens after the borough of Queens, New York City, USA +Rüdesheimer Kaffee after the town of Rüdesheim am Rhein, Germany +Black Russian, Blind Russian, Red Russian and White Russian — Russia +Savoy Affair, Savoy Royale and Savoy Corpse Reviver after the Savoy in the western Alps +Serena libre after the city of La Serena, Chile +Singapore Sling after the city nation of Singapore +Tahiti Drink after the island of Tahiti, French Polynesia, South Pacific +Tortuga after the island of Tortuga, Haiti +Yungueño after the Yungas forest in Peru + +=== Distilled drinks === +Agwa de Bolivia, a herbal liqueur named after Bolivia +Amaro Sibilla, after the Sibillini Mountains, Italy +Andong soju, after the city of Andong, South Korea +Angostura bitters, after the city of Angostura, Venezuela, now named Ciudad Bolívar +Ararat, an Armenian brandy named after Mount Ararat +Armagnac, a brandy from the Armagnac region in Gascony, southwest France +Atholl Brose, a whisky based drink named after the historical region of Atholl, Scotland +Bacanora, an agave-derived liqueur named after Bacanora, Sonora, Mexico +Blue Curaçao, an orange liqueur named after the Caribbean island of Curaçao +Bourbon whiskey, after Bourbon Street, New Orleans, or Bourbon County, Kentucky, USA +Calvados, after the Calvados region in Normandy, France (named after the Calvados Rocks) +Canadian whisky — Canada +Cantueso, after the Province of Alicante, Spain +Chambord (liqueur), after the town or château of Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France +Chartreuse, after the Chartreuse Mountains, southeastern France +Chios Mastiha, after the island of Chios, Greece +Cognac, a brandy named after Cognac in France +Disaronno, an apricot liqueur named after the town of Saronno, Lombardy, Italy +Domaine de Canton, after Canton province, China +Dutch brandy and Dutch gin — the Netherlands +Floc de Gascogne after Gascony, a region in southwest France +Herbs de Majorca, a liqueur produced on Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain +Irish cream, Irish Mist, Irish whiskey — Ireland +Islay whisky, produced on the island of Islay, Scotland +Koskenkorva Viina, after the village Koskenkorva in Ilmajoki, western Finland +Lao-Lao, a rice whisky from Laos +Lauterbacher Tropfen, after the borough of Lauterbach, Marienberg, Saxony, Germany +Licor Beirão, after the historical province of Beira, Portugal +Luzhou Laojiao, after the city of Luzhou, Sichuan, China +Manx Spirit, produced on the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea +Marpha brandy, after the village of Marpha in Nepal +Mekhong, a Thai spirit named after the Mekong river +Moonshine, privately produced liquor, named after the Moon or its light +Moskovskaya vodka, a Russian brand named after Moscow +Nassau Royale, after the city of Nassau, Bahamas +Pisang Ambon, a banana liqueur named after Ambon, Maluku Islands, Indonesia +Pisco, a brandy named after the coastal city of Pisco, Peru +Plymouth Gin, after the city of Plymouth, Devon, southwest England +Riga Black Balsam, after the city of Riga, Latvia +Sassolino, an anise-flavored liqueur from Sassuolo, Modena, Italy +Schierker Feuerstein, after the village of Schierke, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany +Scotch whisky — Scotland +Śliwowica łącka, a plum brandy named after Łącko, south Poland +Steinhäger, a gin named after the village of Steinhagen, Westphalia, Germany +Tennessee whiskey, after the state of Tennessee, USA +Tequila, after the city of Tequila, Jalisco, Mexico +Vana Tallinn, an Estonian liqueur named after the capital city Tallinn +Yukon Jack, after the Yukon territory, Canada \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95b58450e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "List of drinks named after places" +chunk: 5/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Brands ==== +Angostura Rum, after the city of Angostura, Venezuela, now named Ciudad Bolívar +Beenleigh Rum, after Beenleigh, Queensland, Australia +Belaya Rus vodka, after the country of Belarus +Bombay Sapphire, a gin named after the Star of Bombay and indirectly the city of Mumbai, India +Bundaberg Rum, after the city of Bundaberg. Queensland, Australia +Carúpano after the city of Carúpano, Venezuela +Clontarf, an Irish whiskey named after (the battle of) Clontarf, Dublin +Comber Whiskey, an Irish whiskey produced in Comber, Northern Ireland +Corzo, a tequila named after Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico +Cracovia, a vodka named after Kraków, Poland +Dzama, a rum named after the city of Dzamandzar, Madagascar +Finlandia, a vodka named after Finland +Glenfiddich, a Scotch whisky named after the River Fiddich valley +Havana Club, a rum named after the city of Havana, Cuba +Khortytsia, a Ukrainian brand of vodka after island Khortytsia on the Dnieper river +Kihnu Mark, a vodka named after the island of Kihnu, Estonia +Konig's Westphalian Gin, a Steinhäger named after the Westphalia region of Germany +Mackmyra Whisky, after the village Mackmyra near Valbo, Gästrikland, Sweden +Malibu, a Barbados rum originating in Curaçao and presumably named after Malibu, California +Midleton Very Rare, an Irish whiskey produced in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland +Nemiroff, a Ukrainian brand of vodka after town Nemyriv in Ukraine +Newfoundland Screech, a rum named after the province of Newfoundland, Canada +Penderyn, a whisky produced in the village of Penderyn, Wales +Russian Standard, a Russian brand of vodka +Skåne Akvavit, a spiced vodka named after the province of Scania, Sweden +Slyrs, a German whiskey named after the Schliersee, Bavaria +Takamaka Rum, after the Takamaka Region of Mahé, Seychelles +Tanduay, a rum named after the former island of Tanduay, Manila, Philippines +Tullamore Dew, an Irish whiskey named after the town of Tullamore, Ireland +Viru Valge, a vodka named after the Virumaa region, Estonia +Zacapa Rum, after the town of Zacapa, Guatemala + +=== Wines === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cd5887d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: "List of drinks named after places" +chunk: 6/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Wine grapes ==== +Acitana after the city of Acireale (or nearby villages Aci Catena, Aci Castello, etc.), Catania, Sicily, Italy +Arnsburger after Arnsburg Abbey, Hesse, Germany +Aspiran after the Aspiran, Hérault, southern France +Auxerrois blanc and Gros Auxerrois after the historical Auxerrois region around Auxerre, Burgundy, France +Barbera Sarda after the island of Sardinia, Italy +Bianchetta Trevigiana after the Province of Treviso, northern Italy +Biancone di Portoferraio after the town of Portoferraio on Elba, Tuscany, Italy +Blauer Portugieser after Portugal +Blaufränkisch after the Franconia region of south-central Germany +Bonarda Piemontese after the Piedmont region, northwestern Italy +Busuioacă de Bohotin afgter the village of Bohotin, northeastern Romania +Calabrese Montenuovo after the Calabria region in southern Italy +Carignan after Cariñena, Aragon, Spain +Catanese nero after the Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy +Catawba after the Catawba River +Chalosse Noire after the region of Chalosse, France +Chardonnay after the town of Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire, France +Chasselas after the village of Chasselas, Saône-et-Loire, France +Chenin blanc after Mont Chenin in Touraine, France +Colombana nera after the Abbey of San Colombano in the town of Bobbio, Emilia-Romagna, Italy +Cornalin d'Aoste after the Aosta Valley, northwestern Italy +Cserszegi fűszeres after the village of Cserszegtomaj, western Hungary +Ehrenfelser after Ehrenfels Castle (Hesse), Germany +Freisamer after the city of Freiburg and the river Dreisam, Baden, Germany +Frontenac after the town of Frontenac, Minnesota, USA +Frühburgunder and Grauburgunder, after the historical territory of Burgundy, France +Gamay after the village of the Gamay, south of Beaune, France +Gewürztraminer after Gewürz ("herb, spice") and Tramin, South Tyrol, Italy +Grasă de Cotnari after the village of Cotnari, Western Moldavia, Romania +Grechetto and Greco, after Greece +Green Hungarian — Hungary +Helfensteiner after Helfenstein Castle, Württemberg, Germany +Hondarrabi Zuri after the town of Hondarribia, Basque Country, Spain +Hron after the Hron river, Slovakia +Lagarino bianco after the Lagarina Valley in northern Italy +Lagrein after the Lagarina Valley in northern Italy +Limnio after the Aegean island of Lemnos, Greece +Listán de Huelva after the province of Huelva, southwestern Spain +Maceratino after the province and/or city of Macerata, Marche, Italy +Madeleine Angevine; "Angevin" is the adjective of the county of Anjou and its capital Angers, France +Madrasa after the village of Mədrəsə, Azerbaijan +Malvasia after the Italian name for Monemvasia, Greece +Marselan after the town of Marseillan, Hérault, France +Mazuela after the town of Mazuela, Spain +Melon de Bourgogne after the historical territory of Burgundy, France +Montepulciano d'Abruzzo after the Abruzzo region of east-central Italy +Mornen noir after the town of Mornant, east-central France +Mourvèdre after Murviedro in Catalonia, Spain +Müller-Thurgau, partially after the canton Thurgau, northeastern Switzerland +Muscat d'Eisenstadt after the city of Eisenstadt, eastern Austria +Muscat de Saumur after the city of Saumur, Pays de la Loire, France +Muscat of Alexandria after the city of Alexandria, Egypt +Muscat of Hamburg, aka Golden Hamburg and Black Hamburg after the city of Hamburg, Germany +Nerello Mascalese after the town of Mascali, Sicily, Italy +Nero d'Avola after the city of Avola, Sicily, Italy +Orléans, a German grape named after the city of Orléans, north-central France +Österreichisch-Weiß after the country of Austria +Pascale di Cagliari after the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy +Pearl of Csaba after the city Békéscsaba, southeastern Hungary +Persan after the hamlet of Princens near Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, Savoie, France +Petite Arvine, possibly after the Arve valley in Haute-Savoie, France +Pineau d'Aunis after the historical province of Aunis, western France +Prokupac after the city of Prokuplje, southern Serbia +Prosecco bianco after the village of Prosecco, now a suburb of Trieste, Italy +Reichensteiner after Reichenstein Castle, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany +Sémillon after the town of Saint-Émilion, Gironde, southwest France +Siroka Melniska after the town of Melnik, southwestern Bulgaria +Smederevka after the city of Smederevo, Serbia +Spätburgunder, after the historical territory of Burgundy, France +Traminer after the town of Tramin an der Weinstraße, South Tyrol, Italy +Trevisana nera after the Province of Treviso, northeastern Italy +Triomphe d'Alsace after the historical Alsace region west of the Rhine +Trollinger after the County of Tyrol in the Alps +Uva di Troia after the town of Troia, Apulia, Italy +Uva Tosca, named after though not originated in Tuscany, Italy +Verduzzo Trevigiano after the Province of Treviso, Veneto, Italy +Vernaccia di Oristano after the Province of Oristano, Sardinia, Italy +Vien de Nus after the town of Nus, Aosta Valley, northwest Italy +Vitovska after the village of Vitovlje, western Slovenia +Wildbacher, after the village of Wildbach, near the town of Deutschlandsberg, Styria, Austria + +==== Wines from France ==== +Alsace after the Alsace region +Anjou after the historical province of Anjou +Banyuls after Banyuls-sur-Mer +Beaujolais after the historical province of Beaujolais +Bergerac after the town of Bergerac, Dordogne +Bordeaux after the city of Bordeaux +Bugey after the historical region of Bugey +Burgundy after the Burgundy region +Cahors after the city of Cahors +Chablis after the city of Chablis +Champagne after the historic province of Champagne +Cheverny after the village of Cheverny +Collioure after the town of Collioure +Condrieu after the town of Condrieu +Côtes de Toul after the town of Toul +Madiran after the town of Madiran +Pineau des Charentes after the department of Charente +Saint-Pourçain after the town of Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..635d6a351 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "List of drinks named after places" +chunk: 7/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Wines from Italy ==== +Aglianico del Vulture after the historical region of Vulture +Albana di Romagna after the historical region of Romagna +Alcamo after the town of Alcamo, Sicily +Amarone after the town of Marano di Valpolicella, Veneto +Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont +Barbaresco after the municipality of Barbaresco, Piedmont +Barolo after the municipality of Barolo, Piedmont +Brachetto d'Acqui after the city of Acqui Terme, Piedmont +Brunello di Montalcino after the town of Montalcino, Tuscany +Carmignano after the city of Carmignano, Tuscany +Chianti after the Chianti Mountains, Tuscany +Franciacorta after the territory of Franciacorta, Lombardy +Gattinara after the municipality of Gattinara, Piedmont +Gavi after the municipality of Gavi, Piedmont +Marsala after the city of Marsala, Sicily +Morellino di Scansano after the village of Scansano, Tuscany +Moscato d'Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont +Nizza after the town of Nizza Monferrato, Asti, Piedmont +Prosecco after Prosecco, now a suburb of Trieste +Ramandolo after the village of the same name near Nimis, Udine +Sagrantino di Montefalco after the town of Montefalco, Umbria +Soave after the small city of Soave, Veneto +Taurasi after the town of Taurasi, Campania +Vernaccia di San Gimignano after the town of San Gimignano, Tuscany +Vino Greco after Greece +Vino Nobile di Montepulciano after the town of Montepulciano, Tuscany + +==== Wines from Spain ==== +Amontillado, after the town of Montilla, Córdoba +Campo de Borja, after the Campo de Borja district of Aragon +Jumilla, after the town of Jumilla, Region of Murcia +Penedès after the historical region of Penedès, Catalonia +Priorat, after the county of Priorat, Catalonia +Rías Baixas after the Rías Baixas estuarine inlets, Galicia +Ribera del Duero, after the Douro river, Castile and León +Rioja, after the province of La Rioja +Rueda, after the village of Rueda, Valladolid, Castile and León +Sherry, a fortified wine named after the city of Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia +Tierra de León, after the Province of León +Toro, after the town of Toro, Zamora, Castile and León + +==== Wines from elsewhere ==== +Bristol Cream a blend created in Bristol, South West England +Carmel Winery after the Carmel mountain in Israel +Hock, indirectly from Hochheim in Germany +Madeira wine, a fortified wine, and Plum in madeira, a dessert — Madeira islands of Portugal +Mosel, from the valley of the Moselle in Germany +Piesporter, after the village of Piesport, in the Moselle valley, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany +Port wine (or Porto), sweet fortified wine — Porto, in northern Portugal +Rheingau, after the Rheingau ("Rhine district"), Hesse, Germany +Shiraz from Shiraz, Iran, unrelated to the Syrah or Shiraz grape +Tokaji, after the town of Tokaj, northeastern Hungary + +== See also == + +List of foods named after places +List of words derived from toponyms + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb9aa8875 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "List of elevation extremes by country" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:19.045402+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following sortable table lists land surface elevation extremes by country or dependent territory. +Topographic elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface. + + +== Table == + + +== National elevation ranges == +Of all countries, Lesotho has the world's highest low point at 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Other countries with high low points include Rwanda 950 metres (3,117 ft) and Andorra 840 metres (2,756 ft). Countries with very low high points include Maldives 5 metres (16 ft), Tuvalu, 5 metres (16 ft) and the Marshall Islands 10 metres (33 ft). These island countries also have the smallest range between their lowest (sea level) and highest points, and are very sensitive to changes in sea level. +The highest and lowest points in China constitute the greatest elevation range within any single country at 9,002 metres (29,534 ft). The elevation ranges are also great in Nepal 8,789 metres (28,835 ft), Pakistan 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), and India 8,588.7 metres (28,178 ft). +Monaco's elevation range is among the greatest relative to surface area. Within its 2.02 km2 territory, there is a difference of 140 m between its highest and lowest points, giving a ratio of 69 m for every km2. In Australia's 7,686,850 square kilometres (2,967,910 sq mi) area, there is only a 2,244 metres (7,362 ft) difference between the highest and lowest points, which gives a ratio of 292 micrometres (0.0115 in) per km2. + + +== Gallery == + + +== See also == + +List of elevation extremes by region +List of highest points of countries +List of highest points of African countries +List of highest points of Asian countries +List of highest points of European countries +List of highest points of Oceanian countries +List of highest points of North American countries +List of highest points of South American countries +List of tallest mountains in the Solar System +Geodesy +Geoid +Nadir +Summit +Topographic elevation +Topographic isolation +Topographic prominence +List of countries by average elevation +List of U.S. states by elevation +Highpointing +Category:Highest points +Category:Lowest points + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +United Kingdom +Foreign and Commonwealth Office +Country profiles +United States of America +The Library of Congress +Country Studies +U.S. Central Intelligence Agency +The World Factbook +U.S. Department of State +Background Notes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c6441cca --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Phone" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Phone" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:11.370270+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +While Windows Phone contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous versions up to Windows Mobile 6.5 were removed or changed. Until Windows Mobile 6.5, the previous version did always cover the complete feature range of the predecessor version. +The following is a list of features which were present in Windows Mobile 6.5 but were removed in Windows Phone 7.0. + + +== Calling == +The list of past phone calls is now a single list, and cannot be separated into inbound, outbound or missed calls + + +== Sync == +Windows Phone does not support USB sync with Microsoft Outlook's Calendar, Contacts, Tasks and Notes as opposed to older versions of Windows Mobile with Desktop ActiveSync. Syncing Contacts and Appointments is done via cloud-based services (Windows Live, Google, or Exchange Server), and no method to sync this information directly with a PC is provided. Third-party software, such as Akruto Sync, provides some of this functionality. A petition to Microsoft was filed to reinstate USB sync for Outlook. + + +== Other == +Adobe Flash +Ability to open .exe files (desktop Windows executeables), such as 7-Zip 32-bit for desktop. + + +== Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 7.5 == +Internet sockets +Cut, copy, and paste +Partial multitasking for 3rd party apps +Connecting to Wi-Fi (wireless) access points with hidden SSID, but without WPA +Tethering to a computer +Custom ringtones +Universal email inbox +USSD messages +VoIP calling through a separate app + + +== Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 8.0 == +Removable SD cards +USB mass-storage +Bluetooth file transfers +Connecting to Wi-Fi (wireless) access points with both a hidden SSID and WPA protection +Sideloading for corporate apps +VoIP and IP Videocalling integrated in the Phone app +Support for Office documents with security permissions +On-device encryption +Strong passwords +Full Exchange support +Native applications +Full background multitasking + + +== Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 8.1 == +IPsec security (VPN) +System-wide file manager +The 'Weekly' view in the Calendar app +Universal search +UMTS/LTE Videocalling + + +== See also == +List of features removed in Windows XP +List of features removed in Windows Vista +List of features removed in Windows 7 +List of features removed in Windows 8 +List of features removed in Windows 10 + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe8811430 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 1/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +While Windows Vista contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous Windows versions up to Windows XP were removed or changed – some of which were later re-introduced in Windows 7 and later versions. +The following is a list of features that were present in Windows XP and earlier versions but were removed in Windows Vista. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36517d16d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 2/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Windows Explorer == +Windows Briefcase no longer allows synchronizing items across multiple computers and a removable media device. Windows Briefcase cannot sync files or folders in locations protected by User Account Control. This removes the ability to sync many locations. Grouping items by name in Explorer no longer groups them under each individual letter of the alphabet (A, B, C... Z) like in Windows XP. When using Group By Name, items are always combined into just a few groups (A-H, I-P, Q-Z). This removes the ability to locate items by their first letter. If hidden files are not allowed to be shown in Windows Explorer, the Status bar does not report how many hidden files are present. In addition, if all items within a folder are selected at once (by pressing Ctrl+A or Select all), the user is not alerted to hidden files being selected. Even after setting the ForceCopyAclwithFile and MoveSecurityAttributes values as documented in KB310316, permissions are not retained/copied when Windows Explorer is used to copy or move objects across volumes or in the same volume. A hotfix is available (KB2617058) to restore the MoveSecurityAttributes value but not ForceCopyAclwithFile. Thumbnails can no longer be forced to regenerate by right-clicking the image and selecting Refresh thumbnail. Thumbnail support for .HTM, .HTML, .MHT and .URL files has been removed in Windows Vista. The Explorer thumbnail handler and metadata property handler for .AVI and .WAV files (Shmedia.dll) has been removed. Ctrl+Enter on the selected folder no longer opens it in a new Explorer window. Tiles view only shows the name, type and the size of items. It no longer shows information depending on the criteria by which items are sorted. The Version file properties tab has been replaced by a Details tab that omits custom version information strings, does not show all of the same information as the Version tab and does not support copying any of the displayed information to the clipboard. Various properties are not visible anymore from the Details tab, such as Audio sample rate and Audio sample size and Channels for certain audio files. The column by which items are sorted is not highlighted unlike Windows XP. Only the column header is highlighted. The address bar dropdown displays recently visited folder or file paths typed into the address bar and websites but does not show the complete top level file hierarchy. Right clicking on the top-left icon of the Explorer window no longer shows the context menu for that folder. It instead shows the window menu just like left click or Alt+Space does. The top-left corner of the window no longer acts like a draggable icon representing the folder. The Desktop.ini Sharing=0 parameter which could prevent a particular folder from being shared is not supported. The Up toolbar button in Windows Explorer, which allowed one to jump to a parent folder in the address hierarchy has been removed. As a result of this, the Ctrl+↑ key combination to open the parent folder in a new window does not work. The keyboard shortcut, Alt+↑, is still available. The link to the parent folder in the Other places task pane has also been removed. The new method of viewing parent folders is to click the respective folder or its dropdown arrow from the breadcrumbs bar. It is not possible to turn off full row selection in List view. It is not possible to turn off autorefresh/autosorting of files and folders as sorting is treated as a state instead of as a verb. As a result, any file modification activity such as copy-paste, creation, rename or deletion makes items move continually to obey the sort order instead of the items appearing at the end and getting sorted only when the view is refreshed. It is not possible to set NTFS security ACLs, ownership and audit permissions on more than one selected item using Windows Explorer because the Security tab has been removed from the Properties for multiple selected items. Microsoft states that this feature was removed as the UAC prompt which may need to be displayed to gain ownership and reset permissions cannot accommodate the names of multiple selected files. However, this justification would also apply to all other batch actions on multiple selected files such as setting attributes, using NTFS compression or Encrypting File System where a different UAC prompt is displayed and the batch action is not disallowed. The IColumnProvider shell extension interface (column handler) has been removed. Shell extensions that display information in Explorer's columns will therefore fail to work. As a result of this API removed, folder sizes cannot be displayed in a column in Windows Explorer Details view. The replacement for column handlers, Property Handlers, cannot be registered for all files. It is no longer possible to add a background to folders via a desktop.ini. Icons of any 16-bit files including New Executables or DLLs are not extracted by Explorer (or any other 32-bit process) even in 32-bit versions, and therefore are not displayed. The shell's Change icon dialog cannot browse 16-bit icon libraries and DLLs. The collapsible File and Folder Tasks pane actions have been replaced by the Organize menu which requires an additional click after selecting items. The navigation pane (tree view) can only be toggled through the Organize menu. The Folders button has been removed. The Favorites menu has been removed from Explorer (not from Internet Explorer) and replaced by Explorer-specific Favorite Links in the folder navigation pane (tree view). Favorites can now only store folder location shortcuts, unlike the Favorites menu in Windows XP which also supported program and file shortcuts. The ability to view and edit metadata at the file system level – such as description, author, tags, rating etc. stored in a file's secondary stream – through the "Summary" tab of the file's "Properties" dialog was removed. Metadata is now stored inside files; however, developers must write a Property handler for any file format in order for users to be able to edit and view its metadata. There are limitations to opening more than 15 selected files in a single operation, i.e. by selecting more than 15 files and pressing Enter. The "Open" verb is not present in the context menu when more than 15 files are selected. Single click to rename after selecting an item is not available in the navigation (left) pane. Arrows indicating subfolders in the left pane cannot be set to always show. They disappear when dragging and dropping if the user clicks in the right pane before starting to drag to the left pane. A folder tree does not expand automatically while collapsing the previous one in the navigation pane even after turning on "Display simple folder view". It is not possible to display the full path in the title bar when Aero Glass is enabled. When Aero Glass is disabled, the full path can be displayed in the title bar. The full path can be shown in the address bar regardless of the status of Aero, by clicking to the right of the breadcrumbs or pressing Alt+D. The ability to customize the standard toolbar's layout and buttons was removed. Users can no longer make the menu above all other toolbars. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d4214514 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 11/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Moreover, it cannot save in lossless (uncompressed) WAV format when run without using any switches; instead, it saves in lossy 96 kbit/s WMA format. Only the version of Sound Recorder from the N editions of Windows Vista saves audio in WAV format by default. Also, all the basic audio processing features such as format conversion, sample rate conversion, adding echo, reversing the audio, changing volume and playback speed, splitting, inserting and mixing audio have been removed. The graphical viewing of the sound wave spectrum has been replaced with a level meter. Support for Microsoft Office Word documents (*.DOC) has been removed from WordPad, partial support for the newer Office Open XML-based DOCX format with limited features was added later in Windows 7 and later versions. Microsoft recommends the freely downloadable Word Viewer for viewing these documents. The Unicode IME has been removed. It is included again in Windows 7. ClipBook Viewer is not included. Internet Backgammon, Internet Hearts (not to be confused with Hearts), Internet Reversi, Internet Spades, and Internet Checkers have been removed. Although freely playable online on MSN Games, they now require signing into a Windows Live ID. Internet Backgammon, Spades and Checkers returned in Windows 7, and were later removed again in Windows 8 due to UEFI support being initial in Windows 8 and later versions. Pinball has also been removed. SerialKeys, an accessibility feature for augmentative communicative devices, is no longer supported. Many of the screensavers introduced in earlier versions of Windows are not included with Windows Vista. Specifically, the screensavers, '3D FlowerBox', '3D Flying Objects', '3D Pipes', 'Beziers', 'Marquee', 'Mystify' and 'Starfield' were removed from Windows Vista. The My Pictures Slideshow screensaver was replaced by the Photos screensaver. A different screensaver named 'Mystify' (not to be confused with the previous 'Mystify' screensaver) was added in Windows Vista. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a16d186bf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 12/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Networking == +The SMB 2 protocol unlike SMBv1 does not support determining if a file on a remote volume is a hard link or not. +There is no longer a notification area icon for Ethernet connections and quick access to enable/disable/repair them, or view their status and properties. +Windows Vista no longer automatically creates shortcuts to previously visited network shares in the Network Explorer which replaces My Network Places. +There is no balloon notification when a new connection is connected or when the wired or wireless adapters have limited or no connectivity. +IPsec tunneling when the computer is behind an NAT device is no longer possible. +The Wireless Provisioning Services feature to automatically configure wireless hotspots by downloading XML files supplied by Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) is not supported. +Audio (voice) sessions and sending invitations via mailto: are not supported in Windows Remote Assistance. +The 1-click "Repair" function to perform a series of steps that quickly reset the network connection has been replaced by the Network Diagnostics feature which attempts to perform troubleshooting and offer suggestions. +The Web Folders client is not included by default in any version in favor of the WebDAV mini-redirector. It is not available for 64-bit versions. +UPnP IGD devices do not show up in Network Connections or in the notification area. Status information and statistics of the connection through the internet gateway is not available as could be viewed in Windows XP. NAT port mappings can be set up from the gateway device's Properties -> Settings in Network Explorer. +The Network Setup Wizard and the Wireless Network Setup Wizard have been removed. +Windows Vista uses the strong host model for networking, instead of the weak host model used by all previous Windows versions. A weak host model can accept locally destined unicast packets from any network and transfer them to other interfaces on that network. In a multihomed network setup, a strong host model can considerably limit connectivity although it improves security against multihome-based network attacks. +A single icon in the notification area (system tray) represents network connectivity through all network adapters and/or internet gateways, whether wired or wireless and for all different types of connections. It is not possible to set individual connection status icons on the taskbar or hide some or all network icons altogether. +The ability to connect automatically to available non-preferred wireless networks in range and to wireless ad hoc networks has been removed due to security reasons. It is also not possible to save the network profile of an ad hoc wireless connection if the connection has been created/initiated by another computer. +Changing the KeepRasConnections registry key to remain connected after logging off from a RAS client is not supported in Windows Vista. +The Direct cable connection feature is not supported in Windows Vista. +Unlike Outlook Express, Windows Mail does not have support for HTTP mail via the WebDAV protocol (used by older Hotmail accounts and Yahoo! Mail); Windows Live Mail however supports WebDAV. +Unlike Outlook Express, Windows Mail does not allow users to switch Identities or manage multiple identities within one running instance of the program. Instead, identities are now tied to the user account and to create additional users or identities, a new user account has to be created. +Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and POP3 servers have been removed from the IIS component in Windows Vista. +rexec, rsh, finger, and some other command-line tools primarily used to communicate with UNIX-based systems have been removed from the default installation. The Subsystem for Unix-based applications (SUA) (previously known as Windows Services for Unix) still provides them as an optional component. +Windows Messenger has been removed in favor of a link to Windows Live Messenger. Windows Messenger support has also been dropped from Windows Media Center. +TAPI 3.1 Rendezvous IP Telephony Conferencing API for multicast conferences is not available. +The RTC Client API 1.3 is not included in Windows Vista. +Support for built-in H.323 Voice Over IP (VOIP) capabilities has been removed. NetMeeting, H.323 and IP Multicast Conference TSPs and MSPs, and HyperTerminal all are no longer included. Windows Meeting Space is the replacement for NetMeeting; however, features like microphone support, and ability to set up audio or video conferences, are now removed. +Call answering, connecting to an internet directory, video call and H.323/conference call features have been removed from Phone Dialer. +IP over 1394 (FireWire networking) support has been removed. +The basic firewall/filtering functionality and static IP filter APIs in Routing and Remote Access are not available. The three layers of filtering, TCP/IP port filtering, Windows Firewall and IPsec are replaced with a single layer, the Windows Filtering Platform. +NetDDE, a technology that allows applications using the DDE transport to transparently exchange data over a network, is completely removed from the installation media. Windows Chat (WinChat) which used NetDDE has also been removed. +Legacy networking components +The Gopher protocol is no longer supported. +The Windows Messenger service and the Alerter service are no longer available. +Rarely used protocols such as Bandwidth Allocation Protocol and X.25 support for SLIP have been removed. SLIP connections are automatically upgraded to use PPP. +The SPAP, EAP-MD5-CHAP, and MS-CHAP v1 protocols are no longer supported for PPP-based connections, in favor of MS-CHAP v2. +The NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport Protocol is no longer supported. +Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) has been removed. +The NetBEUI protocol has been completely removed from the installation media. +The NT LAN Manager Security Support Provider service has been removed in favor of the newer Kerberos authentication protocol. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-12.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..872e4eac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-12.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 13/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Legacy features and other changes == +Object Packager, a legacy tool for packaging non-OLE objects and embedding/linking them inside OLE objects, is not included; however, objects can still be inserted in OLE applications such as WordPad. +Program Manager has been removed altogether. Previously, in Windows XP Service Pack 2, running the executable did not launch it (it just acts as a compatibility stub to Windows Explorer), but it contained several old icons dating back to Windows 3.1. +The Web Publishing Wizard is no longer available. +The Desktop Cleanup Wizard is no longer available. +The Windows Classic theme colors (Brick, Eggplant, Rainy Day, Wheat, Pumpkin, etc.) have been removed. +The graphical world map has been removed from the Time Zone tab on Date and Time control panel setting in Windows Vista. +The ability to install service packs cumulatively is no longer available in Windows Vista Service Pack 2 as it requires at least Service Pack 1 to be installed first. Cumulative slipstreaming, however, is possible and supported, however the Component Based Servicing introduced in Windows Vista is a form of layered servicing, meaning when files are updated or slipstreamed, the component is updated but the older files are not removed., leading to increased size of the installation image and increased disk footprint of the installed copy of Windows. In Windows XP and earlier, updated files via slipstreaming directly replaced the original files. This problem of being unable to re-base the OS to a particular service pack or update, affecting Windows Vista and Windows 7 was finally alleviated in Windows 8's DISM with the /ResetBase feature. +Motherboard BIOS support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is required for Windows Vista; as a result, older motherboards supporting only Advanced Power Management do not work as support for the following HALs has been dropped: "Standard PC", "MPS Uniprocessor PC" and "MPS Multiprocessor PC". +ACPI 2.0 or later is preferred, as Windows Vista's support of technologies like AMD's Cool'n'Quiet power-saving technology is disabled on ACPI 1.0 enabled motherboards. +Other "legacy" hardware technologies no longer supported include: EISA buses, game ports, MPU-401, AMD K6/2+ Mobile Processors, Mobile Pentium II and Mobile Pentium III SpeedStep, and COM-port based UPSes; ISAPnP is disabled by default. + +== See also == +Windows Server 2008 + +New features by Windows version: +Removed features by Windows version: + +== Notes and references == + +== External links == +Microsoft's Windows Vista homepage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6604a72f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 3/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ability to add a password to a ZIP file (compressed folder) has been removed. Though this has no effect on third-party compression tools, such as WinZip or 7-Zip, Windows Explorer can no longer open ZIP files that are protected with a password. Filmstrip view is replaced by the Preview pane; however the state of the preview pane is not saved per folder. It can be globally enabled or disabled. Also, the preview pane does not show previews for folders whereas filmstrip view showed the preview of images within a folder if a folder was selected. Other functions available in filmstrip view such as rotating photos and navigating using Next and Forward buttons are only available in Windows Photo Gallery. Support for enabling a folder for web sharing with Internet Information Services via the Windows Explorer interface was removed. The "Computer Description" field is no longer shown on the Explorer view of a workgroup. It can be viewed from the command line using net view. The Status bar does not show file information shown in the infotips when the file is selected. It no longer shows the total space used by a folder when displaying a folder's contents. Some file information is displayed in the Details pane. The drive mapping dialog box no longer allows a network path to be mapped without assigning a local drive letter to it. It is not possible to view the Properties of an item in the left pane of Windows Explorer using Alt+Enter. Users can no longer browse a domain or workgroup through a tree view. All computers on the network are displayed in a unified list. The list can be "filtered" to display only computers from the desired domain, but the list is still populated with all computers on the network, slowing the process. The ability to undo more than one delete operation has been removed from the Explorer context menu. Only the last delete operation can be undone or redone. The file transfer dialogs for copying, moving or deleting do not show the actual file name which is being copied, moved or deleted at that instant. The File Types tab has been removed from Folder Options. This feature was available from Windows 95 up to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. The File Types tab allowed users to change the file associations for various types of files. It allowed configuring which application would open when a user clicked on a certain type of file, or allowed manually defining a new file extension, defining/editing custom secondary actions, showing extensions only for specific file types, or customizing the file icon. While there is a more simplified option to change the file associations, called Default Programs in the Windows Vista Control Panel, this option only allows users to change the default action that occurs when they double click a file. It does not allow users to choose which application would load if the user were to right click on a file and then choose a secondary option such as Edit. Manual registry editing or third-party software is now required to choose default programs, change file type icons, and other advanced tasks. The Open With dialog box in Windows Vista also uses the corresponding Default Programs API which limits only one registered application to be set as the default program. The option on the File Types tab to configure particular file types to confirm open after download and others to open without confirmation after downloading has been removed. Folders can only display two 3D thumbnails of files within a folder. Previously, up to four 2D images could be shown. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebd2733f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 4/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Taskbar == +The Power icon on the taskbar only appears for laptops, and desktop computers with a USB-based UPS. +The Network icon on the taskbar does not give direct access to the connection settings, connection status, firewall settings, or disabling the connection. +The taskbar cannot be resized to zero height when unlocked, hiding it manually (users were unable to continue using the taskbar buttons after resizing the taskbar to zero height accidentally). +Toolbars such as "Quick Launch" can no longer be "dragged off" the taskbar as floating minibars or docked to another edge of the screen, though physical folders can be dragged onto the desktop edge in a similar manner. The Language Bar is the only toolbar that can float on the desktop. +Double clicking on the Printer icon in the notification area while printing does not open the printer's status window that allows managing print jobs. + +== Start menu == +Neither the new nor the Classic Start menu shows infotips for folders stored inside the folder's desktop.ini. +The All Programs mode has changed to an inline scrollable menu. As such, it is not possible to expand the All Programs menu in the Vista Start menu into flyout cascading menus. +Subfolders inside the All Programs menu in the Vista Start menu cannot be opened in Windows Explorer by double clicking as was possible with the XP Start menu or Classic Start menu. They also do not expand automatically if the mouse hovers over them (unless working in Windows Classic mode). +Holding down the SHIFT key while clicking an item to retain the Start menu is not possible in the Vista Start menu. +The Vista Start Menu does not allow expanding Connect To and Printers for quick access to network connections or print/fax devices. +The Log Off confirmation on the classic Start menu has been removed since Windows Vista build 5259. + +== Other Windows shell and usability features == +The setting to configure Recycle Bin maximum allocated size globally (across all drives) has been removed and the equivalent Group Policy is not supported. Recycle Bin maximum size must be configured individually for each drive in MB. +Some functionality of the shell namespace extension for the Downloaded Program Files folder which hosts ActiveX controls is broken. ActiveX controls no longer show "Update" and "Delete" context menu verbs when right clicked. As a result, they can no longer be updated or deleted using the Downloaded Program Files folder. +Folders and sub-folders placed inside the Send To menu will no longer cascade i.e. expand as submenus. As a result, it is not possible to group items in the SendTo menu. +AutoPlay settings cannot be configured per device; they are set globally. +It is not possible to list fonts by similarity based on PANOSE information or hide font variations such as Bold, Italic, etc. in the Fonts folder. +The option to switch between the Windows 2000/XP style "Fade" animation for menus and tooltips and the Windows 98/Me style "Scroll" animation has been removed. However, it is still possible to switch between the two options by registry editing. +Some functions such as shell execute hooks and named exports have been deprecated or removed from shell32.dll. +The Windows Script Host WshShell.SendKeys() method, as well as the SendKeys() function in development environments such as Visual Basic 6, no longer work on Vista when UAC is enabled. Version 3.0 of the .NET Framework has been updated to work around the issue. +It is no longer possible to copy text fragments and other similar objects from a document, and paste them to a folder as a file (called a shell scrap object or "Document shortcut", but actually an OLE object). +Active Desktop functionality has been removed. As a result, animated GIF files can no longer be set as the desktop background. No other dynamic web content such as HTML or HTA files can run on the desktop, although Windows DreamScene (exclusively for Windows Vista Ultimate) allows using videos as the background and dynamic web content can run as part of Sidebar gadgets. +The Snap To mouse pointer option to move the pointer automatically to the default button in a dialog is broken on many system and application dialog boxes and windows in Windows Vista and later. The mouse pointer simply does not move or snap to the default button in several dialogs. + +== Search == +Unlike the search feature in Windows XP, Windows Search does not display information about the location being searched in the status bar of Windows Explorer. +It is not possible to perform a case sensitive search using Windows Search. +Unlike the search feature in Windows XP, Windows Search no longer searches an item's NTFS Alternate Data Stream. +The Search Companion is no longer available. + +== Internet Explorer == +The About Internet Explorer dialog no longer displays the latest installed cumulative update in the "Update Versions" field. This is corrected in Internet Explorer 9 and later. +The ability to customize the toolbar layout is removed. The position of the address bar and the 'command bar' cannot be readjusted. +Internet Explorer is no longer integrated with Windows Explorer. This can also be seen in Internet Explorer 7/8 on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. +Image toolbar has been removed. Most of the commands that were on this floating toolbar – Save Picture, E-mail Picture, Set as Background, etc. – are now in the context menu that appears when an image is right-clicked. This is same for users with Internet Explorer 7 or higher on other supported Windows versions. +Offline Favorites, a feature that automatically synchronized and stored web pages for later perusal when not online, was removed in favor of using RSS feeds. +The maximum size for the "Temporary Internet Files" folder (downloaded files cache) is limited to 1024 MB in Internet Explorer 7. This also applies for Internet Explorer 7 on other Windows versions. +Several old and little-used technologies have been removed: DirectAnimation support, CDF, view-source protocol handlers and 40-bit SSL ciphers. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6023351aa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 5/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== User accounts and winlogon.exe configuration == +It is no longer possible to safely relocate the profiles directory (C:\Users) to another partition without using unsupported methods. Microsoft recommends against moving the user profile folder. In Windows XP, the WinNT.sif file allowed relocating "Documents and Settings" to another partition than C: before Windows installation completed. Subfolders under the user's profile can however still be redirected. Windows 7 further alleviates this issue by introducing Libraries which allow user's data to be located on another partition. +Windows Installer and the Shell in Windows Vista do not support per-user app installs without the need to show the UAC prompt. This has been corrected in Windows 7. +Winlogon no longer shows details of password complexity policy requirements due to the removal of GINA. +The Biologon API to programmatically create a new interactive user session using the InitiateInteractiveLogon function has been removed. +Unlike Windows XP, an administrator can no longer unlock the computer when another standard user has locked it. +Protected Storage (PStore) has been deprecated and therefore made read-only in Windows Vista. Microsoft recommends using DPAPI to add new PStore data items or manage existing ones. However existing applications such as Outlook 2002 which used PStore are unable to save passwords as a result. Any application that tries to create new PStore data items will fail. +Although classic logon and Ctrl+Alt+Del enforcement can be enabled through Group Policy, the classic logon prompt cannot be made to appear by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del at the Welcome screen twice. This makes it impossible to logon to a hidden user account while the Welcome screen is enabled (when Classic Logon is not enforced through Group Policy). +Because of the classic logon being removed, domain names are no longer populated on the logon screen and cannot be selected from a drop down list. +The ability to run a Control Panel applet as a different user by using Shift+Right click has been removed. +It is not possible to override Autologon and Startup items by pressing the SHIFT key before logon. The IgnoreShiftOverride registry value is ignored. (This problem may be unique to USB keyboards; see KB977534, KB2526967) +16-bit applications launched with administrator-level privileges always run in their own memory space, even if launched via "Start /Shared" on the command line or if the CREATE_SEPARATE_WOW_VDM flag is specified with the CreateProcess() API; 16-bit inter-process communication therefore only works for non-elevated processes, as these can still be configured to run in the same memory space. +The RunAs feature in the shell has been replaced with "Run as administrator" of User Account Control. The RunAs feature does not allow a local administrator-equivalent command shell to be started except for the Administrator account. +Internet Explorer can no longer be launched from a command prompt started with alternate credentials using RunAs. This is also true for Internet Explorer 7 running under Windows XP (it can, but you must type the complete path to the executable, not just IEXPLORE or IEXPLORE.EXE). +When User Account Control is enabled, any process started with Administrator-level privileges does not inherit the drive mappings of the interactively logged on user, despite the same account being used. This can lead to scenarios where non-UAC processes such as Windows Explorer have access to an application on a network drive, but insufficient permissions to execute it; conversely, the UAC-elevated process has sufficient local permissions, but cannot see the network application. +The GINA library and support for GINA-based authentication has been replaced with Credential Providers so that authentication plug-ins are moved out of the Winlogon process space to the fullest extent possible in order to provide more reliability and consistency. Consequently, third-party GINA modules must be ported to the Credential Provider model. Credential providers however do not allow customization which GINA allowed. For example, it does not support programmatically using Fast User Switching. +Winlogon Notification Packages are no longer supported in Windows Vista. +The logon screen does not show the number of running programs or unread email messages when using Fast User Switching. +The All Users wallpaper can no longer be changed. All Windows Vista machines now show the same wallpaper at the logon screen. +Due to security concerns, the All Users screen saver can no longer be changed. (Replacing the screen saver was a common method of unauthorized privilege escalation in earlier versions of Windows.) +Due to security concerns, system services can no longer natively interact with the user's desktop in Windows Vista. This is a change from all previous NT releases. +Cached roaming profiles cannot be deleted directly from the file system as this renders the account unable to logon to the workstation again, even if the account is also removed from "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ProfileList". The only supported method of manually deleting a roaming profile is via the System applet of the Control Panel or via the commandline DelProf utility, which uses the DeleteProfile() API. +The "Network Configuration Operators" built-in group no longer delegates permissions to manage system network connections; only system-wide administrator-level permissions can now be used to achieve this. Operations like the "Repair" action of a network connection can therefore be carried out by an administrator only. +The ability to change the stored password of a domain in Stored User Names and Passwords while the computer is connected to a workgroup has been removed. +The Stored User Names and Passwords credential manager does not accept the \* syntax which allowed users to wildcard all passwords in a domain. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c541a9c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 6/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Win32 console == +The Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) does not support all DOS video modes and therefore DOS-based and Win32 console programs can no longer run in full-screen mode. If Windows XP Driver Model (XPDM) graphics drivers are installed or if booted into safe mode, console programs can be run in full-screen mode, however they do not support DWM and therefore Windows Aero. +In previous versions of Windows, it was possible to save different settings for each console window. Windows would ask the user whether to apply settings for the current window or the shortcut that started the window. Windows Vista, however, saves settings for all console windows without asking the user. +Dragging and dropping a folder or file into a Win32 console window no longer pastes the path of the folder or file. This no longer works as a result of User Interface Privilege Isolation. + +== Graphics == +When using Windows Aero, all GDI, GDI+ and DirectDraw applications run in the new compositing window manager known as Desktop Window Manager. The GDI or DirectDraw render paths are redirected through DWM; however GDI or DirectDraw are not hardware-accelerated when they are redirected. +Hardware overlays are not supported when Desktop Window Manager is enabled. Limited support for hardware overlays was reintroduced with Windows 7 for video playback. +The Windows Display Driver Model specification does not support horizontal and vertical desktop spanned modes, that is, stretching the desktop across multiple monitors. although Dual View is still available. +In Windows Vista, the Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) does not support two different display adapters. When using two display adapters, both must use the same WDDM driver. Although Windows Vista still supports XPDM drivers, a WDDM driver is required for the Windows Aero user experience. +Windows Vista restricts the amount of memory DPMI programs can have to 32 MB (33,554,432 bytes). The limitation applies to DPMI programs running inside NTVDM. The same is not true for previous versions of Windows. +For certain CRT monitors, Windows Vista and later no longer support refresh rates higher than 85 Hz. + +== Audio == +The ability to choose a different hardware or software MIDI synthesizer other than the default Microsoft GS Wavetable SW Synth has been removed from the user interface for audio configuration in Windows Vista. A different output MIDI synth or output device port can be selected only by editing the registry or using third party MIDI default output device configuration tools. Even though the default MIDI output device is changed, not all programs that use waveOut MME use the selected MIDI synth; they continue to use the default MS Software Synth. Also, not all MIDI synths are compatible with Windows Vista and later Windows versions. +As DirectMusic was based on DirectSound which is no longer hardware accelerated in Windows Vista, DirectMusic also is software-emulated in Windows Vista. As a result, MIDI playback which is greatly sensitive to latency, timing and CPU usage can be choppy. +Sounds cannot be played for balloon notifications anymore. This was partially rectified (but not corrected) in Windows 8 and later via toast notifications (especially for Windows 10, where all balloon notifications have been changed to toast notifications). Balloon notifications will still remain silent on Windows 8 onwards, even if they are re-enabled in Windows 10 and later. +Sounds do not play for the Classic Start menu anymore, even though sounds have been assigned to "Menu command" and "Menu popup" events in Sound control panel. +Some SAPI 5.1 and SAPI 5.2 voices and applications do not work in Windows Vista and later. Only SAPI 5.3 compatible voices and applications work. +The controls to adjust per speaker/per channel volume have been removed from the volume mixer. +It is not possible to minimize the volume control window or change its size using Ctrl+S. +It is no longer possible to double click the Volume icon in the notification area to show the volume mixer. +The position of the volume mixer window is not saved. +In Windows XP, essentially, audio would be "broadcast" to all the audio endpoints at once. However, the new audio engine in Windows Vista changes this behaviour. Basically, audio can be sent only to the specific endpoint that the system has set by default, or which the user has configured via the Control Panel setting. Although this new audio behavior provides separate digital signal processing (DSP) capabilities, it is limiting in cases where audio has to be streamed to multiple devices such as headphones, speakers, HDMI out to AV receiver or analog audio to one device and digital to another. +The ability to customize the Windows startup sound has been removed, however the logon and logoff sounds can still be customized. +Windows Media Center drops support for the Caller ID and Windows Messenger features. +In the Sound Control Panel applet, the ability to preview a sound from the Browse dialog box has been removed. +The option to enable or disable digital CD audio is not available in the CD/DVD drive's properties in Device Manager. +The ability to change the recording device to mono mixer or stereo mixer has been removed. +Several features have been eliminated from Windows Sound Recorder, such as the ability to import sounds, change the speed, add an echo, play in reverse mode, inserting or mixing files. +Windows Sound Recorder no longer saves to wave (.wav) format by default. Instead, it saves as Windows Media Audio (.wma) format. In the Home Basic N and Business N variants of Windows Vista, the wave format is still used by default. Windows 10's Voice Recorder (the modern equivalent to Windows Sound Recorder) only saves to the MPEG-4 (.m4a) format. +PC Speaker is now deprecated and all programs utilizing PC Speaker will now be redirected to the existing default playback device instead. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..569a85ab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 7/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Windows Media Player features == +The List Pane no longer allows deleting or editing items by right clicking items. +Categories in the player library such as Music, Pictures, Videos, Recorded TV show limited media information (metadata) columns, relevant only to their content type. In previous versions, all possible metadata columns were shown for all category types. +Buttons to always show full-screen controls, show or hide the playlist while in full-screen mode and directly close Windows Media Player from full-screen have been removed. +Auto sorting in the media library (similar to auto sorting in Windows Explorer) cannot be turned off. +Grouping cannot be turned off. Library content is always grouped by the criteria by which it is sorted. +The ability to add media to the library for searching local or network files and selectively adding only new files or existing files has been removed. Media can only be added from monitored folders. +The seek slider cannot be always shown when playing media. The mouse must be hovered over the progress bar above the playback controls to reveal the seek slider. +The sort order is not preserved in the library like Windows Media Player 10 as long as the player is open. +The file list of selected files has been removed from the Advanced Tag Editor. +Next and Previous buttons to cycle through visualizations have been removed. +Most Auto Playlists included by default in Windows Media Player 10 have been removed. +Library options to configure what action to take when double clicking files (Add to List, Play All, Play Selected Items) have been removed. +The total playlist time is no longer shown in the Now Playing list or in the Library without selecting items. It is only shown in the Library for selected items. +Total number of tracks is also only shown after selecting all tracks. The total size in MB is not shown in any view. +The expandable tree view was removed from the navigation pane/left side of the media library. +The Quick Access Panel, located next to the "Now Playing" tab in Windows Media Player 10 which enabled browsing the library via a pop-up/dropdown menu, has been removed. As an example of this, the library cannot be browsed through a menu and without having to switch to library view. +It is not possible to change the media player's background to black. Instead, the background is a near-white shade of the color chosen in the color chooser. +In previous versions of Windows Media Player, the keyboard shortcut "Ctrl + I" could be used to capture the frame of video being displayed at the time the shortcut was initiated. This feature was removed for Windows Media Player 11. +The License Management tool available in prior versions of Windows Media Player has been removed since version 11. It is not possible to back up and restore licenses. This prevents users of music download services from directly using Windows Media Player to back up their licenses and restore them to another computer. The user now must depend on the download service being able to assist with re-acquiring that license. Not all services support this so in some circumstances the user could lose the ability to play media which they've purchased for use with Windows Media Player 11 (e.g. Walmart states: "Important Note: In many cases, we cannot replace song and license files if they are lost. We strongly suggest you back up your music by creating an audio CD or CDs using Windows Media Player 11"). +Windows Media Player 10, which is downloadable for Windows XP and part of Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 includes the Fraunhofer MP3 ACM codec for ripping to MP3 format. Because of licensing restrictions, Windows Media Player 11 includes only an MP3 decoder, not an ACM encoder. +The HighMAT burning capability integrated into Windows Media Player 10 is not available in Windows Media Player 11. +Display Anchor window when in skin mode option has been removed. +Enable picture support for devices option has been removed. +The 9SeriesDefault, Atomic, Bluesky, Canvas, Classic, Compact, goo, Headspace, heart, iconic, Miniplayer, Optic, Pyrite, QuickSilver, Radio, Roundlet, Rusty, splat, Toothy, Windows Classic, and Windows XP skins has been removed. +The Ambience, Particle, Plenoptic, Spikes, and Musical Colors visualizations have been removed. +The options to use the legacy renderer, overlay mixer, video mixing renderer (VMR-7) or high quality mode (VMR-9) are not available in the Windows Vista version of Windows Media Player 11. The Windows Vista version can use only the Enhanced Video Renderer (EVR). +Support for live scrubbing or live seeking, that is, the ability to show the video frame after seeking with the mouse or after clicking with the mouse while paused is not available in the version of Windows Media Player 11 in Windows Vista and later but is supported in Windows Media Player 11 on Windows XP. +The configuration tab to associate with media file types has also been removed from Windows Media Player 11 options in Windows Vista. +The ability to remove or reinstall Windows Media Player 11 is not present as it is integrated with the operating system. The only exceptions are the "N" editions of Windows Vista, which do not come with Windows Media Player preinstalled. +Windows Media Player 6.4 (mplayer2.exe) has been removed like with Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005. The MCI version of Media Player (mplay32.exe) has also been removed. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0c060704 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 8/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== DirectX features == +Since Windows Vista features a rewritten audio stack and does not inherit the Hardware Abstraction Layer for audio that was present under prior versions of Windows, there is no hardware acceleration of DirectSound and DirectSound3D APIs. DirectSound and DirectMusic are emulated entirely in software. As a result, hardware accelerated audio and 3D spatialization in games utilizing DirectSound3D is no longer supported. +Direct3D Retained Mode (D3DRM) has been removed. +DirectPlay was removed. +Furthermore, DirectPlay Voice and DirectPlay's NAT Helper have been removed. +Some DirectInput functionality (action-mapper UI) has been removed as well. +The DirectMusic kernel mode synthesizer that supplies the DirectMusic components with a high-resolution timer has been removed. +Support for the DirectX 7 and DirectX 8 interfaces for Visual Basic 6.0 was removed in Windows Vista. + +== Media features == +Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 digital media components such as Windows Audio Converter, Windows Dancer, Windows CD Label Maker, Party Mode, Plus! screensavers and Windows Media Player skins and visualizations have been removed. +Video content support is removed from Windows Image Acquisition for Windows Vista in favor of the newer Windows Portable Devices API. As a result, the Windows Vista version of Windows Movie Maker or other analog video capture software which used WIA no longer supports importing, streaming or capturing analog video over USB or FireWire from such an analog video source as a VCR, an analog camcorder or from a Web camera. Windows Explorer also does not therefore display a webcam preview. Microsoft recommends using DirectShow-based software to capture or stream video from such sources. +Legacy Video for Windows and ACM codecs such as Microsoft H.261, H.263, ACELP.net and G.723.1 were removed. Indeo Video is deactivated by default. +The Device Manager no longer allows showing and configuring properties for VCM and ACM codecs. +The Windows Media source filter has been removed resulting in MMS: WMV files being unable to be streamed using GraphEdit or other DirectShow applications. + +== Setup and servicing == +Windows Vista can no longer be installed on a volume with the FAT file system, although reading and writing FAT data volumes is still supported. +It is not possible to install hotfixes/updates in unattended mode while displaying the progress bar. Updates can only be installed in silent unattended mode. The /passive switch is not supported. +Because of setup design changes for faster installation, it is not possible to slipstream service packs or hotfixes into the core operating system files as was possible with Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows 2000. Microsoft released an updated Windows Vista disc media that integrates Service Pack 1. However, the updated media is available only to certain enterprise customers, MSDN subscribers and new customers who buy the operating system after the release of SP1; it is not available to pre-SP1 end-users of Windows Vista. As an alternative, Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK) can be used to alter the image. +Because of setup design changes, it is not possible to perform an in-place repair reinstall of Windows Vista and later over an existing installation of Windows Vista or later. Any existing data is moved to Windows.old, Users.old folders and previously installed programs need to be reinstalled. +Windows Vista uses Package Manager (Pkgmgr.exe) and Windows Update Standalone Installer (Wusa.exe) to install software updates and hotfixes. However, these do not support the various command-line switches like Windows XP's Package Installer (Update.exe) did. Much of the functionality from Update.exe is missing. For example, there is no way to skip backing up uninstall information for hotfixes using the /nobackup or /n switch. As Windows Vista performs no cleanup of operating system files in %Windir%\WinSxS for superseded updates, this folder's disk usage can increase considerably over time. +There is no longer a progress bar shown for each individual downloaded update in the Windows Update UI. There is only a total progress bar. Windows Update also no longer shows a detailed progress of how many megabytes or kilobytes of the updates have been downloaded; it only shows a total size and a percentage of progress completion. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2709d637d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 9/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== File system, drivers, memory and hardware == +Windows Task Manager no longer shows the peak commit charge. It only shows current commit charge and the maximum limit. +The driver-signing policy post installation is always set to Warn, eliminating the Ignore and Block options that were available in Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000. +For Plug-and-play hardware which is plugged in after Windows Vista is installed, it is not possible to choose from a list of available staged or on-disk device drivers in the Found new hardware wizard which starts automatically. The Found new hardware wizard automatically searches for the driver and fails if it does not find a driver in the driver store or Windows Update. Only the Update Driver wizard which can be invoked from Device Manager then allows manually choosing a driver from a list. +Windows Management Instrumentation Driver Extensions to WDM are no longer supported. +Unsigned 64-bit kernel-mode device drivers can no longer be installed. +Advanced settings for PS/2 mice such as sample rate, input buffer length and fast initialization are not available in Mouse properties in Device Manager. +Offline Files (Client Side Caching) has been completely rewritten for Vista, dropping backward compatibility of registry configurability XP supported as described in KB811660, dropping API support for various support tools such as CscCmd.exe and CacheMov.exe in the process. Furthermore, if the cache is encrypted (per the default setting), then multiple users of a machine can no longer make the same file available offline, as the cache is now encrypted by user-specific EFS. +Offline Files cannot be set to automatically synchronize at logoff. This was removed for performance reasons. +Administrator-level access and a reboot are now required to point files pinned in the Offline Files cache to a new location following any change in the UNC path to a network share. +USB devices no longer turn off their indicator light after being safely removed with the icon from the notification area. The USB port to which a device is attached but safely removed still remains powered. + +== Boot, shutdown, power management == +The Low Battery Action cannot be set to run an external program any more. +Although the Low Battery Alarm and Critical Battery Alarm sounds were updated in Windows Vista, the operating system's battery meter only displays an onscreen notification when a battery's energy reaches a low or critical level; the use of these sounds is reserved for third-party battery meter applications. Microsoft states that this is by design. +Detailed battery information, such as the battery name, unique ID number, chemistry type, and manufacturer information has been removed from Power Options. +There is no longer a built-in graphical user interface to configure boot options. The command-line tool, BCDEdit.exe has to be used. +The Startup Hardware Profiles feature in System Properties has been removed. +Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows Vista does not display a progress indicator during hibernation. Microsoft states that this is by design. Windows Vista does display a progress indicator after resuming from hibernation, but it is an indeterminate progress bar instead of a determinate progress bar used in previous versions of Windows. +Although it is possible to customize the action Windows takes when the hardware Power button is pressed, it is no longer possible to set power options to ask the user every time what action to take upon pressing it. Therefore, selecting a different power action in each case is not possible. +The Shutdown menu has been removed from Windows Task Manager, not from the Start menu. +The Shutdown.exe command line tool no longer displays a real-time countdown timer when the system is set to a timed shutdown or restart. +The shutdown command-line tool limits the delay option (-t) to 600 seconds (10 minutes). +The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) service which monitors a UPS connected through a COM port is no longer available. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27200f5f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows Vista" +chunk: 10/13 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:12.693783+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Windows applications and features == +System Restore +System Restore no longer supports configuring its settings through the registry. The GUI to configure the disk space utilized for System Restore points is not available in Windows Vista. File types and directories can no longer be included or excluded from monitoring by System Restore by editing %windir%\system32\restore\Filelist.xml as was possible in Windows XP. This file no longer exists in Windows Vista. Backup +Unlike NTBackup, it is not possible to include or exclude specific files or folders during a backup using the Windows Vista backup application. Only categories of file types can be archived. Because of this, it is not possible to backup files located in a specific path or a network location(s). The backup application in Windows Vista does not support the use of tape drives to back up data. In the RTM release of Windows Vista, files encrypted using the Encrypting File System (EFS) were not archived by the operating system's backup application; this feature was reinstated in Service Pack 1. Windows Vista Backup does not have all the features and command line parameters supported by NTBackup. It also does not support the NTFS archive bit and granular restores. Diagnostics and maintenance +The Disk Cleanup handler to compress old files has been removed. The graphical representation and progress indicator of the defragmentation process or its analysis have been removed from Windows Disk Defragmenter. It is no longer possible to pause the defragmentation process. Moreover, in the RTM release of Windows Vista, it is not possible to select individual drives to defragment without using the defrag.exe command line utility; Service Pack 1 removes this limitation. Disk Defragmenter no longer provides an analysis report with volume information such as the volume's file system, storage capacity, remaining free space and percentage, cluster size, and number of contiguous files. However, this information can still be accessed from the defrag.exe command line utility. The Dr. Watson application debugger and crash analysis tool has been removed. It is intended to be replaced by the Problem Reports and Solutions control panel. However, its functionality is different. The DirectX Diagnostic tool (DxDiag) only shows information; it is no longer possible to test the hardware and the various DirectX components. Certain command line switches for System Information (MSInfo32) are not supported. Group Policy +Several Group Policies that were applicable to various Windows XP components no longer apply to equivalent Windows Vista or later OS components due to design change. Therefore, a lot of customizability and functionality made possible by many Group Policies on XP is lost on Windows Vista and later. The Resultant Set of Policy snap-in no longer shows the full set of configured Group Policy settings. The command line tool, gpresult.exe has to be used to view all settings. Connectivity +Because of Session 0 isolation, the console session has been removed from RDP server and corresponding /console switch removed from the RDP client. The following MDAC/Windows Data Access Components have been deprecated: 16-bit ODBC, Jet Database Engine and its Replication Objects (JRO), Remote Data Services (RDS), AppleTalk and Banyan Vines SQL Network Libraries, OLE DB Simple Provider (MSDAOSP), ODBC Setup, ODBC Cursor Engine and OLE DB Interface Remoting. Windows Fax and Scan +The Faxing components (Fax Console and Fax wizards) have been removed. Windows Fax and Scan is their replacement, however it is only included in Windows Vista Business, Enterprise and Ultimate editions. Unlike Windows XP Fax, Windows Fax and Scan in Windows Vista and later does not support the V.34bis standard which allows higher fax transfer speeds. Windows Fax and Scan does not support TWAIN scanners. It only supports WIA scanners. Windows Fax and Scan does not support copy/paste, drag and drop or import/export of previous faxes like Windows XP's Fax Console did. Windows Fax and Scan does not allow specifying the fax recipient's name if it is not added as a contact in Windows Contacts. E-mail and contacts +Block sender is not available in Windows Mail for newsgroups; it is only available for e-mail. The ability to send email as plain text (without HTML) only to a specific contact is not available in Windows Contacts. It is not possible to share Microsoft Office Outlook contacts with Windows Contacts, whereas in Windows XP, configuring the "UseOutlook" value in the registry allowed sharing Outlook contacts with the Windows Address Book. Imaging +The wizard for transferring photos from the camera had some of its functionality removed in Windows Photo Gallery such as the ability to choose which images to transfer from the camera; users had to copy all images even if they had been previously downloaded. However, the previous behavior with options to choose and automatically organize photos into folders is available in Windows Live Photo Gallery. Also, users can still manually copy specific images from the camera by exploring the connected camera from Windows Explorer. Selective pages of multi-page TIFF files cannot be printed from Windows Photo Gallery; all pages are printed. TIFF annotations cannot be edited or created in Windows Photo Gallery or Windows Live Photo Gallery. Support for animated .GIF files has been removed in Windows Photo Gallery which replaced the Windows Picture and Fax Viewer. Only the first frame of the GIF animation is shown in Windows Photo Gallery. Animated GIF files still display properly in Internet Explorer. Support for WMF and EMF formats has also been removed from Windows Photo Gallery. Microsoft Agent +Microsoft Agent character preview is not supported in the Agent Character file's property sheet. Microsoft Agent no longer supports multiple languages per edition of Windows. The Agent language will always be the same as the language of the Windows edition. Due to Microsoft Agent using SAPI 5 for Agent characters instead of SAPI 4, pitch and speed settings of the characters are broken/ignored unless new SAPI 5 compatible XML tags are used. Help and Support +Help and Support content does not have an index. Help and Support no longer supports dual pane navigation. Favorites, History and advanced search options from the Windows XP Help and Support Center are not available in Windows Vista Help. It is not possible to share and install help content to and from other Windows computers or to install or switch to help for other operating systems. Built-in support for the 32-bit .HLP (WinHelp) help format has been removed to discourage software developers from using the obsolete format and encourage use of newer 32-bit help formats such as Compiled HTML Help. When starting an application which uses the 32-bit .HLP format, Windows will display a warning saying that the format is no longer supported. The viewer for viewing .HLP files is available from the Microsoft Download Center, but some features present in previous versions are disabled. Support for the 16-bit .HLP format remains. Context-sensitive help is not available in Windows Vista, since it was dependent on WinHelp. Although the HTML Help technology also supports context-sensitive help (including "What's this" help), Windows Vista dialogs remove the "What's This" button and context sensitive and the "What's This" help functionality. Other features +The ScriptPW.Password COM automation object to mask passwords from the command line is removed. Sound Recorder in Windows Vista can no longer open audio files. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e30ea36f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows XP" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others. + +== Shell == +The dialog box that warns the users when removing external flash storage devices without safe unmounting has been removed. +The Line Up Icons command on the desktop was removed and replaced by the Align to Grid option. Due to this being a toggle, simply aligning desktop icons once without further constraining their placement requires an extra click. +The Minimize all windows command on the taskbar was removed. The purported replacement, Show the desktop, co-existed with this feature on Windows 2000 and in any case only hides windows temporarily instead of actually minimizing them. It is still accessible through the ⊞ Win+M keyboard shortcut but it is not available through the mouse. +The Show icons using all possible colors (which was previously introduced in Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0) option in Display Properties has been removed. Icons are always shown using all possible colors. Microsoft states that this is by design. +The VGA screen resolution and 8-bit color depth options have been removed from the Settings tab of Display Properties. It is still possible to select these options using the Advanced button available under this tab, however Microsoft states that this workaround is unsupported. +In the Command Prompt, QuickEdit mode and Insert mode are disabled by default. +Links to Phone Dialer and NetMeeting were removed from the Start menu. +The View my Active Desktop as a web page option in the Web tab was removed. + +== Boot == +All references to Windows 2000 on the boot loader were changed to simply say "Windows". +The "Starting Windows..." message and its associated text before the boot screen (which was present in Windows 2000) has been removed. The "Resuming Windows..." message and its associated text when the computer is turned on after hibernation remains, but with "Windows 2000" being replaced with "Windows" (see above). +The layout of the boot screen was changed. Aside from the logo itself, the background is now black instead of white, the progress bar was changed from a determinate progress bar seen in Windows 2000 to an indeterminate one, the animated gradient bar as shown on the boot screens of Windows 95, 98, Me and Windows 2000 was removed, and the "Starting up…" and "Built on NT Technology" texts from Windows 2000's boot screen was removed. +For the same reason, the layout of the AUTOCHK-style boot screen (which can be accessed via the /SOS switch in boot.ini) was also changed. In particular, the color scheme was changed, and the progress bar and the animated gradient bar seen on the boot screen was removed. +The "Built on NT Technology" text on the classic login screen (as present in Windows 2000) was removed. + +== Personalization == +With the Desktop Themes utility in 2000 becoming the Themes tab in Display Properties in XP, the Rotate theme monthly option in Desktop Themes, which was introduced in Microsoft Plus! 98 and later included in Windows 2000 and Me, and both the options to select what parts of a theme to apply and the previews for parts of a theme were removed. +As well, the previous desktop themes introduced with Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and included with Windows 98 and Windows Me such as the Baseball, Dangerous Creatures, Inside your Computer, Jungle, Leonardo da Vinci, More Windows, Mystery, Nature, Science, Space, Sports, The 60's USA, The Golden Era, Travel, Underwater, and Windows 98 (Windows Millennium) themes were removed, while Windows Default is replaced by Windows XP and Windows Classic. +The previous wallpapers and tiles from Windows 95–98, Windows Me, Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 including the Plus! wallpaper were removed. +The Channel Screen Saver and Plus!-themed screensavers were removed. +The Utopia sound scheme, first included in Windows 95 and included up to Windows Me, was removed, however the files for the sound scheme remained intact on the Windows XP CD-ROM in the i386 folder and could be manually installed on Windows XP from the CD-ROM; they would be removed from the installation media in the lead-up to Service Pack 3 of Windows XP. +The Windows Logon Sound and Windows Logoff Sound sounds introduced in Windows 2000 (which served as the startup and shutdown sounds for the OS respectively) were replaced with the ones used by Windows XP (under the names Windows XP Startup and Windows XP Shutdown respectively) while The Microsoft Sound was removed entirely. +It is no longer possible to save or delete schemes under the Appearance tab of Display Properties. +The option to select a Pattern under the Background (9x/NT)/Desktop (XP) tab of Display Properties was removed. Users can only set a pattern by editing the registry. +The 3D FlowerBox, 3D Flying Objects, 3D Pipes and 3D Text screensavers were updated to use Direct3D instead of OpenGL. Because of this, several changes were made: +The 3D Flying Objects screensaver was updated to use the new logo introduced with Windows XP while introducing a new default bitmap for the "Textured Flag" option, featuring a graphic with the word "experience". +The 3D Pipes teapot easter egg was removed. +The 3D Text "volcano" easter egg was removed. +The 3D Maze and Flying Windows screensavers were removed entirely, likely due to the fact that they were never updated to accommodate the change to the logo introduced with Windows XP. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60a958434 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "List of features removed in Windows XP" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:14.012980+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Windows Explorer == +Small Icons view was removed from Windows Explorer. +Web view in folders was disabled by default but can be reinstated by editing the registry. Additionally, the Customize This Folder Wizard was removed. Due to the removal of Web view, pie charts showing disk space are no longer available immediately upon opening a drive. +The status bar no longer shows the free space remaining on the given disk when browsing through folder paths of shell namespace extensions, removable drives, and network shares when the navigation pane (Folders) in Windows Explorer is turned on, unlike in Windows 2000. It continues to show the free space remaining only for paths on local drives. In combination with the Web view-related lack of pie charts previously mentioned, this means it is no longer possible to immediately view the amount of space remaining in these three cases. +The Directory icon was removed from My Network Places. +The default sort order in Windows Explorer has changed but can be restored by editing the registry. + +== Media components == +Deluxe CD Player, which was also first part of Microsoft Plus! 98 before being included in Windows 2000, was removed. Some functionality, including uploading and on-demand (as opposed to automatic) downloading of audio track information and track previewing was not available in the replacement, Windows Media Player. +DVD Player is no longer usable as it is now a stub that simply opens Windows Media Player. +The WinMe 3D preset in the Musical Colors visualization was replaced with Ice Crystals in Windows Media Player version 8. The name still exists within the files of the visualization. Some of the previous Windows Media Player skins that were in Windows Me was removed entirely. Musical Colors was not included with Windows Media Player version 9 on clean installs of Windows XP starting with Service Pack 2, but is retained if the player is upgraded from version 8 to 9. +Imaging for Windows was removed. It was replaced by the Windows Picture and Fax Viewer and Scanner and Camera Wizard but these two programs do not include some of its advanced functionality. + +== Protocols == +NetDDE and NetBEUI, which are included in earlier versions of Windows, are no longer installed by default but can still be manually installed from the Windows XP CD-ROM. +The DLC network protocol is no longer included. A download was made available by Microsoft. +The AppleTalk protocol is no longer included and was not made available for download from Microsoft. + +== Subsystems == +The Microsoft POSIX subsystem was removed. Windows Services for UNIX is available as a replacement. +The Microsoft OS/2 subsystem, which supports 16-bit character-based OS/2 applications and emulates OS/2 1.x but not 32-bit or graphical OS/2 applications as used with OS/2 2.x or later, was removed. + +== Hardware support == +Both graphical and command-line formatting options for floppy disks of capacities other than 1.44 MB were removed. +Support for non-Plug and Play networking devices, such as modems and NICs, and native support for modems slower than 28.8 kbps was removed. +Support for serial mouse was removed. +A number of SCSI host adapters are no longer supported. +Support for NEC's PC-98 series, the i486 Instruction Set and Silicon Graphics' Visual Workstation 320 and 540 was removed. +New printer installations are required to use user-mode rendering components. + +== Windows 9x == +WebTV for Windows was removed. +DriveSpace was removed in favor of native NTFS compression. +The NTBackup tool included in Windows XP does not support certain backup formats available for use in the MSBackup tool in Windows 9x. + +== Later versions == + +=== Service Pack 2 === +The following raw socket functionality was removed: sending TCP network packets, sending UDP packets with invalid source network addresses, and associating local addresses. +Support for TCP half-open connections was removed. +Program Manager was removed and replaced with Windows Explorer. The executable is still present, but it was replaced with a stub that redirects to Explorer. +Media Bar, which replaced the Radio Toolbar in Internet Explorer 6, was removed. +Background message compaction was removed from Outlook Express. Outlook Express in Service Pack 2 automatically compacts messages every hundredth time it is run. +The radio edit of David Byrne's "Like Humans Do", as previously included in the original and Service Pack 1 releases of Windows XP, was removed. +The Windows Movie Maker Sample File, which was a short video file consisting of clips of a male child riding a tricycle, playing in a playground, and then running in a field, is no longer generated by Windows Movie Maker 2.1 when it is started for the first time, as was the case with Windows Movie Maker 1.1 in the original and Service Pack 1 releases of Windows XP. +The boot screens for all editions of Windows XP have been unified by Service Pack 2 for Windows XP with a new one that no longer displays the SKU, with the boot screen for Home Edition using a blue progress bar instead of green. The copyright years on the boot screen were also removed. + +=== Service Pack 3 === +The Address bar toolbar on the taskbar was removed for legal reasons, according to Microsoft. Windows Desktop Search is touted as a replacement. +The ability to use boot disks to boot into setup was removed. +The option to display the special Internet Explorer icon on the desktop was removed. +The ability to install service packs cumulatively is no longer available in Service Pack 3 as it requires at least Service Pack 1 to be installed first (Service Pack 2 in the cases of the original Windows XP Media Center Edition and Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004). Cumulative slipstreaming, however, is still possible and supported. +The Energy Star logo in the Display Properties dialog, first introduced with Windows 95 and included up to Windows XP Service Pack 2, was removed. +The copyright information in the About Windows (winver.exe) box was updated from "1985-2001" to "2007". The banner itself remains unchanged, however. + +=== Media Center Edition 2005 === +Despite this edition being developed from Windows XP Professional, domain support is unavailable. Microsoft states that this is due to Windows Media Center Extenders requiring fast user switching. The exceptions to this are if it is selected during installation or already in use before an upgrade, but leaving the domain will still disable the feature. +Windows Media Player 6.4, which was hidden in Windows XP and came shipped with Windows 2000 and can be installed on Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 98, was removed. The MCI version of Media Player, Media Player 5.1, also hidden in Windows XP, remains. + +== See also == +New features by Windows version: +Removed features by Windows version: + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firsts_at_the_Geographic_North_Pole-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firsts_at_the_Geographic_North_Pole-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c61471d58 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firsts_at_the_Geographic_North_Pole-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "List of firsts at the Geographic North Pole" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firsts_at_the_Geographic_North_Pole" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:10.965054+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of firsts at the Geographic North Pole. + +First flight over North Pole (disputed): On May 9, 1926, Americans Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett claimed a successful flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F-VII Tri-motor called the Josephine Ford. Byrd took off from Spitsbergen and returned to the same airfield. His claim, widely accepted at first, has been challenged since. +First flight over North Pole (confirmed): On May 12, three days after the Byrd flight, Norwegian Roald Amundsen, his American sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian aeronautic engineer Umberto Nobile flew over the Pole in the semi-rigid airship Norge, designed and piloted by Nobile. The total crew was 16 men. The Norge began in Spitsbergen and flew to Alaska. +First flight over North Pole in an airplane (confirmed): Valery Chkalov and two others flew a Tupolev ANT-25 on June 18–20, 1937 from Moscow to Vancouver, Washington. +First North Pole ice station: North Pole-1 (Soviet Union) was established at 89°25′N 78°40′W (about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the North Pole) on May 21, 1937. The expedition members: oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov, meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, and the leader Ivan Papanin conducted scientific research at the station for the next 274 days. On February 19, 1938, the group was evacuated by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman. The station had drifted 2850 km (1,770 mi) and was approaching the eastern coast of Greenland. +First landing at and first to stand on North Pole : three planes of Sever-2 expedition (Soviet Union) of 24 scientists and flight crew led by Aleksandr Kuznetsov. Pilots: Ivan Cherevichnyy, Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov. Cherevichnyy's plane was the first one to land at 4:44pm (Moscow Time, UTC+04:00) on April 23, 1948. +First to parachute onto North Pole: Vitaly Volovich and Andrei Medvedev (Soviet Union) on May 9, 1949, from Douglas C-47 Skytrain, registered CCCP H-369. +First vessel to reach North Pole: the submarine USS Nautilus. August 3, 1958 +First to reach North Pole by surface travel (on Ski-Doo): Ralph Plaisted. April 19, 1968 +First to reach the North Pole by dogsled: team led by Sir Wally Herbert. 1968-69 +First surface ship to reach North Pole: nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika (Soviet Union). August 17, 1977 +First to ski from continent to North Pole: Dmitry Shparo, Jury Khmelevsky, Vladimir Ledenev, Anatoly Melnikov, Vladimir Rakmanov, Vasily Shishkarev and Vadim Davydov (Soviet Union). March 16-May 31, 1979 +First to reach North Pole on dogs without resupply (one-way trip, flew home from pole): Will Steger International Polar Expedition. May 1, 1986. The team members were: Paul Schurke, Brent Boddy, Richard Weber, Geoff Carroll, Ann Bancroft, Will Steger and a team of 21 dogs. Brent Boddy & Richard Weber became the first Canadians to reach the North Pole on foot while Ann Bancroft became the first woman to trek to the Pole. +First helicopter flight: Australian Dick Smith on 28 April 1987 in Bell Jetranger II VH-DIK. +First surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean on skis: Soviet-Canadian Polar Bridge expedition, 1988, from Northern Siberia to Ellesmere Island National Park Reserve in Canada, via the North Pole. Team members: 9 Soviets (Dmitry Shparo, Mikhail Malakhov, Vladimir Ledenov, Yury Khemeleski, Vasily Shishkariov, Alexandr Beliaev, Anatoly Melnikhov) and 4 Canadians (Richard Weber, Christopher Holloway, Max Buxton, Laurie Dexter). Richard Weber (Canadian team leader) became the first person to reach the North Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean. +First command journey to North Pole unassisted: 1989 Vladimir Chukov «Arctica-89» Expedition. No dogs, air planes, or re-supplies. They departed Arctic Cape on March 15 and only seven of 13 people reached the Pole on May 6. One died 150 km before Pole, five were deported halfway. +First solo journey to North Pole unassisted: 1994 Børge Ousland expedition. No outside help, no dogs, air planes, or re-supplies. He departed Arctic Cape on March 2 and reached the Pole skiing. +First command journey to North Pole unassisted, successful (everyone reached): 1994 Vladimir Chukov «Arctica-94» Expedition. No outside help, no dogs, air planes, or re-supplies. They departed Arctic Cape on March 15 and reached the Pole on May 17 by the same starting command of eight skiers. +First journey to North Pole and return unassisted: 1995 Weber Malakhov Expedition. Richard Weber and Mikhail Malakhov became the first to reach the North Pole and return to their starting point on land (Ward Hunt, Canada), with no outside help, no dogs, air planes, or re-supplies. They departed Ward Hunt on February 14 and reached the Pole eighty one days later, on May 12. On June 15, they were back at Ward Hunt establishing a record of 108 days for the longest unsupported polar journey. +First scuba dive at North Pole: Andrei Rozhkov (Russia) on April 22, 1998 (ended in fatality). +First unsupported, unassisted, ski crossing of the Arctic Ocean from Russia to Canada through the North Pole. Russian - Slovak team; Peter Valušiak, Vladimir Čukov, Ivan Kuželivskij, Valerij Kochanov, (23 February - 20 June 1998). The documentary film 118 DAYS IN CAPTIVITY OF ICE tells this story. +First unsupported ski crossing of the Arctic Ocean: Rune Gjeldnes and Torry Larsen, in 109 days; they passed through the North Pole on April 29, 2000. +First unsupported solo trek from Canada to North Pole: Pen Hadow reached the Pole May 19, 2003. +First to reach North Pole during the Arctic winter: Børge Ousland and Mike Horn. March 23, 2006 +First to reach North Pole on snowshoes exclusively: April 26, 2006 North Pole Classic. Richard Weber guided Conrad Dickinson to the North Pole with no re-supplies. This was Richard Weber's fifth full North Pole expedition. He has trekked to the North Pole more than anyone in history. +First to dive sea bottom at North Pole: Arktika 2007 expedition on August 2, 2007, by two MIR submarines. Crew members were: Arthur Chilingarov, Anatoly Sagalevich and Vladimir Gruzdev on MIR-1; Yevgeny Chernyaev, Mike McDowell and Frederik Paulsen on MIR-2. +First woman pilot to command a Boeing 777 on the world's longest flight over North Pole: Zoya Agarwal with an all women flight crew. +< + +Section for magnetic North Pole firsts (note that the magnetic North Pole does move over time): + +First to drive an automobile to the North Pole was Jeremy Clarkson with James May, with Richard Hammond and a crew of 7 others tasked to assist and document the journey. They drove a Toyota Hilux modified by Arctic Trucks and completed the trip faster than a dog sled they were racing. The journey was documented in Top Gear: Polar Special which was first broadcast on 25 July 2007. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fluvial_landforms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fluvial_landforms-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc43c846c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fluvial_landforms-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "List of fluvial landforms" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fluvial_landforms" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:20.217097+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Landforms related to rivers and other watercourses include: + +Channel (geography) – Narrow body of water +Confluence – Meeting of two or more bodies of flowing water +Cut bank – Outside bank of a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion +Crevasse splay – Sediment deposited on a floodplain by a stream which breaks its levees +Drainage basin – Land area where water converges to a common outlet (watershed) +Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers +Floodplain – Land adjacent to a water body which is flooded during periods of high water +Fluvial landforms of streams +Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys +Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs (Gorge) +Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil +Island – Piece of subcontinental land surrounded by water +Levee § Natural levees +Meander – One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream +Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool left by an ancient river meander +Pendant bar – Streamlined gravel bar below an obstruction +Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall +Point bar – Landform related to streams and rivers +Pothole – Natural bowl-shaped hollow carved into a streambed +Riffle – Shallow landform in a flowing channel +River – Natural flowing freshwater stream +River delta – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river +River island – Exposed landmass within a river +River valley, also known as vale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through itPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Shoal, also known as bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface +Spring (hydrology) – Point at which water emerges from an aquifer to the surface +Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a channel +Stream pool – Deep and slow-moving stretch of a watercourse +Waterfall – Point in a river or brook where water flows over a vertical drop +Yazoo stream – Hydrologic term + + +== See also == +Glossary_of_landforms +Glossary_of_landforms#Fluvial_landforms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daaba6b31 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 1/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Lists of foods named after places have been compiled by writers, sometimes on travel websites or food-oriented websites, as well as in books. +Since all of these names are words derived from place names, they are all toponyms. This article covers English language food toponyms which may have originated in English or other languages. +According to Delish.com, "[T]here's a rich history of naming foods after cities, towns, countries, and even the moon." +The following foods and drinks were named after places. Each non-obvious etymology is supported by a reference on the linked Wikipedia page. Food names are listed by country of the origin of the word, not necessarily where the food originated or was thought to have originated. Some foods are certified to originate in that region with a protected designation of origin (PDO). + +== Africa == + +African eggplant +African pepper +Bourbon vanilla — Île Bourbon, now the island of Réunion +Canarian wrinkly potatoes — Canary Islands +Egyptian onion — Egypt +Gabon nut — Gabon +Guinea grains or Guinea peppers — the Guinea region of the African West coast +Guineafowl — the Guinea region +Galinha à africana — "African-style chicken" +Madagascar vanilla — Madagascar +Moroccan citron — Morocco +Muscat of Alexandria — the city of Alexandria, Egypt +Niger seed — the Niger River +Sauce Africaine — "African sauce" +Tunisian tajine — Tunisia +Tangerine (and therefore Tangelo and Tangor) — the city of Tangier, Morocco +Tunis cake — British cake named after the city of Tunis, Tunisia + +=== Ethiopia === +Abyssinian tea (khat) — Abyssinia, the former name of Ethiopia +Ethiopian banana +Ethiopian cardamom +Ethiopian eggplant +Ethiopian mustard +Ethiopian pepper + +== Asia == +Asian pear + +=== East Asia === +Mongolian barbecue— Mongolia, though originating from the Taiwanese cuisine +Mongolian beef — named after Mongolian barbecue + +==== Taiwan ==== + +Taiwanese fried chicken — Taiwan +Taiwan tangerine + +==== China ==== + +Chinese steamed eggs +Cantonese seafood soup — Canton province, now spelled Guangdong +Sichuan pepper — Sichuan province +Fruits and vegetables +Amur grape — the Amur River +Chinese artichoke +Chinese gooseberry (the original name of kiwifruit) +Chinese mustard +Chinese parsley — better known as coriander or cilantro +Chinese pear and Chinese white pear +Gobi manchurian — Indian fried cauliflower dish named after the Manchuria region +Hainan yellow lantern chili — the island province of Hainan +Meat products and dishes + +Anfu ham — Anfu County, Jiangxi +Chinese chicken salad +Dezhou braised chicken — the city of Dezhou, Shandong +Dong'an chicken — Dong'an County, Hunan +Fujian red wine chicken — Fujian province +Hainanese chicken rice — Hainan province +Jinhua ham — the city of Jinhua, Zhejiang +Lanzhou beef lamian — the city of Lanzhou, Gansu +Nanjing Salted Duck — the city of Nanjing, Jiangsu +Peking duck — the city of Beijing +Peking pork — mistakenly after the city of Beijing +Wenchang chicken — the city of Wenchang, Hainan +Wuhan duck — the city of Wuhan, Hubei +Wuxi Fried Spare Ribs — the city of Wuxi, Jiangsu +Staple food + +Chinese dumplings +Chinese pancake +Chinese sticky rice +Chinkiang pot cover noodles — the city of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu +Danyang barley porridge — the city of Danyang, Jiangsu +Hainanese curry rice — Hainan province +Hokkien fried rice and Hokkien mee — Fujian province, formerly romanized as Hokkien +Shanghai fried noodles and Shanghai-style noodles — the city of Shanghai +Yangzhou fried rice — the city of Yangzhou, Jiangsu + +==== Japan ==== + +Chikuzenni — chicken dish named after the historical Chikuzen Province, Kyushu +Japanese curry +Japanese rice +Kobe beef — the city of Kobe, Kansai region +Matsusaka beef — the city of Matsusaka, Mie, Kansai region +Okinawa soba — noodle soup from the Okinawa Islands +Yonezawa beef — the city of Yonezawa, Yamagata, Tōhoku region +Fruits + +Fuji apple — the town of Fujisaki, Aomori, northern Honshu +Hyuganatsu — citrus named after the historical province of Hyūga +Iyokan — citrus named after the historical province of Iyo +Kiyomi — citrus named after the Kiyomi-gata lagoon in Shizuoka City +Koshu grape — the city of Kōshū, Yamanashi +Mutsu apple — Mutsu Province, northern Honshu +Satsuma mandarin — the historical province of Satsuma +Yubari King — melon named after the city of Yūbari, Hokkaido + +==== Korea ==== + +Korean barbecue +Korean black goat stew +Korean fried chicken +Korean melon +Korean tacos — Korean-Mexican fusion dish originated in Los Angeles +Andong jjimdak — chicken dish named after the city of Andong, South Korea +Cheongyang chili pepper — Cheongyang County, South Korea +Chuncheon dakgalbi — stir-fried chicken from the city of Chuncheon, South Korea +Chuncheon makguksu — buckwheat noodles dish from Chuncheon +Gyeongju bread — the city of Gyeongju, South Korea +Hamhung naengmyeon — noodles dish from the city of Hamhung, North Korea +Hansik ganjang — "Korean-style soy sauce" +Hwangnam bread — from the province of Hwangnam-dong, South Korea +Jeonju bibimbap — rice dish from the city of Jeonju, South Korea +Pyongyang naengmyeon — noodle dish from the city of Pyongyang, North Korea + +=== South Asia === + +Afghan biscuits — New Zealand cookie named after Afghanistan +Afghan salad — Afghanistan +Bhutanese red rice — Bhutan +Ceylon (curry) — Sri Lanka +Ceylon cinnamon — Sri Lanka +Chicken Lahori — the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan +Nepal cardamom — Nepal +Rangpur — citrus fruit named after Rangpur City, Bangladesh +Sindhi biryani — mixed rice dish named after Sindh province, Pakistan +Sindhi pulao — rice pilaf named after Sindh province + +==== India ==== + +Amritsari Kulcha - the city Amritsar of Punjab \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0d52003c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 2/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Allahabadi cake — the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, north India +Bandel cheese — the city of Bandel, West Bengal +Bombay duck — fish dish named after the city of Bombay +Chicken Chettinad — the region of Chettinad, Tamil Nadu +Hyderabadi Biryani — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State +Hyderabadi Haleem — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State +Hyderabadi Marag — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State +Indian omelette +Kakinada Kaja - the city Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh +Kalimpong cheese — the hill station of Kalimpong, West Bengal +Madras curry sauce — the city of Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu +Malabar matthi curry — the Malabar Coast, southeast India +Mangalore Buns - banana and yogurt fried bread from Mangalore +Mangalorean Bangude Masala — fish dish named after the city of Mangalore, Karnataka +Mangalorean Chicken Sukka — the city of Mangalore, Karnataka +Mysore pak — the city of Mysore, Karnataka +Narsobawadi Basundi — dessert from the town of Narsobawadi, Maharashtra +Tirunelveli Halva — the city of Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu +Thoothukudi or Tuticorin macaroon — the city of Thoothukudi (formerly Tuticorin), Tamil Nadu +Fruits and vegetables + +Bangalore Blue — grape grown in districts around Bangalore city, Karnataka +Bikaneri bhujia — bean-based snack food from the town of Bikaner, Rajasthan +Devanahalli pomelo — the town of Devanahalli, Karnataka +Mahabaleshwar strawberry — the city of Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra +Malabar spinach — the Malabar Coast +Naga Morich, Dorset Naga and Naga Viper peppers — Nagaland state +Nagpur orange — the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra +Nashik grape — Nashik district, Maharashtra +Tamarind — "date of India" in Arabic +Tasgaon grapes — the city of Tasgaon, Maharashtra +Udupi Mattu Gulla — eggplant from the village of Matti, Udupi, Karnataka +Staple food + +Bhalia wheat — the Bhal region of Gujarat +Bombay potatoes and Bombay toast — the city of Mumbai +Hyderabadi biryani — rice dish from the city of Hyderabad, Telangana +Indori Poha — rice dish from the city of Indore, Madhya Pradesh +Kerala porotta — flatbread from Kerala state +Palakkadan Matta rice — the district of Palakkad, Kerala +Patna rice — the city of Patna, Bihar +Thalassery biryani — rice dish from the town of Thalassery, Kerala + +=== Southeast Asia === + +Burmese tofu — Burma +Crab Rangoon — the city of Rangoon, formally Yangon, Burma +Katong Laksa — noodle soup named after the Katong precinct, Singapore +Lao sausage — Laos +Maldives fish — the island country of Maldives +Singapore chow mein — Cantonese fried noodle dish named after the city-state of Singapore +Singapore-style noodles — Singapore + +==== Indonesia ==== + + +Ayam taliwang — chicken dish named after the town of Karang Taliwang, near Mataram, Lombok +Bakpia Pathok — sweet rolls from the Pathok suburb of Yogyakarta, Java +Batavia cassia (or Indonesian cinnamon) — the city of Batavia, Dutch East Indies, now Jakarta +Bika Ambon — cake first sold at Ambon Street, Medan, north Sumatra. The street may have been named after Ambon Island, Moluccas +Garut orange — Garut Regency, West Java +Mie aceh — noodle dish from the region of Aceh, Sumatra +Nasi Kapau — rice dish from the town of Nagari Kapau, near Bukittinggi, West Sumatra +Nasi Padang — rice banquet from the city of Padang, West Sumatra +Padang cassia (Indonesian cinnamon) — the city of Padang, West Sumatra +Padang crab — the city of Padang, West Sumatra +Sambal cibiuk — hot sauce from Cibiuk district, Garut Regency, West Java +Sate Bandeng — Banten province, Java +Sate Padang — the city of Padang, West Sumatra + +==== Malaysia ==== +Malay rose apple or pommerac (<"pomme Malac") +Mee bandung Muar — the town of Muar, Johor +Sarawak layer cake or 'Kek Lapis Sarawak — the state of Sarawak, northern Borneo +Sarawak Noodles +Penang Laksa +Malacca Chicken Rice Balls +Ipoh Taugeh Chicken Rice +Johor Mee Rubus + +==== Philippines ==== +Bicol express — the Bicol Region, Philippines +Pancit Malabon — the city of Malabon, Metro Manila +Pastel de Camiguín — the island province of Camiguin +Sagada orange — the town of Sagada, Luzon + +==== Thailand ==== + +Mee siam — Malaysian noodle dish named after Siam (Thailand) +Nasi goreng pattaya — Malaysian dish named after the Thai city of Pattaya, Chonburi +Pad Thai — "fried Thai style" +Sriracha sauce — the city of Si Racha, Chonburi Province +Thai basil +Thai crepes +Thai eggplant +Thai fried rice +Thai ginger + +==== Vietnam ==== + +Bánh cuốn Thanh Trì — rice noodle roll from the Thanh Trì District of Hanoi +Bún bò Huế — soup from the city of Huế +Champa rice — the historical region of Champa +Mì Quảng — Quảng Nam +Saigon cinnamon — the city of Saigon, now Ho Chi Minh City +Trảng Bàng dew-wetted rice paper — the Trảng Bàng District +Vietnamese coriander +Vietnamese eggplant + +=== West Asia === + +Azerbaijani pakhlava — a pastry from Azerbaijan +Aleppo pepper — the city of Aleppo, Syria +Nabulsi cheese — the city of Nablus, Palestine +Damson or damson plum — the city of Damascus, Syria +Phoenicia dessert — the ancient region of Phoenicia headquartered in present day Lebanon + +==== Armenia ==== + +Armenian apple— the most common apricot, named "Prunus armeniaca" +Armenian cracker bread or "Armenian lavash" +Armenian cucumber +Armenian pizza +Armenian plum — "Prunus armeniaca" +Armenian string cheese + +==== Iran ==== + +Iranian pizza +Khorasan wheat — the historical region of Khorasan +Lighvan cheese — the village of Liqvan +Peach — via Latin Persica — Persia +Persian and Persian bun — Canadian and American sweet breads named after Iran +Persian cumin +Persian lime +Persian melon +Təbriz meatballs — the city of Tabriz, Iranian Azerbaijan + +==== Palestine ==== +Jaffa orange — the city of Jaffa (Jaffa Cakes and Jaffas are named after the Jaffa orange) +Palestinian sweet lime — the historical Palestine region + +==== Turkey ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-10.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79191fcb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-10.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 11/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Chanco — the commune of Chanco, Chile +Chaource — the village of Chaource, Champagne, France +Cheddar — the village of Cheddar, Somerset, England +Cherni Vit — the village of Cherni Vit, Bulgaria +Cheshire — Cheshire county, England +Circassian — the historical region of Circassia now in Southern Russia + +Colby — the town of Colby, Wisconsin +Coleraine — the town of Coleraine, Northern Ireland +Comté — the eastern Franche-Comté region, France +Coquetdale cheese — the valley of the River Coquet, Northumberland, England +Cornish Blue, Cornish Brie and Cornish Yarg — cheeses from Cornwall, England +Cotija — the town of Cotija de la Paz, Mexico +Cotswold cheese — the Cotswolds area, England +Crottin de Chavignol — the village of Chavignol, France +Cuba cheese — the town of Cuba, New York +Danbo cheese — Denmark + +Derby, Little Derby and Sage Derby — Derbyshire county, central England +Dorset Blue Vinney — Dorset county, south England +Dovedale — the valley of the River Dove, Central England +Dubliner— the city of Dublin, Ireland +Dunlop — the town of Dunlop, East Ayrshire, southwest Scotland + +Edam — the city of Edam, Netherlands +Emmental — the valley of the river Emme, canton of Bern, Switzerland +Époisses — the village of Époisses, France +Flor de Guía — Santa María de Guía, Canary Islands +Fourme de Montbrison — the town of Montbrison, Loire, France +Friesian Clove — the province of Friesland, Netherlands +Fynbo — the island of Fyn, Denmark + +Gamonéu — small town in Onís, Asturias, Spain +Garrotxa — Garrotxa county, Catalonia, Spain +Gloucester and Double Gloucester — the city of Gloucester, England +Gorgonzola — the town of Gorgonzola, Milan, Italy +Gotland Blue — the island province of Gotland, Sweden +Gouda — the city of Gouda, Netherlands +Grana Padano — the Po Valley (Pianura Padana), Italy +Graviera — the region of Agrafa on Crete, Greece +Gruyère — the town of Gruyères, Fribourg, Switzerland +Guayanés — the Guayana Region of Venezuela +Gudbrandsdalsost — the Gudbrand Valley in Norway + +Harzer — the Harz mountain range in Northern Germany +Ibores — the Ibor Valley in Extremadura, Spain +Idiazabal — Idiazabal, small town in Basque Country, Spain +Jarlsberg — the former county of Jarlsberg in Norway +Kalimpong — the hill station of Kalimpong, West Bengal, India +Korycinski — the town of Korycin, Poland +L'Etivaz — the hamlet of L'Etivaz, Vaud, Switzerland +La Serena — La Serena district in Extremadura, Spain +Laguiole — the village of Laguiole, Aveyron, France +Lanark Blue — Lanarkshire county, Scotland +Lancashire — Lancashire county, northwest England +Langres — the Langres plateau, Champagne region +Lappi — Lapland region of Finland +Leerdammer — the city of Leerdam, Netherlands +Leyden — the city of Leiden, Netherlands +Lighvan — the village of Liqvan in Iran +Limburger — Limburg, a former duchy, now mostly in Belgium +Lincolnshire Poacher cheese — Lincolnshire county, England +Liptauer — the historical region of Liptov in Slovakia + +Livarot — the town of Livarot in Normandy +Mâconnais — the city of Mâcon, France +Mahón — the city of Port Mahon, Menorca, Spain +Mallorca — the island of Mallorca, Spain +Manchego — La Mancha region, Spain +Maribo — the town of Maribo in Denmark +Maroilles — the village of Maroilles, Nord, France +Metsovone — the region of Metsovo in Epirus, Greece + +Minas cheese — the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil +Molbo cheese — the Mols peninsula in Jutland, Denmark +Montasio — the mountain Jôf di Montasio in the Julian Alps, Italy +Monte Veronese — the Province of Verona, Italy +Monterey Jack — Monterey, California +Morbier — the village of Morbier, Jura, France +Morlacco — the Morlachia region, now part of Croatia +Munster — the town Munster, Alsace, France +Murcian and Murcian wine cheese — the Region of Murcia, Spain +Nablusi — the city of Nablus, West Bank +Neufchâtel — the town of Neufchâtel-en-Bray, Normandy, France +Norbury Blue — Norbury Park, Surrey, England +Norvegia — Norway + +Oaxaca — Oaxaca de Juarez, a state and city in Mexico +Oka cheese — the village of Oka, Quebec, Canada +Olomoucké tvarůžky or Olmützer — the city of Olomouc in Moravia, Czech Republic +Ossau-iraty — the Ossau Valley and the Irati Forest in French Basque Country +Pag cheese — the island of Pag, Croatia +Pallone di Gravina — the town of Gravina in Puglia, Italy +Palmero — the island of La Palma, Canary Islands +Parlick Fell — Parlick, a hill in Lancashire county, England + +Parmesan — the city or province of Parma, Italy +Parmigiano-Reggiano — the cities of Parma and Reggio Emilia, Italy +Passendale cheese — the village of Passendale, Belgium +Pecorino di Filiano — the town of Filiano, Basilicata, Italy +Pecorino Romano — the city of Rome, Italy +Pecorino Sardo — the island of Sardinia, Italy +Pecorino Siciliano — the island of Sicily, Italy +Pecorino Toscano — the region of Tuscany, Italy +Penteleu— the Penteleu mountains, Romania +Piave — the Piave river, Veneto, Italy +Picón Bejes-Tresviso — the small town of Tresviso, Cantabria, Spain +Pinconning cheese — the city of Pinconning, Michigan + +Pont-l'Évêque — the town of Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados France +Pouligny-Saint-Pierre — the commune of Pouligny-Saint-Pierre, Indre, France +Queijo de Nisa — the municipality of Nisa, Portugal +Queijo do Pico — Pico Island in the Azores +Queso Chihuahua — the state of Chihuahua in Mexico +Ragusano — the Province of Ragusa, Sicily, Italy + +Red Leicester — the city of Leicester in central England +Red Windsor — the town of Windsor, Berkshire, England +Rigotte de Condrieu — the town of Condrieu, Rhône, France +Robiola, possibly named after the town of Robbio, Lombardy, Italy +Rocamadour — the village of Rocamadour, Lot, France +Romano cheese — the city of Rome +Roncal — the Roncal Valley in Navarre, Spain +Roquefort — the village of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, Aveyron, France +Rosa Camuna — the Val Camonica, Lombardy, Italy +Sainte-Maure de Touraine — the town of Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-11.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b46bb1450 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-11.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 12/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Samsø — the island of Samsø, Denmark +Santarém — the Santarém District, Portugal +São Jorge — São Jorge Island in the Azores +Selles-sur-Cher — the town of Selles-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher, France +Serra da Estrela — the Serra da Estrela mountain range, Portugal +Shropshire Blue — Shropshire county, west England +Stilton and Stichelton — the village of Stilton, Cambridgeshire, England +Sussex Slipcote — the historic county of Sussex, south England +Svecia — Sweden + +Swaledale — Swaledale, a valley in North Yorkshire, England +Swiss cheese — generic name in North America for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental +Taleggio — Val Taleggio, Lombardy, Italy +Teviotdale — the valley of the River Teviot, Roxburghshire, south Scotland +Tilsit — the town of Tilsit in East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Russia) +Tintern — the village of Tintern, southeast Wales +Tomme de Savoie — the historic region of Savoy, France +Tomme Vaudoise — the canton of Vaud, Switzerland + +Torta del Casar — Casar de Cáceres, a municipality in Extremadura, Spain +Tzfatit — the city of Safed, Israel +Vacherin Fribourgeois — the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland +Valdeón — Posada de Valdeón, a municipality in Castile and León, Spain +Valençay — the town of Valençay, Indre France +Valle d'Aosta Fromadzo — the Aosta Valley region +Valtellina Casera — the Valtellina valley in Lombardy, Italy + +Västerbotten cheese — the Västerbotten (West Botnia) province, Sweden +Waterloo — the town of Waterloo, Belgium +Wensleydale — Wensleydale in North Yorkshire, England +Y Fenni — the Welsh name of Abergavenny, southeast Wales +Zamorano — the Province of Zamora, Spain + +== See also == +List of drinks named after places +List of words derived from toponyms +List of foods named after people + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e27314dc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 3/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Turkey fowl (despite not being from Turkey—see Turkey (bird)#Names) +Gemlik olive — the town of Gemlik, Bursa Province +Harput meatballs — the historic city of Harput, now Elazığ, Eastern Anatolia +İnegöl meatballs — the city of İnegöl, Marmara region +Smyrna meatballs — the ancient city of Smyrna, Aegean Region +Tire meatballs — the district of Tire, İzmir, Aegean Region +Turkish delight +Van köfte — meatballs from the city of Van, Eastern Anatolia + +== Europe == + +=== Balkan States === +Albanian vegetable pie — Albania +Bosnian Pot — Bosnia +Bulgarian yogurt — Bulgaria +Cherni Vit (cheese) — the village of Cherni Vit, Bulgaria +Elenski but — ham from the town of Elena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria +Macedonia — mixed salad alluding to the diverse origin of the people of Alexander's Macedonian Empire +Shopska salad — the Shopluk region in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Macedonia +Sremska sausage — the district of Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia + +==== Croatia ==== +Istrian stew — the Istria peninsula +Međimurska gibanica — cake from Međimurje County +Morlacco — Italian cheese named after the historical Morlachia region now located in Croatia +Pag cheese — the island of Pag +Rab cake — the island of Rab + +==== Romania ==== +Magiun of Topoloveni — a plum named after the town of Topoloveni, Argeș County +Nădlac sausage — the town of Nădlac, Arad County +Penteleu cheese — the Penteleu Massive, Buzău County +Pleșcoi sausages — the village of Pleşcoi, Buzău County +Sibiu sausages — the city of Sibiu, Transylvania + +=== Central Europe === + +==== Austria ==== + +Donauwelle — the Danube river +Linzer biscuit — the city of Linz, Upper Austria +Hot Wiener — the city of Vienna +Linzer torte — Linz +Salzburger Nockerl — the city of Salzburg +Tyrolean Speck — the County of Tyrol +Vienna bread — the city of Vienna +Vienna Fingers and Viennese Whirls — American and British cookies named after Vienna +Vienna sausage or Wiener — Vienna +Viennoiserie — Viennese-style baked goods +Wiener Schnitzel — Vienna +Wienerbrød — Vienna + +==== Czech Republic ==== +Olomoucké tvarůžky or Olmützer cheese — the city of Olomouc, Moravia, Czech Republic +Moravian spice cookies — the historical country Moravia +Prague Ham — the city of Prague +Prasky — sausage named after Prague +Šumavská topinka — Scrambled eggs on fried bread, named by Šumava forest region (National park) + +==== Germany ==== + +Allemande sauce — Germany (Allemande in French) +Bamberg potato — the city of Bamberg, Bavaria +Bavarois or Bavarian cream — the state of Bavaria +Frankfurter Grüne Soße — sauce from the city of Frankfurt +German fries +German potato pancakes +Hamburger Aalsuppe — a fish soup from the city of Hamburg +Hamburg parsley — the city of Hamburg +Harzer — cheese from the Harz mountain range +Waldorf salad — via the Waldorf Hotel after the town of Walldorf, Baden, where the Astoria family originated from +Baked goods + +Aachener Printen — gingerbread from the city of Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia +Battenberg cake — the town of Battenberg ("Mountbatten"), Hesse +Berliner — pastry from the city of Berlin +Black Forest cake or Black Forest gateau — not directly named after the Black Forest mountain range in southwestern Germany, but from the speciality liquor of that region, known as Schwarzwälder Kirsch(wasser) and distilled from tart cherries +Bremer Klaben — fruit cake from the city of Bremen +Dutch baby — American pancake perhaps named after the Netherlands, but probably via "deutsch" referring to Germany +Frankfurter Kranz — cake from the city of Frankfurt, Hesse +German biscuit +German toast — Germany +Leipziger Lerche — pastry from the city of Leipzig, Saxony +Meat products and dishes + +Ammerländer Schinken — ham from the district of Ammerland, Lower Saxony +Black Forest ham — the Black Forest mountain range, southwest Germany +Nürnberger Bratwurst — the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria +Braunschweiger — sausage from the city of Braunschweig, Lower Saxony +Brunswick stew — perhaps after Braunschweig (Brunswick) +Frankfurter, Frankfurter Rindswurst, Frankfurter Würstchen, and Frankfurter Würstel — sausages named for the city of Frankfurt +Frankfurter Rippchen — pork dish from Frankfurt +Gaisburger Marsch — beef stew named after the Gaisburg district of Stuttgart +Hamburg steak and Hamburger — the city of Hamburg +Königsberger Klopse — meatball dish from the city of Königsberg, now Kaliningrad, a Russian exclave +Pichelsteiner — stew named after the Büchelstein, a hill in the Bavarian Forest +Regensburger Wurst — the city of Regensburg, Bavaria +Thüringer rotwurst — the state of Thuringia +Westfälische Rinderwurst — the region of Westphalia +Westphalian ham — the region of Westphalia + +==== Hungary ==== + +Debrecener — sausage named after the city of Debrecen +Hortobágyi palacsinta — pancake named after the Hortobágy National Park +Csabai — sausage from the city of Békéscsaba, Békés County +Gyulai — sausage from the town of Gyula, Békés County +Hungarian wax pepper +Hungarian goulash + +==== Poland ==== + +Bialy — bread roll named after the city of Białystok, Podlaskie +Korycinski cheese — the town of Korycin, Podlaskie +'"Krakauer"' or Krakowska — sausage named after the city of Kraków, Lesser Poland +Obwarzanek krakowski — another bread named after Kraków +Paprykarz szczeciński— fish spread named after the city of Szczecin, West Pomerania +Pasztecik szczeciński — deep fried pie from Szczecin +Polish Boy — American sausage sandwich +Polish sausage +Silesian dumplings — the Silesia region of Central Europe +Toruń gingerbread or Thorner Lebkuchen — the city of Toruń, Pomerania + +==== Slovakia ==== + +Pozsonyi kifli — Hungarian pastry named after the Slovak city of Bratislava ("Pozsonyi" in Hungarian) +Liptauer — cheese spread named after the historical region of Liptov, Slovakia +Skalický trdelník — dough wrapped around a stick, baked and topped with sugary mix, named after the city Skalica + +==== Slovenia ==== + +Belokranjska povitica — cake from the Bela Krajina (White Carniola) region +Carniolan sausage — the historical region of Carniola +Idrijski žlikrofi — dumplings from the town of Idrija +Prekmurska gibanica or Prekmurje layer pastry — pastry from the Prekmurje region + +==== Switzerland ==== + +Bündnerfleisch — dried meat from the canton of Graubünden +Swiss chard +Zürcher Geschnetzeltes — meat dish from the city of Zürich +Baked goods \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1125bb3a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 4/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Basler Brot and Basler Läckerli — bread and cookies from the city of Basel +Berner Haselnusslebkuchen and Berner Honiglebkuchen — cakes from the city of Bern +Bündner Nusstorte or Engadiner Nusstorte — sweet pastry from (the Engadin region of) the Graubünden canton +Couque suisse — Belgian sweet roll +Pain de seigle valaisan — bread from the canton of Valais +Pane ticinese — bread from the canton of Ticino, Switzerland +Papet vaudois — mashed potatoes and leek from the canton of Vaud +Swiss roll +Zuger Kirschtorte — layer cake from the city or canton of Zug, Switzerland +Zürcher Murren — bread roll from the city of Zürich +Cheeses + +Appenzeller — the canton of Appenzell +Berner Alpkäse and Berner Hobelkäse — the Bernese Oberland region +Emmentaler — Emmental, the name of a valley in the canton of Bern +Gruyère — the town of Gruyères in the canton of Fribourg +L'Etivaz — the hamlet of L'Etivaz in the canton of Vaud +Swiss cheese — American cheese named for its resemblance to Emmental cheese +Tomme Vaudoise — the canton of Vaud +Vacherin Fribourgeois — the canton of Fribourg + +=== Eastern Europe === + +==== Baltic states ==== +Liveland Raspberry apple — the Governorate of Livonia ("Livland" in German), now part of Latvia and Estonia +Tartu Rose — apple named after the city of Tartu, Estonia + +==== Russia ==== + +Amur grape — the Amur River +Borodinsky bread — the village of Borodino, Moscow Oblast +Circassian cheese — the historical region of Circassia in the North Caucasus +Circassian chicken — Circassia +Red Astrachan apple — the city or oblast of Astrachan +Ruske kape — Balkan cakes named "Russian hats" +Russian candy or Russian chocolate +Russian dressing +Russian salad +Russian tea cake +Siberian tomato — American tomato named after Siberia for its cold resistance +Tilsit cheese — the town of Tilsit in East Prussia (now Sovetsk) +Tula pryanik — the city of Tula, western Russia +Vologda butter — the Vologda region + +==== Ukraine ==== +Black Krim — a tomato from the Crimea peninsula +Chicken Kiev — the city of Kyiv +Kyiv cake — the city of Kyiv +Griotte de Kleparow— a cherry from the historical area of Klepariv, now a suburb of the city of Lviv +Potato Ulanov — fried potato from the village of Ulanov, Vinnytsia Oblast + +=== Nordic countries === + +Faroese puffin — poultry from the Faroe Islands +Karelian hot pot or Karelian stew — from Karelia, a region in Russia and Finland +Karelian pasties — Karelia +Lappi cheese — the Lapland region of Finland +Turun sinappi or Åbo senap — brand of mustard named after the city of Turku / Åbo, Finland + +==== Norway ==== + +Bergen fish soup — the city of Bergen, Hordaland +Bergenost — American cheese brand named after the city of Bergen +Gudbrandsdalsost — cheese from the Gudbrand Valley, Oppland +Jarlsberg cheese — the former county of Jarlsberg, now part of Vestfold +Norvegia cheese — Norway + +==== Sweden ==== + +Åkerö apple — the Åkerö Manor, Södermanland +Falukorv — sausage named after the city of Falun, Dalarna County +Gotland Blue cheese — the island province of Gotland +Kalmar Glasäpple — the city of Kalmar, Kalmar County +Scanian eggcake — the southern province of Scania +Svecia cheese — Sweden +Swede +Swedish fruit soup +Swedish meatballs +Swedish pancakes +Västerbotten cheese — the northern province of Västerbotten (West Botnia) + +=== Southern Europe === +Gibraltar rock — American candy named after the Rock of Gibraltar on the southern Iberian Peninsula +Jamón ibérico — "Iberian ham" +Monte Carlo — British cookie named after the city of Monte Carlo, Monaco +Torta Tre Monti — the three peaks of Monte Titano, San Marino + +==== Greece ==== +Arroz à grega — Brazilian rice dish named after Greece +Fenugreek — herb named "hay of Greece" +Graviera — cheese from the region of Agrafa on Crete +Greek pizza +Greek Yoghurt — a yoghurt that has been strained to remove its whey, also "Greek-style Yoghurt" +Metsovone — cheese from the region of Metsovo in Epirus +Psarosoupa patmou — fish soup from the island of Patmos +Fruits and vegetables + +Currant (e.g. Blackcurrant, Redcurrant, Whitecurrant) — the city of Corinth, Peloponnese +Golden Greek pepper +Greek citron +Kalamata olive — the city of Kalamata, Peloponnese +Quince — the ancient city-state of Kydonia, Crete +Santorini tomato — the island of Santorini +Spartan apple — the ancient city-state of Sparta +Zante currant — the Ionian island of Zante and the city of Corinth, Peloponnese + +==== Italy ==== + +Arborio rice — the town of Arborio, Piedmont +Baccalà alla lucana — fish dish from Basilicata, in the past known as Lucania +Baccalà alla vicentina — fish dish from the city of Vicenza, Veneto +Eggs Florentine — the city of Florence, Tuscany +Italian ice +Naporitan — Japanese dish named after the city of Naples +Neapolitan ice cream — the city of Naples +Prosecco - a sparkling white wine named after the town of Prosecco +Sardines — the island of Sardinia + +Baked goods + +Amaretti di Saronno — cookie from Saronno, Lombardy +Buccellato di Lucca — cake from the city of Lucca, Tuscany +Coppia ferrarese — bread from the Province of Ferrara +Crocetta of Caltanissetta — sweets from the Province of Caltanissetta +Florentine Biscuit — the city of Florence, Tuscany +Genoa cake and Genoise or Genovese cake — the city of Genoa, Liguria +Italian sandwich +Italian tomato pie +Neapolitan pizza and Neapolitan wafer — the city of Naples +Nocciolini di Canzo — cookies from the town of Canzo, Lombardy +Nocciolini di Chivasso — cookies from the town of Chivasso in the metropolitan area of Turin, Piedmont +Pane di Altamura — bread from the city of Altamura, Apulia +Pane toscano — bread from the Tuscany region +Pizza pugliese — the Apulia region of southeast Italy +Sicilian pizza — the island of Sicily +Stromboli — pizza named via the film Stromboli — the island of Stromboli +Torta alla Monferrina — the Montferrat region of Piedmont +Torta caprese — the island of Capri, Campania +Cheeses \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..223204ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 5/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Asiago — Asiago, plateau and town in the Venetian Prealps +Bastardo del Grappa — Monte Grappa in the Venetian Prealps +Bitto — the Bitto River in Lombardy +Bra — the town of Bra in Piedmont +Casciotta d'Urbino — the city of Urbino in the Marche region +Castelmagno — the municipality of Castelmagno in Piedmont +Gorgonzola — the town of Gorgonzola near Milan +Grana Padano — the Po Valley (Pianura Padana) +Montasio — the mountain Jôf di Montasio in the Julian Alps +Monte Veronese — the Province of Verona +Pallone di Gravina — the town of Gravina in Puglia in Apulia +Parmesan— the city or province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna +Parmigiano-Reggiano — the cities of Parma and Reggio, Emilia-Romagna +Pecorino di Filiano — the town of Filiano in the southern region of Basilicata +Pecorino Romano — the city of Rome +Pecorino Sardo — the island of Sardinia +Pecorino Siciliano — the island of Sicily +Pecorino Toscano — the region of Tuscany +Piave — the Piave river in the Veneto region +Quiche florentine — Florence +Ragusano — the Province of Ragusa on Sicily +Robiola — possibly named after the town of Robbio in Lombardy +Romano cheese — American pecorino-style cheese named after Rome +Rosa Camuna — the Val Camonica in Lombardy +Taleggio — Val Taleggio in Lombardy +Valle d'Aosta Fromadzo — the Aosta Valley region +Valtellina Casera — the Valtellina valley in Lombardy + +Fruits and vegetables +Aprutino Pescarese — the Province of Pescara, Abruzzo +Bosana — the town of Bosa, Sardinia +Cantaloupe — the town of Cantalupo in Sabina, Lazio +Caprese salad — the island of Capri, Campania +Cerignola olive — the town of Cerignola, Apulia +Florence fennel — the city of Florence, Tuscany +Florentine citron — Florence +Giarratana onion — the town of Giarratana, Sicilly +Italia (grape) +Italian sweet pepper +Lucques olive — the city of Lucca, Tuscany +Mazzarrone (grape) — the town of Mazzarrone, Sicilly +Nocellara del Belice — the Valle del Belice, Sicily +Castelvetrano olive — the town of Castelvetrano, Sicily +Parmigiana — eggplant dish named after the city of Parma +Pomodorino Vesuviano — tomato named after the Vesuvius volcano +Pomodoro di Pachino — the town of Pachino, Sicily +Roma tomato — the city of Rome +San Marzano tomato — the town of San Marzano sul Sarno, Campania +Sicilian orange salad — the island of Sicily +Siracusa lemon — the province of Syracuse, Sicily +Tuscan pepper — the region of Tuscany +Meat products and dishes + +Bologna sausage — the city of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna +Chicken Marengo — via the Battle of Marengo — the town of Spinetta Marengo, Piedmont +Chicken marsala — via Marsala wine — the city of Marsala, Sicily +Chicken parmigiana — the city or province of Parma +Chicken Vesuvio — the vulcano of Vesuvius +Cotechino Modena — the city of Modena, Emilia-Romagna +Florentine steak — the city of Florence, Tuscany +Genoa salami — the city of Genoa, Liguria +Italian beef +Italian hot dog +Italian sausage +Likëngë, Loukaniko and Lucanica — sausages named after the ancient area of Lucania in southern Italy +Milanesa or Cotoletta alla Milanese — meat fillet dish named after the city of Milan +Parma ham or "Prosciutto di Parma " and Parmo — the city of Parma, Emilia-Romagna +Paupiettes de Volaille Florentine — a French roulade named after the city of Florence +Saltimbocca alla Romana — the city of Rome +Sopressa Vicentina — salami from the city of Vicenza, Veneto +Spaghetti bolognese — the city of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna +Speck Alto Adigo — bacon from the province of Alto Adige / South Tyrol + +Sauces and dressings +Amatriciana sauce — the town of Amatrice, Lazio +Barese ragù — the city of Bari, Apulia +Bolognese sauce — the city of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna +Italian dressing +Neapolitan sauce and Neapolitan ragù — the city of Naples, Campania +Pesto alla Genovese — the city of Genoa, Liguria +Venetian sauce — the city of Venice +Aceto balsamico tradizionale di Modena +Soups +Buridda alla Genovese — the city of Genoa, Liguria +Soup alla Canavese — the Canavese region, Piedmont +Soup alla modenese — the city of Modena, Emilia-Romagna +Zuppa pavese — the city of Pavia, Lombardy +Zuppa toscana — the province of Tuscany + +==== Portugal ==== + +Azaruja sausage — the village of Azaruja, Évora +Carne de porco à alentejana — pork meat from the Alentejo region +Castelo Branco cheese — the city or district of Castelo Branco +Galinha à portuguesa — Macao dish named "Portuguese-style chicken" +Madeira cake — via Madeira wine after the Portuguese islands of Madeira +Ovos Moles de Aveiro — sweet from the Aveiro District +Portuguese asado — roasted fish dish +Portuguese sauce +Portuguese sweet bread +Queijo de Nisa — cheese from the municipality of Nisa, Portalegre +Queijo do Pico — cheese from Pico Island, one of the Portuguese Azores islands +Santarém cheese — the Santarém District +São Jorge cheese — São Jorge Island in the Azores +Serra da Estrela cheese — the Serra da Estrela mountain range + +==== Spain ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d82698618 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 6/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Albufera sauce — via the Duke of Albufera after the Albufera lagoon, eastern Spain +Arroz a la valenciana — Latin American rice dish named after Valencia +Castella — Japanese cake named after the historical region of Castile +Chorizo de Pamplona — sausage from the city of Pamplona, Navarre +Espagnole sauce — Spain +Lacón Gallego — ham from the region of Galicia +Mantecadas de Astorga — pastry from the town of Astorga, Léon +Mató de Pedralbes — pastry from the Pedralbes neighborhood of Barcelona, Spain +Mayonnaise — perhaps named after the city of Mahón, capital of the island of Menorca +Morcilla de Burgos — sausage from the city of Burgos, Castile +Sauce andalouse — Belgian sauce named after the Andalusia region of southern Spain +Spanische Windtorte — Austrian cake named after Spain +Spanish omelette +Spanish rice — the American name for a Mexican side dish +Tarragona – Swedish chocolate bar named after the city of Tarragona +Valencian paella — the city, province or region of Valencia +Valencia rice — Valencia +Vic fuet — sausage from the town of Vic, Catalonia +Cheeses + +Alpujarra — Alpujarra region, Andalusia +Cabrales — Cabrales, a municipality in Asturias +Cantabrian Cream — the autonomous community of Cantabria +Casín cheese — Caso, a municipality in Asturias +Flor de Guía — Santa María de Guía, a town in the Canary Islands +Gamonéu — the small town of Gamonéu in Onís, Asturias +Garrotxa — Garrotxa county in Catalonia +Ibores — the Ibor Valley in Extremadura +Idiazabal — the small town of Idiazabal, Basque Country +La Serena — the La Serena district in Extremadura +Mahón — the city of Port Mahon on the Balearic Islands +Mallorca — the island of Mallorca +Manchego — La Mancha region +Murcian and Murcian wine cheese — the autonomous community of Murcia +Palmero — the island of La Palma +Picón Bejes-Tresviso — the small town of Tresviso in Cantabria +Roncal — the Roncal Valley in Navarre +Torta del Casar — Casar de Cáceres, a municipality in Extremadura +Valdeón — Posada de Valdeón, a municipality in Castile and León +Zamorano — the Province of Zamora +Fruits, nuts and vegetables + +Alicante tomato — the city or province of Alicante +Arbequina olive — the village of Arbeca, Catalonia +Figueres onion — the town of Figueres, Catalonia +Padrón peppers — the town of Padrón, Galicia +Seville orange — the city of Seville, Andalusia +Spanish lime +Spanish peanut +Spanish thyme +Valencia orange — American cultivar named after the city or province of Valencia +Soups and stews +Caldo gallego ("Galician broth") — the Galicia region +Minorcan clam chowder — the Balearic Island of Menorca (historically called "Minorca") +Cocido lebaniego — stew from the region of Liébana, Cantabria +Cocido madrileño — stew from the city of Madrid +Fabada asturiana — the province of Asturias +Pisto manchego — eggplant stew from the La Mancha region +Porra antequerana — the city of Antequera, Andalusia + +=== Western Europe === +Éisleker Ham — the Oesling/Éislek region of Luxembourg + +==== Belgium ==== +Belgian biscuit +Belgian bun +Belgian endive +Belgian pralines +Belgium sausage — Australian product named after Belgium +Belgian waffle +Beurre d'Ardenne — butter from the Ardennes region +Brussels sprouts — the city of Brussels +Café liégeois — French dessert named after the city of Liège +Carbonade flamande or Flemish Stew — the County of Flanders +Couque de Dinant — cookies from the city of Dinant, Namur +Limburger cheese — the former Duchy of Limburg +Passendale cheese — the village of Passendale, West Flanders +Sirop de Liège — fruit spread from the city of Liège +Waterloo cheese — English cheese named after the town of Waterloo, Brabant + +==== France ==== + +Belle de Fontenay — potato named after the suburb of Fontenay-sous-Bois, Paris +Beurre d'Isigny — butter from the town of Isigny-sur-Mer, Normandy +Bisque — soup named after the Bay of Biscay between Spain and France +Camargue red rice — the Camargue region, Bouches-du-Rhône +Crème Chantilly — another term for "whipped cream", after Chantilly, Oise, Hauts-de-France +French fries is from Belgium. +French toast +French onion soup +French vanilla +Lyonnaise potatoes — the city of Lyon +Vichyssoise soup — the city of Vichy, Auvergne +Baked goods + +Biscuit rose de Reims — the city of Reims, Marne, Grand Est +Bourbon biscuit — British cookie named, via the House of Bourbon — the historic Bourbonnais region +Breton galette and Crêpe bretonne — the region of Brittany +Bugnes lyonnaise — the city of Lyon +Chantilly cake — indirectly after the castle at and village of Chantilly, Oise, Hauts-de-France +Coussin de Lyon — sweet from the city of Lyon +Dacquoise — cake named after the town of Dax, Landes +Far Breton — cake from the region of Brittany +Ficelle picarde — savory pancake from the region of Picardy +Franzbrötchen — German pastry named after France +French toast +Gâteau Basque — pastry from Basque Country +Jordan almonds — confectionary perhaps named after the town of Verdun, Meuse +Nice biscuit or Nizza — a cookie named after the city of Nice, Alpes-Maritimes +Norman Tart — the Normandy region +Paris buns — Scottish breadlike cake named after Paris +Paris–Brest — pastry named for the cities of Paris and Brest, Brittany +Pithivier — pie named after the town of Pithiviers, Loiret, central France +Quiche lorraine — the historical region of Lorraine +Cheeses \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f40c2ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 7/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Abondance — the commune of Abondance, Haute-Savoie +Banon — the town of Banon in the Provence +Beaufort — the commune of Beaufort, Savoie +Bleu d'Auvergne — the central historical province of Auvergne +Bleu de Gex — the eastern historical Pays de Gex +Brie — the historical Brie region near Paris +Camembert — the town of Camembert, Orne, Normandy +Cantal — the central department of Cantal +Chaource — the village of Chaource in the Champagne region +Comté — the eastern Franche-Comté region +Crottin de Chavignol — the village of Chavignol, France in the central Loire valley +Époisses — the village of Époisses, Burgundy +Fourme de Montbrison — Montbriso in the upper Loire valley. +Laguiole — the village of Laguiole in the southern Aveyron department +Langres — the Langres plateau in the Champagne region +Livarot — the town of Livarot in Normandy +Mâconnais — the city of Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire +Maroilles — the village of Maroilles near the Belgian border +Morbier — the village of Morbier near the Swiss border +Munster — the town of Munster, Haut-Rhin in the Alsace region +Neufchâtel — the town of Neufchâtel-en-Bray in upper Normandie +Ossau-iraty — the Ossau Valley and the Irati Forest, French Basque Country +Pont-l'Évêque — the town of Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados, Normandy +Pouligny-Saint-Pierre — the commune of Pouligny-Saint-Pierre, Indre +Rigotte de Condrieu — the town of Condrieu, Rhône +Rocamadour — the village of Rocamadour in Occitanie + +Roquefort — the village of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon in Occitanie +Sainte-Maure de Touraine — the town of Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine in the Loire valley +Selles-sur-Cher — the town of Selles-sur-Cher in the Loire valley +Tomme de Savoie — the historic region of Savoy +Valençay — the town of Valençay, Indre +Fruits and vegetables + +Anjou pear or Beurré d'Anjou — the historical region of Anjou +Corsican citron — the island of Corsica +Espelette pepper — the town of Espelette, French Basque Country +Mirabelle de Lorraine plum — the region of Lorraine +Montmorency cherry — the town of Montmorency, Val-d'Oise +Muscat du Ventoux — grape from Mont Ventoux, Provence +Niçoise (olive), Olive de Nice and Salade niçoise — the city of Nice +Poire à la Beaujolaise — pear recipe named after the historical province of Beaujolais +Salonenque olive — the town of Salon-de-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône +Nyons olive — the town of Nyons, Drôme +Meat products and dishes + +Bayonne ham — the city of Bayonne, French Basque Country +Beef bourguignon — the Burgundy (Bourgogne) region +Boudin blanc de Rethel — the town of Rethel, Champagne +Cervelas de Lyon — the city of Lyon +Chateaubriand steak — probably after the town of Châteaubriant, Loire-Atlantique +Lyoner sausage — Lyon +Morteau sausage — the town of Morteau, Franche-Comté +Pariser Schnitzel — the city of Paris +Rosette de Lyon and Saucisson de Lyon — Lyon +Saucisse de Toulouse — the city of Toulouse, Occitanie + +Sauces, dressings and condiments +Sauce Américaine — the ancient region of Armorica +Béarnaise sauce — the province of Béarn, Pyrénées-Atlantiques +Bordelaise sauce — the city of Bordeaux, Gironde +Breton sauce — the region of Brittany +Café de Paris sauce — Paris +Dijon mustard — the city of Dijon, Burgundy +French dip and French onion dip +French dressing +Honey Dijon dressing — the city of Dijon +Nantua sauce — the village of Nantua, Ain +Normande sauce — the Normandy region +Rouennaise sauce — the city of Rouen, Normandy +Sauce Américaine, originally Sauce armoricaine — Armorica, an ancient region of northwest France +Sauce bourguignonne — the Burgundy (Bourgogne) region +Sauce lyonnaise — the city of Lyon +Sauce parisienne — Paris + +==== Ireland ==== + +Dublin Bay prawn — the city of Dublin +Dubliner cheese — Dublin +Irish breakfast +Full Irish breakfast roll +Irish Lumper and Irish White potatoes +Irish soda bread +Irish stew — Ireland +Limerick ham — County Limerick +Ulster Emblem — potato from the historic province of Ulster +Ulster fry — breakfast from Ulster +Waterford Blaa — a doughy, white bread bun (roll) speciality particularly associated with Waterford, Ireland + +==== Netherlands ==== +Belle de Boskoop apple — the town of Boskoop, South Holland +Boskoop Glory grape — the town of Boskoop +Bossche bol — pastry from the city of Den Bosch, North Brabant +Dutch apple pie +Dutch biscuits +Dutch carnival cake +Dutch crunch bread +Dutch doughnut and Dutchie (doughnut) +Dutch letter — almond pastry +Dutch licorice +Dutch loaf — luncheon meat +Dutch pancake +Dutch process chocolate +Dutch waffle +Elstar apple — the city of Elst, Gelderland +Hollandaise sauce — the Holland region +Zeeuws spek — bacon dish from the province of Zeeland +Zeeuwse bolus — pastry from Zeeland + +Cheeses +Beemster — the Beemster polder, North Holland +Edam — the city of Edam, North Holland +Friesian Clove — the province of Friesland +Gouda — the city of Gouda, South Holland +Leerdammer — the city of Leerdam, South Holland +Leyden — the city of Leiden, South Holland +Maasdam — the village of Maasdam, South Holland +Old Amsterdam — brand of Gouda cheese named after the city of Amsterdam + +==== United Kingdom ==== + +Coleraine Cheddar — the town of Coleraine, Northern Ireland +Guernsey Bean Jar — bean stew from the island of Guernsey +Guernsey Gâche — raisin bread from Guernsey +Jersey Royal potato — the island of Jersey +Manks Codlin — apple from the Isle of Man +Manx Queenie — scallop harvested around the Isle of Man +Ulster Emblem — potato from the historic Irish province of Ulster +Ulster fry — breakfast from Ulster + +===== England ===== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b00cbbd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 8/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Brown Windsor soup — perhaps via the Windsor bean after the town of Windsor, Berkshire +Cornish clotted cream and Cornish ice cream — the county of Cornwall +Cornish sardines — the county of Cornwall +Dover sole — the town of Dover, Kent +English breakfast +Eton mess — the town of Eton, Berkshire +Everton mint — candy from the Everton suburb of Liverpool +Grimsby smoked fish — the town of Grimsby, Lincolnshire +Kendal Mint Cake — peppermint candy from the town of Kendal, Cumbria +Kentish well pudding — the county of Kent +Malvern pudding — the town of Malvern, Worcestershire +Pontefract cake — licorice candy from the town of Pontefract, Yorkshire +Sussex pond pudding — Sussex county + +Baked goods +Bakewell pudding and Bakewell tart — the town of Bakewell, Derbyshire +Banbury cake — the town of Banbury, Oxfordshire +Bath bun and Bath Oliver cracker — the city of Bath, Somerset +Bedfordshire clanger — the county of Bedfordshire +Chelsea bun — the Chelsea area of London +Chorley cake — the town of Chorley, Lancashire +Cornish fairings and Cornish pasty — the county of Cornwall +Cumberland pie — the historic county of Cumberland +Dorset apple cake — Dorset county +Dorset knob — flatbread from Dorset county +Eccles cake — the town of Eccles, Greater Manchester +English muffin +Lincoln biscuit — the city of Lincoln, Lincolnshire +London bun — the city of London +Manchester tart — the city of Manchester +Sandwich — via the 4th Earl of Sandwich after the village of Sandwich, Kent +Shrewsbury cake or biscuit — the town of Shrewsbury, Shropshire +Staffordshire oatcake — Staffordshire county +Tottenham cake — the Tottenham area of northern London +Yorkshire pudding — Yorkshire county + +Cheeses +Ashdown Foresters — the Ashdown Forest heathland, East Sussex +Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese — Beacon Fell, Lancashire +Beenleigh Blue — Beenleigh Manor, Harberton, Devon +Brighton Blue — the city of Brighton, East Sussex +Buxton Blue — the town of Buxton, Derbyshire +Cheddar — the village of Cheddar, Somerset +Cheshire — Cheshire county +Coquetdale cheese — the valley of the River Coquet, Northumberland +Cornish Blue, Cornish Brie and Cornish Yarg — the county of Cornwall +Cotswold cheese — via Cotswold stone after the Cotswolds area +Derby, Little Derby and Sage Derby — Derbyshire county +Dorset Blue Vinney from Dorset county +Dovedale — the valley of the River Dove, Central England +Gloucester and Double Gloucester — the city of Gloucester +Lancashire — Lancashire county +Lincolnshire Poacher cheese — Lincolnshire county +Norbury Blue — Norbury Park, Surrey +Parlick Fell — the hill Parlick, Lancashire +Red Leicester — the city of Leicester +Red Windsor — the town of Windsor, Berkshire +Shropshire Blue — Shropshire county +Stilton and Stichelton — the village of Stilton, Cambridgeshire +Sussex Slipcote — the historic county of Sussex +Swaledale — Swaledale, a valley in North Yorkshire +Wensleydale — Wensleydale, a valley in North Yorkshire + +Fruits and vegetables +Allington Pippin (apple) — the village of Allington, Lincolnshire +Beauty of Bath (apple) — the city of Bath, Somerset +Beauty of Kent (apple) — County Kent +Blenheim Orange (apple) — the parish of Blenheim, Oxfordshire +Chelmsford Wonder (apple) — the city of Chelmsford, Essex +Claygate Pearmain (apple) — the village of Claygate, Surrey +Cornish Aromatic and Cornish Gilliflower (apples) — the county of Cornwall +Flower of Kent (apple) — County Kent +Kingston Black Apple — the village of Kingston St Mary, Somerset +Norfolk Biffin and Norfolk Pippin (apples) — the county of Norfolk +Oxford Marmalade — a brand named after the city of Oxford +Ribston Pippin (apple) — the estate of Ribston Hall, North Yorkshire +Star of Devon (apple) — Devon County +Sturmer Pippin (apple) — the village of Sturmer, Essex +Upton Pyne apple — the village of Upton Pyne, Devon +Warden pear — the village of Old Warden, Bedfordshire +Worcester Pearmain (apple) — the city of Worcester +Wyken Pippin (apple) — the village of Wyken, now a suburb of Coventry, West Midlands +Yorkshire Forced Rhubarb — Yorkshire county +Meat products and dishes + +Cornish game hen — the county of Cornwall +Cumberland sausage — the historic county of Cumberland +Devon (sausage) — Australian meat product perhaps named after the county of Devon +Lancashire hotpot — the county of Lancashire +Lincolnshire sausage — the county of Lincolnshire +Melton Mowbray pork pie — the town of Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire +Newmarket sausage — the town of Newmarket, Suffolk + +Oxford sausage — the city of Oxford +York ham — the city of York, Yorkshire +Sauces and condiments +Branston Pickle — the village of Branston, Staffordshire +Crème anglaise — England +Cumberland sauce — the historic county of Cumberland +Tewkesbury mustard — the town of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire +Worcestershire sauce — the county of Worcestershire + +===== Scotland ===== + +Aberdeen Angus — both the city of Aberdeen and the county of Angus +Aberdeen roll — the city of Aberdeen +Angus beef and Angus burger — the county of Angus +Arbroath smokie — fish from the town of Arbroath, Angus +Selkirk bannock — raisin bread from the town of Selkirk, Scottish Borders +Bonchester cheese — Bonchester Bridge, Roxburghshire +Cullen skink — soup from the village of Cullen, Moray +Dundee cake — the city of Dundee +Dunlop cheese — the town of Dunlop, East Ayrshire +Ecclefechan tart — the village of Ecclefechan +Forfar bridie — meat pastry from the town of Forfar, Angus +Lanark Blue — cheese from Lanarkshire county +Marauding Scot — fruit soaked in whisky +Scotch broth +Scotch egg +Scotch pancake +Scotch pie +Scotch woodcock — eggs and anchovy on toast +Shetland Black potato — the Shetland Islands +Stornoway black pudding — the town of Stornoway, Outer Hebrides +Teviotdale cheese — the valley of the River Teviot, Roxburghshire + +===== Wales ===== + +Bardsey apple — Bardsey Island +Caerphilly cheese — the town of Caerphilly +Glamorgan sausage — the historic county of Glamorgan +Tintern cheese — the village of Tintern +Welsh breakfast +Welsh cake +Welsh onion +Welsh rarebit +Y Fenni cheese — the Welsh name of Abergavenny + +== North America == +Bermuda fish chowder — the island nation of Bermuda \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0b1fa32b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 9/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Canada === + +B.C. roll — the province of British Columbia +Canadian bacon +Canadian white bread +Harovin Sundown pear — the town of Harrow, Ontario +London broil — perhaps after London, Ontario +Montreal hot dog — the city of Montreal, Quebec +Montreal melon — Montreal +Montreal-style bagel — Montreal +Montreal-style smoked meat — Montreal +Nanaimo bar — the city of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Canada +Nova Scotia salmon — the province of Nova Scotia +Oka cheese — originally manufactured by the Trappist monks in Oka, Quebec +Pictou County Pizza — Pictou County, Nova Scotia +Reinette du Canada — French apple named after Canada +Saskatoonberry — Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (the city is named after the berry) +Thousand Island dressing — the Thousand Islands archipelago in the St Lawrence river +Yukon Gold (potato) — the territory of Yukon + +=== Caribbean === + +Bajan pepper sauce — the island nation of Barbados +Barbados cherry — Barbados +Haitian patty — a savory pastry from Haiti +Jamaican red banana — Jamaica +Jamaican jerk spice — Jamaica] +Jamaican patty — a savory pastry from Jamaica +Trinidad moruga scorpion pepper — the district of Moruga, Trinidad + +==== Cuba ==== + +Arroz a la cubana — "Cuban-style rice" +Cuban bread +Cuban oregano +Cuban pastry +Cuban sandwich +Cubanelle pepper +Habanero pepper — the city of Havana + +=== Mexico === + +Carne a la tampiqueña — meat dish from the city of Tampico, Tamaulipas +Chongos zamoranos — dessert from the city of Zamora, Michoacán +Cotija cheese — the town of Cotija de la Paz, Michoacán +Huachinango a la Veracruzana — fish dish from the state of Veracruz +Huevos a la mexicana — "Mexican-style eggs" +Jalapeño pepper — the city of Xalapa, Veracruz +Mexican mint +Mexican turnip +Oaxaca cheese — the state or city of Oaxaca de Juarez +Poblano pepper — the state or city of Puebla +Queso Chihuahua — cheese from the state of Chihuahua +Sonoran hot dog — the state of Sonora +Tabasco pepper and Tabasco sauce — the state of Tabasco +Tequila — the city of Tequila, Jalisco + +=== United States === + +Altoona-style pizza - Altoona, Pennsylvania +American fried rice — Thai dish +Baked Alaska — dessert named after the state of Alaska +Calrose rice — the state of California +Charleston red rice — the city of Charleston, South Carolina +Denver omelette and Denver sandwich— the city of Denver, Colorado +Hangtown fry omelette — the city of Placerville, California, between 1849 and 1854 known as "Hangtown" +Hawaiian haystack — the state of Hawaii +Ozark pudding — the Ozarks region of Missouri and Arkansas, USA +Philadelphia Cream Cheese — the town of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania +California burrito - the state of California +Baked goods + +American muffin +Boston brown bread, Boston cream doughnut and Boston cream pie — the city of Boston, Massachusetts +California-style pizza — the state of California +New York cheesecake — New York City +Chicago-style pizza — the city of Chicago, Illinois +Detroit-style pizza — the city of Detroit, Michigan +Fig Newton — the city of Newton, Massachusetts +Hawaiian pizza— the state of Hawaii +Kentucky jam cake — the state of Kentucky, USA +Key lime pie — via the Key lime from the Florida Keys islands +Mississippi mud pie — the Mississippi River +New England brown bread — the New England region +New Haven-style pizza — the city of New Haven, Connecticut +New York-style bagel, New York-style pastrami and New York-style pizza — New York City +Parker House roll — the Parker House Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts +Quad City-style pizza — the Quad Cities in Iowa and Illinois +Smith Island cake — Smith Island, Maryland +St. Louis-style pizza — the city of St. Louis, Missouri +St. Paul sandwich — the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota +Texas toast — the state of Texas +Toast Hawaii — the state of Hawaii +Cheeses +American cheese — common name for processed cheese. +Colby cheese — Colby, Wisconsin +Cuba cheese — Cuba, New York +Monterey Jack — Monterey, California (not Monterrey, Mexico) +Pinconning cheese — the city of Pinconning, Michigan +Fruits, nuts and vegetables + +Adirondack Blue and Red potatoes — the Adirondack Mountains, New York +Anaheim pepper — the city of Anaheim, California +Arkansas Black apple — the state of Arkansas +Arkansas Traveler tomato — the state of Arkansas +Boston baked beans — the city of Boston, Massachusetts +Canadice grape— Canadice Lake, New York +Carolina Reaper pepper — the state of South Carolina +Concord grape — the town of Concord, Massachusetts +Cortland apple — Cortland County, New York +Delaware grape — the town of Delaware, Ohio +Esopus Spitzenburg apple — the town of Esopus, New York +Fresno chile — the city of Fresno, California +Hanover tomato — Hanover County, Virginia +Idared apple — the state of Idaho +Key lime — the Florida Keys archipelago, south Florida +Lakemont grape— the hamlet of Lakemont, New York +Michigan salad — the state of Michigan +New Mexico chile pepper — the state of New Mexico +Newtown Pippin apple — the village of Newton, now a borough of New York City known as Elmhurst, Queens +Rainier cherry — Mount Rainier, Washington +Rhode Island Greening apple — the state of Rhode Island +Rome Beauty apple — Rome Township, Lawrence County, Ohio +Roxbury Russet apple — the former town of Roxbury, Boston, Massachusetts +Santa Fe Grande pepper — the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico +Texas caviar — pea salad from the state of Texas +Tompkins King apple — Tompkins County, New York +Ulster cherry — Ulster County, New York +Vidalia onion — the city of Vidalia, Georgia +Virginia peanut — the state of Virginia +Wolf River apple — the Wolf River in Wisconsin +York Imperial apple — the city of York, Pennsylvania \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eadb66f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +--- +title: "List of foods named after places" +chunk: 10/12 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Meat products and dishes +American chop suey — ground beef pasta dish basically unrelated to chop suey +American goulash +Barberton chicken — the city of Barberton, Ohio +Beef Manhattan — the borough of Manhattan, New York City +Bourbon chicken — Bourbon Street in New Orleans Louisiana +Buffalo wing — the city of Buffalo, New York +Chicago-style hot dog — the city of Chicago +Chicken Maryland — the state of Maryland +Carolina burger — the states of The Carolinas +Coney Island hot dog — Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City +Filet américain or steack à l'Americaine — "American steak" +Kansas City strip steak and Kansas City-style barbecue — Kansas City, Missouri +Kentucky hot brown — meat sandwich from the state of Kentucky +Lebanon bologna — the city of Lebanon, Pennsylvania +California burger — the state of California +Maxwell Street Polish — the Maxwell Street market in Chicago, Illinois +Memphis-style barbecue — the city of Memphis, Tennessee +Michigan hot dog — the state of Michigan +Nashville hot chicken — the city of Nashville, Tennessee +New York strip steak — New York City +Philadelphia Pepper Pot — the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania +Philly cheesesteak — the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania +Pittsburgh rare steak — the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania +Rocky Mountain oysters — testicle dish named after the Rocky Mountains +Seattle-style hot dog — the city of Seattle, Washington +Smithfield ham — the town of Smithfield, Virginia +Southern Louisiana Ponce — the state of Louisiana +St. Louis-style barbecue — the city of St. Louis, Missouri +Texas hot dog and Texas Tommy (hot dog) — the state of Texas + +Virginia ham — the state of Virginia +Santa Maria-style barbecue — Santa Maria Valley, California +Sauces, dressings and condiments +Buffalo sauce — the city of Buffalo, New York +Carolina style condiments — the state of North Carolina +Catalina dressing — Santa Catalina Island, California +Cincinnati chili — meat sauce from the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA +Thousand Island dressing — the Thousand Islands archipelago in the St Lawrence river + +Seafood +California roll — sushi roll named after the state of California +Delaware clam chowder — the state of Delaware +Dungeness crab — the town of Dungeness, Washington +Hatteras clam chowder — the beach or island of Hatteras, North Carolina +Long Island clam chowder — Long Island, New York State +Manhattan clam chowder — the borough of Manhattan, New York City +Maryland Blue Crab — the state of Maryland +Maryland crab soup — the state of Maryland, USA +New England clam chowder — the New England region +New Jersey clam chowder — the state of New Jersey +Philadelphia roll — sushi roll named via the cream cheese after the town of Philadelphia, New York +Rhode Island clam chowder — the state of Rhode Island +Seattle roll — sushi roll named after the city of Seattle, Washington + +== Oceania == +Anzac - A biscuit + +Australian lime — Australia +Australian meat pie — Australia +Devon — Australian sausage, perhaps named after Devon, Tasmania +Melanesian papeda — citrus fruit from Melanesia +New Zealand meat pie — New Zealand +New Zealand rock oyster +New Zealand spinach +Otaheite cashew — the island of Tahiti, French Polynesia +Otaheite gooseberry — Tahiti +Sydney rock oyster — the city of Sydney, New South Wales +Tahiti lime — the island of Tahiti, French Polynesia +Tahitian vanilla — Tahiti + +== South America == + +Brazil nut — Brazil (Brazil is in turn named for the brazilwood tree, not the source of the nut) +Butifarra Soledeñas — sausage from the city of Soledad, Atlántico, Venezuela +Cayenne pepper — the city of Cayenne, French Guiana +Chanco cheese — the commune of Chanco, Chile +Chilean salad — Chile +Chupe Andino — stew from the Andes mountains +Demerara sugar — from the historical region of Demerara, now part of Guyana +Guayanés cheese — the Guayana Region of Venezuela +Guyanese pepperpot — the Guianas or Guyana +Minas cheese — the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil +Sopa paraguaya — corn bread from Paraguay +Suriname cherry — Suriname +Trinidad moruga scorpion pepper — the Moruga district of Trinidad and Tobago + +=== Peru === +Lima bean — the city of Lima +Papa a la Huancaína — potato dish from the city, province or district of Huancayo +Peruvian chicken +Peruvian corn +Peruvian pollada + +== By type of food == + +=== Cheeses === + +Abondance — the commune of Abondance, Haute-Savoie, France +Akkawi — the city of Acre, Israel +Alpujarra — Alpujarra region, Andalusia, Spain +American cheese — common name for processed cheese. +Appenzeller — the canton of Appenzell, Switzerland +Ashdown Foresters — the Ashdown Forest heathland, East Sussex, southeast England +Asiago — Asiago, a plateau and town in the Venetian Prealps, Italy +Bandel — the city of Bandel, West Bengal, India +Banon — the town of Banon, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France +Bastardo del Grappa —Monte Grappa in the Venetian Prealps, Italy +Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese — Beacon Fell, Lancashire, England +Beaufort — the commune of Beaufort, Savoie +Beemster — the Beemster polder +Beenleigh Blue — Beenleigh Manor, Harberton, Devon England +Bergenost — the city of Bergen, Norway +Berner Alpkäse — the Bernese Oberland region, Switzerland +Bitto — the Bitto River in Lombardy, Italy +Bleu d'Auvergne — the historical province of Auvergne, France + +Bleu de Gex — the eastern historical Pays de Gex, France +Bonchester — Bonchester Bridge, south Scotland +Bra — the town of Bra, Piedmont, Italy +Brie — the historical Brie region near Paris, France +Brighton Blue — the city of Brighton, East Sussex, south England +Buxton Blue from the town of Buxton, Derbyshire, England +Cabrales — Cabrales, a municipality in Asturias, Spain + +Caerphilly — Caerphilly, a town in Wales +Camembert — the town of Camembert, Normandy, France +Cantabrian Cream — the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain +Cantal — the department of Cantal, France +Casciotta d'Urbino — the city of Urbino, Marche, Italy +Casín — Caso, a municipality in Asturias, Spain +Castelmagno — the municipality of Castelmagno, Piedmont, Italy +Castelo Branco — the city of Castelo Branco, Portugal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..571f63d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +--- +title: "List of forest research institutes" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:32.089111+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of forest research institutes around the world, by continent and country. It includes research institutions with a primary focus on forest science, forestry, forest management, and related fields. + + +== International == +Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia +Center for Tropical Forest Science, Panama City, Panama +European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland +International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Vienna, Austria + + +== Africa == + + +=== Algeria === +Institut national de recherche forestière (INRF) (in French) + + +=== Ethiopia === +Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute + + +=== Ghana === +Forestry Research Institute of Ghana + + +=== Kenya === +Kenya Forestry Research Institute + + +=== Malawi === +Forestry Research Institute of Malawi + + +=== Nigeria === +Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria + + +=== South Africa === +Council for Scientific and Industrial Research +Institute for Commercial Forestry Research +Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria +Forestry and Forest Products Research Center, Durban, "a joint venture between CSIR's Natural Resources and the Environment operating unit and the University of KwaZulu-Natal" +Merensky + + +=== Uganda === +Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation + + +== Americas == + + +=== Canada === + +Atlantic Forestry Centre +Canadian Wood Fibre Centre +Centre for Forest Biology, Victoria, British Columbia +Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario +Laurentian Forestry Centre +Northern Forestry Centre +Ontario Forest Research Institute +Pacific Forestry Centre +FPInnovations + + +=== Chile === +Instituto Forestal, Ministry of Agriculture +Instituto de Bosques y Sociedad, Austral University of Chile + + +=== Puerto Rico === +International Institute of Tropical Forestry + + +=== Suriname === +Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname + + +=== United States === +Forest Products Laboratory +Institute for Resource Information Systems +Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (created by Washington State Legislature, 1947) +International Institute of Tropical Forestry +Northern Research Station +Oregon Forest Resources Institute +Pacific Northwest Research Station +Pacific Southwest Research Station +Rocky Mountain Research Station +Southern Research Station +USDA Forest Service, Research and Development Branch + + +== Asia == + + +=== Nepal === +Forest Research and Training Centre (formerly Department of Forest Research and Survey) + + +=== Bangladesh === +Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (formerly Forest Products Research Laboratory) + + +=== India === + +Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl +Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur +Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension, Agarlata +Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Chhindwara +Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation, Prayagraj +Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam +Forest Research Institute, Dehradun +Forest Research Institute, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Forest Department +Gujarat Forest Research Institute +Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla +Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad +Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore +Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi +Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru +Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur +Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat +Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur +Van Vigyan Kendra (Forest Science Centres) +State Forest Research Institute, Chennai + + +=== Japan === +Yamanashi Forest Research Institute + + +=== Korea === +National Institute of Forest Science +Tree-Ring Research Center, Chungbuk National University + + +=== Lao P.D.R. === +National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute + + +=== Malaysia === +Forest Research Institute Malaysia +Malaysia Palm Oil Board + + +=== Myanmar (Burma) === +Forest Research Institute, affiliated with the University of Forestry (Yezin) + + +=== Pakistan === +Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar + + +=== Taiwan === +Taiwan Forestry Research Institute + + +=== Tajikistan === +Tajik State Forest Research Institute, Dushanbe, affiliated with the Forestry Agency under the Government of Tajikistan + + +=== Thailand === +Forest Restoration Research Unit, Chiang Mai + + +=== Vietnam === +Forestry Science Institute of Vietnam + + +== Europe == + + +=== Austria === +Federal Forest Research Centre Vienna + + +=== Belgium === +Research Institute for Nature and Forest + + +=== France === +AgroParisTech Nancy + + +=== Finland === +Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) + + +=== Germany === +Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft +Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft Rheinland-Pfalz +Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg +Landesbetrieb Wald und Holz NRW - Lehr- und Versuchsforstamt Arnsberger Wald +Landesforst Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Forstliches Versuchswesen +Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde (Brandenburg) +Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt (Niedersachsen, Hessen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein) +Sachsenforst - Kompetenzzentrum Wald und Forstwirtschaft +Thünen-Institut - Institut für Waldökosysteme +Thüringenforst - Forstliches Forschungs- und Kompetenzzentrum Gotha + + +=== Greece === +Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki + + +=== Hungary === +Hungarian Forest Research Institute + + +=== Latvia === +Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava" + + +=== Norway === +Norwegian Forest Research Institute +Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research + + +=== Russia === +Forestry Engineering Academy, Saint Petersburg +Saint Petersburg Forestry Research Institute, since 1929, Saint Petersburg +Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow + + +=== Belarus === +Forest Research Instite, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Homel + + +=== Spain === +Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC) +Forest Research Centre (INIA-CIFOR) + + +=== Sweden === +Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk) + + +=== Switzerland === +Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) + + +=== United Kingdom === +Forest Research (agency), Forestry Commission +Aberystwyth Research Unit +Alice Holt Research Station +Northern Research Station + + +== Oceania == + + +=== Australia === +Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) + + +=== New Zealand === +Scion (Crown Research Institute) + + +== See also == +List of environmental research institutes +List of forestry universities and colleges +Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome +International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) network, Michigan, US +International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), Vienna +World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya +World Forestry Congress + + +== References == + + +== External links == + Media related to Forest research institutes at Wikimedia Commons +FAO Forest Research Institutions Database (2006) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bf5fbabc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +--- +title: "List of forest research institutes in India" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes_in_India" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:28.394086+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a List of forest research institutes in India. + + +== Autonomous research institutes == + + +=== Ministry of Environment and Forests === +Institutes under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change + +Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora (GBPIHED) +Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal +Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI), Bengaluru +Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun + + +=== Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education === + +Institutes under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Headquartered in Dehradun + +Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl +Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur +Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension (CFLE), Agartala +Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Chhindwara +Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation, Prayagraj +Forest Research Institute (India), Dehradun +Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla +Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad +Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore +Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi +Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru +Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat +Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur +Van Vigyan Kendra (Forest Science Centres) + + +== Other national institutes == +Other research institutes under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry + +Subordinate offices +Forest Survey of India, Dehradun +Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, Dehradun +Directorate of Forest Education, Dehradun +Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata +National Institute of Animal Welfare, Faridabad +National Zoological Park, New Delhi +National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi +Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata +Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) +Authorities +Central Zoo Authority of India, New Delhi +National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai +National Ganga River Basin Authority, New Delhi +National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi +Centres of excellence +Centre for Environment Education, Ahmedabad +C.P.R. Environmental Education Center, Chennai +Centre for Animals and Environment, Bengaluru +Centre of Excellence in Environmental Economics, Chennai +Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, Bengaluru +Centre for Ecological Sciences, Bengaluru +Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystem, Delhi +Centre for Mining Environment, Dhanbad +Salim Ali Center for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore +Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram + + +== Under state governments == + +Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur (KSCSTE KFRI) +Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam (TNAU- FCRI) +Forest Research Institute, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Forest Department +Gujarat Forest Research Centre, Rajpipla, Gujarat +State Forest Department, Jammu +State Forest Research and Training Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh +State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh +State Forest Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu +State Forest Research Institute, Ladhowal, District Ludhiana, Punjab +State Forest Research Institute, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh +Karnataka Forest Academy, Dharwad, Karnataka + + +== See also == +List of forest research institutes +Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) +Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education +Indian Forest Service + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Ministry of Environment and Forests +Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education +Resources on Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da332099f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry journals" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:16.954971+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list includes notable peer-reviewed scientific journals in forestry, forest science, and related fields. More than 180 forestry journals were being published in 2008. + + +== List of journals == + + +== See also == +Forestry literature +List of botany journals +List of environmental journals +List of environmental social science journals +List of forestry universities and colleges +List of historic journals of forestry +List of scientific journals + + +== References == + + +=== Notes === + + +=== Bibliography === +ScienceWatch.com. 2010, March 4. "Journals ranked by impact: forestry" +Scimago Lab. 2011. "Journal rankings: forestry" +Vanclay, Jerome K. 2008. "Ranking journals of forestry using the h-index," Journal of Informetrics 2(4): 326–334. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e44cb407f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry ministries" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:29.650014+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A forestry ministry (also called a forestry agency, forestry department, or forest service) is a high, often cabinet-level government ministry charged with forestry. The ministry is often headed by a minister for forestry. Specific duties may relate to forest conservation, management, reforestation, education, forest protection, wildfire management, and related areas. + + +== Forestry ministries by country == + +(Where a national forestry agency, forestry department, forest administration or parastatal corporation exists as a high-level agency within a multi-purpose ministry, it has been added to this list within parentheses.) + + +== See also == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd32e7eb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry technical schools" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:33.313046+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +(For higher educational institutions offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry and related fields see: List of forestry universities and colleges.) +This is a list of notable secondary, tertiary, technical schools, and practical training institutes around the world offering one- or two-year forestry technician degrees, along with related diplomas or certificates, grouped by continent and country. + + +== Africa == + + +=== Mali === +Forestry Practical Training Centre of Tabakoro (CFPF) + + +=== Nigeria === +Audu Bako School of Agriculture + + +=== Tunisia === +Sylvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka, University of Jendouba + + +=== Zambia === +Zambia Forestry College + + +== Americas == + + +=== Bolivia === +Technical School of Forestry, Universidad Mayor de San Simón + + +=== Canada === +Forest Technology Program, Maritime College of Forest Technology, New Brunswick +Forest Technology Program, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) +Forestry Resources Technology Programme, Vancouver Island University, British Columbia + + +=== United States === +Source: +(alphabetized by state) + +Reedley College, Reedley, California +Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado +Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia +University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, Maine +Allegany College of Maryland, Cumberland, Maryland +Itasca Community College, Grand Rapids, Minnesota +Vermilion Community College, Ely, Minnesota +Thompson School, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire +Paul Smith's College, Paul Smiths, New York + +SUNY-ESF Ranger School, Wanakena, New York +SUNY Morrisville (College of Agriculture and Technology), Morrisville, New York +Haywood Community College, Clyde, North Carolina +Montgomery Community College, Troy, North Carolina +Southeastern Community College, Whiteville, North Carolina +Hocking College, Nelsonville, Ohio +Eastern Oklahoma State College, Wilburton, Oklahoma +Central Oregon Community College, Bend, Oregon +Mt. Hood Community College, Gresham, Oregon +Penn State Mont Alto, Mont Alto, Pennsylvania +Pennsylvania College of Technology, Williamsport, Pennsylvania +Horry-Georgetown Technical College, Conway, South Carolina +Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, Clifton Forge, Virginia +Green River Community College, Auburn, Washington +Spokane Community College, Spokane, Washington +Glenville State University, Glenville, West Virginia + + +== Asia == + + +=== India === +Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, Dehradun +Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun + + +== Europe == + + +=== Austria === +Technical Forestry High School (https://www.forstschule.at/en/) HBLA Bruck an der Mur + + +=== France === +École supérieure du bois (ESB), Nantes +Centre Forestier de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, La Bastide des Jourdans, Vaucluse + + +=== Hungary === +Kiss Ferenc Technical School of Forestry (in Hungarian) Szeged, Hungary +Roth Gyula Technical School of Forestry Sopron, Hungary + + +=== Latvia === +Ogre Technical School + + +=== Ukraine === +Carpathian Forestry College +Lubny Forest Engineering College + + +=== United Kingdom === + +Herefordshire College of Technology +Merrist Wood College, Guildford College of Further and Higher Education +Scotland's Rural College, Barony Campus +Scottish School of Forestry, Inverness College +Sparsholt College Hampshire + + +== See also == +List of historic schools of forestry +Lists of schools + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Euro Forest Portal, listing of "institutions, faculties and departments that provide forestry-related higher education in Europe", European Forestry Institute +Council of Eastern Forest Technician Schools \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93016add1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry universities and colleges" +chunk: 1/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of tertiary educational institutions around the world offering bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees in forestry, agronomy, animal sciences, or related fields. Where noted, the country's accreditation board standard has been used and cited. They are grouped by colleges. +(For educational institutions with forestry technician or professional certificate programs see: List of forestry technical schools.) + +== Africa == + +=== Algeria === +Abou Bakr Belkaïd University - Tlemcen + +=== Benin === +Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, National University of Benin +National School of wildlife and Protected Areas Management of Kandi, University of Parakou +Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou + +=== Burkina Faso === +Institute of Rural Development (IDR), Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso +Life and Earth Sciences (UFR/SVT), University of Ouagadougou + +=== Cameroon === +The National Forestry School of Cameroon, location: Mbalmayo, the centre region of Cameroon +French Abbre.: Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts de Mbalmayo + +=== Côte d'Ivoire === +College of Agronomy, Félix Houphouët-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute, Yamoussoukro + +=== Egypt === +Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. + +=== Ethiopia === +Burie College of Forestry, Debremarkos University +Haramaya College of Forestry, Haramaya University +Wollo University +Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University + +=== Ghana === +Department of Renewable Natural Resources, University for Development Studies +Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology +Faculty of Forest Resources Technology +Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources +Department of Wood Science and Technology +School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, [6] + +=== Guinea === +Higher Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Studies, Faranah + +=== Kenya === +Department of Forestry, University of Eldoret +Kenya Forestry College (Londiani) +Kenya Forestry Research Institute + +=== Madagascar === +Department of Water and Forests, School of Agronomy, University of Antananarivo + +=== Malawi === +Malawi College of Forestry and Wildlife (Certificate and Diploma Program) https://sites.google.com/view/malawicollegeforestrywildlife/home +Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi +Department of Forestry, Mzuzu University + +=== Morocco === +National School for Forest Engineers (ENFI Rabat-Salé) + +=== Mozambique === +Department of Forestry Eduardo Mondlane University + +=== Nigeria === +Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, Cross River University of Technology +Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Abraka +Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti +Department of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan +Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure +Department of and Wildlife Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri +Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike +Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta +Department of Forest Production and Products, University of Agriculture, Makurdi +Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Benin +Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar +Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan +Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ilorin +Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Maiduguri +Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Port Harcourt +Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo +Forestry and Wildlife, Uthman dan Fodiyo University, Sokoto + +=== Senegal === +Institute of Environmental Sciences, Cheikh Anta Diop University +Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture de Thiès (ENSA), University of Thiès, Thiès + +=== South Africa === +Department of Forest and Wood Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch +Department of Forestry, Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute, Middledrift +Department of Forestry, School of Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou +Forest Science Postgraduate Program, University of Pretoria +School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George (Western Cape) campus + +=== Sudan === +College of Forestry and Range Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology +College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba +Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum +Faculty of Forestry and Range Science, Upper Nile University +Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan + +=== Tanzania === +Beekeeping Training Institute, Tabora +Forestry Industries Training Institute +Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture +Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi +Institute of Resources Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam + +=== Tunisia === +School of Rural Development, Water, and Forests, National Agricultural Institute of Tunisia +Silvopastoral Institute of Tabarka + +=== Uganda === +Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Makerere University +Nyabyeya Forestry College, Masindi + +=== Zambia === +School of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Copperbelt University +Zambia Forestry College + +=== Zimbabwe === +Bindura University of Science Education +Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo +Zimbabwe College of Forestry, Mutare + +== Asia == + +=== Afghanistan === +Department of Forestry, Bamyan University +Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Kabul University +Department of Forest Sciences, Kunar University +Department of Forestry, Paktia University +Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Laghman University +Department of Forestry and Horticulture Sciences, Balkh University +Department of Forestry, Badakhshan University, +Department of Forest Sciences, Herat University + +=== Bangladesh === +Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Dhaka +Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna +Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet +Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong + +=== China === + +Beijing Forestry University +Central South University of Forestry and Technology +College of Forestry, Guizhou University +College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei +College of Forestry and Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University +Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University +Nanjing Forestry University +North West A&F University +Northeast Forestry University +Sichuan Agricultural University +Southwest Forestry University +Zhejiang Forestry University + +=== India === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec4fef39a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry universities and colleges" +chunk: 2/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand [ICFRE (An autonomous government body governed by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change)]. +Faculty of Forestry, Benhama, Ganderbal, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir. +College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh +College of Horticulture and Forestry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana +College of Forestry, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth University (BSKKV), Dapoli, Maharashtra +College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha +College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University +College of Forestry, Ponnampet, UAHS, Shimoga +College of Forestry, Sirsi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad +College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar now with VCSG University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Uttarakhand +College of Horticulture and Forestry, Maharana Pratap University, Jhalawar, Rajasthan now with Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan +Department of Applied Science, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh +Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam +Department of Forestry, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Tanhril, Aizawl, Mizoram +Department of Forest Sciences, Desh Bhagat University (DBU), Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab +Department of Forestry, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth University (PDKV), Akola, Maharashtra +Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh +Department of Forestry, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand +Department of Forestry, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh +Department of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand +Aspee College of Forestry and Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat +Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh +Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu +Forest college and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana. +Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal +Department of Forestry and Biodiversity, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura +College of Forestry, Banda University of Agriculture and technology Banda Uttar Pradesh India. +Munger Forestry College, Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Munger, Bihar, India + +=== Indonesia === + +Faculty of Agriculture, Khairun University +Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University +Faculty of Forestry, Bengkulu University +Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University +Faculty of Forestry, Domuga Kotamubago University +Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University +Faculty of Forestry, Haluoleo University +Faculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin University +Faculty of Forestry, Institut Pertanian Stiper +Faculty of Forestry, Kuningan University +Faculty of Forestry, Lambung Mangkurat University +Faculty of Forestry, Lampung University +Faculty of Forestry, Lancang Kuning Riau University +Faculty of Forestry, Merdeka Madiun University +Faculty of Forestry, Muhammadiyah Malang University +Faculty of Forestry, Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat University +Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University +Faculty of Forestry, Negeri Papua University +Faculty of Forestry, Nusa Bangsa University +Faculty of Forestry, Palangkaraya University +Faculty of Forestry, Pattimura University +Faculty of Forestry, Sam Ratulangi University +Faculty of Forestry, Satria University +Faculty of Forestry Engineering, Sumatera Institute of Technology +Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University +Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University +Faculty of Forestry, University of Jambi +Faculty of Forestry, University of North Sumatra +Faculty of Forestry, Winaya Mukti University +School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology + +=== Iran === +Giulan University +College of Agriculture, Gonbad-e Qabus +Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Forest Sciences +Islamic Azad University of Chalous +Islamic Azad University of Lahijan +Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran +Kalak Natural Resources Training Center +Kelarabad Natural Resources Training Center +Kordestan University +Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources University +Semnan University, Natural Resources and Desert Study Faculties, Semnan Province +Tarbiat Modares University +Tehran University +Urmia University +Yasouj University, Agricultural and Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Forestry +Zabol University, Department of Wood and Paper Sci.and Technol, Faculty of Natural Resources +Shahrekord University, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences + +=== Japan === + +Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, University of Miyazaki +Department of Forest Science, Iwate University +Department of Forest Products, Kyushu University +Department of Forest and Environment, Shimane University +Department of Forest Sciences, Shinshu University +Department of Forest Science, University of Tokyo +Department of Forest Science, Utsunomiya University +Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Kyoto University +Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology + +=== Laos === +Bolikhamxay Agriculture and Forestry School +Champasack Agriculture and Forestry School +Champasack University +Department of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resources, Souphanouvong University +Dongkhamxang School of Agriculture and Forestry +Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos (NUOL) +Louang Prabang Agriculture and Forestry School +Muang Mai School of Forestry +Sepone Agroforestry Training Center + +=== Malaysia === +Forest Resource Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) +School of International Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) +Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) +Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) +School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) +Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) + +=== Mongolia === +Department of Forestry, Mongolian State University of Agriculture (MSUA) +Department of Forest Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology (MUST) +Department of Forestry, National University of Mongolia (NUM) + +=== Myanmar === +University of Forestry (Yezin) + +=== Nepal === + +Faculty of Forestry, Agriculture and Forestry University, Hetauda +Tribhuvan University +Institute of Forestry, Pokhara (Pokhara Campus) +Institute of Forestry, Hetauda (Hetauda Campus) +Kathmandu Forestry College, Kathmandu +Purbanchal University College of Environment and Forestry + +=== Pakistan === + +Agricultural Research Institute, Quetta +Department of Forestry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan +Department of Forestry and Range Management, Faculty of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University +Department of Forestry and Range Management, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan +Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Haripur, Haripur District +Department of Forestry, Range Management, and Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad +Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar +Punjab Forest School, Bahawalpur +School of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Swat +Sindh Agriculture University, Hyderabad +University of Agriculture (Peshawar) +Institute of Agriculture Sciences and Forestry, University of Swat, Swat \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cc000635 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry universities and colleges" +chunk: 3/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Philippines === +Bilar Campus, Bohol Island State University (BISU) +Cabagan Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) +College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Environmental Sciences MSU-Naawan +College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Caraga State University (CarSU) +College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development (CAFSD), Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) +College of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (CAFF), Negros Oriental State University (NoRSU) +College of Agriculture, Forestry Department (SLSU-Lucban Quezon) +College of Forestry, Benguet State University (BSU) +College of Forestry, Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) +College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University (CMU) +College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Mindanao State University (MSU) +College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) +College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Visayas State University (VSU) +College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) +Department of Forestry University of Southeastern Philippines (USeP-, Tagum-Mabini Campus, Tagum City, Davao del Norte) +Echague Campus, Isabela State University (ISU) +Forestry and Environmental Studuies University of Mindanao (UM) Davao City +Gonzaga Campus, Cagayan State University (CSU) +Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC - Sta. Maria Campus) Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur +Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Tarlac College of Agriculture (TCA) +Institute of Agroforestry and Watershed Management, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU) +Institute of Arts and Sciences, Pampanga Agricultural College (PAC) +Tanay Campus, University of Rizal System (URS) +College of Forestry, Central Philippines State University (CPSU) +College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences (Western Philippine University) + +=== South Korea === +Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University +Division of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Gyeongsang National University +College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University +Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University +Division of Forest Resources, Chonnam National University +Department of Forest Resources, Yeungnam University + +=== Sri Lanka === +Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna +Faculty of Applied science,(Department of Forestry & Environmental science)University of Sri Jayewardenepura + +=== Taiwan === +College of Environmental Studies and Oceanography, National Dong Hwa University +Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University +Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University +Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Chinese Culture University +Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University +Department of Forestry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology +School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University + +=== Thailand === +Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University +Agroforestry, Maejo University +[FORRU-CMU], Chiang Mai University + +=== Vietnam === +Bắc Giang University of Agriculture and Forestry +College of Agriculture and Forestry, Huế University, Huế +Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Tây Nguyên University, Buôn Ma Thuột, Đắk Lắk +Faculty of Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Agriculture and Forestry (Nong Lam University), Thủ Đức +Thái Nguyên University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thái Nguyên City +Vietnam National University of Forestry (Formerly Vietnam Forestry University, and before that Xuân Mai Forestry University), Xuan Mai, Hanoi + +== Europe == + +=== Albania === +Faculty of Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Tirana + +=== Austria === +Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna +Ossiach forestry training centre, Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum für Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft + +=== Belarus === +Faculty of Forestry, Belarusian State Technological University +Institute of Forest Science, NASB + +=== Belgium === +Department of Forest and Nature Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (Gembloux) +Earth & Life Institute, Departement of Forestry, University of Louvain (Louvain-la-Neuve) +Department of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven) +Laboratory of Forestry, Ghent University (Ghent) +Department of Agronomy, Haute École de la Province de Liège (Theux) + +=== Bosnia and Herzegovina === +Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka +Faculty of Forestry, University of Bihać +Faculty of Forestry, University of Istočno Sarajevo +Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo + +=== Bulgaria === + +Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry, Sofia + +=== Croatia === +Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb + +=== Cyprus === +Cyprus Forestry College + +=== Czech Republic === + +Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno +Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague + +=== Denmark === +Danish Forestry College +Forest and Landscape College, University of Copenhagen + +=== Estonia === +Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences + +=== Finland === + +Degree Program in Forestry, Tampere University of Applied Sciences +Department of Forest Products Technology, Helsinki University of Technology +Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki +Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland +Forest and Wood Technology, Karelia University of Applied Sciences +Forestry and Wood Technology, Pohjois-Savo Polytechnic +Forestry Study Programme, Häme Polytechnic +Lab of Pulping Technology, Åbo Akademi University +Pieksämäki School of Forestry, Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences +Swedish Vocational Institute, Vasa +Unit of Natural Resources, Sodankylä Vocational Institute (SKAI) + +=== France === +Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (Dynafor), National University of Agronomy Toulouse (ENSAT) +Meymac Forestry College +École supérieure du bois (ESB), Nantes +Gestion Intégrée des Agrosystèmes et des Forêts, École nationale supérieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), University of Bordeaux +École nationale supérieure des technologies et industries du bois (ENSTIB), Université Henri Poincaré +Javols Forestry College +Crogny Forestry College +National College of Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry (ENGREF), Agro ParisTech, Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences +ECAM Lyon, Formation ingénieur bois \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..396383c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry universities and colleges" +chunk: 4/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Germany === +Department of Forest Sciences, Dresden University of Technology +Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (FH) +Faculty of Forest and Environment +Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing +Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing, Rosenheim University of Applied Sciences +Faculty of Forestry, Rottenburg University of Applied Forest Sciences +Faculty of Forestry, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich +Faculty of Resource Management, HAWK - University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen +Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt +Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg +Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen +Department of Wood and Forestry, University of Hamburg +Faculty of Forest Science, University of Munich + +=== Greece === +Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, School of Geosciences, International Hellenic University +Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karpenisi, Agricultural University of Athens +Department of Forestry, Management of the Environment and Natural Resources at Orestiada, Democritus University of Thrace +Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki +Technological Educational Institute of Larissa +Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karditsa +Department of Wood & Furniture Design and Technology at Karditsa + +=== Hungary === +Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, Sopron + +=== Italy === +Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia +Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Torino +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ancona +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basilicata +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Florence +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Molise +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Padua +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palermo +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Reggio Calabria +Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sassari +Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry industry University of Milan + +=== Latvia === +Forest Faculty, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies + +=== Lithuania === +Faculty of Forestry, Lithuanian University of Agriculture +Faculty of Forestry and Landscape Planning, Kaunas College of Forestry and Environmental Engineering + +=== The Netherlands === +Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University +Tropical Forestry, Department of Environmental Science, Van Hall Larenstein University, Velp + +=== North Macedonia === +Faculty of Forestry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje + +=== Norway === +Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences +Faculty of Society and Nature, Nord-Trøndelag University College +Norwegian University College for Agriculture and Rural Development +Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Norwegian University of Life Sciences +Pulp and Paper Technology Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology + +=== Poland === +Faculty of Forestry, Agricultural University of Cracow, Kraków +Faculty of Forestry Bialystok Technical University +University of Life Sciences in Poznań +Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology +Faculty of Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn +Warsaw University of Life Science +Faculty of Forestry +Faculty of Wood Technology + +=== Portugal === +Department of Forestry, Agrarian School of the Polythecnic Institute of Coimbra +Department of Forestry, University of Évora +Forestry Department, Higher Institute of Agronomy of the University of Lisbon +Forestry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro +Wood Engineering Department, School of Technology and Management of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu + +=== Romania === +Colegiul Silvic Theodor Pietraru, highschool in Branesti, județul Ilfov +Department of Forestry and Agritourism, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Information Science, Vasile Goldiş Western University, Arad +Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca +Faculty of Silviculture, Ştefan cel Mare University, Suceava +Transylvania University, Brașov +Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Operations +Faculty of Wood Industry +Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest USAMV Bucharest http://www.agro-bucuresti.ro/english/ Archived 2023-02-10 at the Wayback Machine + +=== Russia === + +Faculty of Forestry, Arkhangelsk State Technical University +Forest Faculty, Moscow State Forest University +Research Institute of Forest Genetics and Plant Breeding, Voronezh +Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University +Saint Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers +Siberian State Aerospace University +Siberian State Technological University +Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow +Ural State Forest Engineering University +Voronezh State Academy of Forestry Engineering +Volga State University of Technology +Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences +Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy” (FSBEI HE Izhevsk SAA) +Institute of Forest Science, RAS + +=== Serbia === +Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade + +=== Slovakia === +Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen + +=== Slovenia === +Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana + +=== Spain === +Polytechnic University of Valencia +School of Forest Engineering and Natural Resource Archived 2023-06-19 at the Wayback Machinewichs belongs to the Polytechnic University of Madrid +Universidad Católica de Ávila +School of Agricultural and Forest Engineering (ETSIAM) wichs belongs to the University of Córdoba +Forestry and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Extremadura (Plasencia) +Universidad de Huelva, Huelva +Universidad de León (Ponferrada) +School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida +Universidad de Oviedo, Escuela politécnica de Mieres, Sistemas Forestales Atlánticos (GIS-Forest) +Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Lugo) +Universidad de Valladolid (Palencia) +Universidad de Vigo - Forestry Faculty of Pontevedra + +=== Sweden === +Division of Wood Technology and Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm +Faculty of Forestry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå and Skinnskatteberg +Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå + +=== Switzerland === +Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich +School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL + +=== Turkey === +Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Çoruh University +Faculty of Forestry, Bartın University +Faculty of Forestry, Bursa Technical University +Faculty of Forestry, Çankırı Karatekin University +Faculty of Forestry, Duzce University +Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa +Faculty of Forestry, Izmir Katip Celebi University +Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University +Faculty of Forestry, Karabuk University +Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University +Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University +Faculty of Forestry, Isparta University of Applied Sciences + +=== Ukraine === +Faculty of Forestry, National Agriculture University of Ukraine +National Forestry University of Ukraine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30d0b1d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry universities and colleges" +chunk: 5/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== United Kingdom === +Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department, University of Reading +Centre for Rural Development and Training, University of Wolverhampton +Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University +Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen +National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria +Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford University +School of Forestry, University of Edinburgh +School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography (SENRG) Bangor University +Scottish School of Forestry, University of the Highlands and Islands + +== North America == + +=== Canada === +Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University +Faculty of Forestry, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick +Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Université Laval, Quebec City +Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta +Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia +Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick +University of Northern British Columbia +Faculty of Natural Resources Management +Faculty of Forestry +Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto + +=== Mexico === +Department of Forestry, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro +Division of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo +Facultad de Agrobiología "Presidente Juarez"- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo +Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua +Faculty of Forest Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León +Faculty of Forest Sciences, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango +Faculty of Wood Engineering and Technology, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo +Forestry Program, Colegio de Postgraduados +Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo +Universidad del Mar +University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Guadalajara + +=== United States === + +==== Northeast ==== +College of Natural Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture, University of Maine +Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry +Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire +Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst +Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland +Division of Forestry, West Virginia University +Parks and Forest Resources, Unity College (Maine) +Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, The University of Vermont +School of the Environment, Yale University +School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University +School of Natural Resource Management and Ecology, Paul Smith's College + +==== Midwest ==== +College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point +Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison +Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota +Department of Forestry, Michigan State University +Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University +Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University +Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University +Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign +School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University +School of Natural Resources, Ohio State University +The School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri +School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan + +==== South ==== +Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University +Center for Forestry and Ecology, Alabama A&M University +College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University +College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University +Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University +Department of Forest Resources, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College +Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University +Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University +Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky +Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee +Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University +Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University +School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida +School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech University +School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello +School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University +School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University +Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia + +==== West ==== +College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis +College of Forestry, Oregon State University +College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana +College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley +College of Natural Resources, Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho +College of Natural Resources, Department of Forest, and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University +Department of Forest Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks +Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt +Department of Natural Resources Management, California Polytechnic State University +Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University +School of Environment and Forest Sciences, University of Washington +School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University +School of the Environment, Washington State University + +== Oceania == + +=== Australia === +College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University +Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne +School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University (Lismore) + +=== New Zealand === +School of Forestry, University of Canterbury (Christchurch) +Timber Technology Campus, Waiariki Institute of Technology + +=== Papua New Guinea === +Bulolo Forestry College +Forestry Department, Papua New Guinea University of Technology + +== South America and Caribbean == + +=== Argentina === +Department of Agronomy, National University of the South +Faculty of Agroindustries, National University of the Chaco Austral +Faculty of Forest Engineering, National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco +Faculty of Forest Sciences, National University of Misiones +Institute of Forestry, National University of Cuyo +National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA) +Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, National University of La Plata + +=== Bolivia === +Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) +Profession of Forest Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno +Profession of Forest Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Juan Misael Saracho +Profession of Forest Engineering, Universidad Técnica del Beni Mariscal José Ballivian +Technical School of Forestry, Universidad Mayor de San Simón \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..916a340ab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +--- +title: "List of forestry universities and colleges" +chunk: 6/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:36.003772+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Brazil === +Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR +Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS +Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES +Department of Forestry Engineering, Federal University of The Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri - UFVJM +Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF +Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG +Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, AM +Faculty of agricultural sciences (FCA) - Department of Forestry Sciences (DCF), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP +Forestry Engineering Course, Campus Universitário Curitibanos, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Curitibanos, SC +Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP +Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, PR +Forestry Engineering Course, Federal University of Lavras, MG +Forestry Engineering Course, Forestry Department, State University of Midwestern Paraná - Paraná (UNICENTRO), Irati, PR +Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA +Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) +Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) +Forestry Engineering Course, University of São Paulo, SP +Superior School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba +Forestry Institute, Univesidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), RJ +Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG +School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP +Forestry Engineering Course, Federal Rural University of Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Paragominas, PA. +Forest Engineering Program, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, SC. +Forest Engineering Course, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi, TO + +=== Chile === +Faculty of Forest Sciences, Catholic University of the Maule +Faculty of Forestry Sciences and Natural Resources, Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) +Department of Wood Sciences, University of the Bío Bío +Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Chile +Faculty of Forestry Sciences, University of Concepción (UdeC) +Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of La Frontera +Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Talca + +=== Colombia === +National University of Colombia (Medellín) +Universidad del Tolima (Ibagué) +Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Ingeniería Forestal, Bogotá) + +=== Costa Rica === +Costa Rica Institute of Technology (TEC) +Regional Program of Silvicultural Management for Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, University of Costa Rica (UCR) +Environmental Science School, National University of Costa Rica (UNA) +School of Agronomy, National Learning Institute (INA) + +=== Ecuador === +Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Loja +School of Agroforestry, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo +School of Agronomic and Environmental Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador +School of Forestry Engineering, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo + +=== Guatemala === +Centro Universitario del Petén (CUDEP) +Escuela Nacional Central de Agricultura (ENCAA) +Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de San Carlos (FAUSAC) + +=== Honduras === +Universidad Nacional de Ciencias Forestales (UNACIFOR) +Department of Biology, National Autonomous University of Honduras +Universidad José Cecilio del Valle + +=== Nicaragua === +Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense (URACCAN) +Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNAA) + +=== Panama === +Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Panama + +=== Paraguay === +Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, National University + +=== Peru === +Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, La Molina National Agrarian University +Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, Universidad de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos +Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, Universidad del Centro del Perú, Huancayo +Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca +Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, Universidad Nacional de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado +Facultad de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia, Pucallpa +Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Tingo María + +=== Trinidad and Tobago === +Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (ECIAF), University of Trinidad and Tobago + +=== Uruguay === +Departamento de Producción Forestal y Tecnología de la Madera, Universidad de la República +Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de la Empresa +Universidad del Trabajo del Uruguay + +== See also == + +Forest management +Institute of technology +List of agricultural universities and colleges +List of colleges of natural resources +List of forest research institutes +List of historic schools of forestry +List of tagged degrees +World Forestry Congress + +== References == + +== External links == + +Euro Forest Portal Archived 2019-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, listing of "institutions, faculties and departments that provide forestry-related higher education in Europe", European Forestry Institute \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geodesists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geodesists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d70884926 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geodesists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "List of geodesists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geodesists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:38.866879+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of geodesists, people who made notable contributions to geodesy, whether or not geodesy was their primary field. These include historical figures who laid the foundations for the field of geodesy. + + +== Geodesists before 1900 (arranged by date) == + + +== 20th century geodesists (alphabetically arranged) == + + +== See also == + +Earth system science – Scientific study of the Earth's spheres and their natural integrated systems +Geodesy – Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth +Geodynamics – Study of dynamics of the Earth +History of geodesy +List of geodesists +Planetary science – Science of planets and planetary systems + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5bf84b5b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical bottoms" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:47.007950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bottom is used in the name of several geographical features: + +Bottom, North Carolina, small unincorporated community in the Stewarts Creek Township of northern Surry County, North Carolina +Bottom Bay, on the southeast coast of Barbados, between Cave Bay and Palmetto Bay +Bottom Creek, West Virginia, unincorporated community in McDowell County, West Virginia, USA +Bottom Points railway station, railway station on the Zig Zag Railway in the Blue Mountains area of New South Wales +Bottom Wood, 14.5-hectare (36-acre) woodland in the English county of Buckinghamshire, near the hamlet of Studley Green +The Bottom (formerly Botte), the capital and largest town of the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands +A number of valleys or low-lying areas are described as bottoms, as are their associated settlements: + +American Bottom, the flood plain of the Mississippi River in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois +Aunt Mary's Bottom, an 8.62-hectare (21.3-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England +Ballingdon Bottom, a hamlet in Hertfordshire, England +Beacon's Bottom, also known as Bacon's Bottom, is a hamlet between Piddington and Stokenchurch in England +Beck Bottom, village in Cumbria, England +Beech Bottom, Tennessee, unincorporated community in Macon County, Tennessee, in the United States +Beech Bottom, West Virginia, village in Brooke County, West Virginia, along the Ohio River +Big Bottom, South Dakota, ghost town in Meade County, South Dakota, United States of America (1878–1887) +Big Creek Bottom, medium-sized creek located in Union Parish, Louisiana, United States +Black Bottom, Alabama, unincorporated community in Cullman County, Alabama, United States +Black Bottom, Detroit, predominantly black neighborhood in Detroit, Michigan +Black Bottom, Kentucky, unincorporated community in Harlan County, Kentucky, United States +Black Bottom, Philadelphia, predominantly African American and poor neighborhood in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania +Black Bottom Crater, volcanic crater located in Arizona, east-northeast of Sunset Crater, and west-southwest of Roden Crater +Brazeau Bottom, alluvial floodplain extending along the Mississippi River in Perry County, Missouri +Chickengrove Bottom, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest southeast of the village of Bowerchalke in Wiltshire, UK +Clabber Bottom, Kentucky, unincorporated community located in Scott County, Kentucky, United States +Clover Bottom, Missouri, unincorporated community in Franklin County, in the U.S. state of Missouri +Combe Bottom, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey, England +Crumps Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Summers County, West Virginia, United States +Davis Bottom, Lexington, neighborhood just southwest of downtown Lexington, Kentucky, United States +Dilles Bottom, Ohio, unincorporated community in Belmont County, in the U.S. state of Ohio +Emu Bottom, historic homestead near Sunbury, Victoria, Australia +Esgyrn Bottom, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Pembrokeshire, South Wales +False Bottom Creek, stream in the U.S. state of South Dakota +Fawley Bottom, very small village in south Buckinghamshire, England, north of Henley-on-Thames +Flint Bottom Creek, stream in Ste. Genevieve County in the U.S. state of Missouri +Foggy Bottom, one of the oldest late 18th and 19th-century neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. +Foggy Bottom (Washington Metro), Washington Metro station +Forgotten Bottom, former name of the Gray's Ferry neighborhood of Philadelphia, PA +Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States +George's Bottom, cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar +Gillman Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States +Gold Bottom, Yukon, near the Blackstone River Mining Concern +Green Bottom, Cornwall, hamlet in the parish of Kenwyn in Cornwall, England +Hammer Bottom, hamlet in the Chichester district in the county of West Sussex +Honey Bottom, hamlet in Berkshire, England, and part of the civil parish of Boxford +Hop Bottom, Pennsylvania, Borough of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States +Icehouse Bottom, prehistoric Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, United States +Indian Bottom, Kentucky, unincorporated community in Letcher County, Kentucky, United States +Jackson Bottom, 725-acre wetlands area along the Tualatin River in Washington County, Oregon +Jolly's Bottom, in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom +Locks Bottom, area of Greater London, England, part of the London Borough of Bromley +Locust Bottom, aka Rollingwood Farm, historic home and national historic district located near Haymarket, Prince William County, Virginia +Long Bottom, Ohio, unincorporated community in southern Olive Township, Meigs County, Ohio, United States +Lulsgate Bottom, location of Bristol Airport, England +Marlow Bottom, large linear village occupying a valley to the north of Marlow, Buckinghamshire +Meems Bottom, covered bridge in Shenandoah County, Virginia, United States +Melton Bottom, East Riding of Yorkshire, England +Mercers Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Mason County, West Virginia, USA +Mossy Bottom, Kentucky, unincorporated community and coal town in Pike County, Kentucky, United States +Mound Bottom, prehistoric Native American complex in Cheatham County, Tennessee, located in the Southeastern United States +Muses Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Jackson County, West Virginia, United States +Newham Bottom, in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England, to the west of Cinderford +Nohead Bottom, Virginia, unincorporated community in Middlesex County, Virginia, United States +Owslebury Bottom, small village in the civil parish of Owslebury in the City of Winchester district of Hampshire, England +Paradise Bottom, on the south-west side the Avon Gorge, close to the Clifton Suspension Bridge, within North Somerset +Park Bottom, hamlet north of Pool and near Illogan in west Cornwall, England +Peach Bottom, Pennsylvania, unincorporated village in Fulton Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States +Peach Bottom Township, York County, Pennsylvania, township in York County, Pennsylvania, 60 miles (97 km) south of Harrisburg +Pednor Bottom, hamlet in the parish of Chartridge, in Buckinghamshire, England +Pett Bottom, small settlement about five miles (8.0 km) south of Canterbury, Kent, England +Pettry Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia +Plum Bottom Creek, stream located entirely within Geauga County, Ohio +Pratt's Bottom, village now in the London Borough of Bromley, but historically part of Kent +Ridley Bottom, Tidenham, 1.1-hectare (2.7-acre) nature reserve in Gloucestershire +River Bottom, Oklahoma, census-designated place (CDP) in Muskogee County, Oklahoma, United States +Rock Bottom Creek, tributary of Roaring Brook in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, in the United States +Rocky Bottom, South Carolina, located in northern Pickens County, South Carolina +Round Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia +Rucker's Bottom, archaeological site on the Upper Savannah River in Elbert County, Georgia +Sarratt Bottom, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Sarratt, Hertfordshire, UK +Scott's Bottom, park in southwestern Wyoming and is maintained by the city of Green River, Wyoming +Scratchy Bottom (or Scratchy's Bottom), clifftop valley between Durdle Door and Swyre Head in Dorset, England +Sheffield Bottom, a lock on the Kennet and Avon Canal, in the civil parish of Burghfield in the English county of Berkshire +Ship Bottom, New Jersey, borough in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States +Shockoe Bottom, area in Richmond, Virginia, just east of downtown, along the James River +Six Mile Bottom, hamlet within the parish of Little Wilbraham, near Cambridge in England +Skinner's Bottom, hamlet near Porthtowan in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom +Stony Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community located in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, USA +Superior Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States +Tanyard Bottom, also known as Tech Flats, was a shantytown just south of Georgia Tech along Techwood Drive +Thompson's Bottom, hamlet in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England +Walnut Bottom, Pennsylvania, unincorporated community in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States +Walnut Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Hardy County, West Virginia, USA +Washington Bottom, 19th-century Greek Revival plantation house and farm north of Romney, West Virginia, USA +West Bottom, Virginia, unincorporated community in Fluvanna County, in the U.S. state of Virginia +Youngs Bottom, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55e1b2be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical bottoms" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_bottoms" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:47.007950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== See also == +Bottom (disambiguation) +Bottom (surname) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9417ac73b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical brows" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_brows" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:48.273151+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Brow is used in the name of several geographical features: + +Brow, Dumfries and Galloway, hamlet about 3 km from Ruthwell on the Solway Firth in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland +Brow Head (Irish: Ceann Bró) is the most southerly point of mainland Ireland +Brow Point, the western entrance headland of Blue Whale Harbour on the north coast of South Georgia +Brow Monument and Brow Monument Trail, Kaibab National Forest, in the National Register of Historic Places for Coconino County, Arizona +Berry Brow, semi-rural village in West Yorkshire, England, situated about 3 km south of Huddersfield +Cinnamon Brow, area on the east side of Warrington, England, between Orford and Birchwood +Faulds Brow, small rise in the English Lake District, northwest of the village of Caldbeck in Cumbria +Hill Brow, small village in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England +Mere Brow, small village in Lancashire, England, situated between Tarleton and Banks +Shaw's Brow, the original name of William Brown Street in Liverpool, England, a road remarkable for the number of public buildings +Sunny Brow or Sunnybrow, village in County Durham, in England +Swing Brow or Swingbrow, hamlet near to Chatteris, Cambridgeshire lying alongside the Forty Foot Drain built by Vermuyden + + +== See also == +Brow (disambiguation) +All pages with titles beginning with Brow +All pages with titles containing Brow \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daef55534 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical knobs" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:43.210134+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Knob is used in the name of many geographical features: + +Knob Creek can refer to any of several streams by that name +Knob Fork, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States +Knob Hill, a neighborhood in central Colorado Springs, Colorado +Knob Hill, Alberta, municipal district in central Alberta, Canada, south of Edmonton +Knob Lake, the central lake in Three Lakes Valley in northeast Signy Island +Knob Lick, Casey County, Kentucky, unincorporated community in Casey County, Kentucky, United States +Knob Lick, Estill County, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Estill County, Kentucky, United States +Knob Lick, Metcalfe County, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Metcalfe County, Kentucky, United States +Knob Lick, Missouri, an unincorporated community in southern Saint Francois County, Missouri +Knob Mountain (Pennsylvania), a ridge in the northeastern part of Columbia County, Pennsylvania +Knob Mountain (Page County, Virginia), a mountain in Page County, Virginia +Knob Noster, Missouri, a city in Johnson County, Missouri, United States +Knob Point (Ross Island), a rounded coastal point on the west side of Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island +Knob Point (South Sandwich Islands), the southwesternmost point of Vindication Island in the South Sandwich Islands +Knob, Arkansas, unincorporated community in Clay County, Arkansas +Knobs, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States +Knobs region, located in the US state of Kentucky +Knobs State Forest, a United States forest located in Bullitt County, Kentucky +A number of mountains and hills are described as knobs, as are their associated settlements: + +== A == +Artillery Knob, a mountain in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, Australia + +== B == +Bake Oven Knob, a high point on the Blue Mountain Ridge of the Appalachian Mountains in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania +Baker Knob, a small rounded coastal elevation north of Harrison Nunatak at the east end of Thurston Island +Bald Knob, the highest summit of Back Allegheny Mountain in Pocahontas County, West Virginia +Bald Knob, Arkansas, a city in White County, Arkansas, United States +Bald Knob, Franklin County, VA, a summit located in Franklin County, Virginia +Bald Knob, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Boone County, West Virginia, United States +Bald Knob Wilderness, a 5,973-acre parcel of land listed as a Wilderness Area of the United States +Barton Knob, a mountain summit located on Cheat Mountain in southeastern Randolph County, West Virginia +Beelick Knob, West Virginia, unincorporated community and coal town in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States +Bens Knob runs southwest northeast through Hampshire County in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle +Benson Knob, a distinctive rocky hill at the south extremity of Ricker Hills in the Prince Albert Mountains, Victoria Land +Bickle Knob, a mountain summit located east of Elkins in Randolph County, West Virginia +Black Balsam Knob, in the Pisgah National Forest southwest of Asheville, NC +Black Knob, a big black rock outcrop west of Twin Crater on Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island +Blue Knob (Pennsylvania), a Pennsylvania summit with a broad dome in the range of Allegheny Mountains +Blue Knob State Park, a 6,128-acre Pennsylvania state park in Kimmel, Lincoln +Brier Knob (Avery County, North Carolina), a mountain in the North Carolina High Country +Bryant Knob Formation, geologic formation in Missouri +Burnt Knob, 739 acre municipal park in Louisville, Kentucky, United States +Butler Knob, a peak on the Jacks Mountain ridge in south central Pennsylvania in the United States + +== C == +Celo Knob, the northernmost major peak in the Black Mountains of western North Carolina +Chestnut Knob, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States +Clarks Knob, a summit in Franklin County, Pennsylvania +Cox's Knob, neighborhood on the south side of Louisville, Kentucky, USA +Crossing Knob, a mountain in the North Carolina High Country, west from the community of Sugar Grove +Cuckoo's Knob, small village and civil parish in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire, England + +== D == +Dick's Knob, the third-highest peak in the State of Georgia +Dorsey Knob, a mountain summit located at the southern edge of Morgantown in Monongalia County, West Virginia, United States +Double Spring Knob, the tenth-highest peak in Georgia, USA +Douglas Knob, an isolated mountain peak in the southwest section of Yellowstone National Park +Dowdell's Knob, 9,049 acres (36.62 km2) Georgia state park located near Pine Mountain and Warm Springs + +== E == +Ehlers Knob, a small but conspicuous ice-covered knob which surmounts the west part of the north coast of Dustin Island +Elk Knob (Watauga County, North Carolina), a mountain in the North Carolina High Country, north of the community of Meat Camp +Elliott Knob, one of the highest mountains in the northern portions of the U.S. state of Virginia + +== F == +Fairlies Knob National Park, a national park in Queensland, Australia, 231 km north of Brisbane +Floyds Knobs, Indiana, a small unincorporated town in Lafayette Township, Floyd County, Indiana +Frenchman Knob, summit in Hart County, Kentucky, in the United States + +== G == +Gap in Knob, Kentucky, unincorporated community located in Bullitt County, Kentucky, United States +Gaudineer Knob, a mountain summit on the Randolph/Pocahontas County line in eastern West Virginia, USA +Gobbler's Knob is a prominent geographical landmark in the San Bernardino National Forest of California. +Gobbler's Knob Fire Lookout, a fire lookout in the extreme western region of Mount Rainier National Park +Gobblers Knob, a succession of groundhogs in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania +Grassy Knob Wilderness, a wilderness area in the Klamath Mountains of southwestern Oregon, within the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest +Grays Knob, Kentucky, unincorporated community and coal town in Harlan County, Kentucky, United States +Green River Knob, the tallest point in the Knobs region of Kentucky, USA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e5ac4459 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical knobs" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:43.210134+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== H == +Hairy Knob, summit in Mason County, Texas, in the United States +Harrison Knob, a small mountain in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada +Hendersin Knob, an ice-covered knob rising between the heads of Craft and Rochray Glaciers in the southwest part of Thurston Island +Henry's Knob, a mountain and Superfund Alternative Site in York County South Carolina +High Knob, the peak of Stone Mountain, part of a large mountain, or massif, in Wise County, Virginia +High Knob (Blue Ridge, Virginia), a peak of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Warren and Fauquier county, Virginia +High Knob (West Virginia), a mountain summit on the border between Hampshire and Hardy counties in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle +Howard Knob, a mountain in the North Carolina High Country, located in the town of Boone + +== I == +Iron Knob, South Australia, a town in South Australia on the Eyre Highway across Eyre Peninsula + +== J == +Jacks Knob, a mountain located on the border of Towns County and Union County, Georgia +Jacks Knob Trail, a hiking trail that has been designated as a National Recreation Trail in Georgia +Jeptha Knob, the highest point in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky +Junction Knob, a small but distinctive peak at the junction of Odin Glacier and Alberich Glacier neve areas in the Asgard Range, Victoria Land + +== K == +Keeney Knob, a mountain of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians in Summers County, West Virginia +Kentuck Knob, a residence designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Pennsylvania, USA +Kile Knob, the highest point on North Fork Mountain in West Virginia +Kinton Knob, a peak in Bedford County, Pennsylvania + +== L == +Lord Hereford's Knob, a mountain in south-east Wales, in the Black Mountains + +== M == +Marks Knob, a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains, in the southeastern United States +McAfee Knob, feature of Catawba mountain in Catawba, Roanoke County, Virginia on the Appalachian Trail +Moore's Knob, the highest mountain in the Sauratown Mountains of Stokes County, North Carolina +Matney Knob, a mountain-like feature near Norfork, Arkansas + +== N == +Nausea Knob, a prominent outcropping of jumbled rocks on the northwest upper slope of the active cone of Mount Erebus, Ross Island +Nicodemus Knob, rough, lozenge-shaped 30-feet pillar left at East Cliff on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England +North Knob, the highest peak in eastern Pennsylvania, east of Susquehanna River + +== O == +Old Butt Knob, summit in Haywood County, North Carolina, in the United States + +== P == +Parnell Knob, a mountain in the Ridge and Valley Appalachians region of south central Pennsylvania +Penobscot Knob, a hill located near Mountain Top, Pennsylvania and Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania +Pilgrim's Knob, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Buchanan County, Virginia, United States +Pillow Knob, a peak protruding through the snow cover at the northeast end of Williams Hills in the Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains +Pilot Knob, Missouri, a city in Iron County, Missouri, United States +Pilot Knob, Texas, a small unincorporated community in southern Travis County, Texas, United States +Pilot Knob, Wisconsin, ghost town in the town of Richfield, Adams County, Wisconsin, United States +Pilot Knob (Austin, Texas), a hill that is part of an extinct volcano located seven miles south of central Austin, Texas +Pilot Knob (Imperial County, California), a peak in Imperial County, California +Pilot Knob (Iron County, Missouri), located in the Arcadia Valley of Iron County, Missouri +Pilot Knob Township, Washington County, Illinois, located in Washington County, Illinois +Pine Knob, a downhill ski area in Clarkston, Michigan +Pine Knob (Pennsylvania), a peak in the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania +Pine Knob, Wisconsin, unincorporated community in the town of Utica, Crawford County, Wisconsin, United States +Pores Knob, a mountain peak located in Wilkes County, North Carolina +Purcell Knob, a spur of the Blue Ridge Mountain in Loudoun County, Virginia + +== Q == + +== R == +Rattlesnake Knob, summit in Sauk County, Wisconsin, in the United States +Red Knob, Roane County, West Virginia, unincorporated community in Roane County, West Virginia +Reddish Knob of Shenandoah Mountain is one of the highest points in Virginia +Rich Knob, located in Towns County, Georgia +Ritchey Knob, a summit located on the Blue Knob massif +River Knobs (West Virginia), a ridge and series of knobs in western Pendleton County, West Virginia, USA +Roan High Knob, the highpoint of the Roan-Unaka Range of the Southern Appalachian Mountains +Rocky Knob (Georgia), eight different mountain peaks located in the North Georgia mountains +Rocky Knob AVA, an American Viticultural Area in a mountainous area east of the Blue Ridge Parkway in southwest Virginia +Roper's Knob Fortifications, constructed by Union Army forces between February and May 1863 in Franklin, Tennessee +Round Knob, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Massac County, Illinois, United States + +== S == +Scutchamer Knob, an early Iron Age round barrow on the Ridgeway National Trail at East Hendred Down in the English county of Oxfordshire +Shell Knob, Missouri, a census-designated place in Stone counties in the U.S. state of Missouri +Shell Knob Township, Barry County, Missouri, one of twenty-five townships in Barry County, Missouri, USA +Sidneys Knob, an atypical mountain for Pennsylvania +Signal Knob (Virginia), the northern peak of Massanutten Mountain in the Ridge and Valley Appalachians +Smith Knob, a partly snow-covered rock peak south-southeast of Mendenhall Peak in the east part of the Thiel Mountains +Spruce Knob, the highest point in the state of West Virginia and the summit of Spruce Mountain, the tallest mountain in the Alleghenies +Stark's Knob, a basaltic pillow lava formation near Schuylerville, New York, United States +Stuart Knob, mountain located within Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies +Stuffley Knob (Johnson County, Kentucky), the tallest mountain in Johnson County, Kentucky +Sugar Tree Knob, Tennessee, unincorporated community in Cannon County, Tennessee, United States +Sugarloaf Knob, a well-known summit within Ohiopyle State Park on the south end of the Laurel Ridge \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03fef9300 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical knobs" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:43.210134+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== T == +The Knob (Indiana) (elevation 1,051 feet/320 meters) is the fourth highest point in the U.S. state of Indiana +The Knob (South Georgia), a conspicuous dome-shaped rock, 40 m high, at the west side of Elsehul on the north coast of South Georgia +Tomkins Knob, a mountain in the North Carolina High Country, near the community of Deep Gap +Tricorner Knob, a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States +Trimble Knob, located southwest of Monterey, VA, in Highland County, is a conical hill +Trischman Knob, an isolated summit along the Continental Divide on the Madison Plateau in Yellowstone National Park +Turkey Knob, West Virginia, unincorporated community and coal town in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States +Twelve O'clock Knob (Roanoke County, Virginia), a mountain located in southwestern Roanoke County, Virginia + +== U == + +== V == +Ventifact Knobs, minor knobs located just east of Lake Bonney in Taylor Valley, Victoria Land + +== W == +Walsh Knob, a small but distinctive ice-covered elevation that rises midway along the south side of Lofgren Peninsula in east Thurston Island +Waterrock Knob, a mountain peak in the U.S. state of North Carolina +Webster Knob, a prominent rock knob at the head of Strom Glacier in the Queen Maud Mountains +Weed Patch Knob, the third highest summit in the U.S. state of Indiana +White Knob Formation, geologic formation in Idaho +White Knob, Idaho, ghost town in Custer County, Idaho +Woody's Knob, a summit or "knob" in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Mitchell County, North Carolina + +== Y == +Yorkeys Knob, Queensland, one of the beach suburbs of Cairns, the regional capital of Far North Queensland, Australia +Young Lick Knob, a mountain that lies in three Georgia counties, Habersham, Rabun and Towns + +== Z == + +== See also == +Knob Creek (bourbon), a brand of Kentucky straight bourbon whiskey produced by Beam Inc. at the Jim Beam distillery in Clermont, Kentucky +Knob mudalia, a species of freshwater snail in the family Pleuroceridae +Knob-billed duck, an unusual, pan-tropical duck +Knob-billed fruit dove, a species of bird in the family Columbidae +Dorset Knob, a hard dry savoury biscuit made by Moores Biscuits, in the county of Dorset in England +Expert Knob Twiddlers, an ambient-techno album by Mike Paradinas and Richard D. James +Hip-knob, in architecture, is the finial on the hip of a roof, between the barge-boards of a gable +"Insert Knob A In Hole B", a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov +Disambiguation pages +Knob (disambiguation) +The Knob (disambiguation) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_mealls-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_mealls-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc557f13e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_mealls-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical mealls" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_mealls" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:01.918156+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Meall is a Scottish Gaelic word meaning "hill". It is used in the name of geographical features or locations that are Scottish hills or mountains, including: + +Meall nan Aighean, Scottish mountain in the council area of Perth and Kinross +Meall a' Bhuachaille, mountain in the Cairngorms in Scotland +Meall a' Bhùiridh, mountain on the edge of Rannoch Moor in the Highlands of Scotland +Meall Buidhe, Knoydart, Munro in the Knoydart area +Meall Buidhe, Glen Lyon, Munro on the north side of Glen Lyon +Meall Buidhe (Corbett), Corbett at the head of Glen Lyon +Meall Cheo, 201st–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale +Meall a' Chrasgaidh, Scottish mountain in the Fannich group of mountains, south-southeast of Ullapool +Meall Chuaich, mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland, east of the village of Dalwhinnie +Meall Clachach hill in the Glen Artney Hills range immediately south of the Highland Boundary Fault +Meall Mor (Glen Coe), mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland +Meall nan Con, Scottish mountain in central Sutherland +Meall Corranaich, mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland +Meall Dearg (Aonach Eagach), Munro forming the western end of the Aonach Eagach +Meall an Dobharchain (The Sow of Atholl), Scottish hill west-northwest of the town of Blair Atholl in Perth and Kinross +Meall Dubh, mountain in the Northwest Highlands, Scotland +Meall Dearg (Aonach Eagach), large mountain ridge in the Scottish Highlands, marking the northern edge of Glen Coe +Meall nan Eun (Munro), mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland +Meall an Fhudair, mountain in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland +Meall Fuar-mhonaidh, hill on the west side of Loch Ness, in the Highlands of Scotland +Meall Garbh (Càrn Mairg Group), Munro on the north side of Glen Lyon +Meall Garbh (Lawers Group), Munro on the south side of Glen Lyon +Meall Ghaordaidh, mountain in the Southern Highlands of Scotland, north-west of Killin +Meall a' Ghiubhais, mountain in the Northwest Highlands, Scotland +Meall Glas, mountain situated in the southern highlands of Scotland +Meall Greigh, mountain in the southern part of the Scottish Highlands +Meall Garbh (Càrn Mairg Group), mountain on the north side of Glen Lyon in the Scottish Highlands +Meall Garbh (Lawers Group), mountain in the southern part of the Scottish Highlands +Meall Mor (Loch Katrine), mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland +Meall an t-Seallaidh, mountain in the Southern Highlands of Scotland +Meall na h-Eilde, Scottish hill situated in the high ground between the Great Glen and Glen Garry +Meall Mheinnidh, mountain in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland +Meall Odhar, mountain in the Scottish Highlands, to the west of Tyndrum +Meall a' Phubuill, peak in the Northwest Highlands, Scotland, northwest of Fort William in Lochaber +Meall Tàirneachan, mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland, northwest of Aberfeldy in Perthshire +Meall nan Tarmachan, mountain in the Southern Highlands of Scotland near Killin just west of Ben Lawers +Meall na Teanga, Scottish mountain in the Highland council area, north of Spean Bridge + + +== See also == +Mountains and hills of Scotland \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_noses-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_noses-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21b4b6e5a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_noses-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical noses" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_noses" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:12.244773+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nose is used in the name of several geographical features and their associated settlements: + +Anthonys Nose (Victoria), a point or escarpment on the southern shore of Port Phillip Bay, in Victoria, Australia +Anthony's Nose (Westchester), a peak along the Hudson River at the north end of Westchester County, New York +Blake Nose, a submerged peninsula extending northeast from the North American continental shelf, about 280 miles east of Daytona Beach, Florida +Bowerman's Nose, a stack of weathered granite on Dartmoor, Devon, England +Brokers Nose, a point on the Illawarra Range, in the state of New South Wales, Australia +Calgary Nose Hill, a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada +Calgary-Nose Creek, provincial electoral district that encompassed the Northern Central part of Calgary, Alberta +Devil's Nose in Ecuador +Devils Nose, Kentucky, unincorporated community in Bath County, Kentucky, United States +Dolphin's Nose, Coonoor, a viewpoint and tourist spot in Coonoor, The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu +Fawnie Nose (1,933 m or 6,342 ft), the highest summit of the Fawnie Range of the Nechako Plateau in the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada +Grey Nose Cape, a cape on the Côte d'Opale in the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France +Jacob's Nose, 152 m (499 ft) mountain in Rosendale Village, a hamlet in the town of Rosendale, in Ulster County, New York +Jerry's Nose, fishing community, part of a designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador +Long Nose Park, a 1.5-acre (0.61 ha) public open space at the end of Yurulbin Point on the Balmain Peninsula in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia +Napoleon's Nose, a basaltic hill overlooking the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland +Nose, Osaka, a town in Toyono District, Osaka Prefecture, Japan +Nose Hill Park, the second largest urban park in Canada and one of the largest urban parks in North America +Nose mound, a monument in Kyoto, Japan, dedicated to the sliced noses of killed Korean soldiers and civilians +Nose Station, a train station in Tsubata, Kahoku District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan +Roman Nose State Park, state park located in Blaine County, 7 miles (11 km) north of Watonga, Oklahoma +Sharks Nose (3,729 m or 12,234 ft), a mountain in the southern Wind River Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming +Tegg's Nose, a hill east of Macclesfield in Cheshire, England +The Devil's Nose, a steep but small mountain ridge between the Little Cacapon and Potomac rivers in northeastern Hampshire County, West Virginia +The Nose (El Capitan), one of the original technical climbing routes up El Capitan, a vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park +Vroman's Nose, prominent geological feature in the town of Fulton in Schoharie County, New York, United States +White Nose, Dorset, a chalk headland on the English Channel coast at the eastern end of Ringstead Bay, east of Weymouth in Dorset, England + + +== See also == +Nose (disambiguation) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddc3ee8a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: "List of geographical societies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:25.762472+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of geographical societies. + + +== International == +EUGEO-Association of Geographical Societies in Europe +EUROGEO-European Association of Geographers +European Geography Association +Gamma Theta Upsilon +International Geographical Union +World Geographers Association + + +== Australia == +Royal Geographical Society of Queensland +Royal Geographical Society of South Australia + + +== Belgium == +Société Royale Belge de Géographie + + +== Canada == +Canadian Association of Geographers +Royal Canadian Geographical Society + + +== Egypt == +Egyptian Geographic Society + + +== France == +Société de Géographie + + +== Germany == +Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin + + +== Hong Kong == +Hong Kong Critical Geography Group +Hong Kong Geographical Association + + +== Italy == +Società Geografica Italiana + + +== Mexico == +Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística + + +== Netherlands == +Royal Dutch Geographical Society + + +== Norway == +Norwegian Geographical Society + + +== Peru == +Geographical Society of Lima + + +== Portugal == +Lisbon Geographic Society + + +== Russia == +Russian Geographical Society + + +== Saudi Arabia == +Saudi Geographical Society + + +== Slovenia == +Association of Slovenian Geographers + + +== United Kingdom == +Geographical Association +Royal Geographical Society +Royal Scottish Geographical Society + + +== United States == +American Geographical Society +Association of American Geographers +Association of Pacific Coast Geographers +Illinois Geographical Society +National Council for Geographic Education +National Geographic Society +Society of Woman Geographers + + +== Uruguay == +Instituto Histórico y Geográfico del Uruguay + + +== Further reading == +Georg, M. (2025). The Geographical Societies of the World, 1821–1945: List and Bibliography. In: Georg, M. (ed,) Geographical Societies in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: Case Studies and Comparisons. Historical Geography and Geosciences. Springer, Cham. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa001f6ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- +title: "List of geophysicists" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:40.183177+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of geophysicists, people who made notable contributions to geophysics, whether or not geophysics was their primary field. These include historical figures who laid the foundations for the field of geophysics. More recently, some of the top awards for geophysicists are the Vetlesen Prize (intended to be the equivalent of a Nobel Prize for geology or geophysics); the William Bowie Medal (the top award of the American Geophysical Union); the Maurice Ewing Medal (the top award of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists); and the Crafoord Prize for geosciences. Some geophysicists have also won more general prizes such as the Nobel Prize and the Kyoto Prize. + +== A == +Leason Adams (American, 1887–1969) – high pressure mineral physics +Thomas J Ahrens (American, 1936–2010) – experimental methods for modeling hypervelocity impacts and materials in the Earth's core and mantle +Hannes Alfvén (Swedish, 1908–1995) – Alfvén waves, magnetohydrodynamics of magnetosphere; Nobel Prize in Physics +Giuseppina Aliverti (Italian, 1894–1982) – geophysicist remembered for developing the Aliverti-Lovera method of measuring the radioactivity of water +Keiiti Aki (Japanese-American, 1930–2005) – seismology; William Bowie Medal +Claude Allègre (French, 1937– ) Crafoord Prize +Don L. Anderson (American, 1933–2014) – seismology and Earth's interior (including the Preliminary reference Earth model); Crafoord Prize +Nigel Anstey (British, 1927– ) – exploration geophysicist; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Tanya Atwater (American, 1942– ) – plate tectonic history of North America + +== B == + +George Edward Backus (American, 1930– ) – geophysical mathematician, development of geophysical inverse methods; contributions to dynamo theory +Milo Backus (American, 1932–2018) – exploration geophysicist; practical 3D exploration; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Peter Barlow (English, 1776–1862) – experimental and observational studies of terrestrial magnetism, Copley Medal +Anthony R. Barringer (Canadian/American, 1925–2009) – developed the INPUT airborne electromagnetic system for detecting ores; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Julius Bartels (German, 1899–1964) – contributed to physics of the Sun and Moon; geomagnetism, meteorology and the physics of the ionosphere +Louis Bauer (American, 1865–1932) – mapped the Earth's magnetic field +Hugo Benioff (American, 1899–1968) – discovered link between deep earthquakes and subduction zones +Lloyd Berkner (American, 1905–1967) – studied the ionosphere +Henry Bryant Bigelow (American, 1879–1967) – awarded the William Bowie Medal +Francis Birch (American, 1903–1992) – developed theoretical and experimental models for the Earth's interior; Vetlesen Prize +Kristian Birkeland (Norwegian, 1867–1917) – first realized that energetic electrons cause the aurora; nominated 7 times for Nobel Prize +Abu Rayhan Biruni (Persian, 973–1048) – made accurate measure of circumference of Earth and other contributions to geodesy +Jacob Bjerknes (Norwegian-American, 1897–1975) – awarded the William Bowie Medal +Patrick Blackett (English, 1897–1974) – paleomagnetism, continental drift, Nobel Prize +Martin Bott (British, 1926–2018) – magnetic anomalies, gravity anomalies +Pierre Bouguer (French, 1698–1758) – geodesy; the Bouguer gravity anomaly +William Bowie (American, 1872–1940) – geodesy and isostasy +Wallace Smith Broecker (American, 1931–2019) – climate, ocean circulation; Crafoord Prize, Vetlesen Prize +Bernard Brunhes (French, 1867–1910) – paleomagnetism; discovered the first geomagnetic reversal +Walter Hermann Bucher (German-American, 1888–1965) – awarded the William Bowie Medal +Edward Bullard (British, 1907–1980) – developed theory of geodynamo, pioneered use of seismology to study the sea floor, and used seafloor bathymetry to test continental drift +Keith Edward Bullen (New Zealand-born, 1906–1976) – seismological interpretation of the deep structure of the Earth's mantle and core +Victor Robertovich Bursian (Russian, 1886–1945) – pioneer in theory of Electrical resistivity tomography + +== C == + +Henry Cavendish (British, 1731–1810) – made first estimate of the mass of the Earth +Anny Cazenave (French, 1944– ) – geodesy and satellite altimetry; awarded William Bowie Medal +Vlastislav Cervený (Czech) – exploration geophysicist; seismic ray theory; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Sydney Chapman (British, 1888–1970) – predicted magnetosphere; developed theories for effect of solar wind on geomagnetic storms and aurorae +Jule Gregory Charney (American, 1917–1981) – dynamical meteorology; awarded William Bowie Medal +Jon Claerbout (American, 1937– ) – exploration geophysics seismic data processing and imaging; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Alexis Clairaut (French, 1713–1765) – proved Clairaut's theorem and calculated the ellipticity of the Earth +William Compston (Australian, 1931– ) – developed the Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe for isotopic analyses of geological samples +Vincent Courtillot (French, 1948– ) – paleomagnetist; promoted theory that mass extinctions are caused by massive volcanic episodes +Thomas Cowling (English, 1906–1990) – solar magnetic field, dynamo theory +Allan V. Cox (American, 1926–1987) – created a timeline for geomagnetic reversals and was a pioneer in plate tectonics; Vetlesen Prize +Albert P. Crary (American, 1911–1987) – Arctic and Antarctic exploration, seismology + +== D == + +Reginald Aldworth Daly (Canadian, 1871–1957) – awarded the William Bowie Medal +George Howard Darwin (British, 1845–1912) – analyzed tides and tidal friction; first to develop mathematical theory for evolution of the Sun–Earth–Moon system +Arthur Louis Day (American, 1869–1960) – mineral physics and volcanology +Everette Lee DeGolyer (American, 1886–1956) – exploration geophysics in the petroleum industry +Robert S. Dietz (American, 1914–1995) – proposed (and named) – theory of seafloor spreading; discovered several impact craters including Sudbury Basin +Hewitt Dix (American, 1905–1987) – exploration geophysics; creator of the Dix equation for reflection velocity, recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal +Richard Doell (American, 1923–2008) – created a timeline for geomagnetic reversals and was a pioneer in plate tectonics; Vetlesen Prize +James Dooge (Irish, 1922–2010) – hydrology +Erich von Drygalski (German, 1865–1949) – polar explorer and geophysicist +Adam Dziewonski (Polish/American, 1936–2016) – large-scale structure of Earth's interior and nature of earthquakes; Crafoord Prize + +== E == +Carl Eckart (American, 1902–1973) – underwater acoustics; awarded William Bowie Medal +Walter M. Elsasser (American, 1904–1991) – first mathematical dynamo theory for Earth's outer core +Loránd Eötvös (Hungarian, 1848–1919) – developed a highly accurate torsion balance for gravimetry +Eratosthenes (Greek, c. 276 BC–195 BC) – measured circumference of the Earth and the tilt of its axis +Maurice Ewing (American, 1906–1974) – broad contributions to seafloor seismology; predicted and discovered the SOFAR channel + +== F == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9542062f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +--- +title: "List of geophysicists" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:40.183177+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Gerhard Fanselau (German, 1904–1982) – geomagnetic observations +Joseph Charles Farman (British, 1930–2013) – co-discoverer of the ozone hole +Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fyodorov (Russian, 1910–1981) – pioneer in Arctic geophysical survey +Osmond Fisher (British, 1817–1914) – continental drift +John Adam Fleming (American, 1877–1956) – magnetosphere and atmospheric electricity +James David Forbes (British, 1809–1868) – built the first seismometer +Scott Forbush (American, 1904–1984) – solar-terrestrial interactions and the Forbush decrease +Efi Foufoula-Georgiou (Greek, 1957–) – wavelet analysis +Gillian Foulger (English, 1952– ) – plate theory +Robert Were Fox the Younger (British, 1789–1877) – discovered the geothermal gradient; constructed a dip circle for use at sea +Benjamin Franklin (American, 1706–1790) – established that lightning is electrical + +== G == +Carl Friedrich Gauss (German, 1777–1855) – first mathematical representation of Earth's magnetic field; geodetic surveys +Henry Gellibrand (English, 1597–1637) – discovered that magnetic declination varies with time +James Freeman Gilbert (American, 1931–2014) – development of geophysical inverse theory; network of seismometers to study Earth's free oscillation +William Gilbert (English, 1544–1603) – early magnetic experiments; first to argue that the Earth itself is magnetic +George Graham (English 1673 – November 1751) – discovery of the diurnal variation of the Earth's magnetic field; related Aurora borealis to magnetic field variations +Cecil H. Green (British-born American, 1900–2003) – exploration geophysics geophysical entrepreneur and philanthropist; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Harsh Gupta (Indian, 1942– ) – methodology for discriminating normal earthquakes from reservoir-induced ones, study on the genesis of stable continental region earthquakes; Padma Shri, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize and Waldo E. Smith Award +Beno Gutenberg (American, 1889–1960) – probability distribution of earthquake energies and relation of energy to magnitude + +== H == + +Edmond Halley (English, 1656–1742) – first chart of Earth's magnetic field +Christopher Hansteen (Norwegian, 1784–1873) – produced the first charts of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field +Harry Hammond Hess (American, 1906–1969) – seafloor gravity anomalies and theory of seafloor spreading +Georg Hartmann (German, 1489–1564) – kept early records of magnetic declination +Bernhard Haurwitz (American, 1905–1986) – meteorology +Veikko Aleksanteri Heiskanen (Finnish, 1895–1971) – studies of the global geoid +Raymond Hide (British, 1929–2016) +Arthur Holmes (British, 1890–1965) – performed first uranium–lead dating +M. King Hubbert (American, 1903–1989) – correct statement of Darcy's law and mathematical demonstration that rock undergoes plastic deformation; Vetlesen Prize +Alexander von Humboldt (German, 1769–1859) – global network of geomagnetic observatories +Rosemary Hutton (Scottish, 1925–2004) – geophysicist and pioneer of magnetotellurics + +== I == +Akitsune Imamura (Japanese, 1870–1948) – seismologist +Ted Irving (Canadian, 1927–2014) – early paleomagnetic evidence for continental drift +Ahmet Mete Işıkara (Turkish, 1941–2013) – earthquake scientist + +== J == +James A. Jackson (English, 1954– ) – seismologist; contributed to rebuttal of the 'jelly sandwich' model of the crust +John Arthur “Jack” Jacobs (English 1916 – 2003) - primary area of research was geomagnetism +Harold Jeffreys (British, 1891–1989) – deduced that the Earth's outer core is molten; contributed to mathematical geophysics; Vetlesen Prize +Lucy Jones (American, 1955– ) – earthquake science and safety +Thomas H. Jordan (American, 1948– ) – seismic contributions to plate tectonics + +== K == +Hiroo Kanamori (American, 1936– ) – fundamental contributions to the physics of earthquakes; Kyoto Prize +Louise H. Kellogg (American, 1959–2019) – modeling of the Earth's mantle +William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (Irish, 1824–1907) – influential estimate of the age of the Earth, ultimately proved incorrect +Alexander A. Kaufman (Russian-American, 1931–2023) – major contributions to time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) methods and through-casing resistivity measurements. + +== L == +Kurt Lambeck (Dutch, 1941– ) – changed understanding of the ways post-glacial rebound affects ocean levels; awarded Wollaston Medal and Balzan Prize +Johann von Lamont (Scottish, 1805–1879) – surveys of the Earth's magnetic field +Louis J. Lanzerotti (American, 1938– ) – magnetosphere and ionosphere; awarded William Bowie Medal +Joseph Larmor (Northern Irish, 1857–1942) – proton precession, dynamo theory +Inge Lehmann (Danish, 1888–1993) – seismologist who discovered the Lehmann discontinuity and argued for a solid inner core +Xavier Le Pichon (French, 1937–2025) – constructed history of plate motions +Royden Charles Lilwall (British, 1944-2023) - Geophysicist / seismologist locating the epicenter of earthquakes +Humphrey Lloyd (Irish, 1800–1881) – observational geomagnetism +Cinna Lomnitz (Chilean–Mexican, 1925–2016) – creator of "Lomnitz Law", founder of Mexico's first seismic network and editor of Geofísica Internacional +Andrew Long (Australian, 1965– ) – developed widely used instruments for marine exploration for oil and gas; Honorary Lecturer (Pacific South) for the Society of Exploration Geophysicists +Augustus Edward Hough Love (English, 1863–1940) – developed theory of Love waves +Bruce P. Luyendyk (American, 1943– ) – marine geophysics +Leon Thomsen (American, 1942 ) - Seismic anisotropy Thomsen parameters (Awards: Maurice Ewing Medal, N.A.E.) + +== M == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..152a674cc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "List of geophysicists" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:40.183177+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Gordon J. F. MacDonald (American, 1929–2002) – investigated rotation of the Earth and true polar wander +James B. Macelwane (American, 1883–1956) – seismologist; awarded William Bowie Medal +Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan (French, 1678 –1771) – shape of the Earth and aurora +Robert Mallet (Irish, 1810–1881) – developed controlled source seismology; coined terms seismology and epicenter +Syukuro Manabe (Japanese, 1931– ) – climate models; awarded William Bowie Medal +Pierre de Maricourt (Petrus Peregrinus) (French, fl. 1269) – first extant treatise on properties of magnets; detailed study of the compass +Edme Mariotte (French, 1620–1684) – one of the pioneers of modern hydrology; used floats to measure river flow +Drummond Matthews (British, 1931–1997) – used ocean magnetic anomalies to confirm theory of seafloor spreading +Motonori Matuyama (Japanese, 1884–1958) – first to show that a geomagnetic reversal had occurred in the past +Dan McKenzie (British, 1942– ) – mathematical framework for plate tectonics; mantle convection; sedimentary basin formation; Crafoord Prize +Harry Mayne (American, 1913–1990) – exploration geophysicist, invented CRP stacking for noise reduction; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Marcia McNutt (American, 1952– ) – elastic strength of lithosphere; identified the South Pacific superswell +Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (Dutch, 1887–1966) – developed a precise gravimeter and discovered gravity anomalies above the ocean floor +Oscar Edward Meinzer (American, 1876–1948) – groundwater hydrology; awarded William Bowie Medal +Henry William Menard (American, 1920–1986) – plate tectonics; awarded William Bowie Medal +Giuseppe Mercalli (Italian, 1850–1914) – developed Mercalli intensity scale for measuring earthquakes +John Milne (British, 1849–1913) – invented the horizontal pendulum seismograph +Andrija Mohorovičić (Croatian, 1857–1936) – identified Mohorovičić discontinuity; +W. Jason Morgan (American, 1935–2023) – geodynamics, plate tectonics +Jean Morlet (French, 1931–2007) – developed the wavelet transform for exploration geophysics +Lawrence Morley (Canadian, 1920–2013)) – used ocean magnetic anomalies to confirm theory of seafloor spreading +Ahsan Mubarak (Pakistani, ?) – seismic detection of nuclear tests +Walter Munk (American, 1917–2019) – rotation of the Earth; acoustic tomography of the oceans; Crafoord Prize, Vetlesen Prize, Kyoto Prize + +== N == +Louis Néel (French, 1904–2000) – developed theory to explain the stable magnetization in volcanic rocks; Nobel Prize in physics +Marcia Neugebauer (American, 1932– ) – space physicist and president of the American Geophysical Union +Marcel Nicolet (Belgian, 1912–1996) – ionosphere; awarded William Bowie Medal +Robert Norman (English, circa 1550–1600) – re-discovery of magnetic dip +Amos Nur (American, 1938–2024) – exploration geophysics; rock physics; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) + +== O == +Abel Idowu Olayinka (Nigerian, 1958– ) – applied geophysicist +Richard Dixon Oldham (British, 1858–1936) – seismologist, first clear evidence for separate arrivals of P-waves, S-waves and surface waves on seismograms; first clear evidence for Earth's core + +== P == + +Luigi Palmieri (Italian, 1807–1896) – seismic studies of Mount Vesuvius +Eugene Parker (American, 1927–2022) – solar wind and magnetospheres of the Earth and Sun; awarded Kyoto Prize, National Medal of Science, William Bowie Medal +Antares Parvulescu (American, 1923–1998) – inventor of the first time-reversal experiment, and matched equivalent-space signal (MESS) processing. +Blaise Pascal (French, 1623–1662) – demonstrated that atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude +Chaim Leib Pekeris (American, 1908–1993) – mathematical methods to study free vibrations of Earth, tides, and origin of Earth's magnetic field; Vetlesen Prize +William Richard Peltier (Canadian, 1943– ) – geophysical fluid dynamics, glacial rebound, climate change, Vetlesen Prize +Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt (French, 13th century) – wrote the first extant treatise describing the properties of magnets and the earliest detailed discussion of freely pivoting compass needles +Pierre Perrault (1608–1680) – developed the concept of the hydrological cycle +Alexis Perrey (French, 1807–1882) – seismologist +Walter C. Pitman, III (American, 1931–2019) – seafloor spreading and tectonics +George W. Platzman (American, 1920–2008) – geophysical fluid dynamics, numerical weather prediction +John Henry Pratt (British, 1809–1871) – laid foundation for principle of isostasy +Frank Press (American, 1924–2020) – design of a long-period seismograph, and the first detection of the Earth's normal modes of oscillation; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Albert Thomas Price (British, 1903–1978) – geomagnetism and global electromagnetic induction + +== R == +Harry Fielding Reid (American, 1859–1944) – elastic-rebound theory and other contributions to seismology +Roger Revelle (American, 1909–1991) – global warming and plate tectonics; awarded William Bowie Medal +Charles Francis Richter (American, 1900–1985) – creation of Richter magnitude scale +Ted Ringwood (Australian, 1930–1993) – mineral physics; awarded William Bowie Medal and Wollaston Medal +Enders Robinson (American, 1928– ) – exploration geophysicist; co-inventor of digital seismic signal processing; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe (Venezuelan, 1942– ) – global warming; awarded William Bowie Medal +Keith Runcorn (British, 1922–1995) – paleomagnetic work supporting continental drift; apparent polar wander + +== S == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59eb797fb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "List of geophysicists" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysicists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:40.183177+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Edward Sabine (Irish, 1788–1883) – measured oblateness of the Earth; established system of magnetic observatories +Benjamin D. Santer (American, 1955– ) – climatologist +Conrad Schlumberger (French, 1878–1936) – and Marcel Schlumberger (French, 1884–1953) – invented electric well logging +Michael Schoenberg (American, 1939–2008) – contributions to seismic anisotropy +Alessandro Serpieri (Italian, 1823–1885) – seismologist +Nicholas Shackleton (British, 1937–2006) – paleoceanography, climate, Crafoord Prize, Vetlesen Prize +Irwin I. Shapiro (American, 1929– ) – awarded William Bowie Medal +Otto Schmidt (Russian, 1891–1956) +Shen Kuo (Chinese, 1031–1095) – discovered magnetic declination +Robert E. Sheriff (American, 1922–2014) – exploration geophysics; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +John Sherwood (British) – exploration geophysics; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Eugene Merle Shoemaker (American, 1928–1997) – planetary science; awarded William Bowie Medal +Paul G. Silver (American, 1948–2009) – seismic anisotropy and splitting of shear waves +Fred Singer (Austrian-American, 1924–2020) – atmospheric physicist, global warming denier +Susan Solomon (American, 1956– ) – proposed chlorofluorocarbons as the cause of the Antarctic ozone hole; awarded Nobel Peace Prize and William Bowie Medal +David J. Stevenson (New Zealander/American, 1948– ) – theories of internal structure and evolution of planets +Balfour Stewart (Scottish, 1828–1887) – observations of solar flares and geomagnetic storms +Henry Stommel (American, 1920–1992) – ocean circulation; awarded William Bowie Medal +David Strangway (Canadian, 1934–2016) – lunar geophysics; university administration; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Carl Størmer (Norwegian, 1874–1957) – motion of charged particles in the magnetosphere and origin of the aurora +Harald Sverdrup (Norwegian, 1888–1957) – ocean circulation; awarded William Bowie Medal + +== T == +Albert Tarantola (Spanish, 1949–2009) – geophysical inverse problems; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Pierre Tardi (French, 1897–1972) – geodesist and geophysicist +Marie Tharp (1920–2006) – American geologist and oceanographic cartographer who, in partnership with Bruce Heezen, created the first scientific map of the Atlantic Ocean floor. +Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov (Russian, 1906–1993) – magnetotellurics method in geophysics +Nafi Toksöz (Turkish-American, 1937– ) – exploration geophysics; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Sven Treitel (American, 1929–2024) – exploration geophysicist; co-inventor of digital seismic signal processing; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG) +Merle Tuve (American, 1901–1982) – used radio waves to measure the ionosphere; United States Medal for Merit +Donald L. Turcotte (American, 1932– ) – developed theory of convection in the Earth's mantle, applications of fractals and chaos to Earth processes; William Bowie Medal of the AGU + +== V == + +James Van Allen (American, 1914–2006) – Van Allen radiation belts; awarded Crafoord Prize, Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (for geophysics), National Medal of Science, William Bowie Medal +Petr Vaníček (Czech Canadian, 1935– ) – breakthroughs in theory of spectral analysis and geoid computation, awarded J. Tuzo Wilson Medal, founded Canadian Geophysical Union +T. Wayland Vaughan (American, 1870–1952) – study of corals and coral reefs, larger foraminifera, and oceanography +Fred Vine (British, 1939– ) – work on marine magnetic anomalies confirmed the theory of seafloor spreading + +== W == +Kiyoo Wadati (Japanese, 1902–1995) – researched subduction zone earthquakes; lent name to Wadati–Benioff zone +Alfred Wegener (German, 1880–1930) – developed theory of continental drift +Frank T. M. White (Australian, 1909–1971) – mining and metallurgical engineer; mineral science educator +Emil Johann Wiechert (German, 1861–1928) – first verifiable model of layered structure of the Earth; pioneering work on propagation of seismic waves +J. Tuzo Wilson (Canadian, 1908–1993) – contributions to plate tectonics: theories of hotspots, transform faults and Wilson cycles; Vetlesen Prize; Maurice Ewing Medal (SEG); President of AGU; +J. Lamar Worzel (American, 1919–2008) – contributions to underwater acoustics, underwater photography, and gravity measurements at sea +Carl Wunsch (American, 1941– ) – ocean circulation, climatology; awarded the William Bowie Medal + +== Z == +Zhang Heng (Chinese, 78–139) – invented the first seismoscope + +== See also == + +List of geodesists +List of geologists +List of physicists +List of presidents of the American Geophysical Union + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glacial_moraines-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glacial_moraines-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..474d90202 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glacial_moraines-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +--- +title: "List of glacial moraines" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glacial_moraines" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:03.226567+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This a partial list of glacial moraines. They are arranged by continents and divided by related hydrologic basins. This list is incomplete. Please improve the listing. + + +== North America == + + +=== Moraines of the Great Lakes Region === + + +==== Lake Ontario Basin ==== + + +==== Lake Erie Basin ==== + + +==== Lake Michigan Basin ==== + + +==== Lake Superior Basin ==== + + +=== Moraines of the Quebec and Ontario, Canada === + +Oak Ridges – Ontario +Trafalgar – Ontario +Waterloo – Ontario +Dixville – Quebec +Cherry River–East-Angus – Quebec +Ulverton-Tingwick – Quebec + + +=== Moraines of the U.S. and Canadian Rocky Mountains === +Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field – Washington + + +== Europe == +Lüneburg Heath – Germany +Rogen moraine – Sweden, Norway +Lake Rogen – Sweden +Pulju moraine – Finland +Salpausselkä – Finland +Sevetti moraine – Finland +Trollgarden – Norway +Veiki moraine – Sweden, Norway +Raet - Norway, Sweden, Finland +La Serra morainic amphitheater of Ivrea - Piedmont, Italy + + +== Antarctica == + + +== South America == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b0e6e243 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "List of highest large cities" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:32.821149+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list of the highest cities in the world includes only cities with a population greater than 100,000 inhabitants and an average height above sea level over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). + + +== See also == +List of cities by elevation + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..529ee235d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +--- +title: "List of historic schools of forestry" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of historic schools of forestry, by founding date. Also included is information about each school's location, founder(s), present status, and (where applicable) closing date. Many remain active. + +== 1700s == +1778 - A course of study in forestry formally added to the curriculum at the University of Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holy Roman Empire +1785 - Master school of forestry established by Heinrich von Cotta and his father, in Kleine Zillbach, near Wasungen, Thuringia +1787 or 1789 - Master school of forestry established at Hungen, Hesse, by Georg Ludwig Hartig; moved to Dillenburg, Hesse, 1797–1805; reestablished in Berlin; then, in 1830, moved to Eberswalde, about 30 km away (see below) +1790 - School of forestry established in Munich, Bavaria +1798 - Waldau Forest Institute (Forstlehranstalt zu Waldau) established by Friedrich Ludwig von Witzelben, in the Kassel district of Hesse, Germany; closed 1815 + +== 1800-1849 == + +1800 - First formal training of foresters in Russia; 'forstmeister' course established at the Naval Cadet Corps Academy, Saint Petersburg +1803 - Royal Forestry School (or 'Practical Forestry School'), in Tsarskoye Selo (near Saint Petersburg), Russia; in 1811, moved to Saint Petersburg to become the Imperial Forestry Institute, later the S. M. Kirov Forestry Academy; today the Saint Petersburg State Forestry University. +1807 - Royal Bavarian Central Forestry Academy, Aschaffenburg, Bavaria; merged with LMU Munich in 1874 + +1807 - Forestry Institute, Academy of Mining, Schemnitz, Austria-Hungary (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia; Heinrich David Wilckens, founder); became the Academy of Mining and Forestry, 1848 (Ignaz Schwarz Friedrich, founder); moved to Sopron, Hungary, in 1919; continues today as the University of West Hungary. +1811 - Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry, Tharandt, Saxony (Heinrich von Cotta, founder); now part of Dresden University of Technology, Germany +1811 - Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Stockholm (Karl XIV Johan, founder) +1813 - Imperial Academy of Forestry, at the Mariabrunn monastery, near Vienna, Austria +1824 - French National School of Forestry (École nationale des eaux et forêts, or 'Imperial Forestry School'), Nancy, France; today part of AgroParisTech + +1830 - Royal Prussian Higher Forestry College established in Eberswalde; later affiliated as a faculty of the University of Berlin; the International Union of Forest Experiment Stations, predecessor of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, was established there on August 17, 1892. +1844 - Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Madrid, Spain, continuing today in the Technical University of Madrid +1848 - School of forestry established at Turin, Italy + +== 1850-1899 == +1860 - Royal Agriculture and Forestry College, Križevci, Croatia; today the College of Agriculture at Križevci +1868 - Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany; successor to the Royal Prussian Academy of Forestry at Münden +1870 - Forest Institute of Vallombrosa, Italy, established on the German model +1875 - Forestry program established at the University of Agriculture in Vienna, Austria, incorporating the former Imperial Academy of Forestry at Mariabrunn +1878 - Imperial Forest School, Dehradun, India (founded by Dietrich Brandis, for the British Imperial Forestry Service); today, incorporated into the Indian Forest Research Institute, Dehradun + +1885 - Royal Indian Engineering College (also known informally as the 'Cooper's Hill School of Forestry'), Surrey, England (William Schlich, founder); closed 1905 +1897 - Forestry programs included in the Faculty of Agriculture, in the newly established Kyoto Imperial University, now Kyoto University, Japan +1898, September 1 - Biltmore Forest School, Asheville, North Carolina, USA (Carl A. Schenck, founder); closed 1913 +1898, September 22 or 23 - New York State College of Forestry at Cornell, Ithaca, NY, USA (Bernhard Fernow, founding dean); closed June 1903 +1898, October 20 - Academy of Forestry established at the University of Zagreb, Croatia + +== 1900-1949 == + +1900 - Yale School of Forestry, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (Gifford Pinchot, founder; Henry S. Graves, founding dean) +1902 - Agriculture and Forestry School, Shanxi Province, China +1903 - Forestry department, Imperial University of Peking, China +1903, May - Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, PA (Joseph Rothrock, MD, founder; George Wirt, founding administrator); merged with the Pennsylvania State University to become Penn State Mont Alto +1904 - Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Iowa State College (now Iowa State University), Ames, Iowa USA; First forestry course 1877, department established 1877, forestry curriculum approved 1904. Forestry program continues to offer B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees within the Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management. +1904 - Forestry department, Zhili Higher Agricultural School, Hebei Province, China; in 1952, the department was separated into several universities, with most faculty going into the Beijing Forestry University +1905 - School of Forestry, Oxford University, England (Sir William Schlich, founder) +1906 - School of Forestry, University of Georgia, (George Foster Peabody, founder; Alfred A. Akerman, founding dean) +1906 - South African Forestry School, Tokai, Cape Town, South Africa (Joseph Storr Lister, founder) +1907 - Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada (Bernhard Fernow, founding dean) +1907 - School of Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Francis Miller, first dean) +1908 - Ranger School, University of Montana +1910, April 19 - Forest School established within the College of Agriculture at the University of the Philippines Los Baños, Royal F. Nash, founding "Officer-in-Charge"; today the College of Forestry and Natural Resources +1910 - Victorian School of Forestry (VSF), Creswick, Australia. +1911 - New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA; (Louis Marshall, founder; William L. Bray, founding dean); now part of the State University of New York system \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..974e7b3c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "List of historic schools of forestry" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:27.213446+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +1912 - Madras Forest Academy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, South India +1913 - School of Forestry, University of Montana. Established by the 12th Legislature of Montana. +1919 - Moscow Forest Engineering Institute, Russia's "first higher education institution for training forest engineers"; now Moscow State Forest University +1920 - Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Studies in the field of forestry began in 1920 as the Department of Forestry at the Agricultural Faculty in Belgrade. The Faculty of Forestry became separate in 1949, the first independent forestry faculty in the former Yugoslavia. +1926 - Australian Forestry School, Canberra, Australia. Foundation Principal Charles Lane Poole. Became part of the Australian National University in 1965. +1932 - Saasveld Forestry College, George, South Africa; now part of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) +1948, June 16 - Forestry Specialist School, Shanxi Province, China (established by the Chinese Communist Party) + +== 1950-present == +1951 - University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, established its Faculty of Forestry. The school would absorb students from Hungary's Sopron School in 1957. +1952 - Beijing Forestry University, China, with faculty from Tsinghua University, Peking University, and the Beijing Agricultural University +1962 - Forestry school established in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with support from the United Nations Development Program, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the Government of Brazil; moved the next year to become a faculty of the Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba. +1976 - Institute of Forestry established in the Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, with help of Ministry of Environment and Forest and Bangladesh Forest Department. It is the pioneer institution of the country which initiated Professional Master of Forestry in 1977–78; 4-year B.Sc. (Hons.) in Forestry in 1978–79; M.Sc. in Forestry in 1996; B.Sc. (Hons.) in Environmental Science in 2000–2001; and M.Sc. in Environmental Science in 2004. Renamed as the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, CU (IFESCU), July 1996. + +== See also == + +List of forest research institutes +List of forestry technical schools +List of forestry universities and colleges +List of historic journals of forestry +Imperial Forestry Institute (disambiguation) + +== References == + +=== Notes === + +=== Further reading === +Fernow, Bernard E. 1913. A brief history of forestry in Europe, the United States and other countries, 3d. ed. Toronto: Toronto University Press; and Washington, DC: American Forestry Association. +Kuhlberg, Mark. 2009. One Hundred Rings and Counting: Forestry Education and Forestry in Toronto and Canada, 1907-2007. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. +Shirley, Hardy L. 1958. "Forestry education and research in Russia," Journal of Forestry 56, pp. 892–899. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2334ae887 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- +title: "List of historical maps" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:34.059214+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of notable extant historical maps. + + +== Early world maps == + +Babylonian Map of the World (flat-earth diagram on a clay tablet, c. 600 BC) +Tabula Rogeriana (1154) +Psalter world map (1260) +Tabula Peutingeriana (1265, medieval map of the Roman Empire, believed to be based on 4th century source material) +Hereford Mappa Mundi (c. 1285; the largest medieval map known still to exist) +Map of Maximus Planudes (c. 1300), earliest extant realization of Ptolemy's world map (2nd century) +Gangnido (Korea, 1402) +Bianco world map (1436) +Fra Mauro map (c. 1450) +Map of Bartolomeo Pareto (1455) +Genoese map (1457) +Map of Juan de la Cosa (1500) +Cantino planisphere (1502) +Piri Reis map (1513) +Dieppe maps (c. 1540s-1560s) +Mercator 1569 world map +Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Ortelius, Netherlands, 1570–1612) +Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (1602) + + +== Notable atlases == + +Atlas Maior (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1635–1658) +Klencke Atlas (1660) +Atlas Maior (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1662–1667) +Cary's New and Correct English Atlas (London, 1787) +Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas (Germany, 1881–1939; in the UK as Times Atlas of the World, 1895) +Times Atlas of the World (United Kingdom, 1895) +Rand McNally Atlas (United States, 1881–present) +Stielers Handatlas (Germany, 1817–1944) +Atlante Internazionale del Touring Club Italiano (Italy, 1927) +Atlas Mira (Soviet Union/Russia, 1937) + + +== Early regional maps == +Ancient Egypt +Turin Papyrus Map (c. 1150 BC) +Cartography of Europe +Carta Pisana (13th century) +Corbitis Atlas (late 14th century collection of portolan charts) +Early Chinese cartography +Da Ming Hunyi Tu (late 14th century Ming dynasty Chinese map) +Maps of Russia +Godunov map (1667) +Maps of Scandinavia +Carta marina (c. 1530) +Det Kongelige danske Søkortarkiv (1784) +French cartography: +Cassini maps (1756–1789) +Cartography of India +Survey of India (1767) +Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1858) +Maps of Korea +Haedong Samgukdo +Cartography of Switzerland +Dufour Map (1863) +Siegfried Map (1895–1926) +Cartography of the United States +Americae Sive Quartae Orbis Partis Nova Et Exactissima Descriptio (1562) +New and Correct Map of the United States of North America Abel Buell (1784) +Samuel Augustus Mitchell (1867) +United States Geological Survey, National Program for Topographic Mapping (1884) +War of the Rebellion Atlas (1895) +Maps of the United Kingdom +The Brittania (John Ogilby, 1670–1676) +Principal Triangulation of Great Britain (1784–1853) + + +== See also == + +History of cartography \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e84a4c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +--- +title: "List of hot springs" +chunk: 1/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +There are hot springs on all continents and in many countries around the world. Countries that are renowned for their hot springs include Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Fiji, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Romania, Turkey, Taiwan, New Zealand, and the United States, but there are interesting and unique hot springs in many other places as well. + +== Africa == + +=== Algeria === +Hammam Chellala (Thermes Chellala) +Hammam Essalihine (Thermes de Flavius), 35.4403°N 7.0844°E +Hammam Guedjima (Thermes Guedjima) +Guelma (Source de Guelma) +N'Gaous (Source de Saïda) + +=== Democratic Republic of the Congo === +Kambo, North Kivu, in North Kivu province (150 to 270 °C) +Uvira, South Kivu province (275 to 369 °C), 3°22′12″S 29°08′24″E + +=== Egypt === +Hammam Musa (Moses' Bath) +Hammam Pharaon (Pharaoh Bath) +Oyoun Mossa (Moses Springs) +Siwa + +=== Eswatini === +There are thirteen developed and undeveloped hot spring pools in Eswatini. All are sulphur springs with temperatures ranging from 26 °C to 52 °C. + +Ezulwini spring +Fairview spring +Lobamba spring +Madubula spring +Mawelawela spring +Mbekelweni spring +Mbikwakhe hot spring +Mbondela spring +Mkoba spring +Mpopoma spring +Mvuntshini spring +Ngwempisi spring +Siphofaneni spring + +=== Ethiopia === + +Dallol Hot Springs at Dallol volcano, Afar Region, Ethiopia +Sodere (Oromo: Sodaree), a spa town in central Ethiopia + +=== Morocco === +Abayou +Ain al-Ati hot springs in Erfoud +Ain Allah +Ain Salama +Fezouane +Moulay Yacoub hot springs +Sidi Harazem hot spring + +=== Nigeria === +Ikogosi Warm Springs +Wikki Warm Springs + +=== Rwanda === +Bugarama Hot Springs, near Cyangugu +Mashyuza Hot Springs +Nyakabuye Hot Springs, near Cyangugu + +=== South Africa === +Aliwal North, Eastern Cape +Badplaas, Mpumalanga +Brandvlei, Worcester area, Western Cape +Caledon Spa +Goudini Spa, Worcester area, Western Cape +Montagu, Western Cape +Tshipise, Limpopo +Warmbaths, Limpopo + +=== Tanzania === + +At least 15 geothermal areas exist in Tanzania. + +Kikuletwa Hot Springs, also known as Maji Moto, and as Chemka Hot Springs, in the Kilimanjaro region, 40 km from Moshi + +=== Tunisia === +Abdelkader Hot Springs, near Tozeur +Abdelkader Hot Springs Gabes, near Gabes +Abdelkader Hot Springs Ichkeul, near Bizert + +=== Uganda === +Birara Hot Springs +Bubaare Hot Spring +Buranga Hot Springs +Ihimba Hot Springs +Kabuga (Muhokya) Hot Springs +Kagamba Warm Spring +Kanyineabalongo Hot Springs +Karungu Hot Springs +Kibenge (Kyiriba Kya Kyathumba) Hot Springs +Kibiro Hot Springs +Kiruruma Hot Springs +Kisiizi Hot Springs +Kitagata Hot Springs +Minera Hot Springs +Nyamasizi Hot Springs +Panyamulu Hot Springs +Rubaare Hot Springs +Rwagimba Hot Springs +Rwimi Warm Springs + +=== Zambia === +Chinyunyu Hot-Springs +Gwisho Hot-Springs + +=== Zimbabwe === +Hot Springs, Manicaland + +== Americas == + +=== Argentina === + +==== Buenos Aires ==== +Carhué +Termas de Dolores +Termas de Luro Hotel & Spa, Pedro Luro +Termas de Médanos +Termas de Tapalqué +Termas del Campo, Necochea +Termas del Salado, General Belgrano +Termas Marinas Park, San Clemente del Tuyú + +==== Catamarca ==== +Aguas Termales Quebrada de Hualfin, Hualfin +Complejo Termal La Aguadita, Tinogasta +Termas de Fiambalá +Termas de Villa Vil + +==== Chaco ==== +Termas de Sáenz Peña + +==== Córdoba ==== +Termas de El Quicho + +==== Corrientes ==== +Termas de Monte Caseros + +==== Entre Ríos ==== +Pozo de Aguas Termales, Santa Ana +Termas de Basavilbaso +Termas de Chajarí +Termas de Colón +Termas de Concepción del Uruguay +Termas de Concordia +Termas de Federación +Termas de La Paz +Termas de María Grande +Termas de San José +Termas de Victoria del Agua, Victoria +Termas de Villaguay +Termas de Villa Elisa +Termas del Gualeguaychú +Termas del Guaychú, Gualeguaychú + +==== Jujuy ==== +Termas de Caimancito +Termas de Reyes, San Salvador de Jujuy +Termas de Tuzgle, Puesto Sey +Termas del Río Jordán, Calilegua + +==== La Pampa ==== +Bernardo Larroudé + +==== La Rioja ==== +Termas de La Merced +Termas de Santa Teresita + +==== Mendoza ==== +Termas de Cacheuta +Hotel Lahuen-Co +Hotel Termas de Los Molles +Termas Cajón Grande +Termas de El Azufre + +==== Neuquén ==== +Copahue +Domuyo +Termas de Epulafquen +Termas de Queñi + +==== Santiago del Estero ==== +Hostería Termal San Pedro, San Pedro de Guasayán +Termas de Río Hondo + +==== Salta ==== +Rosario de la Frontera +Termas El Cayotal, Lipeo +Termas El Sauce, El Bordo + +==== San Juan ==== +Termas Pismanta Hotel & Spa + +==== San Luis ==== +Balde +San Gerónimo + +==== Tucumán ==== +Hostería Termal Taco Ralo + +=== Brazil === +Acquamotion, Gramado, Rio Grande do Sul +Águas de Jurema, Iretama, Paraná +Águas de Lindoia, São Paulo +Águas de São Pedro, São Paulo +Águas Quentes, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso +Balneário Pratas, São Carlos, Santa Catarina +Balneário Thermas de Ouro, Ouro, Santa Catarina +Caldas de Prata, Nova Prata, Rio Grande do Sul +Caldas Novas, Goiás +Grande Hotel Termas de Araxá, Araxá, Minas Gerais +Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná +Gravatal, Santa Catarina +Hotel Thermas, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte +Iraí, Rio Grande do Sul +Itá, Santa Catarina +Lagoa Santa, Goiás +Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul +Maestro Thermas Park, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná +Marcelino Ramos, Rio Grande do Sul +Olímpia, São Paulo +Parque Caldas da Imperatriz, Santo Amaro da Imperatriz, Santa Catarina +Piratuba, Santa Catarina +Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais +Rio Quente, Goiás +Solar das Águas Quentes, Maringá, Paraná +Termas de Erval, Erval Velho, Santa Catarina +Termas do Verê, Paraná +Termas São João, São João do Oeste, Santa Catarina +Termas Leonense, Campos Novos, Santa Catarina +Thermas Clube Parque das Águas, Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul +Thermas de Lins Resort, Lins, São Paulo +Thermas de Sulina, Paraná + +=== Canada === + +==== Alberta ==== +Banff Upper Hot Springs (Banff National Park), near the Town of Banff +Cave and Basin National Historic Site, near Banff, Alberta +Miette Hot Springs, near Jasper, Alberta \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ada80df2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +--- +title: "List of hot springs" +chunk: 2/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== British Columbia ==== +Ahousat Hot Springs, Ahousat (Gibson Marine Provincial Park) +Ainsworth Hot Springs and Cody Caves, south of Kaslo +Bishop Bay Hot Springs, located in Devastation Channel, south of Kitimat, North Coast +Boulder Creek Hot Springs (aka Pebble Creek Hot Springs and Keyhole Hot Springs) in the Pemberton Valley +Brandywine Creek Hot Springs +Canyon Hot Springs and Albert Canyon, near Revelstoke +Dewar Hot Springs, Purcell Mountains +Fairmont Hot Springs, near Invermere +Frizzell Hotsprings, lower Skeena River +Harrison Hot Springs, north of Agassiz +Hotspring Island, Haida Gwaii +Iskut River Hot Springs +Lakelse Hot Springs, Terrace +Liard River Hot Springs +Lussier Hot Springs in Whiteswan Lake Provincial Park +Meager Creek Hot Springs northwest of Pemberton +Mount Cayley Hot Springs +Mount Layton Hot Springs, near Kitimat +Nascall Hot Springs, located in Dean Channel +Nakusp and vicinity, along the Arrow Lakes: +Coyote Springs +Halcyon Hot Springs +Halfway River +Nakusp Hot Springs +Octopus Creek +Upper Halfway River +Wilson Lake +Pitt River Hot Springs, on the upper Pitt River +Prophet River Hot Springs, Alaska Highway +Radium Hot Springs, Columbia Valley +Ram Creek Hot Springs, Skookumchuck +Ramsay Hot Springs near Ahousat +Shearwater Hot Springs, south of Kitimat, North Coast +Sherwin Hot Springs, west side of Kootenay Lake, north of Ainsworth Hot Springs +Skookumchuck Hot Springs (aka Saint Agnes Well and T'sek Hot Spring) between Pemberton and Port Douglas near the town of Skatin (formerly Skookumchuck) +Sloquet Hot Springs, east of Pemberton between Skatin and Port Douglas +Stikine Hot Springs in Choquette Hot Springs Provincial Park +Tallheo Hot Springs, South Bentinck Arm +Toad River Hot Springs, Alaska Highway +Weewanie Hot Springs + +==== Northwest Territories ==== +Kraus Hot Springs +Rabbitkettle Hot Springs, Nahanni National Park + +==== Yukon ==== +Takhini Hot Springs + +=== Chile === + +There are more than 275 hot springs registered in Chile. + +North Zone, Chile, Atacama Desert +Mamiña +Pica +Puritama +Socos +El Tatio +Central Zone, Chile, near Santiago +Cauquenes +Chillán +Corazón +Jahuel +South Zone, Chile, near volcanoes and lakes +Chihuío +Llifén +Malalcahuello +Pucón area +Huife +Menetúe +Palguín +Termas de San Luis +Termas de San Sebastián +Termas del Rincón +Termas Geométricas, near Coñaripe +Termas Vergara +Puyehue Lake area +Aguas Calientes +Los Baños, destroyed by the 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption +Puyehue Hot Springs +Puyuhuapi +Quitralco +Seven Lakes area +Coñaripe +Termas de Liquiñe +Termas de Molulco (ei. Termas de Balboa) +Termas de Río Blanco +Tolhuaca + +=== Colombia === +Aguas Termales El Raizón, Norte de Santander +Termales Agua Hirviendo, Puracé, Cauca +Termales Aguas Calientes, vía al Llano, Cundinamarca +Termales Cascada Zetaquira, Boyaca +Termales de Iza, Boyaca +Termales de Las Juntas, Ibague, Tolima +Termales de Machetá, Cundinamarca +Termales de Paipa, Boyaca +Termales de San Vicente, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda +Termales de Santa Mónica, Choachi, Cundinamarca +Termales de Santa Rosa, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda +Termales de Tenjo, Cundinamarca +Termales del Cañón, Ibague, Tolima +Termales del Nevado del Ruiz, Manizales +Termales del Otoño, Manizales, Caldas +Termales del Zipa, Tabio, Cundinamarca +Termales El Escondite, Samaná, Caldas +Termales Tambujina, La Cruz, Narino + +=== Costa Rica === +Baldi hot springs, Alajuela Province +La Sierra de Abangares, Guanacaste, 10°17′5.0″N 84°55′39.46″W +Orosí Valley, near Cartago +Rincón de la Vieja Volcano & National Park, Guanacaste +Tabacón, near Arenal Volcano +The Springs Resort near the Arenal Volcano +Arenal Springs located at the base of the Arenal Volcano +Ecotermales Fortuna 2 miles from La Fortuna +Rio Perdido Hot Springs, Located in the Guanacaste region + +=== Dominican Republic === +Aguas Calientes Parque De Aguas Termas Naturales Los Montones, San José de las Matas + +=== Ecuador === + +Aguas Hediondas, near Tulcán, Carchi Province +Baños, Azuay Province +Baños de Agua Santa, Tungurahua Province +Baños de San Vicente, near Salinas, Santa Elena Province +Chachimbiro, near Ibarra, Imbabura Province +Nangulví, near Otavalo, Imbabura Province +Oyacachi, near Papallacta, Napo Province +Papallacta, Napo Province + +=== El Salvador === +Los Ausoles, near Ahuachapan, Ahuachapan Department +Salto de Malacatiupan, near Santa Ana, Santa Ana Department +Thermales de Santa Teresa, near Ahuachapan, Ahuachapan Department + +=== Greenland === +There are numerous hot springs in Greenland: + +Disko Island, has over 2000 hot springs +Uunartoq Island, near Alluitsup Paa + +=== Guatemala === +Fuentes Georginas, Quetzaltenango +Santa Teresita near Antigua Guatemala, in Amatitlán + +=== Mexico === +Abasolo, Guanajuato +Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes +El Géiser in Tecozautla +El Pandeño (aka San José de Pandos), outside the towns of Julimes and San Diego de Alcalá, Chihuahua +Guadalupe Canyon Hot Springs, Mexicali +Imala, Sinaloa +La Gruta in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato +Los Azufres, Michoacán +Mission San Borja Hot Springs, east of the town of Rosarito, Baja California +Ojo de Dolores and La Cueva del Diablo, in Jiménez, Chihuahua +Russian Valley Hot Springs, south of Tecate in Baja California +Tolantongo hot springs +Tlacotlapilco, Hidalgo +Valle Chico Hot Springs, southwest of San Felipe + +=== Peru === + +Ayacucho Region, 13°09′47″S 74°13′28″W +Cajamarca, 7°9′52″S 78°30′38″W +Colca Canyon Hot Springs, near Coporaque, Peru, 15°38′21.9″S 71°39′23.2″W +Huayhuash, in the Andes, 10°30′S 76°45′W +Hot springs, Pachia, Tacna +La Calera Springs, Chivay, 15°38′S 71°36′W +Machu Picchu Pueblo (known colloquially as Aguas Calientes), near Machu Picchu, 13°9′17.4″S 72°31′31.2″W +Monterrey Hot Spring, Carhuaz, 9°16′0″S 77°38′0″W +Moyobamba Region, 6°02′S 76°58′W +Shanay-Timpishka +Zorritos, near Bocapán Beach, 3°40′21.6″S 80°39′12.8″W + +=== United States === + +==== Alaska ==== +Akutan Hot Springs +Baranof Warm Springs (thermal mineral springs), 57°05′22″N 134°49′59″W (nine springs from lukewarm to 120 degrees F) +Chena Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs), 65°3′11″N 146°3′20″W +Circle Hot Springs, 65°29′00″N 144°38′03″W +Kanuti Hot Springs +Manley Hot Springs, 65°0′28″N 150°37′36″W +Tolovana Hot Springs, 65°16′0″N 148°52′0″W + +==== Arizona ==== +Arizona (Ringbolt) Hot Springs +Buckhorn Baths, Mesa +Castle Hot Springs, 33°58′57.9″N 112°21′42.84″W +El Dorado Hot Springs, 33°29′37″N 112°56′14″W (70 °F/21 °C to 120 °F/49 °C) +Essence of Tranquility +Gold Strike Hot Springs +Hot Well Dunes +Indian Hot Springs +Kaiser Hot Springs (latitude: 34.600033, longitude: -113.46285) +Palm Pool Waterfall Hot Springs +Pumpkin Spring, in the Grand Canyon +Roper Lake State Park Hot Spring +San Carlos Warm Springs +Sheep Bridge Warm Spring +Verde Hot Springs, 34°21′25.2″N 111°42′36″W (92° to 104 °F) + +==== Arkansas ==== +Hot Springs, 34°29′50″N 93°3′19″W + +==== California ==== + +==== Colorado ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b573c5401 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +--- +title: "List of hot springs" +chunk: 3/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Conundrum Hot Springs +Hot Sulphur Springs +Idaho Springs +Glenwood Springs +Ouray +Pagosa hot springs (110 °F to 144 °F/62 °C), 37°16′5″N 107°1′28″W +Penny Hot Springs +Radium Hot Springs +Steamboat Springs + +==== Florida ==== +Warm Mineral Springs + +==== Georgia ==== +Radium Springs (20 °C, 68 °F) +Warm Springs (90 °F) + +==== Idaho ==== +Boat Box Hot Spring +Frenchman's Hot Springs +Goldbug Hot Springs +Green Canyon Hot Springs +Heise Hot Springs, Ririe (28 °C, 82 °F) +Lava Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs) +Silver Creek Hot Spring +Stanley Hot Springs +Sunflower Hot Springs + +==== Illinois ==== +Little Hot Springs of Illinois + +==== Massachusetts ==== +Sand Spring (75 °F / 24 °C) + +==== Montana ==== +Chico Hot Springs (104 °F / 40 °C) +Gregson Hot Springs +Hot Springs +Hunters Hot Springs +Lolo Hot Springs Montana +Sleeping Buffalo Hot Springs + +==== Nevada ==== + +==== New Mexico ==== +Black Rock Hot Springs, near Taos +Faywood Hot Springs +Jordan Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) +Manby Hot Springs, near Taos +McCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs +Melanie Hot Springs, near Silver City +Middle Fork Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) +Montezuma Hot Springs +Ojo Caliente Hot Springs, Ojo Caliente +Radium Hot Springs +San Antonio Hot Springs, Jemez Springs +Soda Dam Hot Spring +Spence Hot Spring, Jemez Springs +Stagecoach Hot Springs, near Aroyo Hondo, NM +Truth or Consequences Hot Springs +Turkey Creek Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) + +==== New York ==== +Lebanon Springs +Saratoga Springs (Roosevelt Spring, Lincoln Spring, etc.) + +==== North Carolina ==== +Hot Springs + +==== Oregon ==== + +Alvord Hot Springs +Antelope Hot Springs +Bagby Hot Springs +Belknap Hot Springs +Breitenbush Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs) +Cougar Hot Springs +Deer Creek Hot Springs +Hart Mountain Hot Springs +Hot Lake Springs +Hunters Hot Springs +McCredie Hot Springs +Mickey Hot Springs +Summer Lake Hot Springs +Umpqua Hot Springs + +==== South Dakota ==== +Hot Springs + +==== Texas ==== +Chinati Hot Springs, near Ruidosa +Hot Springs (Big Bend National Park) + +==== Utah ==== +Baker Hot Springs, Fumarole Butte, Juab County +Blue Lake, Wendover +Crystal Hot Springs, Honeyville +Fifth Water Hot Springs, Three Forks Trailhead, Diamond Fork Canyon, Uinta National Forest +Homestead, Midway +Meadow Hot Springs +Mystic Hot Springs, Monroe, also known as Monroe Hot Springs and Cooper Hot Springs +Pa Tempe Hot Springs, La Verkin +Saratoga Springs +Veyo Pool, Veyo + +==== Virginia ==== +Hot Springs +Warm Springs + +==== Washington ==== +Carson Hot Springs +Olympic Hot Springs +Scenic Hot Springs +Sol Duc Hot Springs + +==== West Virginia ==== +Berkeley Springs State Park + +==== Wyoming ==== +Black Sand Basin Hot Springs +Boiling River (Yellowstone National Park) +Brilliant Pool Hot Springs +Hot Springs State Park, Thermopolis +Mammoth Hot Springs +Morning Glory Pool +Saratoga +A list of 1661 hot springs can be found on the NOAA Thermal Springs List for the United States. The same list with added notes and links can be found on the USA Hotsprings Database. + +=== Uruguay === +Termas de Almirón +Termas de San Nicanor +Termas del Arapey +Termas del Daymán +Termas del Guaviyú + +=== Venezuela === +El Borbollon +El Pilar (Rio Aguas Calientes) +Las Trincheras + +== Antarctica == +Deception Island + +== Asia == + +=== Bhutan === + +Bumthang +Dhur Tshachu +Gasa +Gasa Tsachu +Gayza Tshachu +Wachey Tsachu +Lhuntse +Khambalung gNey Tshachu +Pasalum Tshachu +Yoenten Kuenjung Tshachu +Punakha +Chuboog Tshachu +Koma Tshachu +Sarpang +Gelephu Tshachu +Zhemgang +Duenmang Tshachu + +=== China === +Anbo Hot Spring and Laotieshan Hot Spring, Dalian +Conghua Hot Spring and Zhongshan Hot Spring, Guangdong Province +Hailuogou Hot Spring, Sichuan Province +Jinping Mengla Hot Spring, Yunnan Province +Longsheng Hot Spring, Guangxi Province +Tangchi Hot Spring and Xianning Hot Spring, Hubei Province +Tanggangzi Hot Spring, Anshan +Tibet Paillong Hot Spring, Tibet +Wulongbei Hot Spring, Dandong +Xanxi Hot Spring, Ningbo-Ninghai, Zhejiang Province +Xiongyue Hot Spring, Yingkou, Liaoning Province + +=== India === + +==== Assam ==== +Garampani, Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, Karbi Anglong district + +==== Bihar ==== +Rajgir, Nalanda +Rishi Kund +Sita Kund Hot Spring +Suryakund, Near Gaya + +==== Gujarat ==== +Geological Survey of India has found 17 hot springs in Gujarat: + +Dholera +Kavi/Kawa, Jambuasar Taluka, Bharuch district +Lalpur +Lasundra, Kathlal Taluka, Kheda district +Savarkundla +Tulsishyam, near Tulsishyam temple, Gir Forest, Junagadh district +Tuwa, Godhra Taluka, Panchmahal district +Unai, near Vansda +Other dormant springs are located at Chabsar, Cambay Wells, Ghogha, Harsan, Khedapad, Khar, Maktapar, Warha and Mithapur. + +==== Haryana ==== +Sohna hot spring, Sohna, Gurgaon, 56 kilometres (35 mi) from Delhi + +==== Himachal Pradesh ==== + +Akhara Bazaar, Kullu +Kasol, Kullu +Kheerganga, Parvati Valley +Manikaran hot springs, Kullu +Tattapani, Karsog +Vashisht, Kullu + +==== Jammu & Kashmir ==== +Tatapani, Barmandal Kalakot Rajouri + +==== Jharkhand ==== +Gandhaunia, near Mandu, Ramgarh district + +==== Karnataka ==== +Bendru Theertha, Puttur + +==== Ladakh ==== +Chumathang, Ladakh +Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley, Ladakh + +==== Madhya Pradesh ==== +Babeha, Mandla-Jabalpur Road (now submerged under catchment water of Bargi Dam on river Narmada) +Chavalpani, near Pachmarhi + +==== Maharashtra ==== +Boisar Kokanee Hot Springs +Ganeshpuri, Akloli, Vajreshwari +Unapdev, and Sunapdeo +Unhavare, Near Dapoli +Unhere Kund, near Pali +Unkeshwar hot spring, located at Unkeshwar Village in Kinwat Taluka, Dist. Nanded + +==== Odisha ==== +Atri hot spring, Khordha, 42 km from Bhubaneshwar +Deulajhari hot spring, Angul +Taptapani, near Berhampur; Atri, near Bhubaneswar, on Tarabalo in Nayagarh District of Orissa + +==== Sikkim ==== +Sikkim has many hot springs, including: +Borang +Phurchachu (Reshi) +Ralang +Taram-chu +Yumey Samdong +Yumthang +All these hot springs have a high sulfur content and are located near the river banks. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50 °C (122 °F). + +==== West Bengal ==== +Bakreshwar, Birbhum, West Bengal + +=== Indonesia === + +==== Bali ==== +Banyuwedang (Gerokgak, Buleleng) +Yeh Panes Panetahan (Tabanan Regency) + +==== Java ==== +Cangar, Mount Arjuna, Malang +Ciater, Subang, West Java +Cipanas, Garut, West Java +Cisolok, Pelabuhan Ratu, West Java +Maribaya Hot Spring, Lembang +Pacet, Mojokerto +Pancuran Tujuh, Mount Slamet, Central Java +Parang Wedang, Parangtritis + +==== Lesser Sunda Islands ==== +Mengurada Hot Spring, Bajawa city, Flores + +==== Maluku Islands ==== +Ambon Island, Maluku \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0795e45b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,282 @@ +--- +title: "List of hot springs" +chunk: 4/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Sumatra ==== +Danau Linting (Hot Spring Lake about 8000 m2 near tiga juhar village), Deli Serdang, North Sumatra +Dolok Tinggi Raja white crater, Simalungun District, North Sumatra; dubbed mini Pamukkale or mini Yellowstone +Gemuhak, Muara Anip Regency, South Sumatra +Ie Seum (Aceh Language: Hot Water), near Port Malayahati Krueng Raya, Aceh Besar, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam +Sei Batang Serangan Hot Spring (at Ekowisata Tangkahan), Langkat, North Sumatra +Sei Wampu Hot Spring (White Water Hot Spring at Wampu River near Marike Estate of PTPN II), Langkat, North Sumatra +Hot Semurup, Air Hangat Subdistrict, Kerinci +Sibayak Hot Spring (at Lau Debuk-Debuk Village), Karo District, North Sumatra +Tarutung Hot Spring (many Hot Spring Like Hutabarat, Sipaholon), North Tapanuli, North Sumatra + +=== Iran === +Ferdows Hot Spring +Kousar Hot Spring +Meshkin Shahr (Ghoutor Soee, Ilanjigh, Gheynarjeh, Shabil) +Sar-Ein Hot Springs, more than 20 traditional and modern thermal springs +Sardabeh Hot Spring + +=== Israel === + +Ein Gedi +Hamat Gader +Hamei Ga'ash +Hamei Yoav +Tiberias + +=== Japan === + +Being located in the "Pacific Ring of Fire", Japan is in a volcanic region, and is home to many hot springs. The onsen (a Japanese word for "hot spring") plays a notable role in Japanese culture. +In March 2003 it was reported that there were 3,102 spa resorts in 2,292 municipalities in Japan. There were also 15,400 lodging facilities with 6,740 public hot spring baths. About 138 million people a year visit these facilities. +Noted hot springs areas in Japan + +Arima Onsen, Hyogo +Atami, Shizuoka +Beppu, Oita see Hells of Beppu and Beppu Onsen +Gero, Gifu, Gifu +Hakone, Kanagawa see also Ōwakudani +Ikaho, Gumma, also known as Ikaho Onsen, Kogane-no-Yu (The Golden Waters), Kodakara-no-Yu (Child Waters) +Kinugawa, Tochigi Kinugawa Onsen +Kirishima, Kagoshima +Kusatsu, Gunma +Noboribetsu, Hokkaido Jigokudani, or Hell Valley, the main source of the Noboribetsu onsen +Nyuto, Akita +Shibu, Nagano +Shirahama, Wakayama see Nanki-Shirahama Onsen and Tsubaki Onsen +Shuzenji Onsen +Toyako, Shikotsu-Toya National Park, Hokkaido +Unzen Onsen +Yunomine Onsen, Tanabe, Wakayama, site of the UNESCO World Heritage Tsuboyu bath +Yufuin, Oita +Disputed territory between Japan and Russia: + +Iturup Baransky volcano Hot Springs + +=== Jordan === +Ma'in Hot Springs, near Madaba + +=== South Korea === +Heosimcheong Spa, Busan +Yusong Foot Spa, near Daejon + +=== Kyrgyzstan === +Issyk-kul +Jeti-Ögüz resort + +=== Laos === +Meuang Hiam Hot Springs + +=== Malaysia === + +Various hot springs, all nonvolcanic. They include the following. + +==== Johor ==== +Grisek, 10 km from Parit Jawa, Muar district +Labis + +==== Kedah ==== +Air hangat, Langkawi + +==== Malacca ==== +Gadek Hot Spring +Jasin Hot Spring + +==== Negeri Sembilan ==== +Chengkau Hot Spring +Pedas Hot Spring + +==== Pahang ==== +Bentong +Gunung Tapis, Sungai Lembing + +==== Perak ==== +Ayer Panas, Grik +Kampung Ulu Slim (Slim River) +Lost World of Tambun - Hot Springs & Spa +Mangong, Kuala Kangsar +Pengkalan Hulu +Sg Klah, developed commercially + +==== Sabah ==== +Poring hot springs, Kinabalu National Park + +==== Sarawak ==== +Annah Rais Hotspring, Padawan +Kampung Panchor Dayak Hotspring, Padawan +Paku Hotspring, Bau +Merarap Hotspring Lodge, Lawas + +==== Selangor ==== +Kalumpang, south of Tanjung Malim, north of Kerling +Kerling, near Batang Kali +Selayang, 15 km north of Kuala Lumpur +Ulu Tamu, near Tanjung Malim + +==== Terengganu ==== +LA hot spring, Besut + +=== Nepal === +Bhulbhule Khar, Tanahu district +Bhurung, Do Khola, Singha, Chhumrung and Dhadkharka, Myagdi district +Chame and La Ta, Manang district +Dhanachauri (Luma) and Tila river, Jumla +Hotiyana, Sankhuwasabha, Koshi zone, eastern Nepal +Jomsom and Dhima, Mustang +Riar, Saghu Khola, Sarai Khola, middle development region of Nepal +Srikaar, Sina and Chamlaiya, Darchula +Syabrubesi and Chilime, Rasuwa, north of Kathmandu +Tapoban, Bajhang district + +=== Oman === + +Athawarah Hot Spring + +=== Pakistan === +Garam Chashma, Lower Chitral +Thandiani, Abbottabad +Tatta Pani, Azad Kashmir +Chitral-Gobore, Pech uch and Yurjogh +Mandi Nara +Nara Matora Kahuta + +=== Philippines === +Mainit Hot Spring +Mambukal Mountain Resort, hot soda and sulfur springs slightly above 30 °C +Puning Hot Spring, in Sitio Puning, Barangay Inararo, Municipality of Porac, Pampanga Province; accessed through Sitio Target, Barangay Sapang Bato, Angeles City + +=== Singapore === +Pulau Tekong +Sembawang Hot Spring Park + +=== Sri Lanka === +About 10 thermal springs have been identified in Sri Lanka. + +Embilinne +Kanniya hot water spring +Kapurella +Kivulegama +Maha-oya +Maha-pelessa +Marangala +Mutugalwela +Nelumwewa/Galwewa +Rankihiriya + +=== Taiwan === + +Beitou +Chiao Hsi +Dakeng +Green island, undersea spas +Guanziling Hot Spring +Guguan +Jhiben Hot Spring +Jiaoxi +Ruisui, Hualien +Sichongxi Hot Spring +Tai-an Hot Spring +Wulai +Yangmingshan +Zhaori Hot Spring + +=== Tajikistan === +Gharm-Chashma + +=== Thailand === +Ban Huay Zai Kao Hot Spring +Ban Pong Krathing Hot Spring (Ban Bueng Hot Spring) +Bo Khloung Hot Stream +Jae Son hot spring +Khlong Thom hot stream (hot spring) +Muang Paeng hot spring +Pa Bong hot spring +Pong Krathing Hot Spring +Rung Arun hot spring +Thai Prachan Hot Spring +Wieng Pa Pao hot spring +Krabi hot spring (Nuae Khlong) + +=== Tibet Autonomous Region === +Yangbajing hot springs + +=== Timor-Leste === +Marobo Hot Springs, Bobonaro Municipality + +=== Vietnam === +There are over 280 hot springs in Vietnam. + +Bang Spa, Quảng Bình Province +Bình Châu, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province +Kim Boi, Hòa Bình Province +Nha Trang + +=== Yemen === +Al-Sukhna Natural Springs + +== Europe == + +=== Albania === +Banjat e Bënjës, near Petran + +=== Belgium === +Chaudfontaine + +=== Bulgaria === +Bedenski bani +Hissarya +Kyustendil +Narechen +Pavel Banya +Pomorie +Sandanski +Sapareva Banya +Sofia (Bankya), in and around +Velingrad + +=== Czech Republic === +Karlovy Vary +Teplice +Teplice nad Bečvou +Velké Losiny + +=== Georgia === +Tbilisi, Sulphur Baths + +=== Germany === +Aachen, 74 degrees C, 165 degrees F +Bad Oeynhausen, 36 degrees C, 97 degrees F, with a depth of 725 m and 3000 L/min, largest carbonated brine water source in the world +Wiesbaden, 66 degrees C, 151 degrees F + +=== Greece === + +=== Hungary === + +Bogács +Budapest, Rudas +Budapest, Széchenyi +Bükfürdő +Bükkszék +Csisztapuszta +Csokonyavisonta +Egerszalók +Hajdúszoboszló +Harkány +Igal +Jászárokszállás +Lake Hévíz is the largest thermal lake in Europe. It is close to the city of Hévíz, Hungary. The lake water temperatures range between 23 and 25 °C in winter and 33–36 °C in summer. +Mezőkövesd +Miskolctapolca +Sárvár +Zalakaros + +=== Iceland === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f91c2287 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +--- +title: "List of hot springs" +chunk: 5/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Blue Lagoon, Grindavík, 36 °C +Deildartunguhver 97 °C +Geysir hot springs +Grjótagjá +Gunnuhver hot springs +Guðrúnarlaug hot spring +Hellulaug +Hrunalaug (Hruni hot springs) +Hveragarðurinn +Hveravellir +Hverir +Kualaug hot spring +Mývatn Nature Baths +Pollurinn hot springs +Reykjadalur Hot Spring Thermal River +Seltún Hot Springs +Sky Lagoon + +=== Italy === + +Abano Terme, Veneto, 130 hot springs +Aeolian Islands, Sicily, hot springs +Arta Terme, Friuli Venezia Giulia, sulphurous springs +Bagni di Craveggia, Valle Onsernone, hot springs, 28 degrees C +Bagni di Lucca, Tuscany, thermal springs +Bagni San Filippo, near Monte Amiata, Tuscany +Bagni di Tivoli, Lazio, sulphurous springs +Bagno Vignoni, near Val d'Orcia, Tuscany +Baiae, ancient Roman volcanic hot springs town on the shore of the Gulf of Naples, now partially submerged +Bormio, Sondrio Province, Lombardy (geothermal spa), 36–43 degrees C +Brisighella, Emilia Romagna, sulphorus waters +Caramanico Terme, Abruzzi, two springs +Chianciano Terme, Tuscany +Ischia, Campania, volcanic heat source +Islands Sciacca, Sicily, sulphurous waters +Monsummano, Grotta Parlanti and Grotta Giusti, Northern Tuscany +Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, thermal springs +Montegrotto Terme, Veneto +Petriolo, Tuscany +Piemonte Acqui Terme, Piedmont, sulphurous spring +Rapolano Terme, Tuscany +San Casciano dei Bagni, Tuscany +San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Tuscany, thermal springs +Santa Cesarea Terme, Lecce Province, Apulia Region, coastal thermal spring along the Adriatic Sea +Sassetta, Tuscan coastal area +Saturnia (Terme di Saturnia), southern Tuscany, 37 degrees Celsius pouring out at 800 litres per second into terraced pools that are free to dip in day or night +Spezzano Albanese, Cosenza, Calabria +Tabiano Terme, Lombardy, sulphurous springs +Termini Imerese, Sicily, sulphur springs +Uliveto Terme, Pisa, Tuscany, thermal springs +Venturina Terme , Tuscan coastal area +Viterbo, Lazio, sulphurous springs + +=== North Macedonia === + +Banja Banishte +Banja Bansko +Banja Car Samoil +Banja Kežovica +Banja Kochani +Banja Strnovec +Debarski Banji +Katlanovska Banja +Kumanovska Banja +Negorski Banji + +=== Norway === +Northwest Spitsbergen National Park, Spitsbergen at 80°N, contains two of Earth's most northerly hot springs, including Troll Hot Springs and Jotun Hot Springs. + +=== Portugal === +Hot springs in Portuguese are Caldas + +Azores + +Monumento Natural da Caldeira Velha, Azores +Parque Terra Nostra, Azores +Poça Dona Beija, Azores +Ponta da Ferraria, Azores, ocean hot springs +São Miguel Island hot springs, Azores +Caldeira das Furnas, high sulphur content with characteristic sulphuric scent, Azores +Caldeira Velha, near Lagoa do Fogo nature park with two thermal springs, Azores +Poca da Dona Beija, 82 °F to 102 °F, Azores +Ponta da Ferraria, hot springs cove with underwater hydrothermal vents at the ocean front, Azores +Terra Nostra Park, 95 to 113 °F, soaking pool built in 1700s, Azores + +Continental Portugal +Caldas de Vizela, Braga District +Caldas da Rainha ("Queen's Hot Springs"), founded in the 15th century by Queen Dona Leonor, established as hospital at the site of therapeutic hot springs +Caldas das Taipas +Caldas de Moledo +Caldas de Monchique, since Roman times +Termas do Gerês +Chaves, since Roman times with temperatures reaching 73 °C, mineral springs (bicarbonates, sodium, silicates and fluoride) +São Pedro do Sul +Caldas da Felgueira located in Viseu District, and 5 km from Nelas +Termas de Monfortinho +Caldas de São Jorge + +=== Romania === +Băile Felix, 20–48 degrees C +Băile Herculane, 30–80 degrees C +Hârșova, 30–40 degrees C +Sânmihaiu Român, 66 degrees C +Siriu Hot Spring at Băile Siriu, 30–60 degrees C, under water (Siriu Lake) most of the year + +=== Russia === + +Iturup Baransky Volcano Hot Springs (disputed territory between Russia and Japan) +Malka, Kamchatka Krai, up to 84 °C (183 °F) +Yessentuki, 35.5–46 °C (95.9–114.8 °F) + +=== Serbia === +Jošanička Banja, 78 °C, the second hottest spring in Serbia +Kuršumlijska banja, 58 °C +Lukovska banja, 56 °C, located at an altitude of 700 m +Mataruška banja, 38–40 °C +Niška banja, 39 °C +Sijarinska Banja, 18 different springs with temperatures between 16 and 71 °C and a natural 8-meter-tall (26 ft) geyser around an artificial pool +Vranjska Banja, 96 degrees C (205 degrees F), in the depth up to 111 degrees C (232 degrees F), the world's hottest spring + +=== Slovakia === +123 hot springs with temperature above 25 degrees C (77 degrees F) + +Číž – spring BČ 3, 32 degrees C (89 degrees F) +Dudince, 28 degrees C (82 degrees F) +Liptovský Ján – 14 springs, 15 – 29 degrees C (59 – 85 degrees F) +Sklené Teplice, several hot springs, 28 – 53 degrees C (82 – 127 degrees F) +Spa Bešeňová + +Spa Bojnice, 9 springs, up to 52 degrees C (126 degrees F) +Spa Kováčová, 49 degrees C (120 degrees F) +Spa Lúčky, 32 degrees C (88 degrees F) +Spa Piešťany, 67 – 69 degrees C (153 – 156 degrees F) +Spa Rajecké Teplice, 38 degrees C (100 degrees F) +Spa Sliač, several springs, up to 33 degrees C (92 degrees F) +Spa Trenčianske Teplice, several hot springs, up to 40 degrees C (104 degrees F) +Spa Turčianske Teplice, several hot springs, up to 47 degrees C (116 degrees F) +Spa Vyšné Ružbachy, several springs, up to 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) +Veľký Meder, 94 degrees C (201 degrees F), the hottest spring in Slovakia + +=== Spain === +Alhama de Almería, Andalusia +Alhama de Granada, Andalusia +Caldes de Malavella, Girona, Catalonia +Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Catalonia +Caldas de Reis, Galicia +Fuente Santa, La Palma, Canarias +La Hermida, Cantabria +Ourense, Galicia +Panticosa, Huesca +Torneiros, Galicia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dae472f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +--- +title: "List of hot springs" +chunk: 6/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Turkey === +Afyonkarahisar (Gazlıgöl, Heybeli, Ömer, Hüdai, Gecek) +Aksaray (Ihlara Valley, Ziga) +Amasya (Terziköy, Hamamözü, Gözlek) +Ankara (Ayaş, Beypazarı, Dutlu, Kapullu, Haymana, Kızılcahamam) +Aydın (Alangüllü, Germencik, İmamköy Kızıldere, Kuşadası) +Ağrı (Didaydın) +Balıkesir (Balya, Bigadiç, Edremit, Ferman, Güre, Pamukçu, Sındırgı, Gönen) +Bolu (Karacasu, Babas, Sarot, Seben, Çatak) +Bursa (Çelik Palas, Kükürtlü, Karamustafa, Kaynarca, Eski Kaplıca) +Çanakkale (Afrodit, Külcüler, Çan, Tepeköy, Hıdırlar, Kestanbolu, Kızılca, Küçük Çeymi) +Çankırı (Çavundur, Acısu) +Denizli (Pamukkale, Gölemezli, Babacık, Tekkeköy, Kızıldere, Çizmeli, Karahayıt) +Diyarbakır (Çermik) +Erzurum (Pasinler, Ilıca, Köprüköy) +Eskişehir (City center, Sakarılıca, Hamamkarahisar, Yarıkçı, Kızılinler) +Istanbul (Tuzla) +İzmir (Balçova, Nebiler, Reisdere, Karakoç, Gülbahçe) +Kahramanmaraş (Ekinözü, Büyük Kızılcık, Zeytun) +Kayseri (Bayramhacı, Yeşilhisar, Tekgöz, Hacı Veli) +Konya (Ilgın, İsmil, Seydişehir, Karasu, Kuşaklı) +Kütahya (Harlek, Yoncalı, Yeşil, Kaynarca, Murat Dağı, Simav-Eynal, Tavşanlı-Göbel, Hisarcık-Esire, Çıtgöl, Dereli) +Kırşehir (Terme, Karakurt, Bulamaçlı, Mahmutlu) +Manisa (Kurşunlu, Sart, Urganlı, Emir, Saraycık, Hisar, Menteşe, Ilıcak) +Muğla (Fethiye, Bodrum, Dalaman) +Nevşehir (Kozaklı) +Rize (Ayder) +Sakarya (Kuzuluk, Acısu, Taraklı, Çökek) +Sivas (Akçaağıl, Alamani, Kangal, Balıklı, Ortaköy, Sıcak/Soğuk Çermiği) +Tokat (Sulusaray, Reşadiye) +Yalova (Termal, Armutlu) +Yozgat (Sarıkaya, Saraykent, Karadikmeni, Boğazlıyan, Sorgun, Yerköy) + +=== United Kingdom === + +There are many geothermal springs in the UK, but the hot springs found in the town of Bath, Somerset are the only true hot springs (defined as those hotter than 37 degrees C): + +Bath +Cross Bath, 42.8 °C, 109 °F +Hetling Spring, 45.4 °C, 113.7 °F +Hot Bath, 47.2 °C, 117 °F +King's Bath, 45.6 °C, 114 °F +Stall Street Fountain, 45.4 °C, 113.7 °F +Other thermal or warm springs in the UK include: + +Buxton Baths warm spring, 27 °C / 80 °F +Hotwells spring in Bristol 25 °C, 77 °F +Matlock Bath warm spring, 20 °C / 68 °F +St Ann's Well, Buxton, Derbyshire, 28 °C, 82.4 °F +Taff's Well Thermal Spring, Cardiff, South Wales, 21.6 °C, 70.9 °F + +== Oceania == + +=== Australia === +Hot springs can be found in all six states of Australia as well as the Northern Territory, but apparently not Australian Capital Territory. + +Dalhousie Springs, South Australia, 38–43 degrees C +Elizabeth Springs, Queensland +Hastings Caves and Thermal Springs, Tasmania, south of Hobart, 28 degrees C +Innot Hot Springs, Queensland +Katherine Hot Springs, Northern Territory +Kimberley Warm Springs, near Devonport, Tasmania 25 degrees C +Mataranka Hot Springs, Northern Territory +Muckadilla Hot Springs, near Roma, Queensland +Paralana Hot Springs, near Arkaroola, South Australia, issue at 62 degrees C from uranium-rich granite, and contain radon +Peninsula Hot Springs, Victoria, on the Mornington Peninsula +Pilliga, Moree, Lightning Ridge, New South Wales +Tjuwaliyn (Douglas) Hot Springs, Northern Territory +Yarrangobilly Caves thermal pool, New South Wales +Zebedee Springs, within El Questro Station, and Bibawarra Bore near Carnarvon, Western Australia + +=== Fiji === +Hot springs are in the town of Savusavu where local people use the hot springs to cook their food. Some of the springs are situated on the beach and steam can be seen rising from the water at low tide. + +=== New Zealand === + +There are numerous hot springs in New Zealand, predominantly in the Taupō Volcanic Zone, and in particular around Rotorua. Well known springs outside the Taupō Volcanic Zone include: + +Hanmer Springs +Hot Water Beach +The Lost Spring in Whitianga, Coromandel Peninsula +Maruia Springs +Morere Hotsprings in Wairoa District, Hawke's Bay +Ngawha Springs +Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley +Frying Pan Lake now known as Waimangu Cauldron +Pink and White Terraces +Waingaro +Waiotapu +Waiwera +Welcome Flat, on the Copland Track +Whakarewarewa + +== Hot springs parks == +It is common to create parks around hot springs: + +Banff National Park and Jasper National Park in Canada +Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique +Sembawang Hot Spring Park in Mandai, Singapore +Shikotsu-Toya National Park in Hokkaidō, Japan +Sitakunda Eco Park in Sitakunda, Bangladesh +Yangmingshan National Park in Taiwan +Yankari Games Reserve in Bauchi, Nigeria +United States +Arkansas +Hot Springs National Park +California +Death Valley National Park +Lassen Volcanic National Park +Idaho, Montana & Wyoming +Yellowstone National Park +Texas +Big Bend National Park +Washington +Olympic National Park + +== See also == + +List of spa towns +List of hot springs in the United States +List of Hot Springs and Mineral Springs of Bhutan + +== References == + +== External links == + +List of "natural" hot springs worldwide for soaking and bathing +A scholarly paper with a map of over twenty geothermal areas in Uganda \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_geographers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_geographers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1522b5d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_geographers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "List of human geographers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_geographers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:37.989384+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of notable human geographers. + + +== List == +Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), one of the founders of modern geography. he traveled extensively and pioneered empirical research methods that would later develop primarily into biogeography and physical geography but also anticipated population geography and economic geography. Humboldt University of Berlin is named after von Humboldt and his brother Wilhelm von Humboldt. +Carl Ritter (1779–1859), considered to be one of the founders of modern geography and first chair in geography at the Humboldt University of Berlin, also noted for his use of organic analogy in his works. +Xavier Hommaire de Hell (1812–1848), research in Turkey, southern Russia and Persia +Élisée Reclus (1830–1905), known for his monumental 19 volume The Earth and Its Inhabitants, he coined the term social geography and his thinking anticipated the social ecology and animal rights movements, where he advocated anarchism and veganism as part of an ethical life. +Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921), one of the first radical geographers, he was a proponent of anarchism and notable for his introduction of the concept of mutual aid. +Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), environmental determinist, invented the term Lebensraum +Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918), founder of the French School of geopolitics and possibilism. +Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861–1947), author of The Geographical Pivot of History, co-founder of the London School of Economics, along with the Geographical Association. +Jovan Cvijić (1865–1927), a Serbian geographer and a world-renowned scientist. He started his scientific career as a geographer and geologist, and continued his activity as an anthropogeographer and sociologist. +Carl O. Sauer (1889–1975), critic of environmental determinism and proponent of cultural ecology. +Walter Christaller (1893–1969), economic geographer and developer of the central place theory. +Richard Hartshorne (1899–1992), scholar of the history and philosophy of geography. +Torsten Hägerstrand (1916–2004), key figure in the quantitative revolution and regional science, developer of time geography and indirect contributor to aspects of critical geography. +Milton Santos (1926–2001), winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize in 1994, one of the most important geographers in South America. +Waldo R. Tobler (1930–2018), developer of the First law of geography. +Gamal Hamdan (1928–1993), an Egyptian thinker, intellect and professor of geography. Best known for The Character of Egypt, Studies of the Arab World, and The Contemporary Islamic World Geography, which form a trilogy on Egypt's natural, economic, political and cultural character and its position in the world. +Yi-Fu Tuan (1930–2022), key figure behind the development of humanist and phenomenological geography and the most prominent Chinese-American geographer. Recipient of the Vautrin Lud Prize in 2012. +David Harvey (born 1935), world's most cited academic geographer and winner of the Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, also noted for his work in critical geography and critique of global capitalism. +Evelyn Stokes (1936–2005). Professor of geography at the University of Waikato in New Zealand. Known for recognizing inequality with marginalised groups including women and Māori using geography. +Allen J. Scott (born 1938), winner of Vautrin Lud Prize in 2003 and the Anders Retzius Gold medal 2009; author of numerous books and papers on economic and urban geography, known for his work on regional development, new industrial spaces, agglomeration theory, global city-regions and the cultural economy. +Edward Soja (1941–2015), noted for his work on regional development, planning and governance, and postmodern geographies, along with coining the terms synekism and postmetropolis. +Doreen Massey (1944–2016), key scholar in the space and places of globalization and its pluralities, winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize. +Denis Cosgrove (1948–2008), Alexander von Humboldt Professor of geography at UCLA in California. Specialized in cultural geography and landscapes. +Michael Watts, Class of 1963 Professor of Geography and Development Studies, University of California, Berkeley +Nigel Thrift (born 1949), developer of non-representational theory. +Derek Gregory (born 1951), famous for writing on the Israeli, U.S. and UK actions in the Middle East after 9/11, influenced by Edward Said and has contributed work on imagined geographies. +Cindi Katz (born 1954), who writes on social reproduction and the production of space. Writing on children's geographies, place and nature, everyday life and security. +Gillian Rose (born 1962), most famous for her critique: Feminism & Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge (1993), which was one of the first moves towards a development of feminist geography. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b265718a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "List of islands by population density" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:40.775390+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of islands, sorted by population density, and including islands that are connected to other land masses by a route other than sea or air, such as a bridge or a tunnel. + + +== Continental landmasses == +Continental landmasses are not usually classified as islands despite being completely surrounded by water. Nevertheless, for the purposes of this list, mainland Australia along with the other major landmasses have been listed as continental landmasses for comparison. The figures are approximations and are for the four major continental landmasses only. + + +== Most densely populated islands (over 1,000 people per km2) == +Accurate density estimates for the very small islands (less than 1 square kilometre or 0.39 square miles) are hard to obtain because population as well as landmass are often only estimates. Additionally, the populations of these islands are often highly transient, with many residents also maintaining a residence on a larger landmass and only living on the island seasonally. + + +== Densely populated archipelagos == +These archipelagos have a density of over 1,000 people/km2 (2,600 people/sq mi), meaning at least one island must have over 1,000 people/km2 (2,600 people/sq mi). However, there is no available data for the individual islands. + + +== Other notable islands == + + +== Least densely populated islands == +There are numerous uninhabited or deserted islands. The largest uninhabited island in the world is Devon Island in Canada. The list contains islands with densities below 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi). Note that many of these populations are non-permanent. + + +== See also == + +Lists of islands +List of islands by population +List of islands by area +List of populated islands of the Great Lakes +Hashima Island +Bidong Island +Bishop Rock + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Oman-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Oman-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dda0f2574 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Oman-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "List of islands of Oman" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Oman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:49.647693+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of islands of Oman, a country in West Asia. + + +== Ash Sharqiyah South == + +Masirah Island + + +== Dhofar Governorates == + + +=== Khuriya Muriya Islands === +Al-Hallaniyah +Al-Hasikiyah +Al-Qibliyah +Al-Sawda +Qarzawit + + +== Musandam == +Quoin Island (Persian Gulf) +Telegraph Island +Umm al-Fayyarin +Didamar Island + + +== Muscat Governorates == + +Al-Fahal +Ad Dimaniyat Islands + + +== Map == + + +== See also == +List of islands in the Persian Gulf + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_mountain_chains_on_Earth-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_mountain_chains_on_Earth-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b51cfe40b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_mountain_chains_on_Earth-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "List of longest mountain chains on Earth" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_mountain_chains_on_Earth" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:04.569474+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The world's longest above-water mountain range is the Andes, about 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long. The range stretches from north to south through seven countries in South America, along the west coast of the continent: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Aconcagua is the highest peak, at about 6,962 m (22,841 ft), as well as the highest mountain outside of Asia. +This list does not include submarine mountain ranges. If submarine mountains are included, the longest is the global mid-ocean ridge system which extends for about 65,000 km (40,000 mi). + + +== Formation == +Mountain chains are typically formed by the process of plate tectonics. Tectonic plates slide very slowly over the Earth's mantle, a lower place of rock that is heated from the Earth's interior. Several huge sections of the Earth's crust are impelled by heat currents in the mantle, producing tremendous forces that can buckle the material at the edges of the plates to form mountains. Usually one plate is forced underneath the other, and the lower plate is slowly absorbed by the mantle. Where the two plates pass one another, heated rock from the mantle can burst through the crust to form volcanoes. The movement of the plates against one another can also cause earthquakes. + + +== List == + + +== See also == +List of mountain ranges +Lists of mountains +Continent + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Longest mountain range in the world +The Andes - Introduction +Arranging Ranges: Mountain Ranges of the World \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lost_expeditions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lost_expeditions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..919d93f19 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lost_expeditions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "List of lost expeditions" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lost_expeditions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:56.877475+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of lost expeditions. + + +== All parties presumed lost == + + +== One or more surviving members == + + +== References == + +Williams, Glyn. Arctic Labyrinth: The Quest for the Northwest Passage. London, England: Penguin UK, 2009. ISBN 978-0-14-193258-3 +Wright, Ed. Lost Explorers: Adventurers Who Disappeared Off The Face Of The Earth. Millers Point, Australia: Pier 9, 2008. ISBN 1-7419-6139-4 + + +== Further reading == +Balkan, Evan. Vanished!: Explorers Forever Lost. Birmingham, Alabama: Menasha Ridge Press, 2008. ISBN 0-89732-983-X + + +== External links == +Famous Expeditions That Fell Off the Map at History.com \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marches-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marches-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d421b9aba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marches-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +--- +title: "List of marches" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marches" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:59.253505+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of marches. In the Middle Ages, marches were any type of borderland between realms, or a neutral zone under joint control of two states. Marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of military incursions, or regulating cross-border trade. + + +== Northeastern marches == +At the beginning of his rule as king of Germany, Otto I tried to reorganize his realm to prepare an expansion to the East. At the beginning of the year 937, he created two marches: the March of the Billungen, given to Hermann Billung, later Duke of Saxony; and the Eastern march, given to Gero. In 961, when Billung became Duke of Saxony, his March was merged with the duchy. In the case of Gero, Otto I, now emperor, decided the division of his territories, greatly expanded since 937. + +March of Billung (937–961): Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then merged back. +937-961: Hermann Billung +Danish March, German buffer zone against the Danes +March of Gero, sometimes called Nordmark or Ostmark (937–965). Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then divided in five marches. +937-965: Gero +Nordmark, later known as March of Brandenburg (from 965): Carved from the March of Gero. +965-985: Dietrich von Haldensleben +985-1003: Lothar I of Walbeck +Ostmark, sometime confused with Nordmark, or with the Bavarian Ostmark (Austria), later the Margraviate of Lusatia (from 965). Carved from the March of Gero. +965-979: Thietmar I +979-993: Hodo I +993-1015: Gero II +Meissen, also called March of Thuringia (from 965). Carved from the March of Gero. +965-979: Wigbert +979-985: Rikdag +985-1002: Ekkehard I +Merseburg (965–982). Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen. +965-982: Günther +Zeitz (965–979). Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen. +965-979: Wigger I +Landsberg (1261–1347), separated from Lusatia, integrated into Meissen (later Saxony). + + +== Northwestern marches == +In 861, Charles the Bald, king of France, created two marches to protect his realm from warriors coming from Brittany and Normandy. Both were named March of Neustria, but will be known as March of Brittany and March of Normandy. In 863, the king created the March of Flanders. + +March of Brittany (861–987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France. +861-866: Robert the Strong +March of Normandy (861–987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France. +861-865: Adalhard, Udo of Neustria and Berengar I of Neustria (jointly) +March of Flanders (863–877): Downgraded to a County afterwards. +863-877: Baldwin I +Three marches belonging to the Holy Roman Empire were created in the Low Countries: + +March of Antwerp (974–1190): Became part of the Duchy of Brabant. +March of Ename (974–1033): Captured by Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and became Imperial Flanders. +March of Valenciennes (974–1071): Became part of the County of Hainaut. + + +== Southeastern marches == +Ostmark, later raised to a duchy; became known as Austria. +Styria, later raised to a duchy. +Carinthia (889–1012), later a duchy. +Mark an der Sann, later the County of Cilli, then integrated into Styria. +Mark an der Drau; later integrated into Styria. +Friuli (776–927) +Avar - Pannonia +Carniola (927–1071): carved from Friuli, annexed to the Patriarchy of Aquileia. Later formed part of the Habsburg domains before being raised to a duchy. +Windic March, a region of the March of Carniola +Istria (1062–1209): carved from Carinthia, annexed to the Patriarchate of Aquileia. +Verona (1061–1250): created by the Emperor as a gift, annexed to Austria. +Tuscany (931–1173): created by the Italian king Hugh of Arles for his brother, then annexed to the Empire. +931-936: Boso of Tuscany +Mantua (1433–1530) +Ivrea (888–1015): created by Guy III of Spoleto + + +== Southwestern marches == +Spanish March, also named Gothia and Septimania (806–885): Created to protect the Frankish heartland from Al-Andalus invasions, merged into Aquitaine. +806-816: Beggo of Paris +820-825: Rampon, Count of Barcelona +826-832: Bernard of Septimania +832-835: Berengar von Toulouse +835-844: Bernard of Septimania +Upper March (al-Tagr al-A'la al-Andalusi), centered on Zaragoza: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from Frankish coastal and east-Pyrenees invasions. The northernmost part of the Upper March was called the Distant or Farthest March (al-Tagr al-Aqsa) +Middle March (al-Tagr al-Awsat), centered on Toledo and later Medinaceli: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from invasions from the west-Pyrenees and Asturias. +Lower March (al-Tagr al-Adna), centered on Mérida: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from Asturian incursions. +Castile, named for the fortifications typical of a march: created to protect the Asturian kingdom from Cordoban invasions. It developed into a county, then a kingdom. +Provence (905–1105): From 975 it became a family title, the eldest bearing it. It disappeared after the death of Raymond IV of Toulouse. +905-936: Hugh of Italy +936-948: Hugh, Duke of Burgundy +948-975: Conrad of Burgundy +975-993: William I of Provence +993-1005: Rotbold II of Provence +1005-1014: Rotbold III of Provence +1014-1037: William III of Provence +1037-1051: Fulk Bertrand of Provence +1051-1061: Geoffrey I of Provence +1061-1094: William Bertrand of Provence +1094-1105: Raymond IV of Toulouse +Aquitaine (885–886): Successor to the Spanish March, became a Duchy. +Bernard Plantapilosa + + +== English marches == +Welsh Marches +Scottish Marches + + +== March as modern-era regional toponym == +Altmark (Old March), region in northern Saxony-Anhalt +Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, district of Saxony-Anhalt +Bevis Marks, a street in London on the boundary of a former monastic estate +Denmark, a sovereign state +Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a region of Italy combining the former regions of Friuli and Venezia Giulia, known in English as the Julian March +Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia, province of Prussia (1922–1938) +Hedmark, until 2020 a county of Norway +Kurmark (Electoral March), former expression for a region in today's western Brandenburg +Lappmarken, a region and former governorate in northern Sweden +March of Brandenburg (colloquial, but not official), state of Germany +Marche, region of Italy +Mittelmark (Middle March), region in central Brandenburg +Pomarkku (Påmark), a municipality of Finland +Potsdam-Mittelmark, district of Brandenburg +New March, former expression for a region in western Poland +Steiermark, a province of Austria +Telemark, a county of Norway +Finnmark, a county of Norway +Uckermark, a region in northeastern Brandenburg and southern Vorpommern +Uckermark (district), a district of Brandenburg + + +== See also == +Commandery (jùn), the equivalent Chinese territory \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0667d5470 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "List of military occupations" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:13.559729+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This article presents a list of military occupations, both historic and contemporary, but only those that have taken place since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907. +As currently understood in international law, "military occupation" is the effective military control by a power of a territory outside of said power's recognized sovereign territory. The occupying power in question may be an individual state or a supranational organization, such as the United Nations. + + +== Ongoing occupations == + + +== Historical occupations == +Events before the Hague Convention of 1907 are out of scope. + + +=== 1907–1914 === + + +=== World War I and immediate aftermath === + + +=== World War II: build up and immediate aftermath === + + +=== 1947–1968 === + + +=== 1970–1991 === + + +=== 1992–1999 === + + +=== 2000–2019 === + + +=== 2020–present === + + +== See also == +Russian-occupied territories +Israeli-occupied territories +Military occupations by the Soviet Union +Territories of the United States § Former U.S. military occupations +Peacekeeping – military deployments for peace-keeping purposes +List of military and civilian missions of the European Union +Annexation +Revanchism +For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition +For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes + + +== Footnotes and references == + + +=== Footnotes === + + +=== References === + + +== Bibliography == +Secretariat of the European Parliament DG-EXPO (2015), Occupation/Annexation of a Territory: Respect for International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and Consistent EU Policy (PDF) +Chapman, Jessica M. (2013). Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5061-7. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..183430440 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain passes" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:05.973055+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of mountain passes. + +== Africa == + +=== Egypt === +Halfaya Pass (near Libya) + +=== Lesotho === +Moteng Pass +Mahlasela pass +Sani Pass + +=== Morocco === +Tizi n'Tichka + +=== South Africa === +Eastern Cape Passes +Western Cape Passes +Northern Cape Passes +KwaZulu Natal Passes +Free State Passes +Limpopo Province Passes +Mpumalanga Passes +Gauteng Passes +Northwest Province Passes +Swartberg Pass (Western Cape) +Lootsberg Pass + +== Asia == + +=== Afghanistan === +Broghol Pass to Pakistan +Dorah Pass to Pakistan +Hajigak Pass +Khost-Gardez Pass +Khyber Pass to Pakistan +Kotal-e Khushk +Kushan Pass linking northern Afghanistan to the region. +Lataband Pass +Tang-e Gharu is a gorge which links Afghanistan with Pakistan +Salang Pass crosses the Hindu Kush linking Kabul with northern Afghanistan – nowadays through a tunnel. +Wakhjir Pass to China + +=== China === +Pingxingguan Pass, Shanxi +Jiayu Pass, Gansu +Jianmen Pass, Sichuan +Niangzi Pass, Border between Shanxi and Hebei +Yanmen Pass, Shanxi +Alataw Pass to Kazakhstan +Dongkhala to India +Jelep La to India +Karakoram Pass to India +Khunjerab Pass to Pakistan +Kilik Pass to Pakistan +Kulma Pass to Tajikistan +Mintaka Pass to Pakistan +Nathu La to India +Semo Pass, Tibet (18,258 ft) +Tanggula Pass, Tibet +Torugart Pass to Kyrgyzstan +Irkeshtam Pass to Kyrgyzstan +Wakhjir Pass to Afghanistan + +=== Hong Kong === + +=== India === + +=== Indonesia === +Puncak Pass, West Java + +=== Japan === +Usui Pass between Nagano and Gunma Prefectures + +=== Kyrgyzstan === +See: List of mountain passes in Kyrgyzstan + +=== Malaysia === +Genting Sempah on the border of Pahang and Selangor + +=== Nepal === + +Thorong La 5416 m. Annapurna Circuit Region +West col 6135 m. Makalu Barun +East Col 6100 m. Makalu Barun +Sherpani Col Makalu Barun +Cho La 5420 m. Mount EverestRegion +Larkya La Pass 5106 m. Manaslu +Kagmara La 5115 m. Southern Dolpo +Ganja La 5106 m. Langtang Helambu Region +Meso Kanta 5089 m. Annapurna Region +Kang la Pass 5320 m. (Annapurna manang region ) +Khongma La Pass 5535m (Everest Khumbu Region) +Renjo La Pass 5360m (Everest Khumbu Region) + +=== Pakistan === +Babusar pass +Badgoi Pass +Bolan Pass +Broghol Pass to Afghanistan +Chaprot Pass +Dorah Pass to Afghanistan +Gondogoro Pass +Gumal Pass +Hayal Pass +Hispar Pass +Karakar Pass +Khunjerab Pass to China +Khyber Pass to Afghanistan +Kilik Pass to China +Kohat Pass +Lowari Pass +Malakand Pass +Mintaka Pass to China +Naltar Pass +Shandur Top +Tochi Pass Connects Ghazni to Bannu + +=== South Korea === + +=== Tajikistan === +Ak-Baital Pass (4,655 m) +Anzob Pass (3,400 m) +Beyik Pass to China (4,600 m) +Kulma Pass to China (4,362 m) +Kyzylart Pass to Kyrgyzstan (4,280 m) + +=== Turkey === + +=== Uzbekistan === +Kamchik Pass + +== Australasia == + +=== Australia === +Alpine Way, New South Wales +Macquarie Pass, New South Wales +Kings Highway (Australia), New South Wales +Cunninghams Gap, Queensland +Heavitree Gap, Northern Territory +Horrocks Pass, South Australia +Nowlands Gap, New South Wales +Pichi Richi Pass, South Australia +Tawonga Gap, Victoria + +=== New Zealand === + +== Europe == + +=== Albania === + +=== Alps === + +=== Apennines === + +=== Carpathians === + +=== Georgia === +Abano Pass +Datvisjvari Pass +Jvari Pass +Mamison Pass +Rikoti Pass +Roki Tunnel +Zekari Pass + +=== Greece === +Baros Pass +Katara Pass +Thermopylae + +=== Iceland === +Fimmvörðuháls + +=== Ireland === +Barnesmore Gap +Conor Pass +Gap of Dunloe +Healy Pass +Mamore Gap +Moll's Gap +Wicklow Gap + +=== Jura Mountains === + +=== Montenegro === +Durmitor Pass +Lovcen Pass + +=== Norway === + +=== Norway/Sweden === + +=== Portugal === +Torre + +=== Pyrenees === + +=== Sierra Nevada (Spain) === +Puerto del Suspiro del Moro (Pass of the Moor's Sigh) + +=== Great Britain === +See: + +Mountain passes of England +List of hill passes of the Lake District +Mountain passes of Scotland +Mountain passes of Wales + +== North America == + +=== Alaska === + +=== California Coast Ranges === +Pacheco Pass – Central California +Altamont Pass – Northern Central California, in the Diablo Range + +=== Cascade Range === + +=== Coast Mountains === + +=== Hazelton Mountains === +Atna Pass + +=== Interior Plateau === +Clapperton Creek Summit – British Columbia +Festuca Pass – British Columbia +Pennask Summit – British Columbia + +=== Mackenzie Mountains === +Macmillan Pass – Yukon, Northwest Territories +Howard's Pass – Yukon, Northwest Territories + +=== Monashee Mountains === +Bonanza Pass – British Columbia +Canoe Pass – British Columbia +Eagle Pass – British Columbia +Joss Pass, British Columbia +Monashee Pass – British Columbia +Pettipiece Pass – British Columbia +Sherman Pass – Washington + +=== Rocky Mountains === + +=== Selkirk Mountains === +Argonaut Pass – British Columbia +Asulkan Pass – British Columbia +Rogers Pass – British Columbia +Kootenay Pass – British Columbia +Retallack Pass aka Zincton Pass – British Columbia + +=== Sierra Nevada === + +=== Stikine Ranges === +Aeroplane Pass +Metsantan Pass +Sifton Pass + +=== Tehachapi Mountains === +Oak Creek Pass +Tehachapi Pass +Tejon Pass + +=== Other === +Emory Pass – New Mexico, NM Highway 152 crosses this pass in the Black Range between the towns of Kingston (east side) and San Lorenzo (west side). +Fremont Pass – Nevada, in the Lake Range, 8 mi. NE of Pyramid Lake +Newhall Pass – California, separating the San Gabriel Mountains from the Santa Susana Mountains +Pickle Gap – a mountain pass in Arkansas +San Gorgonio Pass – California, separates Mount San Gorgonio and the Transverse Ranges from Mount San Jacinto and the Peninsular ranges +Tijeras Pass – New Mexico, main route through the Sandia and Manzano Mountains east of Albuquerque +Polkorridoren, Peary Land, Greenland + +== South America == + +=== Andes === + +==== Northern Andes ==== +Collado del Condor – Pico el Águila, Mérida (state) +La Línea, Colombia (connects between Ibagué and Armenia) +Papallacta Pass, Ecuador – 4,200 metres (13,766 feet) + +==== Central Andes ==== +Abra de Porculla, Peru (connects between Olmos and Marañón) — 2,137 metres (7,011 ft), lowest pass in the Andes +Ticlio, Peru — 4,818 metres (15,807 ft) +Paso Chungará, Chile–Bolivia (on road 11 and 4, connects between Arica and La Paz) — 4,680 metres (15,350 ft) +Paso Colchane – Pisigua, Chile–Bolivia (on road 15 and 12, connects between Iquique and Oruro) — 3,710 metres (12,170 ft) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0972ba52f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain passes" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:05.973055+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Southern Andes ==== +Abra del Acay, Salta Province, Argentina (connects between La Poma and San Antonio de los Cobres) — 4,972 metres (16,312 ft) (3.09 miles high) +Abra de Chorillos, Salta Province, Argentina (connects between San Antonio de los Cobres and Caucharí) +Paso de Agua Negra, Chile–Argentina (connects between La Serena and San José de Jachal) +Paso Cardenal Samoré (Formerly known as Puyehue), Chile–Argentina (connects between Osorno and San Carlos de Bariloche) — 1,314 metres (4,311 ft) +Paso Carirriñe, Chile–Argentina (connects between Panguipulli and Junín de los Andes) — 1,176 metres (3,858 ft) +Paso Derecho, Chile–Argentina (connects between Los Ángeles and Zapala) +Paso Futalefú, Chile–Argentina (connects between Chaitén and Esquel) +Paso Huahum, Chile–Argentina (connects between Panguipulli and San Martín de los Andes) — 659 metres (2,162 ft) +Paso de Ipela, Chile–Argentina (connects between Futrono and San Martín de los Andes) — ≈ 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) +Paso de Jama, Chile–Argentina (connects between San Pedro de Atacama and Susques) — ≈ 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) +Paso Libertadores, Chile–Argentina (connects between Santiago and Mendoza) — ≈ 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) +Uspallata Pass, Chile–Argentina (connects between Santiago and Mendoza) — ≈ 3,810 metres (12,500 ft) +Paso Mamuil Malal, Chile–Argentina (connects between Pucón and Junín de los Andes) +Paso Pampa Alta (also known as Puesto Viejo), Chile–Argentina (connects between Coihaique and Alto Río Senguer) — 865 metres (2,838 ft) +Paso Pehuenche, Chile–Argentina (connects between San Clemente and Bardas Blancas) +Paso Pérez Rosales, Chile–Argentina (connects between Puerto Varas and San Carlos de Bariloche) +Paso Pino Hachado, Chile–Argentina (connects between Temuco and Zapala) — 1,884 metres (6,181 ft) +Paso Pircas Negras, Chile–Argentina (connects between Copiapó and Chilecito) +Paso Río Encuentro, Chile–Argentina (connects between Palena and Tecka) +Paso Roballo, Chile–Argentina (connects between Cochrane and Bajo Caracoles) +Paso San Francisco, Chile–Argentina (connects between Copiapó and Fiambalá) — 4,748 metres (15,577 ft) +Paso de Sico, Chile–Argentina (connects between Socaire and Catua) — 4,092 metres (13,425 ft) +Chile Route 23 — 4,580 metres (15,030 ft) +Chile Route 27 — 4,831 metres (15,850 ft) + +=== Other === +Abra de la Ventana, Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina +Contulmo Pass, Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, part of the larger Chilean Coast Range (connects between Contulmo and Purén) +Serra do Rio do Rastro, Brazil + +== See also == +List of highest paved roads in Europe + +== References == + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51c0094d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain ranges" +chunk: 1/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of mountain ranges on Earth and a few other astronomical bodies. First, the highest and longest mountain ranges on Earth are listed, followed by more comprehensive alphabetical lists organized by continent. Ranges in the oceans and on other celestial bodies are listed afterwards. + +== Mountain ranges on Earth == + +=== By height === +These are the 23 highest mountain ranges. All are above 5,000 metres (16,404 ft). + +* Part of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas region +** Part of the Pamir-Kunlun region +All of the Asian ranges above except the Alborz and the Armenian Highlands have been formed in part over the past 35 to 55 million years by the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate is still particularly mobile and these mountain ranges continue to rise in elevation every year and this page may need to be updated in a few years; of these the Himalayas are rising most quickly; the Kashmir and Pamirs region to the north of the Indian subcontinent is the point of confluence of these mountains which encircle the Tibetan Plateau. + +=== By prominence === + +=== Mountain ranges by length === + +Mountain systems, Himalayan ranges and chains by length (over 500 km): \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf88b27cf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain ranges" +chunk: 2/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The underwater Mid-ocean ridge – 65,000 km (40,000 mi) +Ring of Fire – 40,000 km (25,000 mi) +American Cordillera – 13,400 km (8,300 mi) +Andes – 7,000 km (4,300 mi). Northern and Southern Andes main subdivisions, along both run three vast, almost parallel chain systems of mountain ranges – Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental. +North American Cordillera – 6,400 km (4,000 mi) +Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt – more than 15,000 km (9,300 mi) +Hindu Kush-Himalayas region – 3,500 km (2,200 mi) +Great Escarpment, Southern Africa – 5,000 km (3,100 mi) +Drakensberg – 1,000 km (620 mi) +Rocky Mountains – 4,830 km (3,000 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Great Dividing Range – 3,500 km (2,200 mi) +Transantarctic Mountains – 3,500 km (2,200 mi) +Kunlun Mountains – 3,000 km (1,900 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Atlas Mountains – 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Ural Mountains – 2,500 km (1,600 mi) +Appalachian Mountains – 2,414 km (1,500 mi) +Himalayas – c.2,500 km (1,600 mi) (main section of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas region) +High Himalayas – 2,300 km (1,400 mi) +Sivalik Hills – 2,400 km (1,500 mi) +Lesser Himalayas – 2,500 km (1,600 mi) +Altai mountain system – 2,000 km (1,243 mi) +New Guinea Highlands – 1,950 km (1,210 mi) +Barisan Mountains – c. 1,700 km (1,100 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Carpathian Mountains – 1,700 km (1,100 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Scandinavian Mountains (Scandes) – c. 1,700 km (1,100 mi) +Verkhoyansk Range-Suntar-Khayata Range – 1,650 km (1,030 mi) (section of the East Siberian System of mountains) +Verkhoyansk Range – 1,100 km (680 mi) +Suntar-Khayata Range – 550 km (340 mi) +Coast Mountains – 1,600 km (990 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Qin Mountains – 1,600 km (990 mi) +Transhimalaya – 1,600 km (990 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Western Ghats – 1,600 km (990 mi) +Chersky Range – 1,500 km (930 mi) (section of the East Siberian System of mountains) +Peninsular mountain ranges – 1,500 km (930 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Serra do Mar – 1,500 km (930 mi) +Taurus Mountains – 1,500 km (930 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Zagros Mountains – 1,500 km (930 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Sierra Madre Occidental – 1,500 km (930 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Mantiqueira Mountains/Espinhaço Mountains – 1,320 km (820 mi) +Kolyma Mountains – 1,300 km (810 mi) (section of the East Siberian System of mountains) +Alps – 1,200 km (750 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Western Alps – approx. 600 km (370 mi) +French Prealps – more than 400 km (250 mi) +Eastern Alps – approx. 600 km (370 mi) +Central Eastern Alps – approx. 600 km (370 mi) +Northern Limestone Alps – approx. 600 km (370 mi) +Southern Limestone Alps and Western Limestone Alps – approx. 600 km (370 mi) +Apennines – 1,200 km (750 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Caucasus Mountains – 1,200 km (750 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Greater Caucasus – 1,200 km (750 mi) +Lesser Caucasus – 600 km (370 mi) +Cordillera Occidental (Colombia) – 1,200 km (750 mi) (section of the Northern Andes, American Cordillera) +Cordillera Oriental (Colombia) – 1,200 km (750 mi) (section of the Northern Andes, American Cordillera) +Vindhya Range – 1,200 km (750 mi) +Altai Mountains – 1,200 km (750 mi) +Drakensberg – 1,125 km (700 mi) +Byrranga Mountains – 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) +Cascade Range – 1,100 km (680 mi) +Annamite Range – 1,100 km (680 mi) +Brooks Range – 1,100 km (680 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Verkhoyansk Range – 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) (section of the East Siberian Mountains) +Cordillera Central (Colombia) – 1,023 km (636 mi) (section of the Northern Andes, American Cordillera) +Lena Plateau – 1,000 km (620 mi) (section of the East Siberian System of mountains) +Pontic Mountains – 1,000 km (620 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Eastern Sayan Mountains – 1,000 km (620 mi) +Sierra Madre del Sur – 1,000 km (620 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Arakan/Rakhine Mountains – 950 km (590 mi) +Hengduan Mountains – 900 km (560 mi) as a system of mountain ranges +Ogo Mountains – 900 km (560 mi) +Koryak Mountains – 880 km (550 mi) (Siberia) +Cape Fold Belt – 850 km (530 mi) +Hindu Kush – 800 km (500 mi) (section of the Hindu Kush-Greater Himalayas region) +Precordillera – 800 km (500 mi) (considered section of the Southern Andes, American Cordillera) +Dzhugdzhur Mountains – 700 km (430 mi) +Stanovoy Highlands – 700 km (430 mi) (section of the East Siberian System of mountains) +Aravalli Range – 692 km (430 mi) +Alaska Range – 650 km (400 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Kopet Mountains – 650 km (400 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Sette-Daban – 660 km (410 mi) (section of the East Siberian System of mountains) +Dinaric Mountains – 645 km (401 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Sierra Nevada (U.S.) – 640 km (400 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +California Coast Ranges – 640 km (400 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) +Balkan Mountains – 557 km (346 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) +Karakoram – 500 km (310 mi) (section of the Hindu Kush-Greater Himalayas region) +Southern Alps – 500 km (310 mi) +Yudoma-Maya Highlands – 500 km (310 mi) (section of the East Siberian System of mountains) + +=== By continents === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbbbf04e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain ranges" +chunk: 3/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Africa ==== +Aberdare ranges, Kenya +Ahaggar Mountains, Algeria +Ahmar Mountains, Ethiopia +Amaro Mountains, Ethiopia +Atlantika Mountains, Cameroon, Nigeria +Atlas Mountains, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia +Anti-Atlas, Morocco +Aurès Mountains, Algeria, Tunisia +High Atlas, Morocco +Middle Atlas, Morocco +Saharan Atlas, Algeria +Tell Atlas, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia +Bale Mountains, Ethiopia +Bakossi Mountains, Cameroon +Blue Mountains, Niger +Bvumba Mountains, Mozambique, Zimbabwe +Cal Madow, Somalia +Cederberg, South Africa +Danakil Alps, Ethiopia, Eritrea +Drakensberg, Lesotho, South Africa +Eastern Arc Mountains, Kenya, Tanzania +Eastern Highlands, Mozambique, Zimbabwe +Entoto Mountains, Ethiopia +Erta Ale Range, Ethiopia +Golis Mountains, Somalia +Khufleh Range, Somalia +Kilimanjaro and Meru, Tanzania +Kipengere Range, Tanzania +Lebombo Mountains, Mozambique +Magaliesberg, South Africa +Mahale Mountains, Tanzania +Mandara Mountains, Cameroon, Nigeria +Moka Range, Mauritius +Ogo Mountains, Somalia +Outeniqua, South Africa +Pare Mountains, Tanzania +Piton des Neiges – Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion +Rif, Morocco +Rwenzori, Uganda +Semien, Ethiopia +Swartberg, South Africa +Tadrat Acacus, Libya +Tibesti Mountains, Chad +Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania +Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania +Usambara Mountains, Tanzania + +==== Antarctica ==== +Allardyce Range, South Georgia +Imeon Range, Smith Island +Pensacola Mountains +Salvesen Range, South Georgia +Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island +Transantarctic Mountains +Queen Maud Mountains +Bush Mountains +Commonwealth Range +Dominion Range +Gothic Mountains +Green Range +Herbert Range +Prince Olav Mountains +Hughes Range +Supporters Range +Theron Mountains +Heimefront Range, Queen Maud Land +Borg Massif, Queen Maud Land +Fimbulheimen, Queen Maud Land +Gburek Peaks +Sverdrup Mountains +Gjelsvik Mountains +Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains +Orvin Mountains +Filchner Mountains +Drygalski Mountains +Kurze Mountains +Gagarin Mountains +Conrad Mountains +Wohlthat Mountains +Humboldt Mountains +Petermann Ranges +Gruber Mountains +Hoel Mountains +Weyprecht Mountains +Payer Mountains +Lomonosov Mountains +Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land +Belgica Mountains, Queen Maud Land +Planet Heights +Queen Fabiola Mountains, Queen Maud Land +Aristotle Mountains, Graham Land +Pippin Peaks +Stribog Mountains, Brabant Island +Solvay Mountains, Brabant Island +Brugmann Mountains, Liège Island +Executive Committee Range + +==== Asia ==== + +Alagalla Mountain Range, Sri Lanka +Alborz, Iran +Al-Hajar Mountains, Oman, United Arab Emirates +Altai Mountains, Russia, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan +Annamite Range, Laos, Vietnam +Anti-Lebanon, Lebanon, Syria, Israel +Aravalli Range, India +Asir Mountains, Saudi Arabia +Barisan Mountains, Indonesia +Caraballo Mountains, Philippines +Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia +Carmel Mountains, Israel +Caucasus, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey +Chersky Range, Russia +Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh +Cordillera Central, Philippines +Crocker Range, Malaysia +Dieng Volcanic Complex, Indonesia +Dzhugdzhur Mountains, Russia +Eastern Ghats, India +Fansipan, Vietnam +Haraz Mountains, Yemen +Hijaz Mountains +Himalaya, Nepal, Bhutan, China, India, Pakistan +Mahabharat Range or Lesser Himalaya +Siwalik Range or Churia Hills, Subhimalaya +Hindu Kush, Afghanistan, Pakistan +Japanese Alps, Japan +Akaishi Mountains +Hida Mountains +Kiso Mountains +Judaean Mountains, Palestine, Israel +Kabir Kuh, Iran, Iraq +Karakoram, Pakistan, China, India +Khingan Mountains, China, Russia +Greater Khingan +Lesser Khingan +Khibinsky Mountains, Russia +Kirthar Mountains, Pakistan +Knuckles Mountain Range, Sri Lanka +Kolyma Mountains Russia +Koryak Mountains Russia +Kunlun Mountains, China (Tibet) +Kuray Mountains, Russia +Mount Lebanon Range, Lebanon +Müller Mountains, Central Borneo, Indonesia +Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, China +Pontic Mountains, Turkey +Phnom Kulen, Cambodia +Phnom Voar, Cambodia +Safed Koh, Afghanistan, Pakistan +Salt Range, Pakistan +Sayan Mountains, Russia +Sivalik Hills range of outer Himalayas, India +Sierra Madre, Philippines +Sikhote Alin Mountains, Russia +Stanovoi Range, Russia +Sudirman Range, Indonesia +Sulaiman Mountains, Pakistan, Iran +Ta Kream Mountain Range, Cambodia +Taurus Mountains, Turkey +Toba Kakar Range, Afghanistan, Pakistan +Tian Shan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan +Taiwan Mountains, Taiwan +Tengger Mountains, Indonesia +Titiwangsa Mountains, Malaysia +Ural Mountains, Russia +Verkhoyansk Range, Russia +Western Ghats, India +Zagros Mountains, Iran, Iraq +Zambales Mountains, Philippines +Zamboanga Cordilleras, Philippines + +==== Europe ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a39a19ab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain ranges" +chunk: 4/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Alps +Eastern Alps, Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Switzerland +Central Eastern Alps, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland +Bergamo Alps, Italy +Hohe Tauern, Austria, Italy +Ankogel Group +Defereggen Mountains +Grossglockner +Goldberg Group +Granatspitz Group +Hafner Group +Kreuzeck Group +Rieserferner Group +Schober Group +Venediger Group +Kitzbühel Alps, Austria +Niedere Tauern, Austria +Ötztal Alps, Austria, Italy +Rhaetian Alps, Austria, Italy, Switzerland +Albula Range +Bernina Range +Bregaglia Range +Livigno Range +Oberhalbstein Range +Plessur Range +Samnaun Alps +Sesvenna Range +Silvretta +Rätikon, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland +Stubai Alps, Austria, Italy +Tux Alps, Austria +Verwall Alps, Austria +Zillertal Alps, Austria, Italy +Northern Limestone Alps, Austria, Germany +Allgäu Alps, Austria, Germany +Berchtesgaden Alps, Austria, Germany +Dachstein, Austria +Ennstaler Alpen, Austria +Karwendel, Austria, Germany +Lechtal Alps, Austria +Totes Gebirge, Austria +Wetterstein, Austria, Germany +Wilden Kaiser, Austria +Southern Limestone Alps, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland +Adamello-Presanella, Italy +Brenta Group, Italy +Carnic Alps, Austria, Italy +Dolomites, Italy +Julian Alps, Italy, Slovenia +Kamnik Alps, Austria, Slovenia +Karawanken, Austria, Slovenia +Ortler Alps, Italy, Switzerland +Western Alps (France, Italy, and Switzerland) +Bernese Alps, Switzerland +Cottian Alps, France, Italy +Glarus Alps, Switzerland +Graian Alps, France, Italy, Switzerland +Mont Blanc Group, France, Italy +Beaufortain Massif, France +Vanoise, France +Gran Paradiso, France, Italy +Lepontine Alps, Italy, Switzerland +Ligurian Alps, France, Italy +North-Eastern Swiss Alps, Switzerland +Pennine Alps, Italy, Switzerland +Dauphiné Alps, France +Maritime Alps, France, Italy +Prealps, France, Italy +Provence Prealps, France +Dentelles de Montmirail, France +Savoy Prealps, France +Savoie Alps, France Switzerland +Urner Alps, Switzerland +Apennines, Italy, San Marino +Balkan Mountains range, mainly Bulgaria, smaller part in Serbia +Central Balkan Mountains +Kaloferska Mountain, Botev Peak, Central Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria +Zlatishko-Tetevenska Mountain, Bulgaria +Western Balkan Mountains +Chiprovska Mountain +Berkovska Mountain, Bulgaria +Vrachanski Balkan, Bulgaria +Black Forest, Germany +Cantabrian Mountains, Spain +Picos de Europa +Basque Mountains +Carpathian Mountains, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine +Western Carpathians +Tatra Mountains, Poland, Slovakia +Western Beskids and Central Beskids +Eastern Carpathians +Bieszczady Mountains +Otryt +Low Beskids +Bukowica Range +Eastern Beskids +Moldavian-Muntenian Carpathians +Southern Carpathians +Făgăraș Mountains group +Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group +Poiana Ruscă Mountains +Banat Mountains +Apuseni Mountains +Bihor Mountains +Caucasus Mountains, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia +Bezengi Wall, Georgia +Ceraunian Mountains, Albania +Dinaric Alps, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia +Accursed Mountains +Gennargentu, Italy +Harz, Germany +Ireland mountains +MacGillycuddy's Reeks, Ireland +Wicklow Mountains, Ireland +Mourne Mountains, Northern Ireland +Sperrin Mountains, Northern Ireland +Jura Mountains, France, Switzerland +Karelides, Finland +Kyrenia Mountains, Cyprus +Lake District, England +Măcin Mountains, Romania +Massif Central, France +Olympus Range +Mount Olympus +Owl Mountains +Ore Mountains, Czech Republic, Germany +Pennines, England +Pindus Mountains, mainly Greece, smaller parts in Albania +Pyrenees, Andorra, France, Spain +Rila-Rhodope mountain massif, mainly Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece +Rila, Bulgaria +Pirin, Bulgaria +Slavyanka (mountain) +Osogovo-Belasitsa mountain range +Osogovo +Belasitsa +Vlahina +Malashevska mountain +Plačkovica +Ogražden +Rhodope Mountains, mainly Bulgaria, Greece +Western Rhodopes +Eastern Rhodopes +Rhön Mountains, Germany +Šar range, Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia +Šar Mountains +Mount Korab +Mount Bistra +Stogovo +Dešat +Jablanica +Galičica +Scandinavian Mountains, Finland, Norway, Sweden +Setesdalsheiene +Jotunheimen +Rondane +Dovrefjell +Trollheimen +Kjolen Mountains +Saltfjellet +Svecofennides +Lyngen Alps +Scottish Highlands +Grampian Mountains, Scotland +Ben Nevis +Cairngorms, Scotland +The Cuillins, Isle of Skye +Sierra Morena, Spain +Sistema Bético, Spain +Sistema Central, Portugal, Spain +Sierra de Guadarrama +Sistema Ibérico, Spain +Skanderbeg Range, Albania +Srednogorie mountain system, Bulgaria +Vitosha, Bulgaria +Sredna Gora, Bulgaria +Strandzha, Bulgaria, Turkey +Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Poland +Sudetes, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland +Ślęża Masiff +Lusatian Mountains +Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge +Jizera Mountains +Kaczawskie Mountains +Giant Mountains +Rudawy Janowickie +Wałbrzyskie Mountains +Stone Mountains +Owl Mountains +Bardzkie Mountains +Stołowe Mountains +Orlicke Mountains +Bystrzyckie Mountains +Golden Mountains +Snieżnik Mountains +Opawskie Mountains +Hrubý Jeseník +Nízký Jeseník +Bohemian Forest, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany +Swabian Alb, Germany +Serra de Tramuntana, Spain +Troodos Mountains, Cyprus +Ural Mountains, Russia +Vogelsberg Mountains, Germany +Vosges mountains, France +Wales mountains +Black Mountains +Brecon Beacons +Cambrian Mountains +Preseli Mountains +Snowdonia +West Vardar/Pelagonia mountain range, North Macedonia, Greece +Baba Mountain +Jakupica +Nidže +Kožuf + +==== North America ==== + +===== Middle America ===== + +====== Caribbean ====== +Blue Mountains, Jamaica +Central Range, Trinidad and Tobago +Chaîne de la Selle, Haiti +Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic +Cordillera Septentrional, Dominican Republic +Cordillera Central, Puerto Rico +Dry Harbour Mountains, Jamaica +John Crow Mountains, Jamaica +Massif de la Hotte, Haiti +Massif du Nord, Haiti +Mocho Mountains, Jamaica +Montagnes Noires, Haiti +Northern Range, Trinidad and Tobago +Sierra de Baoruco, Dominican Republic +Sierra de Cayey, Puerto Rico +Sierra de Luquillo, Puerto Rico +Sierra del Escambray, Cuba +Sierra Maestra, Cuba +Sierra del Rosario, Cuba + +====== Central America ====== +Cerros de Escazú, Costa Rica +Cordillera de Guanacaste, Costa Rica +Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica and Panamá +Cordillera de Tilarán, Costa Rica +Cordillera Isabelia, Nicaragua, Honduras +Cordillera Los Maribios, Nicaragua +Cordillera Central, Costa Rica +Maya Mountains, Belize +Sierra de Chinajá, Guatemala +Sierra de Chuacús, Guatemala +Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Guatemala +Sierra del Merendón, Guatemala and Honduras +Sierra Madre de Chiapas, México, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador + +====== Mexico ====== +Chiapas Highlands, Mexico +Peninsular Ranges, California and México +Sierra de Juarez, México +Sierra de la Giganta, México +Sierra de la Laguna, México +Sierra de San Borja, México +Sierra de San Francisco, México +Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, México +Sierra Madre de Chiapas, México, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador +Sierra Madre del Sur, México +Sierra Madre Occidental, México +Sierra Fría, Mexico +Sierra los Huicholes, México +Sierra de Morones, Mexico +Sierra Tarahumara, México +Sierra Madre Oriental, México +Sierra del Burro, México +Sierra del Carmen, México +Sierra Norte de Puebla, México +Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico +Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Sierra Nevada), México +Tuxtla Mountains, México + +===== Northern America ===== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ad259321 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain ranges" +chunk: 5/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +====== Canada ====== +Adam Range +Adamant Range +Alsek Ranges, British Columbia, Alaska, Yukon +Anvil Range, Yukon +Appalachian Mountains, eastern Canada +List of subranges of the Appalachian Mountains +Arctic Cordillera, northeastern Canada +Geodetic Hills +Asulkan Range +Badshot Range +Baffin Mountains +Battle Range +Beaufort Range +Big Bend Ranges, British Columbia +Big Salmon Range, Yukon +Blackwelder Mountains +Blue Mountains +Bonanza Range +Bonnet Plume Range, Yukon +Bonnington Range +Britannia Range +British Empire Range +British Mountains, Yukon +Bruce Mountains +Byam Martin Mountains +Cadwallader Range +Camelsfoot Range +Cameron Range +Canadian Rockies +Cantilever Range +Cariboo Mountains +Cascade Range +Cayoosh Range +Challenger Mountains +Chilcotin Ranges +Clachnacudainn Range +Clendinning Range +Cloister Mountains +Coast Mountains, Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia +Columbia Mountains, Canada and U.S. +Conger Range +Coquitlam Range +Crease Range +Cunningham Mountains +Dawson Range +Dickson Range +Douglas Ranges +Douro Range +Duncan Ranges +Elk River Mountains +Everett Mountains +Fannin Range +Franklin Range +Garfield Range +Garibaldi Ranges +Genevieve Range +Glenyon Range, Yukon +Goat Range +Gowlland Range +Grinnell Range +Grogan Morgan Range +Haddington Range +Haihte Range +Ha-Iltzuk Icefield +Halifax Range +Hankin Range +Hartz Mountains (Nunavut) +Hermit Range +Hess Mountains, Yukon +Homathko Icefield +Ilgachuz Range +Inglefield Mountains +Innuitian Mountains +Insular Mountains, British Columbia +Itcha Range +Jeffries Range +Joy Range +Karmutzen Range +Kaumajet Mountains, Labrador, Canada +Kettle River Range, Washington and British Columbia +Kiglapait Mountains, Labrador +Kitimat Ranges +Kluane Ranges, Yukon +Knorr Range, Yukon +Kokanee Range +Kootenay Ranges, British Columbia +Vermilion Range +Stanford Range +Beaverfoot Range +Krag Mountains +Krieger Mountains +Lardeau Range +Level Mountain Range +Lillooet Icecap +Lillooet Ranges +Long Range Mountains, Newfoundland +MacDonald Range, British Columbia +McKay Range +Monashee Mountains, British Columbia and Washington +Nadaleen Range, Yukon +Nelson Range +Newcastle Range +Niut Range +Norns Range +North Shore Mountains +Ogilvie Mountains +Osborn Range +Pelham Range +Pelly Mountains, Yukon +Pierce Range +Precipitous Mountains +Premier Range +Prince of Wales Mountains +Prince of Wales Range +Princess Margaret Range +Purity Range +Queen Charlotte Mountains, British Columbia +Quesnel Highland +Rainbow Range +Refugium Range +Richardson Mountains, Yukon +Rocky Mountains, western United States and Canada +Rocky Mountain Foothills, British Columbia and Alberta +Ruby Range +Saint Elias Mountains, southern Alaska, Yukon and British Columbia +San Christoval Range +Sawtooth Range (Nunavut) +Scoresby Hills +Selamiut Range +Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, Idaho and Washington +Selwyn Mountains, Yukon +Seymour Range +Shulaps Range +Shuswap Highland +Sir Donald Range +Sir Sandford Range +Somerset Range +Sophia Range +Spearhead Range +Spectrum Range +St. Cyr Range, Yukon +Stokes Range +Sutton Range +Sweet Grass Hills, Alberta-Montana +Swiss Range +Tantalus Range +Thorndike Peaks +Tochquonyalla Range +Torngat Mountains, Labrador, Quebec +Treuter Mountains +United States Range +Valhalla Ranges +Valkyr Range +Vancouver Island Ranges, British Columbia +Victoria and Albert Mountains +Waddington Range +Wernecke Mountains, Yukon +Windy Range +Winston Churchill Range, Alberta + +====== Greenland ====== + +Alángup Qáqai +Alexandrine Range +Amitsorssûp Qulâ +Barth Range +Brages Range +Crown Prince Frederick Range +Daly Range +Didrik Pining Range +Ejnar Mikkelsen Range +Ellemands Range +Fynske Alps +Giesecke Range +Graah Mountains +Gronau Nunataks +Grønne Range +H. H. Benedict Range +Halle Range +Haug Range +Heywood Range +Hjelm Range +Kangerluluk Range +Knud Rasmussen Range +Lacroix Range +Lemon Range +Lilloise Range +Lindbergh Range +Mols Range +Murchison Range +Musk Ox Mountains +Norlund Alps +Pentamerus Range +Pictet Range +Prince of Wales Range +Princess Caroline Mathilde Alps +Princess Elizabeth Alps +Qârusuit Range +Qivssakatdlagfik +Queen Louise Land +Rold Range +Roosevelt Range +Schweizerland +Sioraq Range (Sioraq Fjelde) +Stauning Alps +Svinhufvud Range +Tågefjeldene +Watkins Range +Wiedemann Range \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2a460668 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain ranges" +chunk: 6/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +====== United States ====== +Adirondack Mountains, New York +Alaska Range, Alaska +Aleutian Range, Alaska +Chigmit Mountains, Alaska +Neacola Mountains, Alaska +Amargosa Range, California +Appalachian Mountains, Eastern United States +Appalachian Plateau +Catskill Mountains +Cumberland Mountains +Eastern Kentucky Coalfield +Pine Mountains +Log Mountains +Allegheny Mountains +Pocono Mountains +Shaver's Fork Mountains +Appalachian Uplands +New Brunswick Highlands +New England Uplands +Belknap Mountains +Berkshires Mountains +Green Mountains +Holyoke Range +Hoosac Range +Longfellow Mountains +Metacomet Ridge Mountains +Mount Tom Range +Ossipee Mountains +Taconic Mountains +Wapack Range +White Mountains +Carter-Moriah Range +Dartmouth Range +Franconia Range +Kinsman Range +Mahoosuc Range +Presidential Range +Pilot Range +Twin Range +Sandwich Range +Newfoundland Highlands +Long Range Mountains +Notre Dame Mountains +Chic-Choc Mountains +Collines Monteregiennes +Nova Scotia Highlands +Cape Breton Highlands +Megantic Hills +Sutton Mountains +Blue Ridge Mountains +Bull Run Mountains +Southwest Mountains +Iron Mountains +Sauratown Mountains +Shenandoah Mountains +Unaka Mountains +Bald Mountains +Black Mountains +Great Craggy Mountains +Great Balsam Mountains +Plott Balsams +Great Smoky Mountains +Unicoi Mountains +Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians +Blue Mountains +Moosic Mountains +South Mountains +Tuscarora Mountains +Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma +Bears Paw Mountains, Montana +Beaver Lake Mountains, Utah +Big Snowy Mountains, Montana +Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming +Black Mountains, Utah +Blue Mountains, Oregon and Washington +Brooks Range, northern Alaska +Baird Mountains, Alaska +Jade Mountains, Alaska +Davidson Mountains, Alaska +De Long Mountains, Alaska +Endicott Mountains, Alaska +Franklin Mountains, Alaska +Phillip Smith Mountains, Alaska +Romanzof Mountains, Alaska +Schwatka Mountains, Alaska +Shubelik Mountains, Alaska +Waring Mountains, Alaska +Bull Mountains, Montana +Capitan Mountains, New Mexico +Cascade Range, Western Canada and US +Castle Mountains, Montana +Cedar Mountains, Utah +Chalk Buttes, Montana +Chinati Mountains, Texas +Chisos Mountains, Texas +Chugach Mountains, Alaska +Granite Range, Alaska +Robinson Mountains, Alaska +Coast Mountains, Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia +Columbia Mountains, Canada and U.S. +Monashee Mountains, British Columbia and Washington +Kettle River Range, Washington and British Columbia +Purcell Mountains, British Columbia and Montana +Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, Idaho and Washington +Coso Range, California +Cricket Mountains, Utah +Davis Mountains, Texas +Delamar Mountains, Nevada +Delaware Mountains, Texas +Desert Range, Nevada +Driftless Area, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa +Ocooch Mountains, Wisconsin +East Desert Range, Nevada +East Humboldt Range, Nevada +Franklin Mountains, Texas +Gila Mountains, Arizona +Guadalupe Mountains, Texas +Highwood Mountains, Montana +Huron Mountains, Michigan +Jemez Mountains, New Mexico +Judith Mountains, Montana +Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon +Marble Mountains, California +Northern Yolla-Bolly Mountains, California +Salmon Mountains, California +Scott Mountains, California +Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California +Trinity Alps, California +Trinity Mountains, California +Lake Range, Nevada +Little Rocky Range, Montana +Little Snowy Mountains, Montana +Little Wolf Mountains, Montana +Metacomet Ridge, Connecticut and Massachusetts +Traprock Ridge, Connecticut +Mineral Mountains, Arizona +Mineral Mountains, Utah +Nulato Hills, Alaska +North Moccasin Mountains, Montana +Olympic Mountains, Washington +Oquirrh Mountains, Utah +Oregon Coast Range, Oregon +Organ Mountains, New Mexico +Ortiz Mountains, New Mexico +Pahranagat Range, Nevada +Panamint Range, California +Pavant Range, Utah +Peninsular Ranges, California and México +Laguna Mountains, California +San Jacinto Mountains, California +Santa Ana Mountains, California +Elsinore Mountains +Temescal Mountains, California +Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona +Porcupine Mountains, Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan +Pryor Mountains, Montana +Rocky Mountains, western United States and Canada +Absaroka Range, Montana and Wyoming +Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming +Bighorn Mountains, Montana and Wyoming +Bitterroot Range, Montana and Idaho +Beaverhead Mountains, Montana and Idaho +Bitterroot Mountains, Montana and Idaho +Centennial Mountains, Montana and Idaho +Coeur d'Alène Mountains, Montana and Idaho +Saint Joe Mountains, Idaho +Boise Mountains, Idaho +Boulder Mountains, Idaho +Boulder Mountains, Montana +Bridger Mountains, Wyoming +Bridger Range, Montana +Cabinet Mountains, Montana +Clearwater Mountains, Idaho +Crazy Mountains, Montana +Elk Mountains, Colorado +Elkhorn Mountains, Montana +Flathead Range, Montana +Front Range, Colorado +Gallatin Range, Montana +Garnet Range, Montana +Granite Mountains, Wyoming +Green Mountains, Wyoming +Gros Ventre Range, Wyoming +Henry Mountains, Utah +John Long Mountains, Montana +La Sal Mountains, Utah +Laramie Mountains, Wyoming +Lemhi Range, Idaho +Lewis Range, Montana +Livingston Range, Montana +Madison Range, Montana +Medicine Bow Mountains, Colorado and Wyoming +Snowy Range, Wyoming +Mosquito Range, Colorado +Owl Creek Mountains, Wyoming +Pioneer Mountains, Idaho +Pioneer Mountains, Montana +Red Mountains, Wyoming +Salish Mountains, Montana +Salmon River Mountains, Idaho +Salt River Range, Wyoming +San Juan Mountains, Colorado +Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Colorado and New Mexico +Sawatch Range, Colorado +Sawtooth Range, Idaho +Shoshone Range, Idaho +Smoky Mountains, Idaho +Soldier Mountains, Idaho +Swan Range, Montana +Tenmile Range, Colorado +Teton Range, Wyoming +Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana +Uinta Mountains, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming +Wasatch Range, Utah +Bear River Mountains, Utah and Idaho +Washburn Range, Wyoming +White Cloud Mountains, Idaho +Whitefish Range, Montana and British Columbia +Wind River Range, Wyoming +Wyoming Range, Wyoming +Rincon Mountains, Arizona +Ruby Mountains, Nevada +Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico +Saint Elias Mountains, southern Alaska, Yukon and British Columbia +Brabazon Range, Alaska +Fairweather Range, Alaska +San Andres Mountains, New Mexico +San Francisco Mountains, Utah +San Francisco Peaks, Arizona +Sandia–Manzano Mountains, New Mexico +Manzano Mountains, New Mexico +Sandia Mountains, New Mexico +Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona +Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona +Sawtooth Mountains, Minnesota +Schell Creek Range, Nevada +Selenite Range, Nevada +Seward Peninsula ranges, Alaska +Bendeleben Mountains, Alaska +Darby Mountains, Alaska +Kigluaik Mountains, Alaska +York Mountains, Alaska +Sheep Range, Nevada +Shoshone Mountains, Nevada +Shoshone Range, Nevada +Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada +Snake Range, Nevada +South Moccasin Mountains, Montana +Spring Mountains, Nevada +Star Range, Utah +Superstition Mountains, Arizona +Sutter Buttes, California +Sweet Grass Hills, Montana +Texas Hill Country, Texas +Toiyabe Range, Nevada +Tortolita Mountains, Arizona +Transverse Ranges, California +Chalk Hills, California +Little San Bernardino Mountains, California +Pine Mountain Ridge, California +Puente Hills, California +San Bernardino Mountains, California +San Emigdio Mountains, California +San Gabriel Mountains, California +San Jose Hills, California +San Rafael Hills, California +San Rafael Mountains, California +Santa Monica Mountains, California +Santa Susana Mountains, California +Santa Ynez Mountains, California +Shandin Hills, California +Sierra Pelona Ridge, California +Simi Hills, California +Tehachapi Mountains, California +Topatopa Mountains, California +Tucson Mountains, Arizona +Tushar Mountains, Utah +U.S. Interior Highlands, Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma +Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas and Oklahoma +Ozark Plateau, Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma +Boston Mountains, Arkansas +St. Francois Mountains, Missouri +Uwharrie Mountains, North Carolina +Virginia Mountains, Nevada +West Humboldt Range, Nevada +West Mountains, Idaho +White Mountains, Alaska +White Mountains, Arizona +White Mountains, California +Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma +Wolf Mountains, Montana + +==== Oceania ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c46ce4a13 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +--- +title: "List of mountain ranges" +chunk: 7/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +===== Australia ===== +Arthur Range +Blue Mountains +Flinders Ranges +Great Dividing Range +Hammersley Range +MacDonnell Ranges +Pelion Range +Stirling Range + +===== New Guinea ===== + +====== Papua New Guinea ====== +Bismarck Range +Owen Stanley Range + +====== Western New Guinea ====== +Arfak Mountains +Jayawijaya Mountains + +===== New Zealand ===== +Arrowsmith Range +Ben Ohau Range +Blue Mountains +Bombay Hills +Butler Range (Canterbury) +Butler Range (West Coast) +Cameron Mountains +Catlins Range +Coromandel Range +Craigieburn Range +Crown Range +Dark Cloud Range +Darran Mountains +Dunstan Mountains +Earl Mountains +Franklin Mountains +Glasgow Range +Hakarimata Range +Hapuakohe Range +Herangi Range +Huiarau Range +Humboldt Mountains +Hundalee Hills +Hunter Mountains +Hunua Ranges +Kā Mauka-Tokoweka +Kaikōura Ranges +Kaimai Range +Kaitake Range +Kakanui Range +Kākāpō Range +Kaweka Range +Kepler Mountains +Mount Cook Range +Lammerlaw Range +Lammermoor Range +Livingstone Mountains +Moehau Range +Murchison Mountains +Old Man Range / Kopuwai +Papahaua Range +Paparoa Range +Pisa Range +Port Hills +Pouākai Range +Rangitoto Range +Rock and Pillar Range +Spenser Mountains +Stuart Mountains +Raukūmara Range +Richmond Range +The Remarkables +Remutaka Range +Ruahine Range +The Silverpeaks +Southern Alps +Spenser Mountains +Hector Mountains +Tararua Range +Two Thumb Range +Waitākere Ranges +Wharepapa / Arthur Range +Wick Mountains + +==== South America ==== + +===== Andes ===== +The longest mountain range in the world (above sea level) is the Andes, consisting of several subranges. + +Cordillera de los Andes, in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela: +Cordillera Central, Colombia +Cordillera Occidental, Colombia +Cordillera Oriental, Colombia, Venezuela +Serranía del Perijá, Colombia, Venezuela +Serranía de los Churumbelos, Colombia +Cordillera Real, Ecuador +Cordillera Occidental, Ecuador +Cordillera Occidental, Peru +Cordillera Blanca, Peru +Cordillera Huayhuash, Peru +Cordillera Negra, Peru +Cordillera Central, Peru +Cordillera Oriental, Peru +Cordillera Central, Bolivia +Cordillera Real +Cordillera Oriental, Bolivia +Serranía de Charagua +Serranía del Aguaragüe +Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia, Chile +Cordillera de Lípez, Argentina, Bolivia +Cordillera Domeyko, Chile +Cordón de Lila, Chile +Sierra de Almeida, Chile +Sierra de Famatina, Argentina +Frontal Cordillera, Argentina +Principal Cordillera, Argentina, Chile +Cordillera de la Ramada, Argentina +Sierra de Velasco, Argentina +Cordillera de Talinay, Chile +Cordillera Negra (Chile), Chile +Cordillera del Paine, Chile +Sierra Baguales, Argentina, Chile +Cordillera Sarmiento, Chile +Cordillera Riesco, Chile +Cordillera Darwin, Chile +Martial Mountains, Argentina +Dientes de Navarino, Chile + +===== Extra-Andean mountain ranges ===== +Other ranges in South America include: + +Sierra de La Ventana, Argentina +Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina +Sierras de Córdoba, Argentina +Sistema de Tandilia, Argentina +Guiana Highlands, Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela +Serranías Chiquitanas, Bolivia +Serra dos Aimorés, Brazil +Borborema Plateau, Brazil +Chapada, Brazil +Chapada do Araripe, Brazil +Espinhaço Mountains, Brazil +Chapada dos Guimarães, Brazil +Chapada das Mangabeiras, Brazil +Mantiqueira Mountains, Brazil +Serra do Mar, Brazil +Serra do Cristal, Brazil +Serra Gaúcha, Brazil +Serra dos Órgãos, Brazil +Serra Geral, Brazil +Serra de Ibiapaba, Brazil +Serra do Rio do Rastro, Brazil +Serra do Tiracambu, Brazil +Serras de Sudeste, Brazil +Chilean Coast Range, Chile +Sierra Vicuña Mackenna +Cordillera de Mahuidanchi +Cordillera de Nahuelbuta +Cordillera Pelada +Cordillera del Piuchén +Cordillera de Pirulil +Cordillera del Sarao +Cordillera de Talinay +Cordón Baquedano, Chile +Baudó Mountains, Colombia +Serranía de Macuira, Colombia +Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia +Serrania de la Macarena, Colombia +Ybytyruzú Mountains, Paraguay +Cuchilla de Haedo, Uruguay +Cuchilla Grande, Uruguay + +=== Ocean === +Emperor Seamounts +Mid-ocean ridge (the longest mountain range on Earth) +Gakkel Ridge +Mid-Atlantic Ridge +Southwest Indian Ridge +Central Indian Ridge +Southeast Indian Ridge +Pacific-Antarctic Ridge +East Pacific Rise +Ninety East Ridge + +== Extraterrestrial mountain ranges == + +=== Iapetus === +Equatorial ridge + +=== Mars === +Centauri Montes +Charitum Montes +Erebus Montes +Hellespontus Montes +Nereidum Montes + +=== Mercury === +Caloris Montes + +=== The Moon === + +By IAU convention, lunar mountain ranges are given Latin names. + +Montes Agricola +Montes Alpes +Montes Recti +Montes Retacule +Montes Riphaeus +Montes Rook +Montes Secchi +Montes Spitzbergen +Montes Taurus +Montes Teneriffe + +=== Pluto === +Al-Idrisi Montes +Baret Montes +Elcano Montes +Hillary Montes +Pigafetta Montes +Tabei Montes +Tenzing Montes (formerly Norgay Montes) +Zheng He Montes + +=== Titan === +Mithrim Montes + +=== Venus === +Maxwell Montes + +== See also == + +Mountain +Mountain range +List of highest mountains +List of mountain ranges in Asia +List of mountains on the Moon +List of tallest mountains in the Solar System +List of mountains on Mars by height +Frontal Cordillera +Principal Cordillera +Seven Summits + +== Notes == + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b82b927 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "List of names of European cities in different languages" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:08.351988+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Many cities in Europe have different names in different languages. Some cities have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. Below are listed the known different names for cities that are geographically or historically and culturally in Europe, as well as some smaller towns that are important because of their location or history. +Cities are listed alphabetically by their current best-known name in English. The English version is followed by variants in other languages, in alphabetical order by name, and then by any historical variants and former names. Several cities have diacritics in their listed name in English. It is very common that the press strip the diacritics and that means a parallel diacritic-free version is very often used in English. Foreign names that are the same as their English equivalents may be listed. + + +== See also == + + +=== Exonyms by language === + + +=== Other === + + +== Sources == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00d0fa587 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +--- +title: "List of oceanographic institutions and programs" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of oceanography institutions and programs worldwide. Oceanographic institutions and programs are broadly defined as places where scientific research is carried out relating to oceanography. This list is organized geographically. Some oceanographic institutions are standalone programs, such as non-governmental organizations or government-funded agencies. Other oceanographic institutions are departments within colleges and universities. While oceanographic research happens at many other departments at other colleges and universities, such as Biology and Geology departments, this list focuses on larger departments and large research centers specifically devoted to oceanography and marine science. Aquaria are not listed here. + +== International == + +=== International oceanographic programs === +Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO +International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, (ICES) +International Hydrographic Organization +International Ocean Discovery Program, formerly called the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. +InterRidge, an international research collaboration on oceanic seafloor spreading zones. +Mediterranean Science Commission, (CIESM) +North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) +Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, part of the International Science Council. + +=== Societies and professional affiliations === +American Geophysical Union +Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography +Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation +European Geosciences Union +The Oceanography Society + +== Institutions by country == + +=== Australia === +Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland +Australian Marine Sciences Association, the professional body for marine scientists +Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, a scholarly society +Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra +Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tasmania +Sydney Institute of Marine Science +University of New South Wales, Sydney + +=== Bangladesh === +Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Dhaka. BSMRMU +Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Ramu, Cox's Bazar. BORI +Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong was the country's first marine research institution, inaugurated in 1971. +University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Chattogram. of Oceanography +Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki-8602, Patuakhali. Department of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (MFO) +Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet. Department of Oceanography +Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100. Department of Coastal and Marine Fisheries +University of Dhaka, Department of Oceanography + +=== Belgium === +European Global Ocean Observing System, Brussels. +European Marine Board, an international organization based in Oostende, Belgium. European Marine Board +Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende. VLIZ +University of Liège, Interfacultary Center for Marine Research MARE + +=== Belize === +Wee Wee Caye Marine Lab on an island off the coast of Stann Creek District. + +=== Bermuda === +Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, an independent science and education institute in Ferry Reach, St. Georges. BIOS + +=== Brazil === +Brazilian national programs: + +Admiral Paulo Moreira Institute for Marine Studies in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro is associated with the Brazilian Navy. IEAPM +National Institute for Oceanographic and Waterway Research. INPOH +National Institute for Space Research in São Paulo conducts ocean remote sensing research. INPE +Brazilian universities with oceanography departments or institutes: + +Centro Universitário Monte Serrat. Oceanografia, UNIMONTE +Center for Marine Studies in Pontal do Paraná, associated with the Federal University of Paraná. +Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. FURG +Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo. USP +Universidade do Vale do Itajaí. UNIVALI Oceanography +Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Oceanografia, UERJ +Universidade Federal da Bahia. Curso de Graduação em Oceanografia, UFBA +Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências do Mar, UNIFESP +Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. UFSC +Universidade Federal do Ceará. UFC +Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Oceanografia na UFES +Universidade Federal do Maranhão. UFMA +Universidade Federal do Pará. UFPA +Universidade Federal do Paraná. UFPR +Universidade Federal do Pernambuco. UFPE + +=== Bulgaria === +Agricultural Academy Institute of Fish Resources in Varna. Institute of Fish Resources +Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Varna. Institute of Oceanology + +=== Cameroon === +National Oceanographic Data Centre of Cameroon. NODC + +=== Canada === +Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, a marine research station in Barkley Sound, British Columbia associated with several nearby universities. Bamfield MSC +Bedford Institute of Oceanography, a governmental research facility in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. BIO +Bellairs Research Institute in Barbados is a field station of McGill University. Bellairs +Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. CMOS +Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Oceanography Department +Fisheries and Oceans Canada, organized into seven administrative regions of Canada. Fisheries and Oceans Canada +Institute of Ocean Sciences in British Columbia, operated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. +Maurice Lamontagne Institute in Mont Joli, Quebec, operated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. +Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Fisheries and Marine Institute +Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. NAFC +Ocean Frontier Institute, housed at the Memorial University of Newfoundland and Dalhousie University. OFI +Ocean Networks Canada, an ocean observing program run by the University of Victoria similar to the Ocean Observatories Initiative. +Université du Québec à Rimouski, Institut des Sciences de la mer ISMER + +=== China === +Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology. Institute of Oceanology +Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology. SCSIO +East China Normal University's State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research SKLEC +Ocean University of China in Qingdao, Shandong. OUC +State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics in Hangzhou. SOED +State Oceanic Administration, First Institute of Oceanography. FIO +State Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of Oceanography. SIO. +The University of Hong Kong's Swire Institute of Marine Science on the Cape d'Aguilar Peninsula on Hong Kong Island. SWIMS + +=== Colombia === +Colombian national programs: + +Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del Caribe, General Maritime Directorate. CIOH +Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del Pacífico, General Maritime Directorate. CCCP +José Benito Vives de Andréis Marine and Coastal Research Institute in Santa Marta, Magdalena. INVEMAR +Colombian universities with oceanography programs: + +Colombian Naval Academy: Escuela Naval de Cadetes "Almirante Padilla" in Cartagena, Oceanography program. +EAFIT University in Medellín, Marine Sciences Group. +National University of Colombia’s School of Mines in Medellín, Oceanography and Coastal Engineering Research Group. OCEANICOS +Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Bogotá, Dynamics and Management of Coastal Marine Ecosystems program DIMARCO +University of Antioquia offers Oceanography undergraduate program and Marine Sciences doctorate program. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e505c1ee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +--- +title: "List of oceanographic institutions and programs" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Croatia === +Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split is supported by the Croatian Science Foundation. IOR +Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research in Rovinj. CMR +University of Dubrovnik, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research. IMP-DU + +=== Cyprus === +Τhe Oceanography Center of the University of Cyprus (OC-UCY) is oceanographic research focusing on the Eastern Mediterranean at University of Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus. + +=== Denmark === +Danish Maritime Safety Administration in Copenhagen. DaMSA +Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen. +Copenhagen University's Research Centre on Ocean, Climate, and Society. ROCS + +=== Ecuador === +Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral has programs in Marine Engineering, Biological Sciences, and Natural Resources. FIMCBOR +Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, part of the Ecuadorian Navy, in Guayaquil. INOCAR + +=== Finland === +Finnish Environment Institute's Marine Research Center. SYKE +Finnish Institute of Marine Research in Helsinki. +Finnish Meteorological Institute's Marine Research unit. FMI + +=== France === +Académie de Marine, originally the Royal Naval Academy of France. Académie de Marine +Banyuls-sur-Mer Oceanographic Observatory, also called Laboratoire Arago. OOB +European University Institute of Marine Sciences in Brest. IUEM +French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea in Brest. IFREMER +Institut océanographique de Paris, associated with an organization with the same name in Monaco. +Institute of Environmental Geosciences in Grenoble, associated with the Grenoble Alps University. IGE +Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies in Toulouse. LEGOS +Lille University of Science and Technology's Wimereaux Marine Station [1] +Marine Biological Station and Concarneau Marinarium, associated with the French National Museum of Natural History. Station Marine de Concarneau +Marine Station of Arcachon, associated with the University Bordeaux, on Arcachon Bay. Station marine d'Arcachon +Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography in Marseille. MIO +Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service in Brest. SHOM +Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer on the French Riviera. [www.obs-vlfr.fr Obs-Vlfr] +Oceanography and Climate Laboratory in Paris LOCEAN Archived 2014-10-12 at the Wayback Machine +Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute on the island of Embiez near Six-Fours-les-Plages. +Roscoff Marine Station, associated with Sorbonne University, is the oldest marine research station in the world. SB-Roscoff + +=== Germany === +Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven. AWI +Center for Marine Environmental Sciences in Bremen. MARUM +GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. GEOMAR +German Marine Research Consortium in Berlin. KDM +Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon in Geesthacht, part of the Helmholtz Association, has research programs in marine sciences. HZG +Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment in Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven. ICBM +Integrated School of Ocean Sciences at Kiel University. ISOS +Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde .IOW +Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research in Bremen. ZMT +Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg. MPI-M +Senckenberg by the Sea in Wilhelmshaven. Senckenberg am Meer +The Future Ocean, a collaborative research group based out of Kiel. +University of Hamburg's Institute of Oceanography. IfM + +=== Greece === +Hellenic Centre for Marine Research in Anavyssos. HCMR +University of the Aegean in Mytilene, Lesvos. Department of Marine Sciences + +=== Iceland === +Marine and Freshwater Research Institute in Hafnarfjörður, associated with the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. MFRI +University of Iceland's Marine Academic Research in Iceland group in Reykjavik. MARICE + +=== India === +Indian national programs: + +Center for Marine Living Resources in Kerala, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. CMLRE +Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. CMFRI +National Centre for Ocean Information Services in Pragathi Nagar, Hyderabad. ESSO-INCOIS +National Institute of Oceanography in Goa. +National Atmospheric Research Laboratory in Andhra, Pradesh. NARL +National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research in Goa. NCAOR +National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. NCSCM +National Institute of Ocean Technology in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. NIOT +National Center for Coastal Research in Chennai, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. NCCR +National Centre for Earth Science Studies in Kerala. NCESS +Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. CIBA +Central Institute of Fisheries Technology in Cochin, Kerala. ICFT +Central Institute of Fisheries Education in Mumbai. CIFE +Fishery Survey of India in Mumbai. FSI +National Institute of Fisheries Post Harvest Technology and Training in Ernakulum, Kerala. NIFPHATT +Indian universities with oceanography programs: +Central: + +University of Allahabad, K. Banerjee Centre for Atmospheric and Ocean Studies. KBCAOS +Eastern: + +Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur’s Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) in West Bengal. +Berhampur University, Department of Marine Sciences, Odisha. +University of Calcutta, Department of Marine Science, Kolkata. MarineSc +Jadavpur University, School of Oceanographic Studies, Kolkata. Ocean-JU +Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Odisha. IIT Bhubaneswar OC +Northern: + +Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences. CAS +Central University of Punjab, Bathinda. +Southern: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89799fc1e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +--- +title: "List of oceanographic institutions and programs" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Academy of Maritime Education and Training in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. +Andhra University, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography. +Anna University, Institute of Ocean Management, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. IOM +Annamalai University, Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Tamil Nadu. CASMB +Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Department of Fisheries Science Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. +Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli. Department of Marine Science +Cochin University of Science and Technology in Kerala. has several departments in its School of Marine Sciences. SMSCUSAT +Indian Institute of Science ‘s Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences in Bengalaru. CAOS +Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies in Kochi, Kerala. +Madurai Kamaraj University, School of Energy Environment & Natural Resources, Tamil Nadu. SEENR +Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari. CMST +M.E.S. Ponnani College, Ponnani, Malappuram, Kerala. Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Microbiology +Nansen Environmental Research Centre India, Kerala, established by joint Norwegian and Indian partners, now a research center of Kerala University. NERCI +Pondicherry University, Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Center for Ocean and Island Studies +St. Albert's College, Kochi, Kerala. Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture +University of Hyderabad, Center for Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, formerly called the formerly Centre for Earth and Space Sciences. CEOAS +University of Kerala, Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. +University of Madras, Centre for Ocean and Coastal Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. COCS +Western: + +Goa University, Department of Marine Sciences. Department of Marine Sciences + +=== Indonesia === +Bandung Institute of Technology has programs in Oceanography under the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology and Ocean Engineering under the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering. +Bogor Agricultural Institute, Department of Marine Science and Technology. +Diponegoro University, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Semarang, Central Java. +Indonesian Institute of Sciences’s Research Center for Oceanography, Jakarta. Puslit Oseanografi LIPI Archived 2020-05-31 at the Wayback Machine +University of Riau, Marine Science Department, Pekanbaru. + +=== Iran === +Tarbiat Modares University, Marine Science Faculty, Tehran. +Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran. +Khorramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khorramshahr. KMSU +Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Faculty of Marine Science and Technologies. + +=== Ireland === +Marine Institute Ireland, a state agency in Galway. +National University of Ireland, Galway, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research. The Ryan Institute +University College Cork, SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine research and innovation. MaREI + +=== Israel === +Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences +Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Institute, which has research centers in Haifa, Kinneret, and Eilat. IOLR +University of Haifa, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences in Haifa. MarSci Haifa + +=== Italy === +Italian National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment. CNR-IAS +Italian National Research Council, Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology. CNR-IRBIM +Italian National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences. CNR-ISMAR +National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale) in Sgonico. OGS +National Inter-University Consortium of Marine Sciences, a collaboration between 35 Italian Universities. CoNISMa + +=== Japan === +Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in Onna, Okinawa, includes Marine Science as one subject in the multi-disciplinary research profile of the graduate program. OIST +Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in Yokosuka, Kanagawa. JAMSTEC +Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology in Koto, Tokyo. TUMSAT +Kobe University, Department of Oceanology, Kobe, Hyogo. Faculty of Oceanology +University of the Ryukyus in Nakagami, Okinawa includes Oceanography and Marine Biology as areas of study. Faculty of Science +Usa Marine Biological Institute in Usa, Kochi. + +=== Latvia === +Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR” in Riga conducts research in the areas of Environmental Science and Fisheries. BIOR +Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Riga. LIAE + +=== Lithuania === +Klaipėda University, Coastal Research and Planning Institute, on the Baltic Sea coast. + +=== Mexico === +Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada, Institute for Oceanographic Research, and Faculty of Marine Sciences. UABC IIO, UABC Facultad de Ciencias Marinas +Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Faculty of Marine Sciences in Mazatlán. +Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C, under the direction of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico), in La Paz, Baja California Sur. CIBNOR +Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, located in La Paz, Baja California Sur. CICIMAR +El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, in Chetumal, Quintana Roo on the Yucatán Peninsula, under the direction of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico). ECOSUR +Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education on the Pacific Coast of the Baja Peninsula. CICESE +National Autonomous University of Mexico, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, campuses in México City, Mazatlán and Puerto Morelos. ICMYL +Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca UMAR +University of Colima, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas. FACIMAR + +=== Monaco === +Institut océanographique, associated with the organization of the same name in Paris, France. Oceano + +=== Netherlands === +Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research on the island of Texel, and in Yerseke. NIOZ +Utrecht University, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Oceans and Climate program +University of Groningen, program in Marine Biology. RUG Marine Biology + +=== New Zealand === +Cawthron Institute in Nelson on the South Island. Cawthron +National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, whose head office is in Auckland but with several other sites across New Zealand, was formerly part of the N.Z. Oceanographic Institute. NIWA +Victoria University Coastal Ecology Laboratory on the Wellington coast of the North Island. WUCEL + +=== Norway === +Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. +Norwegian Institute of Marine Research in Bergen. +Norwegian Polar Institute in Tromsø. +University of Tromsø’s Norwegian College of Fishery Science and Department of Arctic and Marine Biology. + +=== Pakistan === +Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water & Marine Science, Balochistan. LUAWMS +National Institute of Oceanography, part of the Ministry of Science and Technology. NIOPK \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4774ab770 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +--- +title: "List of oceanographic institutions and programs" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Philippines === +Marine Science Institute, part of the University of the Philippines, UP Diliman, in Quezon City. MSI + +=== Poland === +Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopok. IO PAN +National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia. MIR +University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography. UG Oceanography +Maritime Institute in Gdańsk. IM GDA +Polish Polar Station, Hornsund in Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean. + +=== Portugal === +Centre of Marine Sciences in Faro. CCMAR +Hydrographic Institute in Lisbon. Instituto Hidrografico +Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Azores in Horta, Faial. +Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research in Matosinhos. CIIMAR +Marine Biology Station of Funchal on the island of Madeira. +Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, a multi-university collaboration. MARE + +=== Russia === +Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. MHI +Nikolai M. Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography in Murmansk +Russian State Hydrometeorological University in St. Petersburg +Saint Petersburg State University, Department of Oceanography +Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences +Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Acad. of Sciences, Vladivostok + +=== South Africa === +South African Association for Marine Biological Research in KwaZulu-Natal. SAAMBR +Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town + +=== South Korea === +Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology. KIOST +Pusan National University, Department of Oceanography. +Seoul National University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences. + +=== Spain === +Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology, sponsored by the University of Cádiz. CACYTMAR +Institute of Marine Science of Andalusia. ICMAN +Marine Research units of AZTI, located in multiple cities in the Basque region. AZTI +Marine Sciences Institute in Barcelona. ICM +Marine Technology Unit, part of the Spanish National Research Council. UTM +Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands. PLOCAN +Spanish Institute of Oceanology, Madrid. IEO + +=== Sri Lanka === +National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency. NARA +Ocean University of Sri Lanka in Colombo. +University of Ruhuna, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences & Technology. FMST + +=== Sweden === +Baltic Sea Science Center, Skansen, Stockholm. +Stockholm University’s Baltic Sea Centre, based in Stockholm but with a laboratory in Asko. Baltic Sea Centre +Swedish Maritime Robotics Centre, Stockholm. SMaRC +University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, including Kristineberg Marine Research Station and Tjärnö Marine Laboratory. Marina Vetenskaper + +=== Taiwan === +China Maritime Institute in Taipei City. Maritime Institute +National Academy of Marine Research in Kaohsiung. +National Dong Hwa University, Graduate Institute of Marine Biology. NDHU IMB +National Sun Yat-sen University, College of Marine Sciences. Marine NSYSU +National Taiwan Normal University, Institute of Marine Environmental Science and Technology. NTNU +National Taiwan Ocean University in Zhongzheng, Keelung. NTOU +National Taiwan University, Institute of Oceanography. NTU OC +Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, Kaohsiung. TORI + +=== Tanzania === +Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, headquartered in Zanzibar. + +=== Turkey === +Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Izmir. DEU +Institute of Marine Sciences, part of Middle East Technical University, Erdemli and Mersin. IMS +Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management. Deniz Bilimleri +Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, part of the Turkish Navy. ONHO + +=== United Kingdom === +Bangor University, School of Ocean Sciences. Ocean Sciences +British Oceanographic Data Centre in Liverpool. BODC +Challenger Society for Marine Science, a learned society. +FSC Millport, formerly known as the University Marine Biological Station Millport, on the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. +Dove Marine Laboratory in North Shields, associated with Newcastle University. +Gatty Marine Laboratory, associated with the University of St. Andrews, Scotland. +Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, Devon. +Marine Scotland Directorate, formerly called Marine Scotland Science, headquartered in Leith, Edinburgh. +Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter. Met Office +MLA College, Brisbane +National Oceanography Centre including the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. +National Tidal and Sea Level Facility, including the UK National Tide Gauge Network. NTSLF +Plymouth Marine Laboratory in Devon. +Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory in Liverpool. +Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge. SPRI +Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage, Oban. SAMS + +=== United States === + +==== National agencies and non-profit organizations ==== +Integrated Ocean Observing System, a network of regional observing systems. +Long Beach Marine Institute, non-profit marine science education and conservation organization in California +Ocean Observatories Initiative, a collaboration between WHOI, OSU, UW, and Rutgers. +NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program +National Data Buoy Center +National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, within which there are several affiliate “joint” programs co-hosted by other institutions. +National Undersea Research Program +Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, also home to the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. NAVOCEANO +Schmidt Ocean Institute +Sea Education Association, also known as SEA Semester. SEA +University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System. UNOLS + +==== Universities with oceanography programs ==== +Northeast: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7121813a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "List of oceanographic institutions and programs" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine. Bigelow +University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences based in Orono and the Downeast Institute at the Machias campus. +Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory associated with Columbia University in Palisades, New York. +Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, associated with the University of Chicago. MBL +Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, East Point, Nahant, Massachusetts. Marine Science Center +Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, on Long Island, New York State. SoMAS +Princeton University’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, New Jersey. +Rutgers University, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, is based in New Brunswick, New Jersey with other marine science field stations in New Jersey. +University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, at the Avery Point campus near Groton, Connecticut, also host to the National Undersea Research Center for the North Atlantic and Great Lakes. DMS +Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. WHOI +University of Delaware, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, which has a campus in Lewes, Delaware. CEOE +University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, School for Marine Science & Technology. SMAST +University of New Hampshire’s School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping, and Shoals Marine Laboratory. +University of New England (United States) has programs in marine science at the Biddeford, Maine campus. Marine Programs. +University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography, also has a Center for Ocean Exploration and Archaeological Oceanography. +Southeast: + +Duke University Marine Laboratory near Beaufort, North Carolina. Duke Marine Lab +Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography at Nova Southeastern University, Florida. +Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University in Fort Pierce, Florida. HBOI +Florida Institute of Technology, School of Marine and Environmental Technology in Melbourne, Florida. +Florida State University, Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science in Tallahassee and Coastal Marine Laboratory in St. Teresa. EOAS +Old Dominion University, department of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Norfolk, Virginia. OES +Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Florida. RSMAS +Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Georgia. SKIO +University of Georgia Marine Institute on Sapelo Island. UGAMI +University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Center for Marine Science. UNCW CMS +University of South Carolina, School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment headquartered in Columbia, South Carolina, as well as the Baruch Institute, a research station near Georgetown, South Carolina. SEOE +Virginia Institute of Marine Science, located in Gloucester Point, Virginia, part of William & Mary. VIMS +Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, part of the University of Florida, in Saint Augustine. Whitney Laboratory +Gulf Coast: + +Dauphin Island Sea Lab on the barrier island where Fort Gaines is located, part of the University of South Alabama. DISL +Florida Institute of Oceanography, housed at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg. FIO +Louisiana State University, College of the Coast & Environment. CCE +Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, based in College Station, Texas but with a campus in Galveston, Texas. TAMU Oceanography +University of Southern Mississippi, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, with locations in Long Beach, Ocean Springs, and the Stennis Space Center. SOSE +University of Texas Marine Science Institute in Port Aransas, Texas. UTMSI +West Coast: + +Cal Poly Humboldt, Marine Sciences program, Arcata, California. Humboldt Marine Sciences +Center for the Blue Economy in Monterey, California, managed by the Middlebury Institute of International Studies. +Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu and Kaneohe, Hawaii. +Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Oregon is operated by Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. CEOAS +Hopkins Marine Station, run by Stanford University, in Monterey, California. Hopkins +Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Monterey, California. MBARI +Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, run by the California State University system, in Moss Landing, California. MLML +Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. NPS +Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, part of NOAA, split between Newport, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. PMEL +San Diego State University operates the Coastal Waters Laboratory in San Diego, California. +Scripps Institution of Oceanography, associated with the University of California San Diego, in La Jolla, California. Scripps +Southern California Marine Institute, a multi-campus research station on Terminal Island in the Los Angeles area. +University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, which also houses the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research, is based in Fairbanks, Alaska and also has a small station in Seward, Alaska. CFOS +University of California Davis, Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, which also runs the Bodega Marine Laboratory and Bodega Marine Reserve in Sonoma County, California. UCDavis Marine Science +University of California Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute. UCSB MSI +University of California Santa Cruz Coastal Science Campus, Institute of Marine Sciences. UCSC IMS +University of Hawaii at Manoa’s School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology houses the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education and the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory. SOEST +University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington. UW Ocean +Western Washington University, Shannon Point Marine Center, Anacortes, Washington. SPMC +Inland and Great Lakes: + +National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado. +University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado. +University of Colorado Boulder, which houses the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. +University of Michigan, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Oceanography program. U-M + +=== Venezuela === +Oceanographic Institute of Venezuela in Cumana. + +=== Vietnam === +Institute of Marine Environment and Resources in Haiphong, part of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. IMER +Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics in Hanoi, part of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. IMGG +International Centre for Interdisciplinary Science and Education in Quy Nhon, Binh Dinh. ICISE +Nha Trang Oceanography Institute in Khánh Hòa Province. VNIO +University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Water-Earth-Environment Program. WEO + +== See also == + +Category:Oceanographic organizations +Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes +Earth science +List of environmental research institutes +List of research vessels by country +Oceanography +Outline of Earth sciences +Outline of oceanography + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_map_services-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_map_services-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b7b92893 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_map_services-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ +--- +title: "List of online map services" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_map_services" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:15.984591+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Online maps can be basically divided by the covered area (global or local) and by the representation of this area (classic drawn or orthophoto). + + +== Global online map service provider and their map Service == +These maps cover the world, but may have close up details in many areas. + +Apple +Apple Maps +Altair Guide +Esri +Fosm.org +Alphabet +Google Maps +Google Earth +Waze +Here +Here WeGo +Microsoft +Azure Maps +Bing Maps +MapsLore +OpenStreetMap +Mapbox +MapQuest +Mapcreator +Maptitude Online +Mapy.cz +Moovit +Stadia Maps +Thunderforest Maps +Seznam +Mapy.com +TomTom +Bing Maps +Petal Maps +Windows Maps +WikiMapia +Yahoo! Maps (defunct) +Yandex Maps + + +== By continent == + + +=== Africa === +Africomaps - Covers all 54 countries in the African continent + + +=== Europe === +ViaMichelin (based on TomTom) + + +== Local online maps == +Local maps cover only part of the earth surface, and may be more detailed than the global ones. + + +=== Abkhazia === +2GIS, by 2GIS. + + +=== Australia === +"The Australian National Map", by TerriaJS. +"MinView", by NSW Government +"Whereis", by Sensis + + +=== Azerbaijan === +"GoMap.Az", by the Government of Azerbaijan. + + +=== Bangladesh === +"Barikoi" - covers Bangladesh, specially Dhaka city and parts of Narayanganj in detail, more cities will be covered soon + + +=== Bahrain === +"Bahrain Locator", by the Government of Bahrain. +Urbi, by 2GIS. + + +=== Belarus === +2GIS, by 2GIS. + + +=== Belgium === +geo.be - Geoportal of the Belgian federal institutions +datastore.brussels - covers the Brussels Region +Geopunt - covers the Flemish Region and offers all data as open data downloads and services +WalOnMap - covers the Walloon Region + + +=== Caribbean === +Staff writers (September 15, 2016). "Skyviews: Islands Hotspots Caribbean Map Publishers". www.skyviews.com. One Bright Space. Skyviews Island Hotspots. Retrieved July 7, 2024. + + +=== China === +AutoNavi (Gaode). +"Baidu Maps", by Baidu. +"Tencent Maps", by Tencent. +Sogou Map by Sogou +"Tianditu", by China's State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. + + +=== Czech Republic === +Mapy.com, by Seznam.cz; uses OpenStreetMap for other countries + + +=== Egypt === +"NARSS Geoportal", by the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. + + +=== Estonia === +Estonian Land Board - covers the whole country + + +=== European Union === +"INSPIRE Geoportal", by the European Commission. + + +=== France === +Géoportail - government run public service mapping, covers the whole French territory and Monaco. +ViaMichelin - World maps, city maps, driving directions, Michelin-starred restaurants, hotel booking, traffic news and weather forecast with ViaMichelin. + + +=== Germany === +"Geoportal.de", by the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG). + + +=== Hong Kong === +Centamap – launched in 1999, Centamap is built using data from the Hong Kong Government +GeoInfo Map – a geospatial information service provided by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. +Common Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal aka CSDI – a portal providing information infrastructure to share spatial data in Hong Kong for smart city development. + + +=== India === +"Bhuvan", by National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO +MapMyIndia + + +=== Indonesia === +"Ina-Geoportal", by Badan Informasi Geospasial. + + +=== Iran === +Neshan +namaa +Balad + + +=== Israel === +"Walla! Maps", by Walla!. + + +=== Japan === +"Yahoo! Japan Maps", by Yahoo! Japan. +"MapFan", by Increment P. + + +=== Kazakhstan === +2GIS, by 2GIS. + + +=== Kuwait === +"Kuwait Finder", by Kuwait's Public Authority for Civil Information. +Urbi, by 2GIS. + + +=== Kyrghyzstan === +2GIS, by 2GIS. + + +=== Malaysia === +"1Malaysia Map", by the Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources (Malaysia). + + +=== Malta === +"Geoserver map portal", by the Planning Authority. + + +=== Myanmar === +"DPS Map", covers Myanmar/Burma. + + +=== Nepal === +Baato Maps + + +=== New Zealand === +"NZGB Gazetteer", by Land Information New Zealand. + + +=== Nigeria === +Lagos State: Lagos State Spatial Data Infrastructure + + +=== Oman === +"National Survey Authority Geoportal", by Oman's National Survey Authority. + + +=== Palestine === +"GeoMOLG", by the Government of Palestine. + + +=== Philippines === +"Philippine Geoportal", by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority. + + +=== Qatar === +"Qatar Geoportal", by Qatar's Center for Geographic Information Systems (CGIS), part of the Ministry of Municipality and Environment. +Urbi, by 2GIS. + + +=== Russia === +Yandex Maps, by Yandex. +2GIS, by 2GIS. +Maps.me, by Mail.Ru + + +=== Saudi Arabia === +"GeoPortal Saudia", by the General Commission for Survey (GCS). +Urbi, by 2GIS. + + +=== Serbia === +"Geosrbija", by the Republic Geodetic Authority. + + +=== Singapore === +"OneMap", by the Singapore Land Authority. + + +=== Slovenia === +GeaBios + + +=== South Africa === +"AfriGIS Maps", by AfriGIS. + + +=== South Korea === +"Daum Map", by Daum (web portal). +"Naver Maps", by Naver. +T Map by SK Telecom +One Navi by KT corporation + + +=== Spain === +Spanish official cartography website, including National Topographic Maps MTN50 (1:50,000 scale) and MTN25 (1:25,000 scale). +SITPA-IDEAS, Asturias regional maps. + + +=== Sweden === +Eniro.se, also covers Denmark, Finland and Norway +Hitta.se + + +=== Switzerland === +map.geo.admin.ch by the Swiss Federal Office of Topography (Swisstopo). Also covers Liechtenstein. +search.ch/map by search.ch + + +=== Thailand === +"Longdo Map", by Longdo. +"NOSTRA Map", by Globetech. + + +=== Turkey === +"Gezgin Geoportal", by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. + + +=== United Arab Emirates === +"Abu Dhabi Geospatial Portal", an initiative of the Abu Dhabi Spatial Data Infrastructure (AD-SDI) program by the Abu Dhabi Smart Solutions & Services Authority. +"Makani", by Dubai Municipality's Geographic Information Systems Department. +Urbi, by 2GIS. + + +=== United Kingdom === +Digimap +"OS Maps", by Ordnance Survey. +OpenStreetMap - covers the whole country +"StreetMap", by Streetmap EU Ltd, at streetmap.co.uk - covers the whole country + + +=== United States === +Apple Maps - covers the whole country +Bing Maps – covers the whole country +Google Maps - covers the whole country +Libre Map Project +MapQuest - covers the whole country +The National Map by the United States Geological Survey. +Roadtrippers - covers the whole country +TerraServer-USA - covers the whole country + + +=== Uzbekistan === +2GIS, by 2GIS. + + +=== Vietnam === +"Vietbando Maps", by Vietbando. +"Vinalo Maps", Vinalo. + + +== See also == +Comparison of web map services +National mapping agency + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Collection of online maps \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_processes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_processes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc7c94f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_processes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "List of peace processes" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_processes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:17.169093+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is a list of peace processes of specific conflicts starting in the late twentieth century. + + +== Starting in the twentieth century == +1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations, peace negotiations between Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian State +Cyprus peace process, from ca. 1974, a prolonged process to find a peaceful solution for the Cyprus problem +Western Sahara peace process, efforts since ca. 1991 to resolve the Western Sahara conflict +Israeli–Palestinian peace process, efforts since ca. 1991 to find a political accommodation for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the wider Arab–Israeli conflict +Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa, successful talks that brought about the end of the apartheid system +Nagorno–Karabakh peace process coordinated by the OSCE Minsk Group (1991–2021), attempted to resolve the Nagorno–Karabakh conflict +Kurdish–Turkish peace process, failed attempts to resolve the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) +1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives +1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire +2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire +2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process +Inter-Tajik Dialogue (1993-2000) +Northern Ireland peace process, efforts from ca. 1993 to end "the Troubles" +Guatemalan Peace Process 1994-1996, successful process that ended the Guatemalan Civil War +Colombia +1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, failed attempt to resolve the Colombian conflict +Colombian peace process (2012–2016), ongoing process to bring an end to the Colombian conflict + + +== Twenty-first century == +Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process, attempts to resolve the Fatah–Hamas conflict +Syrian peace process (2011–2024), various attempts to find a political solution for the Syrian Civil War +Yemeni peace process (2011–present), attempts to resolve the Yemeni Crisis, resulted in replacement of the President, but no end to the violence +Bangsamoro peace process, attempts to find solution for the Moro conflict +Negotiations during the Venezuelan crisis (2014–present), attempts to resolve the crisis in Venezuela +Libyan peace process (2015–2020), resolution of the Second Libyan Civil War, leading to the Government of National Unity in February 2021 and planned presidential and parliamentary elections in June 2022 +Afghan peace process (2018–2021), various attempts to find a peaceful resolve to the War in Afghanistan, ended with a decisive Taliban military victory +2018–19 Korean peace process, failed attempt to end the Korean conflict +Sudanese peace process (2019–2020) was an attempt to resolve the War in Darfur and the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile +Tigrayan peace process (2020–2022), attempts to resolve the Tigray War +Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-present), peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine after the former's invasion of the latter +2025 Kurdish-Turkey Peace Process, peace negotiations between the Kurdistan Workers' Party, mediated and joined by the pro-Kurdish DEM Party, and the Turkish State to resolve the decades-long Kurdish insurgency in the country's South-East and to alter the place of Kurds in Turkey. + + +== See also == +List of peace activists \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physiographic_regions-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physiographic_regions-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1fca2121 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physiographic_regions-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "List of physiographic regions" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physiographic_regions" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:18.398359+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The landforms of Earth are generally divided into physiographic regions, consisting of physiographic provinces, which in turn consist of physiographic sections, though some others use different terminology, such as realms, regions and subregions. Some areas have further categorized their respective areas into more detailed subsections. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc348e304 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of places on land with elevations below sea level" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:17.833260+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of places on land below mean sea level. +Places artificially created such as tunnels, mines, basements, and dug holes, or places under water, or existing temporarily as a result of ebbing of sea tide etc., are not included. Places where seawater and rainwater is pumped away are included. Fully natural places below sea level require a dry climate; otherwise, rain would exceed evaporation and fill the area. +All figures are in meters below mean sea level (as locally defined), arranged by depth, lowest first: + + +== Africa == + + +== Antarctica == + + +== Asia == + + +== Europe == + + +== North America == + + +== Oceania == + + +== South America == + + +== Historic and ice-covered areas == +Deeper and larger than any of the trenches in the list above is the Bentley Subglacial Trench in Antarctica, at a depth of 2,540 m (8,330 ft). It is subglacial, covered permanently by the largest glacier in the world. Therefore, it is not included in any list on the page. If the ice melted it would be covered by sea. +The biggest dry land area below sea level that has been known to exist during the geological past, as measured by continuous volume of atmospheric air below sea level, was the dry bed of the Mediterranean Sea of the late Miocene period during the Messinian salinity crisis. + + +== See also == +Extreme points of Earth +List of countries by lowest point +List of submarine topographical features + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"Interactive Sea Level Elevation Map". floodmap.net. +"Adjustable Sealevel Map". flood.firetree.net. +"Land Below Sea Level". geology.com. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34e75e584 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "List of plants known as oil palm" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:30.808716+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Oil palm refers to several palms that yield oil from fruit pulp and seeds, primarily + +Elaeis guineensis, the African oil palm, the major palm oil crop species +but also: + +Attalea maripa, the maripa palm +Cocos nucifera, the coconut palm, which yields coconut oil from its seeds +Elaeis oleifera, the American oil palm +The genus Elaeis, with just two species, E. guineensis and E. oleifera, referred to as the oil-palm genus + + +== See also == +Wax palm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abcc483d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "List of polar explorers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:19.671449+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This list is for recognised pioneering explorers of the polar regions. It does not include subsequent travelers and expeditions. + + +== Polar explorers == + + +== See also == +List of Russian explorers +List of female explorers and travelers + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_borders-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_borders-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9afb70090 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_borders-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "List of political and geographic borders" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_borders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:21.001341+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + +== Boundaries == +Below are separate lists of countries and dependencies with their land boundaries, and lists of which countries and dependencies border oceans and major seas. The first short section describes the borders or edges of continents and oceans/major seas. Disputed areas are not considered. + + +=== Continents === +(Notes: Dependencies and islands remote from continental land masses are not considered and are excluded from this list section; thus only continental land borders are considered. The only countries listed either straddle continents or are on a continent border.) + +Section Key: + +( * ) = represents a country that crosses a continental land border + + +=== Countries === +(Notes: Dependencies are excluded from this section. See below. Only land boundaries are considered; maritime boundaries are excluded; see the List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries. Disputed territories are not considered, other than the inclusion by necessity, in a neutral fashion, of Western Sahara.) + +Section Key: + +( * ) = represents a sea (or other body of water)'s parent ocean; also it may represent a dependency's parent country +(Note: All official and unofficial claims by countries and/or governments on the continent of Antarctica are excluded from this section list.) + + +=== Dependencies === +(Note: This section lists only dependencies with land boundaries) + +Section Key: + +( * ) = represents a sea (or other body of water)'s parent ocean + + +=== Oceans === + +Section Key: + +( * ) = represents a dependency's parent country +(Note: Seas are excluded from this list section.) + + +=== Seas === + +Section Key: + +( * ) = represents a dependency's parent country +(Note: This section only includes large bodies of water that are designated as a "sea" by a large portion of geographers worldwide.) + + +== See also == +List of artificial islands +List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders +List of countries and territories by land borders +List of divided islands +Lists of islands +List of islands by area +List of islands by population + + +== External links == +CIA - The World Factbook +Google Maps +HRW World Atlas +Joshua Calder's World Island Info +TopoZone +World Maps \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_(all)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_(all)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d4826de1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_(all)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area (all)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_(all)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:22.151564+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is one of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. References for the information provided in this table may be found in the individual articles on each body listed herein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap among the lists in order to maximize ease of use. + + +== See also == +Other divisions + +0.1 to 1,000,000+ square kilometers +1,000,000+ square kilometers +Smaller divisions + +200,000+ square kilometers • 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers +5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers +500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers • 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers +50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers • 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers • 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers +7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers • 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers • 3,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 3,000 square kilometers +250 to 1,000 square kilometers • 50 to 250 square kilometers • Under 50 square kilometers +Other + +List of countries and dependencies by area +List of largest empires +List of administrative divisions by country +Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_0.1_to_1,000_square_kilometers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_0.1_to_1,000_square_kilometers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf1a98dc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_0.1_to_1,000_square_kilometers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_0.1_to_1,000_square_kilometers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:23.775589+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is one of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. References for the information provided in this table may be found in the individual articles on each body listed herein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap among the lists in order to maximize ease of use. + + +== See also == +Other divisions + +0.1 to 1,000,000+ square kilometers +1,000,000+ square kilometers +Smaller divisions + +200,000+ square kilometers • 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers +5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers +500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers • 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers +50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers • 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers • 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers +7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers • 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers • 3,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 3,000 square kilometers +250 to 1,000 square kilometers • 50 to 250 square kilometers • Under 50 square kilometers +Other + +List of countries and dependencies by area +List of largest empires +List of administrative divisions by country +Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions + + +== References == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_3,000_square_kilometers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_3,000_square_kilometers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38dee5e03 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_3,000_square_kilometers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 1,000 to 3,000 square kilometers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_3,000_square_kilometers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:25.180787+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is one of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. References for the information provided in this table may be found in the individual articles on each body listed herein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap among the lists in order to maximize ease of use. + + +== See also == +Other divisions + +0.1 to 1,000,000+ square kilometers +1,000,000+ square kilometers +Smaller divisions + +200,000+ square kilometers • 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers +5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers +500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers • 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers +50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers • 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers • 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers +7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers • 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers • 3,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 3,000 square kilometers +250 to 1,000 square kilometers • 50 to 250 square kilometers • Under 50 square kilometers +Other + +List of countries and dependencies by area +List of largest empires +List of administrative divisions by country +Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a6ef1a2c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:23.111706+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is the list of countries by freshwater withdrawal for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data). The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. +According to World Bank, ″annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes.″ +The level of water stress (freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources) is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity. +According to Food and Agriculture Organization, ″total freshwater withdrawal is the sum of surface water withdrawal and groundwater withdrawal″. + +[Total freshwater withdrawal (surface water + groundwater)] = [Total water withdrawal] - [Desalinated water produced] - [Treated wastewater reused] - [Reused agricultural drainage water] + + +== List of countries by freshwater withdrawal == +The following table provides information on annual freshwater withdrawal based on data published by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization. Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3. + + + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d943a44a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:00.612935+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Mars Exploration Rover mission successfully landed and operated the rovers Spirit and Opportunity on the planet Mars from 2004 to 2018. During Spirit's six years of operation and Opportunity's fourteen years of operation, the rovers drove a total of 52 kilometres (32 miles) on the Martian surface, visiting various surface features in their landing sites of Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, respectively. + + +== Spirit == + + +=== Hills === +Apollo 1 Hills +Grissom Hill +Columbia Hills +Husband Hill +McCool Hill + + +=== Craters === +Bonneville crater +Gusev crater +Thira crater + + +=== Rocks === +Adirondack +Home Plate +Humphrey +Pot of Gold + + +=== Miscellaneous === +Larry's Lookout +Sleepy Hollow + + +== Opportunity == + + +=== Craters === +Argo crater +Beagle crater +Bopolu crater +Concepción crater +Eagle crater +Emma Dean crater +Endeavour (crater) +Cape Tribulation +Marathon Valley +Cape York +Greeley Haven +Solander Point +Endurance crater +Erebus crater +Fram crater +Naturaliste crater +Nereus crater +Santa Maria crater +Victoria crater +Cape Verde +Vostok crater + + +=== Rocks === +Block Island meteorite +Bounce Rock +El Capitan +Heat Shield Rock +Last Chance +Mackinac Island meteorite +Matijevic Hill +Oileán Ruaidh +Shelter Island meteorite + + +== See also == + +List of craters on Mars +List of rocks on Mars + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce574c46f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Lost lands" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:58.077159+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Lost lands are islands or continents believed by some to have existed during prehistory, but have since disappeared as a result of catastrophic geological phenomena. +Legends of lost lands often originated as scholarly or scientific theories, only to be picked up by writers and individuals outside the academy. Occult and New Age writers have made use of lost lands, as have subaltern peoples. Phantom islands, as opposed to lost lands, are land masses formerly believed by cartographers to exist in the current historical age, but to have been discredited as a result of expanding geographic knowledge. The classification of lost lands as continents, islands, or other regions is in some cases subjective; for example, Atlantis is variously described as either a "lost island" or a "lost continent". Lost land theories may originate in mythology or philosophy, or in scholarly or scientific theories, such as catastrophic theories of geology. +With the development of plate tectonic simulation software, new lost land has been discovered and confirmed by the scientific community (like Greater Adria in 2019). + +== Submerged lands == + +Although the existence of lost continents in the above sense is mythical (aside from Zealandia and Greater Adria), there were many places on Earth that were once dry land, but submerged after the end of the ice age around 10,000 BCE due to rising sea levels, and possibly were the basis for Neolithic and Bronze Age flood myths. Some were lost due to coastal erosion or volcanic eruptions. An (incomplete) list follows: + +A large island in the Mediterranean Sea, of which Malta is the only part not now submerged. +Balkanatolia, a sunken land in the Mediterranean Sea. +Beringia, connecting Asia and North America. +Doggerland, the bed of the North Sea, which once connected Great Britain to Continental Europe before being inundated by rising sea levels during the Holocene +Ferdinandea, a submerged volcanic island in the Mediterranean Sea that has appeared at least four times in the past. +Kerguelen Plateau, a partially-submerged micro-continent of which part, the Kerguelen Islands, is not now submerged. Other parts are now 1–2 kilometres (0.62–1.2 miles) below sea level. +Maui Nui, once a large island of the Hawaii archipelago; several major islands represent residual high ground of Maui Nui. +Sundaland, the now submerged Sunda Shelf. +The Viking-Bergen Banks are submerged hills in the North Sea which formed Viking-Bergen Island during the Last Glacial Period and possibly the northernmost point of Doggerland. + +=== Lost continents === + +Greater Adria, a continent connecting between Italy and North Africa. +Zealandia, a scientifically accepted continent that is now 94% submerged under the Pacific Ocean, surrounding the areas of New Zealand and New Caledonia. + +== Mythical and pseudoscientific lost lands == +Atlantis, Lemuria, and Mu are among the most widely known examples of supposed “lost lands,” a term applied to places that have vanished or disappeared due to catastrophic events. Although each lost land originated from different contexts, their many interpretations are shaped by pseudoscientific, occult, and New Age ideas. Despite the lack of concrete evidence, these lost lands are still prominent cultural influences and popular in discussions about ancient mysteries and possible vanished civilizations of the past. These lost lands continue to foster speculation, imagination, reinterpretation, theory, and debate about the possibility of their existence. + +=== Atlantis === +The fictitious story of Atlantis originates from two dialogues, Timaeus and Critias, created by the Greek philosopher Plato in the 4th century BCE. In these writings, the island of Atlantis is described by Critias as a rich, successful, and powerful empire that grew morally corrupt over time. Ultimately, Atlantis collapses through war, defeated by Athens, and "all of Atlantis was destroyed in a tremendous cataclysm of earthquakes and floods”. Most scholars agree that the story of Atlantis was never meant to be true history but more so an entertaining story that conveys moral lessons. +Throughout history, the idea of Atlantis was reinterpreted many times, especially through Ignatius Donelly, who is considered the modern “father of the nineteenth-century Atlantis revival”. In 1882, he published a book titled Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, which discussed that Atlantis was the source of origin for Egyptian, Mesoamerican, and Mediterranean cultures. Donnelly sought to prove his diffusionist Atlantis claim by drawing archaeological comparisons between the civilizations, though these comparisons were widely rejected by mainstream archaeology and scholars. However, his ideas laid the foundation for later pseudoscientific interpretations of Atlantis. +In the 20th and 21st centuries, Atlantis has emerged as a central subject in pseudoarcheology, where it is often associated with global cultural diffusion, ancient aliens, or lost advanced technologies. Modern fringe theories deviate from Plato’s writings entirely and relocate Atlantis to different places across the world like the Mid-Atlantic, the Caribbean, or Antarctica. Atlantis also plays a significant role in popular culture, influencing movies, literature, television shows, and other media. +Despite alternative interpretations and influences Atlantis still has today, the scholarly consensus remains the same that no geological or archaeological evidence indicates the true existence of Atlantis. Because of this, Atlantis is regarded as a mythical land attributed to the mind and imagination of the Greek philosopher, Plato. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccb167046 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Lost lands" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:58.077159+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Lemuria === +Lemuria, as a lost land, was first presented by the British zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater in The Quarterly Journal of Science published in April 1864. Sclater proposed that the existence of a now-submerged landmass linking Madagascar and India would explain the geographic distribution of lemurs. He was in favor of this theory because he found their distribution to be difficult to account for through the knowledge of species migration that was present at the time. Others like Sclater also used the idea of land bridges to explain continental species distribution before the idea of plate tectonics, a theory proposed by Alfred Wegener, became accepted as modern geology developed in the mid-20th century. Sclater’s hypothesis about Lemuria was then abandoned as plate tectonics now provided a clear explanation for continental drift and the distribution of lemurs that Sclater was studying. +Despite this scientific consensus, the idea of Lemuria was reimagined by Helena Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society in the late 19th century, transforming it into a mythical lost continent that related to their esoteric practices. They saw Lemuria as a precursor to Atlantis that was home to prehistoric “root races” who possessed psychic power and advanced spiritual qualities. According to Blavatsky, the sinking of Lemuria was followed by the rise of Atlantis, which became the dwelling of the fourth “root race”. With the rise of spiritualism in the 19th century, Lemuria was reinterpreted as not a geological land bridge but a place of theosophy and occultism concepts. +In today’s modern culture, Lemuria is kept alive by fringe theories, speculative fiction, occultism, New Age beliefs, and alternative archaeology theories. However, claims about the existence of Lemuria continue to remain unsupported by scientists due to the lack of physical and geological evidence of the lost land. + +=== Mu === +The lost land of Mu originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly through Augustus Le Plongeon and James Churchward’s works. After misinterpreting Maya inscriptions, Le Plongeon proposed that the Maya civilization originated from a lost continent in the Atlantic called Mu, a name which he got from Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg’s mistranslation of the Madrid Codex. James Churchward expanded on this idea in his work The Lost Continent of Mu (1926) and claimed to have translated ancient Naacal tablets that described Mu as the center of an immense Pacific civilization that predated all cultures. +Churchward’s narrative described an advanced Naacal race that supposedly spread civilization throughout the world and was the origin of influence for ancient civilizations such as Egypt, India, and Central America. These ideas reflect early 20th-century hyperdiffusionism, which is the pseudoarchaeology theory that all major world civilizations share a single common origin. +No archaeological, geological, or historical evidence supports the existence of the continent of Mu. The idea of Mu originated from mistranslated and misinterpreted texts and speculative reconstructions rather than from concrete evidence and verifiable data. The claim of Mu as the source for other civilizations is rejected by archaeologists as there is evidence for their independent origins supported by archaeological, linguistic, and genetic evidence. +Despite its lack of credibility and scientific evidence, Mu is still a recurring theme in New Age literature, pseudoscientific discussions about ancient civilizations, and the media. Those who believe in Mu often draw on Churchward’s descriptions and link them to advanced ancient technology, forgotten spiritual knowledge, or other diffusionist theories. In New Age belief systems, Mu is often grouped with Atlantis and Lemuria and portrayed as a triad of mythical “lost lands” that fall into esoteric and occult beliefs. Because the lost land of Mu is based on an imaginative construct of speculative interpretations rather than concrete evidence presented by archaeology or science, Mu is regarded as a pseudoscientific lost land. + +== Other mythological lands == + +Agartha, in the Hollow Earth. +Avalon, the mythical lost land or island in Arthurian, Cornish and Welsh legend. +Buyan, an island with the ability to appear and disappear in Slavic mythology. +Island of Brasil, also known as Hy-Brasil, west of Ireland. +Cantre'r Gwaelod, in Welsh legend, the ancient sunken realm said to have occupied a tract of fertile land lying between Ramsey Island and Bardsey Island in what is now Cardigan Bay to the west of Wales. +Dvārakā the submerged city of Lord Krishna +Iram of the Pillars, a lost city, country or area mentioned in the Qur'an. +Atlantis of the Sands, also known as Ubar, somewhere in Arabia. +Jomsborg and Vineta, legendary cities on the south coast of the Baltic Sea supposed to have been submerged in the Middle Ages. +Kitezh, a legendary underwater city located in Russia, populated by spiritual people. +Kumari Kandam, a mythical lost continent with an ancient Tamil civilization in the Indian Ocean +Llys Helig Welsh legends regarding the local rock formations conceal the palace of Prince Helig ap Glanawg, said to be part of a larger drowned kingdom near Penmaenmawr, Wales. +Lyonesse in Arthurian literature: it was the home of Tristan and is usually associated with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall (an area inundated by the sea c. 2500 BC). The tale parallels the Welsh and particularly Breton legendary lost lands. +Shangri-La, a fictitious valley in Tibet, the idea of which may have been inspired by the myth of Shambhala +Quivira and Cibola, also known as the Seven Cities of Gold. These were suspected somewhere in America by the Conquistadors. +El Dorado, mythic city of gold. +Ys, a mythical drowned city in Brittany, similar to other Celtic lost lands in Welsh and Cornish tradition. Most versions of the legend place the city in the Baie de Douarnenez. + +== Figures in literature and philosophy == +The following individuals are known for having written on the subject of lost lands (either as fiction, hypothesis, or supposed fact): \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92ae0763a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Lost lands" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:58.077159+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +H.P. Blavatsky +Edgar Rice Burroughs (The Land That Time Forgot, Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar, At the Earth's Core) +James Churchward +Henry Corbin (Malakut or Hurqalya) +Ignatius L. Donnelly +Burak Eldem +Warren Ellis +Philip José Farmer +H. Rider Haggard +Robert E. Howard (Hyborian Age) +Édouard Lalo (Le roi d'Ys) +H. P. Lovecraft often invoked the names of lost lands of his own invention, a practice that subsequently gave birth to the Cthulhu mythos. +Geoffrey of Monmouth first mention of Avalon in his Historia Regum Britanniae +Nicholas Monsarrat, (The Time Before This, set in northern Canada) +Plato +Augustus Le Plongeon +Zecharia Sitchin +J. R. R. Tolkien (his Númenor legend is partly based on Atlantis. Beleriand, the main theatre of action in The Silmarillion is sunk at the end of the story cycle. Both Númenor and Beleriand are referenced in his most famous work: The Lord of the Rings.) +Jack Vance (Lyonesse Trilogy) +Samael Aun Weor +Umberto Eco (The Island of the Day Before) +Jules Verne (The Mysterious Island) + +== See also == +Flood myth +Lost city +Lost world +Past sea level +Phantom island +Vanishing island +Terra Australis +Tidal island + +== References == + +== Further reading == +L. Sprague de Camp and Willy Ley, Lands Beyond, Rinehart & Co., New York, 1952. +L. Sprague de Camp, Lost Continents: The Atlantis Theme in History, Science, and Literature, Dover Publications, 1970. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_game_land-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_game_land-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58ffab665 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_game_land-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "North Carolina game land" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_game_land" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:07:09.602000+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +North Carolina game lands are areas of public and private protected land comprising some 2,000,000 acres (8,000 km2) in North Carolina managed by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission for public hunting, trapping, and inland fishing. Wildlife Law Enforcement Officers enforce state and federal game, fish, and boating laws. + + +== List of game lands == +The game lands are divided into three regions. + + +== Mountain Region == + + +== Piedmont Region == + + +== Coastal Region == + + +== See also == +List of North Carolina state parks +List of North Carolina state forests +List of North Carolina state parks + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Information from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c39343f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of forestry" +chunk: 1/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry: +Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in creating and modifying habitats, and affects ecosystem services provisioning. A practitioner of forestry is a forester. +Below is a structured list of topics in forestry. + +== Focus of forestry == +Tree – organism, whose species, age, vitality, growth, health, and size, are considered individually or more often, as part of a whole; +Forest – defined as either a geographic area or delineated by the general composition of individuals; +Biome – ecologically defined by its forest structure, leaf types, tree spacing, and climate + +== Branches of forestry == +Agroforestry – integration of forests into agricultural systems in order to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and minimize negative side effects of farming +Boreal forestry – analyzes the particular challenges of forestry in the world's boreal regions +Close to nature forestry – theory and practice that takes the forest as an ecosystem and manages it as such. It is based on reduced human intervention, that should be directed to accelerate the processes that nature would do by itself more slowly. +Dendrology – involves the study and identification of economically useful tree species +Forest ecology – studies the patterns and processes of a forest ecosystem +Forest hydrology – embodies the effects of changes in forest land use on the movement, distribution, and quality of water in the ecosystem +Forest pathology – study of diseases of woody plants, and of the interactions between trees and pathogens, pests, and other stressors that affect their health and function. +Silviculture – is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet specific objectives +Social forestry – addresses human-forest interactions, and the importance of community-based natural resource management +Sustainable forestry – providing for the needs of society in the form of forest products while maintaining the health of forests and their mitigation of climate change and biodiversity loss through forestry practices that mimic natural patterns of disturbance and regeneration, such as balancing the numbers of trees by age, to provide a layered canopy and sustainable yield as an alternative to clear cutting. Sustaining natural forest habitats also involves preserving their water quality, and protecting them from wildfire, pests, and diseases. +Tropical forestry – is particularly concerned with management and conservation of forests in the tropics +Urban forestry – entails the care and management of urban tree populations for the purpose of improving the urban environment + +=== Forest management === +Forest management – comprises the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects of forest regulation + +Analog forestry – a management focus that seeks to establish a tree-dominated ecosystem that is similar in architectural structure and ecological function to the naturally occurring climax and sub-climax vegetation community +Bamboo forestry – farming and harvesting bamboo for commercial purposes such as construction. +Community forestry – combination of forest conservation with rural development and poverty reduction objectives, accomplished through instating a legal framework that favors profitable and sustainable forest management +Continuous cover forestry +Ecoforestry – emphasizes practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems +Forest economics – studies the impact of economics on forest management decisions +Energy forestry – includes specifically managing for the production of energy from biomass or biofuel derived from a fast-growing species of tree or woody shrub +Short rotation forestry – managing a forest that utilizes fast-growing species as a bio-based energy crop for use in power stations, alone or in combination with other fuels such as coal +Short rotation coppice (SRC) – focus on species that are able to naturally regenerate through stump sprouts to maximize economic productivity +Hardwood timber production – process of managing stands of deciduous trees to maximize woody output +Tree breeding – method of genetically modifying/selecting forest stock for improved growth or vigor characteristics +Forest inventory – incorporates quantitative measurements of the forest stand to determine stand timber volume and productivity/health, and provides a basis off which management decisions can be made +Mycoforestry – ecological forest management system implemented to enhance forest ecosystems and plant communities through the introduction of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi +Permaforestry – approach to the wildcrafting and harvesting of the forest biomass that uses cultivation to improve the natural harmonious systems. It is a relationship of interdependence between humans and the natural systems in which the amount of biomass available from the forest increases with the health of its natural systems. +Sustainable forest management – emphasizes practices that maintain forest biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, and vitality, while continuing to fulfill relevant ecological, economic and social functions +Tree farming – timber crop production in a privately owned forest or woodland +Plantation forestry – industrial plantations are established to produce a high volume of wood in a short period of time. Some plantations are managed by state forestry authorities (for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and others by paper and wood companies (such as Weyerhaeuser, Rayonier and Plum Creek Timber in the United States, Asia Pulp & Paper in Indonesia). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07c2b116b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of forestry" +chunk: 2/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Types of trees and forests == +Types of trees +List of trees and shrubs by taxonomic family +List of tree species by shade tolerance – tree grouped by shade tolerance, a determinant in successional status +List of woods – commonly used in the timber and lumber trade +Types of forests +By ecological factors (climate, composition, etc.) +Boreal forests (taiga) – occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous +Coniferous forests +Temperate forests – forests in temperate zones +Broadleaf forests, for example: +Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests +Evergreen coniferous forests, for example: +Temperate coniferous forests +Temperate rainforests +Broadleaf evergreen forests – supported in warm temperate zones. Examples include: +Laurel forests +Tropical and subtropical forests +Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests +Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests +Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests +By physical structure or developmental stage +Old growth forest +Secondary forest +By dominant tree species, for example +Ponderosa pine forests +Douglas-fir forests +List of types of formally designated forests – various institutionally designated types of forest areas, generally classified by use or ownership + +== Geography of forests == + +List of countries by forest area – using data from the CIA's World Factbook, presents the total area in km2 and the percentage of land covered by forests +Lists of forests +List of old growth forests – by continent, country, province; with various descriptive information + +=== Map of biomes === + +List of life zones by region + +== Occupations in forestry == +Arborist – professional responsible for the maintenance of individual trees in an urban forest also called a tree surgeon. +Donkey puncher was the operator of a small steam donkey, a machine used in logging in the 19th and 20th centuries. +Fire lookout – person assigned to spot for fires/smoke atop a fire lookout tower +Forest ecologist – studies patterns, processes, flora and fauna in forest ecosystems +Forest economist – model and analyze economic aspects of forest growth, utilization, and conservation +Forest engineer – civil engineer specializing in all aspects of timber and forest operations, including road-building, railways, log transport, etc. +Forest ranger – responsible for managing and policing human use of the forest; sometimes also acts as educator and interpreter +Forest sociologist – applied social scientist working with a wide variety of stakeholders interested in forests +Forest technician – individual primarily responsible for the marking of timber sales and on-ground land management, often requires a two-year Associate of Science degree +Forester – professional chiefly responsible for the management of forests, requires a Bachelor of Science degree in most countries +Master forester – forestry expert responsible for forest management and training +Hotshot crew/Handcrew – a group of wildland firefighters specialized in fire suppression tactics +Lumberjack – the typical feller of trees and harvester of the lumber, duties can also include: +Log bucking – delimbing and partitioning of trees into logs +Log driving – transportation of logs on a river or lake downstream to the mill +Log scaling – measurement of felled trees to determine the volume of wood going to the manufacturer +Resin extractor – laborer who extracts resin from pine trees +Rubber tapper – laborer who extracts natural rubber from tropical rubber trees +Smokejumper – firefighters who parachute into remote areas to fight wildland fires +Timber cruiser – responsible for assessing forest growth, health, and valuation +Tree planters – help reestablish forests after logging, fires, and other events and circumstances + +== Silvicultural methods == + +Silviculture – practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to preserve and to better their productivity. +Site preparation + +Controlled burn – use of fire in order to eliminate weeds, brush, or slash, or to release on-site seeds of fire-dependent species +Stump harvesting – removal of tree stumps either for biomass or to free up space in the soil +Drum chopping – knocking down small trees and brush to clear the ground for planting +Planting + +Broadcast seeding – scattering of seed either by hand or mechanically over a relatively large area +Aerial seeding – dispersing of seed from an aircraft, used especially in mountainous areas +Treeplanting – transplanting of juvenile seedlings into the ground at a predetermined spacing +Intermediate treatments + +Weeding – removal or reduction of herbaceous or woody species around seedlings +Cleaning – removal of competing saplings of similar age in order to favor saplings of desirable growth characteristics +Liberation cutting – removal of older and established overtopping trees from desirable saplings +Thinning – removal of trees to favor the growth of select trees in order to maximize timber production +Ecological thinning – removal of trees to favor the growth of select trees in order to favor the development of wildlife habitat +Pruning – removal of the lateral branches on the trees in order to improve wood quality +Pollarding – annual removal of lateral branches or main stem in order to encourage growth of branches to provide for firewood, or fruit production +Harvest rotations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36fa2d002 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of forestry" +chunk: 3/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Even-aged timber management +Clearcutting – harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and size +Coppicing – cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stump +Seed-tree – cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cut +Uneven-aged timber management +Selection – harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning) +Shelterwood – removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged stand +Variable retention – removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversity +Other +Salvage logging – harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lost +Sanitation harvest – removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affected +Biomass harvest – harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestry +Underwater logging – harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial dams or reservoirs + +== Environmental issues pertaining to forests == +Afforestation – the process of establishing a forest on previously unforested land, for reasons of timber harvesting, conservation of biodiversity, or soil decontamination, among many +Biodiversity conservation – examines forests broader role in supporting a variety of (socio)ecological systems +Carbon sequestration – focus on forests' broader ecological functioning in consumption of carbon dioxide +Conservation – focus on sustainability of forest resources and preservation of forest-based biodiversity +Deforestation – the removal of trees in a forested area without sufficient regeneration, resulting in desertification in arid areas and loss of habitat and biodiversity +Deforestation by region +Ecological restoration – the role of trees in restoring degraded natural and built environments +Flood control – addresses forests ecological role in natural regulation of rainfall +Forest dieback – where trees on the periphery of a stand are killed by acid rain or parasites +Forest fragmentation – occurring when forests are cut down in a manner that leaves relatively small, isolated patches of forest, resulting in high amounts of edges and subsequent loss in wildlife habitat and biodiversity +Forest transition – shift from a period of net forest area loss (deforestation) to a period of net forest area gain (afforestation) for a given region or country +High grading – type of selective logging that removes the highest timber quality trees, resulting in poor genetic stock for subsequent generations +Illegal logging – the unlawful harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber, contributing to deforestation, corruption, and destabilization of international markets + +== Forest resource assessment == +Forest inventory – systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems. + +=== Timber metrics === + +Diameter at breast height (DBH) – measurement of a tree's diameter standardized at 1.3 meters (about 4.5 feet) above the ground +Basal area – defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base +Tree taper – the degree to which a tree's stem or bole decreases in diameter as a function of height above ground +Girard form class – an expression of tree taper calculated as the ratio of diameter inside the bark at 16 feet above ground to that outside the bark at DBH, primary expression of tree form used in the United States +Quadratic mean diameter – diameter of the tree that coordinates to the stand's basal area +Leaf Area Index – the ratio of total upper leaf surface of the forest canopy divided by the surface area of the land on which the vegetation grows +Tools +Biltmore stick – utilizes ocular trigonometry to quickly measure diameter and height +Diameter tape – cloth or metal tape that is wrapped around the bole, scaled to diameter +Caliper – two prongs connected to a measuring tape are placed around the most average part of the bole to determine diameter +Relascope – multiple-use tool that is able to find tree height, basal area, and tree diameter anywhere along the bole +Clinometer – common tool used to measure changes in elevation and tree height +Cruising rod – similar to a caliper, calculates the number of pieces of lumber yielded by a given piece of timber by measuring its diameter +Hemispherical photography – estimates solar radiation and characterize plant canopy structure/density using photographs taken looking upward through an extreme wide-angle lens + +=== Surveying techniques === +Traversing – method of surveying used to establish sampling plots along a line or path of travel +Chain – equivalent to 66 feet, widely used distance in surveying practices in the United States and other countries influenced by imperial Great Britain +Line plot survey – plots taken at a regular predetermined distance along the traverse path +Tools +Pacing – quick method used to survey in the field, requiring calibration of one's "paces" (pair of footsteps) to a known distance (often a chain) +Hand compass – a compact magnetic compass with a sighting device used to determine the location of plots for a given bearing +Wedge prism – optical instrument typically made of glass ground at slight angles to refract light passing through it from the smaller width side of the prism to the thicker width side of the prism, calibrated to a desired plot size (basal area factor) +Angle gauge – similar in principle to a wedge prism, although it must be held a fixed distance from the eye +GPS – global satellite navigation systems used to determine the position of oneself and plots +GIS – an information system capable of integrating, storing, analyzing, and displaying forest geographic information collected in the field + +=== Timber volume determination === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a9fc7d60 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of forestry" +chunk: 4/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Site index – a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years +Stocking – a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density which varies according to management purpose even on the same site +Stand Density Index – a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area +Volume table – a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume +Stand density management diagram – model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition +Units of measurement +Cord – very common measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet (3.6 m3), corresponding to a pile of wood, bark, and air 4 feet wide by 4 feet high and 8 feet long +Stère – invented in France, equivalent to a cubic meter of cut wood with space for air +Board foot – specialized unit of measure for lumber in North America, equivalent to the volume of a one foot length of a board one foot wide and one inch thick + +=== Stand growth assessment === +Increment borer – specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with relatively minor injury to the tree, used often for tree growth analysis +Mean annual increment (MAI) – refers to the average growth per year a tree or stand of trees has exhibited at a specific age +Periodic annual increment (PAI) – describes the average annual change in tree diameter between the beginning and ending of a growth period, used more often than MAI for percental growth +Ecological yield -the amount of wood volume in any given year whose harvesting would be considered sustainable +Growth and yield modelling – entails the creation of models of prospective tree growth and harvest yield for management purposes +Economics +Stumpage – the price charged by a land owner to loggers for the right to harvest standing timber on that land +Optimal rotation age – the age at which the harvesting of stumpage will generate the maximum revenue or economic yield + +== Harvesting == + +Logging – cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense to mean moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. However, in common usage, the term may be used to indicate a range of forestry or silviculture activities... + +=== Harvesting methods === + +Felling – process of cutting down a tree +Bucking – splitting of a felled and delimbed trees into logs +Scaling – measurement of felled trees to determine the volume of merchantable wood +Skidding – transportation of logs from the site of felling to the landing along the ground +Forwarding – transportation of logs from the site of felling to the landing above the ground, usually to minimize soil disturbance but limits the size or amount of logs that can be moved at once +Hauling – long-distance transportation of logs from the landing to their final destination, usually with a semi-truck but occasionally with a train +Woodchipping – grinding of logs into chips for engineered wood, mulch, paper, or fuel +Cut-to-length logging (CTL) – an expensive but efficient system where trees are felled, delimbed, and bucked to scale directly at the felling site +Cable logging – skidding using a wire cable attached to the felled trees, most common in areas with steep topographic relief, variations include +High lead logging – a cable is anchored to a tree at the top of the hill: +Skyline logging – a carriage is used alongside the main cable to provide leverage +Shovel logging – transport of multiple logs close to the logging road using a stationary loader, often used to minimize soil disturbance +Heli-logging – transport of logs from the forest to the landing via helicopter, most commonly used in inaccessible areas or to minimize impact on the soil +Log driving – transportation of individual logs on a waterway to a mill or port downstream +Timber rafting – transportation downstream of multiple logs bundled together into a raft, considered less dangerous than log driving + +=== Harvesting tools === + +==== Timber felling tools ==== + +Hand +Axe – primitive tool used felling and splitting +Chainsaw – portable mechanized all-purpose saw, the most common tool used in hand-felling +Crosscut saw – saws that have teeth that are designed to cut wood at a right angle to the direction of the wood grain, used for felling and bucking +Bucksaw – a type of crosscut saw used by one or two people to buck felled trees into sawlogs +Mechanized +Feller buncher – vehicle with an attachment that can rapidly cut and gather several smaller trees before felling them +Harvester – first half of the CTL system, vehicle that cuts, delimbs, and bucks the logs "to length" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9840b9fb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of forestry" +chunk: 5/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Log transportation tools ==== +Ground +Peavey – a traditional tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook with a sharp tip, used to spear the log for handling and moving +Cant Hook – tool with the same premise as the peavey but with blunt teeth-bearing tip +Yarder – in cable logging, a piece of equipment utilizing a pulley system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landing +Forwarder – second half of the CTL system, the vehicle that carries logs clear off the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing +Skidder – vehicle that drags logs along the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing +Michigan logging wheels – historical skidder, consisting of a specially designed large set of wooden wagon wheels and could be used in unfrozen soil conditions +Skid cone – a steel or plastic cone placed on the end of a log while being skidded, in order to ease its transportation or protect residual trees +Water +Splash dam – a dam built to temporarily raise the water level of a river to float timber downstream +Flume – chutes specifically constructed to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain to a sawmill by using flowing water. +Timber slide – chutes constructed parallel to a river in order to avoid damage to timber rafts caused by rapids or waterfalls +Boom – barriers placed in a river, designed to collect and or contain floating logs felled from nearby forests + +== Forest products == + +Forest product – any material derived from a forest for direct consumption or commercial use, such as lumber, paper, or forage for livestock. Wood is by far the dominant forest product, used for fuel (as firewood or charcoal), structural materials in the construction of buildings, or as a raw material, such as wood pulp used in the production of paper. All non-wood products derived from forest resources are called non-timber forest products. + +=== Primary forest products === + +Lumber (also "timber") – structural material for the construction of buildings or furniture making +Paper – made from wood pulp derived from the timber stock pulpwood +Paperboard – a thick packaging material derived from paper, cardboard is the generic term +Veneer – thin layers of high-quality wood, often decorative but also the primary product in plywood +Multilaminar veneer – like veneer, but utilizes plantation wood in accordance with the principles of sustainable forest management +Oriented strand board – mainly used in structural insulated panels, has largely replaced plywood +Fiberboard – a cheaper and denser form of plywood, used when cost is considered most important. Often used as the underlying structure in car dashboards +Drywall – a gypsum plaster placed inside two sheets of paper, used commonly as the finishing step in construction of interior walls and ceilings +Wood-plastic composite – made from recycled materials, is crack- and split-resistant and used commonly outdoors + +=== Secondary forest products === + +Fuel +Firewood – the most unprocessed form of wood fuel, supplies the majority of the developing world's energy needs +Pellets – a byproduct from sawmilling, is formed from compacted sawdust, easy to transport and has a high combustion efficiency +Cellulosic ethanol and Biomethanol – second generation biofuels that are a potential replacement for gasoline +Charcoal – derived from tar, is used extensively in cooking, industry, and water purification, among others +Black liquor – a byproduct from pulp production, can be gasified and used as a syngas +Byproducts +Cork – used to stop wine bottles and as the core in baseballs +Tar – mainly used as a sealant for shingles and watercraft hulls +Turpentine – derived from tar, historically used extensively to thin oil-based paints and a protective furniture wax +Rubber – wide range of commercial and industrial uses, tires and tubes are the largest consumer uses +Creosote – historically been used as a disinfectant, laxative, and to treat coughs +Tall oil – a cheap alternative for use in soaps, lubricants, and drilling fluid +Ecosystem services +Carbon sequestration – a technique for long-term storage of carbon to combat global warming +Water purification – riparian forests act as biofilters to capture and biologically degrade pollutants +Outdoor recreation – provides the natural infrastructure needed for ecotourism +Land rehabilitation – the restoration of degraded land to its former state, largely accomplished through phytoremediation + +== Forestry by region == + +== History of forestry == + +=== History of forestry, by period === + +==== Ancient forestry ==== + +Primitive forest management +Shifting cultivation +Shifting cultivation under stress +History of forestry in China +Forestry in the Zhou dynasty (Chow) (1045–256 BCE) +Forestry in the Qin dynasty (Chin) (221–206 BCE) +Forestry in the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 A.D.) +Forestry in the Three Kingdoms (220–280 A.D.) +Forestry in the Jin dynasty (266–420 A.D.) +Forestry in the Southern and Northern dynasties (Sung) (420–589 A.D.) +Forestry in the Sui dynasty (581–618 A.D.) +Forestry in the Tang dynasty (618–907 A.D.) +Forestry in the Liao dynasty (907–1125 A.D.) +Forestry in the Song dynasty (960–1279 A.D.) +Forestry in the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 A.D.) +Forestry in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 A.D.) +Forestry in the Qing dynasty (Ch'ing) (1644–1911) +Forestry in the Republic of China (1912–1949) + +==== Early modern forestry ==== + +Pre-mechanical forestry +Horse-drawn logging +History of forestry in Europe +History of forestry in Austria-Hungary +History of forestry in France +History of forestry in Germany +History of forestry in Russia +History of forestry in Sweden +Naval forestry +Naval stores industry +Colonial forestry +British timber trade +History of American mahogany trade +History of forestry in Burma +History of forestry in India +History of forestry on Java +History of forestry in Mexico +History of forestry in Trinidad and Tobago + +==== Modern forestry ==== + +Forestry during World War I +Forestry in the Alps +Forestry in Brazil +Deforestation in Brazil +As a major environmental issue +Forest governance in Brazil +Selective logging in the Amazon rainforest +Forestry in Chile +Forestry in China +Mechanized forestry +Scientific forestry +Selective forestry +Controlled burn +Heli-logging +Reafforestation +Plantation forestry +Boreal forestry +Tropical forestry \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de27800d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of forestry" +chunk: 6/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Contemporary forestry ==== + +Urban forestry +Plant a million trees +Environmental forestry +Forest aesthetics +Forest restoration +Analog forestry +Ecological forestry + +=== History of forestry institutions === + +==== History of forestry law ==== + +History of forestry law +United States +Forest Reserve Act of 1891 +Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 required multiple use of federal forest land +Organic Act of 1897 +Right of Way Act of 1901 – an act relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands (H.R. 11973) +Transfer Act of 1905 – an act providing for the transfer of forest reserves from the Department of Interior to the Department of Agriculture (H.R. 8460, Public Resolution No. 34) +American Antiquities Act of 1906 +Appropriations Act Forbidding Further National Forests ("An Act Making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight", 1907) – also forbidding renaming forest reserves to National Forests (H.R. 24815, Public Act No. 242:2) +Hong Kong +Forests and Countryside Ordinance (1997) +India +Indian Forest Act, 1927 +Forest Rights Act (India) – a historic law passed in 2006 protecting the rights of scheduled tribes and other forest dwellers +International +International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 +International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 +Forest rights +Right of Way Act of 1901, USA, relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands. H.R. 11973 +Forest Rights Act (India) + +==== History of forestry agencies ==== + +History of forestry agencies +Canadian Forest Service (Canada) +Indian Forest Service (India) +Corpo Forestale dello Stato (Italy) +Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) +Korea Forest Service (S. Korea) +CONAFOR Comisión Nacional Forestal (Mexico) +New Zealand Forest Service (NZ) +Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka) +Forestry Commission (United Kingdom) +United States Forest Service, History of the United States Forest Service (USA) + +==== History of forestry organizations ==== + +History of forestry organizations + +History of the European Forest Institute +History of the Food and Agriculture Organization +History of the Forest History Society +History of the Forest Stewardship Council +History of the International Tropical Timber Organization +History of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations +History of the Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland +History of the Society of American Foresters + +===== Historic schools of forestry ===== + +Biltmore Forest School, near Asheville, North Carolina – the first school of forestry in North America +French National School of Forestry, Nancy, est. 1824 +History of the Imperial Forestry Institute at Oxford +History of the New York State College of Forestry – the first four-year college of forestry in North America +History of the Pennsylvania Forestry Academy +Imperial Forestry School, Dehadrun, India +Mining and Forestry Academy, Schemnitz, Austria-Hungary +Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry +Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute + +==== History of forestry as a profession ==== +History of forestry as a profession + +==== History of forestry research ==== + +History of forestry research +Forest Research Institute Malaysia +Forest Products Laboratory USA + +==== History of forestry conferences ==== +History of forestry conferences +First International Forestry Exhibition, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1884 +World Forestry Congress – the largest and most significant gathering of the world forestry sector, held since 1926 under the auspices of the FAO +IUFRO World Congress + +=== History of forestry science and technology === +History of silviculture +History of forestry technology +History of the chainsaw +History of the crosscut saw +History of the mechanization of forestry +Use of remote sensing in forestry +Use of computer modeling in forestry + +== Forestry education == +Forest research institutes – formal forest (or forestry) research institutes around the world +Forestry technical schools – specializing in technical or practical training in forestry +Forestry universities and colleges – institutions worldwide providing graduate and/or undergraduate education leading to a degree in forestry +Historic schools of forestry – schools of forestry throughout history + +== Forestry organizations == +Confederation of Forest Industries + +=== Governmental forestry agencies === +List of forestry ministries – government forestry agencies, by country + +=== International forestry organizations === +ASEAN-ROK Forest Cooperation +Avoided Deforestation Partners +Center for International Forestry Research +Coalition for Rainforest Nations +Collaborative Partnership on Forests +Commonwealth Forestry Association +Community Forestry International +Congo Basin Forest Partnership +Conservation International +European Arboricultural Council +FERN +Forest Peoples Programme +Forest Stewardship Council +The Forest Trust +Forestry Information Centre +Forests Monitor +Foundation for Environmental Education +Global Forest Coalition +Global Forest Information Service +Global Forest Information System +International Analog Forestry Network +International Association of Students in Agricultural and Related Sciences +International Forestry Students' Association +International Society of Arboriculture +International Tropical Timber Organization +International Union for Conservation of Nature +International Union of Forest Research Organizations +NICOL Forests UK +Plant A Tree Today Foundation +Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification +Rainforest Action Network +Rainforest Alliance +Rainforest Foundation Fund +RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests +Resource Extraction Monitoring +Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil +Sustainable Forestry Initiative +Taiga Rescue Network +Tropenbos International +United Nations REDD Programme +United Nations Forum on Forests +World Rainforest Movement + +== Forestry publications == +List of forestry journals – academic journals in forestry and related fields \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d0beab76 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of forestry" +chunk: 7/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:18.226116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notable people == +John Evelyn (1620–1706) – known for his knowledge of trees, and his treatise Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber (1664) +Henrik Dávid Wilckens (1763–1832) – Austro-Hungarian founder of the Schemnitz Forestry Institute, 1809, later to become the Mining and Forestry Academy, in what today is Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia +Heinrich Cotta (1763–1844) – German silviculturist and pioneer of modern scientific forestry, founder of the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry +Georg Ludwig Hartig (1764–1837) – prominent forest manager, author, and founder of one of the first dedicated schools of forestry in Europe; affiliated in his later years with the University of Berlin +Alfonse Romanovich Vargas de Bedemar (1816–1902) – "one of the founders of the Russian school of forest mensuration" +Franklin B. Hough, MD (1822–1885) – chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the "father of American forestry" +Sir Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – considered the "father of tropical forestry" +Sir William Schlich (1840–1925) – founder of Oxford University's forestry program +Bernhard Fernow (1851–1923) – laid the groundwork for the United States Forest Service, founding dean of the first professional forestry school in the United States +Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946) – first chief of the United States Forest Service and proponent of the Wise Use Movement +Carl A. Schenck (1868–1955) – responsible for incorporating German scientific management techniques into American forest management, and founder of Biltmore Forest School, the first forestry school in the United States +Károly Bund (1869–1931) – early academic and practical forester whose work in the Hungarian National Forestry Association increased treeplanting and intensified efforts to protect natural forests, indigenous tree species, and forestry workers in Austria-Hungary +Robert Scott Troup (1874–1939) – founder of Oxford's Imperial Forestry Institute +Theodore Salisbury Woolsey, Jr. (1880–1933) – used scientific forestry to help France address timber shortages during World War I +Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) – cofounder of The Wilderness Society along with Robert Marshall (below), prominent naturalist writer and environmental ethicist +Kenneth Dupee Swan (1887–1970) – notable photographer for the USDA Forest Service +Bob Marshall (1901–1939) – cofounder of The Wilderness Society, which helped pass the Wilderness Act, which created the first legal definition of wilderness and conserved some 9,100,000 acres (37,000 km2) of national forest land in the United States +Walter Bitterlich (1908–2008) – world-renowned Austrian scientist, best known for the invention of variable plot sampling +Jack C. Westoby (1913–1988) – Chief Forester, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, "father of world forestry" +Sakari Pinomäki (1933–2011) – pioneer of mechanized forest harvesting vehicles, decreasing the time required for harvesting and risk to loggers +Stephen C. Sillett (1968–) – revolutionized the approach and methodology of studying plant and animal life in old growth canopies of large trees + +== Allied fields == + +Botany – study of plant life and development that explains the biological basis of trees, such as structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to disease, and chemical properties +Conservation biology – conscientious management of forests can preserve or enhance biodiversity of dependent species +Dendrochronology – method of scientific dating based on the analyses of tree-ring growth patterns, analysis of long-lived individual trees can provide insight into climatic conditions of the past +Ecology – whose principles are the main scientific basis of forestry +Ecophysiology – study of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions that explains the success of a particular tree species' growth, reproduction, survival, and abundance +Forest history – documents natural and human history of forests and forest use +Natural resource management – brings together planning, management, conservation and sustainability of human use of natural resources, including forests +Rural sociology – studies human perceptions, interactions and use of forests and associated resources +Soil science – physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil greatly determines the success of tree species and individuals + +== See also == + +Outline of ecology + +== References == + +== External links == + +State of the World's Forests (SOFO) – a report issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on forest and forestry trends worldwide, last published in 2009 +Forestry Images +International Society for Tropical Foresters +The Forestry Commission Archived 2010-10-07 at the Wayback Machine +The Forestry Guild Archived 2009-09-07 at the Wayback Machine +Sylva Foundation +International Wood Collectors Society +Xiloteca Manuel Soler (One of the largest private collection of wood samples) +Rainforest Alliance +UNU Open Educational Resource on Forestry, Forest Economics and Forest Policy Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e947a62d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 1/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography: +Geography – study of Earth and its people. + +== Nature of geography == + +=== Geography as === +an academic discipline – a body of knowledge given to − or received by − a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the Earth and its human and natural complexities − not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called 'the world discipline'. +a field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. This field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many geography-related scientific journals. +a natural science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of the natural environment (physical geography). +a social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society (human geography). +an interdisciplinary field – a field that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have emerged. Many of the branches of physical geography are also branches of Earth science + +== Branches of geography == +As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches: + +human geography +physical geography +Other branches include: + +integrated geography +technical geography +regional geography + +=== Physical geography === +Physical geography – examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation and life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact. + +==== Fields of physical geography ==== +Geomorphology – study of landforms and the processes that them, and more broadly, of the processes controlling the topography of any planet. It seeks to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes through field observation, physical experiments, and numerical modeling. +Hydrology – study water movement, distribution, and quality throughout the Earth, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed sustainability. +Glaciology – study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. +Oceanography – studies a wide range of topics about oceans, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. +Biogeography – study of species distribution spatially and temporally. Over areal ecological changes, it is also tied to the concepts of species and their past, or present living 'refugium', their survival locales, or their interim living sites. It aims to reveal where organisms live and at what abundance. +Climatology – study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. +Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short-term forecasting (in contrast with climatology). +Pedology – study of soils in their natural environment that deals with pedogenesis, soil morphology, and soil classification. +Palaeogeography – study of what geography was in times past, most often concerning the physical landscape and the human or cultural environment. +Coastal geography – study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e., coastal geomorphology, geology, and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast. It involves understanding coastal weathering processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement, and weather, as well as how humans interact with the coast. +Quaternary science – focuses on the Quaternary period, which encompasses the last 2.6 million years, including the last ice age and the Holocene period. +Landscape ecology – the relationship between spatial patterns of urban development and ecological processes on many landscape scales and organizational levels. + +==== Approaches of physical geography ==== +Quantitative geography – Quantitative research tools and methods applied to geography. See also the quantitative revolution. +Systems approach – + +=== Human geography === +Human geography – one of the two main subfields of geography is the study of human use and understanding of the world and the processes that have affected it. Human geography broadly differs from physical geography in that it focuses on the built environment and how space is created, viewed, and managed by humans, as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb823390d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 2/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Fields of human geography ==== +Cultural geography – study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. +Children's geographies – study of places and spaces of children's lives, characterized experientially, politically and ethically. Children's geographies rest on the idea that children as a social group share certain characteristics that are experientially, politically, and ethically significant and worthy of study. The pluralization in the title is intended to imply that children's lives will be markedly different in differing times and places and in differing circumstances such as gender, family, and class. The range of foci within children's geographies includes: +Children and the city +Children and the countryside +Children and technology +Children and nature, +Children and globalization +Methodologies of researching children's worlds +Ethics of researching children's worlds +Otherness of childhood +Animal geographies – studies the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture because social life and space are heavily populated by animals of many different kinds and in many differing ways (e.g., farm animals, pets, wild animals in the city). Another impetus that has influenced the development of the field is ecofeminist and other environmentalist viewpoints on nature-society relations (including questions of animal welfare and rights). +Language geography – studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements. There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language: +Geography of languages – deals with the distribution through history and space of languages, +Linguistic geography – deals with regional linguistic variations within languages. +Sexuality and space – encompasses all relationships and interactions between human sexuality, space, and place, including the geographies of LGBT residence, public sex environments, sites of queer resistance, global sexualities, sex tourism, the geographies of prostitution and adult entertainment, use of sexualised locations in the arts, and sexual citizenship. +Religion geography – study of the influence of geography, i.e., place and space, on religious belief. +Development geography – study of the Earth's geography concerning its inhabitants' standard of living and quality of life. Measures development by looking at economic, political, and social factors and seeks to understand both the geographical causes and consequences of varying development, in part by comparing More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) with Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs). +Economic geography – study of the location, distribution, and spatial organization of economic activities worldwide. Subjects of interest include but are not limited to the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages"), transportation, international trade and development, real estate, gentrification, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization. +Marketing geography – a discipline within marketing analysis that uses geolocation (geographic information) in the process of planning and implementation of marketing activities. It can be used in any aspect of the marketing mix – the product, price, promotion, or place (geo-targeting). +Transportation geography – branch of economic geography that investigates spatial interactions between people, freight, and information. It studies humans and their use of vehicles or other modes of traveling and how flows of finished goods and raw materials service markets. +Health geography – application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care, to provide a spatial understanding of a population's health, the distribution of disease in an area, and the environment's effect on health and disease. It also deals with accessibility to health care and spatial distribution of health care providers. +Time geography – study of the temporal factor on spatial human activities within the following constraints: +Authority - limits of accessibility to certain places or domains placed on individuals by owners or authorities +Capability - limitations on the movement of individuals based on their nature. For example, movement is restricted by biological factors, such as the need for food, drink, and sleep +Coupling - restraint of an individual, anchoring him or her to a location while interacting with other individuals to complete a task +Historical geography – the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past. It seeks to determine how cultural features of various societies across the planet emerged and evolved by understanding how a place or region changes through time, including how people have interacted with their environment and created the cultural landscape. +Political geography – study of the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and how political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. The inter-relationships between people, state, and territory. +Electoral geography – study of the relationship between election results and the regions they affect (such as the environmental impact of voting decisions), and of the effects of regional factors upon voting behavior. +Geopolitics – analysis of geography, history, and social science concerning spatial politics and patterns at various scales, ranging from the level of the state to international. +Strategic geography – concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations. +Military geography – applying geographic tools, information, and techniques to solve military problems in peacetime or war. +Population geography – study of how spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places. +Tourism geography – study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity, and their effect on places, including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure economies, answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism. +Urban geography – the study of urban areas, in terms of concentration, infrastructure, economy, and environmental impacts. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39cc8ec5e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 3/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Approaches of human geography ==== +Behavioral geography – Approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach +Cognitive geography – Interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography +Critical geography – Variant of social science that seeks to interpret and change the world +Feminist geography – Approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism +Marxist geography – Strand of critical geography +Non-representational theory – Post-structuralist human geography theory +Postcolonialism – Study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism +Post-structuralism – Philosophical school and tradition – +Qualitative geography – qualitative research tools and methods applied to geography. + +=== Integrated geography === +Integrated geography – branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, ecology, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment. + +=== Technical geography === +Technical geography – branch of geography and the discipline of studying, developing, and applying methods to gather, store, process, and deliver geographic or spatially referenced information. It is a widespread interdisciplinary field that includes the tools and techniques used in land surveying, remote sensing, cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems, photogrammetry, and related forms of earth mapping. +Cyber geography – study of the physical network of broadband cables + +==== Fields contributing to technical geography ==== +Geomatics – Geographic data discipline +Photogrammetry – Taking measurements using photography +Cartography – Study and practice of making maps +Digital terrain modelling – 3D computer-generated imagery and measurements of terrainPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Geodesy – Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth +Geographic information system – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data +Geospatial – Data and information having an implicit or explicit association with a locationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Global navigation satellite systems represented by Satellite navigation – Use of satellite signals for navigation or geo-spatial positioning – Any system that uses satellite radio signals to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning +Global Positioning System – American satellite-based radio navigation service +Hydrography – Measurement of bodies of water +Mathematics – Field of study +Navigation – Process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle +Remote sensing – Obtaining information through non-contact sensors +Surveying – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them + +=== Regional geography === +Regional geography – study of world regions. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as its natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions. Regional geography breaks down into the study of specific regions. +Region – an area, defined by physical characteristics, human characteristics, or functional characteristics. The term is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. A region can be seen as a collection of smaller units, such as a country and its political divisions, or as one part of a larger whole, as in a country on a continent. + +==== Continents ==== +Continent – one of several large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by convention rather than any specific criteria, but seven areas are commonly regarded as continents. They are: + +1. Africa (outline) – +2. Antarctica – +3. Australia (outline) – +The Americas: +4. North America (outline) – +5. South America (outline) – +Eurasia: +6. Europe (outline) – +7. Asia (outline) – + +===== Subregions ===== +Subregion (list) + +==== Biogeographic regions ==== + +===== Biogeographic realm ===== +The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones): + +Nearctic 22.9 mil. km2 (including most of North America) +Palearctic 54.1 mil. km2 (including the bulk of Eurasia and North Africa) +Afrotropic 22.1 mil. km2 (including Sub-Saharan Africa) +Indomalaya 7.5 mil. km2 (including the South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia) +Australasia 7.7 mil. km2 (including Australia, New Guinea, and neighboring islands). The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line. +Neotropic 19.0 mil. km2 (including South America and the Caribbean) +Oceania 1.0 mil. km2 (including Polynesia, Fiji and Micronesia) +Antarctic 0.3 mil. km2 (including Antarctica). + +===== Ecoregions ===== +Ecoregion +Biogeographic realms are further divided into ecoregions. The World has over 800 terrestrial ecoregions. See Lists of ecoregions by country. + +==== Geography of the political divisions of the World ==== + +==== Other regions ==== +Atlantic World +Bermuda Triangle +Pacific Rim +Pacific Ring of Fire + +== History of geography == + +Topics pertaining to the geographical study of the World throughout history: + +=== By period === +Ancient roads +Ancient Greek geography +Age of Discovery +Major explorations after the Age of Discovery +Critical geography +Environmental determinism + +=== By region === +Chinese geography +History of human geography in China + +=== By subject === +Historical population of the world + +==== By field ==== +History of human geography +History of cartography – Evolution of the art and science of mapmaking +History of longitude – Record of humanity's attempts to find east-west position on Earth +Longitude Prize – 2014 British inducement prize contest +History of cultural geography +History of economic geography +History of health geography +History of political geography +History of demography +History of physical geography +History of biogeography +History of climatology +History of meteorology +History of geodesy +History of geomorphology +History of hydrology +History of oceanography +History of landscape ecology +History of regional geography + +== Elements of geography == +Topics common to the various branches of geography include: + +=== Tasks and tools of geography === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d506b64c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 4/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Exploration – Investigating an unfamiliar area +Geocode, also known as Geospatial Entity Object Code – Process of turning a place name/address to coordinatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Geographic information system (GIS) – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data +Globe – Scale model of a celestial body +Map – Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships +Atlas – Collection of maps +Cartography – Study and practice of making maps +Outline of cartography – Overview of and topical guide to cartography +Map projection – Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane +Demographics – Study of human populations and their structuresPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Spatial analysis – Techniques to study geometric data +Surveying – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them + +=== Types of geographic features === +Geographic feature – component of a planet that can be referred to as a location, place, site, area, or region, and therefore may show up on a map. A geographic feature may be natural or artificial. + +==== Location and place ==== + +Location – +Absolute location – Point or an area on Earth's surface or elsewherePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Latitude – Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position +Prime meridian – Line of longitude, at which longitude is defined to be 0° +Longitude – East-West geographic coordinate +Equator – Imaginary line halfway between Earth's North and South poles +Tropic of Cancer – Line of northernmost latitude at which the Sun can be directly overhead +Tropic of Capricorn – Line of southernmost latitude at which the Sun can be directly overhead +Arctic Circle – Boundary of the Arctic +Antarctic Circle – Boundary of the Antarctic +North Pole – Northernmost point on Earth +South Pole – Southernmost point on Earth +Altitude – Height in relation to a specified reference point +Elevation – Height of a geographic location above a fixed reference point +Place +Aspects of a place or region +Climate – Long-term weather pattern of a region +Population (human biology) – Set of people living in a particular area or interbreeding +Demographics – Study of human populations and their structuresPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Population density – Measurement of population size per unit area or unit volume +Human overpopulation – Condition wherein human numbers exceed the carrying capacity of the environment +World population – Total number of living humans on Earth +Sense of place – Term used in behavioral sciences and urban planning +Terrain – Dimension and shape of land surfaces +Topography – Study of the forms of land surfaces in earth +Tourist attraction – Place of interest where tourists visit +Lists of places +Geography is a worldwide study + +==== Natural geographic features ==== +Natural geographic feature – an ecosystem or natural landform. + +===== Ecosystems ===== +Ecosystem – community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. + +Biodiversity hotspot – Biodiverse region under threat +Realm – broadest biogeographic division of the Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. +Ecoprovince – biogeographic unit smaller than a realm that contains one or more ecoregions. +Ecoregion – Ecological and geographical area +Ecodistrict – Environmental planning +Ecosection +Ecosite +Ecotope – Ecologically distinct landscape feature +Ecoelement +Biome – Biogeographical unit with a particular biological community +Bioregion – Ecology terminology +Biotope – Habitat for communities made up of populations of multiple species +Bioelement + +===== Natural landforms ===== + +Natural landform – terrain or body of water. Landforms are topographical elements, and are defined by their surface form and location in the landscape. Landforms are categorized by traits such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Some landforms are artificial, such as certain islands, but most landforms are natural. + +==== Natural terrain feature types ==== +Continent – Large geographical region identified by convention +Island – Piece of subcontinental land surrounded by water +Mainland – Continental part of any polity or the main island within an island nation +Mountain – Large natural elevation of the Earth's surface +Mountain range – Geographic area containing several geologically related mountains +Peninsula – Landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most sides. +Subcontinent – A large, relatively self-contained landmass forming a subdivision of a continent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12dc5f2f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 5/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Natural body of water types ==== +Natural bodies of water – Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface +Bodies of seawater – Water from a sea or an ocean +Channel – Narrow body of water +Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits +Harbor – Sheltered body of water where ships may shelter +Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline +Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake +Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature +Gulf – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lakePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet +Creek (tidal) – Inlet or estuary that is affected by ebb and flow of ocean tidesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water +Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity +Kettle – Depression formed by glaciers or floodwaters +Kill – Creek, tidal inlet, river, strait, or arm of the sea +Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow landform +Barachois – Coastal lagoon partially or totally separated from the ocean by a sand or shingle bar +Loch – Irish and Scottish Gaelic word for a lake or sea inlet +Arm of the sea – +Mere – Lake, pond, or wetland +Ocean – Body of salt water covering most of Earth +Phytotelma – Small water-filled cavity in a terrestrial plant +Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded +Sea – Large body of salt water +Types of sea: +Mediterranean sea – Enclosed sea with limited water exchangePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Sound – Long, wide body of water, connecting two larger bodies +Sea components or extensions: +Sea loch – Scottish Gaelic and Irish word for a sea inlet +Sea lough – Anglicised version of Scottish Gaelic and Irish word for a sea inlet +Strait – Waterway connecting two bodies of water +Bodies of fresh water +Bayou – Body of water in flat, low-lying areas +Lake – Large inland body of relatively still water +Lists of lakes +Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool left by an ancient river meander +Subglacial lake – Lake under a glacier +Tarn – Mountain lake or pool in a glacial cirque +Pool – Deep and slow-moving stretch of a watercourse +Pond – Relatively small body of standing water +Billabong – Australian term for an oxbow lake or other waterhole +Tide pool – Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater +Vernal pool – Seasonal pools of water that provide habitat +Puddle – Small accumulation of liquid, usually water, on a surface +River – Natural flowing freshwater stream +Lists of rivers +Parts of a river: +Rapids – River section with increased velocity and turbulence +Source – Starting point of a riverPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Waterfall – Point in a river or brook where water flows over a vertical drop +List of waterfalls +Roadstead – Open anchorage affording some protection, but less than a harbor +Spring – A point at which water emenges from an aquifer to the surface +Boil - +Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a channel +Beck – Body of surface water flowing down a channel +Brook – Body of surface water flowing down a channel +Burn – Term of Scottish origin for a small river +Creek – Body of surface water flowing down a channel +Arroyo (watercourse) – Dry watercourse with flow after rain +Wash – Dry watercourse with flow after rain +Draw – Dry watercourse with flow after rain +Run – Body of surface water flowing down a channel +Wetland – Ecosystem that is flooded or saturated with water +Freshwater marsh – Low-lying and seasonally waterlogged land +Slough (wetland) – Forested wetland +Mangrove swamp – Shrub growing in brackish water + +==== Artificial geographic features ==== +Artificial geographic feature – a thing that was made by humans that may be indicated on a map. It may be physical and exist in the real world (like a bridge or city), or it may be abstract and exist only on maps (such as the Equator, which has a defined location, but cannot be seen where it lies). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1446885f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 6/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Settlement – Community of any size, in which people live +Rural area – Geographic area outside towns and cities +Hamlet (place) – Small human settlement in a rural area – rural settlement which is too small to be considered a village. Historically, when a hamlet became large enough to justify building a church, it was then classified as a village. One example of a hamlet is a small cluster of houses surrounding a mill. +Village – Human settlement smaller than a town – clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand (sometimes tens of thousands). +Town – Type of human settlement – human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while many British "small towns" would qualify as cities in the United States. +Urban hierarchy – Rank of cities based on their population – ranks the structure of towns within an area. +1st-order towns – bare minimum of essential services, such as bread and milk. +2nd-order towns +3rd-order towns +4th-order towns +City – Large permanent human settlement – relatively large and permanent settlement. In many regions, a city is distinguished from a town by attainment of designation according to law, for instance being required to obtain articles of incorporation or a royal charter. +Financial centre – Location with high concentration of commerce activity +Primate city – Disproportionately largest city of a country or region – the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. +Metropolis – Large city or conurbation – very large city or urban area which is a significant economic, political and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections and communications. +Metropolitan area – Dense urban core together with its satellite cities – region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. +Global city – City important to the world economy – city that is deemed to be an important node in the global economic system. Globalization is largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales (including global cities) according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade. +Megalopolis – Grouping of neighbouring metropolisesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas. An example is the huge metropolitan area along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, Massachusetts through New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland and ending in Washington, D.C.. +Eperopolis – Hypothetical planet-spanning cityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – theoretical "continent city". The world does not have one yet. Will Europe become the first one? +Ecumenopolis – Hypothetical planet-spanning city – theoretical "world city". Will the world ever become so urbanized as to be called this? +Engineered construct – built feature of the landscape such as a highway, bridge, airport, railroad, building, dam, or reservoir. See also construction engineering and infrastructure. +Artificial landforms +Artificial dwelling hill – Raised ground to provide a refuge from flooding +Artificial island – Island constructed by people +Artificial reef – Human-made underwater structure that functions as a reef +Airport – Facility with a runway for aircraft – place where airplanes can take off and land, including one or more runways and one or more passenger terminals. +Aqueduct – Structure constructed to convey waterPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another. +Breakwater – Coastal defense structure – construction designed to break the force of the sea to provide calm water for boats or ships, or to prevent erosion of a coastal feature. +Bridge – Structure built to span physical obstacles – structure built to span a valley, road, body of water, or other physical obstacle such as a canyon, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. +Building – Enclosed structure – closed structure with walls and a roof. +Canal – Artificial channel for water – artificial waterway, often connecting one body of water with another. +Causeway – Route raised up on an embankment +Dam – Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams – structure placed across a flowing body of water to stop the flow, usually to use the water for irrigation or to generate electricity. +Dike – Ridge or wall to hold back waterPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – barrier of stone or earth used to hold back water and prevent flooding. +Levee – Ridge or wall to hold back water – artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels, usually earthen and often parallel to the course of a river or the coast. +Farm – Area of land used to produce food and crops – place where agricultural activities take place, especially the growing of crops or the raising of livestock. +Manmade harbor – Sheltered body of water where ships may shelter – harbor that has deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jetties, or which was constructed by dredging. +Industrial region – Geographical region with a high proportion of industrial use +Marina – Dock with moorings and facilities for yachts and small boats +Orchard – Intentionally planted trees or shrubs that are maintained for food production +Parking lot – Cleared area for parking vehicles +Pier – Raised structure in a body of water +Pipeline – Pumping fluids or gas through pipesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Port – Maritime facility where ships may dock to load and discharge passengers and cargo +Railway – Structure comprising rails on a foundation intended to carry trains +Ranch – Large area of land for raising livestock +Reservoir – Bulk storage space for water +Road – Land route +Highway – Public road or other public way on land +Race track – Facility built for racing of animals, vehicles, or athletes +Street – Public thoroughfare in a built environment +Subsidence crater – Hole or depression left on the surface over the site of an underground explosion +Ski resort – Resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports +Train station – Railway facility for loading or unloading trains +Tree farm – Type of forest planted for high volume production of woodPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Tunnel – Underground passage made for traffic +Viaduct – Multiple-span bridge crossing an extended lower area +Wharf – Shoreside structure where ships dock \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38893b43a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 7/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Abstract geographic feature – does not exist physically in the real world, yet has a location by definition and may be displayed on maps. +Geographical zone – Major regions of Earth's surface demarcated by latitude +Hardiness zone – Region defined by minimum temperature relevant to the plant survival +Time zone – Area that observes a uniform standard time +Political division – A territorial entity for administration purposes +Nation – Community based on common ethnic, cultural or political identity +Administrative division – Territorial entity for administration purposes – a designated territory created within a country for administrative or identification purposes. Examples of the types of administrative divisions: +Bailiwick – Area of jurisdiction of a bailiff +Canton – Type of administrative division of a country +Commune – An urban administrative division having corporate status +County – Geographical and administrative region in some countries +Department – Administrative or political division in some countriesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +District – Administrative division in some countries, managed by a local government +Duchy – Territory ruled by, or representing the title of, a duke or duchess +Emirate – Territory ruled by an emir +Federal state – Type of political entity +Parish – Ecclesiastical subdivision of a diocese +Prefecture – Administrative jurisdiction or subdivision in various countries +Province – Administrative division within a country or state +Region – Two or three-dimensionally defined space +Rural district – Former type of local government area in England, Wales, and Ireland +Settlement – Community of any size, in which people live +Municipality – Local government area +City – Large permanent human settlement +Borough – Administrative division in some English-speaking countries +Township – Type of settlement or urban area +Village – Human settlement smaller than a town +Shire – Traditional British term for county +Special Economic Zone – Region with specialized business and trade lawsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +State – Territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federal unionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Subdistrict +Subprefecture – Administrative division of a country that is below prefecture +Voivodeship – Administrative division in several countries of central and eastern Europe +Wilayat – Administrative division approximating a state or province +Cartographical feature – theoretical construct used specifically on maps that doesn't have any physical form apart from its location. +Latitude line – Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position +Equator – Imaginary line halfway between Earth's North and South poles +Longitude line – East-West geographic coordinate +Prime Meridian – A line of longitude, at which longitude is defined to be 0° +Geographical pole – Points on a rotating astronomical body where the axis of rotation intersects the surface +North Pole – Northernmost point on Earth +South Pole – Southernmost point on Earth + +==== Geographic features that include the natural and artificial ==== +Waterway – Any navigable body of water +List of waterways + +== Geography awards == + +Some awards and competitions in the field of geography: + +Geography Cup – 2006 online geography competition +Founder's Medal – List of geography award winnersPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Patron's Medal – Award presented by the Royal Geographical SocietyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Hubbard Medal – Medal awarded by the National Geographic Society +National Geographic World Championship – Biennial, two-day-long international geography competition +Victoria Medal – British geography award + +== Geographical organizations == +See: List of geographical societies +European Geography Association +EUROGEO-European Association of Geographers +Gamma Theta Upsilon +International Geographical Union + +== Geographical publications == + +=== Geographical magazines === +Al Arab +Arizona Highways +Asian Geographic +Atlas (magazine) +Australian Geographic +Canadian Geographic +Chinese National Geography +Le Congo illustré +GEO (magazine) +Géographica +Geographical +Icelandic Geographic +Le Mouvement Géographique +National Geographic +National Geographic Adventure +National Geographic Kids +National Geographic Traveler +New Zealand Geographic +Podróże +Revista Geográfica Española +Rhythms Monthly +Vokrug sveta +Walkabout +The Wide World Magazine + +== Persons influential in geography == + +A geographer is a scientist who studies Earth's physical environment and human habitat. Geographers are historically known for making maps, the subdiscipline of geography known as cartography. They study the physical details of the environment and also its effect on human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. Geographers focus on the spatial relationships between these elements. + +=== Influential physical geographers === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf961e2f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +--- +title: "Outline of geography" +chunk: 8/8 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:43.360947+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Eratosthenes (276 – 194 BC) – who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of geodesy. +Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. 168) – who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia. +Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973 – 1048 AD) – considered the father of geodesy. +Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037) – whose observations in Kitab Al-Shifa contributed to later formulations of the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism. +Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100 – c.1165) – who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times. +Piri Reis (1465 – c.1554) – whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the Americas and possibly Antarctica +Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) – an innovative cartographer and originator of the Mercator projection. +Bernhardus Varenius (1622–1650) – Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650) – first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography. +Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) – father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology. +Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) – considered the father of modern geography. Published Kosmos and founded the study of biogeography. +Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – who noted the structure of glaciers and advanced the understanding of glacial motion, especially in fast ice flow. +Louis Agassiz (1807–1873) – the author of a glacial theory which disputed the notion of a steady-cooling Earth. +Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) – founder of modern biogeography and the Wallace line. +Vasily Dokuchaev (1846–1903) – patriarch of Russian geography and founder of pedology. +Wladimir Peter Köppen (1846–1940) – developer of most important climate classification and founder of Paleoclimatology. +William Morris Davis (1850–1934) – father of American geography, founder of Geomorphology and developer of the geographical cycle theory. +Walther Penck (1888–1923) – proponent of the cycle of erosion and the simultaneous occurrence of uplift and denudation. +Sir Ernest Shackleton (1874–1922) – Antarctic explorer during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. +Robert E. Horton (1875–1945) – founder of modern hydrology and concepts such as infiltration capacity and overland flow. +J Harlen Bretz (1882–1981) – pioneer of research into the shaping of landscapes by catastrophic floods, most notably the Bretz (Missoula) floods. +Willi Dansgaard (1922–2011) – palaeoclimatologist and quaternary scientist, instrumental in the use of oxygen-isotope dating and co-identifier of Dansgaard–Oeschger events. +Hans Oeschger (1927–1998) – palaeoclimatologist and pioneer in ice core research, co-identifier of Dansgaard-Orschger events. +Richard Chorley (1927–2002) – a key contributor to the quantitative revolution and the use of systems theory in geography. +Sir Nicholas Shackleton (1937–2006) – who demonstrated that oscillations in climate over the past few million years could be correlated with variations in the orbital and positional relationship between the Earth and the Sun. +Stefan Rahmstorf (born 1960) – professor of abrupt climate changes and author on theories of thermohaline dynamics. + +=== Influential human geographers === + +Carl Ritter (1779–1859) – considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern geography and first chair in geography at the Humboldt University of Berlin, also noted for his use of organic analogy in his works. +Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) – environmental determinist, invented the term Lebensraum +Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) – founder of the French School of geopolitics and possibilism. +Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861–1947) – author of The Geographical Pivot of History, co-founder of the London School of Economics, along with the Geographical Association. +Carl O. Sauer (1889–1975) – critic of environmental determinism and proponent of cultural ecology. +Walter Christaller (1893–1969) – economic geographer and developer of the central place theory. +Richard Hartshorne (1899–1992) – scholar of the history and philosophy of geography. +Torsten Hägerstrand (1916–2004) – critic of the quantitative revolution and regional science, noted figure in critical geography. +Milton Santos (1926–2001) winner of the Vautrin Lud prize in 1994, one of the most important geographers in South America. +Waldo R. Tobler (1930–2018) – developer of the First law of geography. +Yi-Fu Tuan (1930–2022) A Chinese-American geographer. +David Harvey (born 1935) – world's most cited academic geographer and winner of the Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, also noted for his work in critical geography and critique of global capitalism. +Evelyn Stokes (1936–2005). Professor of geography at the University of Waikato in New Zealand. Known for recognizing inequality with marginalized groups, including women and Māori using geography. +Allen J. Scott (born 1938) – winner of Vautrin Lud Prize in 2003 and the Anders Retzius Gold medal 2009; author of numerous books and papers on economic and urban geography, known for his work on regional development, new industrial spaces, agglomeration theory, global city-regions and the cultural economy. +Edward Soja (1941–2015) – noted for his work on regional development, planning, and governance, along with coining the terms synekism and postmetropolis. +Doreen Massey (1944–2016) – key scholar in the space and places of globalization and its pluralities, winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize. +Michael Watts, Class of 1963 Professor of Geography and Development Studies, University of California, Berkeley +Nigel Thrift (born 1949) – developer of non-representational theory. +Derek Gregory (born 1951) – famous for writing on the Israeli, U.S. and UK actions in the Middle East after 9/11, influenced by Edward Said and has contributed work on imagined geographies. +Cindi Katz (born 1954) – who writes on social reproduction and the production of space. Writing on children's geographies, place and nature, everyday life and security. +Gillian Rose (born 1962) – most famous for her critique: Feminism & Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge (1993) – which was one of the first moves towards development of feminist geography. + +== Geography educational frameworks == +Educational frameworks upon which primary and secondary school curricula for geography are based include: + +Five themes of geography – Educational tool +Location – Point or an area on Earth's surface or elsewherePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – a position or point that something occupies on the Earth's surface. +Place – Point or an area on Earth's surface or elsewherePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets +Human-environment interaction – Study of interactions between societies and their natural environments +movement – +Region – Two or three-dimensionally defined space +The six "essential elements" identified by the Geography Education Standards Project, under which the National Geography Standards they developed are organized: +The World in spatial terms +Places and regions +Physical systems +Human systems +Environment and society +The uses of geography +The three content areas of geography from the 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress (U.S.): +Space and place +Environment and society +Spatial dynamics and connections + +== See also == + +== References == + +== External links == + +Pidwirny, Michael. (2014). Glossary of Terms for Physical Geography. Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada. ISBN 9780987702906. Available on Google Play. +Pidwirny, Michael. (2014). Understanding Physical Geography. Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada. ISBN 9780987702944. Available on Google Play. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcc08ffea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Timeline of dendrochronology timestamp events" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dendrochronology_timestamp_events" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:05:21.994409+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A timeline of dendrochronology timestamped events. + + +== Timelines == + + +=== Timeline from all sub-regions === + + +=== Cliff dwellings, etc, the Americas === + +for the Americas, see also: Timeline of Chacoan history + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file