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title: "Six-legged Soldiers"
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Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War is a nonfiction scientific warfare book written by author and University of Wyoming professor, Jeffrey A. Lockwood. Published in 2008 by Oxford University Press, the book explores the history of bioterrorism, entomological warfare, biological warfare, and the prevention of agro-terrorism from the earliest times to modern threats. Lockwood, an entomologist, preceded this book with Ethical issues in biological control (1997) and Locust: The devastating rise and mysterious disappearance of the insect that shaped the American frontier (2004), among others.
== Summary ==
Six-Legged Soldiers gives detailed examples of entomological warfare: using buckets of scorpions during a fortress siege, catapulting beehives ("bee bombs") across a castle wall, civilians as human guinea pigs in an effort to weaponize the plague, bombarding civilians from the air with infection-bearing insects, and assassin bugs placed on prisoners to eat away their flesh. Lockwood also describes a domestic ecoterrorism example with the 1989 threat to release the medfly (Ceratitis capitata) within California's crop belt. The last chapter highlights western nations' vulnerability to terrorist attacks.
Interviewed about the book by BBC Radio 4's Today programme, the author describes how a terrorist with a suitcase could bring diseases into a country. "I think a small terrorist cell could very easily develop an insect-based weapon."
== Criticism ==
In its January 2009 review, The Sunday Times criticised the book as being "scarcely scholarly" for its mixed collection of myth, legend and historical facts.
Contrary to this critique, reviews from credible scholarly and scientific sources stated, "Six-Legged Soldiers is an excellent account of the effect arthropod-borne diseases have had on warfare...This book will inspire readers to understand...threats and prepare new methods to combat them." (Nature), "Lockwood thoroughly and objectively assembles an engaging chronicle on a topic for which official documentation is often sparse and the opportunity for propaganda is rife." (Science News), and "Lockwood...makes this history of entomological warfare morbidly entertaining...thanks to a lively writing style that ranges from the sardonic to the arch." (BioScience Magazine)
== References ==

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title: "Sleepers, Wake!"
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Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work is a book written by Barry Jones, originally published in 1982 and reprinted many times. A revised and updated edition was published in 1995.
Based on the premise that technologically advanced nations are currently passing through a post-industrial or information revolution, Jones analyzes the unique threats and opportunities of the sudden rise in information to the field such as manufacturing, service employment, and basic income.
Jones argues that science and technology have changed the quality, length, and direction of life in the past century far more than politics, education, ideology, or religion. Therefore, inventors such as Thomas Edison and Henry Ford have shaped human experience more broadly and enduringly than Lenin and Hitler.
Some of the book's key points, such as the claim that technological innovation is a major component of economic growth, are more widely accepted now than in 1982. But, to quote Barry Jones himself, "The central thesis was that people were going to be living longer, far longer, but it was possible that they would be working a good deal less."
Due to the rising issues for the labour force, Jones proposed the need to assist workers in income support and choosing to stay or leave the workforce. However, Jones noted in the 1990 edition that the Labor government did not pursue the idea of basic income when it won office in 1983.
Sleepers, Wake! analyzes the major changes in the workforce and presents the possible political programs to assist the society in profiting from the technological advancements.
The fourth edition uses 1991 Commonwealth census data as confirmation of his thesis about changes in the labour force.
Barry Jones was Australia's Minister for Science in the Hawke government from 1983 to 1990.
== Bibliography ==
Jones, Barry Owen (1995) [First published 1982]. Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019553756-7.
== References ==

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title: "Stuff Matters"
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Stuff Matters: Exploring the Marvelous Materials That Shape Our Man-Made World is a 2014 non-fiction book by the British materials scientist Mark Miodownik. The book explores many of the common materials people encounter during their daily lives and seeks to explain the science behind them in an accessible manner. Miodownik devotes a chapter each to ten such materials, discussing their scientific qualities alongside quirky facts and anecdotes about their impacts on human history. Called "a hugely enjoyable marriage of science and art", Stuff Matters was critically and commercially successful, becoming a New York Times best seller and a winner of the Royal Society Prize for Science Books.
== Background ==
Miodownik was working at University College London as a professor of materials and society at the time the book was published. He first gained interest in his field of study during his teenage years following an attempted robbery while on the subway. He was stabbed with a razor through multiple layers of clothing, leading him to be curious about the qualities of steel that provided for such a sharp and strong edge. The author would go on to earn a doctorate in jet engine alloys before entering into academic work. He was an occasional presenter on instructional television programs, and the year after publishing Stuff Matters he was the recipient of the American Association for the Advancement of Science's Public Engagement with Science Award. Stuff Matters was the author's first published popular science work.
== Synopsis ==
Each of the book's chapters begins with the same photograph of Miodownik sitting on the rooftop of his London apartment. In each iteration of the photo, a different object is circled a teacup in one chapter, a flowerpot in another, and so on with that chapter focused on the history and science of the material of which the highlighted item consists. Over the course of the book, Miodownik covers a number of materials that have been around for a long time (steel, paper, glass, porcelain), some introduced last century (concrete, plastics, carbon fiber), and a few relatively new inventions (graphene, aerogels). He includes a chapter on chocolate due in large part to his own obsession with the sweet. Miodownik seeks to draw connections from the materials to the lives of the people who use them, saying, "The material world is not just a display of our technology and culture, it is part of us. We invented it, we made it, and in turn, it makes us who we are."
The author takes varying approaches to explaining each material's attributes and their importance, since according to him, the "materials and our relationships with them are too diverse for a single approach to suit them all". In the process of describing the book's subjects he intersperses scientific knowledge with insights into the materials' impacts on human history. For instance, historically the Chinese had a technological edge over the rest of the world in many respects (they alone held the secret to making porcelain for hundreds of years, for one example). However, their culture preferred other materials over glass, and Miodownik surmises that the resulting lack of advancement with that substance later held the culture back scientifically, as glass is a key component in such tools as microscopes and telescopes. Elsewhere, the author describes how the sudden 19th-century surge in popularity of billiards can be linked to the invention of both nylon and vinyl (the need for a cheap alternative to ivory for making pool balls led to the increased development of celluloid, the success of which led to further innovation in plastics).
While much of the book relates the history of the selected materials, Miodownik also devotes time to many of their futures, including the development of a type of concrete that is infused with bacteria meant to self-repair cracks as they occur. Also described are aerogels, which are ultralight materials that are the best thermal insulators known to man. Composed of over 99% air, these materials are able to produce Rayleigh scattering in much the same way as the Earth's atmosphere, thereby appearing blue to the naked eye. This effect, combined with the aerogel's light weight, leads Miodownik to say that holding a sample is "like holding a piece of sky". The material is extremely expensive to make, however, and outside of occasional specific applications for NASA (it was a key component of that agency's Stardust mission), practical uses have been difficult to find.
Miodownik writes that civilization is built on the materials around us, and that we acknowledge their importance by naming our historical eras after them. The Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages are well known, and Miodownik argues that the steel age likely began in the late 19th century and we could be considered to be currently living in the silicon age. The constant desire for improvements in our lives (improved comfort, improved safety, etc.) drives the constant improvements to the materials that comprise our world. Therefore, Miodownik concludes, materials are "a multi-scale expression of our human needs and desires".
== Reception ==
Stuff Matters was a New York Times best seller and won the 2014 Royal Society Prize for Science Books as well as the 2015 National Academies Communication Award. The book released to generally positive reviews. Writing for The New York Times Book Review, Rose George praised Miodownik's blend of science and storytelling. The Wall Street Journal called it a "thrilling account of the modern material world", while The Independent was impressed with the "learned, elegant discourse" Miodownik conducts in each chapter. The Observer's Robin McKie considered the book "deftly written" and appreciated the author's conclusions drawn from the historical record. The reviewer for the Financial Times enjoyed the book but was critical of the occasional error, as when Miodownik mistakenly identifies the Greek word for chocolate as being much older than it is.
The reviewer for Entertainment Weekly wrote that Miodownik occasionally lapsed into technical speak in a book meant for a broader audience, but that the author's clear enthusiasm for his subject outweighed any such negative aspects. Science News considered Miodownik's explanations of the more science-intensive material to be accessible and praised the humor interspersed throughout the book. Stuff Matters was well received by certain trade journals as well. The American Ceramic Society Bulletin wrote that Miodownik's writing worked both as an introduction to the layperson as well as a "reminder of the field's broad purpose" for those with more knowledge on the subject, while the journal of the Boston Society of Architects particularly enjoyed the book's chapter on concrete. Bill Gates reviewed the book favorably on his website, writing, "In political contests, voters sometimes put more weight on whether they'd like to have a beer with a candidate than on the candidate's qualifications. Miodownik would pass anyone's beer test, and he has serious qualifications."
== References ==

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title: "The Simple Plant Isoquinolines"
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The Simple Plant Isoquinolines is a 2002 book written by Alexander Shulgin and Wendy Perry about isoquinoline and tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, for instance the various cyclized phenethylamine mescaline analogues found in many cactus species. It was published by Transform Press.
== See also ==
Bibliography of Alexander Shulgin
The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds (2011)
PiHKAL (1991) and TiHKAL (1997)
Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline
Peyote § Constituents
Pachycereus pringlei § Constituents and biological effects
Keeper Trout
== References ==

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title: "The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe (book)"
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake is a 2018 book meant to be an all-encompassing guide to skeptical thinking written by Steven Novella and co-authored by other hosts of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast Bob Novella, Cara Santa Maria, Jay Novella, and Evan Bernstein. It also contains material from former co-host Perry DeAngelis.
== About ==
In 2017, Skeptical Inquirer reported that The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe was under development with an expected release in 2018. It became available for pre-order in early 2018, and was released by Grand Central Publishing on October 2, 2018. The book was written by Steven Novella and co-authored by Bob Novella, Cara Santa Maria, Jay Novella, Perry DeAngelis, and Evan Bernstein other individuals that have served as hosts of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast.
In an interview with The European Skeptics Podcast, Jay Novella described their approach to writing the book from the "point of view of an alien species observing the earth from a skeptical perspective using critical thinking," reminiscent of the book's namesake The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams.
== Reception ==
The book received a favorable review from Kirkus Reviews and was a USA Today bestseller.
Publishers Weekly reviewed the book, stating:
In plain English and cogent prose, Novella makes skepticism seem mighty, necessary, and accessible all at once... Empowering and illuminating, this thinkers paradise is an antidote to spreading anti-scientific sentiments. Readers will return to its ideas again and again.
The book was also reviewed by Rob Palmer for Skeptical Inquirer, who wrote:
Full disclosure: After my recent interview with Jay Novella for CSI online, I took the assignment to review this book with some trepidation. I am a long-time fan of the podcast, know all the rogues, and had extremely high expectations. I want this book to be successful, so if I was disappointed by it, and felt the need to be harsh, it would have been difficult to be honest in my evaluation. In that case, I think I would have passed the review task to someone else. Happily, that did not have to happen, as I was not disappointed at all.
== Author gallery ==
== References ==

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title: "The Social Contract (Ardrey book)"
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The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder is a 1970 book by Robert Ardrey. It is the third in his four-book Nature of Man Series.
The book extended Ardrey's refutation of the prevailing conviction within social sciences that all social behavior is purely learned and not governed by innate patterns. Through interwoven analyses of animals and human social structures Ardrey argued that inherited evolutionary traits are an important determining factor in social behavior.
Ardrey dedicated The Social Contract to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, after whose 1762 work the book was titled.
== Overview ==
The Social Contract was published in 1970. It was the third book in Ardrey's Nature of Man series, following African Genesis (1961) and The Territorial Imperative (1966) and preceding The Hunting Hypothesis (1976).
The Social Contract continues Ardrey's work on understanding how evolutionarily inherited traits are manifest by contemporary man. In particular The Social Contract examines society and hierarchy in terms of genetic diversity. The edition cites many of the scientists who were important influences on Ardrey, including Raymond Dart and Konrad Lorenz. It was illustrated, like the first two books, by Ardrey's wife, the South African actress and illustrator Berdine Ardrey (née Grunewald).
The Social Contract is a more ideologically motivated book than the other works in his Nature of Man series. It made assertions about how the social contract should be organized based on the evolutionary nature of man. In his last chapter, Ardrey writes:
The evolutionary nature of man represents, as I see it, a subject for the new philosophy, the new theologian. A set of common assumptions, common dedications, common assurances, of rules and regulations, even considering the limitations of homo sapiens, remains someday possible. As all of our parochial dedications have been eroded by the wash of the science, still a religion unassailable by the sciences exists as a goal worthy of contemporary ambition.
The Social Contract also called for a reasoned respect of nature (in his next book, The Hunting Hypothesis, Ardrey would be one of the first to warn of climate change as an existential threat to humanity). In The Social Contract he writes:
The philosophy of the impossible has been the dominant motive in human affairs for the past two centuries. We have pursued the mastery of nature as if we ourselves were not a portion of that nature. We have boasted of our command over our physical environment while we ourselves have done our urgent best to destroy it.
== Controversy ==
Compared to the other works in the Nature of Man series, The Social Contract inspired more controversy and received more negative reviews. Furthermore, the central theses of the other three books have come to be commonly accepted in scientific communities: African Genesis (1961) posited that humans evolved from African meat-eaters instead of Asian carnivores; The Territorial Imperative (1966) demonstrated the influence of inherited territorial instincts on social formations; and The Hunting Hypothesis (1976) showed the importance of hunting behavior on the evolutionary course of early man. Because the core of the book is a social proposal and not a scientific hypothesis this is not the case with The Social Contract.
Part of the controversy surrounding The Social Contract had to do with its theses on inequality. According to Ardrey, because each individual is born with a unique combination of genetically-determined traits, these traits can be evaluated by the environment, and therefore the diversity of phenotypes becomes inequality. For Ardrey the only way to have a realistic optimism about society was to recognize this inequality. In the words of the reviewer for News/Check, "A society of equals, Ardrey argues, is a natural impossibility — things just don't work that way, and those who argue otherwise (conservatives as well as liberals) are denying possibilities of change; they also deny, and this is important to Ardrey, optimism."
Ardrey argued, therefore, that inequality was not necessarily a social evil, but he emphasized that it could only be justly expressed given absolute equality of opportunity. He also applied evolutionary theory on the level of groups, a move that continues to be scientifically controversial.
In addition to insisting on the necessity for absolute equality of opportunity, Ardrey argued that the presence of inequality does not justify the domination of the weak by the strong. Rather "Ardrey showed that in all societies at any level of the animal world, structures exist to protect the vulnerable, and that this is an evolutionary advantage as it protects diversity, diversity being essential for creativity."
== Legacy ==
The central thesis of Ardrey's series, namely that evolutionary characteristics are manifest in human social relations, has become widely accepted. This shift signaled a major change in the social sciences, particularly in social and cultural anthropology and sociology. Robert Wokler, on the importance of Ardrey's approach, wrote:
What ought to be studied, according to Ardrey, are the relations between individuals that stem from the innate and universal attributes of animal life, whereas cultural anthropologists who detect a fundamental discontinuity between mankind and other zoological species are just impervious to the revolutionary ideas of Darwinism which have reverberated throughout all the life sciences apart from their own.
In 1972, defending his movie A Clockwork Orange from Fred M. Hechinger, Stanley Kubrick cited Ardrey. In particular, he quoted The Social Contract (along with African Genesis). Kubrick was a notable fan of Ardrey's work, and also cited him as an inspiration for his 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey.
== References ==
== External links ==
The Official Robert Ardrey Estate Website
The Nature of Man Series at the Robert Ardrey Estate Website

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title: "The Story of Science in America"
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The Story of Science in America is a 1967 science book by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, illustrated by Leonard Everett Fisher, published by Charles Scribner's Sons. It has been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Burmese and French.
== Summary ==
The book traces the work of inventors and naturalists in the United States from the Colonial era through the mid-19th century, and relates scientific developments in the century following.
== Contents ==
Part One - Science Comes to America
I - Science in the Colonies
II - Benjamin Franklin's Century
III - American Explorers and Expeditions
IV - The World of Nature
V - Early Inventors and Inventions
VI - The Great Industrial Revolution
Part Two - The Physical Sciences
VII - The Exact Sciences
VIII - The Sky Above
IX - The Earth and its Waters
X - The Revolution in Physics
Part Three - The Biological Sciences
XI - The Sciences of Life
XII - The Most Marvelous Machine
XIII - The Sciences of Man
Part Four - The Applied Sciences
XIV - The Electrical Revolution
XV - The Internal-Combustion Revolution
XVI - The Dangerous Depths of Space
XVII - Scientists of Today and Tomorrow
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index
== Reception ==
Critical response to the book was positive. Jane E. Brody, writing for The New York Times, called it "a fast-moving, informative and thoroughly enjoyable chronicle, with amusing anecdotes, legends and interesting sidelights that reflect the personalities, lives and times of the men who shaped our nation scientifically." She noted that "the authors have kept their writing free of chauvinism," and that "[m]ost of the scientific concepts are well enough explained so that even the newcomer to science should be able to grasp at least the essence of them." In the same issue the book was included among seventy-five recommended titles selected by the Children's Editor of the newspaper's Book Review, described as an "[i]nformative, thoroughly enjoyable chronicle of the development of science in our country."
Publishers' Weekly stated that "[t]o read the index ... is to read the names of the men and of their discoveries in science in America, from the earliest days ... to the space age. To read the book is to become familiar with the men and their contributions to science."
George Basalia, writing for Library Journal, called the book "a first-rate history of American science and technology for high-school students ... cover[ing] major American technical discoveries as well as our contributions to the purely theoretical aspects of science." He found "much to be praised ... the book is intelligently conceived, carefully organized, clearly written, and handsomely designed. Unfortunately, the illustrations do not do justice to [the] excellent text."
H. D. Allen in the Montreal Gazette wrote that the book's story "makes fascinating reading," and that "[w]hile the treatment of any one discipline may at first seem superficial and chatty, the total impact is most impressive, for the reader is left with an acquaintance with the leading figures of the age of science and some appreciation of how the contribution of each influenced a way of life." He concluded "The breadth of scientific knowledge which this book represents is remarkable, as is the skill with which it has been set down and the effortlessness with which it reads."
The Booklist called it "[a] wide-ranging survey [that] reflects the authors' humanistic interests as well as their familiarity with several branches of science and their extensive background reading."
Harry C. Stubbs in The Horn Book Magazine included it among "half a dozen books dealing ... with the history of science [that] I can recommend [both] to nonscientists as guides toward the Light [and] to scientists and science teachers as reminders that what we know was long, slow, and hard in coming." He noted that it "give[s] us a series of fascinating biographical and anecdotal items strung loosely on the thread of developing scientific knowledge."
Philip and Phylis Morrison in Scientific American felt it "manages to convey a sense of coherence, even though it deals at staccato length with so many men, trends and ideas ... The reason is partly in the expert writing--smooth, unusually candid, cheerful and sometimes a bit condescending (as in the two or three pages about Veblen)." They add that "[n]ot all the dicta of the authors seem reasonable, but to find any personal judgment at work is so rare in this kind of pedagogy that one is pleased by the De Camps even when one disagrees with them."
== References ==

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title: "The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet"
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The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions is a non-fiction scientific book by physicist Freeman Dyson, Professor Emeritus of Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in the U.S. It was first published in 1999 by Oxford University Press, and is based on lectures he gave in 1997 at New York Public Library.
== Synopsis ==
Professor Dyson suggests that three rapidly advancing technologies, Solar Energy, Genetic Engineering and World-Wide Communication together have the potential to create a more equal distribution of the world's wealth. Amongst other things he proposes that solar power in the Third World could connect even the most remote areas to all of the information on the Internet, potentially ending the cultural isolation of the poorest countries. Likewise, breakthroughs in genetics could lead to more efficient crops, thereby engendering the renewed vitality of traditional village life, currently devalued by the global market.
== Reception ==
In the journal Science and Public Policy, Axel Gelfert called the book "original, engaging and positively unpretentious [...] which, while not always providing complete answers, asks many important questions." Langdon Winner, in Issues in Science and Technology, gave a negative review, writing that the "slapdash quality of the book's social analysis sometimes leads to ludicrous conclusions" and that it "regales readers with vague yearnings for a better world".
J. D. Biersdorfer of The New York Times Book Review wrote that Dyson wrote with "detailed, admirable conviction", while Kirkus Reviews praised Dyson's commentaries and prose.
== References ==