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+---
+title: "A Devil's Chaplain"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Devil's_Chaplain"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:14.150365+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A Devil's Chaplain: Reflections on Hope, Lies, Science, and Love  is a 2003 book of selected essays and other writings by Richard Dawkins. Published five years after Dawkins's previous book Unweaving the Rainbow, it contains essays covering subjects including pseudoscience, genetic determinism, memetics, terrorism, religion and creationism. A section of the book is devoted to Dawkins' late adversary Stephen Jay Gould.
+The book's title is a reference to a quotation of Charles Darwin, in a letter to J.D. Hooker dated 13 July 1856, made in reference to Darwin's lack of belief in how "a perfect world" was designed by God (and a reference to Reverend Robert Taylor):
+"What a book a devil's chaplain might write on the clumsy, wasteful, blundering low and horridly cruel works of nature!"
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Robin McKie reviewed the book for The Observer and stated that the book contained a mixture of touching essays and "the good, old knockabout stuff at which Dawkins excels".
+
+
+== See also ==
+Argument from poor design
+Great Ape Project
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Review by Michael Ruse, 2003. "Through a Glass, Darkly." American Scientist.
+Review by Richard Holloway, 2003. "A callous world." The Guardian.
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--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-0.md
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+---
+title: "Aberdeen Bestiary"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Aberdeen Bestiary (Aberdeen University Library, Univ Lib. MS 24) is a 12th-century English illuminated manuscript bestiary that was first listed in 1542 in the inventory of the Old Royal Library at the Palace of Westminster. Due to similarities, it is often considered to be the "sister" manuscript of the Ashmole Bestiary. The connection between the ancient Greek didactic text Physiologus and similar bestiary manuscripts is also often noted. Information about the manuscript's origins and patrons are circumstantial, although the manuscript most likely originated from the 13th century and was owned by a wealthy ecclesiastical patron from northern or southern England. Currently, the Aberdeen Bestiary resides in the Aberdeen University Library in Scotland.
+
+== History ==
+The Aberdeen Bestiary and the Ashmole Bestiary are considered by Xenia Muratova, a professor of Art History, to be "the work of different artists belonging to the same artistic milieu." Due to their "striking similarities" they are often compared and described by scholars as being "sister manuscripts." The medievalist scholar M. R. James considered the Aberdeen Bestiary ''a replica of Ashmole 1511" a view echoed by many other art historians.
+
+=== Provenance ===
+The original patron of both the Aberdeen and Ashmole Bestiary was considered to be a high-ranking member of society such as a prince, king or another high ranking church official or monastery. However, since the section related to monastery life that was commonly depicted within the Aviarium manuscript was missing the original patron remains uncertain but it appears less likely to be a church member. The Aberdeen Bestiary was kept in Church and monastic settings for a majority of its history. However at some point it entered into the English royal collections library. The royal Westminster Library shelf stamp of Henry VIII of England is stamped on the side of the bestiary. How King Henry acquired the manuscript remains unknown although it was probably taken from a monastery. The manuscript appears to have been well-read by the family based on the amount of reading wear on the edges of the pages. Around the time King James of Scotland became the King of England the bestiary was passed along to Marischal College in Aberdeen, Scotland. The manuscript is in fragmented condition as many illuminations on folios were removed individually as miniatures likely not for monetary but possibly for personal reasons. The manuscript currently is in the Aberdeen Library in Scotland where it has remained since 1542.
+
+== Description ==
+
+=== Materials ===
+The Aberdeen bestiary is a gilded, decorated manuscript featuring large miniatures and some of the finest pigment, parchment and gold leaf from its time. Some portions of the manuscript such as folio eight recto even feature tarnished silver leaf. The original patron was wealthy enough to afford such materials so that the artists and scribes could enjoy creative freedom while creating the manuscripts. The artists were professionally trained and experimented with new techniques - such as heavy washes mixed with light washes and dark thick lines and use of contrasting color. The aqua color that is in the Aberdeen Bestiary is not present in the Ashmole Bestiary. The Aberdeen manuscript is loaded with filigree flora design and champie style gold leaf initials. Canterbury is considered to be the original location of manufacture as the location was well known for manufacturing high-end luxury books during the thirteen century. Its similarities with the Canterbury Paris Psalter tree style also further draws evidence of this relation.
+
+=== Style ===
+The craftsmanship of both Ashmole and Aberdeen bestiary suggest similar artists and scribes. Both the Ashmole and Aberdeen bestiary were probably made within 10 years of each other due to their stylistic and material similarities and the fact that both are crafted with the finest materials of their time. Stylistically both manuscripts are very similar but the Aberdeen has figures that are both more voluminous and less energetic than those of the Ashmole Bestiary. The color usage has been suggested as potentially Biblical in meaning as color usage had different interpretations in the early 13th century. The overall style of the human figures as well as color usage is very reminiscent of Roman mosaic art especially with the attention to detail in the drapery. Circles and ovals semi-realistically depict highlights throughout the manuscript. The way that animals are shaded in a Romanesque fashion with the use of bands to depict volume and form, which is similar to an earlier 12th-century Bury Bible made at Bury St.Edmunds. This Bestiary also shows stylistic similarities with the Paris Psalters of Canterbury. The Aviary section is similar to the Aviariium which is a well-known 12th century monastic text. The deviation from traditional color usage can be seen in the tiger, satyr, and unicorn folios as well as many other folios. The satyr in the Aberdeen Bestiary when compared to the satyr section of the slightly older Worksop bestiary is almost identical. There are small color notes in the Aberdeen Bestiary that are often seen in similar manuscripts dating between 1175 and 1250 which help indicate that it was made near the year 1200 or 1210. These notes are similar to many other side notes written on the sides of pages throughout the manuscript and were probably by the painter to remind himself of special circumstances, these note occur irregularly throughout the text.
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+---
+title: "Aberdeen Bestiary"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Illuminations ===
+Folio page 1 to 3 recto depicts the Genesis 1:1-25 which is represented with a large full page illumination Biblical Creation scene in the manuscript. Folio 5 recto shows Adam, a large figure surrounded by gold leaf and towering over others, with the theme of 'Adam naming the animals' - this starts the compilation of the bestiary portion within the manuscript. Folio 5 verso depicts quadrupeds, livestock, wild beasts, and the concept of the herd. Folio 7 to 18 recto depicts large cats and other beasts such as wolves, foxes and dogs. Many pages from the start of the manuscript's bestiary section such as 11 verso featuring a hyena shows small pin holes which were likely used to map out and copy artwork to a new manuscript. Folio 20 verso to 28 recto depicts livestock such as sheep, horses, and goats. Small animals like cats and mice are depicted on folio 24 to 25. Pages 25 recto to 63 recto feature depictions of birds and folio 64 recto to 80 recto depicts reptiles, worms and fish. 77 recto to 91 verso depicts trees and plants and other elements of nature such as the nature of man. The end folios of the manuscript from 93 recto to 100 recto depicts the nature of stones and rocks.
+
+Seventeen of the Aberdeen manuscript pages are pricked for transfer in a process called pouncing such as clearly seen in the hyena folio as well as folio 3 recto and 3 verso depicting Genesis 1:26-1:28, 31, 1:1-2. The pricking must have been done shortly after the creation of the Adam and Eve folio pages since there is not damage done to nearby pages. Other pages used for pouncing include folio 7 recto to 18 verso which is the beginning of the beasts portion of the manuscript and likely depicted a lions as well as other big cats such as leopards, panthers and their characteristic as well as other large wild and domesticated beasts.
+
+=== Missing Folios ===
+On folio 6 recto there was likely intended to be a depiction of a lion as in the Ashmole bestiary, but in this instance the pages were left blank although there are markings of margin lines. In comparison to the Ashmole bestiary, on 9 verso some leaves are missing which should have likely contained imagery of the antelope (Antalops), unicorn (Unicornis), lynx (Lynx), griffin (Gryps), part of elephant (Elephans). Near folio 21 verso two illuminations of the ox (Bos), camel (Camelus), dromedary (Dromedarius), ass (Asinus), onager (Onager) and part of horse (Equus) are also assumed to be missing. Also missing from folio 15 recto on are some leaves which should have contained crocodile (Crocodilus), manticore (Mantichora) and part of parandrus (Parandrus). These missing folios are assumed from comparisons between the Ashmole and other related bestiaries.
+
+== Contents ==
+Folio 1 recto : Genesis creation narrative of heaven and earth (Genesis, 1: 1–5). (Full page)
+Folio 1 verso: Creation of the waters and the firmament (Genesis, 1: 6–8)
+Folio 2 recto : Creation of the birds and fish (Genesis, 1: 20–23)
+Folio 2 verso : Creation of the animals (Genesis, 1: 24–25)
+Folio 3 recto : Creation of man (Genesis, 1: 26–28, 31; 2: 1–2)
+Folio 5 recto : Adam names the animals (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 1–2)
+Folio 5 verso : Animal (Animal) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 3)
+Folio 5 verso : Quadruped (Quadrupes) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 4)
+Folio 5 verso : Livestock (Pecus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 5–6)
+Folio 5 verso : Beast of burden (Iumentum) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 7)
+Folio 5 verso : Herd (Armentum) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 8)
+
+=== Beasts (Bestiae) ===
+Folio 7 recto : Lion (Leo) (Physiologus, Chapter 1; Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 3–6)
+Folio 8 recto : Tiger (Tigris) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 7)
+Folio 8 verso : Pard (Pard) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 10–11)
+Folio 9 recto : Panther (Panther) (Physiologus, Chapter 16; Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 8–9)
+Folio 10 recto : Elephant (Elephans) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 14; Physiologus, Chapter 43; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 35; Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xxv, 1–7)
+Folio 11 recto : Beaver (Castor)
+Folio 11 recto : Ibex (Ibex) (Hugh of Fouilloy, II, 15)
+Folio 11 verso : Hyena (Yena) (Physiologus, Chapter 24; Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xxvii, 23–24)
+Folio 12 recto : Crocotta (Crocotta) (Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xxvii, 26)
+Folio 12 recto : Bonnacon (Bonnacon) (Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xl, 10–11)
+Folio 12 verso : Ape (Simia)
+Folio 13 recto : Satyr (Satyrs)
+Folio 13 recto : Deer (Cervus)
+Folio 14 recto : Goat (Caper)
+Folio 14 verso : Wild goat (Caprea)
+Folio 15 recto : Monoceros (Monoceros) (Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, lii, 39–40)
+Folio 15 recto : Bear (Ursus)
+Folio 15 verso : Leucrota (Leucrota) (Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, lii, 34)
+Folio 16 recto : Parandrus (Parandrus) (Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xxx, 25)
+Folio 16 recto : Fox (Vulpes)
+Folio 16 verso : Yale (Eale) (Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, lii, 35)
+Folio 16 verso : Wolf (Lupus)
+Folio 18 recto : Dog (Canis)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-2.md
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+---
+title: "Aberdeen Bestiary"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Livestock (Pecora) ===
+Folio 20 verso : Sheep (Ovis) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 9; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 20)
+Folio 21 recto : Wether (Vervex) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 10)
+Folio 21 recto : Ram (Aries) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 11)
+Folio 21 recto : Lamb (Agnus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 12; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 28)
+Folio 21 recto : He-goat (Hircus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 14)
+Folio 21 verso : Kid (Hedus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 13)
+Folio 21 verso : Boar (Aper) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 27)
+Folio 21 verso : Bullock (Iuvencus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 28)
+Folio 21 verso : Bull (Taurus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 29)
+Folio 22 recto : Horse (Equus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 41–56; Hugh of Fouilloy, III, xxiii)
+Folio 23 recto : Mule (Mulus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 57–60)
+
+=== Small animals (Minuta animala) ===
+Folio 23 verso : Cat (Musio) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 38)
+Folio 23 verso : Mouse (Mus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, iii, 1)
+Folio 23 verso : Weasel (Mustela) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, iii, 2; Physiologus, Chapter 21)
+Folio 24 recto : Mole (Talpa) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, iii, 5)
+Folio 24 recto : Hedgehog (Ericius) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, iii, 7; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, VI, 20)
+Folio 24 verso : Ant (Formica) (Physiologus, 12; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 16, 20)
+
+=== Birds (Aves) ===
+Folio 25 recto : Bird (Avis)
+Folio 25 verso : Dove (Columba)
+Folio 26 recto : Dove and hawk (Columba et Accipiter)
+Folio 26 verso : Dove (Columba)
+Folio 29 verso : North wind and South wind (Aquilo et Auster ventus)
+Folio 30 recto : Hawk (Accipiter)
+Folio 31 recto : Turtle dove (Turtur)
+Folio 32 verso : Palm tree (Palma)
+Folio 33 verso : Cedar (Cedrus)
+Folio 34 verso : Pelican (Pellicanus) - Orange and blue
+Folio 35 verso : Night heron (Nicticorax)
+Folio 36 recto : Hoopoe (Epops)
+Folio 36 verso : Magpie (Pica)
+Folio 37 recto : Raven (Corvus)
+Folio 38 verso : Cock (Gallus)
+Folio 41 recto : Ostrich (Strutio)
+Folio 44 recto : Vulture (Vultur)
+Folio 45 verso : Crane (Grus)
+Folio 46 verso : Kite (Milvus)
+Folio 46 verso : Parrot (Psitacus)
+Folio 47 recto : Ibis (Ibis)
+Folio 47 verso : Swallow (Yrundo)
+Folio 48 verso : Stork (Ciconia)
+Folio 49 verso : Blackbird (Merula)
+Folio 50 recto : Eagle-owl (Bubo)
+Folio 50 verso : Hoopoe (Hupupa)
+Folio 51 recto : Little owl (Noctua)
+Folio 51 recto : Bat (Vespertilio)
+Folio 51 verso : Jay (Gragulus)
+Folio 52 verso : Nightingale (Lucinia)
+Folio 53 recto : Goose (Anser)
+Folio 53 verso : Heron (Ardea)
+Folio 54 recto : Partridge (Perdix)
+Folio 54 verso : Halcyon (Alcyon)
+Folio 55 recto : Coot (Fulica)
+Folio 55 recto : Phoenix (Fenix)
+Folio 56 verso : Caladrius (Caladrius)
+Folio 57 verso : Quail (Coturnix)
+Folio 58 recto : Crow (Cornix)
+Folio 58 verso : Swan (Cignus)
+Folio 59 recto : Duck (Anas)
+Folio 59 verso : Peacock (Pavo)
+Folio 61 recto : Eagle (Aquila)
+Folio 63 recto : Bee (Apis)
+
+=== Snakes and Reptiles (Serpentes) ===
+Folio 64 verso : Peridexion tree (Perindens)
+Folio 65 verso : Snake (Serpens)
+Folio 65 verso : Dragon (Draco)
+Folio 66 recto : Basilisk (Basiliscus)
+Folio 66 verso : Regulus (Regulus)
+Folio 66 verso : Viper (Vipera)
+Folio 67 verso : Asp (Aspis)
+Folio 68 verso : Scitalis (Scitalis)
+Folio 68 verso : Amphisbaena (Anphivena)
+Folio 68 verso : Hydrus (Ydrus)
+Folio 69 recto : Boa (Boa)
+Folio 69 recto : Iaculus (Iaculus)
+Folio 69 verso : Siren (Siren)
+Folio 69 verso : Seps (Seps)
+Folio 69 verso : Dipsa (Dipsa)
+Folio 69 verso : Lizard (Lacertus)
+Folio 69 verso : Salamander (Salamandra)
+Folio 70 recto : Saura (Saura)
+Folio 70 verso : Newt (Stellio)
+Folio 71 recto : Of the nature of Snakes (De natura serpentium)
+
+=== Worms (Vermes) ===
+Folio 72 recto : Worms (Vermis)
+
+=== Fish (Pisces) ===
+Folio 72 verso : Fish (Piscis)
+Folio 73 recto : Whale (Balena)
+Folio 73 recto : Serra (Serra)
+Folio 73 recto : Dolphin (Delphinus)
+Folio 73 verso : Sea-pig (Porcus marinus)
+Folio 73 verso : Crocodile (Crocodrillus)
+Folio 73 verso : Mullet (Mullus)
+Folio 74 recto : Fish (Piscis)
+
+=== Trees and Plants (Arbories) ===
+Folio 77 verso : Tree (Arbor)
+Folio 78 verso : Fig (Ficus)
+Folio 79 recto : Again of trees (Item de arboribus)
+Folio 79 recto : Mulberry
+Folio 79 recto : Sycamore
+Folio 79 recto : Hazel
+Folio 79 recto : Nuts
+Folio 79 recto : Almond
+Folio 79 recto : Chestnut
+Folio 79 recto : Oak
+Folio 79 verso : Beech
+Folio 79 verso : Carob
+Folio 79 verso : Pistachio
+Folio 79 verso : Pitch pine
+Folio 79 verso : Pine
+Folio 79 verso : Fir
+Folio 79 verso : Cedar
+Folio 80 recto : Cypress
+Folio 80 recto : Juniper
+Folio 80 recto : Plane
+Folio 80 recto : Oak
+Folio 80 recto : Ash
+Folio 80 recto : Alder
+Folio 80 verso : Elm
+Folio 80 verso : Poplar
+Folio 80 verso : Willow
+Folio 80 verso : Osier
+Folio 80 verso : Box
+
+=== Nature of Man (Natura hominis) ===
+Folio 80 verso : Isidorus on the nature of man (Ysidorus de natura hominis)
+Folio 89 recto : Isidorus on the parts of man's body (Ysidorus de membris hominis)
+Folio 91 recto : Of the age of man (De etate hominis)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-3.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-3.md
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+---
+title: "Aberdeen Bestiary"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Stones (Lapides) ===
+Folio 93 verso : Fire-bearing stone (Lapis ignifer)
+Folio 94 verso : Adamas stone (Lapis adamas)
+Folio 96 recto : Myrmecoleon (Mermecoleon)
+Folio 96 verso : Verse (Versus)
+Folio 97 recto : Stone in the foundation of the wall (Lapis in fundamento muri)
+Folio 97 recto : The first stone, Jasper
+Folio 97 recto : The second stone, Sapphire
+Folio 97 recto : The third stone, Chalcedony
+Folio 97 verso : The fourth stone, Smaragdus
+Folio 98 recto : The fifth stone, Sardonyx
+Folio 98 recto : The sixth stone, Sard
+Folio 98 verso : The seventh stone, Chrysolite
+Folio 98 verso : The eighth stone, Beryl
+Folio 99 recto : The ninth stone, Topaz
+Folio 99 verso : The tenth stone, Chrysoprase
+Folio 99 verso : The eleventh stone, Hyacinth
+Folio 100 recto : The twelfth stone, Amethyst
+Folio 100 recto : Of stones and what they can do (De effectu lapidum)
+
+== Gallery ==
+
+== See also ==
+Bestiary
+List of medieval bestiaries
+Physiologus
+Ashmole Bestiary
+Paris Psalter
+Aviarium
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+The Aberdeen Bestiary Project - University of Aberdeen, Online version of the bestiary.
+David Badke, The Medieval Bestiary : Manuscript: Univ. Lib. MS 24 (Aberdeen Bestiary)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Like_a_Whale-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Like_a_Whale-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+title: "Almost Like a Whale"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Like_a_Whale"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:53.025647+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Almost like a Whale by Steve Jones is a modern introduction to Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and closely follows its structure. It won the 1999 BP Natural World Book Prize.
+An American version was published as Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated (ISBN 978-0-375-50103-6).
+The title refers to Darwin's observation that a bear, swimming in a lake and catching insects in its mouth, might conceivably evolve over time into a creature "almost like a whale". This statement attracted much ridicule at the time.
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "Anticipatory Systems"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:55.400444+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations is a book by Robert Rosen, conceived in the 1970s and published for the first time in 1985. The book describes the way that biological systems anticipate the environment. The book draws from mathematics, in particular category theory, in describing the way systems can anticipate.
+The first five chapters of the book are about modeling: Rosen shows that natural systems, physical things in the world, are modeled by formal systems, which are at their heart mathematical. These formal systems simulate the natural systems. But in order to provide anticipatory knowledge, they must produce predictions ahead of the predicted phenomena.
+
+
+== Publication history ==
+The first edition of Anticipatory Systems was published in 1985 by Pergamon Press. The second edition of Anticipatory Systems was published in 2012 by Springer.
+
+
+== Publication details ==
+The second edition includes a fifty-page prolegomena by Mihai Nadin, as well as contributions by Judith Rosen and John J. Kineman. The book is the 27th volume in the International Federation for Systems Research International Series on Systems Science and Engineering, a series edited by George Klir.
+
+
+== Critical reception ==
+A review  by Eric Minch of the first edition called the book "radical and profound".
+
+
+== Related work ==
+Rosen followed this book with a text called Life Itself that discussed the mathematical, scientific, and ethical issues related to generating artificial life.
+A. H. Louie, one of Rosen's students, published a tutorial article on the book, explaining, among other things, the mathematical concepts behind the book 
+
+
+== Errata for the first  edition ==
+Conjunction and disjunction terms are reversed in the text, pages 60–68, but the mathematical expressions are correct.
+Footnote 8 missing from page 384: probably the reference on 382 should be to footnote 7.
+Pages 327 and 328 are swapped.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behave_(book)-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behave_(book)-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+title: "Behave (book)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behave_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:56.575701+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst is a 2017 non-fiction book by Robert Sapolsky.  It describes how various biological processes influence human behavior, on scales ranging from less than a second before an action to thousands of years before.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+A review in The Guardian called Behave "a miraculous synthesis of scholarly domains".  Kirkus Reviews called it "An exemplary work of popular science, challenging but accessible." A review in the Star Tribune considers Behave to be Sapolsky's magnum opus as well as "a stunning achievement and an invaluable addition to the canon of scientific literature." In Science Magazine's edited book review blog, Behave was described as "exceptional in its scale, scope, detail, and writing style".
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_North_America_(book)-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_North_America_(book)-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: "Birds of North America (book)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_North_America_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:40.826773+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Birds of North America is a comprehensive encyclopedia of bird species in the United States and Canada, with substantial articles about each species. It was first published as a series of 716 printed booklets, prepared by 863 authors, and made available as the booklets were completed from 1992 through 2003. The project was overseen by the American Ornithologists' Union in partnership with the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
+In 2004, an online version of the encyclopedia, including audio and video resources, was produced and released by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Access is by personal or institutional subscription.
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Gender-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Gender-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+title: "Brain Gender"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Gender"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:58.927865+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Brain Gender is a 2005 biology book by Melissa Hines, published by Oxford University Press. Hines is a psychologist and neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge in England. Hines graduated with an undergraduate degree from Princeton, following through with a doctorate in psychology from UCLA.
+Brain Gender is a book exploring the biological differences between sex and gender. Hines questions whether different biological differences, such as hormones, affect the way people develop and act. Hines demonstrates the possibilities that genetic, biological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, social, and statistical aspects of born sex affect the differences between males or females in gender roles.
+In the end of the book, it is concluded that the human tendency to perceive generalized gender differences is not supported by evidence. Biology does not imply a deterministic set of gender creation or identification.
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehms_Tierleben-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehms_Tierleben-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+---
+title: "Brehms Tierleben"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehms_Tierleben"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:41.985437+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Brehms Tierleben (English title: Brehm's Animal Life) is a scientific reference book, first published in the 1860s by Alfred Edmund Brehm (1829–1884). It was one of the first modern popular zoological treatises. First published in German as a six volume work that was completed in 1869 it was published by the Bibliographisches Institut of Herrmann Julius Meyer with illustration directed by Robert Kretschmer. The second edition, completed in 1879 had ten volumes. It was translated into several European languages.
+
+
+== Publishing history ==
+As a freelance writer, Brehm furnished popular-scientific magazines with essays and travelogues.  Because of his success in doing this, in 1860 he was commissioned to write a six-volume zoological encyclopedia. Journeys to Abyssinia, Scandinavia and Siberia both interrupted and enriched the work.  The first six volumes of the encyclopedia, published under the title Illustrirtes Thierleben, appeared from 1864 to 1869, published by the Bibliographisches Institut under Herrmann Julius Meyer.  Illustrated under the direction of Robert Kretschmer (1818–1872), they met with wide approval from the educated bourgeoisie.
+As of the second edition, which consisted of ten volumes published from 1876 to 1879, the work was already titled Brehms Tierleben. The work made Brehm famous around the world and its title is still a catchphrase today, even though science has gone far beyond Brehm.  Perhaps the greatest change in the second edition was the addition of new illustrations by Gustav Mützel, the brothers August and Friedrich Specht and others, which Charles Darwin said were the best he had ever seen. The second edition was reprinted from 1882 to 1884, and a third edition, published from 1890 to 1893, followed. The work has been translated into various languages and remained very popular for generations. Editions continued to appear into the second half of the 20th century, sometimes in the form of abridged, one-volume works.
+
+
+== Note on the title ==
+The title was at its time written "Brehms Thierleben" (or respectively, "Illustrirtes Thierleben"), and is in Germany usually still cited in that way. The spelling reform of 1901 did away with the exception of writing "Thier" with th, which never means the English th sound in this context. (Similarly, the adjective in the original title would now be written "illustriertes".)
+
+
+== Selected editions ==
+
+Illustrirtes Thierleben.  Eine allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs. By Alfred Edmund Brehm, Eduard Oskar Schmidt, and Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg.  6 vols.  Hildburghausen, Bibliographisches Institut, 1864–1869.
+Brehms Tierleben.  Allgemeine Kunde des Tierreichs.  By Alfred Edmund Brehm, Eduard Oskar Schmidt, and Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg.  2nd, expanded, ed.  10 vols.  Leipzig, Bibliographisches Institut, 1876–1879; reprinted 1882–1884.
+Brehms Tierleben. Allgemeine Kunde des Tierreichs.  By Alfred Edmund Brehm, Oskar Boettger, Wilhelm Haacke, Eduard Pechuël-Loesche, W. Marshall, Eduard Oskar Schmidt, and Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg.  3rd ed.  10 vols.  Leipzig, Wien, Bibliographisches Institut, 1890–1893.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Editions on line ==
+
+Biodiversity Heritage Library (2nd edition)
+Wikisource: Brehms Thierleben (German) Partial text of the 2nd German edition.
+Brehms Thierleben, 1. German edition digitized in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte
+Djurens lif (Swedish) 2nd ed. of the Swedish translation of Thierleben, 4 vols. (pub. 1882–1888); from Project Runeberg [1].
+Project Gutenberg-DE page on Brehm (German) Includes text from Brehms Thierleben and Tiergeschichten.
+Page on Brehm (German) Includes text from Brehms Tierleben.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+---
+title: "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:45.494909+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently (as of 2024) in its 105th edition, published in 2024. It is known colloquially among chemists as the "Rubber Bible", as CRC originally stood for "Chemical Rubber Company".
+As late as the 1962–1963 edition (3604 pages), the Handbook contained myriad information on many branches of science and engineering.  Sections in that edition include: Mathematics, Properties and Physical Constants, Chemical Tables, Properties of Matter, Heat, Hygrometric and Barometric Tables, Sound, Quantities and Units, and Miscellaneous.  Mathematical Tables from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics was originally published as a supplement to the handbook up to the 9th edition (1952); afterwards, the 10th edition (1956) was published separately as CRC Standard Mathematical Tables.  Earlier editions included sections such as "Antidotes of Poisons", "Rules for Naming Organic Compounds", "Surface Tension of Fused Salts", "Percent Composition of Anti-Freeze Solutions", "Spark-gap Voltages", "Greek Alphabet", "Musical Scales", "Pigments and Dyes", "Comparison of Tons and Pounds", "Twist Drill and Steel Wire Gauges" and "Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere at Elevations up to 160 Kilometers".  Later editions focus almost exclusively on chemistry and physics topics and eliminated much of the more "common" information.
+CRC Press is a publisher of engineering handbooks and references and textbooks across virtually all scientific disciplines.
+
+
+== Contents by edition ==
+7th edition
+Mathematical Tables
+General Chemical Tables
+Properties of Matter
+Heat
+Hygrometric and Barometric Tables
+Sound
+Electricity and Magnetism
+Light
+Miscellaneous Tables
+Definitions and Formulae
+Laboratory Arts and Recipes
+Photographic Formulae
+Measures and Units
+Wire Tables
+Apparatus Lists
+Problems
+Index
+22nd–44th editions
+Section A: Mathematical Tables
+Section B: Properties and Physical Constants
+Section C: General Chemical Tables/Specific Gravity and Properties of Matter
+Section D: Heat and Hygrometry/Sound/Electricity and Magnetism/Light
+Section E: Quantities and Units/Miscellaneous
+Index
+45th–70th editions
+Section A: Mathematical Tables
+Section B: Elements and Inorganic Compounds
+Section C: Organic Compounds
+Section D: General Chemical
+Section E: General Physical Constants
+Section F: Miscellaneous
+Index
+71st–102nd editions
+Section  1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
+Section  2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
+Section  3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
+Section  4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
+Section  5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Kinetics (or Thermo, Electro & Solution Chemistry)
+Section  6: Fluid Properties
+Section  7: Biochemistry
+Section  8: Analytical Chemistry
+Section  9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
+Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
+Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics
+Section 12: Properties of Solids
+Section 13: Polymer Properties
+Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
+Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data
+Section 16: Health and Safety Information
+Appendix A: Mathematical Tables
+Appendix B: CAS Registry Numbers and Molecular Formulas of Inorganic Substances (72nd–75th)
+Appendix C: Sources of Physical and Chemical Data (83rd–)
+Index
+
+
+== See also ==
+CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics
+CRC Standard Mathematical Tables
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+PDF copy of the 8th edition, published in 1920
+Handbook of Chemistry and Physics online (subscription required)
+Tables Relocated or Removed from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st through 87th Editions
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Biology-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Biology-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+title: "Campbell Biology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Biology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:01.197728+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Campbell Biology is a biology textbook used for introductory Biology and Advanced Placement Biology courses. The textbook was initially published in 1987 by American biologist Neil Campbell, and has been used internationally by over 700,000 students in both high school and college-level classes. 
+
+
+== History ==
+The first edition of the textbook was published in 1987 by Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Pearson Education. Over time, the textbook was substantially revised and updated. American biologists Jane Reece and Lisa Urry have provided substantial pedagogical contributions, making it an internationally known biology textbook. It is used in 90 percent of AP Biology classes and 60 percent of introductory college biology courses. As of 2024, the textbook has been used by over 14 million students and has been translated into over 20 languages. The book is currently in its 13th edition.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+The textbook is divided into eight separate units comprising 56 chapters. The organization of the units are logical, appropriate, and easy for first-year university students to follow and help them learn the content. 
+
+The first unit is an introductory unit that introduces the scientific method and concepts of evolution.
+The second unit focuses on the various components of the cell as well as processes such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
+The third unit focuses on genetics and covers topics such as Mendelian genetics, DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
+The fourth unit focuses on the mechanisms of evolution and details natural selection, the Hardy–Weinberg principle and the history of life.
+The fifth unit focuses on bacteria, archaea, protists, plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates.
+The sixth unit focuses on plant anatomy.
+The seventh unit focuses on the circulatory system, respiratory system, immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system.
+The eighth unit focuses on ecology, ecosystems, and biomes.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website of Campbell Biology
+Global Teaching Project Site
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+title: "Charles Darwin bibliography"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:10.668533+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of the writings of Charles Darwin.
+
+
+== Works published during lifetime ==
+1829–1832. [Records of captured insects, in] Stephens, J. F., Illustrations of British entomology
+1835: Extracts from Letters to Henslow (Read at a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society on 16 November 1835, with comments by John Stevens Henslow and Adam Sedgwick, and printed for private distribution dated 1 December 1835. Selected remarks had been read by Sedgwick to the Geological Society of London on 18 November 1835, and these were summarised in Proceedings of the Geological Society published in 1836. Further extracts were published in the Entomological Magazine and, with a review, in the Magazine of Natural History. A reprint was issued in 1960, again for private distribution.)
+1836: A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c. – BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.'
+1838–1843: Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle:  published between 1839 and 1843 in five Parts (and nineteen numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts:
+1838: Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen (Preface and Geological introduction by Darwin)
+1838: Part 2 No. 1 Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse (Geographical introduction and A notice of their habits and ranges by Darwin)
+1839: Questions About the Breeding of Animals
+1839: Journal and Remarks (The Voyage of the Beagle) (Second edition: 1845)
+1841: The Gardeners' Chronicle (contributor)
+1842: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (Second edition: 1874)
+1844: Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Second edition: 1876)
+1846: Geological Observations on South America
+1849: Geology from A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general., John F.W. Herschel ed.
+1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.
+1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain
+1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.
+1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain
+1858: On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection (Extract from an unpublished Work on Species)
+1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Second edition: 1860, Third edition: 1861, Fourth edition: 1866, Fifth edition: 1869, Sixth edition: 1872)
+1862: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects (Second edition: 1877)
+1865: The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (Linnean Society paper, published in book form in 1875) (Illustrated by George Darwin
+1868: The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (2 volumes) (Second edition: 1875, edited by Francis Darwin in 1905)
+1871: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (2 volumes) (Second edition: 1874, assisted by George Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley, revised and augmented second edition: 1877)
+1872: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (revised by Francis Darwin in 1890, restored and revised edition edited by Paul Ekman in 1999)
+1875: Insectivorous Plants (Second edition edited by Francis Darwin with footnotes and additions in 1888)
+1876: The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom (Second edition: 1878)
+1877: The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (Second edition with a preface by Francis Darwin in 1884)
+1879: "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" in Ernst Krause's Erasmus Darwin
+1880: The Power of Movement in Plants
+1881: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (corrections by Francis Darwin in 1882)
+
+
+== Posthumous First Publications ==
+1975: Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858, edited by Robert C. Stauffer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Corrections by John van Wyhe (2007)
+2009 (collection): Charles Darwin's shorter publications 1829-1883, with a foreword by Janet Browne & Jim Secord (edited by John van Wyhe)
+
+
+=== Autobiography ===
+1887: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (edited by his son Francis Darwin)
+1958: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Nora Barlow, unexpurgated)
+
+
+=== Correspondence ===
+1887: Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (ed. Francis Darwin) (3 volumes)
+1903: More Letters of Charles Darwin (2 volumes) (ed. Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward)
+1974-December 2022: Correspondence of Charles Darwin (30 volumes)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Shadows
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Shadows
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Shore-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Shore-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "Close to Shore"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Shore"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:04.769968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Close to Shore: A True Story of Terror in an Age of Innocence is a non-fiction book by journalist Michael Capuzzo about the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. The book was published in 2001 by Broadway Books.
+According to a reviewer writing for the New Yorker, it is an "adventure classic". The factual content and backgrounds were based on Richard Fernicola's In Search of the Jersey Man-Eater (1987).
+An adapted version, Close to Shore: The Terrifying Shark Attacks of 1916, was published in 2003, aimed at a middle-school audience, with fewer biographical background of the victims. There are photos and news clippings not in the original. Capuzzo's description of the shark's behaviour verges on being anthropomorphic.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Close to Shore homepage at RandomHouse.com.
+Capuzzo, Michael. Close to Shore: The Terrifying Shark Attacks of 1916. Crown. ISBN 0375922318.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colección_La_Fauna-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colección_La_Fauna-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: "Colección La Fauna"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colección_La_Fauna"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:05.933883+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Colección La Fauna (La Fauna Collection) is a series of books about the Fauna of Venezuela.
+The first four titles were published in 2019 by Ediciones La Fauna KPT, based in Madrid.
+The collection have as origin the studies by German-born, Venezuelan zoologist, Pedro Trebbau, along with the documentary research of Israel Cañizales and Salvador Boher. The adaptation of the texts were made by writer Eduardo Sánchez Rugeles.
+The illustrations were made by the artist Leonardo Rodríguez.
+The editorial director of the collection is Miriam Ardizzone, the art direction is in charge of Manuel González Ruiz
+
+
+== History ==
+The collection is part of the project for rescue of the scientific works of Pedro Trebbau, initiated with the re-edition of the book The Turtles of Venezuela (2018), as well of the publication of the biography Trebbau: Maestro por naturaleza (2018), by Albor Rodríguez.
+Trebbau is known for the promotion and preservation of Venezuelan wildlife and nature.
+
+
+== Titles ==
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Biological_Series-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Biological_Series-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "Columbia University Biological Series"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Biological_Series"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:07.138676+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+
+== Volumes ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Supersymmetry_and_Noncommutative_Structures_in_Mathematics_and_Physics-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Supersymmetry_and_Noncommutative_Structures_in_Mathematics_and_Physics-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry and Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Supersymmetry_and_Noncommutative_Structures_in_Mathematics_and_Physics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:44.267951+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry and Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics is a fundamental authoritative text in specialized areas of contemporary mathematics and physics. This is an English language reference work which consists of around 800 original articles by around 280 scientists under the guidance of 23 advisory board members.
+
+
+== Publication history ==
+The first edition was published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004, when Kluwer was a part of Springer. A second printing with corrections was issued in 2005 by Springer Science & Business Media.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry contains articles devoted to supergravity, M-theory, quantum gravity, quantum groups, noncommutative geometry and other topics related to supersymmetry.
+The articles are of the following kinds: 1) short review; 2) term/notion definition; 3) biography. 
+The detailed Subject Index consists of 31 four-column oversized pages and is of three level, which makes easier navigation through
+the volume. A useful list of 116 abbreviations helps to understand special articles on supersymmetry also in other sources. 
+The book can serve as a working instrument for professionals and PhD students.
+
+
+== Editions ==
+Duplij, Steven; Siegel, Warren; Bagger, Jonathan, eds. (2005), Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry: And Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics, Berlin, New York: Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-1338-6
+Duplij, Steven; Wess, Julius, eds. (2001), Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-6998-X
+
+
+== See also ==
+Encyclopedia of Mathematics
+
+
+== References ==
+Ninnemann, Olaf (2004), "Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry", Zentralblatt MATH, Zbl 1156.81300
+Ion, P.D.F. (2005), "Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry", Mathematical Reviews, MR 2051764
+
+
+== External links ==
+Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry: And Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics in Worldcat
+NATO ARW Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus-0.md
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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:37:37.233315+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:08.274374+00:00"
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--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_His_Children-0.md
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+---
+title: "Darwin and His Children"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_His_Children"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:09.432218+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Darwin and His Children: His Other Legacy is a 2013 book by biologist and author, Tim Berra. The book examines the full lives of the ten children of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma Wedgwood. This book is written for a lay audience concluding with a timeline, cast of characters, references and index. An overview of Darwin's scientific achievements runs though the chronology of the children's lives. The book was published by Oxford University Press.
+
+
+== Synopsis ==
+The book is broken into twelve chapters. The first, "Darwin's Paradigm Shift", is described by reviewer Christopher Cumo as a good overview of Darwin for any history of science student, saying the book is able to "present the scaffolding of Darwin's ideas without requiring one to build the entire house". Chapter two covers Charles Darwin and his first-cousin soon to be wife, Emma Wedgwood, with whom he had been friends since childhood. Emma's father, Josiah Wedgwood, was brother to Charles's mother Susannah Wedgwood. The stress of believing this close family relationship was the reason so many of their ten children suffered from ill health, and the infertility of three adult children, was woven throughout chapters three to twelve. Darwin struggled with intestinal pain and an anxiety disorder all his life, exacerbated by stress and overwork, for which he often sought out a water cure.
+At the beginning of each chapter which covers the full life of each of the ten children, Berra gives an overview of what Darwin was working on in the world of science and other important events. If the child outlived its parents, Berra then recounts those deaths from the perspective of that specific child.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Science historian Marsha Richmond, reviewing the book in The Quarterly Review of Biology, explains that each chapter follows a different child's life, interspersed with what Darwin was working on at the time. Much has already been written about the life of Charles Darwin and his family, but it is the first time that a researcher has combined all the life stories of the children into one source. The entire life of the child, even Mary Eleanor who lived only three-weeks and his last child Charles Waring who lived 19-months are covered in their own chapter. The life and death of his first daughter Anne Elizabeth at the age of ten from consumption, "illustrates well the deep affection he had not only for Annie but for all of his children." Darwin, according to Berra, was consumed with anxiety that his marriage to his first cousin Emma Wedgwood was the reason for the children's poor health. Three of Darwin's sons became renowned scientists and "Berra demonstrates that the other Darwin children were interesting in their own right." This book is unique because Berra uses secondary sources to tell their stories, and in doing so "provides a collective family portrait." 
+Christopher Cumo, reviewing the book for the Ohio Journal of Science, states that Berra "has written something different ... [it] cuts across three disciplines: the sciences, history of science, and biography ... an accomplishment it is not easy to achieve." Using only secondary citations and many historical photographs and etchings, each chapter arranged in chronological order tells the full story of each of the ten children. The chapter on Annie, Darwin's favorite child who died at age ten from tuberculosis "extinguished whatever religious sentiments Darwin might still have held." Cumo would have liked to have seen more of their mother's influence in the book. Readers who will be drawn to this book will be people who already know quite a bit about the science of Darwin, but also people interested in biographies who "need not be a scientist" to enjoy this book. The children of Darwin have been overlooked and "[H]erein lies the book's contribution to scholarship". The book is "well researched and well written. Berra has the ability to communicate complex ideas in simple prose."
+
+
+== See also ==
+Charles Darwin's children
+The Darwin-Wedgwood family
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian_Happiness-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian_Happiness-0.md
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+---
+title: "Darwinian Happiness"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian_Happiness"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:11.849211+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Darwinian Happiness: Evolution As a Guide for Living and Understanding Human Behavior, ISBN 0-87850-159-2, is a 2002 book by the Norwegian biologist Bjørn Grinde from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. He argues that human emotions find their cause in evolution, and offers ways by which we can use this to our advantage.
+More specifically, mammals are equipped with a nerve system that enables them to distinguish not only between pleasant and unpleasant sensations, but positive and negative experiences in general. While the biological term fitness refers to the capacity to create offspring, happiness (or quality of life) is, at least in a biological perspective, a question of the qualities of the experiences our nervous system offers us.
+In order to improve these experiences there are two main principles to consider:
+
+To utilize the rewarding sensations the brain has evolved to offer in a way that gives optimal long-term benefits; and, similarly, to avoid punishing sensations.
+To avoid stress and maladaptive ways of living in order to have a healthy mind with optimal potential for positive experiences.
+As to the first principle, humans may actually have been equipped with more powerful positive and negative sensations, compared to other mammals, due to our capacity for free will. That is, evolution might tend to add stronger incentives for behavior benefiting the genes in an individual with a powerful free will; as otherwise, the free will could easily result in maladaptive behavior.
+As to the second principle, it may be added that, as a rule of thumb, we ought to adapt our way of living to how we are designed by evolution to live. Current ideas in evolutionary medicine and evolutionary psychology suggest that mismatches between the environment of evolutionary adaptation and the present way of living may cause somatic and mental health problems. Such adverse mismatches, referred to as discords, are obviously detrimental to quality of life. For example, unlike Europeans, Indigenous Australians have not had many generations exposed to alcohol, and so are prone to alcohol abuse and the social deprivation it causes.
+Grinde argues that "Chemical stimulants do not appear to be a good long-term strategy for contentment."
+
+
+== See also ==
+Is–ought problem
+Naturalistic fallacy
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium-0.md
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+---
+title: "De Natura Fossilium"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:49.241517+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+De Natura Fossilium is a scientific text written by Georg Bauer also known as Georgius Agricola, first published in 1546. The book represents the first scientific attempt to categorize minerals, rocks and sediments since the publication of Pliny's Natural History. This text along with Agricola's other works including De Re Metallica compose the earliest comprehensive "scientific" approach to mineralogy, mining, and geological science.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Full text searchable English version and illustrations Archived 2021-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-0.md
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+---
+title: "De re metallica"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals [Minerals]) is a book in Latin cataloguing the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published a year posthumously in 1556 due to a delay in preparing woodcuts for the text. The author was Georg Bauer, whose pen name was the Latinized Georgius Agricola ("Bauer" and "Agricola" being respectively the German and Latin words for "farmer"). The book remained the authoritative text on mining for 180 years after its publication. It was also an important chemistry text for the period and is significant in the history of chemistry.
+Mining was typically left to professionals, craftsmen and experts who were not eager to share the experiential knowledge they had accumulated over centuries; this knowledge was passed down orally within a small group of technicians and mining overseers. In the Middle Ages, these people held the same leading role as the master builders of the great cathedrals, or were perhaps like alchemists; a small, cosmopolitan elite within which knowledge was guarded from the outside world. Only a few writers found it worth the effort to write about mining, and only in the Renaissance did this begin to change. With improved transport and the invention of the printing press, knowledge spread much faster than before. In 1500, the first printed book dedicated to mining engineering, called the Nützlich Bergbüchleyn ("The Useful Little Mining Book") was published by Ulrich Rülein von Calw. The most important works in this genre, however, were the twelve books of De Re Metallica.
+Agricola had spent nine years in the Bohemian town of Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic). After Joachimsthal, he spent the rest of his life in Chemnitz in Saxony, another prominent mining town in the Ore Mountains.
+The book was greatly influential, and for more than a century after it was published, De Re Metallica remained a standard treatise used throughout Europe. The German mining technology it portrayed was acknowledged as the most advanced at the time, and the metallic wealth produced in German mining districts was the envy of many other European nations. The book was reprinted in a number of Latin editions, as well as in German and Italian translations. Publication in Latin meant that it could be read by any educated European of the time. The 292 superb woodcut illustrations and the detailed descriptions of machinery made it a practical reference for those wishing to replicate the latest in mining technology.
+The drawings from which the woodcuts were made were done by an artist in Joachimsthal named Blasius Weffring, or Basilius Wefring. The woodcuts were then prepared in the Froben publishing house by Hans Rudolf Manuel Deutsch and Zacharias Specklin.
+In 1912, the first English translation of De Re Metallica was privately published in London by subscription. The translators were married couple Herbert Hoover, a mining engineer (and later President of the United States), and Lou Henry Hoover, a geologist, Latinist and future First Lady of the United States as Herbert Hoover's wife. The translation is notable not only for its clarity of language, but for the extensive footnotes, which detail the classical references to mining and metals. Subsequent translations into other languages, including German, owe much to the Hoover translations, as their footnotes detail their difficulties with Agricola's invention of several hundred Latin expressions to cover Medieval German mining and milling terms that were unknown to classical Latin. The most important translation—outside English—was the one published by the Deutsches Museum in Munich.
+
+== Summary ==
+
+The book consists of a preface and twelve chapters, labelled books I to XII, without titles. It also has numerous woodcuts that provide annotated diagrams illustrating equipment and processes described in the text.
+
+=== Preface ===
+Agricola addresses the book to prominent German aristocrats, the most important of whom were Maurice, Elector of Saxony and his brother Augustus, who were his main patrons. He then describes the works of ancient and contemporary writers on mining and metallurgy, the chief ancient source being Pliny the Elder. Agricola describes several books contemporary to him, the chief being a booklet by Calbus of Freiberg in German. The works of alchemists are then described. Agricola does not reject the idea of alchemy, but notes that alchemical writings are obscure and that we do not read of any of the masters who became rich. He then describes fraudulent alchemists, who deserve the death penalty. Agricola completes his introduction by explaining that, since no other author has described the art of metals completely, he has written this work, setting forth his scheme for twelve books. Finally, he again directly addresses his audience of German princes, explaining the wealth that can be gained from this art.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-1.md
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "De re metallica"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Book I: Arguments for and against this art ===
+This book consists of the arguments used against the art and Agricola's counter arguments. He explains that mining and prospecting are not just a matter of luck and hard work; there is specialized knowledge that must be learned. A miner should have knowledge of philosophy, medicine, astronomy, surveying, arithmetic, architecture, drawing and law, though few are masters of the whole craft and most are specialists. This section is full of classical references and shows Agricola's classical education to its fullest. The arguments range from philosophical objections to gold and silver as being intrinsically worthless, to the danger of mining to its workers and its destruction of the areas in which it is carried out. He argues that without metals, no other activity such as architecture or agriculture are possible. The dangers to miners are dismissed, noting that most deaths and injuries are caused by carelessness, and other occupations are hazardous too. Clearing forests for timber is advantageous as the land can be farmed. Mines tend to be in mountains and gloomy valleys with little economic value. The loss of food from the forests destroyed can be replaced by purchase from profits, and metals have been placed underground by God and man is right to extract and use them. Finally, Agricola argues that mining is an honorable and profitable occupation.
+
+=== Book II: The miner and a discourse on the finding of veins ===
+This book describes the miner and the finding of veins. Agricola assumes that his audience is the mine owner, or an investor in mines. He advises owners to live at the mine and to appoint good deputies. It is recommended to buy shares in mines that have not started to produce as well as existing mines to balance the risks. The next section of this book recommends areas where miners should search. These are generally mountains with wood available for fuel and a good supply of water. A navigable river can be used to bring fuel, but only gold or gemstones can be mined if no fuel is available. The roads must be good and the area healthy. Agricola describes searching streams for metals and gems that have been washed from the veins. He also suggests looking for exposed veins and also describes the effects of metals on the overlying vegetation. He recommends trenching to investigate veins beneath the surface. He then describes dowsing with a forked twig although he rejects the method himself. The passage is the first written description of how dowsing is done. Finally he comments on the practice of naming veins or shafts.
+
+=== Book III: Veins and stringers and seams in the rocks ===
+This book is a description of the various types of veins that can be found. There are 30 illustrations of different forms of these veins, forming the majority of Book III.  Agricola also describes a compass to determine the direction of veins and mentions that some writers claim that veins lying in certain directions are richer, although he provides counter-examples. He also mentions the theory that the sun draws the metals in veins to the surface, although he himself doubts this. Finally he explains that gold is not generated in the beds of streams and rivers and east-west streams are not more productive than others inherently. Gold occurs in streams because it is torn from veins by the water.
+
+=== Book IV: Delimiting veins and the functions of mining officials ===
+
+This book describes how an official, the Bergmeister, is in charge of mining. He marks out the land into areas called meers when a vein is discovered. The rest of the book covers the laws of mining. There is a section on how the mine can be divided into shares. The roles of various other officials in regulating mines and taxing the production are stated. The shifts of the miners are fixed. The chief trades in the mine are listed and are regulated by both the Bergmeister and their foremen.
+
+=== Book V: The digging of ore and the surveyor's art ===
+This book covers underground mining and surveying. When a vein below ground is to be exploited a shaft is begun and a wooden shed with a windlass is placed above it. The tunnel dug at the bottom follows the vein and is just big enough for a man. The entire vein should be removed. Sometimes the tunnel eventually connects with a tunnel mouth in a hill side. Stringers and cross veins should be explored with cross tunnels or shafts when they occur. Agricola next describes that gold, silver, copper and mercury can be found as native metals, the others very rarely. Gold and silver ores are described in detail. Agricola then states that it is rarely worthwhile digging for other metals unless the ores are rich. Gems are found in some mines, but rarely have their own veins, lodestone is found in iron mines and emery in silver mines. Various minerals and colours of earths can be used to give indications of the presence of metal ores. The actual mineworking varies with the hardness of the rock, the softest is worked with a pick and requires shoring with wood, the hardest is usually broken with fire. Iron wedges, hammers and crowbars are used to break other rocks. Noxious gases and the ingress of water are described. Methods for lining tunnels and shafts with timber are described. The book concludes with a long treatise on surveying, showing the instruments required and techniques for determining the course of veins and tunnels. Surveyors allow veins to be followed, but also prevent mines removing ore from other claims and stop mine workings from breaking into other workings.
+
+=== Book VI: The miners' tools and machines ===
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-2.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-2.md
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+title: "De re metallica"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This book is extensively illustrated and describes the tools and machinery associated with mining. Handtools and different sorts of buckets, wheelbarrows and trucks on wooded plankways are described. Packs for horses and sledges are used to carry loads above ground. Agricola then provides details of various kinds of machines for lifting weights. Some of these are man-powered and some powered by up to four horses or by waterwheels. Horizontal drive shafts along tunnels allow lifting in shafts not directly connected to the surface. If this is not possible, treadmills will be installed underground. Instead of lifting weights, similar machines use chains of buckets to lift water. Agricola also describes several designs of piston force pumps, which are either man or animal-powered, or powered by water wheels. Because these pumps can only lift water about 24 feet, batteries of pumps are required for the deepest mines. Water pipe designs are also covered in this section. Designs of wind scoop for ventilating shafts or forced air using fans or bellows are also described. Finally, ladders and lifts using wicker cages are used to get miners up and down shafts.
+
+=== Book VII: On the assaying of ore ===
+
+This book deals with assaying techniques. Various designs of furnaces are detailed. Then cupellation, crucibles, scorifiers and muffle furnaces are described. The correct method of preparation of the cupels is covered in detail with beech ashes being preferred. Various other additives and formulae are described, but Agricola does not judge between them. Triangular crucibles and scorifiers are made of fatty clay with a temper of ground-up crucibles or bricks. Agricola then describes in detail which substances should be added as fluxes as well as lead for smelting or assaying. The choice is made by which colour the ore burns out which gives an indication of the metals present. The lead should be silver-free or be assayed separately. The prepared ore is wrapped in paper, placed on a scorifier and then placed under a muffle covered in burning charcoal in the furnace. The cupel should be heated at the same time. The scorifier is removed and the metal transferred to the cupel. Alternatively the ore can be smelted in a triangular crucible, and then have lead mixed with it when it is added to the cupel.  The cupel is placed in the furnace and copper is separated into the lead which forms litharge in the cupel leaving the noble metal. Gold and silver are parted using an aqua which is probably nitric acid. Agricola describes precautions for ensuring the amount of lead is correct and also describes the amalgamation of gold with mercury. Assay techniques for base metals such as tin are described as well as techniques for alloys such as silver tin. The use of a touchstone to assay gold and silver is discussed. Finally detailed arithmetical examples show the calculations needed to give the yield from the assay.
+
+=== Book VIII: Roasting, crushing and washing ore ===
+In this book Agricola provides a detailed account of beneficiation of different ores. He describes the processes involved in ore sorting, roasting and crushing. The use of water for washing ores is discussed in great detail, e.g. the use of launders and washing tables. Several different types of machinery for crushing ore and washing it are illustrated and different techniques for different metals and different regions are described. 
+
+=== Book IX: Methods of smelting ores ===
+This book describes smelting, which Agricola describes as perfecting the metal by fire. The design of furnaces is first explained.
+These are very similar for smelting different metals, constructed of brick or soft stone with a brick front and mechanically driven bellows at the rear. At the front is a pit called the fore-hearth to receive the metal. The furnace is charged with beneficiated ore and crushed charcoal and lit. In some gold and silver smelting a lot of slag is produced because of the relative poverty of the ore and the tap hole has to be opened at various times to remove different slag materials. When the furnace is ready, the forehearth is filled with molten lead into which the furnace is tapped. In other furnaces the smelting can be continuous, and lead is placed into the furnace if there is none in the ore. The slag is skimmed off the top of the metal as it is tapped. The lead containing the gold is separated by cupellation, the metal rich slags are re-smelted. Other smelting processes are similar, but lead is not added. Agricola also describes making crucible steel and distilling mercury and bismuth in this book.
+
+=== Book X: Separating silver from gold and lead from gold or silver ===
+Agricola describes parting silver from gold in this book by using acids. He also describes heating with antimony sulphide (stibium), which would give silver sulphide and a mixture of gold and antimony. The gold and silver can then be recovered with cupellation. Gold can also be parted using salts or using mercury. Large scale cupellation using a cupellation hearth is also covered in this book.
+
+=== Book XI: Separating silver from copper ===
+This book describes separating silver from copper or iron. This is achieved by adding large amounts of lead at a temperature just above the melting point of lead. The lead will liquate out with the silver. This process will need to be repeated several times. The lead and silver can be separated by cupellation.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-3.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-3.md
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+---
+title: "De re metallica"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Book XII: Manufacturing salt, soda, alum, vitriol, sulphur, bitumen, and glass ===
+This describes the preparation of what Agricola calls "juices": salt, soda, nitre, alum, vitriol, saltpetre, sulphur and bitumen. Finally glass making is covered. Agricola seems less secure about this process. He is not clear about making glass from the raw ingredients but clearer about remelting glass to make objects.
+Prof. Philippus Bechius (1521–1560), a friend of Agricola, translated De re metallica libri XII into German. It was published with the German title Vom Bergkwerck XII Bücher in 1557. Herbert Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover describe the translation as "a wretched work, by one who knew nothing of the science," but it, like the Latin original, saw further editions.  In 1563 Agricola's publisher, Froben and Bischoff ("Hieronimo Frobenio et Nicolao Episcopio") in Basel, published an Italian translation by Michelangelo Florio as well.
+
+== Publication history ==
+Although Agricola died in 1555, the publication was delayed until the completion of the extensive and detailed woodcuts one year after his death.
+A German translation was published in 1557 and a second Latin edition appeared in 1561.  A version in Spanish, though not a mere translation, was produced by Bernardo Pérez de Vargas in 1569. This was translated into French as Traité singulier de metallique in 1743.
+In 1912, the first English translation of De Re Metallica was privately published in London by subscription. The translators and editors were Herbert Hoover, a mining engineer (and later President of the United States), and his wife, Lou Henry Hoover, a geologist and Latinist. The translation is notable not only for its clarity of language, but for the extensive footnotes, which detail the classical references to mining and metals, such as the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, the history of mining law in England, France, and the German states; safety in mines, including historical safety; and known minerals at the time that Agricola wrote De Re Metallica. No expense was spared for this edition: in its typography, fine paper and binding, quality of reproduced images, and vellum covers, the publisher attempted to match the extraordinarily high standards of the sixteenth-century original.  As a consequence, copies of this 1912 edition are now both rare and valuable.  Fortunately, the translation has been reprinted by Dover Books.
+Subsequent translations into other languages, including German, owe much to the Hoover translations, as their footnotes detail their difficulties with Agricola's invention of several hundred Latin expressions to cover Medieval German mining and milling terms unknown to classical Latin.
+
+== Editions ==
+Agricola, Georg. De re metallica. 1st ed. Basil: Hieronymus Froben & Nicolaus Episcopius, 1556.
+Agricola, Georg. Vom Bergkwerck. Translated by Philipp Bech. Basel: Hieronymus Froben & Nicolaus Episcopius, 1557.
+Agricola, Georg. De re metallica. 2nd ed. Basil: Hieronymus Froben & Nicolaus Episcopius, 1561.
+Agricola, Georg. Opera di Giorgio Agricola de L'Arte de Metalli. Basil: Hieronymus Froben & Nicolaus Episcopius, 1563.
+Agricola, Georg. De re metallica. Basil: Ludwig König, 1621.
+Agricola, Georg. Bergwerck Buch. Translated by Philipp Bech. Basil: Ludwig König, 1621.
+Agricola, Georg. De Re Metallica. Basil: Emanuel König, 1657.
+Agricola, Georg. De Re Metallica. Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. 1st English ed. London: The Mining Magazine, 1912.
+Agricola, Georg. Zwölf Bücher vom Berg- und Hüttenwesen. Edited by Carl Schiffner and others. Translated by Carl Schiffner. Berlin: VDI-Verlag, 1928.
+Agricola, Georg. De Re Metallica. Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. New York: Dover Publications, 1950. Reprint of the 1912 edition.
+Agricola, Georg. De Re Metallica. Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. New York: Dover Publications, 1986. Reprint of the 1950 reprint of the 1912 edition.
+
+== See also ==
+De la pirotechnia
+Naturalis Historia
+Pliny the Elder
+Scientific literature
+Theophrastus
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Original text of De re metallica (Latin version)
+
+ De Re Metallica, Translated by Herbert and Lou Hoover from the First Latin Edition of 1556 by Georg Agricola at Project Gutenberg
+All the illustrations of the 1561 edition in high resolution
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell'Arcano_del_Mare-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell'Arcano_del_Mare-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+---
+title: "Dell'Arcano del Mare"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell'Arcano_del_Mare"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:46.654953+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dell'Arcano del Mare by Sir Robert Dudley is a 17th-century maritime encyclopaedia, the sixth part of which comprises a maritime atlas of the entire world, which is the first such in print, the first made by an Englishman, and the first to use the Mercator projection. The work was first published in Italian at Florence in 1645 and 1646 in three folio volumes.
+Among other things, it is remarkable for its inclusion of a proposal for the construction of a navy in five rates (sizes) which Dudley designed and described. It was reprinted in Florence in a two volume folio edition in 1661 without the charts of the first edition.
+The seventh map is dedicated to Dudley's patrons, Ferdinando II de' Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany and the Grand Duchess of Tuscany Vittoria della Rovere. The map covers the northeast coast of South America, which Dudley had visited in 1594. The area depicted covers modern French Guiana, Guyana, and a small portion of Brazil. The map also depicts "Monoa", the area otherwise known as El Dorado. 
+
+
+== Scope ==
+
+The six-part work covered navigation, shipbuilding and astronomy, with 130 maps in two volumes (nos. 2 and 6) . Unlike the vast majority of his contemporaries, Dudley's maps are all his own and were not copied from other mapmakers. They have an instantly recognisable style, closer to the pre-17th-century manuscript portolan charts than the richly decorated maps of Mercator, Hondius and Blaeu.
+
+
+== Style ==
+The distinctive Baroque style of Dudley's charts is in part attributable to the elegant engraving of Antonio Francesco Lucini.
+His map making is an early use of Mercator projection.
+
+
+== Individual maps ==
+
+
+=== Carta Particolare Che Mostra Il Capo Buona Speranza ===
+"Carta Particolare Che Mostra Il Capo Buona Speranza" is a very large sea chart of southwest Africa from Cape Fria to Cape of Good Hope, including Tristan da Cunha.
+
+
+=== Carta Quarta Generale di Europa ===
+"Carta Quarta Generale di Europa", 1646 is one of the larger scale, generalised (Carta Generale) maps and shows the West coast of France, southward from La Rochelle, and the Northern coast of Spain. This is the least ornate of the styles adopted by Dudley with no adornment other than the cartouche and a compass rose and fairly plain calligraphy.
+
+
+=== Smaller scale maps ===
+Four additional maps represent the majority of the smaller scale, more specific (Carta Particolare) maps and include sailing ships, notes on prevailing winds and currents and more stylised calligraphy.
+
+
+=== Carta Particolare della Costa Australe scoperta dalla Ollandesia ===
+"Carta Particolare della Costa Australe scoperta dalla Ollandesia", 1646. According to Tooley, this map is the first separately printed map of Australia and is consequently of great value. It shows, in addition to the west side of the Cape York peninsula, much of the island of New Guinea. By labelling the Torres Strait "Golfo Incognito" Dudley leaves open the question of whether New Guinea is connected to the Southern continent.
+
+
+=== Carta Particolare della Rio d' Amazone con la costa sin al fiume Maranhan ===
+"Carta Particolare della Rio d' Amazone con la costa sin al fiume Maranhan" of 1646 shows the mouth of the Amazon River.
+
+
+=== Carta particolare che comincia con l' Isola di S. Tomaso o Tome....Clara e finisce con Il c. d' Aldeas ===
+"Carta particolare che comincia con l' Isola di S. Tomaso o Tome....Clara e finisce con Il c. d' Aldeas". This map of the shoreline of the African Congo includes an elegant cartouche, and islands off the coastline.
+
+
+=== Carta particolare della Brasilia Australe che comincia dala Poro del Spirito Santo e finisce con il capo Bianco ===
+"Carta particolare della Brasilia Australe che comincia dala Poro del Spirito Santo e finisce con il capo Bianco" reveals a strip of the southern Brazil coastline and includes São Paulo and the area later to become Rio de Janeiro. Noted for some of the most peculiar representations of mountains near the coastline found on any Dudley map.
+French Guiana, Guyana and a small portion of Brazil.
+
+
+=== Untitled, (N-E South America) ===
+The seventh map is one of only two in the atlas which have no title but instead dedications to Ferdinando II de' Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany and, in this case, the Grand Duchess of Tuscany Vittoria della Rovere, Dudley's patrons. This is another double page map and probably comes from the 1646 edition. These two maps are probably different because they are the only ones where Dudley was able to use his own observations as they cover the North East coast of South America, the area he visited in 1594. This map shows the coasts of French Guiana, Guyana and a small portion of Brazil. Considerably more elaborate than the others, this map includes soundings and numerous illustrations, namely: two ships, a canoe, two magnificent sea monsters, a (?) cougar and two natives. It also has a legend stating that Monoa – more often known as El Dorado – is only 12 days' journey up-river from the coast.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+Sir Robert Dudley. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
+Gerard L'Estrange Turner, Elizabethan instrument makers: the origins of the London trade in precision instrument making, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000, pages 77–91
+
+
+== External links ==
+Dell'Arcano del Mare, 1646. Digitized by the National Library of Finland (large PDF files).
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_Males-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_Males-0.md
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+---
+title: "Demonic Males"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_Males"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:12.979177+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence is a 1996 book by Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson examining the evolutionary factors leading to human male violence.
+
+
+== Summary ==
+Demonic Males begins by explaining that humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans are a group of genetically related great apes, that humans are genetically closer to chimps than chimps are to gorillas, and that chimps and bonobos are most closely genetically related. After speculating about what enabled humans' ancestors to leave the rainforest (the use of roots as sources of water and food), Demonic Males next provides a catalog of the types of violence practiced by male chimpanzees (intragroup hierarchical violence, violence against females, and extragroup murdering raids). The high incidence of rape by non-alpha male orangutans and infanticide by male gorillas are also cited as examples of our mutual genetic heritage.
+The authors present chimp society as extremely patriarchal, in that no adult male chimpanzee is subordinate to any female of any rank. They present evidence that most dominant human civilizations have always been likewise behaviorally patriarchal, and that male humans share male chimpanzees' innate propensity for dominance, gratuitous violence, war, rape, and murder. They claim that the brain's prefrontal cortex is also a factor, as humans have been shown experimentally to make decisions based both on logic and prefrontal cortex-mediated emotion.
+In the chapter “The Peaceful Ape,” the authors contrast chimpanzee social organization with that of the bonobo, explaining how differences in mating systems, female alliances, and resource distribution have led to lower levels of male-male aggression among bonobos. They emphasize that these behavioral differences arise from ecological and evolutionary factors rather than moral or psychological ones. Reasons given for this include a bonobo female social organization that does not tolerate male aggression, the evolutionary forces of the invisibility of bonobo ovulation (in chimps, ovulation has both olfactory and genital swelling manifestations — this diversity in female reproductive cycles then leads to ferocious male competition for mating), and overall social organization, whereby male bonobos do not form alliances as male chimps do, though this has been contested.
+
+Bonobos are dominated by a matriarchal system, and are unique for their female-biased dispersal relationships that encourage resolution and peace-making tactics among the group, and discourage violence and war. Anthropological parallels can be made to human subcultures such as the Hippies, expressed in the motto that Hippies and Bonobos make love, not war.
+Drawing on this comparison, Wrangham and Peterson examine the evolutionary origins of male violence, linking it to patterns of competition and alliance observed in chimpanzees. Rather than condemning violence as morally wrong, they describe it as an adaptive strategy that has shaped human social evolution. The authors warn, however, that in the modern world, where weapons and organized conflict magnify the scale of aggression, these ancient impulses pose a profound threat to humanity’s future. They argue that understanding and consciously managing these evolutionary drives is essential for the long-term survival of human societies.
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+The response to the book was wide-ranging, not only in mainstream media but in academia, with reviews in such diverse publications as The New England Journal of Medicine, The Journal of Military History, and Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. The book was generally praised as easily readable, highly entertaining (or fascinating), and full of probing anecdotes. The book was cited as important in documenting that lethal violence is overwhelmingly a male trait.
+Recommendations for reading were highly polarized, with general interest media promoting the book and specialists in primate studies and anthropology tending to denounce it. The New York Times called it "enjoyable and easy to read" and said it "belongs to the emerging genre of serious scientific books that have something to say about questions of interest to many people, not just to specialists". Reviewers from primatology, biology, and anthropology were much more critical — in some cases, to the point of mockery — with the book described as "titillating and simplistic," unscientific, and filled with "classic tropes of… quackery."
+In a political interpretation of Demonic Males, biologist Philip Regal says that the book is partly an attack on the deconstructivist feminist theory that male violence is a purely social construct. Regal also considers the book to be "a broadside against the old utopian dreams of Atlantis, Eden, Elysium, a Golden Age, Romantic paintings, and the late Margaret Mead," which imagined human beings as naturally peaceful.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Chapter One
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_(Holtz_book)-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_(Holtz_book)-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+title: "Dinosaurs (Holtz book)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_(Holtz_book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:48.989904+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dinosaurs (The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages) is a book by Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., with illustrations by Luis Rey. It was published in 2007 by Random House. The book received generally positive reviews upon release and garnered the nickname "The Dinosaur Bible". Holtz set up a companion website, which shares updates on new dinosaur discoveries.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Supplementary Information to Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages by Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., illustrations by Luis Rey
+Review in School Library Journal, November 21, 2007
+Review in Science News, January 12, 2008
+Listing in "Outstanding Science Trade Books for Students K–12: 2008 (Books published in 2007)" Archived 2010-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, National Science Teachers Association
+Parent's Choice Recommendation for Non-Fiction 2008 Archived 2009-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
+Listing in "Science Books for Fun and Learning — Some Recommendations from 2008" in Science magazine
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "Elements of General Science"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:43.056959+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Elements of General Science is a book written by Otis W. Caldwel and William L. Eikenberry that was first published by Ginn and Company in 1914. A revised version appeared in 1918. The book was designed to provide an introduction to the fundamental concepts of various scientific disciplines, aimed at high school students. It was the first general science textbook and contributed to the development of the general science movement in the United States in the early 20th century.
+
+== Context ==
+In 1893, the Committee of Ten of the National Education Association (NEA) in the United States called for the gap between the goals of secondary education and the academic standards of the university to be closed, citing the poor quality and lack of preparation for college at the secondary level. The new goal was to make education more practical and relevant to everyday life. This triggered a process of educational reorganisation in secondary education, leading to the emergence of the general science in the US. General science, in contrast to separate sciences such as biology, physics or chemistry, was an integrated or combined science that emerged as an introductory secondary school subject in the 20th century in the United States, United Kingdom and Japan. According to historians, the movement arose due to socio-economical changes, rise of progressive education movement, and the increasing number of secondary school students. Education in the US, UK and Japan called for democratisation, socialisation and practical application, with social efficiency being the priority for science teachers. General science was introduced by education authorities as a reform to adhere to this goals.
+Otis W. Caldwell, botanist and a professor of education at the University of Chicago, responded to the need for more accessible science education in the US and to concerns about rising high school dropout rates and declining enrolment in science classes by proposing a unified high school science course called general science, and a unified introductory subject (for example elementary science, physical geography or physiography). This was the result of his field research at the beginning of the 20th century. Between 1908 and 1909, Caldwell visited up to 22 high schools in various locations, including Oak Park, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio; and several towns in Massachusetts and the eastern seaboard. He found that these courses were often too detailed, comprehensive, making them unsuitable for students not intending to pursue college education. Caldwell himself was an advocate of a more general approach to science education, with an emphasis on broad training and the experimental method. Caldwell intended to address the disparity between the educational standards recommended by the Committee of Ten and the actual conditions in many American schools. He also recognized that many teachers were not prepared to teach at the level required by these standards and that a significant number of schools lacked the necessary laboratory equipment to meet basic educational requirements. This led to the first adoptions of general science course in US's high schools. For example, In California, the general science course was introduced in 1906. In 1914, together with William Eikenberry, who was an instructor in botany at the Chicago's University High School, Otis Caldwell wrote the first general science textbook Elements of General Science. The laboratory manual was published in 1915 to accompany the book. This textbook, making up a course, was built upon years of experimentation in secondary school, specifically, Caldwell and Eikenberry's teaching of science at University High school in California, and contribution of many other science teachers. The objective of it was
+
+...to develop a usable fund of knowledge about common things and helpful and trustworthy habits of considerig common experiences in the field of science. It is expected that pupils’ interests and abilities will be discovered and utilised in such ways that more effective and more profitable work may be done in the vocations or in later studies.
+
+== Contents ==
+The first edition of Elements of General Science contains five major topics, further divided in subdivisions, that compose a course intended for pupils of the first year of high school. These are:
+
+The Air: This section explores the composition and structure of air from various theoretical perspectives. It also covers air's role in food production, the distribution of dust, mold, and bacteria, and examines related concepts such as water, temperature, seasons, and weather.
+Water and Its Uses: This division discusses the properties and states of water (ice, liquid, and steam), the mechanical uses of water and air, the climatic effects of bodies of water, and issues related to water supply, sewage disposal, and commerce.
+Work and Energy: This section addresses common types of work, mechanical energy and heat, the production of heat and light from electrical currents, and the chemical and magnetic effects of electricity.
+The Earth's Crust: This part of the course examines the processes that transform rock into soil, the physical structure and fertility of soil, soil water management, drainage and irrigation, erosion, sedimentation, and the diversity of life within the soil.
+Life Upon the Earth: The final section covers the plant life that blankets the Earth, how plants utilize food, the nutritional processes in animals, the hygienic aspects of nutrition, reproduction in plants and animals, the struggle for existence, and the relationships between parents and offspring.
+The topics are logically interconnected to ensure continuity. The book contains pictures, tables and illustrations of experiments that should be performed with the use of the laboratory manual. The experiments are suggested to be performed in the form of demonstrations, laboratory exercises, and home or school projects.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-1.md
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Elements of General Science"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:43.056959+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The 1918 revised version of the book retained the organization and methodology of the original edition while incorporating updates based on scientific discoveries and educational experimentation. Certain topics were omitted from the revised edition. The Work and Energy major division was expanded to include electricity. An additional major section, The Earth in Relation to Other Astronomical Bodies, has been introduced. It discusses topics about the Moon, planets and comets, and the Sun and other stars. A list of Questions for Discussion was included at the beginning of each chapter, intended for teachers to read and discuss them briefly. These questions aimed to help students recall their previous experiences and establish new, relevant problems related to the book. According to the authors, they could serve as the best review of the material. The revised edition also includes fifty extra illustrations.
+
+== Reception ==
+
+=== Reviews ===
+In the revised edition of The Elements of General Science, the authors claimed that the use of the course resulted in students feeling that they hadn't had any of the differentiated sciences (for example physics, chemistry or biology) and made them much more interested in studying these differentiated sciences in the future. The textbook was also taken positively by school teachers, mainly for the books effectiveness, simplicity and applicability in the everyday life, as stated by the reviews from 1915 and 1924. In 1920 and 1924 Caldwell, Eikenberry and Earl R. Glenn published a textbook Elements of General Science: Laboratory Problems, which was a new version of the 1915 laboratory manual A Laboratory Manual for General Science, which accompanied the general textbook. The new version of a laboratory manual appeared in 1924 and received immediate positive feedback for its practicality and engaging content.
+The first edition of Elements of general science met criticism in 1995 by the professor of educational history and culture John M. Heffron for its emphasis on botany and practical applications at the expense of broader scientific principles. He noted that while the text provides detailed coverage of plant processes and their relevance to agriculture and human activities, it allocates limited space to physical sciences, with only 24 out of 302 pages devoted physical principles. He also pointed out that the book's treatment of these physical concepts is somewhat simplified, and focusing more on their practical implications rather than on the underlying scientific theories.
+
+=== General science and future work ===
+Being the first textbook on general science, Elements of General Science contributed to the development of general science movement in US. Following the publication of the textbook, Caldwell undertook field research to assess the extent to which the general science course was being used in various US states. For example, in 1914 and 1915, the graduate student of University of California, Aravilla Meek Taylor under the direction of Otis Caldwell, conducted investigations in the form of surveys in Iowa, were the course was introduced not long before the investigation, and California, where the course was introduced in 1906. In 1920, a few years after the publication of the Elements of General Science, the NEA Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Schools recommended the introduction of a uniform general science course in the early grades of the secondary school. They called general science as "the science involved in normal human activities, and especially the science involved in the reconstruction period after the war", "the science of common use" and "the science of common sense". As stated in their report, it was not a substitute for any of the special sciences, but "a basis for discovery of interest in special sciences and of vocational opportunity". The same report suggested the books of Caldwell and Eikenberry, including Elements of General Science, as reading and reference books for the teaching of general science. The number of high schools teaching the general science course started to increase and  the course became widely adopted in US high school curricula. By 1922, 18.3% of all high school students students in the country were enrolled in a general science course. Within 10 years of the publishing of the first version of the Caldwell and Eikenberry's book on general science, the number of various general science textbooks increased from 1 to 40. As a result of reformations and development of general science, by 1940s high schools adopted a dual tracking system, having two sets of courses with one directed at future college students and the other for non-college students, with the majority of students following the latter one. In the 1950s, after the death of Otis Caldwell, general science course was required in almost every high school and junior high school in the United States.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-2.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-2.md
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+---
+title: "Elements of General Science"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:43.056959+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The general science course faced challenges such as the lack of clear definitions, despite Eikenberry's attempts to address this issue in 1922, and inadequate training in general science within teacher training programs. Not all educators could effectively grasp or teach the course, with many preferring to focus on specialized sciences or lacking the comprehensive understanding needed to teach general science. The professor of educational history and culture John M. Heffron's also criticised the general science course, developed and promoted by Caldwell and Eikenberry, for its approach to integrating science into general education, which he argued often diluted the rigour of scientific inquiry. He claimed that the course's emphasis on common sense and practical reasoning overshadowed the theoretical foundations of science, leading to a reduction in scientific education to problem-solving techniques applicable to everyday life. This, he suggested, compromised the integrity of science by blurring the line between science and non-science. Heffron noted that the course's broad sociological framing of science, while aimed at fulfilling educational and vocational goals, failed to foster a deep understanding of scientific principles, limiting its educational value.Whether couched in broad sociological terms or in the language of common sense observation rejected by scientists over three centuries ago, the vision of science in general education articulated by Otis W. Caldwell and upheld in recent public discussions is fundamentally unscientific and, we might add, miseducative.
+Otis W. Caldwell and William L. Eikenberry continued to refine the general science course for several years following the publication of Elements of General Science. The laboratory manual accompanying Elements of General Science was subsequently updated in 1920 and 1924. In 1918, Caldwell became the chair of the National Education Association's Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary School Science, which played a significant role in establishing nationwide standards for science education. He became a key figure in the formation of various educational associations, where he conducted research on general science and the pedagogy of science education. He also published books about science and education, biology and superstitions. Eikenberry was also an active member of various educational associations and continued his career as a science teacher, publishing books and articles on general science and education.
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_Medicine_in_Non-Western_Cultures-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_Medicine_in_Non-Western_Cultures-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_Medicine_in_Non-Western_Cultures"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:50.162386+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures is an encyclopedia edited by Helaine Selin and published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997, with a second edition in  2008, and third edition in 2016.
+
+
+== Summary ==
+From the Preface:
+
+The purpose of the Encyclopaedia is to bring together knowledge of many disparate fields in one place to legitimize the study of other cultures' science... The Western academic divisions of science, technology and medicine have been united in the Encyclopaedia because in ancient cultures these disciplines were connected.
+The first edition (1997) has 600 articles by a range of experts. The arrangement is alphabetical from "Abacus" to "Zu Chongzi". It includes an index from page 1079 to page 1117. K. V. Sarma contributed 35 articles, Greg De Young 13, Boris A. Rosenfeld 12, and Emilia Calvo and Ho Peng Yoke 11 each. Fabrizio Pregadio contributed 10 articles, Julio Samo wrote 9, and Richard Bertschinger, Radha Charan Gupta and David A. King wrote 8 each. Dozens of other contributors wrote fewer articles.
+In 2008 the Encyclopaedia was split into two volumes and extended to 1000 articles for a second edition.
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+Toby E. Huff (1999) Review: EHSTMNC, Isis 90(2):410,1 doi:10.1086/384409
+"A splendid piece of joint scholarship, and some would say long overdue."
+Huff counts nineteen entries on maps and map making, five on geometry, eleven on environment, four on city planning, five on east-west issues, six on colonialism, six on textile technology, ten on weights and measures
+Jensine Andresen (1999) Review: EHSTMNC, Zygon doi:10.1111/0591-2385.00218
+Dispels the illusion that "members of non-Western cultures have offered only marginal contributions to the rigorous investigation of the natural world".
+"Catalyzes a thorough reconsideration of the scope of the ideational nexus influencing the interaction between religion and science in the West."
+Andresen characterizes the contributors an "iconoclastic bunch".
+Sujit Sivasundaram (2010) Review: EHSTMNC second edition, The British Journal for the History of Science doi:10.1017/S000708741000049X
+"Turning points in the European historical narrative are being contextualized within other senses of chronology and space, and so decentralized from their mythic status as events in the birth of modern science."
+The second edition shifts "from advocacy to analysis". The reviewer considers the term Non-Western to be outdated, particularly as ethnobotany regions proliferate, and Europe is excluded except as the colonizer.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Google Books
+Scribd
+WorldCat
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Social_Sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:51.306967+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences is a specialized fifteen-volume Encyclopedia first published in 1930 and last published in 1967. It was envisaged in the 1920s by scholars working in disciplines which increasingly were coming to be known as "human sciences" or "social sciences". The goal was to create a comprehensive synthesis of the study of human affairs as undertaken by practitioners of all fields involved in such study. The parameters of what would come to be known as "social science" were in many ways initially established and defined by this publication.
+The Encyclopaedia's founding organizations included the American Anthropological Association, the American Association of Social Workers, the American Economic Association, the American Historical Association, the American Political Science Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Sociological Society, the American Statistical Association, the Association of American Law Schools, and the National Education Association. It was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson. Seligman and Johnson solicited contributions from many of the most known and respected scholars in their fields, and established many links with European scholars in the process. The Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, and Russell Sage Foundation provided initial financial support, and Macmillan was selected as publisher.
+The international network of social scientists developed in the process of creating the Encyclopaedia would prove especially important during the Nazi occupation of Europe, during which many contributing scholars fled persecution for their ideas.  Under Johnson's invitation, several of these scholars would come to New York City and form the "University in Exile", a specialized graduate school now known as the New School for Social Research.
+The Encyclopaedia was last printed in 1967, then in its 16th edition. It was succeeded by the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by David L. Sills, and also published by Macmillan.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
+International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968)
+International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2001)
+
+
+== Notes ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:52.426136+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry is an English-language multi-volume encyclopedia published by John Wiley & Sons.
+It is a comprehensive analytical chemistry reference, covering all aspects from theory and instrumentation through applications and techniques. Containing over 600 articles and over 6500 illustrations the 15-volume print edition published in 2000. The encyclopedia has been available online since the end of 2006.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Publisher description of the print version http://eu.wiley.com
+Online Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Conifers-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Conifers-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Conifers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Conifers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:53.591586+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Encyclopedia of Conifers. A Comprehensive Guide to Conifer Cultivars and Species  is an encyclopedia written by Aris G. Auders and Derek P. Spicer, published in 2012. The two-volume, illustrated encyclopedia is a complete reference book covering all recognised conifer cultivars and species, both hardy and tropical.  The 1,500-page work features names, synonyms, and brief descriptions, as well as information about height and spread after 10 years, where known, for over 8,000 cultivars and all 615 conifer species, plus their subspecies and varieties. Apart from the descriptive text, it is illustrated with more than 5,000 photographs.
+
+
+== Publication history ==
+The Encyclopedia of Conifers was written by Aris G. Auders, a conifer collector and photographer from Latvia, and Derek P. Spicer, Chairman of the British Conifer Society. The authors have been assisted by Lawrie Springate, RHS International Conifer Cultivar Registrar (2004–2009) and Victoria Matthews, RHS International Registrar. The publisher is Kingsblue Publishing Limited.
+
+
+== Illustration and design ==
+Photography by the authors shows the general appearance of the plants, and in many cases detail special features. Many were photographed in summer and winter to show colour and texture changes through the seasons.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Official USA Distributor Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
+Book Sample of Encyclopedia of Conifers
+Text Sample of Encyclopedia of Conifers
+Encyclopedia of Conifers on Facebook
+Review Library Journal Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
+Review Graham Rice
+Review the Gardening Times
+Royal Horticultural Society
+American Conifer Society
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cybernetics-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cybernetics-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Cybernetics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cybernetics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:54.774293+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Cybernetics (Ukrainian: Енциклопедія кібернетики) is a Ukrainian language encyclopedia of computer science first published in Kyiv in 1973, with Victor Glushkov serving as its chief editor. The encyclopedia comprises two volumes containing over 1700 articles, primarily on topics in theoretical computer science, systems science, information theory, optimization and control theory. The articles were composed by some 600 scientists from various disciplines, affiliated with 102 educational and industrial institutions located throughout the Soviet Union. In 1974 the encyclopedia was translated into Russian.
+
+
+== Authors ==
+About 600 scientists and specialists in various fields of knowledge from 102 scientific and industrial institutions of the Soviet Union took part in the creation of encyclopedia. Among them are such well-known scientists as:
+
+Alexey Ivakhnenko
+Anatoliy Skorokhod
+Kateryna Yuschenko
+Eduard Skorokhodko
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics
+Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia
+Science and technology in Ukraine
+
+
+== Links ==
+cyberua.info/novyny/persha-encyklopedija-kibernetyky-2t-ukr-red-vhlushkov-1973/ online (accessed 26.04.2016) (in Ukrainian)
+Myroslav Kratko The creation of the Ukrainian-language Encyclopedia of Cybernetics, www.istpravda.com.ua/digest/2011/02/7/22204/view_print/  online (accessed 26.04.2016) (in Ukrainian)
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Earth"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:55.948063+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Earth (EoE) is an electronic reference about the Earth, its natural environments, and their interaction with society. The Encyclopedia is described as a free, fully searchable collection of articles written by scholars, professionals, educators, and other approved experts, who collaborate and review each other's work. The articles are written in non-technical language and are intended to be useful to students, educators, scholars, and professionals, as well as to the general public. The authors, editors, and even copy editors are attributed on the articles with links to biographical pages on those individuals.
+The Encyclopedia of Earth is a component of the larger Earth Portal (part of the Digital Universe project), which is a constellation of subject-specific information portals that contain news services, structured metadata, a federated environmental search engine, and other information resources. The technology platform for the Encyclopedia of Earth is a modified version of MediaWiki, which is closed to all but approved users. Once an article is reviewed and approved it is published to a public site. The EoE was launched in September 2006 with about 360 articles, growing to 2,300 articles by mid-2007, and as of 30 November 2010, it had 7,678 articles. There are 500 members and contributors as of early 2020.
+
+== Authoring and publishing process ==
+Contributors to the Encyclopedia of Earth are made up of scientists, educators, and professionals within the environmental field. Contributors are vetted by the Environmental Information Coalition (EIC) Stewardship Committee, the governing body of the Encyclopedia of Earth, before they are given access to the author's wiki. Within the wiki, where they operate under their real names and are given attribution for the published articles.
+Articles are written, edited, and published in a two-step process:
+
+Content for the Encyclopedia is created, maintained, and governed by group of experts via a restricted-access wiki that uses a modified version of MediaWiki.
+Upon completion, content is reviewed and approved by Topic Editors, and then published to the free public site.
+Content may be continuously revised and updated on the authors' wiki, but revised articles require review and re-approval before revisions are displayed on the public site.
+Contributors are designated as "Authors" or "Topic Editors." Contributors can create, write and edit freely on all content within the Encyclopedia. Topic Editors act as reviewers of articles on topics upon which they are judged to have a high level of expertise. Articles, when written, are assigned by Encyclopedia staff to Topic Editors for review and, if appropriate, approval and automatic publication to the public site. As of early 2009, EoE staff were reporting that there were approximately 1,200 contributors from 60 countries.
+The EoE has about 70 (as of late 2010) Content Partners, organizations that have a written agreement to provide their content to the Encyclopedia. Content Partners include  organizations like the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and American Meteorological Society.
+The EoE also cites Content Sources, organizations that have content in the public domain which is used in the Encyclopedia. In this category are various government agencies and Wikipedia. The Encyclopedia of Earth has a specific policy on use of Wikipedia content which requires authors and editors to carefully review and approve such content before using it and includes the following statement at the bottom of the article:
+
+Note on Wikipedia Content: The authors of the content derived from Wikipedia are not identified. The Encyclopedia of Earth Author(s) and Topic Editor(s) listed at the top of this article may have significantly modified the content derived from Wikipedia with original content or content drawn from other sources. The Encyclopedia of Earth Topic Editor(s) listed at the top of this article has reviewed all of the content, including that derived from Wikipedia, and approved its accuracy for use in the Encyclopedia of Earth. See Encyclopedia of Earth Policy on use of Wikipedia Content for further details.
+The Authors, Topic Editors, Copy Editors, Content Partners, and Content Sources, are all attributed on the articles with links to biographical pages on those individuals and institutions. This is part of the EoE's stated policy of transparency.
+The Encyclopedia has a stated policy regarding neutrality and fairness that requires articles, when touching upon any issue of controversy, to represent every different view on a subject that attracts a significant portion of adherents, with each such view and its arguments or evidence being expressed as fairly and sympathetically as possible. According to this neutrality policy, the Encyclopedia itself does not advocate positions on environmental issues.
+
+== Content ==
+The Encyclopedia includes content somewhat more varied than a traditional encyclopedia or other related efforts like Wikipedia or Citizendium. In addition to traditional articles, the Encyclopedia includes: ebooks, lectures, reports, and speeches. These source documents are locked on the authors' wiki and are therefore fixed. EoE staff report that some college professors are beginning to write up their lecture notes to result in full courses within the Encyclopedia. Two projects that use the EoE as a content repository and resource are the Climate, Adaptation, Mitigation, E-Learning (CAMEL) project and the Online Clearinghouse for Education And Networking - Oil Interdisciplinary Learning (OCEAN-OIL) project.
+
+== Copyright policy ==
+Content is governed by the Creative Commons license known as "Attribution-Share Alike". This license permits anyone to (1) copy, distribute, and display material, (2) revise, edit, remix, tweak, and build upon material, and to make commercial use of material, subject to these conditions:
+
+Attribution. Users must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
+Share Alike. If users alter, transform, or build upon this work, they may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to the "Attribution-Share Alike" license.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth-1.md
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Earth"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:55.948063+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Organization and people ==
+The Encyclopedia of Earth is being created by the Environmental Information Coalition (EIC), an open membership group of scientists, educators, and organizations. The EIC defines the roles and responsibilities for individuals and institutions involved in the Coalition, as well as the editorial guidelines for the Encyclopedia. An EIC Stewardship Committee functions as the primary working group that develops and enforces policies and guidelines for the Encyclopedia, with input from Topic Editors and Authors.
+The Secretariat for the EIC is the National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE), based in Washington D.C., USA. NCSE is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with a mission "to improve the scientific basis for environmental decisionmaking" and "specializes in programs that foster collaboration between diverse institutions, communities and individuals. We work closely with those creating and using environmental knowledge, including research, education, environmental, and business organizations, as well as governmental bodies at all levels."
+The Stewardship Committee comprises:
+
+Arnold Bloom, University of California at Davis
+Nancy Golubiewski, Auckland Council
+Jennifer Hammock, Smithsonian/Encyclopedia of Life
+Andy Jorgensen, University of Toledo
+Ida Kubiszewski, Australian National University
+Mark McGinley, Lingnan University
+Emily Monosson
+Michael Pidwirny, University of British Columbia Okanagan
+The International Advisory Board for the Encyclopedia is listed as Rita Colwell, Robert W. Corell, Robert Costanza, Mohamed H. A. Hassan, Thomas Homer-Dixon, Andrew J. Hoffman, Stephen P. Hubbell, Simon A. Levin, Bonnie J. McCay, David W. Orr, Rajendra K. Pachauri, Frank Sherwood Rowland, and B. L. Turner.
+
+=== Migration to MediaWiki ===
+On May 5, 2016 the editorial board announced that the encyclopedia would be migrating to the open source MediaWiki platform.
+On November 16, 2016 the new web address was announced via email as being http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Main_Page.
+
+== See also ==
+Museum of the Earth
+Encyclopedia of Life
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Encyclopedia of Earth Public Page
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Evolution-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Evolution-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Evolution"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Evolution"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:57.084688+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Evolution is a print encyclopedia of evolutionary biology edited by Mark Pagel and published in 2002 by Oxford University Press.
+It consists of 370 original articles written by leading experts including Richard Dawkins, Stephen Jay Gould, and Jane Goodall, and was selected as one of the Outstanding Reference Sources of 2003 by American Libraries.
+A similar book, the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Evolution is edited by Steve Jones.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Oxford University Press: U.S. General Catalog
+LCCN record of Library of Congress
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Flora_and_Fauna_of_Bangladesh-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Flora_and_Fauna_of_Bangladesh-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Flora_and_Fauna_of_Bangladesh"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:58.297753+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna is a multi-volume encyclopedia. It has been published by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. It covers the biodiversity of Bangladesh.
+
+
+== Volumes ==
+The Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh has been published in 28 volumes. 
+Among the volumes 11 are about flora, 14 volumes about fauna, one volume is about Bangladesh and there are two index volumes.
+
+
+=== Volumes ===
+
+
+==== Bangladesh profile ====
+This is a 230-page encyclopedia. It covers in 20 articles about the environment of Bangladesh. It describes about the Sundarban.
+
+
+==== Cyanobacteria, Bacteria and Fungi ====
+This 415 page volume contains about the Prokaryotes.
+
+
+==== Algae (Chlorophyta: Aphanochaetaceae- Zygnemataceae) ====
+Division Chlorophyta or green algae is abundant in Bangladesh, the world's second largest delta next to the Amazon basin in Brazil . This volume describes 1,317 species collected from this land and studied by one of the most celebrated algologist of the country, National Professor A K M Nurul Islam. The species Ireksokonia formosa, endemic to lake Baikal was isolated from Bangladesh and is described in this volume. 812 pp.
+
+
+==== Algae: Clorophyta – Rhodophyta ====
+(Achnanthaceae – Vaucheriaceae)
+This volume adds an additional 800 species of algae to those described in Volume 3 bringing the algal biodiversity of the country to nearly 2000 species. Mostly aquatic, this rich biodiversity is in considerable threat due to habitat loss as a result of intense human activity and rapid depletion of water bodies. 543 pp
+
+
+==== Volumes 5 - 12 ====
+The volume 5- 12 contains from bryophytes to higher dicotyledonous plants.
+
+
+==== Index volume flora ====
+It is the index of flora of Bangladesh.
+
+
+==== Volumes 13- 28 ====
+describe the fauna of Bangladesh.
+
+
+== Volume editors ==
+Chief Editor
+Zia Uddin Ahmed
+Editors
+Flora
+Z N Tahmida Begum
+M Abul Hassan
+Moniruzzaman Khondker
+Fauna
+Syed M Humayun Kabir
+Monawar Ahmad
+Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed
+A K Ataur Rahman
+Enam Ul Haque
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+https://web.archive.org/web/20110726021146/http://www.effb-asb.org/
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Genetics-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Genetics-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Genetics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Genetics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:06.451859+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Genetics (ISBN 0-12-227080-0) is a print encyclopedia of genetics edited by Sydney Brenner and Jeffrey H. Miller. It has four volumes and 1,700 entries.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Encyclopedia of Genetics on Science Direct
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Life"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:59.494502+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It aggregates content to form "pages" for every known species. Content is compiled from existing trusted databases which are curated by experts and it calls on the assistance of non-experts throughout the world. It includes video, sound, images, graphics, information on characteristics, as well as text. In addition, the Encyclopedia incorporates species-related content from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, which digitizes millions of pages of printed literature from the world's major natural history libraries. The BHL digital content is indexed with the names of organisms using taxonomic indexing software developed by the Global Names project. The EOL project was initially backed by a US$50 million funding commitment, led by the MacArthur Foundation and the Sloan Foundation, who provided US$20 million and US$5 million, respectively. The additional US$25 million came from five cornerstone institutions—the Field Museum, Harvard University, the Marine Biological Laboratory, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the Smithsonian Institution. The project was initially led by Jim Edwards and the development team by David Patterson. Today, participating institutions and individual donors continue to support EOL through financial contributions.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+EOL went live on 26 February 2008 with 30,000 entries.
+The site relaunched on 5 September 2011 with a redesigned interface and tools. The new version – referred to as EOLv2 – was developed in response to requests from the general public, citizen scientists, educators and professional biologists for a site that was more engaging, accessible and personal. EOLv2 is redesigned to enhance usability and encourage contributions and interactions among users. It is also internationalized with interfaces provided for English, German, Spanish, French, Galician, Serbian, Macedonian, Arabic, Chinese, Korean and Ukrainian language speakers. On 16 January 2014, EOL launched TraitBank, a searchable, open digital repository for organism traits, measurements, interactions and other facts for all taxa.
+The initiative's executive committee includes senior officers from the Atlas of Living Australia, the Biodiversity Heritage Library consortium, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CONABIO, Field Museum, Harvard University, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Library of Alexandria), MacArthur Foundation, Marine Biological Laboratory, Missouri Botanical Garden, Sloan Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution.
+
+
+== Intention ==
+Information about many species is already available from a variety of sources, in particular about the megafauna. Gathering currently available data on all 1.9 million species will take about 10 years. As of September 2011, EOL had information on more than 700,000 species available, along with more than 600,000 photos and millions of pages of scanned literature. The initiative relies on indexing information compiled by other efforts, including the Species 2000 and ITIS, Catalogue of Life, Fishbase and the Assembling Tree of Life project of NSF, AmphibiaWeb, Mushroom explorer, micro*scope, etc. The initial focus has been on living species but will later include extinct species. As the discovery of new species is expected to continue (currently at about 20,000 per year), the encyclopedia will continue to grow. As taxonomy finds new ways to include species discovered by molecular techniques, the rate of new additions will increase, particularly in respect to the microbial work of (eu)bacteria, archaebacteria and viruses. EOL's goal is to serve as a resource for the general public, enthusiastic amateurs, educators, students and professional scientists from around the world.
+
+
+== Resources and collaborations ==
+The Encyclopedia of Life is an aggregative environment, that collects data from other on-line data sources. It provides full provenance for information through citations from its trusted databases. Professional researchers publishing academic research should cite directly to the underlying data.  Users may not currently edit EOL's entries directly but may register for the site to join specialist expert communities to discuss relevant information, questions, possible corrections, sources, and potential updates, contribute images and sound, or volunteer for technical support services. Its interface is translated at translatewiki.net.
+EOL was made distinctive by its incorporation of 'taxonomic intelligence', a growing array of algorithms that sought to emulate the practices of taxonomists.  These tools included names resolution so that data entered into different databases using different names for organisms could be combined. Components of hierarchical classifications systems could be used to drill-down or to expand data searches. Common components of different classification schemes were used to allow users to navigate using multiple classifications and to meander among schemes.  This initiative overcame a major problem of many biological data bases, that of having rigid and singular classification structures that were unable to reflect the diversity of views, or evolving concepts of how names of species and other taxa should be interpreted.  The names management systems continue to be developed by the Global Names project.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+All Species Foundation
+Biodiversity Heritage Library
+List of online encyclopedias
+Encyclopedia of Earth
+Wikispecies
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website 
+The Encyclopedia of Life – Introductory video on YouTube from May 2007.
+Encyclopedia of Life at the National Museum of Natural History
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Sciences-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Sciences-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:00.604202+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+eLS (previously known as the Encyclopedia of Life Sciences) is a reference work that covers the life sciences; it is published by Wiley-Blackwell. 
+As of June 2012, there were more than 4,800 article topics published in eLS online. eLS is updated monthly and over 400 articles are added to eLS each year.
+eLS is available online and in a print edition. The online edition was launched in April 2001, with the print edition published in January 2002. Full access to eLS requires a subscription. Article abstracts, key concepts, figures and references are freely accessible.
+At the end of 2004, eLS was acquired by Wiley-Blackwell from the Nature Publishing Group.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+eLS website Archived 2011-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:01.750521+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) is an integrated compendium of twenty one encyclopedias.
+One of the largest database repositories on the web, dedicated to the health, maintenance and future of the web of life on planet Earth, focusing on the complex connections among all the myriad aspects from natural and social sciences through water, energy, land, food, agriculture, environment, biodiversity, health, education, culture, engineering and technology, management, development and environmental security carrying knowledge for our times. It has been developed under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The EOLSS body of knowledge is a virtual compendium of Twenty One component encyclopedias (Subject Categories). It is regarded as the world’s largest comprehensive professional publication carrying state-of-the-art, high-quality, peer-reviewed, thematically organized archival content in many traditional disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects including the coverage of transdisciplinary pathways. The contributions are from thousands of scholars from over 100 countries and edited by more than 395 subject experts. It also includes up-to-date coverage of various aspects of sustainable development that are relevant to the current state of the world. The objectives are Education for Sustainable Development and Promotion of Life Support Systems Culture of Peace and Social Justice. In light of the global crisis and the imperative need for sustainable development, it's crucial to recognize the growing fragility of Earth's life support systems. This urgency was underscored by significant events such as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the "Earth Summit") in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
+It can be regarded as an 'encyclopedia of encyclopedias', presenting a wide range of major foundation subjects in a process of gradual development, from a broad overview to great detail under the following categories:
+
+Within these twenty one on-line encyclopedias, there are hundreds of Themes, each of which has been compiled under the editorial supervision of a recognized world expert or a team of experts such as an International Commission specially appointed for the purpose. Each of these 'Honorary Theme Editors' was responsible for selection and appointment of authors to produce the material specified by EOLSS. On average each Theme contains about thirty chapters. It deals in detail with interdisciplinary subjects, but it is also disciplinary, as each major core subject is covered in great depth by world experts. The EOLSS is different from traditional encyclopedias. It is the result of an unprecedented global effort that has attempted to forge pathways between disciplines in order to address contemporary problems" said UNESCO Director General Koïchiro Matsuura. "A source-book of knowledge that links together our concern for peace, progress, and sustainable development, the EOLSS draws sustenance from the ethics, science and culture of peace. At the same time, it is a forward-looking publication, designed as a global guide to professional practice, education, and heightened social awareness of critical life support issues. In particular, the EOLSS presents perspectives from regions and cultures around the world, and seeks to avoid geographic, racial, cultural, political, gender, age, or religious bias."
+It is regarded as the largest comprehensive professional publication carrying state-of-the-art, thematically organized subject matter for a wide audience at the university level with contributions from thousands of experts from over 101 countries.  It is an authoritative resource for education, research and policy making in the 21st century.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of online encyclopedias
+
+
+== References ==
+
+UNESCO - Encyclopedia Life Support Systems (UNESCO-EOLSS)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:02.998871+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis is published in print and online by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The online version is also known as e-EROS. The encyclopedia contains a description of the use of reagents used in organic chemistry. The eight-volume print version includes 3500 alphabetically arranged articles and the online version is regularly updated to include new reagents and catalysts.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+e-EROS: Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. 2001. doi:10.1002/047084289X. hdl:10261/236866. ISBN 9780470842898.
+Print version
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:13.533209+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science is a three-volume encyclopedia covering the history of Arabic contributions to science, mathematics and technology which had a marked influence on the Middle Ages in Europe. It is written by internationally recognized experts in the field and edited by Roshdi Rashed in collaboration with Régis Morelon.
+Volume one covers "Astronomy—Theoretical and applied". Volume two covers "Mathematics and the Physical Sciences". Volume three covers "Technology, Alchemy, and the Life Sciences".
+
+
+== Editions ==
+French edition: "fr:Histoire des sciences arabes", 3 vol., Le Seuil, Paris, 1997, (ISBN 2-02-030355-8).
+Arabic edition: "Mawsu‘a Tarikh al-‘ulum al-‘arabiyya", 3 vol., Markaz Dirasat al-Wahda al-‘arabiyya, Beirut, 1997, (ISBN 9953-450-73-0, 978-9953-450-73-5).
+
+
+== Contributors ==
+A partial list of contributors include:
+
+Volume 1
+R. Morelon and George Saliba (Arabic astronomy)
+David A. King (astronomy in Islamic society)
+Edward Stewart Kennedy  (mathematical geography)
+J. Vernet and J. Samsó (Arabic science in Andalusia)
+H. Grosset-Grange (Arabic nautical sciences)
+Volume 2
+A. S. Saidan (numeration and arithmetic)
+Boris A. Rosenfeld and A. P. Yushkevich (geometry)
+J.-C. Chabrier and M. Rozhanskaya (music and statics)
+M.-Th. Debarnot (trigonometry, algebra)
+Roshdi Rashed (geometrical optics)
+G. Russell (physiological optics)
+Volume 3
+Donald Routledge Hill (engineering)
+A. Miquel (geography)
+Toufic Fahd (botany and agriculture)
+G. Anawati (Arabic alchemy)
+E. Savage-Smith (medicine)
+F. Micheau (scientific institutions in the medieval Near East)
+J. Jolivet (classifications of the sciences)
+M. Mahdi (historiography)
+B. Goldstein (heritage of Arabic science in Hebrew)
+H. Hugonnard-Roche, A. Allard, D. Lindberg, R. Halleux, and D. Jacquart (Western reception of various Arabic sciences)
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+J. L. Berggren. "Reviewed work(s): Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science by Roshdi Rashed". Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 120, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 2000), pp. 282-283.
+Sonja Brentjes. "Reviewed work(s): Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science by Roshdi Rashed". Technology and Culture. Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 399-401.
+Charles Burnett. "Reviewed work(s): Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science by Roshdi Rashed; Régis Morelon". The British Journal for the History of Science. Vol. 31, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 72–73.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Volume 1
+Volume 2
+Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Astronomy-Theoretical and applied, v.2 Mathematics and the physical sciences; v.3 Technology, alchemy and life sciences. Routledge. ISBN 9780415020633.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_Dictionary_of_Astronomy-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_Dictionary_of_Astronomy-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Astronomy"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_Dictionary_of_Astronomy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:04.163767+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Astronomy (Ukrainian: Астрономічний енциклопедичний словник) is a Ukrainian encyclopedia of astronomy. It was published in 2003 and has around 3000 entries.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+List of astronomical observatories in Ukraine
+List of Ukrainian encyclopedias
+Science and technology in Ukraine
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Principles_and_Policies-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Principles_and_Policies-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+title: "Environmental Principles and Policies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Principles_and_Policies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:44.179395+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Environmental Principles and Policies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction is a textbook written by Professor Sharon Beder. The book examines six environmental and social principles that have been used at the international and national level. It uses them to evaluate the new wave of market-based policy instruments that have been introduced in many countries.
+
+
+== Six principles ==
+The six principles discussed in the book are:
+
+the sustainability principle
+the polluter pays principle
+the precautionary principle
+the equity principle
+the human rights principles
+the participation principle
+
+
+== Interdisciplinary approach ==
+This book on environmental policy-making takes a critical and interdisciplinary approach. Rather than merely setting out policy options in a descriptive way, it evaluates policies from different perspectives. This enables readers to gain a thorough understanding of important principles and current policies, and also to be able to apply the various principles and critically evaluate them.
+
+
+== The author ==
+Professor Beder was included in a list of "Australia's most influential engineers", published by Engineers Australia in 2004.  She was also included in Bulletin Magazine's "Smart 100" in 2003.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+Sustainable development
+Environmental policy
+List of Australian environmental books
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Review: Principled environmental policy
+Sample chapter
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet_bibliography-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet_bibliography-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+title: "Frank Macfarlane Burnet bibliography"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:00.062720+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of books and monographs by Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, arranged thematically, with original titles, publishers and dates of publication. Burnet wrote widely on virology, immunology and later in life on popular science issues. He wrote over 500 papers and 31 books, several of which were published in multiple editions; 15 of those books followed his retirement as director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute.
+
+
+== Virology ==
+The Use of the Developing Egg in Virus Research (Special Report No, 220), London: Medical Research Council, 1936
+Biological Aspects of Infectious Disease Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1940. Later editions of the book were published as The Natural History of Infectious Disease in 1953, 1962 and in 1973 with D.O. White. Published in Italian, Japanese, Spanish and German.
+With E. Clarke, Influenza: A Survey of the Last 50 years in Light of Modern Work and the Virus of Epidemic Influenza (Monograph of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute). Melbourne: Macmillam, 1942
+Virus as Organism: evolutionary and ecological aspects of some human virus diseases. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945. Published in Russian and Japanese.
+The Background of Infectious Diseases in Man. Melbourne: The Melbourne Permanent Postgraduate Committee, 1946
+With W.I.B. Beveridge The Cultivation of Viruses and Rickettsiae in the Chick Embryo, Special Report No. 256, London Medical Research Council, 1946. Also published in French
+Viruses and Man, Melbourne: Penguin Books, 1953, 2nd edition 1959. Also published in Italian.
+Principles of Animal Virology, New York: Academic Press, 1955, 2nd edition 1960. Also published in Polish and Japanese.
+Enzyme, Antigen and Virus: a Study of Macromolecular Pattern in Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956
+With W.M. Stanley The Viruses: Biochemical, Biological and Biophysical Properties, 3 volumes, New York:Academic Press, 1959
+
+
+== Immunology ==
+With M. Freeman, A.V. Jackson and M. Lush, The Production of Antibodies: A Review and Theoretical Discussion (Monograph of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute). Melbourne: Macmillam, 1941
+With F. Fenner, The Production of Antibodies (Monograph of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute). Melbourne: Macmillam, 1949
+Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958. Also published in Japanese.
+The Integrity of the Body: A Discussion of Modern Immunological Ideas, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1962. Also published in Russian, Polish, Japanese and Italian.
+With Ian R. Mackay, Autoimmune Diseases: Pathogenesis, Chemistry and Therapy, Springfield: Charles C Thomas, 1963. Also published in Spanish and Japanese.
+Cellular Immunology, 2 volumes, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1969. Also published in Russian.
+Self and Not-self (book one of Cellular Immunology), Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1969. Also released in Japanese, German and Italian and in paperback.
+Immunological Surveillance, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1970
+Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Disease: a Survey for Physician or Biologist, Lancaster: Medical and Technical Pub., 1972
+Immunology:readings from Scientific American with Introductions and Additional Material by F.M. Burnet, San Francisco: Freeman, 1976
+Immunology, Ageing and Cancer: Medical Aspects of Mutation and Selection, San Francisco: Freeman, 1978
+
+
+== Other ==
+Biology and the Appreciation of Life, Melbourne: Sun Books, 1968. Also published in Spanish.
+Changing Patterns: an Atypical Autobiography, Melbourne: Heinemann, 1968. Also published in Japanese.
+Dominant Mammal: The Biology of Human Destiny, Melbourne: Heinemann Press, 1970. Also published in Spanish, Danish and Japanese.
+Walter and Eliza Hall Institute 1915-1965, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1971
+Genes, dreams and realities, Aylesbury, Medical and Technical Pub., 1971. Also released in French, Italian and Spanish.
+Intrinsic Mutagenesis: a Genetic Approach to Ageing, Lancaster: Medical and Technical Pub., 1974
+The Biology of Ageing, Auckland: University Press, 1974
+Endurance of Life: The Implications of Genetics for Human Life, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974
+Credo and Comment: A Scientist Reflects, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1979
+
+
+== See also ==
+Biology Today, college-level biology textbook, contribution by Burnet
+List of publications in science
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_High_School_Science_Texts-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_High_School_Science_Texts-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+title: "Free High School Science Texts"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_High_School_Science_Texts"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:45.364559+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Free High School Science Texts (FHSST) organization is a South African non-profit project, which creates open textbooks on scientific subjects. Textbooks are edited to follow the government's syllabus, and published under a Creative Commons license (CC BY), allowing teachers and students to print them or share them digitally.
+
+
+== History ==
+FHSST was conceived in 2002 by Mark Horner, a physicist, when some rural South African children asked him to proofread notes that they had taken on a talk he gave on wave phenomena. The children intended to take the notes back to their schoolmates to use as a textbook on the subject.
+
+
+== Subjects ==
+FHSST has released books for grades 10-12 on physics, chemistry and mathematics. They are developing books in life sciences and computer literacy and a guide to teach students how to study.
+
+
+== See also ==
+OpenCourseWare
+Open educational resources
+Open textbook
+Bookboon
+China Open Resources for Education
+Connexions
+Curriki
+Flat World Knowledge
+Flexbook
+Khan Academy
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning India
+Open.Michigan
+Tufts OpenCourseWare
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzimek's_Animal_Life_Encyclopedia-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzimek's_Animal_Life_Encyclopedia-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+title: "Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzimek's_Animal_Life_Encyclopedia"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:07.622818+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia is a large comprehensive encyclopedia of animal life. It is named after its original editor in chief, Bernhard Grzimek (pronounced [ˈɡʒɪmɛk]).
+Originally the encyclopedia was published as a 13-volume set in German under the name Grzimeks Tierleben (Grzimek's Animal Life) in 1967–1972; it was translated into English in 1972–75. The encyclopedia was an international collaboration by a large number of scientists including Theodor Haltenorth, Wolfgang Gewalt, Heinz-Georg Klös, Konrad Lorenz, Heinz Heck, Lutz Heck, Jean Dorst, Constantine Walter Benson, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Helmut Sick, Heini Hediger, Wolfgang Makatsch, Erich Thenius, Erna Mohr, Adolf Portmann, Nagamichi Kuroda, Lester L. Short, Gerlof Fokko Mees, and Andrew John Berger. It was later extensively updated and republished in a 17-volume second edition under the supervision of Michael Hutchins in 2003. Some university libraries offer access to a digitized version of the second edition. The German edition also published three supplementary volumes: Entwicklungsgeschichte der Lebewesen (History of Life), Verhaltensforschung (Behavioural Research) and Unsere Umwelt als Lebensraum - Ökologie (Our Environment as Living Space - Ecology).
+
+
+== Online portal ==
+In fall 2009, Gale Cengage released a web-based version of the encyclopedia, with access to the web site by subscription. The site allows users to rate articles and to submit videos and photography.
+
+
+== Volumes for original 1967-1972 Edition ==
+Volume 1: Lower Animals (Protozoa, Sponges, Cnidarians, "Worms", Non-Hexapod Arthropods)
+Volume 2: Insects (Springtails and Relatives, Insects)
+Volume 3: Mollusks and Echinoderms (Mollusks, "Lophophorates", Non-Vertebrate Deuterostomes)
+Volume 4: Fishes 1
+Volume 5: Fishes 2 and Amphibia
+Volume 6: Reptiles
+Volume 7-9: Birds
+Volume 10-13: Mammals
+
+
+== Volumes for 2003 Edition ==
+Volume 1: Lower Metazoans and Lesser Deuterostomes
+Volume 2: Protostomes
+Volume 3: Insects
+Volume 4-5: Fish
+Volume 6: Amphibians
+Volume 7: Reptiles
+Volume 8-11: Birds
+Volume 12-16: Mammals
+Volume 17: Index
+
+
+== See also ==
+Brehms Tierleben
+Taxonomy of the animals (Hutchins et al., 2003)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Bernhard Grzimek, George M. Narita: Grzimek’s animal life encyclopedia (1. edition, online)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+title: "Handbook of the Birds of the World"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:09.983289+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) is a multi-volume series produced by the Spanish publishing house Lynx Edicions in partnership with BirdLife International. It is the first handbook to cover every known living species of bird. The series was edited by Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal and David A. Christie.
+All 16 volumes have been published. For the first time an animal class will have all the species illustrated and treated in detail in a single work. This has not been done before for any other group in the animal kingdom.
+Material in each volume is grouped first by family, with an introductory article on each family; this is followed by individual species accounts (taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation, bibliography). In addition, all volumes except the first and second contain an essay on a particular ornithological theme. More than 200 renowned specialists and 35 illustrators (including Toni Llobet, Hilary Burn, Chris Rose and H. Douglas Pratt) from more than 40 countries have contributed to the project up to now, as well as 834 photographers from all over the world.
+Since the first volume appeared in 1992, the series has received various international awards. The first volume was selected as Bird Book of the Year by the magazines Birdwatch and British Birds, and the fifth volume was recognised as Outstanding Academic Title by Choice Magazine, the American Library Association magazine. The seventh volume, as well as being named Bird Book of the Year by Birdwatch and British Birds, also received the distinction of Best Bird Reference Book in the 2002 WorldTwitch Book Awards This same distinction was also awarded to Volume 8 a year later in 2003.
+Individual volumes are large, measuring 32 by 25 centimetres (12.6 by 9.8 in), and weighing between 4 and 4.6 kilograms (8.8 and 10.1 lb); it has been commented in a review that "fork-lift truck book" would be a more appropriate title.
+As a complement to the Handbook of the Birds of the World and with the ultimate goal of disseminating knowledge about the world's avifauna, in 2002 Lynx Edicions started the Internet Bird Collection (IBC). It is a free-access, but not free-licensed, on-line audiovisual library of the world's birds with the aim of posting videos, photos and sound recordings showing a variety of biological aspects (e.g. subspecies, plumages, feeding, breeding, etc.) for every species. It is a non-profit endeavour fuelled by material from more than one hundred contributors from around the world.
+In early 2013, Lynx Edicions launched the online database HBW Alive, which includes the volume and family introductions and updated species accounts from all 17 published HBW volumes. Since its launch, the taxonomy has been thoroughly revised and updated twice (once for non-passerines and once for passerines), following the publication of the two volumes of the HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World.
+The Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive site also provides a free access "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology".
+An updated two-volume set with taxonomic revisions was released in 2014 as the Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, and a condensed, single-volume version of the series was published in 2019 as All the Birds of the World.
+
+== Published volumes ==
+A list of volumes of the Handbook of the Birds of the World produced to date is as follows:
+
+=== Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks ===
+This volume was published in 1992. Unlike subsequent volumes, it does not have an introductory essay; instead, it has a 38-page overview by Eduardo de Juana of the biology of birds and a foreword welcoming the HBW project, by Christoph Imboden. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl ===
+This volume was published in 1994. It has a foreword by Walter J. Bock on the organization of information in HBW. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks ===
+This volume was published in 1996. It has a foreword by Robert Bateman on "art and nature". Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos ===
+This volume was published in 1997. It has an introductory essay "Species Concepts and Species Limits in Ornithology" by Jürgen Haffer. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 5: Barn-Owls to Hummingbirds ===
+This volume was published in 1999. It has an introductory essay "Risk Indicators and Status Assessment in Birds" by Nigel J. Collar. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills ===
+This volume was published in 2001. It has an introductory essay "Avian Bioacoustics" by Luis Baptista and Don Kroodsma. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers ===
+This volume was published in 2002. It has an introductory essay "Extinct Birds" by Errol Fuller. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos ===
+This volume was published in 2003. It has an introductory essay "A Brief History of Classifying Birds" by Murray Bruce. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails ===
+This volume was published in 2004. It has an introductory essay "Ornithological Nomenclature" by Richard Banks. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 10: Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes ===
+This volume was published in 2005. It has an introductory essay "The Ecology and Impact of Non-Indigenous Birds" by Daniel Sol, Tim Blackburn, Phillip Cassey, Richard Duncan and Jordi Clavell. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers ===
+This volume was published in September 2006. It has an introductory essay "Ecological Significance of Bird Populations" by Cagan Sekercioglu with a preface by Paul R. Ehrlich. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World-1.md
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+title: "Handbook of the Birds of the World"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:09.983289+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees ===
+This volume was published in October 2007. It includes an introduction to the fossil birds by Kevin J. Kayleigh. This volume covers the following groups:
+
+=== Volume 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes ===
+This volume was published in October 2008. It includes an introductory essay on bird migration by Ian Newton. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows ===
+This volume was published in October 2009. It includes the foreword "Birding Past, Present and Future – a Global View" by Stephen Moss. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 15: Weavers to New World Warblers ===
+This volume was published in October 2010. It includes a foreword on bird conservation by Stuart Butchart, Nigel Collar, Alison Stattersfield, and Leon Bennun. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Volume 16: Cardinals to New World Blackbirds ===
+This volume was published in December 2011. It includes a foreword on climate change and birds by Anders Pape Møller. Groups covered in this volume are as follows:
+
+=== Special Volume: New Species and Global Index ===
+This volume was published in July 2013. It includes a comprehensive introduction by Jon Fjeldså on changes in bird macrosystematics and a foreword on the history of BirdLife International. It covers 84 new species published more recently than their corresponding HBW volumes, including 15 scientific descriptions of newly discovered Amazonian birds.
+
+=== HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Non-passerines ===
+This volume was published in July 2014. It depicts all non-passerines with drawings and maps, including all extinct species since the year 1500.
+
+=== HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, Volume 2: Passerines ===
+This volume was published in December 2016. It depicts all passerines with drawings and maps, including all extinct species since the year 1500.
+
+== See also ==
+Handbook of the Mammals of the World, a similar project covering mammals
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+More information on the Handbook of the Birds of the World
+HBW Alive online database
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+---
+title: "Handbook of the Mammals of the World"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:11.168973+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) is a book series from the publisher Lynx Edicions. The nine volumes were published from 2009 to 2019. Each mammal family is assessed in a full text introduction with photographs and each species has a text account with a distribution map and illustrations on a plate. This is the second major project by Lynx Edicions since the release of the Handbook of the Birds of the World in 1992. The chief editors are Russell Mittermeier and Don E. Wilson in association with Conservation International, the Texas A&M University and the IUCN. Don E. Wilson is also editor of the reference work Mammal Species of the World.
+An updated two-volume set with taxonomic revisions was released in 2020 as the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World, and a condensed, single-volume version of the series was published in 2023 as All the Mammals of the World.
+
+== Published volumes ==
+
+=== Volume 1: Carnivores (published in May 2009) ===
+With an introduction to the class Mammalia by Don E. Wilson
+The first volume is devoted to Carnivora. It covers 13 families and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behavior, and conservation status of 245 species. It has more than 400 colour photographs and 257 distribution maps. The 33 colour plates are created by Catalan artist Toni Llobet. This book mentioned the olinguito or Andean olingo for the first time, a species from Ecuador and Colombia, which was officially described in 2013.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
+
+African palm civet (Nandiniidae). One genus and one species.
+Cats (Felidae). 14 genera and 37 species.
+Linsangs (Prionodontidae). One genus and two species.
+Civets, genets and oyans (Viverridae). 14 genera and 34 species.
+Hyenas (Hyaenidae). Four genera and four species.
+Mongooses (Herpestidae). 15 genera and 34 species.
+Euplerids or Madagascar carnivores (Eupleridae). Seven genera and eight species.
+Dogs (Canidae). 13 genera and 35 species.
+Bears (Ursidae). Five genera and eight species.
+Red panda (Ailuridae). One genus and one species.
+Racoons (Procyonidae). Six genera and twelve species.
+Skunks (Mephitidae). Four genera and twelve species.
+Weasels, martens, polecats, badgers and otters (Mustelidae). 22 genera and 57 species.
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 728 pp. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1
+
+=== Volume 2: Hoofed Mammals (published in August 2011) ===
+The second volume is devoted to the ungulates (hoofed mammals). It covers 107 genera, 17 families in six orders and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 413 species. It has 664 colour photographs and 433 distribution maps. The 56 colour plates are created by Catalan artist Toni Llobet.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
+
+Aardvark (Orycteropodidae). One genus and one species.
+Hyrax (Procaviidae). Three genera and five species.
+Elephants (Elephantidae). Two genera and three species.
+Pangolins (Manidae). One genus and eight species.
+Horses, wild ass, and zebras (Equidae). One genus and seven species.
+Rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae).  Four genera and five species.
+Tapir (Tapiridae). One genus and four species.
+Camelids (Camelidae). Three genera and six species.
+Pigs, babirusa, and warthog (Suidae). Six genera and 17 species.
+Peccaries (Tayassuidae). Three genera and three species.
+Hippopotamus (Hippopotamidae). Two genera and two species.
+Chevrotains (Tragulidae). Three genera and ten species.
+Musk deers (Moschidae). One genus and seven species.
+Deers (Cervidae). 18 genera and 53 species.
+Bovids (Bovidae) 54 genera and 279 species.
+Pronghorn (Antilocapridae). One genus and one species.
+Giraffe and okapi (Giraffidae). Two genera and two species.
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 886 pp. ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4
+
+=== Volume 3: Primates (published in April 2013) ===
+The third volume is devoted to the primates. It covers 17 families and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 480 species. The 57 colour plates are created by English wildlife artist Stephen D. Nash.   Edited by Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
+
+Mouse, giant mouse, dwarf, and fork marked lemurs (Cheirogaleidae). Five genera and 31 species.
+Sportive lemur (Lepilemuridae). One genus and 26 species.
+Bamboo, true, and ruffed lemurs (Lemuridae). Five genera and 21 species.
+Woolly lemurs, sifakas, and the indri (Indriidae). Three genera and 19 species.
+Aye-aye (as only surviving member) (Daubentoniidae). One genus and one species.
+Galago (Galagidae). Five genera and 18 species.
+Angwantibos, pottos, and Lorises (Lorisidae). Four genera and 12 species.
+Tarsier (Tarsiidae). Three genera and 11 species.
+Marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae). Seven genera and 47 species.
+Squirrel monkeys and capuchins (Cebidae). Three genera and 29 species.
+Night monkey (Aotidae). One genus and 11 species.
+Titis, sakis and uakaris (Pitheciidae). Four genera and 44 species.
+Howlers, spider and woolly monkeys and muriquis (Atelidae). Five genera and 25 species.
+Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae). 23 genera and 159 species.
+Gibbons (Hylobatidae). Four genera and 19 species.
+Great apes (Hominidae). Four genera and seven species (including humans).
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 951 pp. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7
+
+=== Volume 4: Sea Mammals (published in July 2014) ===
+The fourth volume is devoted to marine mammals, which include the largest mammals on earth, the whales, as well as dolphins, ear seals, walrus, earless seals, dugongs, and manatees. It covers 19 families and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behavior, and conservation status of 128 species. The 30 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-1.md
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+---
+title: "Handbook of the Mammals of the World"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:11.168973+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Otariidae (eared seals). Seven genera and 15 species.
+Odobenidae (walrus). One genus and one species.
+Phocidae (earless seals). 13 genera and 18 species.
+Balaenidae (right whales). Two genera and four species.
+Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whale). One genus and one species.
+Eschrichtiidae (gray whale). One genus and one species.
+Balaenopteridae (rorquals). Two genera and eight species.
+Physeteridae (sperm whale). One genus and one species.
+Kogiidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whales). One genus and two species.
+Ziphiidae (beaked whales). Six genera and 22 species.
+Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphin). One genus and one species.
+Iniidae (Amazon river dolphins). One genus and three species.
+Lipotidae (baiji). One genus and one species.
+Pontoporiidae (Franciscana). One genus and one species.
+Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal). Two genera and two species.
+Delphinidae (ocean dolphins). 17 genera and 36 species.
+Phocoenidae (porpoises). Three genera and seven species.
+Trichechidae (manatees). One genus and three species.
+Dugongidae (dugong). One genus and one species.
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 614 pp. ISBN 978-84-96553-93-4
+
+=== Volume 5: Marsupials (published in  June 2015) ===
+The fifth volume is devoted to the marsupials, echidnas, platypus, and opossums. The 44 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 354 species from 21 families in eight orders. The introductory chapter by Kristofer Helgen is about recently extinct marsupials like the thylacine.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
+
+Tachyglossidae (echidnas). Two genera and four species.
+Ornithorhynchidae (platypus). One genus and one species.
+Didelphidae (opossums). 18 genera and 103 species.
+Caenolestidae (shrew opossums). Three genera and seven species.
+Microbiotheriidae (monito del monte). One genus and one species.
+Notoryctidae (marsupial moles). One genus and two species.
+Myrmecobiidae (numbat). One genus and one species.
+Dasyuridae (carnivorous marsupials). 17 genera and 74 species.
+Thylacomyidae (bilby). One genus and one species.
+Peramelidae (bandicoots). Six genera and 18 species.
+Phascolarctidae (koala). One genus and one species.
+Vombatidae (wombats). Two genera and three species.
+Burramyidae (pygmy possums). Two genera and five species.
+Phalangeridae (cuscuses, brushtail possums and relatives). Six genera and 29 species.
+Pseudocheiridae (ring-tailed possums and greater gliders). Six genera and 20 species.
+Petauridae (striped possums, Leadbeater's possum and lesser gliders). Three genera and twelve species.
+Tarsipedidae (honey possum). One genus and one species.
+Acrobatidae (feathertail gliders and possums). Two genera and three species.
+Hypsiprymnodontidae (rat kangaroos). One genus and one species.
+Potoroidae (bettongs and potoroos). Three genera and eight species.
+Macropodidae (kangaroos and wallabies). 13 genera and 59 species.
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 800 pp. ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6
+
+=== Volume 6: Lagomorphs and Rodents I (published in July 2016) ===
+Initially it was intended to publish only one volume on lagomorphs and rodents. But due to the large number of described rodents Lynx Edicions organized a survey from summer to autumn 2015 in which a majority of customers decided in favor of two volumes. The sixth volume is devoted to the lagomorphs and 25 families of rodents, including the hares, pikas, chinchillas, the Laotian rock rat (a living fossil), the capybara (the largest extant rodent), and the diverse group of squirrels. The 60 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 823 species from 27 families in two orders. It includes a special chapter on the overview of rodents, on morphology, taxonomy, and evolutionary history; why rodents are studied; and tools for studying them. Edited by Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher Jr, and Russell A. Mittermeier.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
+
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 988 pp. ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4
+
+=== Volume 7: Rodents II (published in December 2017) ===
+The seventh volume is devoted to the nine families of mouse-like rodents (Myomorpha), including the true mice, rats, birch mice, tree mice, jerboas, hamsters, and voles. In contrast to other systematics (e.g. Wilson/Reeder: Mammal Species of the World, 2005) the family Dipodidae was split into Dipodidae, Zapodidae and Sminthidae, a new name proposed for the former subfamily Sicistinae. The 58 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 1,744 species from 345 genera and 9 families in one suborder. It includes a special chapter entitled Priorities for Conserving the World’s Rodents. Edited by Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher Jr, and Russell A. Mittermeier.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
+
+Sminthidae (or Sicistinae in other systematics) (birch mice). 1 genus and 14 species.
+Zapodidae (or Zapodinae in other systematics) (jumping mice). 3 genera and 5 species.
+Dipodidae (jerboas). 13 genera and 35 species.
+Platacanthomyidae (tree mice). 2 genera and 5 species.
+Spalacidae (muroid mole-rats). 7 genera and 28 species.
+Calomyscidae (brush-tailed mice). 1 genus and 8 Species.
+Nesomyidae (pouched rats, climbing mice and fat mice). 21 genera and 68 species.
+Cricetidae (true hamsters, voles, lemmings and New World rats and mice). 142 genera and 765 species.
+Muridae (true mice and rats (Old World rats and mice), gerbils and relatives). 155 genera and 816 species.
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 1008. ISBN 978-84-16728-04-6
+
+=== Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos (published in July 2018) ===
+The eighth volume is devoted to the orders Cingulata, Pilosa, Afrosoricida, Macroscelidea, Scandentia, Dermoptera, and Eulipotyphla. The 28 color plates are created by Toni Llobet. There is a special chapter titled Conservation Priorities and Actions for the Orders Cingulata, Pilosa, Afrosoricida, Macroscelidea, Eulipotyphla, Dermoptera, and Scandentia by Rosalind Kennerley, Thomas Lacher, Jr., Victor Mason, Shelby McCay, Nicolette Roach, P. J. Stephenson, Mariella Superina and Richard Young. The most species covered in this volume have various insectivorous diets with the exception of the colugos and sloths that are either frugivorous or folivorous.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-2.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-2.md
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+---
+title: "Handbook of the Mammals of the World"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:11.168973+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos). One genus and seven species.
+Chlamyphoridae (chlamyphorid armadillos). Eight genera and 13 species.
+Myrmecophagidae (American anteaters). Two genera and three species.
+Cyclopedidae (silky anteater). One genus and seven species.
+Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths). One genus and two species.
+Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths). One genus and four species.
+Tenrecidae (tenrecs). Eight genera and 31 species.
+Potamogalidae (otter shrews). Two genera and three species.
+Chrysochloridae (golden moles). Ten genera and 21 species.
+Macroscelididae (elephant shrews). Five genera and 20 species.
+Ptilocercidae (pen-tailed tree shrew). One genus and one species.
+Tupaiidae (common tree shrews). Three genera and 22 species.
+Cynocephalidae (colugos). Two genera and two species.
+Erinaceidae (hedgehogs). Ten genera and 26 species.
+Soricidae (shrews). 25 genera and 448 species.
+Talpidae (moles). 18 genera and 54 species.
+Solenodontidae (solenodons). Two genera and two species.
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 710. ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
+
+=== Volume 9: Bats (published in October 2019) ===
+The ninth volume is devoted to the bats. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 1401 species from 21 families in the order Chiroptera. Unlike previous volumes, where all the illustrations were created by a single person in each one, the 73 plates of this volume contain illustrations from six artists, namely Ilian Velikov, Blanca Martí de Ahumada, Alex Mascarell Llosa, Faansie Peacock, Jesús Rodríguez-Osorio Martín and Lluís Sogorb.
+Groups covered in this volume are:
+
+Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae) 46 genera and 191 species.
+Mouse-tailed bats (Rhinopomatidae) One genus and six species.
+Hog-nosed bat (Craseonycteridae) One genus and one species.
+False-vampire bats (Megadermatidae) Six genera and six species.
+Trident bats (Rhinonycteridae) Four genera and nine species.
+Old World leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideridae) Seven genera and 88 species.
+Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) One genus and 109 species.
+Sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae) Fourteen genera and 54 species.
+Slit-faced bats (Nycteridae) One genus and 15 species.
+Madagascar sucker-footed bats (Myzopodidae) One genus and two species.
+New Zealand short-tailed bats (Mystacinidae) One genus and two species.
+Bulldog bats (Noctilionidae) One genus and two species.
+Smoky bat and thumbless bat (Furipteridae) Two genera and two species.
+Disk-winged bats (Thyropteridae) One genus and five species.
+Ghost-faced bats, naked-backed bats and mustached bats (Mormoopidae) Two genera and 18 species.
+New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) Sixty genera and 217 species.
+Funnel-eared bats (Natalidae) Three genera and 12 species.
+Free-tailed bats (Molossidae) 22 genera and 126 species.
+Long-fingered bats (Miniopteridae) One genus and 38 species.
+Wing-gland bats (Cistugidae) One genus and two species.
+Vesper bats (Vespertilionidae) 54 genera and 496 species.
+Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 1008. ISBN 978-84-16728-19-0
+
+== Opinions ==
+The handbook has had a mixed reception. In particular, the taxonomic system that has been used for the prominent family Bovidae (Volume 2) is not generally accepted. Heller et al. have argued that the revised bovid species list, which doubled the amount of recognized bovid species, is based only on one primary source. This increase was mainly due to an expanded species concept (PSC concept), not on newly available data sets. For example, the handbook distinguishes 11 species of klipspringer, but the morphological variations within each of these proposed species are often greater than between them. In addition, the taxonomy is criticised as inconsistent, since many taxa, such as the different giraffe forms, are treated as subspecies of a single species, despite the fact that some are clearly distinguishable. Heller et al. warn that taxonomic inflation of species could impede conservation efforts.
+
+== Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World Volume 1 and 2 ==
+This illustrated checklist incorporates all the species from Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW), along with updates in taxonomy, conservation status and distribution maps when needed. Each species account is shorter, with the accounts including common names in English, French, German, and Spanish, the IUCN Red List Conservation Category, Taxonomic notes, and a list of recognised subspecies, in a very similar format to HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Split into two volumes, these books contain all known mammal species, split into 27 orders, 167 families, 1,343 genera, 6,554 species, with 104 being extinct and 19 domesticated. They also feature more than 7,250 illustrations, including 800 new ones of primates and more than 100 of other groups. It was published in September 2020.
+
+=== Volume 1 ===
+Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas)
+Marsupialia (Kangaroos, koalas, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils)
+Xenarthra (Anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos)
+Afrotheria (Elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, elephants and sea cows)
+Euarchonta (Treeshrews, colugos, and primates)
+Glires (Rabbits, hares and rodents)
+
+=== Volumes 2 ===
+Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, moles and shrews)
+Chiroptera (Bats)
+Cetartiodactyla (Ungulates like goats, deer and giraffes, along with whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
+Perissodactyla (Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
+Pholidota (Pangolins)
+Carnivora (Cats, dogs, bears and seals)
+
+== All the Mammals of the World ==
+A condensed, single-volume edition of the Handbook series was published in 2023, containing color illustrations, distribution maps, length and mass measurements, IUCN Red List category, and common names for 6581 species, but without the longer text descriptions of the species. 
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Handbook of the Mammals of the World more information about the series (publishers site)
+Information in Spanish
+Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (publishers site)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+title: "Historia animalium (Gessner book)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:12.389876+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Historia animalium ("History of the Animals"), published in Zurich in 1551–1558 and 1587, is an encyclopedic "inventory of renaissance zoology" by Conrad Gessner (1516–1565). Gessner was a medical doctor and professor at the Carolinum in Zürich, the precursor of the University of Zurich. The Historia animalium, after Aristotle's work of the same name, is the first modern zoological work that attempts to describe all the animals known, and the first bibliography of natural history writings. The five volumes of natural history of animals cover more than 4,500 pages. The animals are presented in alphabetical order, marking the change from Middle Ages encyclopedias, or "mirrors" to a modern view of a consultation work.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+
+The Historia animalium was Gessner's magnum opus, and was the most widely read of all the Renaissance natural histories. The generously illustrated work was so popular that Gessner's abridgement, Thierbuch ("Animal Book"), was published in Zurich in 1563, and in England Edward Topsell translated and condensed it as a Historie of foure-footed beastes (London: William Jaggard, 1607). Gessner's monumental work attempts to build a connection between the ancient knowledge of the animal world, its title the same as Aristotle's work on animals, and what was known at his time. He then adds his own observations, and those of his correspondents, in an attempt to formulate a comprehensive description of the natural history of animals.
+Gessner's Historia animalium is based on classical sources. It is compiled from ancient and medieval texts, including the inherited knowledge of ancient naturalists like Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian. Gessner was known as "the Swiss Pliny." For information he relied heavily on the Physiologus.
+In his larger works Gessner sought to distinguish fact from myth and popular misconceptions, and so his encyclopedic work included both extinct creatures and newly discovered animals of the East Indies, those of the far north and animals brought back from the New World.  The work included extensive information on mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. It described in detail their daily habits and movements. It also included their uses in medicine and nutrition.
+Historia animalium showed the animals' places in history, literature and art. Sections of each chapter detailed the animal and its attributes, in the tradition of the emblem book. Gessner's work included facts in different languages such as the names of the animals.
+
+
+== Fantastical creatures ==
+
+There have been various academic studies relating to Gessner's inclusion of fantastical creatures in the volumes, such as the sea monk, sea bishop, or ichthyocentaur.
+Gessner was aware of fakery in the curio shops market, where dried rays were manipulated to look like dragons (for example Jenny Hanivers). There may have also been fake mermaid-like creatures being imported from China by the Dutch.
+Also, commercial interests may also have motivated publishers or authors such as Gessner to include such creatures to boost sales. But Gessner was known for meticulously checking facts, and it has been suggested that publishers may have interpolated material when Gessner was in no condition to gainsay them, since the author was already morbidly ill by the time of these publications. In fact there is the example of the Su of Patagonia, posthumously inserted in the 1603 Frankfurt edition.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+Volume 1: Live-bearing four-footed animals (viviparous quadrupeds) (1551).
+Volume 2: Egg-laying (oviparous) quadrupeds (reptiles and amphibia) (1554).
+Volume 3: Birds (1555).
+Volume 4: Fish and aquatic animals (1558).
+Volume 5: Snakes and scorpions (incomplete, published posthumously 1587).
+
+
+== Illustrations ==
+
+The colored woodcut illustrations were the first real attempts to represent animals in their natural environment. It is the first book to illustrate fossils.
+Gessner acknowledges one of his main illustrators was Lucas Schan, an artist from Strasbourg. He likely used other illustrators as well as himself; the book is however famous for copying illustrations from other sources, including Durer's Rhinoceros from a well-known 1515 woodcut. Gessner's natural history was unusual for sixteenth century readers in providing illustrations.
+
+
+== Censorship ==
+There was extreme religious tension at the time Historia animalium came out. Under Pope Paul IV it was felt that the religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writings, and as Gessner was a Protestant, it was added to the Catholic Church's list of prohibited books.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Conradi Gesneri Medici Tigurini Historiae Animalium liber primus. De Quadrupedibus viviparis
+Historiae Animalium Liber IV. Qui est de Piscium et Aquatilium animantium natura
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_in_Practice-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_in_Practice-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+title: "Hydrology in Practice"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_in_Practice"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:46.534024+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Hydrology in Practice is a hydrology textbook by British hydrologist Elizabeth M. Shaw. The book was originally published in 1983 by Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd. and the most recent fourth edition was published in July 2010 by CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis. The book has been described as both an introductory text and a resource for professionals.
+
+
+== Synopsis ==
+The third edition of the book is separated into three parts which discuss hydrological measurements, hydrological analysis, and engineering applications.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Hydrology in Practice has been described by CRC Press as "likely to be the course text for every undergraduate/MSc hydrology course in the UK".
+The book has been reviewed by the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, the Journal of the American Water Resources Association, the Hydrological Sciences Journal, and the Journal of Hydrology, along with being cited in many scientific journals. In a review of the third edition, the Hydrological Sciences Journal described the book as "an excellent compendium of techniques and methods of hydrological measurement and data analysis". The book is also recommended reading at Dartmouth College, Utah State University, the University of Malta, the American Institute of Hydrology, and the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, among others.
+
+
+== Editions ==
+Shaw, Elizabeth M., Hydrology in Practice, 1st Edition, 1983, Taylor & Francis or Van Nostrand Reinhold
+Shaw, Elizabeth M., Hydrology in Practice, 2nd Edition, 1988, Taylor & Francis or imprints
+Shaw, Elizabeth M., Hydrology in Practice, 3rd Edition, 1994, Taylor & Francis or Chapman & Hall
+Shaw, Elizabeth, M., Keith J. Beven, Nick A. Chappell, Rob Lamb, 2010, Hydrology in Practice, 4th Edition, CRC Press. ISBN 978-0415370424
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+=== Further reading ===
+Obituary of Elizabeth M. Shaw from the British Hydrological Society (August 2013)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science-0.md
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:08:08.890527+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:17.127320+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---

--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_&_Behavioral_Sciences-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_&_Behavioral_Sciences-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+---
+title: "International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_&_Behavioral_Sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:14.733439+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, originally edited by Neil J. Smelser and
+Paul B. Baltes, is a 26-volume work published by Elsevier. It has some 4,000 signed articles (commissioned by around 50 subject editors), and includes 150 biographical entries, 122,400 entries, and an extensive hierarchical subject index. It is also available in online editions. Reviewers described the work as "the largest corpus of knowledge about the social and behavioral sciences in existence." and "the atomic bomb of reference works." It was first published in 2001, with a 2nd edition published in 2015. The second edition is edited by James D. Wright.
+
+
+== Subject Classification ==
+Contents include the following broad Subject Classification.
+Overarching Topics: Institutions and infrastructure, History of the social sciences and the behavioral sciences, Ethics of research and applications, Biographies, Integrative concepts and issues
+Methodology: Statistics, Mathematics and computer sciences, Logic of inquiry and research design.
+Disciplines: Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Education, History, Linguistics. Philosophy, Political science, Clinical psychology and applied psychology, Cognitive psychology and cognitive science, Developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology and motivational psychology, Sociology
+Intersecting Fields: Evolutionary sciences, Genetics, behavior and society, Behavioral neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, Psychiatry, Health, Gender studies, Religious studies, Expressive forms, Environmental sciences/ecological sciences, Science and technology studies, Area studies and international studies
+Applications: Organizational studies and management studies, Media studies and commercial applications, Urban studies and Urban planning, Public policy, Modern cultural concerns
+
+
+== Subclassification of articles with an example ==
+The above Subject Classification is alphabetized with a link for each such general subject at ScienceDirect.Com. Each such link leads to subclassification links for that subject.   The hierarchical classification of articles for a subject can be used to locate an article.  For example, the Economics link above brings up these subclassification links: 
+
+Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics
+Financial Economics
+General Methods and Schools
+Industrial Organization and Law and Economics
+International Economics, Growth, and Development
+Labor Economics
+Public and Welfare Economics
+Each such subclassification link goes to  corresponding Encyclopedia article titles with the author, page numbers, and links to the article Abstract and a View of Related Articles.  (The latter is an extensive list of references separate from the Bibliography in the article.)  For example, under the Economics link above, the link for "General Methods and Schools" brings up:
+
+Auctions, Pages 917–923, S. Müller | Abstract | View Related Articles
+Behavioral Economics, Pages 1094–1100, S. Mullainathan and R. H. Thaler ...
+Consumer Economics, Pages 2669–2674, A. P. Barten
+Econometric Software, Pages 4058–4065, W. H. Greene
+Econometrics, History of, Pages 4065–4069, M. S. Morgan and D. Qin
+Economic Education, Pages 4078–4084, W. E. Becker
+Economics and Ethics, Pages 4146–4152, J. Broome
+Economics, History of, Pages 4152–4158, M. Schabas
+Economics, Philosophy of, Pages 4159–4165, D. M. Hausman
+Economics: Overview, Pages 4158–4159, O. Ashenfelter
+Expectations, Economics of, Pages 5060–5067, G. W. Evans and S. Honkapohja
+Experimental Economics, Pages 5100–5108, V. L. Smith
+Feminist Economics, Pages 5451–5457, D. Meulders
+Firm Behavior, Pages 5676–5681, F. M. Scherer
+Game Theory: Noncooperative Games, Pages 5873–5880, E. van Damme
+Information, Economics of, Pages 7480–7486, S. S. Lippman and J. J. McCall
+Institutional Economic Thought, Pages 7543–7550, G. M. Hodgson
+Macroeconomic Data, Pages 9111–9117, T. P. Hill
+Market Areas, Pages 9203–9207, J.-C. Thill
+Marxian Economic Thought, Pages 9286–9292, R. Bellofiore
+Monetary Policy, Pages 9976–9984, B. M. Friedman
+Political Economy, History of, Pages 11649–11653, K. Tribe
+Post-Keynesian Thought, Pages 11849–11856, G. C. Harcourt
+Psychiatric Care, Economics of, Pages 12267–12272, S. Tyutyulkova and S. S. Sharfstein
+Psychology and Economics, Pages 12390–12396, K. Fiedler and M. Wänke
+Science, Economics of, Pages 13664–13668, W. E. Steinmueller
+Search, Economics of, Pages 13760–13768, C. A. Pissarides
+Transaction Costs and Property Rights, Pages 15840–15845, O. E. Williamson
+The abstract for each article can be linked from the article link.  An example of an Abstract link is that for the article "Economics: Overview" above.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Economics handbooks
+List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
+International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968)
+The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics (1987)
+The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition (2008)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website: 2nd ed., 1st ed.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_Sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:15.926671+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences was first published in 1968 and was edited by David L. Sills and Robert K. Merton. It contains seventeen volumes and thousands of entries written by scholars around the world. The 2nd edition is composed entirely of new articles. It was published in 2008 and edited by William A. Darity Jr., an American economist.
+The 1968 Encyclopedia was initially intended to "complement, not supplant" MacMillan's earlier, fifteen-volume Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, which had been published from 1930 to 1967 and was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson, it effectively replaced the earlier Encyclopaedia, in practice.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
+Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (1930–35)
+International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2001)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kürschners_Deutscher_Gelehrten-Kalender-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kürschners_Deutscher_Gelehrten-Kalender-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kürschners_Deutscher_Gelehrten-Kalender"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:18.294630+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender (English: "Kürschner's Encyclopedia of German Scholars"), formerly subtitled Lexikon der lebenden deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftler ("Encyclopedia of Living German-Speaking Scholars"), is a German language biographical and bibliographical encyclopedia of scientists and scholars from the German-speaking part of Europe. It is published by Walter de Gruyter. The first edition appeared in 1925, edited by Gerhard Lüdtke. Prior to the 9th edition, it consisted of one volume, but with the 6th edition in 1941 and then again from the 9th in 1961 it was extended to two volumes. Since the 22nd edition in 2009, it includes four volumes. The 28th edition appeared in 2016. The encyclopedia generally only includes academics who are active researchers at universities or research institutes, and who hold the Habilitation or are full professors, or have equivalent qualifications.
+It evolved from Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender, a bio-bibliographical encyclopedia of German literature founded in 1879 and subsequently edited by Joseph Kürschner, for whom both works are now named.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ISSN 1616-8399
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_gesamten_Technik-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_gesamten_Technik-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "Lexikon der gesamten Technik"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_gesamten_Technik"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:19.527605+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Lexikon der gesamten Technik ("encyclopedia of all technology") is an illustrated German-language encyclopedia of architectural, engineering and manufacturing technology, written by Otto Lueger (German engineer, 1843–1911) and first published in 1894.
+
+
+== Editions ==
+1st Edition, 7 volumes, 1894–1899
+2nd Edition, 8 volumes, 1904–1910 (with two supplements in 1914 and 1920)
+3rd Edition, 6 volumes, 1926–1929 (with a separate index volume)
+4th Edition, 17 volumes, 1960–1972
+
+
+== External links ==
+http://www.zeno.org/Lueger-1904, 10 volumes, digitized by Zeno.org and announced as public domain ("Lizenz: Gemeinfrei")
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Encyclopedia_of_Science_&_Technology-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Encyclopedia_of_Science_&_Technology-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: "McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Encyclopedia_of_Science_&_Technology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:20.714972+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology is an English-language multivolume encyclopedia, specifically focused on scientific and technical subjects, and published by McGraw-Hill Education. The most recent edition in print is the eleventh edition, copyright 2012 (ISBN 9780071778343), comprising twenty volumes. The encyclopedia covers the life sciences and physical sciences, as well as engineering and technology topics.
+There is also a one-volume McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology based on the full set. The sixth edition was published in May 2009 in twenty volumes including the "Index" (ISBN 9780071613668).
+Further "Concise" editions for Chemistry or Engineering are available today.
+The references work has been mentioned and reviewed too.
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+---
+title: "Merck Index"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:21.838561+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
+
+
+== History ==
+The NFL edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations Merck & Co., forming a separate American company that continued to publish the Merck Index.
+In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an appendix with monographs on organic named reactions.
+The 15th edition was published in April 2013.
+Monographs in The Merck Index typically contain:
+
+a CAS registry number
+synonyms of the substance, such as trivial names and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature
+a chemical formula
+molecular weight
+percent composition
+a structural formula
+a description of the substance's appearance
+melting point and boiling point
+solubility in solvents commonly used in the laboratory
+citations to other literature regarding the compound's chemical synthesis
+a therapeutic category, if applicable
+caution and hazard information
+
+
+== Editions ==
+1st (1889) – first edition released by E. Merck (Germany)
+2nd (1896) – second edition released by Merck's American subsidiary and added medicines from the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary
+3rd (1907)
+4th (1930)
+5th (1940)
+6th (1952)
+7th (1960) – first named editor is Merck chemist Paul G. Stecher
+8th (1968) – editor Paul G. Stecher
+9th (1976) – editor Martha Windholz, a Merck chemist
+10th (1983), ISBN 0-911910-27-1 – editor Martha Windholz. In 1984 the Index became available online as well as printed.
+11th (1989), ISBN 0-911910-28-X
+12th (1996), ISBN 0-911910-12-3 – editor Susan Budavari, a Merck chemist
+13th (2001), ISBN 0-911910-13-1 – editor Maryadele O'Neil, senior editor at Merck
+14th (2006), ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1 – editor Maryadele O'Neil
+15th (2013), ISBN 978-1-84973670-1 – editor Maryadele O'Neil; first edition under the Royal Society of Chemistry
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of academic databases and search engines
+The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
+The Merck Veterinary Manual
+Home Health and Pet Health
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Historical editions of the Merck Index at Internet Archive
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalnyckeln_till_Sveriges_flora_och_fauna-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalnyckeln_till_Sveriges_flora_och_fauna-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalnyckeln_till_Sveriges_flora_och_fauna"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:22.981340+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna (Swedish for "National Key to Sweden's Flora and Fauna") is a set of books, the first volume of which, Fjärilar: Dagfjärilar (Butterflies, 140 species), appeared on 25 April 2005. The publishing plan comprises 100,000 illustrations spread over more than 100 volumes, to appear over a period of 20 years, listing and providing popular scientific descriptions of all species of plants (flora) and animals (fauna) in Sweden. So large a work has never been published in the history of Swedish literature.
+Nationalnyckeln is a popular scientific account produced on contract from the Riksdag by the  Swedish Species Information Centre (ArtDatabanken) at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Uppsala.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Nationalnyckeln, official website
+SLU Artdatabanken, official website
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr's_Circle_of_the_Sciences-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr's_Circle_of_the_Sciences-0.md
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr's_Circle_of_the_Sciences"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:19:01.701404+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:26.585211+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---

--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Life_(book)-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Life_(book)-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "Prehistoric Life (book)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Life_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:28.920273+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Prehistoric Life is a non-fiction encyclopedia edited by Angeles Gavira Guerrero and Peter Frances. The full title of the book is Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth. The 512-page book was published by DK in 2009.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Saying it had a "wealth of scientific information", Shauna Yusko of Booklist praised the book, writing, "The collection of full-color photographs of fossils (ranging from spore to dinosaur) and skeletons show amazing detail and clarity." In a positive review, the Courier Journal reviewer Scott Coffman wrote, "The intimate photographs, fossil scans, and CGI illustrations number over 2,500, with which the producers of this tome provide a history of life more thorough than that provided by any museum." The Globe and Mail said the book presents its information about the history of life on Earth in "colourful, well-illustrated, bite-sized morsels" and is "a reference book to savour".
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth at Amazon.com
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_EMITEL-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_EMITEL-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: "Project EMITEL"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_EMITEL"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:30.038780+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Project EMITEL was a pilot project of the EC Programme Leonardo da Vinci, which developed the first e-Encyclopaedia with Multilingual Scientific Dictionary of medical physics (2005–2009), aimed to support the education in the profession. The project continues activities of previous projects (as EMERALD, EMERALD2 and EMIT) to develop materials and e-books for medical physics education.
+
+The project included as partners Universities and Hospitals from the UK, Sweden, Italy, Bulgaria and the International Organization for Medical Physics (IOMP) and was headed by specialists from King's College London. In the post-project time the Encyclopaedia with Dictionary were updated by hundreds of specialists from over 50 countries, overseen by an editorial board. The materials are available for free use through their original website emitel2.eu with thousands of users worldwide.
+The Encyclopaedia has been printed on paper by CRC Press/Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group).
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "Proteopedia"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:31.189687+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Proteopedia is a wiki, 3D encyclopedia of proteins and other molecules.
+
+
+== Website ==
+The site contains a page for all of the entries in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), as well as pages that are more descriptive of protein structures in general such as acetylcholinesterase, hemoglobin, and the photosystem II with a Jmol view that highlights functional sites and ligands. It employs a scene-authoring tool so that users do not have to learn JSmol script language to create customized molecular scenes. Custom scenes are easily attached to "green links" in descriptive text that display those scenes in JSmol. A web browser is all that is needed to access the site and the 3D information; no viewers are required to be installed.
+Proteopedia was the winner of the 2010 award for the best website by The Scientist magazine.
+
+
+== Licensing terms ==
+All user-added content is free and covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. Proteopedia is hosted at the Israel Structural Proteomics Center at the Weizmann Institute of Science.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Proteopedia website
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP_Photonics_Encyclopedia-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP_Photonics_Encyclopedia-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "RP Photonics Encyclopedia"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP_Photonics_Encyclopedia"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:34.680656+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The RP Photonics Encyclopedia (formerly Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology) is an encyclopedia of optics and optoelectronics, laser technology, optical fibers, nonlinear optics, optical communications, imaging science, optical metrology, spectroscopy and ultrashort pulse physics. It is available online as a free resource. An earlier version of the encyclopedia appeared as a two-volume book. As of March 2024, the online version of the encyclopedia contains 1043 articles. 
+Since 2012, the encyclopedia is closely interlinked with the RP Photonics Buyer's Guide, a large directory of photonics product suppliers. For the majority of products, there is a one-to-one correspondence between an encyclopedia article and a listing of suppliers for that product.
+Other resources linked with the RP Photonics Encyclopedia are a blog named The Photonics Spotlight, a glossary of photonics terms and acronyms, various tutorials and case studies, and a photonics quiz.
+The author is Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta, founder and managing director of RP Photonics AG in Frauenfeld, Switzerland.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+RP Photonics Encyclopedia
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+title: "Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:33.532065+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon (German Römpp Lexikon Chemie) is a chemical encyclopedia from Germany. Started by chemistry teacher Hermann Römpp in 1947 it has evolved to the leading chemical encyclopedia in German language. Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon contains around 64,000 entries and 215,000 links.
+
+
+== History ==
+After the first five editions by Hermann Römpp, Erhard Ühlein took over editorship in 1964. He died shortly after publishing the 6th edition. The 7th and 8th edition were edited by Otto-Albrecht Neumüller. 
+In 1988, Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon was transferred to Thieme Medical Publishers, with editorship handled by a team of authors. The 9th edition and 10th edition, the final two print editions, were published in 1992 and 1999, respectively.
+Since 2002 the Römpp is published online as a web encyclopedia.
+
+
+== Spin-offs ==
+The editorial team has created several spinoffs, e.g. the Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products (2000) and volumes about biotechnology & genetics, environment, food chemistry, and paint & varnish.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+title: "Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:32.374695+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products is an encyclopedia of natural products written by German chemists who specialize in this area of science. It is published by Thieme Medical Publishers.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "School of Natural Philosophy"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:47.694044+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+School of Natural Philosophy is an 1837 scientific textbook by Richard Green Parker. 
+It is credited with inspiring the inventor Thomas Edison.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Parker's Natural And Experimental Philosophy (Electronic Historical Publications)
+John H. Lienhard (2006). "Parker's Philosophy". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 2071. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+title: "The Ancestor's Tale"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:54.233690+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life is a popular science book by Richard Dawkins and Yan Wong in which the history of life is retraced in reverse chronological order. A growing band of species meet their most recent common ancestors (concestors) at 40 rendezvous points. First published in 2004, it was updated in 2016 to reflect recent discoveries. Many reviewers described it as Dawkins's magnum opus. Dawkins dedicated the book to John Maynard Smith.
+
+== Background ==
+The book is patterned on Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, in which pilgrims on the road to Canterbury converge with other travelers and tell tales. Here, species convene with their common ancestors ("concestors"), and "Canterbury" is the origin of life.
+The epigraph is from Mark Twain: "History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes." The authors contend that "Evolution rhymes, patterns occur. And this doesn't just happen to be so. It is so for well-understood reasons: Darwinian reasons, mostly, for unlike human history or even physics, biology already has its grand unifying theory." They emphasize that no living species is ancestral to any other, but that all share a common ancestor, some more recently than others. Evidence for this fact is that the genetic code for translating genes into proteins is universal. More closely related species have more similar genes and proteins. Genes and proteins act as molecular clocks that allow us to determine when species split. The authors use concestor, coined by Nicky Warren, to describe the most recent common ancestor at each rendezvous point.
+The book was revised in 2016: "The Denisovan's Tale" replaces "The Neanderthal's Tale", while "The Elephant Bird's Tale" has been updated. "The Mudskipper's Tale" was present in the first edition but not the second. "The Armadillo's Tale", about biogeography, is now "The Sloth's Tale". The phylogenetic trees in the second edition are based on OneZoom evolutionary mapping software.
+Each Tale illustrates an aspect of evolution. Thus, "The  Galápagos Finch's Tale" is about natural selection, "The Peacock's Tale" is about sexual selection, "The Salamander's Tale" is about speciation, and "The Barnacle's Tale" is about how appearances can be deceiving.
+
+== Contents ==
+Dawkins begins with humans and moves outwards through successively larger groups: primates, and then the encircling groups that include placental mammals, marsupials, monotremes, chordates, animals, eukaryotes and prokaryotes until arriving at the origin of life. 
+"The Farmer's Tale" tells of the Neolithic Revolution, when humans domesticated plants and animals through artificial selection. "Eve's Tale" introduces mitochondrial DNA, used to trace matrilineal ancestry. "The Chimpanzee's Tale" is about comparative genomics, specifically the comparison of  human and  chimpanzee genomes. The authors note that human chromosome 2 formed from a recent fusion, which is why the other Great Apes  have 24 pairs of chromosomes and humans have 23. "The Gibbon's Tale" is about phylogeny and introduces themes that run throughout the book. 
+Biogeography is a theme illustrated by "The Sloth's Tale". Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently discovered the engine of evolution, recognized patterns in the geographic distribution of species, such as that oceanic islands  have endemic birds but not mammals (bats are the exception that proves the rule). Alfred Wegener's theory of plate tectonics provided the missing pieces of the puzzle. Multiple independent lines of evidence point to the continents having split from the ancient super-continent Gondwana. After South America split from Gondwana, sloths and other Xenarthrans evolved in "splendid isolation". After Australia split off, it was an ark carrying marsupials. In this isolated environment, many marsupials evolved to fill niches occupied by placental mammals on other continents. 
+Convergent evolution is a theme, illustrated by "The Marsupial Mole's Tale". The marsupial mole is not a mole, but resembles one as it has evolved to fill a similar niche. Many Australian marsupials mirror placental mammals on other continents.
+"The Galápagos Finch's Tale" is about natural selection and how it can produce rapid evolutionary change. Similarly, "The Peacock's Tale" is about sexual selection and how it can lead to  rapid evolutionary change. Other Tales are about peculiar features of their subjects. "The Duckbill's Tale" is about its electroreception and "The Axolotl's Tale" is about neoteny. (A humorous aside to the former is "What the Star-Nosed Mole Said to the Duck-Billed Platypus".)
+"The Ragworm's Tale" is about the evolution of left-right symmetry. Dawkins discusses the evolution of eyes, which all develop under the control of the same genes, despite their very different structures in groups such as insects and mammals. Eyes have convergently evolved several times, as Dawkins discusses in "The Forty-Fold Path to Enlightenment" in Climbing Mount Improbable. 
+"The Choanoflagellate's Tale" is about the evolution of multicellularity. Choanoflagellates can form temporary colonies from a free-living unicellular stage. Sponges have choanocytes, cells that resemble single-celled choanoflagellates, suggesting how multicellularity evolved. "The Mixotrich's Tale" is about symbiosis. Mixotricha paradoxa has bacteria, specifically spirochaetes, which serve Mixotricha as galley slaves in place of cilia to propel itself. Mixotricha is a symbiont, helping its hosts digest cellulose. It lives only in the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis.
+The "Rhizobium's Tale" is about the evolution of the bacterial flagellum, likely from a Type II secretion system. Despite the diversity of animal body plans,  wheels seem only to have evolved once.
+"The Great Historic Rendezvous" is the origin of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondrion and chloroplasts have their own DNA and divide by binary fission, like bacteria. Lynn Margulis's endosymbiotic theory surmised that this is because they are descended from free-living bacteria.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale-1.md
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+title: "The Ancestor's Tale"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:54.233690+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Reception ==
+Carl Zimmer of the New York Times wrote that it is one of the best books to understand evolutionary trees.
+Rob Colwell of the Wall Street Journal called it "a fittingly superior beast -- lavishly produced and, weighing in at 1.6 kilograms, substantially heavier than the fully-evolved human brain that thought it up."
+Clive Cookson of the Financial Times called it "one of the richest accounts of evolution ever written. It is also an object lesson in the way thorough picture research, carefully commissioned illustrations and good design can enhance even the best text." He adds "He is so good at explaining complex scientific issues that readers will learn painlessly about matters well outside the author's field of evolutionary biology, from maths to cosmology. But he interlaces the hard science with 'pleasing speculations', humorous asides, personal anecdotes and even political observations." He concludes "we have no right to expect a second magnum opus on the scale of The Ancestor's Tale."
+
+Marek Kohn wrote "The success of this book comes from having one truly Chaucerian character: the author himself."
+Robin McKie in The Guardian thought it awkward to move backward in time starting from humans and thought this required linguistic gymnastics. Matt Ridley, in the same publication, appreciated the approach of a Chaucerian Pilgrim traveling backwards and the perspective of not seeing other animals as failures.
+Jody Hey notes that Dawkins "writes engagingly on evolutionary topics. With a highly self-assured style, he effortlessly draws insightful connections among disparate notions, trapping the curiosity of readers before they know what's coming." However, he says "An unfortunate editorial oversight is seen in the text's occasional straying into political commentary. Worse still, Dawkins at one point chastises Richard Lewontin, the great population geneticist, for sometimes interjecting politics into scientific discourse. This little touch of hypocrisy is hard to miss if you read the entire volume. But such lapses amount to a few dozen words in a weighty, truly wonderful book."
+ Steve Jones calls it "a rigorous and impressively complete account of the Tree of Life… The Ancestor's Tale achieves the almost impossible: it makes biology (not biochemistry, brain science, or bird-watching, but biology as a whole) interesting again. Everyone possessed of a cell nucleus should read it, and ponder their own unimportance. One mystery remains: what did the star-nosed mole say to the duck-billed platypus?"
+
+== Translations ==
+The Ancestor's Tale has been translated into languages including 
+Dutch, 
+French,  
+German,  
+Italian,  
+Portuguese,  
+Spanish,  
+Russian,  
+and Turkish.
+
+== See also ==
+Evolutionary history of life
+Phylogenetic tree
+Timeline of evolution
+Timeline of human evolution
+Almost Like a Whale,  Steve Jones's update of On the Origin of Species
+ Genome, Matt Ridley's exploration of the human genome in 23 chapters, each focusing on a specific gene on a different chromosome
+The Beak of the Finch, Jonathan Weiner's account of Peter and Rosemary Grant's study of Darwin's finches
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Video introduction by Richard Dawkins
+Richard Dawkins talks to Ira Flatow on "Science Friday"
+Family and kid's experiential programs based on Ancestors Tale, by Connie Barlow, with video, slides and scripts.
+OneZoom, an interactive fractal explorer of the tree of life, used to make the visualizations in The Ancestor's Tale.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biology_of_the_Cell_Surface-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biology_of_the_Cell_Surface-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "The Biology of the Cell Surface"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biology_of_the_Cell_Surface"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:57.758861+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Biology of the Cell Surface is a book by American biologist Ernest Everett Just. It was published by P. Blakiston’s Son & Co in 1939.
+Just began writing the book in 1934 in Naples and finished it in France, shortly before being sent to a prisoner-of-war camp. He considered the book to be his "crowning achievement". The book examined the role of the cell surface in embryology, development and evolution, and presented a critique of gene theory, particularly the views of Jacques Loeb. Sapp suggests that "Just’s theorizing on the cell cortex [in this work] was unsurpassed".
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+The Biology of the Cell Surface - full text
+Biodiversity Heritage Library
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_(book)-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_(book)-0.md
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_(book)"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:17:16.567452+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:02.438846+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---

--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Prehistoric_Life-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Prehistoric_Life-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+title: "The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Prehistoric_Life"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:43.116492+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life is a 2005 encyclopedia featuring 111 of the prehistoric animals from the Walking with... series, as well as an additional one (Homo floresiensis). It was published in 2005 by Firefly Books, and written by Tim Haines with Paul Chambers. It accompanies all of the main programs in the Walking with... series, including specials The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants but excluding Walking with Cavemen.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+The book opens with an introduction by the authors reflecting on the making of the TV series. The book is then divided into three parts by era, first of which is The Rise of Life, which covers the Precambrian and the Paleozoic Era. The second part, The Age of Reptiles, covers the Mesozoic Era. The third and final part, The Age of Beasts, covers the Cenozoic Era. The book concludes with a timescale of life on earth, tree of life diagrams.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Stuart Sumida, writing in The Quarterly Review of Biology, stated that "The authors make a valiant attempt to clear locality and phylogenetic perspectives, but it is a mixed bag. They are properly up to date on the theropod origin of feathers and birds, yet they are a quarter century behind on mammalian ancestors, still calling them mammal-like reptiles as opposed to Synapsida." He also noted that "a survey of colleagues generated a list of errors in virtually every section of the book" but concluded that the book is "a visual tour de force, confirming that computer generated (CG)-based reconstructions have justifiably joined the more traditional disciplines of sculpture, drawing, and painting in paleobiological art. In the end, it is visually impressive, but its textual potential remains unrealized."
+Joanna K. Kowalewska and Michał Kowalewski writing in Palaeontologia Electronica found that "The compendium’s encyclopedic scope makes the guide necessarily akin to a cookbook. That is, you don’t read it for its plot. But, as with all successful encyclopedic renderings, its value resides in its detailed, beautifully illustrated, and lucidly organized descriptions. In this case, descriptions pertain to the most exciting topic of all: the fossils." They conclude, "All in all, The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life is a great encyclopedic compendium, especially for those who are interested in spectacular fossils or happen to have pre-college family members. The book also has a potential to evolve into a valuable teaching reference for K-12 educators, who develop courses that include aspects of paleontology and evolution."
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil's_Teeth-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil's_Teeth-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+title: "The Devil's Teeth"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil's_Teeth"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:15.324544+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Devil's Teeth: A True Story of Obsession and Survival Among America's Great White Sharks is a non-fiction book about great white sharks by Canadian born journalist Susan Casey. The text was initially published by Henry Holt and Company on June 7, 2005.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+Susan Casey became infatuated with great white sharks of the Farallon Islands—dubbed by sailors in the 1850s the "devil's teeth." The sharks there are at the top of the food chain, some longer than twenty feet, and they congregate 27 miles off the coast of San Francisco. After going through many restrictions and barriers, she manages to join a group of scientists studying predation patterns by great white sharks within the so-called Red Triangle.
+
+
+== Commentary ==
+As the creative director of Outside magazine during its Jon Krakauer-Sebastian Junger heyday, Casey ([then] the development editor of Time Inc.) acquired a good ear for the false notes of ecotourism and a thorough understanding of the humbling swipe nature can take at cocky adventurers. Because of that awareness, she often allows herself to come across as a blundering nautical novice, which is refreshing (and true), though somewhat alarming considering that her lack of competence puts the researchers themselves and the funding for their project in jeopardy. In fact, though no one becomes shark bait, the story ends in misfortune for two of its cast, leaving one to wonder if the book itself is a bittersweet apologia to those who may have suffered because of Casey's admittedly single-minded obsession with the Farallon whites.
+
+
+== Bestselling list ==
+New York Times bestseller
+San Francisco Chronicle bestseller
+2005 NPR Summer Reading selection
+Men’s Journal Top-10 Read
+Barnes & Noble Discover selection
+
+
+== Other books ==
+Close to Shore by Michael Capuzzo about the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916
+Twelve Days of Terror by Richard Fernicola about the same events
+Chasing Shadows: My Life Tracking the Great White Shark by Greg Skomal
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Sources ==
+Casey, Susan (7 June 2005). The Devil's Teeth: A True Story of Obsession and Survival Among America's Great White Sharks. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-7581-6. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Great White Shark - The Devil's Teeth on YouTube
+Excerpt: The Devil's Teeth
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dialectical_Biologist-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dialectical_Biologist-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+title: "The Dialectical Biologist"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dialectical_Biologist"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:16.453154+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Dialectical Biologist is a 1985 book by the ecologist Richard Levins and the biologist Richard Lewontin, in which the authors sketch a dialectical approach to biology. They see "dialectics" more as a set of questions to ask about biological research, a weapon against dogmatism, than as a set of pre-determined answers. 
+They focus on the (dialectical) relationship between the "whole" (or totality) and the "parts." "Part makes whole, and whole makes part". That is, a biological system of some kind consists of a collection of heterogeneous parts. All of these contribute to the character of the whole, as in reductionist thinking. On the other hand, the whole has a nature of its own and feeds back to affect and determine the nature of the parts. This back-and-forth (dialectic) of causation implies a dynamic process.
+For example, Darwinian evolution points to the competition of a variety of species, each with heterogeneous members, within a given environment. This leads to changing species and even to new species arising. A dialectical biologist fully accepts this picture then looks for ways in which the competing creatures (which serve as the internal conflicts in the environment) lead to changes. The changes manifest in the creatures themselves, through the creatures embracing biological adaptations that provide them with advantages, and in the environment itself, as when the action of microbes encourages the erosion of rocks. Further, each species is part of the "environment" of all the others.
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+---
+title: "The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:30:17.609466+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species is a book by Charles Darwin first published in 1877. It is the fifth of his six books devoted solely to the study of plants (excluding The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication).
+
+
+== Context ==
+These writings contributed to Darwin's pursuit of evidence that would support his theory of natural selection. There were only two more books to follow: The Power of Movement in Plants (1880) and The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881). He conducted a wide range of experiments and observations and the results of these form the framework of the book. He was assisted in this work by his son, Francis Darwin who also wrote a preface for the second edition which was published two years after his father's death in 1882. The book was dedicated to his longtime friend and colleague, Harvard botany professor Asa Gray "as a small tribute of respect and affection".
+
+
+== The work ==
+Using the four classifications established by Carl Linnaeus (hermaphroditic, monoecious, dioecious, polygamous), Darwin concentrated on two divisions of the hermaphroditic class, namely the cleistogamic and heterostyled.
+Darwin’s reflections indicate the economy of nature through a process of gradual modification of plants, their structures being modified and degraded for the purpose of the large scale production of seed which is necessary and advantageous for survival. Darwin states (p. 227): "Cleistogamic flowers ... are admirably fitted to yield a copious supply of seed at a wonderfully small cost to the plant."
+Francis Darwin indicated that the work on heterostyly had given his father extreme pleasure, especially as it had been one of the most puzzling bits of work he ever carried out. Darwin thought that hardly anyone had seen the full importance of heterostyly.
+
+
+== Summary. ==
+In 1883, Alfred Russel Wallace wrote a tribute to Darwin (entitled 'The Debt of Science to Darwin’) who had died the year before. One such tribute appeared in 'The Century', an illustrated monthly magazine. As part of this article he included a summary of Darwin's work relating to this book (p. 428):
+"The cowslip (Primula veris) has two kinds of flowers in nearly equal proportions: in the one the stamens are long and the style short, and in the other the reverse, so that in one the stamens are visible at the mouth of the tube of the flower, in the other the stigma occupies the same place, while the stamens are halfway down the tube. The fact had been known to botanists for 70 years, but had been classed as a case of mere variability, and therefore considered to be of no importance. In 1860 Darwin set to find out what it meant, since, according to his views, a definite variation like this must have a purpose. After a considerable amount of observation and experiment, he found that bees and moths visited the flowers, and that their proboscis become covered with pollen while sucking up the nectar, and further, the pollen of a long stamened plant would most surely be deposited on the stigma of the long styled plants, and vice versa. Now followed a long series of experiments, in which cowslips were fertilised with either pollen from the same kind or from a different kind of flower, and the invariable result was that the crosses between the two different types of flowers produced more good capsules, and more seed in each capsule; and as these crosses would be most frequently effected by insects, it was clear that this curious arrangement directly served to increase the fertility of this common plant. The same thing was found to occur in the primrose, as well as in flax (Linum perenne), lungworts (Pulmonaria), and a host of other plants, including the American partridge-berry (Mitchella repens). These are called dimorphic heterostyled plants.
+Still more extraordinary is the case of the common loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), which has both stamens and styles of three distinct lengths, each flower having two sets of stamens and one style, all of different lengths, and arranged in three different ways:
+
+A short style, with six medium and six long stamens;
+A medium style, with six short and six long stamens;
+A long style, with six medium and six short stamens.
+These flowers can be fertilised in eighteen distinct ways, necessitating a vast number of experiments, the result being, as in the case of the cowslip, that flowers fertilised by the pollen from stamens of the same length as the styles, gave on the average a larger number of capsules and a very much larger number of seeds than in any other case. The exact correspondence in the length of the style of each form with that of one set of stamens in the other form insures that the pollen attached to any part of the body of an insect shall be applied to a style of the same length on another plant, and there is thus a triple chance of the maximum of fertility....There is thus the clearest proof that these complex arrangements have the important end of securing both a more abundant and more vigorous offspring.”
+Observations and experiments still continue today to further the understanding of this phenomenon instigated by Darwin in this original and seminal work.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+Darwin, Francis. [c. 1884]. [Preliminary draft of] 'Reminiscences of My Father's Everyday Life'. CUL-DAR140.3.1—159 Transcribed by Robert Brown (Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/).
+Wallace, Alfred R. 1883. 'The Debt of Science to Darwin' in 'The Century', in Vol XXV; new series volume III – pages 420 – 432
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+ The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species at Project Gutenberg
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinosauria-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinosauria-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+title: "The Dinosauria"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinosauria"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:28:47.839493+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Dinosauria is an encyclopedia on dinosaurs, edited by paleontologists David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska. It has been published in two editions by the University of California Press, with the first edition in 1990 and the second edition in 2004. The book is a single comprehensive text on dinosaurs, with the second edition revised and reorganized to reflect the substantial growth in dinosaur research over the elapsed time.
+
+
+== Content ==
+The first edition of The Dinosauria includes 29 chapters organized into two sections, the first on "Dinosaur Relationships, Biology, and Distribution" and the second on "Dinosaur Taxonomy". This organization separates the book into a first section dedicated to topics that encompass Dinosauria as a whole, while the second focuses on individual taxa, organized by evolutionary group with a comprehensive description of anatomy, relationships, paleoecology, and other aspects of their biology. Each chapter is written by a paleontologist knowledgeable about the topic of group, edited and coordinated by American paleontologists David B. Weishampel and Peter Dodson, and Polish paleontologist Halszka Osmólska. Combined, 23 paleontologists from nine countries contributed to the first edition.
+The second edition of The Dinosauria revised and reorganized into 30 chapters organized into two sections, the first on "Dinosaur Systematics" and the second on "Dinosaur Distribution and Biology". The rearrangement into taxonomy first reflects how the taxonomic revisions impact the interpretations of biogeography, paleoecology, and function. Between the publication of the first and second editions, it also became better established that birds were members of Dinosauria, and all Mesozoic birds were also included. Through these changes and expansions, the authorship includes contributions from 44 paleontologists from 13 countries to different chapters, still edited and compiled by Weishampel, Dodson, and Osmólska.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+The book has been described as a "monumental work" with lots of international coverage and shared expertise, succeeding in its goal of being comprehensive and expert in coverage. American paleontologist Kevin Padian noted that it is a good representation of the state of dinosaur research shortly before the time of its publication. It is praised as consistent in approach, with broad coverage of the distribution of dinosaurs globally. Contributions in the first edition by David B. Norman, John Stanton McIntosh and Peter Galton on controversial theropods, sauropods, and prosauropods respectively were noted as particularly exhaustive.
+Some criticism of the first edition is the lack of empirical analyses for identifying phylogenetic relationships, less sophistication in presentation than comparable works, and organization prioritizing speculative chapters ahead of their systematic framework. There is also criticism about the emphasis on cladistic relationships described, while sections are organized following Linnaean taxonomy that can conflict or misrepresent cladistic groups.
+The publication of the second edition improved upon the first edition while remaining faithful to its original design. The lack of cladistic analyses was remedied, and the taxonomic chapters were placed before the expanded and improved chapters on taphonomy, extinction, physiology and biogeography. However, many authors of the first edition were retained, resulting in some sections representing a divergence from more recent work, especially in the lack of expansion of sauropods and prosauropods into more than single chapters. It reflects well the state of dinosaur paleontology at the time of its publication, and is ordered and easily accessible. British paleontologist Roger Benson suggested that the objective stances taken in the book indicate that it is best intended for a well-informed audience, but that as the definitive reference book it will likely be used as well by those who do not already have a high level of knowledge on the topics. While the second edition embraces phylogenetic methods, it lacks coverage of other comparative methods for biogeography, biomechanics and ecology. Zoologist John Ruben criticised the second edition for its inclusion of discussions of dinosaur endothermy, though studies show endothermy was widespread through theropods and evolved in the Early Jurassic long before the appearance of birds.
+
+
+== Editions ==
+Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P., eds. (1990). The Dinosauria. University of California Press. p. 733. ISBN 0-520-06727-4.
+Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P., eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+The Dinosauria, Second Edition at University of California Press
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineer's_and_Mechanic's_Encyclopaedia-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineer's_and_Mechanic's_Encyclopaedia-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineer's_and_Mechanic's_Encyclopaedia"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:05.297125+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia is a book edited by Luke Hebert, a Birmingham patent agent and journalist, and published by Thomas Kelly of Paternoster Row.  The first edition appeared in 1836 and 1837. The second edition appeared in 1849.  It was in two octavo volumes (Vol. 1, 796 pp and vol. 2, 928 pp), illustrated with woodcuts in the text and a number of full page engravings.
+Many of the articles relate to specific processes and machines, and overall the encyclopaedia is not over-concerned with the theoretical aspects.  Of particular value are the monograph-length accounts of the progress of rail transport and steamboats.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Online copies:
+
+The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia. Vol. 1. 1849 – via chestofbooks.com.
+The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia. Vol. 2. 1849 – via chestofbooks.com.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Snakes-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Snakes-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "The New Encyclopedia of Snakes"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Snakes"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:24.296362+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The New Encyclopedia of Snakes is an encyclopedia by Chris Mattison.
+
+
+== Book summary ==
+The encyclopedia has information about snakes that is listed from A-Z. The book has pictures and information about snake morphology, habitats, diets, hunting and defense behaviors, taxonomy, and a history of human responses to snakes.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+It was reviewed by Science Activities, Washington Times, Booklist, King Features Syndicate, Wildlife Activist, Dover Post, Choice, and Science Books and Fun.
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_World_of_Jacques_Cousteau-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_World_of_Jacques_Cousteau-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+title: "The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_World_of_Jacques_Cousteau"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:25.437982+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau by Jacques Cousteau is an encyclopedia in 21 volumes, that forms an encyclopedia of marine life.
+It was published between 1973 and 1978.
+
+
+== List of books ==
+Oasis in Space
+The Act of Life
+Quest for Food
+Window in the Sea
+The Art of Motion
+Attack and Defense
+Invisible Messages
+Instinct and Intelligence
+Pharaohs of the Sea
+Mammals in the Sea
+Provinces of the Sea
+Man Re-Enters Sea
+A Sea of Legends
+Adventure of Life
+Outer and Inner Space
+The Whitecaps
+Riches of the Sea
+Challenges of the Sea
+The Sea in Danger
+Guide to the Sea and Index
+Calypso
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_the_History_of_Modern_Science-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_the_History_of_Modern_Science-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+title: "The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_the_History_of_Modern_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:27.770746+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science is an encyclopedia on the history of science from around the middle of the 16th century (the early modern period) to the beginning of the 21st century. The book includes 609 articles by over two hundred authors.
+The editor-in-chief was John L. Heilbron and the editors were James R. Bartholomew, Jim Bennett, Frederic L. Holmes, Rachel Laudan, and Giuliano Pancaldi. The book was published by Oxford University Press in 2003. An e-book version appeared in 2006. In 2014, the book was translated into Japanese and published by Asakura Publishing.
+The book has been reviewed by the British Journal for the History of Science Choice, Nature, and the Times Literary Supplement.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Oxford Companions
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+OUP UK catalogue entry
+Aasakura Publishing catalogue entry (in Japanese)
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simon_&_Schuster_Encyclopedia_of_Dinosaurs_and_Prehistoric_Creatures-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simon_&_Schuster_Encyclopedia_of_Dinosaurs_and_Prehistoric_Creatures-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+title: "The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simon_&_Schuster_Encyclopedia_of_Dinosaurs_and_Prehistoric_Creatures"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:35.828034+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life is an encyclopedia that was published in 1999 by Simon & Schuster. The book was first published in 1988.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+The Houston Chronicle stated, "this reference work for the serious student combines succinct scientific descriptions with superbly rendered color illustrations". In a positive review for Palaeos, M. Alan Kazlev wrote, "This is a very good non-technical introduction to prehistoric vertebrates" and "it is the sheer number and diversity of creatures covered here, that makes this book so interesting". The Globe and Mail said of the book, "Here's an elegantly illustrated directory of ancient animals, from a tiny marine creature of Canada called a pkaia through a dim-witted, 21-metre dinosaur named after the Alamo, to mankind's departed brethren, the Cro-Magnon."
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+title: "The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:37.033504+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience is a two-volume collection of articles that discuss the Skeptics Society's scientific findings of investigations into pseudoscientific and supernatural claims.  The editor, Michael Shermer, director of the Skeptics Society, has compiled articles originally published in Skeptic magazine with some conceptual overviews and historical documents to create this encyclopedia. It was published by ABC-CLIO in 2002.
+
+
+== About the editor ==
+Michael Shermer is an American science writer and science historian. He gained Bachelor's and master's degrees in psychology before completing a PhD in the history of science. The author of more than 18 books on skepticism and science, Shermer is the founder of The Skeptics Society—which began in Los Angeles but now has an international membership—and the editor of its magazine Skeptic. Between April 2001 to January 2019, he was a monthly contributor to Scientific American magazine with a column called Skeptic.
+Shermer regularly engages in debates on a variety of topics, in which he emphasises the application of scientific skepticism to combat pseudoscience.  Shermer was the producer and co-host of the 13-hour Fox Family television series "Exploring the Unknown" which was broadcast in 1999. He is also a scientific advisor to the American Council on Science and Health (ACSH).
+
+
+== About the contributors ==
+Each of the contributing authors is listed alphabetically followed by a paragraph listing which sections of the encyclopedia they have contributed to and their academic expertise and field of interest, as it relates to pseudoscience. Among them are Massimo Pigliucci and James Randi.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+This two-volume work provides a broad introduction to the most prominent pseudoscientific claims made in the name of science. Covering the popular, the academic, and the bizarre, the encyclopedia includes topics from alien abductions to the Bermuda Triangle, crop circles, Feng Shui, and near-death experiences.
+It is organised into five sections:
+The first is titled ‘Important pseudoscientific concepts’, which is an alphabetically arranged section of 59 subject analyses conducted by scientists and researchers, exploring alternative medicine, astrology, handwriting analysis, hypnosis, reincarnation, séances, spiritualism, UFOs, witchcraft, etc.
+The second section is ‘Investigations from the Skeptic magazine’ which as it suggests are deeper analyses of selected subjects, based on 23 investigations from the magazine. More in-depth than the previous section, it includes what Shermer refers to as “…several critical pieces on the pseudoscience often found in psychology and psychotherapy”.
+Part three contains case studies: thirteen in-depth analyses of specific studies originally conducted for Skeptic magazine and used as part of the larger phenomena under investigation. For example, three articles are devoted to recovered memory therapy and false memory syndrome. One is from a psychiatrist's perspective, one from a patient's perspective, and one from a father's perspective. The topics of the case studies range from police ‘psychics’ to the ‘medical intuitive’ Carolyn Myss. The aim is to give the reader a complete analysis of a subject. Indeed, in the introduction to the book Shermer says that he expects that this section could be used by students, journalists and science professionals as resource for conducting background research.
+In part four, there are 12 articles originally published in Skeptic described as a “debate between experts”, on such topics as ‘memes’ and ‘evolutionary psychology’. Shermer claims that this is “…the most original section ever compiled in an encyclopedia in the form of a “pro and con” debate between experts, allowing readers to judge for themselves by hearing both sides of an issue.”
+Part five is titled ‘Historical documents’ and includes five classic works in the history of science and pseudoscience, such as the speech that William Jennings Bryan never delivered in the Scopes trial, and the first scientific and skeptical investigation of a paranormal/spiritual phenomenon (mesmerism) by Benjamin Franklin and Antoine Lavoisier.
+
+
+== Quotes from the book ==
+
+“If there is an underlying theme in this encyclopedia… it is that science is an exquisite blend of data and theory, facts and hypotheses, observations and views. If we conceive of science as a fluid and dynamic way of thinking instead of a staid and dogmatic body of knowledge, it is clear that the data/theory stratum runs throughout the archaeology of human knowledge and is an inexorable part of the scientific process. We can no more expunge from ourselves all biases and preferences than we can find a truly objective Archimedean point—a god’s-eye view—of the human condition. We are, after all, humans, not gods.”
+“What we hope to provide in this encyclopedia is a thorough, objective, and balanced analysis of the most prominent scientific and pseudoscientific controversies made in the name of science, mixing both facts and theory.”
+“The encyclopedia entries are written at a level appropriate for high school and college students conducting research in science and pseudoscience, members of the media looking for a balanced treatment of a subject, and those in the general public who desire a highly readable yet trustworthy resource…”
+“…members of the media desperately need a reference resource in order to quickly get their minds around a subject, to book guests on both sides of an issue in order to properly set up a debate, and to get “just the facts” needed for the sound-bite story that is often demanded in the hectic world of journalism.”
+“…most entries offer a respectable bibliography of the best sources on that subject from both the skeptics’ and the believers’ perspectives, allowing readers to conduct additional research on their own after learning what the encyclopedia’s expert author has had to say on the subject.”
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Tom Gilson in Against the Grain  has some positive comments about the encyclopedia:
+"[T]he treatment afforded the topics covered in this encyclopedia is serious ... The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience is one of those sets in which the fascination value may equal its reference use ... without a doubt, many people are captivated with the issues discussed in this work."  However, he also is of the opinion that the final section is too brief and should be either extended or removed. Gilson questions the price of the volumes, given that “…at least half of the content is reprinted from Skeptic Magazine.” He does however recognise that “The contributors are fully identified and many are academics with advanced degrees.”
+The American Reference Books Annual says that: "A careful reading ... should be required of all who wish to get a university degree ... In the Internet age ... people ... should make every effort toward two goals: To spread good scientific methods for evaluating truth claims, and to help nurture enlightened traditional worldviews. ...  This set does much in the direction of achieving the first goal."
+
+
+== See also ==
+Scientific skepticism
+Skeptic's Dictionary
+An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
+ABC-CLIO listing: The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience'
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, published from 1953–1966 by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, 1969–2007 by the Geological Society of America  and the University of Kansas, then 2009–present by the University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, is a definitive multi-authored work of currently 55 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and covering every phylum, class, order, family, and genus of fossil and extant (still living) invertebrate animals.  The prehistoric invertebrates are described as to their taxonomy, morphology, paleoecology, stratigraphic and paleogeographic range.  However, taxa with no fossil record whatsoever have just a very brief listing.
+Publication of the decades-long Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology is a work-in-progress; and therefore it is not yet complete: For example, there is no volume yet published regarding the post-Paleozoic era caenogastropods (a molluscan group including the whelk and periwinkle). Furthermore, when needed, previously published volumes of the Treatise are revised.
+
+== Evolution of the project ==
+Raymond C. Moore, the project's founder and first editor, originally envisioned this Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology as comprising just three large volumes, and totaling only three thousand pages. The Treatise project has expanded far beyond that original expectation.
+The project began with work on a few, mostly slim volumes in which a single senior specialist in a distinct field of invertebrate paleozoology would summarize one particular group. As a result, each publication became a comprehensive compilation of everything known at that time for each group. Examples of this stage of the project are Part G. Bryozoa, by Ray S. Bassler (the first volume, published in 1953), and Part P. Arthropoda Part 2, the Chelicerata by Alexander Petrunkevitch (1955/1956).
+Around 1959 or 1960, as more and larger invertebrate groups were being addressed, the incompleteness of the then-current state of affairs became apparent.  So several senior editors of the Treatise started major research programs to fill in the evident gaps.  Consequently, the succeeding volumes, while still maintaining the original format, began to change from being a set of single-authored compilations into being major research projects in their own right.  Newer volumes had a committee and a chief editor for each volume, with yet other authors and researchers assigned particular sections.  Museum collections that had not been previously described were studied; and sometimes new major taxonomic families—and even orders—had to be described.  More attention was given to transitional fossils and evolutionary radiation—eventually producing a much-more complete encyclopedia of invertebrate paleontology.
+But even in the second set of volumes, the various taxa were still described and organized in a classical Linnaean sense.  The more-recent volumes began to introduce phylogenetic and cladistic ideas, along with new developments and discoveries in fields such as biogeography,  molecular phylogeny, paleobiology, and organic chemistry, so that the current edition of Brachiopoda (1997 to 2002) is classified according to a cladistic arrangement, with three subphyla and a large number of classes replacing the original two classes of Articulata and Inarticulata.
+All these discoveries led to revisions and additional volumes.  Even those taxa already covered were expanded: Books such as those  regarding the Cnidaria (Part F), the Brachiopoda (Part H) and the Trilobita (Part O) each went from one modest publication to three large volumes.  The Porifera (Part E) revision resulted in five volumes while the Brachiopoda (Part H) revision concluded with six volumes. 
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-1.md
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Editors of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: ==
+Raymond C. Moore, the founder of the Paleontological Institute was the first editor of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, serving from 1953–1969. As Moore stated in the Editorial Preface to the first published Treatise volume, “the aim of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology is … to present the most comprehensive and authoritative, yet compact statement of knowledge concerning invertebrate fossil groups that can be formulated by collaboration of competent specialists.” Moore’s idea was that the Treatise “could serve two purposes: summarizing the past and looking to the future.”
+The initial purpose of the Paleontological Institute was to expedite the Treatise project. Moore’s vision and guidance of the project, beginning with the first published volume in 1953, set the template for all subsequent Treatise volumes. Since Moore’s original idea was that the Treatise would not publish new genera, he accordingly oversaw the creation of the journal Paleontological Contributions in which systematic and taxonomic papers would be published containing new material that would eventually be published in the Treatise. In addition to editing the Treatise, Moore himself also contributed, to some extent, to nine individual volumes: Part D Protista 3, 1954; Part F Coelenterata, 1954; Part K, Mollusca 3, 1964; Part L Mollusca 4, 1957; Part O Arthropoda 1, 1959; Part R Arthropoda 4, 1969; Part S Echinodermata 1, 1967; Part T Echinodermata 2, 1978; Part U Echinodermata 3, 1966.
+Before his retirement, Moore brought onboard Curt Teichert, whose first responsibility was to produce Revisions and Supplements to existing Treatise volumes. When Moore retired in 1969, Teichert took over the role of editor of the Treatise. Teichert’s initial responsibilities were the revisions of Part E Porifera,1972; Part V Graptolithina,1970; and Part E Archaeocyatha,1972; and contributions to supplements Part F, Coelenterata,1981; and Part W Miscellanea, 1975. Teichert then also oversaw the publication of Part N Bivalvia, 1969 and 1971; and Part R Arthropoda, 1969.
+One interesting change brought about during Teichert’s reign was the idea that the revisions and supplements would be printed not with the traditional dark blue binding, but the Revisions bound in olive green and the Supplements in brown, thus distinguishing Teichert’s contributions to the project from Moore’s. This custom would not last beyond 1972, with all subsequent Treatise volumes printed with the traditional dark blue binding.
+Curt Teichert retired in 1977. At that time Richard A. Robison succeeded Teichert and served as editor from 1977–1985. Robison oversaw the publication of Part A Introduction, 1979; Part F Coelenterata, 1981; Part G Bryozoa,1983; and the three-volume Part T Crinoidea,1978.
+In 1986 Roger L. Kaesler took over the responsibility of editing the Treatise as the new director of the Paleontological Institute. Kaesler oversaw the publication of 11 separate Treatise volumes including the revisions of Part L Ammonoidea,vol. 4, 1996; Part O Trilobita,1997; and Part R Hexapoda,vol. 3&4, 1992. He also initiated the significant five-volume revision of Part E Porifera and six-volume revision of Part H Brachiopoda.
+In addition to the publication of hard-bound Treatise volumes, Kaesler also envisioned the creation of PaleoBank, an online, searchable database of data contained within the Treatise. Beginning in 1991, Kaesler envisioned the project as “an extension of the long-standing Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,” as well as “a research tool for paleontologists who are not involved in the Treatise project.” This project arose as part of Kaesler’s early recognition of the important role that large data repositories would come to play in the bio- and geo-sciences and represented one of the earliest such community efforts within the field of paleontology.
+In 2007 Paul A. Selden took over the directorship of the Paleontological Institute and served as editor of the Treatise until 2020. During his time as editor he oversaw the completion of the five-volume Porifera revision and the six-volume Brachiopoda revision. Over these years the Paleontological Institute also published the revisions of Part L Ammonoidea, vol. 2, 2009 and Part T Chrinoidea, 2011.
+A significant change Selden initiated was the creation of the Treatise Online. The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology is published on an irregular basis and it can take some time to bring a volume to completion. Historically, once all component articles were completed, the volume was then published as a book in hard-copy format. Now, Treatise Online publishes sections of upcoming Treatise volumes as individual articles when they are ready, rather than waiting for an entire volume to be completed. The last three volumes, Part E Porifera vol. 4&5, 2015, Part B Prokaryota, 2023, and Part V Hemichordata, Second Revision, were all published in this manner. Selden also coordinated and co-edited Part B Prokaryota and Part V Hemichordata. From 2020–2022 William A. Ausich served as Interim Director of the Paleontological Institute and co-edited Part B Prokaryota and Part V Hemichordata, both of which were published in 2023.
+The current director and editor is Bruce S. Lieberman (2022-present). A significant change Lieberman initiated was making the Treatise Online and the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology open access, which has led to a substantial increase in the number of times the material is downloaded. The Treatise is also now undertaking a number of initiatives to make the data contained within the Treatise more findable, accessible, interopeable, and reusable (FAIR), so the resource will be more widely used by the paleontological community and the general public.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-2.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-2.md
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+title: "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Layout of the articles ==
+From the beginning, the character of the Treatise volumes has followed and further developed the pattern of the classic Invertebrate Paleontology written by Moore, Lalicker and Fischer (1953).
+Following their lead, the Treatise includes in a typical article (a) a description of the basic anatomy of the modern members of each invertebrate group, (b) distinctive features of the fossils, (c) a comprehensive illustrated glossary of terms, (d) a short discussion of the evolutionary history of the group, (e) a stratigraphic range chart, done at the level of the major subdivision (lower, middle and upper) of each Geologic period.
+This is followed by (f) a listing and technical description of every known genus, along with (g) geographic distribution (usually by continent only, but occasionally by country) and (h) stratigraphic range.
+Next come (i) one or two representative species illustrated by line drawings (in the early volumes) or by black-and-white photographs (in subsequent volumes), each accompanied by an appropriate reference for that genus.  Furthermore, each Treatise article includes (j) the  date, authorship, and scientific history of the taxa.
+Finally, there is (k) a comprehensive bibliography and list of references.  Not only that, but the more recent volumes and revisions also include (l) new fossil and phylogenetic discoveries, (m) advances in numerical and cladistic methods, (n) analysis of the group's genome, (o) its molecular phylogeny, and so on.
+
+== List of its volumes ==
+The following is an annotated list of the volumes already published (1953 to 2007) or volumes currently being prepared:
+
+=== Introduction (A) and sub-metazoan Protista (B, C & D) ===
+Part A. Introduction: Fossilization (Taphonomy), Biogeography, & Biostratigraphy. xxiii + 569 pages, 169 figures, 1979.  ISBN 0-8137-3001-5. The original volume is out of print but a pdf is available here.
+Part B. Protoctista / Protista, Volume 1: Charophyta, Sub-volume 1, 2005 available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3002-3. ---- Parts B through D refer to mostly one-celled, nucleated forms of life, typically fossilized due to their siliceous tests.  "Protista" and Protoctista" are nearly synonymous.
+Part B, Prokaryota (Bacteria and Archaea) xxvi + 178 p., 48 fig., 3 tables, 2023 available here. ISBN 978-0-9903621-4-2.
+Part C. Protista / Protoctista, Volume 2: Sarcodina, Chiefly "Thecamoebians" & Foraminiferida, Sub-volumes 1 and 2, xxxi + 900 p., 653 fig., 1964, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3003-1.
+Part D. Protista / Protoctista, Volume 3: Protozoa (Chiefly Radiolaria & Tintinnina), xii + 195 p., 92 fig., 1954. ISBN 0-8137-3004-X. The original volume is out of print but is available here.
+
+=== Archaeocyatha and Porifera (E) ===
+Part E. Archaeocyatha & Porifera, xviii + 122 p., 89 fig., 1955. ISBN 0-8137-3005-8. The original volume is out-of-print but is available here.  ---- Part E refers to sponge-like animals, both calcareous and siliceous.
+Part E. Revised. Archaeocyatha, Volume 1, xxx + 158 p., 107 fig., 1972, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3105-4.
+Part E. Revised. Porifera, Volume 2:  Introduction to the Porifera, xxvii + 349 p., 135 fig., 10 tables, 2003, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3130-5.
+Part E. Revised. Porifera, Volume 3:  Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
+Part E. Revised. Porifera, Volumes 4 & 5: Hypercalcified Porifera, Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea & Archaeocyatha, liii + 1223 p., 665 figs., 2015, available here. ISBN 978-0-9903621-2-8.
+
+=== Cnidaria or Coelenterata (F) ===
+Part F. Coelenterata / Cnidaria, xvii + 498 p., 358 fig., 1956. ISBN 0-8137-3006-6. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here.  --- Part F refers to the corals and other cnidarians. Coelenterata is an outdated term for two now separated phyla, Cnidaria and Ctenophora (comb jellies).
+Part F. Coelenterata / Cnidaria, Supplement 1 & 2: Rugosa & Tabulata corals, xl + 762 p., 462 fig., 1981, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3029-5.
+(Part F, Revised, vol. 2, Cnidaria (Scleractinia) - volume in preparation).
+
+=== Bryozoa (G) ===
+Part G. Bryozoa, xii + 253 p., 175 fig., 1953. ISBN 0-8137-3007-4. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here.  --- Part G refers to bryozoans, colonial animals also known as ectoprocts or moss animals.
+Part G. Revised. Bryozoa, Volume 1: Introduction, Order Cystoporata & Order Cryptostomata, xxvi + 625 p., 295 fig., 1983, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3107-0.
+(Part G, Revised, vol. 2, Bryozoa - volume in preparation).
+
+=== Brachiopoda (H) ===
+Part H. Brachiopoda, vol. 1 & 2, xxxii + 927 p., 746 fig., 1965. ISBN 0-8137-3008-2. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here.  --- Part H refers to brachiopods, shelled animals including living lamp shells.
+Part H. Revised. Brachiopoda, Volume 1: Introduction, xx + 539 p., 417 fig., 40 tables, 1997, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3108-9.
+Part H. Revised. Brachiopoda, Volumes 2 and 3:  Sub-phyla Linguliformea, Craniiformea, &  Rhynchonelliformea (1st part: Classes Chileta, Obolellata, Kutorginata, Strophomenata & Rhynchonellata), xxx + 919 p., 616 fig., 17 tables, 2000, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3108-9.
+Part H. Revised. Brachiopoda, Volume 4: Sub-phylum Rhynchonelliformea (2nd part: Orders Pentamerida, Rhynchonellida, Atrypida & Athrydida), ix + 768 pp., 484 fig., 3 tables, 2002 / 2005, available here.   ISBN 0-8137-3108-9.
+Part H. Revised. Brachiopoda, Volume 5: Sub-phylum Rhynchonelliformea (3rd part: Orders Spiriferida, Spiriferinida, Thecideida, Terebratulida & Uncertain), xlvi + 631 pp., 398 fig., 2006, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3135-6.
+Part H. Revised. Brachiopoda, Volume 6: Supplement, l + 956 pages, 461 figures (10 in color), 38 tables, 2007, available here. ISBN 978-0-8137-3136-0.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-3.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-3.md
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+---
+title: "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Mollusca (I, J, K, L, M & N) ===
+Part I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda General Features, Archaeogastropoda, Mainly Paleozoic Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia), xxiii + 351 p., 216 fig., 1960. ISBN 0-8137-3009-0. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here. --- Parts I and J refer to primitive mollusks and gastropods (such as snails).
+(Part J, Mollusca 2: Paleozoic Gastropoda  --- volume in preparation).
+Part K. Mollusca 3: Cephalopoda General Features, Endoceratoidea, Actinoceratoidea, Nautiloidea, & Bactritoidea, xxviii + 519 p., 361 fig., 1964. ISBN 0-8137-3011-2. The original volume is out of print, but is available here. --- Parts K and L refer to cephalopods with external shells, including ammonites and Nautilus-like creatures.
+(Part K, Revised. Mollusca 3: Nautiloidea --- volume in preparation).
+Part L. Mollusca 4: Ammonoidea, xxii + 490 p., 558 fig., 1957. ISBN 0-8137-3012-0. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here.
+Part L. Revised. Mollusca 4, Volume 2: Carboniferous and Permian Ammonoidea (Goniatitida and Prolecanitida), xxix + 258 p., 139 fig., 1 table, 2009, available here. ISBN 978-1-891276-61-3.
+Part L. Revised. Mollusca 4, Volume 4: Cretaceous Ammonoidea, xx + 362 p., 216 fig., 1995 / 1996, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3112-7.
+(Part L, Revised. Mollusca 4, vol. 3B, Triassic and Jurassic Ammonoidea --- volume in preparation).
+(Part M. Mollusca 5: Coleoidea --- volume in preparation.  --- Part M includes coleoids (cephalopods without external shells) such as squids, cuttlefish, and extinct belemnoids).
+Part N. Mollusca 6: Bivalvia, Volumes 1 and 2 (of 3), xxxvii + 952 p., 613 fig., 1969. ISBN 0-8137-3014-7. The original volume is out of print, but is available here. --- Part N refers to clams, oysters, scallops, mussels and other fossilized bivalves or pelecypods.
+Part N. Mollusca 6: Bivalvia, Volume 3: Oysters, iv + 272 p., 153 fig., 1971, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3026-0.
+(Part N, Revised, Mollusca 6, vol. 1, Bivalvia -- volume in preparation).
+
+=== Arthropoda (O, P, Q & R) ===
+Part O. Arthropoda 1: Arthropoda General Features, Protarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha, xix + 560 p., 415 fig., 1959. ISBN 0-8137-3015-5. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here. --- Part O refers to stem-arthropods including velvet worms (Onychophora), water bears (Tardigrada), and trilobites.
+Part O. Revised. Arthropoda 1, Volume 1: Trilobita: Introduction, Order Agnostida & Order Redlichiida, xxiv + 530 p., 309 fig., 1997, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3115-1.
+(Part O, Revised. Arthropoda 1: Trilobita --- additional volumes in preparation).
+Part P. Arthropoda 2: Chelicerata, Pycnogonida & Palaeoisopus, xvii + 181 p., 123 fig., 1955 / 1956, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3016-3.  --- Part P refers to extinct chelicerates including eurypterids (sea scorpions), xiphosurans (horseshoe crabs), pycnogonids (sea spiders), and arachnids.
+(Part P (Revised), Arthropoda 2, vol. 1, Chelicerata -- volume in preparation).
+Part Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea & Ostracoda, xxiii + 442 p., 334 fig., 1961, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3017-1.  --- Parts Q and R refer to crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters, and ostracods, as well as myriapods (millipedes and centipedes), and hexapods (such as insects).
+(Part Q, Revised. Arthropoda 3 --- in preparation).
+Part R. Arthropoda 4, Volumes 1 and 2: Crustacea (exclusive of Ostracoda), Myriapoda, & Hexapoda, xxxvi + 651 p., 397 fig., 1969. ISBN 0-8137-3018-X. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here.
+Part R. Arthropoda 4, Volumes 3 and 4: Hexapoda, xxii + 655 p., 265 fig., 1992. ISBN 0-8137-3019-8. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here.
+Part R, Revised, Arthropoda 4, vol. 1, Crustacea -- volume in preparation).
+
+=== Echinodermata (S, T & U) ===
+Part S. Echinodermata 1, Volumes 1 and 2: Echinodermata General Features, Homalozoa, Crinozoa (exclusive of Crinoidea), xxx + 650 p., 400 fig., 1967 / 1968. ISBN 0-8137-3020-1. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here.  ---- Part S refers to primitive sessile echinoderms.
+Part T. Echinodermata 2, Volumes 1-3: Crinoidea, xxxviii + 1,027 p., 619 fig., 1978. ISBN 0-8137-3021-X. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here. ---- Part T refers to crinoids, a group of echinoderms including living sea lilies.
+Part T. Revised.  Echinodermata 2, Volume 3: Crinoidea, xxix + 261 p., 112 fig., 2011, and is available here. ISBN 978-0-9833599-1-3.
+(Part T, Revised, Echinodermata 2, vol. 1, Crinoidea -- volume in preparation).
+Part U. Echinodermata 3, Volumes 1 and 2: Asterozoans & Echinozoans, xxx + 695 p., 534 fig., 1966, and is available here. ISBN 0-8137-3022-8.  ---- Part U refers to asterozoans (including sea stars and brittle stars) and echinozoans (including sea urchins and sea cucumbers).
+
+=== Graptolithina (V) ===
+Part V. Graptolithina, with sections on Enteropneusta & Pterobranchia, xvii + 101 p., 72 fig., 1955. ISBN 0-8137-3023-6. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here. --- Part V refers to the extinct graptolites, as well as to other hemichordates.
+Part V. Revised. Graptolithina, xxxii + 163 p., 109 fig., 1970, available here.
+Part V. Second Revision. Hemichordata (Graptolithina) xxx + 548 p., 310 fig., 2023 available here. ISBN 978-0-9903621-3-5.
+
+=== Miscellanea and Conodonta (W) ===
+Part W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal shells of uncertain affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils, & problematica, xxv + 259 p., 153 fig., 1962, and is available here. ISBN 0-8137-3024-4.  --- Miscellaneous invertebrate fossils, including trace fossils and conodonts, which may be primitive vertebrates.
+Part W. Revised. Miscellanea: Trace Fossils and problematica, xxi + 269 p., 110 fig., 1975. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here. ISBN 0-8137-3027-9.
+Part W. Miscellanea, Supplement 2: Conodonta, xxviii + 202 p., frontis., 122 fig., 1981, available here.  ISBN 0-8137-3028-7.
+
+== References ==
+
+Arkell, W.J.; Kummel, B.; Wright, C.W. (1957). Mesozoic Ammonoidea. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Mollusca 4. Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas.
+Ladd, Harry S., editor, (1957 / 1971), Treatise on Ecology and Paleoecology, Volume 2: Paleoecology.  Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America; and Washington, D.C. : Waverly Press.
+Moore, Raymond C., and other editors (1953 to 2006, and continuing ), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Parts A through W. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America; and Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas.
+Ronald Singer (1999), Encyclopedia of Paleontology (London, England: Routledge), 1,467 pages.
+
+== External links ==
+Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Volumes A through W, 1953 to the present.: Home page sponsored by The Paleontological Institute at the University of Kansas.
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+title: "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:39.298987+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a major reference work related to industrial chemistry by chemist Fritz Ullmann, first published in 1914, and exclusively in German as "Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie" until 1984.
+
+
+== History ==
+Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a major reference work related to industrial chemistry by chemist Fritz Ullmann. Its first edition was published in German by Fritz Ullmann in 1914. The fourth edition, published 1972 to 1984, already contained 25 volumes. The fifth edition, published 1985 to 1996, was the first version available in English. In 1997, the first online version was published. The year 2014 marked its centenary.
+As of 2016, Ullmann's Encyclopedia was in its seventh edition, in 40 volumes, including one index volume and more than 1,050 articles (200 more than the sixth edition), approximately 30,000 pages, 22,000 images, 8,000 tables, 19,000 references and 85,000 indices. Furthermore, Ullmann's Encyclopedia has been continuously updated with new online by multiple authors as of January 2026, primarily on the Wiley Online Library.
+
+
+== Editions ==
+
+
+=== German ===
+1914–1922: 1st edition in 12 volumes, which can be viewed online (hosted by Internet Archive)
+1928–1932: 2nd edition in 11 volumes
+1951–1970: 3rd edition in 22 volumes, of which volume 2 is in two sub-volumes
+1972–1984: 4th edition in 25 volumes, last edition in German language
+
+
+=== English ===
+1985–1996: 5th edition, in English only, titled Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, in 36 volumes
+2002–2007: 6th edition in 40 volumes
+2011–2014: 7th edition in 40 print volumes, with ongoing changes and additions to the online edition
+
+
+== Editors and contributors ==
+Barbara Elvers (Wiley-VCH) is currently Senior Editorial Advisor and Claudia Ley is Editor-in-Chief, both Wiley-VCH. The Editorial Board has around 20 members from different nations.
+The encyclopedia is a multi-author work. Around 3,000 international authors from universities and industry contributed to it.
+
+
+== Topics ==
+Note: The "topics" are a selection of related articles provided by Wiley Online Library. The number (#) indicates that, for example, 15 articles relate to the main branch of agrochemicals. The numbers do not exactly sum up to the total number of articles (1,050), but its sole purpose is for organizing and categorizing the large number of articles where possible. (no. of articles shown are as of January 31, 2026)
+
+Agrochemicals (15)
+Analytical Techniques (30)
+Biochemistry & Biotechnology (27)
+Chemical Reactions (14)
+Dyes and Pigments (30)
+Energy (25)
+Environmental Protection and Industrial Safety (30)
+Fat, Oil, Food and Feed, Cosmetics (44)
+Inorganic Chemicals (75)
+Materials (39)
+Metals and Alloys (46)
+Organic Chemicals (136)
+Pharmaceuticals (80)
+Polymers and Plastics (60)
+Processes & Process Engineering (86)
+Renewable Resources (21)
+Special Topics (68)
+
+
+== Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology ==
+
+In the 1940s, American Chemists Donald F. Othmer and Raymond E. Kirk from New York University began to create an English counterpart to Ullmann, named the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. It was originally published by Wiley, which in 1996 took over the German Wiley-VCH publishing house and thus has combined the two encyclopedias ever since. The German chemistry magazine CHEManager wrote, quote: "In a double pack, the two companion works are simply unbeatable, because the knowledge gathered in both offers answers (almost) all questions that can arise in connection with chemical products and processes". These two encyclopedias were compared in Reference Reviews in 2007.
+As of 2004, Kirk-Othmer is in its 5th edition with more than 1,300 articles in 27 volumes with over 22,950 pages.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition online – continuously updated (English)
+Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition print version Archived 2022-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
+Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition online – continuously updated (English)
+Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5.th edition print version
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia-0.md
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: "Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:29:40.443378+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia is an encyclopedia published in the United States. Currently in a three volume 10th edition, it was published in two volumes for editions 6 to 9. The 8th edition is available as two CD ROMs.
+The first edition was published in 1938 by the D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. From about 1976 the encyclopedia was published by the Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. From the late 1990s it was published by John Wiley and Sons and by Wiley-Interscience.
+More than 4,000 pages long, the work provides a thorough scientific reference, while establishing a midpoint between massive multi-volume science encyclopedias and handheld reference books.
+This work is sometimes compared to the McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology.
+
+
+== References ==
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More