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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-0.md

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+title: "Alan T. Waterman Award"
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+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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+
+The Alan T. Waterman Award, named after Alan Tower Waterman, is the United States's highest honorary award for scientists no older than 40, or no more than 10 years past receipt of their Ph.D. It is awarded on a yearly basis by the National Science Foundation.  In addition to the medal, the awardee receives a grant of $1,000,000 to be used at the institution of their choice over a period of five years for advanced scientific research. 
+
+== History of the Award ==
+The United States Congress established the annual award in August 1975 to mark the 25th Anniversary of the National Science Foundation and to honor its first director, Alan T. Waterman.  The annual award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in any field of science or engineering supported by the National Science Foundation.
+
+== Eligibility and nomination process ==
+Candidates must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Prior to the 2018 competition, candidates must have been 35 years of age or younger or not more than 7 years beyond receipt of the Ph.D. degree by December 31 of the year in which they are nominated. As of the 2018 competition, these requirements were changed to 40 years of age or 10 years post-PhD. Candidates should have demonstrated exceptional individual achievements in scientific or engineering research of sufficient quality to place them at the forefront of their peers. Criteria include originality, innovation, and significant impact on the field.  Potential candidates must be nominated and require four letters of reference, but none can be submitted from the nominee’s home institution.  Solicitation announcements are sent to universities and colleges, scientific, engineering and other professional societies and organizations, and members of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering.
+
+== Award process and committee composition ==
+
+Candidates are reviewed by the Alan T. Waterman Award committee, which is made up of 12 members, 8 rotators and 4 members ex officio.  The current ex officio members are Ralph Cicerone, President of the National Academy of Sciences, Subra Suresh, Director of the National Science Foundation, Steven C. Beering, Chairman of the National Science Board, and Charles M. Vest, President of the National Academy of Engineering.  After review of the nominees, the committee recommends the most outstanding candidate(s) to the Director of the National Science Foundation and the National Science Board, which then makes the final determination.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-1.md

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+title: "Alan T. Waterman Award"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== List of recipients ==
+2024
+Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell
+"For  pioneering innovations in ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging, particularly coherence-based beamforming, photoacoustic-guided surgery, and deep learning. These innovations cross interdisciplinary boundaries to improve medical image quality in patients, reduce patient deaths during surgery, inspire new surgical designs, and provide more equitable healthcare."
+Katrina G. Claw
+"For her contributions to pharmacogenomics and for fostering cultural and bioethical research participation within Indigenous communities."
+Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
+"For creating robots that adapt and evolve to changing conditions."
+2023
+Natalie S. King
+"For groundbreaking scholarship in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education that transcends disciplinary boundaries and directly impacts local and global communities, and for demonstrating exceptional research achievements with tremendous impact on the advancement of Black girls in science, the use of research-practice partnerships to drive K-12 instruction, and the increase of STEM teacher diversity."
+Asegun Henry
+"For significant contributions in new energy technologies and advanced fundamental understanding of heat transfer addressing a broad range of problems that span from the atomic scale (the physics of heat conduction) to the gigawatt scale (grid-level energy storage)."
+William Anderegg
+"For outstanding contributions to climate change science, particularly in advancing the understanding of the sensitivity, vulnerability, and resilience of forest ecosystems to change, and to risk analyses of forest-related climate change solutions to achieve sustainability goals."
+2022
+Jessica Tierney
+"For her outstanding advances in the reconstruction of past climate change and furthering the understanding of future climate change."
+Daniel B. Larremore
+"For his foundational research in computational epidemiology, combining mathematics and computation with real-world data to create powerful new models that provide concrete, innovative, and useful answers to globally important questions in the study of epidemic dynamics, including timely research on vaccination and testing strategies for combatting the COVID-19 pandemic."
+Lara Thompson
+"For her innovations in rehabilitation engineering and for translating her research on vestibular disorders in primates into engineering-based interventions for individuals with balance, gait and postural impairments. 2021
+Nicholas Carnes
+"For his looking into how a person’s social background may influence their decision to pursue public service and what factors would increase their opportunities to serve."
+2021
+Melanie Wood
+"For her tackling the mysteries and most complex problems in mathematics by looking into the connection of number theory and random matrices."
+2020
+Emily Balskus
+"For her transformative work that integrates chemistry and microbiology to understand biosynthetic mechanisms and microbial metabolism at the molecular level, with emphasis on enzymatic processes in the human gut microbiome."
+2020
+John Dabiri
+"For his pioneering research in fluid mechanics, with innovative applications in biology, energy, and the environment. His transformative work, especially as applied to biological flow problems, has led to understanding the principles of marine animal locomotion and their application to other biological and environmental problems."
+2019
+Jennifer Dionne
+"For developing techniques and tools to image dynamic physical, chemical and biological processes with extremely high resolution. Her research is enabling new knowledge to help solve global challenges in biomedicine, energy and computing."
+2019
+Mark Braverman
+"For his studies of complexity theory, algorithms and the limits of what's possible computationally."
+2018
+Kristina Olson
+"For her innovative contributions to understanding children's attitudes toward and identification with social groups, early prosocial behavior, the development of notions of fairness, morality, inequality and the emergence of social biases."
+2017
+Baratunde A. Cola
+"For pioneering new engineering methods and materials to control light and heat in electronics at the nanoscale."
+2017
+John V. Pardon
+"For his contributions to geometry and topology, the study of properties of shapes that are unaffected by deformations, such as stretching or twisting and for solving problems that stumped other mathematicians for decades and generating solutions that provide new tools for geometric analysis."
+2016
+Mircea Dincă
+"For pioneering contributions to the synthesis and understanding of molecular porous solids with unusual electronic properties, especially for creative synthetic design leading to microporous materials with high electrical conductivity and redox activity."
+2015
+Andrea Alù
+"For his work in metamaterial theory and design, including insightful contributions to plasmonic cloaking; effective light manipulation at the nano scale; innovative ideas in breaking time reversal symmetry leading to enhanced non-reciprocity from acoustics to microwaves and optics; and for unique contributions to metamaterials."
+2014
+Feng Zhang
+"For development and application of molecular technologies that enable systematic interrogation of intact biological systems through precise genomic manipulation."
+2013
+Mung Chiang
+"Chiang is an electrical engineering professor of Princeton University who uses innovative mathematical analyses to design simpler and more powerful wireless networks. He is the founder of Princeton's EDGE Laboratory, which aims to connect network theory and real-world applications. By developing methods for analyzing the often complex interaction between different layers of wireless networks, his work creates a principled picture of seemingly chaotic interactions and allows for systematic solutions to previously intractable problems."
+2012
+Scott Aaronson
+"By illuminating the fundamental limits on what can be computed in the physical world, and the potential implications of those limits, Scott Aaronson has staked out important new ground in computational theory", said MIT President Susan Hockfield, "I am delighted that the National Science Foundation has recognized his dual abilities, both to articulate key research questions and to offer new methods and ideas for addressing them, with the Alan T. Waterman Award."
+2012
+Robert Wood
+Wood is an associate professor in Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and a core faculty member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. He is founder of the Harvard Microrobotics Lab which leverages expertise in microfabrication for the development of biologically-inspired robots with feature sizes on the micrometer to centimeter scale. 2011
+Casey W. Dunn
+For his gifted integration of field biology, genomics, and computational science that has led to changing our understanding of the evolutionary tree, integrating morphological and molecular perspectives on diversity, and developing new tools that are revolutionizing biology. 2010
+Subhash Khot
+Subhash is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at NYU and is recognized already by many other honors and awards. Subhash is a brilliant theoretical computer scientist and is most well known for his Unique Games Conjecture. He has made many unexpected and original contributions to computational complexity and his work draws connections between optimization, computer science, mathematics. 2009
+David Charbonneau
+For his pioneering research into the discovery and characterization of planets orbiting other stars, which has allowed, for the first time, the study of their surface conditions and atmospheres, and has revolutionized interdisciplinary research related to exoplanets. 2008
+Terence Tao
+For his surprising and original contributions to many fields of mathematics, including number theory, differential equations, algebra, and harmonic analysis. 2007
+Peidong Yang
+For outstanding contributions in the creative synthesis of semiconductor nanowires and their heterostructures, and innovations in nanowire-based photonics, energy conversion, and nanofluidic applications. 2006
+Emmanuel Candes
+For his research in computational mathematics and statistical estimation, with applications to signal compression and image processing. 2005
+Dalton Conley
+For his contribution to the field of sociology as a research scientist and published author exemplified by his research on how socio-economic status is transmitted across generations. He brings methodological rigor and sophistication to deep social questions.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-2.md

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+title: "Alan T. Waterman Award"
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+---
+
+2004
+Kristi Anseth
+For her research at the interface of biology and engineering, resulting in the design of innovative biomaterials that significantly facilitate tissue engineering and regeneration. 2003
+Angelika Amon
+For her seminal contributions to understanding how cells orchestrate the segregation of their chromosomes during cell division, the key process of life
+2002
+Erich Jarvis
+For his use of gene expression as a tool to map brain functional systems and to identify parts of the brain involved in perceiving, learning and producing vocal communication. 2001
+Vahid Tarokh
+For the invention of space-time coding techniques that produce dramatic gains in the spectral efficiency of wireless digital communication systems. 2000
+Jennifer A. Doudna
+For innovative research that led to the development of a technique that facilitates crystallization of large RNA molecules; for determining the crystal structures of catalytic RNA molecules and an RNA molecule that forms the ribonucleo-protein core of the signal recognition particle; and for deciphering structural features of those molecules that permit a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis of RNA function in both catalysis and protein synthesis. 1999
+Chaitan Khosla
+For his outstanding work in elucidating the mechanisms of enzyme biocatalysis of polyketides, thereby opening an exciting potential route to new drug discovery. 1998
+Christopher C. Cummins
+For innovative research in transition-metal activation of small molecules, including the discovery of reactions to cleave nitrogen-nitrogen multiple bonds under mild conditions. His revolutionary approach to chemical reactivity has answered key questions and furthered development in catalyst design and nitrogen fixation. 1997
+Eric Allin Cornell
+For his leading role in the creation of Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas, and for innovations in the manipulation, trapping and cooling of atoms that led to the realization of this new state of matter. 1996
+Robert M. Waymouth
+For his seminal contributions to the design of well-defined organometallic catalysts for the synthesis of novel polymers, including chiral cyclopolymers and stereoblock polyolefins. The development of catalysts which change their structure as they work has established a new paradigm in the synthesis of block-polymers. 1995
+Matthew P.A. Fisher
+For his broad and original contributions to the theory of the quantum dynamics of macroscopic systems and quantum phase transitions, specifically his prediction of a vortex glass phase in high temperature superconductors, his studies of the superconductor-insulator transition and is seminal work on quantum transport in Luttinger liquids. 1994
+Gang Tian
+For his deep understanding and penetrating insights in the field of complex differential geometry, including his solution of the problem of existence of Kähler-Einstein metrics on complex surfaces, his proof that the moduli space for Kähler-Einstein metrics with zero first Chern class is non-singular, and his proof of the stability of algebraic manifolds by using differential geometric methods. 1993
+Deborah L. Penry
+For her innovative applications of chemical engineering principles and chemical-reactor theory in analysis of the process of digestion in marine invertebrates, filling an important gap in existing ecological theory dealing with animals strategies for acquiring energy and nutrients. Her research is important to understanding the cycling of materials in the sea—in particular the global carbon cycle and global climate change cycles. 1992
+Shrinivas R. Kulkarni
+For his major contributions to the understanding of diffuse interstellar medium and the physics and evolution of neutron star pulsars and x-ray binary stars. For his leading role in the discovery of fast pulsars, a major new phenomenon, and in the development of optical and radio spatial interferometry. 1991
+Herbert Edelsbrunner
+For his pioneering research in computational geometry through which he has made fundamental contributions to the theory of computer science and to discrete mathematics. 1990
+Mark E. Davis
+For his pioneering work in catalytic materials, catalysis, and reaction engineering, including the first synthesis of a molecular sieve with pores larger than 1 nanometer and the invention of supported aqueous-phase catalysts; each of these accomplishments opens up a new and potentially important area in catalytic science and technology, and also has implications for separations technology and environmental control. 1989
+Richard H. Scheller
+For his work leading to the development of recombinant DNA technologies, and for his current research which has illuminated cellular and molecular mechanisms used to regulate animal behavior. These basic studies will lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of brain function and should, in the future, help in the understanding of major psychiatric illnesses. 1988
+Peter Schultz
+For innovative research at the interface of chemistry and biology, both in the development of new approaches for the study of molecular recognition and catalysis and in the application of these studies to the design of selective biological catalysts. 1987
+Lawrence H. Summers
+For outstanding contributions to economic research on unemployment, taxation of capital, savings behavior and macroeconomic activity. His work combines powerful analytic insights and imaginative econometric methods aimed at subjects of fundamental National importance. 1986
+Edward Witten
+For path-opening contributions to the physics of elementary particles and gravity, to the search unification, and to the imaginative pursuit of the implications for cosmology. 1985
+Jacqueline Barton
+For her imaginative and significant work in bioinorganic chemistry. Her use of small inorganic molecules to recognize and modify DNA sites in very specific ways has led to two major discoveries—enantiomeric selectivity in binding to DNA helices of different handedness, and Z-DNA "punctuation" at the end of genes—with important implications for drug design and for the theory of gene expression. 1984
+Harvey Friedman
+For his revitalization of the foundations of mathematics, his penetrating investigations into the Godel incompleteness phenomena, and his fundamental contributions to virtually all areas of mathematical logic. 1983
+Corey S. Goodman (de)
+For his contributions to our understanding of the development of the nervous system. His imaginative choice of model systems and modern technologies are enabling him to discover how individual nerve cells acquire their unique identities and interact with the appropriate cells during embryogenesis. 1982
+Richard Axel
+For devising a novel procedure for introducing virtually any gene into mammalian cells. Gene transfer now permits the analysis of the mechanisms regulating the expression of genes in an appropriate cellular environment. This information is prerequisite to a rational approach towards gene therapy. 1981
+W. Clark Still
+For showing that fundamental conformational principles can be used in organic synthesis to describe nonrigid molecular arrays and for the design of chemical reactions which use such arrays to control the three-dimensional structure of flexible molecules. 1980
+Roy Schwitters
+For his contributions to the understanding of the basic structure of matter through experiments that discovered and explored an entirely new collection of subatomic particles. The experiments led to the interpretation of the new particles as being composed of simpler constituents, possessing a new property of matter. 1979
+William Thurston
+In recognition of his achievements in introducing revolutionary new geometrical methods in the theory of foliations, function theory and topology. 1978
+Richard A. Muller
+For his original and innovative research, which has led to important                discoveries and inventions in diverse areas of physics, including                astrophysics, radioisotope dating and optics. 1977
+J. William Schopf
+For his outstanding research on Precambrian biotas. His work on these delicate and ancient fossil microorganisms will contribute significantly to the knowledge of the origin of life and the evolution of the earliest known biotas of the world.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-3.md

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+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+1976
+Charles Fefferman
+For his research in Fourier analysis, partial differential equations and several complex variables which have brought fresh insight and renewed vigor to classical areas of mathematics and contributed signally to the advancement of modern mathematical analysis.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Alan T. Waterman Award NSF Page
+Alan T. Waterman Award 2021
+Change of Eligibility Criteria

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md

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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse-0.md

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+title: "Astropulse"
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+category: "reference"
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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:11:29.753725+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Astropulse is a volunteer computing project to search for primordial black holes, pulsars, and extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). Volunteer resources are harnessed through the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. In 1999, the Space Sciences Laboratory launched SETI@home, which relied on a network of desktop computers around the world to provide massively parallel computation. SETI@home utilizes recorded data from the Arecibo radio telescope and searches for narrow-bandwidth radio signals from space, signifying the presence of extraterrestrial technology. It was soon recognized that this same data might be scoured for other signals of value to the astronomy and physics community.
+
+== Development ==
+For about 6 years, Astropulse existed in an experimental beta testing phase not available to the general community. In July 2008, Astropulse was integrated into SETI@home, so that the massive network of SETI participants could also contribute to the search for other astronomical signals of value. Astropulse also makes contributions to the search for ET: first, project proponents believe it may identify a different type of ET signal not identified by the original SETI@Home algorithm; second, proponents believe it may create additional support for SETI by providing a second possible concrete result from the overall search project.
+Final development of Astropulse has been a two-part endeavor. The first step was to complete the Astropulse C++ core that can successfully identify a target pulse. Upon completion of that program, the team created a trial dataset that contained a hidden pulse, which the completed program successfully found, thus confirming the ability of the Astropulse core to successfully identify target pulses.  Since July 2008, research has focused on a series of refinements to the beta version which are then rolled out to the full universe of SETI participants.  At the programming level, developers first seek to assure that new versions are compatible with a variety of platforms, after which the refined version is optimized for greater speed.  As of April, 2009, Astropulse is testing beta version 5.05.
+The future of the project depends on extended funding to SETI@home.
+The BOINC idea is to divide (split) large blocks of data into smaller units, each of which can be distributed to individual participating work stations. To this end, the project then began to embed the Astropulse core into the SETI beta client and began to distribute real data, split into Astropulse work units, to a team of beta testers. The challenge has been to assure that the Astropulse core will work seamlessly on a broad array of operating systems.  Current research focuses on implementing algorithm refinements that eliminate or reduce false positives.
+
+== Scientific research ==
+Astropulse searches for both single pulses and regularly repeating pulses. This experiment represents a new strategy for SETI, postulating microsecond timescale pulses as opposed to longer pulses or narrowband signals. They may also discover pulsars and exploding primordial black holes, both of which would emit brief wideband pulses. The primary purpose of the core Astropulse algorithm is coherent de-dispersion of the microsecond radio pulses for which Astropulse is searching. Dispersion of a signal occurs as the pulse passes through the interstellar medium (ISM) plasma, because the high frequency radiation goes slightly faster than the lower frequency radiation. Thus, the signal arrives at the radio-telescope dispersed depending upon the amount of ISM plasma between the Earth and the source of the pulse.  Dedispersion is computationally intensive, thus lending itself to the distributed computing model.
+Astropulse utilizes the distributed computing power of SETI@home, delegating computational sub-tasks to hundreds of thousands of volunteers' computers, to gain advantages in sensitivity and time resolution over previous surveys. Wideband pulses would be "chirped" by passage through the interstellar medium; that is, high frequencies would arrive earlier and lower frequencies would arrive later. Thus, for pulses with wideband frequency content, dispersion hints at a signal's extraterrestrial origin. Astropulse searches for pulses with dispersion measures ranging from 50 pc/cm3 to 800 pc/cm−3 (chirp rates of 7000 Hz to 400 Hz per microsecond), allowing detection of sources almost anywhere within the Milky Way.
+Project proponents believe that Astropulse will either detect exploding black holes, or establish a maximum rate of 5×10−14 pc−3yr−1, a factor of 104 better than any previous survey.
+
+=== Challenges ===
+Any radio astronomy project confronts issues arising from interference, and the challenges are especially great when the target signals are weak or of transient duration.  Military radar noise which is regularly occurring and of known duration can be "blanked" at the radio telescope source.  A variety of techniques have been explored in the literature to develop algorithms that detect and account for radar sources that cannot be blanked in this way.
+
+=== Results ===
+
+Astropulse started computing in mid-July 2008. As of January 2009, the results have been used in a variety of ways.  Development staff, aided by volunteers, have worked to assure that the client works effectively on a broad array of operating systems.  Code has been refined and optimized to reduce calculation time on the local work station.  Results have been analyzed so that the algorithms can be adjusted to reduce false positives that may result from interference or from random background noise.  To date, a target signal has not yet been found.

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+title: "Astropulse"
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+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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+---
+
+== Potential pulse finds ==
+ 
+One goal of Astropulse is to detect postulated mini black holes that might be evaporating due to "Hawking radiation". Such mini black holes are postulated to have been created during the Big Bang, unlike currently known black holes.  The Astropulse project hopes that this evaporation would produce radio waves that Astropulse can detect. The evaporation wouldn't create radio waves directly. Instead, it would create an expanding fireball of high-energy gamma rays and particles. This fireball would interact with the surrounding magnetic field, pushing it out and generating radio waves.
+Rotating radio transients (RRATs) are a type of neutron stars discovered in 2006 by a team led by Maura McLaughlin from the Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester in the UK. RRATs are believed to produce radio emissions which are very difficult to locate, because of their transient nature. Early efforts have been able to detect radio emissions (sometimes called RRAT flashes) for less than one second a day, and, like with other single-burst signals, one must take great care to distinguish them from terrestrial radio interference. Distributing computing and the Astropulse algorithm may thus lend itself to further detection of RRATs.
+Pulses with an apparent extragalactic origin have been observed in archived data. It is suggested that hundreds of similar events could occur every day and, if detected, could serve as cosmological probes. Radio pulsar surveys such as Astropulse-SETI@home offer one of the few opportunities to monitor the radio sky for impulsive burst-like events with millisecond durations. Because of the isolated nature of the observed phenomenon, the nature of the source remains speculative.  Possibilities include a black hole-neutron star collision, a neutron star-neutron star collision, a black hole-black hole collision, or some phenomenon not yet considered.
+However, in 2010 there was a new report of 16 similar pulses from the Parkes Telescope which were clearly of terrestrial origin.
+Previous searches by SETI@home have looked for extraterrestrial communications in the form of narrow-band signals, analogous to our own radio stations. The Astropulse project argues that since we know nothing about how ET might communicate, this might be a bit closed-minded. Thus, the Astropulse survey can be viewed as supplementing the narrow-band SETI@home survey as a by-product of the search for physical phenomena.
+RF radiation from outer space was first discovered by Karl G. Jansky (1905–1950), who worked as a radio engineer at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to studying radio frequency interference from thunderstorms for Bell Laboratories.  He found "...a steady hiss type static of unknown origin", which eventually he concluded had an extraterrestrial origin. Pulsars (rotating neutron stars) and quasars (dense central cores of extremely distant galaxies) were both discovered by radio astronomers. In 2003 astronomers using the Parkes radio telescope discovered two pulsars orbiting each other, the first such system known. Explaining their recent discovery of a powerful bursting radio source, NRL astronomer Dr. Joseph Lazio stated: "Amazingly, even though the sky is known to be full of transient objects emitting at X- and gamma-ray wavelengths, very little has been done to look for radio bursts, which are often easier for astronomical objects to produce."  The use of coherent dedispersion algorithms and the computing power provided by the SETI network may lead to discovery of previously undiscovered phenomena.
+
+== Astronomy in schools ==
+Astropulse and its older partner, SETI@home, offer a concrete way for secondary school science teachers to involve their students with astronomy and computing. A number of schools maintain volunteer computing class projects.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+=== Related websites ===
+Astropulse Science
+Von Korff, Astropulse: A Search for Microsecond Transient Radio Signals Using Distributed Computing
+Astropulse FAQ
+Website Deprecated link archived 2012-12-12 at archive.today
+SETI@home forum thread about Astropulse
+SETI@home Beta forum thread about Astropulse
+Astropulse Wiki
+Electromagnetic Radiation
+A multibeam sky survey
+
+=== For teachers and students ===
+Ask an Astrophysicist — black holes
+Ask an Astrophysicist — neutron stars and pulsars
+Goddard Space Center's Teachers Corner Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
+Basics of Radio Astronomy
+SETI Science Links
+Planetary Society Article

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+title: "Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing"
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+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing"
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+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:11:30.883606+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC, pronounced  –rhymes with "oink") is an open-source middleware system for volunteer computing (a type of distributed computing).  Developed originally to support SETI@home, it became the platform for many other applications in areas as diverse as medicine, molecular biology, mathematics, linguistics, climatology, environmental science, and astrophysics, among others. The purpose of BOINC is to enable researchers to utilize processing resources of personal computers and other devices around the world.
+BOINC development began with a group based at the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) at the University of California, Berkeley, and led by David P. Anderson, who also led SETI@home. As a high-performance volunteer computing platform, BOINC brings together 34,236 active participants employing 136,341 active computers (hosts) worldwide, processing daily on average 20.164 PetaFLOPS as of 16 November 2021 (it would be the 21st largest processing capability in the world compared with an individual supercomputer). The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds BOINC through awards SCI/0221529, SCI/0438443 and SCI/0721124. Guinness World Records ranks BOINC as the largest computing grid in the world.
+BOINC code runs on various operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, Linux, and FreeBSD. BOINC is free software released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
+
+
+== History ==
+BOINC was originally developed to manage the SETI@home project. David P. Anderson has said that he chose its name because he wanted something that was not "imposing", but rather "light, catchy, and maybe - like 'Unix' - a little risqué", so he "played around with various acronyms and settled on 'BOINC'".
+The original SETI client was a non-BOINC software exclusively for SETI@home. It was one of the first volunteer computing projects, and not designed with a high level of security. As a result, some participants in the project attempted to cheat the project to gain "credits", while others submitted entirely falsified work. BOINC was designed, in part, to combat these security breaches.
+The BOINC project started in February 2002, and its first version was released on April 10, 2002. The first BOINC-based project was Predictor@home, launched on June 9, 2004. In 2009, AQUA@home deployed multi-threaded CPU applications for the first time, followed by the first OpenCL application in 2010.
+As of 7 February 2026, there are 26 projects on the official list. There are also, however, BOINC projects not included on the official list. Each year, an international BOINC Workshop is hosted to increase collaboration among project administrators. In 2021, the workshop was hosted virtually.
+While not affiliated with BOINC officially, there have been several independent projects that reward BOINC users for their participation, including Charity Engine (sweepstakes based on processing power with prizes funded by private entities who purchase computational time of CE users), Bitcoin Utopia (now defunct), and Gridcoin (a blockchain which mints coins based on processing power).
+
+
+== Design and structure ==
+
+BOINC is software that can exploit the unused CPU and GPU cycles on computer hardware to perform scientific computing. In 2008, BOINC's website announced that Nvidia had developed a language called CUDA that uses GPUs for scientific computing. With NVIDIA's assistance, several BOINC-based projects (e.g., MilkyWay@home. SETI@home) developed applications that run on NVIDIA GPUs using CUDA. BOINC added support for the ATI/AMD family of GPUs in October 2009. The GPU applications run from 2 to 10 times faster than the former CPU-only versions. GPU support (via OpenCL) was added for computers using macOS with AMD Radeon graphic cards, with the current BOINC client supporting OpenCL on Windows, Linux, and macOS. GPU support is also provided for Intel GPUs, though work is sparse
+BOINC consists of a server system and client software that communicate to  process and distribute work units and return results.
+
+
+=== Mobile application ===
+A BOINC app also exists for Android, allowing every person owning an Android device – smartphone, tablet and/or Kindle – to share their unused computing power. The user is allowed to select the research projects they want to support, if it is in the app's available project list.
+By default, the application will allow computing only when the device is connected to a WiFi network, is being charged, and the battery has a charge of at least 90%. Some of these settings can be changed to users needs. Not all BOINC projects are available and some of the projects are not compatible with all versions of Android operating system or devices. For some projects, availability of work is intermittent. Currently available projects are Asteroids@home, BOINC Central, Einstein@Home, Moo! Wrapper, Moo! Wrapper, Rosetta@home, World Community Grid and Yoyo@home. As of February 2026, the mobile application can only be downloaded from the BOINC website or the F-Droid repository as the official Google Play store does not allow downloading and running executables not signed by the app developer and each BOINC project has their own executable files.
+
+
+=== User interfaces ===
+BOINC can be controlled remotely by remote procedure calls (RPC), from the command line, and from a BOINC Manager. BOINC Manager currently has two "views": the Advanced View and the Simplified GUI. The Grid View was removed in the 6.6.x clients as it was redundant. The appearance (skin) of the Simplified GUI is user-customizable, in that users can create their own designs.
+
+
+=== Account managers ===
+A BOINC Account Manager is an application that manages multiple BOINC project accounts across multiple computers (CPUs) and operating systems. Account managers were designed for people who are new to BOINC or have several computers participating in several projects. The account manager concept was conceived and developed jointly by GridRepublic and BOINC. Current and past account managers include:
+
+BAM! (BOINC Account Manager) (The first publicly available Account Manager, released for public use on May 30, 2006)
+GridRepublic (Follows the ideas of simplicity and neatness in account management)
+Charity Engine (Non-profit account manager for hire, uses prize draws and continuous charity fundraising to motivate people to join the grid)
+Science United (An account manager designed to make BOINC easier to use which automatically selects vetted BOINC projects for users based on desired research areas such as "medicine" or "physics")
+Dazzler (Open-source Account Manager, to ease institutional management resources)
+
+
+=== Credit system ===
+
+The BOINC Credit System is designed to avoid bad hardware and cheating by validating results before granting credit.
+The credit management system helps to ensure that users are returning results which are both statistically and scientifically accurate.
+Online volunteer computing is a complicated and variable mix of long-term users, retiring users and new users with different personal aspirations.
+
+
+== Projects ==
+BOINC is used by many groups and individuals. Some BOINC projects are based at universities and research labs while others are independent areas of research or interest.
+
+
+=== Active ===
+
+
+=== Completed ===
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_and_Ugly_Rendering_Project-0.md

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+---
+title: "Big and Ugly Rendering Project"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_and_Ugly_Rendering_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:11:32.009870+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Big and Ugly Rendering Project (BURP) is a non-commercial volunteer computing project using the BOINC framework for the rendering of 3D graphics that has been in hibernation as of 2020. The project website currently shows the status as "extended maintenance" until 2027.
+BURP utilizes the volunteer and grid computing software BOINC, to distribute computing tasks to volunteer computers. BURP is free software distributed under the GNU General Public License V3. Because BURP is used to refer to both the BOINC project and BURP back-end software, some confusion can arise when talking about other services running the BURP software.
+
+
+== History ==
+The main BURP website went online on 17 June 2004. At that time the only supported renderer was YafaRay (Yet Another Free Raytracer). That August it became clear that YafaRay was not the best choice, and focus was shifted towards Blender, a renderer with more features and a compact file format.
+By the end of October enough tests had been done to show that not only is the distributed rendering of 3D animations possible, it can achieve performance that rivals many commercial render farms. The current trend of increasing network bandwidth throughout the world will make it even more powerful. The rest of 2004 was used to improve and develop the website frontend for the system.
+Until May 2005, the Linux and Windows clients got major code overhauls and loads of tests were done to estimate and improve performance of several aspects of the data transfer systems. Most importantly, code for a mirrored storage and distribution system for the rendered output started to emerge.
+In May 2010, the project entered a beta stage, requiring users to agree to a new set of licensing rules based on the Creative Commons.
+High-frame-rate versions of the film Big Buck Bunny were rendered and released in 2013.
+Although many people have contributed to the source code since the start of the project, the majority of the BURP code base remains authored by Janus Kristensen, who continues as the head developer of the software.
+
+
+=== Open Rendering Environment (ORE) and Renderfarm.fi ===
+In 2007–2009, the Open Rendering Environment (ORE) project run by the Laurea University of Applied Sciences in Finland was created under guidance from Janus Kristensen and Julius Tuomisto, a team consisting mainly of undergraduate students started to do research on BURP for applications in Finnish small and medium-sized enterprises and third level education. For the project, an independent BURP server was set up in Finland and given the domain Renderfarm.fi, a name which the project was identified by until its closure in late 2014. 
+Upon its opening to a public beta in summer 2009, Renderfarm.fi claimed to be the world's first publicly distributed render farm that advocated the use of Creative Commons licensing. The main BURP project later followed suit and took up a similar licensing scheme. 
+Although they used similar back-end code, Renderfarm.fi and BURP had some notable differences in the way their front ends worked. For example, Renderfarm.fi used the open source Django web application framework for managing information on its website, whereas BURP relies on a custom solution based on BOINC's content management system.
+
+
+== BURP architecture ==
+The main design idea behind BURP is to use spare CPU cycles on participating computers around the world to render 3D images and animations submitted by the users of the BURP network - in other words to build a large shared render farm that can be freely used by those who also contribute computing power to it.
+The fundamental goal of this design is to give users access to computing power to render animations that would take an impossibly long time on a single computer. By dividing the work among hundreds of computers, an animation that takes possibly months to render in CPU time could be completed in only a few days. In tandem with this collaborative approach, BURP hopes to make animations and images public as soon as they are finished so that all participants will be able to see the outcome.
+
+
+=== Open by design ===
+When asked about whether the system encrypts or obfuscates the data it processes, Janus Kristensen stated in an August 2010 AssemblyTV interview: "No. The whole system is based on open ideas. When you send files to people, they can look into the files and see what's inside. Actually that's part of what's cool about a project like this. It's community based and not closed down or DRM protected in any way."
+
+
+=== Accessibility ===
+While the ORE project researched the possibilities of using BURP for education and business, it became evident that accessibility would be key in reaching users. The development focus within the ORE project soon shifted towards making BURP more accessible. A script for uploading work to a BURP project directly from within the Blender software was created to address these issues. The script lets the user input a rendering task (the file to be rendered as well as additional information), called a "session" through an XMLRPC interface on the BURP service. Since the release of Blender 2.5 Beta 3, the script has been available as an add-on in the main trunk of Blender.
+
+
+=== Supported render software ===
+Blender (software)
+
+
+== See also ==
+Parallel rendering
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+BURP source code Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
+Big Buck Bunny (rendered by BOINC volunteers) Archived 2016-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen_Gold_Medal-0.md

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+---
+title: "Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen_Gold_Medal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:11:20.468780+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal, named after radio pioneer Valdemar Poulsen, was awarded each year for outstanding research in the field of radio techniques and related fields by the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences.  The award was presented on November 23, the anniversary of Poulsen's birth.  The award was discontinued in 1993.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+1939 Valdemar Poulsen
+1946 Robert Watson-Watt
+1947 Ernst Alexanderson
+1948 Edward Victor Appleton
+1953 Balthasar van der Pol
+1956 Harald T. Friis
+1958 Hidetsugu Yagi
+1960 Charles P. Ginsburg
+1963 John R. Pierce
+1969 Jay Wright Forrester
+1973 J. B. Gunn
+1976 Andrew Bobeck
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Trophy-0.md

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+---
+title: "Wrigley Trophy"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Trophy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:11:22.729521+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Wrigley Trophy is an award given for motorboats. It was awarded as early as 1912 with a $1,500 cash prize. In 1912 the award was disputed when James A. Pugh contested the win by J. Stuart Blackton. He argued that Baby Reliance II was allowed a late entry and had already missed two rounds of competition.
+
+
+== Winners ==
+Cassandra (raceboat); George Griffith (1960) 
+Baby Reliance II, J. Stuart Blackton (1912) 
+
+
+== References ==