diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db
index 6ef6e5b7d..43fe64bab 100644
Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ef8db7dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut"
+chunk: 1/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:08.658762+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek ἄστρον (astron), meaning 'star', and ναύτης (nautes), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and space tourists. In the United States, it is a designated term used by three agencies: NASA, the FAA, and the military. The term is also used for people who are trained to fly in a spacecraft after passing certain training courses, regardless of their experience of space travel.
+"Astronaut" technically applies to all human space travelers regardless of nationality. However, astronauts fielded by Russia or the Soviet Union are typically known instead as cosmonauts (from the Russian "kosmos" (космос), meaning "space", also borrowed from Greek κόσμος). Comparatively recent developments in crewed spaceflight made by China have led to the rise of the term taikonaut (from the Mandarin "tàikōng" (太空), meaning "space"), although its use is somewhat informal and its origin is unclear. In China, the People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps astronauts and their foreign counterparts are all officially called hángtiānyuán (航天员, meaning "celestial navigator" or literally "heaven-sailing staff").
+As of April 2026, 781 humans have flown in space. Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut.
+
+== Definition ==
+
+The word "astronaut" is sometimes used in a strictly defined sense, such as in the United States, where it is a designated term used by three agencies: NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the military, with slightly different criteria for each. NASA and the military only use the term for their own employees who meet specific criteria. In Europe, the European Astronaut Corps calls graduates of their training program "ESA astronauts", being "active ESA staff having successfully completed Basic Astronaut training recognised by ESA or who have participated in a mission to space".  People who have completed this training are generally described as astronauts in the press, and the Collins and Cambridge English Dictionaries define "astronaut" as people who are trained to fly in a spacecraft. 
+In addition, the criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, with some focus on the point where the atmosphere becomes so thin that centrifugal force, rather than aerodynamic force, carries a significant portion of the weight of the flight object. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi). In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 80 kilometres (50 mi) are awarded astronaut wings.
+As of 17 November 2016, 552 people from 36 countries had reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of whom 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond.
+Of these, 28 people have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, either to lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or a loop around the Moon. Three of them—Jim Lovell, John Young and Eugene Cernan—did so twice.
+As of 8 November 2026, 676 humans had flown to space under the U.S. definition. Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles (80 km) in altitude, only one, Joseph A. Walker, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person in space twice. Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days (114.5-man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks. As of 2026, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Oleg Kononenko, who has spent over 1100 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, at 695 days.
+
+=== Schirra definition ===
+The veteran American astronaut, Wally Schirra (1923–2007), had firm views on the criteria that should apply for membership of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) – and on the definition of an astronaut. He devoted a whole chapter (My Ultimate Peer Group) of his 1988 autobiography, Schirra's Space, to a discussion of the subject. He argued that aircraft personnel not piloting an aircraft are not aviators, and applied the strict criterion that anyone in space not in control of the flight of the spacecraft is not an astronaut:My world as a test pilot is the fighter world. You don't see bombers in my inventory. [...] Before the shuttle—in Mercury, Gemini and Apollo—astronauts were aviators. [...] But then NASA began putting others on board, people they called mission and payload specialists. Now I think of them as similar to members of a bomber crew—a bombardier, a navigator. The specialists have important duties to perform, but they should not be confused with pilots. Nor should people who don't fly the spacecraft be called astronauts.
+
+== Terminology ==
+
+In 1959, when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called astronauts or cosmonauts. Dryden preferred "cosmonaut", on the grounds that flights would occur in and to the broader cosmos, while the "astro" prefix suggested flight specifically to the stars. Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred "astronaut", which survived by common usage as the preferred American term. When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term – космонавт – which anglicizes to "cosmonaut".
+
+=== Astronaut ===
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26e73fc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut"
+chunk: 2/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:08.658762+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A professional space traveler is called an astronaut. The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his 1930 short story "The Death's Head Meteor". The word itself had been known earlier; for example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de l'infini (1925) by J.-H. Rosny aîné, the word astronautique (astronautics) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied in 1784 to balloonists. An early use of "astronaut" in a non-fiction publication is Eric Frank Russell's poem "The Astronaut", appearing in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society.
+The first known formal use of the term astronautics in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual International Astronautical Congress in 1950, and the subsequent founding of the International Astronautical Federation the following year.
+NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps. The European Space Agency similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its Astronaut Corps.
+
+=== Cosmonaut ===
+
+By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its predecessor, the Soviet space program) is called a cosmonaut in English texts. The word is an Anglicization of kosmonavt (Russian: космонавт Russian pronunciation: [kəsmɐˈnaft]). Other countries of the former Eastern Bloc use variations of the Russian kosmonavt, such as the Polish: kosmonauta (although Poles also used astronauta, and the two words are considered synonyms).
+Coinage of the term космонавт has been credited to Soviet aeronautics (or "cosmonautics") pioneer Mikhail Tikhonravov (1900–1974). The first cosmonaut was Soviet Air Force pilot Yuri Gagarin, also the first person in space. He was part of the first six Soviet citizens, with German Titov, Yevgeny Khrunov, Andriyan Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, and Grigoriy Nelyubov, who were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961. Valentina Tereshkova was the first female cosmonaut and the first and youngest woman to have flown in space with a solo mission on the Vostok 6 in 1963. On 14 March 1995, Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, and thus became the first "American cosmonaut".
+
+=== Taikonaut ===
+
+In Chinese, the term Yǔ háng yuán (宇航员, "cosmos navigating personnel") is used for astronauts and cosmonauts in general, while hángtiān yuán (航天员, "Tian-navigating personnel") is used for Chinese astronauts. Here, hángtiān (航天 or spaceflight) is strictly defined as the navigation of outer space within the local star system, i.e. Solar System. The phrase tàikōng rén (太空人, "spaceman") is often used in Hong Kong and Taiwan.
+The term taikonaut is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional space travelers from China. The word has featured in the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries, and the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut Yang Liwei into space aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. This is the term used by Xinhua News Agency in the English version of the Chinese People's Daily since the advent of the Chinese space program. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih (趙裡昱) from Malaysia used it in newsgroups.
+
+=== Other terms ===
+
+With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.
+
+While no nation other than Russia (and previously the Soviet Union), the United States, and China have launched a crewed spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries, e.g. the Soviet-led Interkosmos program. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term spationaut (French: spationaute) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word spatium for "space"; the Malay term angkasawan (deriving from angkasa meaning 'space') was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program (note its similarity with the Indonesian term antariksawan). Plans of the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch its crewed Gaganyaan spacecraft have spurred at times public discussion if another term than astronaut should be used for the crew members, suggesting vyomanaut (from the Sanskrit word vyoman meaning 'sky' or 'space') or gagannaut (from the Sanskrit word gagan for 'sky'). In Finland, the NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra, a Finnish American, has sometimes been referred to as sisunautti, from the Finnish word sisu. Across Germanic languages, the word for "astronaut" typically translates to "space traveler", as it does with German's Raumfahrer, Dutch's ruimtevaarder, Swedish's rymdfarare, and Norwegian's romfarer.
+For its 2022 Astronaut Group, the European Space Agency envisioned recruiting an astronaut with a physical disability, a category they called "parastronauts", with the intention but not guarantee of spaceflight. The categories of disability considered for the program were individuals with lower limb deficiency (either through amputation or congenital), leg length difference, or a short stature (less than 130 centimetres or 4 feet 3 inches). On 23 November 2022, John McFall was selected to be the first ESA parastronaut; he has rejected the use of the term.
+As of 2021 in the United States, astronaut status is conferred on a person depending on the authorizing agency:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-2.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e74359d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut"
+chunk: 3/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:08.658762+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+one who flies in a vehicle above 50 miles (80 km) for NASA or the military is considered an astronaut (with no qualifier)
+one who flies in a vehicle to the International Space Station in a mission coordinated by NASA and Roscosmos is a spaceflight participant
+one who flies above 50 miles (80 km) in a non-NASA vehicle as a crewmember and demonstrates activities during flight that are essential to public safety, or contribute to human space flight safety, is considered a commercial astronaut by the Federal Aviation Administration
+one who flies to the International Space Station as part of a "privately funded, dedicated commercial spaceflight on a commercial launch vehicle dedicated to the mission ... to conduct approved commercial and marketing activities on the space station (or in a commercial segment attached to the station)" is considered a private astronaut by NASA (as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)
+On July 20, 2021, the FAA issued an order redefining the eligibility criteria to be an astronaut in response to the private suborbital spaceflights of Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson. The new criteria states that one must have "[d]emonstrated activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to
+human space flight safety" to qualify as an astronaut. This new definition excludes Bezos and Branson.
+
+== Space travel milestones ==
+
+The first human in space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin, who was launched on 12 April 1961, aboard Vostok 1 and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes. The first woman in space was Soviet Valentina Tereshkova, who launched on 16 June 1963, aboard Vostok 6 and orbited Earth for almost three days.
+Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on 5 May 1961, on a 15-minute sub-orbital flight aboard Freedom 7. The first American to orbit the Earth was John Glenn, aboard Friendship 7 on 20 February 1962. The first American woman in space was Sally Ride, during Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-7, on 18 June 1983. In 1992, Mae Jemison became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard STS-47.
+Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the first person to conduct an extravehicular activity (EVA), (commonly called a "spacewalk"), on 18 March 1965, on the Soviet Union's Voskhod 2 mission. This was followed two and a half months later by astronaut Ed White who made the first American EVA on NASA's Gemini 4 mission.
+The first crewed mission to orbit the Moon, Apollo 8, included American William Anders who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968.
+The Soviet Union, through its Intercosmos program, allowed people from multiple other countries, mostly Soviet-allied but also including from France and Austria, to participate in Soyuz TM-7 and Soyuz TM-13, respectively. This made the Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek the first cosmonaut/astronaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States to fly to space in 1978 on a Soyuz-U rocket.
+On 23 July 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz 37. Also in 1980, Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became the first person of black African descent, as well as the first Hispanic astronaut. In 1983, Guion Bluford became the first African American to fly into space. In April 1985, the Taiwanese-American Taylor Wang became the first ethnic Chinese person in space. 
+With the increase of seats on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. also began taking international astronauts. In 1983, Ulf Merbold of West Germany became the first non-US citizen to fly in a US spacecraft. In 1984, Marc Garneau became the first of eight Canadian astronauts to fly in space (through 2010). The first person born in Africa to fly in space was Patrick Baudry of France, in 1985. In same NASA flight as the Frenchman was the Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud, who became the first Muslim and Arab astronaut.
+In 1985, Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican-born person in space. In 1991, Helen Sharman became the first Briton to fly in space.
+In 2001, American Dennis Tito became the first space tourist, after paying a fee for a trip aboard Russian spacecraft Soyuz. In 2002, another private tourist, the South African Mark Shuttleworth, became the first citizen of an African country to fly into space.
+On 15 October 2003, Yang Liwei became China's first astronaut on its own spacecraft, the Shenzhou 5.
+On 6 April 2026, the Artemis II crew reached the farthest point from earth for a crewed spaceflight mission.
+
+=== Age milestones ===
+The youngest person to reach space is Oliver Daemen, who was 18 years and 11 months old when he made a suborbital spaceflight on Blue Origin NS-16. Daemen, who was a commercial passenger aboard the New Shepard, broke the record of Soviet cosmonaut Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2. Titov remains the youngest human to reach orbit; he rounded the planet 17 times. Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness and the first person to sleep in space, twice.
+The oldest person to reach space is William Shatner, who was 90 years old when he made a suborbital spaceflight on Blue Origin NS-18. The oldest person to reach orbit is John Glenn, one of the Mercury 7, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95.
+
+=== Duration and distance milestones ===
+The longest time spent in space was by Russian Valeri Polyakov, who spent 438 days there.
+As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km (249,205 mi), when Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise went around the Moon during the Apollo 13 emergency.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-3.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12213a978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut"
+chunk: 4/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:08.658762+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Civilian and non-government milestones ===
+The first civilian in space was Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 (she also became the first woman in space on that mission).
+Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force, which did not accept female pilots at that time. A month later, Joseph Albert Walker became the first American civilian in space when his X-15 Flight 90 crossed the 100 kilometers (54 nautical miles) line, qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight. Walker had joined the US Army Air Force but was not a member during his flight.
+The first people in space who had never been a member of any country's armed forces were both Konstantin Feoktistov and Boris Yegorov aboard Voskhod 1.
+The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg, a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS-9 in 1983. In December 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler and the first journalist in space for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut". Akiyama suffered severe space sickness during his mission, which affected his productivity.
+The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001.
+
+=== Self-funded travelers ===
+
+The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a suborbital journey, although he was a test pilot employed by Scaled Composites and not an actual paying space tourist. Jared Isaacman was the first person to self-fund a mission to orbit, commanding Inspiration4 in 2021. Nine others have paid Space Adventures to fly to the International Space Station:
+
+Dennis Tito (American): 28 April – 6 May 2001
+Mark Shuttleworth (South African): 25 April – 5 May 2002
+Gregory Olsen (American): 1–11 October 2005
+Anousheh Ansari (Iranian / American): 18–29 September 2006
+Charles Simonyi (Hungarian / American): 7–21 April 2007, 26 March – 8 April 2009
+Richard Garriott (British / American): 12–24 October 2008
+Guy Laliberté (Canadian): 30 September 2009 – 11 October 2009
+Yusaku Maezawa and Yozo Hirano (both Japanese): 8 – 24 December 2021
+
+== Training ==
+
+The first NASA astronauts were selected for training in 1959. Early in the space program, military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott Carpenter (of the Mercury Seven) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection. Selection was initially limited to military pilots. The earliest astronauts for both the US and the USSR tended to be jet fighter pilots, and were often test pilots.
+Once selected, NASA astronauts go through twenty months of training in a variety of areas, including training for extravehicular activity in a facility such as NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. Astronauts-in-training (astronaut candidates) may also experience short periods of weightlessness (microgravity) in an aircraft called the "Vomit Comet," the nickname given to a pair of modified KC-135s (retired in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a C-9) which perform parabolic flights. Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in T-38 jet aircraft out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Johnson Space Center. Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from Edwards Air Force Base.
+Astronauts in training must learn how to control and fly the Space Shuttle; further, it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there.
+
+=== NASA candidacy requirements ===
+
+The candidate must be a citizen of the United States.
+The candidate must complete a master's degree in a STEM field, including engineering, biological science, physical science, computer science or mathematics.
+The candidate must have at least two years of related professional experience obtained after degree completion or at least 1,000 hours pilot-in-command time on jet aircraft.
+The candidate must be able to pass the NASA long-duration flight astronaut physical.
+The candidate must also have skills in leadership, teamwork and communications.
+The master's degree requirement can also be met by:
+
+Two years of work toward a doctoral program in a related science, technology, engineering or math field.
+A completed Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree.
+Completion of a nationally recognized test pilot school program.
+
+==== Mission Specialist Educator ====
+
+Applicants must have a bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level. An advanced degree, such as a master's degree or a doctoral degree, is not required, but is strongly desired.
+Mission Specialist Educators, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004; as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger.
+Barbara Morgan, selected as back-up teacher to Christa McAuliffe in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist.
+The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the Teacher in Space program from the 1980s.
+
+== Health risks of space travel ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-4.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b3c28706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut"
+chunk: 5/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:08.658762+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, loss of eyesight, orthostatic intolerance, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury. A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) to address these issues. Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.
+A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that Salmonella typhimurium, a bacterium that can cause food poisoning, became more virulent when cultivated in space. More recently, in 2017, bacteria were found to be more resistant to antibiotics and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space. Microorganisms have been observed to survive the vacuum of outer space.
+On 31 December 2012, a NASA-supported study reported that human spaceflight may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
+In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars.
+Over the last decade, flight surgeons and scientists at NASA have seen a pattern of vision problems in astronauts on long-duration space missions. The syndrome, known as visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP), has been reported in nearly two-thirds of space explorers after long periods spent aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
+On 2 November 2017, scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken trips in space, based on MRI studies. Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes.
+Being in space can be physiologically deconditioning on the body. It can affect the otolith organs and adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system. Zero gravity and cosmic rays can cause many implications for astronauts.
+In October 2018, NASA-funded researchers found that lengthy journeys into outer space, including travel to the planet Mars, may substantially damage the gastrointestinal tissues of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and age them prematurely.
+Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the International Space Station (ISS) of five Enterobacter bugandensis bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that microorganisms on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts.
+A study by Russian scientists published in April 2019 stated that astronauts facing space radiation could face temporary hindrance of their memory centers. While this does not affect their intellectual capabilities, it temporarily hinders formation of new cells in brain's memory centers. The study conducted by Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) concluded this after they observed that mice exposed to neutron and gamma radiation did not impact the rodents' intellectual capabilities.
+A 2020 study conducted on the brains of eight male Russian cosmonauts after they returned from long stays aboard the International Space Station showed that long-duration spaceflight causes many physiological adaptions, including macro- and microstructural changes. While scientists still know little about the effects of spaceflight on brain structure, this study showed that space travel can lead to new motor skills (dexterity), but also slightly weaker vision, both of which could possibly be long lasting. It was the first study to provide clear evidence of sensorimotor neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to change through growth and reorganization.
+
+== Food and drink ==
+
+An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about 830 g (29 oz) mass of food per meal each day (inclusive of about 120 g or 4.2 oz packaging mass per meal).
+Space Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appealed to their individual tastes. Five months before flight, menus were selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician. Foods are tested to see how they will react in a reduced gravity environment. Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula. On Earth, the average American uses about 35 US gallons (130 L) of water every day. On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three US gallons (11 L) per day.
+
+== Insignia ==
+
+In Russia, cosmonauts are awarded Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation upon completion of their missions, often accompanied with the award of Hero of the Russian Federation. This follows the practice established in the USSR where cosmonauts were usually awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
+At NASA, those who complete astronaut candidate training receive a silver lapel pin. Once they have flown in space, they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge, after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
+
+== Deaths ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-5.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cac8a6f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut-5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut"
+chunk: 6/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:08.658762+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+As of 2020, eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have died during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American, four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli.
+As of 2020, eleven people (all men) have died training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments.
+Astronaut David Scott left a memorial consisting of a statuette titled Fallen Astronaut on the surface of the Moon during his 1971 Apollo 15 mission, along with a list of the names of eight of the astronauts and six cosmonauts known at the time to have died in service.
+The Space Mirror Memorial, which stands on the grounds of the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States. In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of an X-15 test pilot, a U.S. Air Force officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, and a civilian spaceflight participant.
+
+== See also ==
+
+== Explanatory notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+"The Human Body in Space". NASA. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
+NASA: How to become an astronaut 101 Archived 18 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
+List of International partnership organizations Archived 26 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
+Encyclopedia Astronautica: Phantom cosmonauts
+collectSPACE: Astronaut appearances calendar
+spacefacts Spacefacts.de
+Manned astronautics: facts and figures
+Astronaut Candidate Brochure online Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31ebfe53c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut training"
+chunk: 1/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:09.906443+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Astronaut training describes the complex process of preparing astronauts in regions around the world for their space missions before, during and after the flight, which includes medical tests, physical training, extra-vehicular activity (EVA) training, wilderness survival training, water survival training, robotics training, procedure training, rehabilitation process, as well as training on experiments they will perform during their stay in space.
+Virtual and physical training facilities have been integrated to familiarize astronauts with the conditions they will encounter during all phases of flight and prepare astronauts for a microgravity environment. Special considerations must be made during training to ensure a safe and successful mission, which is why the Apollo astronauts received training for geology field work on the Lunar surface and why research is being conducted on best practices for future extended missions, such as trips to Mars.
+
+== Purpose of training ==
+
+=== Training flow ===
+The selection and training of astronauts are integrated processes to ensure the crew members are qualified for space missions. The training is categorized into five objectives to train the astronauts on the general and specific aspects: basic training, advanced training, mission-specific training, onboard training, and proficiency maintenance training. The trainees must learn medicine, language, robotics and piloting, space system engineering, the organization of space systems, and the acronyms in aerospace engineering during the basic training. While 60% to 80% of the astronauts will experience space motion sickness, including pallor, cold sweating, vomiting, and anorexia, the astronaut candidates are expected to overcome the sickness. During the advanced training and the mission specific training, astronauts will learn about the operation of specific systems and skills required associated with their assigned positions in a space mission. The mission specific training typically requires 18 months to complete for Space Shuttle and International Space Station crews. It is important to ensure the astronauts' well-being, physical and mental health prior, during, and after the mission period. Proficiency maintenance aims to help the crew members to maintain a minimum level of performance, including topics such as extravehicular activity, robotics, language, diving, and flight training.
+
+=== Launch and landing ===
+The effects of launching and landing have various effects on astronauts, with the most significant effects that occur being space motion sickness, orthostatic intolerance, and cardiovascular events.
+Space motion sickness is an event that can occur within minutes of being in changing gravity environments (i.e. from 1g on Earth prior to launch to more than 1g during launch, and then from microgravity in space to hypergravity during re-entry and again to 1g after landing). The symptoms range from drowsiness and headaches, to nausea and vomiting. There are three general categories of space motion sickness:
+
+Mild: One to several transient symptoms, no operational impact
+Moderate: Several symptoms of persistent nature, minimal operational impact
+Severe: Several symptoms of persistent nature, significant impact on performance
+About three-fourths of astronauts experience space motion sickness, with effects rarely exceeding two days. 
+There is a risk for post-flight motion sickness, however this is only significant following long-duration space missions. Post-flight, following exposure to microgravity, the vestibular system, located in the inner ear is disrupted because of the microgravity-induced unresponsiveness of the otoliths which are small calcareous concretions that sense body postures and are responsible for ensuring proper balance. In most cases, this leads to some postflight postural illusions.
+Cardiovascular events represent important factors during the three phases of a space mission. They can be divided in:
+
+Pre-existing cardiovascular diseases: these are typically selected-out during astronaut selection, but if they are present in an astronaut they can worsen over the course of the spaceflight.
+Cardiovascular events and changes occurring during spaceflight: these are due to body fluids shift and redistribution, heart rhythm disturbances and decrease in maximal exercise capacity in the micro gravity environment. These effects can potentially lead the crew to be severely incapacitated upon return to a gravitational environment and thus unable to egress a spacecraft without assistance.
+Orthostatic intolerance leading to syncope during post-flight stand test.
+
+=== On-orbit operations ===
+
+Astronauts are trained in preparation for the conditions of launch as well as the harsh environment of space. This training aims to prepare the crew for events falling under two broad categories: events relating to operation of the spacecraft (internal events), and events relating to the space environment (external events)
+
+During training, astronauts are familiarized with the engineering systems of the spacecraft including spacecraft propulsion, spacecraft thermal control, and life support systems. In addition to this, astronauts receive training in orbital mechanics, scientific experimentation, earth observation, and astronomy. This training is particularly important for missions when an astronaut will encounter multiple systems (for example on the International Space Station (ISS)). Training is performed in order to prepare astronauts for events that may pose a hazard to their health, the health of the crew, or the successful completion of the mission. These types of events may be: failure of a critical life support system, capsule depressurization, fire, and other life-threatening events. In addition to the need to train for hazardous events, astronauts will also need to train to ensure the successful completion of their mission. This could be in the form of training for EVA, scientific experimentation, or spacecraft piloting.
+
+==== External events ====
+External events refer more broadly to the ability to live and work in the extreme environment of space. This includes adaptation to microgravity (or weightlessness), isolation, confinement, and radiation. The difficulties associated with living and working in microgravity include spatial disorientation, motion sickness, and vertigo. During long-duration missions, astronauts will often experience isolation and confinement. This has been known to limit performance of astronaut crews and hence training aims to prepare astronauts for such challenges. The long-term effects of radiation on crews is still largely unknown. However, it is theorized that astronauts on a trip to Mars will likely receive more than 1000x the radiation dosage of a typical person on Earth. As such, present and future training must incorporate systems and processes for protecting astronauts against radiation.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89bfb1d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut training"
+chunk: 2/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:09.906443+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Science experiments ===
+Scientific experimentation are the primary focus of the International Space Station, and is a mandatory part of training. Once on-orbit, communication between astronauts and scientists on the ground can be limited, so astronauts must be familiar with their assigned experiments.
+For missions to the ISS, each astronaut is required to become proficient at one hundred or more experiments. During training, the scientists responsible for the experiments do not have direct contact with the astronauts who will be carrying them out. Instead, scientists instruct trainers who in turn prepare the astronauts for carrying out the experiment. Much of this training is done at the European Astronaut Center.
+For human experiments, scientists describe their experiments to astronauts who then choose whether to participate on board the ISS. For these experiments, the astronauts will be tested before, during, and after the mission to establish a baseline and determine when the astronaut returned to the baseline.
+
+== Training by region ==
+
+=== United States ===
+At NASA, following the selection phase, the so-called "AsCans" (Astronaut candidates) have to undergo up to two years of training to become fully qualified astronauts.
+Initially, all AsCans must go through basic training to learn both technical and soft skills. There are 16 different technical courses in:
+
+Life support systems
+Orbital mechanics
+Payload deployment
+Earth observations
+Space physiology and medicine
+
+AsCans initially go through Basic Training, where they are trained on Soyuz, and ISS systems, flight safety and operations, as well as land and water survival. Pilot AsCans will receive training on NASA's T-38 Trainer Jet. Furthermore, because modern space exploration is done by a consortium of different countries and is a very publicly visible area, astronauts received professional and cultural training, as well as language courses (specifically in Russian).
+Following completion of Basic Training candidates proceed to NASA's Advanced Training. AsCans are trained on life-sized models to get a feel of what they will be doing in space. This was done both through the use of the Shuttle Training Aircraft while it was still operational and is done through simulation mock-ups. The shuttle training aircraft was exclusively used by the commander and pilot astronauts for landing practices until the retirement of the Shuttle, while advanced simulation system facilities are used by all the candidates to learn how to work and successfully fulfill their tasks in the space environment. Simulators and EVA training facilities help candidates to best prepare for their different mission operations. In particular, vacuum chambers, parabolic flights, and neutral buoyancy facilities (NBF) allow candidates to get acclimated to the micro gravity environment, particularly for EVA. Virtual reality is also becoming increasingly used as a tool to immerse AsCans into the space environment.
+
+The final phase is the Intensive Training. It starts about three months prior to launch, preparing candidates for their assigned mission. Flight-specific integrated simulations are designed to provide a dynamic testing ground for mission rules and flight procedures. The final Intensive Training joint crew/flight controller training is carried out in parallel with mission planning. This phase is where candidates will undergo mission specific operational training, as well as experience with their assigned experiments. Crew medical officer training is also included to effectively intervene with proactive and reactive actions in case of medical issues.
+
+==== Notable training facilities ====
+
+It can take up to two years for an AsCan to become formally qualified as an astronaut. Usually, the training process are completed with various training facilities available in NASA: Space training facilities try to replicate or simulate the experience of spaceflight in a spacecraft as closely and realistically as possible. This includes full-size cockpit replicas mounted on hydraulic rams and controlled by state of the art computer technology; elaborate watertanks for simulation of weightlessness; and devices used by scientists to study the physics and environment of outer space.
+
+Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility (SVMF): located in the Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. The SVMF consists of life-size models of vehicles of the ISS, the Orion, and different other commercial programs. The purpose of SVMF is to provide a unique simulated experience for astronauts to get familiar with their tasks in space vehicles. Potential training projects include preparation of emergency, on-orbit intra-vehicular maintenance, and airlock operations. The facility also provides experiences for astronauts in real-time communications with the ground team for mission support.
+KC-135 Stratotanker: the KC-135 is an air-refueling plane designed by Boeing. Known as the "Weightless Wonder" or the "Vomit Comet", this plane is the most famous of its kind, which has served to simulate reduced or microgravity environments for NASA astronauts since 1994. The "roller coaster" maneuvers that the plane is capable of doing provide people as well as equipment on board about 20–25 seconds of weightlessness.
+The Precision Air-Bearing Floor (PABF): located in the Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. Because of the microgravity environment in space, the resulting lack of friction posts difficulties for astronauts to move and stop large objects. The PABF is a "flat floor" that uses compressed air to suspend typical hardware or mock-ups that astronauts may encounter in space above the ground. It is used to simulate low-friction environments for astronauts to learn to move large objects.
+The Neutral Buoyancy Lab: (NBL): located in the Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. Through a combination of weighting and floating effects, the NBL creates a balance between the tendencies to sink and to float, and therefore simulating the experience of weightlessness. In the NBL, several full-size models of the space vehicles are present in a large "water tank". Unlike the SVMF, the NBL helps astronauts train on projects such as maintenance, but outside of the space vehicle.
+
+=== Europe ===
+Astronaut training in Europe is carried out by the European Astronaut Centre (EAC), headquartered in Cologne, Germany. European training has three phases: Basic training, Advanced training, and Increment Specific Training.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-2.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..810447b7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut training"
+chunk: 3/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:09.906443+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+For all ESA selected astronauts, Basic Training begins at the EAC headquarters. This section of the training cycle has four separate training blocks that last 16 months. Astronauts will receive an orientation on the major spacefaring nations, their space agencies, and all major crewed and uncrewed space programs. Training in this phase also looks into applicable laws and policies of the space sector. Technical (including engineering, astrodynamics, propulsion, orbital mechanics, etc.) and scientific (including human physiology, biology, earth observation, and astronomy) basics are introduced, to ensure that all new astronauts have the required base level of knowledge. Training is done on ISS operations and facilities, including an introduction to all major operating systems on board the ISS that are required for its functionality as a crewed space research laboratory. This phase also covers in-depth systems operations for all spacecraft that service the ISS (e.g. Soyuz, Progress, Automatic Transfer Vehicle (ATV), and the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)), as well as ground control and launch facility training. This training phase also focuses on skills such as robotic operations, rendezvous and docking, Russian language courses, human behavior and performance, and finally a PADI open water scuba diving course. This scuba course provides basic EVA training at ESA's NBF before moving on to the larger NASA training facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
+Advanced Training includes a much more in-depth look into the ISS, including learning how to service and operate all systems. Enhanced science training is also implemented at this time to ensure all astronauts can perform science experiments on board the ISS. This phase takes around one year to complete and training is completed across the ISS partner network, no longer only at the EAC. It is only upon completion of this phase that astronauts are assigned to a spaceflight.
+Increment-Specific Training starts only after an astronaut has been assigned to a flight. This phase lasts 18 months and prepares them for their role on their assigned mission. During this phase crew members as well as backup crews will train together. The crew tasks on the ISS are individually tailored, with consideration to the astronaut's particular experience and professional background. There are three different user levels for all on-board equipment (i.e. user level, operator level, and specialist level). A crew member can be a specialist on systems while also only being an operator or user on others, hence why the training program is individually tailored. Increment Specific Training also includes training to deal with off-nominal situations. Astronauts will also learn how to run the experiments that are specifically scheduled for their assigned missions.
+
+=== Russia ===
+
+Training for cosmonauts falls into three phases: General Space Training, Group Training, and Crew Training. General Space Training lasts about two years and consists of classes, survival training, and a final exam which determines whether a cosmonaut will be a test or research cosmonaut. The next year is devoted to Group Training where cosmonauts specialize in the Soyuz or ISS as well as professional skills. The final phases, the Crew Training phase, lasts a year and a half and is dedicated to detailed vehicle operations procedures, ISS training, and the English language.
+Training primarily takes place at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. The center facilities have full size mockups of all major Soviet and Russian spacecraft including the ISS. As with the ISS astronauts, cosmonauts train in the US, Germany, Japan, and Canada for specific training in the various ISS modules.
+
+=== Japan ===
+The Japanese human spaceflight program has historically focused on training astronauts for Space Shuttle missions. As such, training previously took place at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, and followed that of NASA astronauts and other international participants in the Space Shuttle program.
+
+Since the development of domestic training facilities at the Tsukuba Space Center, training has increasingly taken place in Japan. With Japan's participation in the ISS, the training of Japanese astronauts follows a similar structure to that of other ISS partners. Astronauts carry out 1.5 years of Basic Training mainly at Tsukuba, followed by 1.5–2 years of Advanced Training at Tsukuba and ISS partner sites. Training for any international ISS astronauts involving the Kibo module will also be carried out at Tsukuba Space Center.
+Advanced Training is followed by Increment-Specific Training, which, along with any Kibo training, will be carried out at Tsukuba. EVA training for Kibo takes place in the Weightless Environment Test System (WETS). WETS is a Neutral Buoyancy Facility featuring a full-scale mock-up of the Kibo module on the ISS. The Tsukuba Space Center also includes medical facilities for assessing suitability of candidates, an isolation chamber for simulating some of the mental and emotional stressors of long duration spaceflight, and a hypobaric chamber for training in hull breach or Life Support System failure scenarios resulting in a reduction or loss of air pressure.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-3.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5468622b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut training"
+chunk: 4/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:09.906443+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== China ===
+Although official details of the selection process for the Shenzhou program are not available, what is known is that candidates are chosen by the Chinese National Space Administration from the Chinese air force and must be between 25 and 30 years of age, with a minimum of 800 hours flying time, and a degree-level education. Candidates must be between 160 cm and 172 cm in height, and between 50 kg and 70 kg in weight.
+For China's Shenzhou astronauts, training begins with a year-long program of education in the basics of spaceflight. During this period, candidates are also introduced to human physiology and psychology. The second phase of training, lasting nearly 3 years involves extensive training in piloting the Shenzhou vehicle in nominal and emergency modes. The third and final stage of training is mission specific training, and lasts approximately 10 months. During this phase of training, astronauts are trained in the high fidelity Shenzhou trainer, as well as the Neutral Buoyancy Facility located at the Astronaut Center of China (ACC), in Beijing. As well as time spent in the Neutral Buoyancy Facility (NBF), training for EVA takes place in a high vacuum, low temperature chamber that simulates the environmental conditions of space. At all stages of training, astronauts undergo physical conditioning, including time in a human centrifuge located at the ACC, and a program of micro gravity flights, carried out in Russia.
+
+=== India ===
+The Indian human space flight program still awaits a formal go ahead. Once cleared, the mission is expected to take two Indians in a Soyuz-type orbital vehicle into low Earth orbit. The training for these astronauts should be based on the lessons learned from training India's only Cosmonaut Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma (See Salyut-7 1984) and through India's international co-operation with NASA and Roscosmos. India may proceed with its human spaceflight program on its own, which would require the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to develop its own training program. India plans to build an astronaut training facility and biomedical engineering centre 8 to 10 kilometres from Kempegowda International Airport. This facility will be used for future astronaut training, as training for India's first crewed mission will take place in the US or in Russia. The Kempegowda centre will have chambers for radiation regulation, thermal cycling and centrifugal acceleration training.
+
+== Future training ==
+
+=== Long-duration missions to the Moon or Mars ===
+
+Astronauts for long-term missions–such as those to the Moon or Mars–need to carry out multiple tasks and duties, because on such missions the astronauts will need to function largely autonomously, and will need to be proficient in many different areas. For these types of missions, the training to prepare astronauts will likely include training as doctors, scientists, engineers, technicians, pilots, and geologists. In addition there will be a focus on the psychological aspects of long-duration missions where crew is largely isolated.
+Currently a six-month mission to the ISS requires up to five years of astronaut training. This level of training is to be expected and likely to be expanded upon for future space exploration missions. It may also include in-flight training aspects. It may be possible that the ISS will be used as a long-duration astronaut training facility in the future.
+A powerful tool for astronaut training will be the continuing use of analog environments, including NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NOAA NEEMO), NASA's Desert Research and Technology Studies (Desert RATS), Envihab (planned), Flight Analog Research Unit, Haughton-Mars Project, or even the ISS (in-flight). 
+
+Human-Robot Interaction is expected to play a large role in long-duration missions. Robots assistants and extreme environment explorers free astronauts from mundane tasks and protects them from unnecessary risks. Between 2011 and 2018 the humanoid Robonaut 2 was tested on the ISS.
+Training also has to be evolved for future Moon landings to a human mission to Mars. Factors like crew dynamics, crew size, and crew activities play a crucial role as these missions would last from one year to Moon to three years on Mars. The training required for such missions has to be versatile, intercultural and easy to learn, adapt, and improvise.
+A journey to Mars will require astronauts to remain in the crew capsule for nine months. The monotony and isolation of the journey present psychological challenges. The long period spent in the crew capsule is comparable to other forms of solitary confinement, such as in submarines or Antarctic bases. Being in an isolated and confined environment generates stress, interpersonal conflict, and other behavioral and mental problems.
+Researchers are looking into how existing mental health tools can be adjusted to help the crew face stressors that will arise in an isolated, confined environment (ICE) during extended missions. The International Space Station uses a behavioral conflict management system known as the Virtual Space Station (VSS) to minimize conflict between crew members and address psychological challenges. The program has modules that focus on relationship management, stress and depression that guide astronaut's through a virtual therapy session in space.
+
+== Virtual reality astronaut training ==
+
+=== History ===
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-4.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccec3a7f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut training"
+chunk: 5/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:09.906443+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Virtual reality technologies first came to a commercial release in the 1990s. It is not until then did people realize that VR can be used in training astronauts. The earlier VR gears for astronaut training are dedicated to enhance the communication between robot arm operators and the astronaut during Extravehicular Activities (EVA). It brings EVA crew members and robot arm operators together, in live, even when they are on board a spacecraft. It is also used to replace some of the oversized models that cannot fit in the Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL).
+In 1993, astronauts were trained and evaluated on working on the Hubble Space Telescope through a virtual reality training tool, Research in Human Factors Aspects of Enhanced Virtual Environments for EVA Training and Simulation (RAVEN). However, the aim of RAVEN was not to train astronauts but to evaluate the efficacy of training using virtual reality versus underwater and other setup.
+Virtual reality can be used for mission planning, cooperative and interactive designing, and engineering problem-solving, among other use cases.
+
+=== Current virtual reality training ===
+While the extravehicular activities (EVAs) training facility can simulate the space conditions, including pressure and lighting, the Micro-g environment cannot be fully reconstructed in the Earth's 1-G environment. Virtual reality is utilized during EVA training to increase the immersion of the training process. NASA Johnson Space Center has facilities such as the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility (SVMF), Virtual Reality Laboratory (VRL), and Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL).
+The SVMF uses the Partial Gravity Simulator (PGS) and air bearing floor (PABF) to simulate the zero-gravity and the effects of Newton's laws of motion. Similar training systems originated from the Apollo and Gemini training. Virtual reality enhances an astronaut's senses during training modules like fluid quick disconnect operations, spacewalks, and the orbiter's Space Shuttle thermal protection system (TPS) repairs.
+NASA Virtual Reality Laboratory utilizes virtual reality to supplement the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) as simplified aid. The VR training offers a graphical 3-dimensional simulation of the International Space Station (ISS) with a headset, haptic feedback gloves, and motion tracker. In 2018, two Expedition 55 astronauts Richard R. Arnold and Andrew J. Feustel, received virtual reality training and performed the 210th spacewalk. The Virtual Reality Laboratory offers astronauts an immersive VR experience for spacewalks before launching into space. The training process combines a graphical rendering program that replicates the ISS and a device called the Charlotte Robot that allows astronauts to visually explore their surroundings while interacting with an object. The Charlotte robot is a simple device with a metal arm attached to the side that allows a user to interact with the device. The user wears haptic feedback gloves with force sensors that send signals to a central computer. In response, the central computer maneuvers the device using a web of cables and calculates how it would act in space through physics. While objects are weightless in space, an astronaut has to be familiar with an object's forces of inertia and understand how the object will respond to simple motions to avoid losing it in space. Training can be completed individually or with a partner. This allows astronauts to learn how to interact with mass and moments of inertia in a microgravity environment.
+The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) has advantages in simulating a zero-gravity environment and reproducing the sensation of floating in space. The training method is achieved by constructing a low gravity environment through Maintaining the Natural buoyancy in one of the largest pools in the world. The NBL pool used to practice extravehicular activities or spacewalks is 62 meters (203 feet) long, 31 meters (102 feet) wide, and 12 meters (39 feet) deep, with a capacity of 6.2 million gallons. Underwater head-mounted display virtual reality headset is used to provide visual information during the training with a frame rate of 60 fps and screen resolution of 1280 by 1440. The underwater VR training system has a reduced training cost because of the accessibility of the VR applications, and astronauts need less time to complete the assigned practice task.
+Despite the NASA training modules, commercial spaceflight training also uses virtual reality technology to improve their training systems. Boeing's virtual reality team develops a training system for Boeing Starliner to train astronauts to transport between the Earth and the ISS. The VR training system can simulate high-speed situations and emergency scenarios, for instance, launching, entering the space, and landing at an unexpected location.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-5.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2beb1d36d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training-5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+---
+title: "Astronaut training"
+chunk: 6/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_training"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:09.906443+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Advantages of virtual reality training ===
+Visual reorientation is a phenomenon that happens when the perception of an object changes because of the changing visual field and cues. This illusion will alter the astronaut's perception of the orienting force of gravity and then lose spatial direction. The astronauts must develop good spatial awareness and orientation to overcome visual reorientation. In the traditional disorientation training, for instance, the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center trains the astronaut by simulating a microgravity environment through a centrifuge. In contrast, VR training requires less gear, training the astronauts more economically.
+Virtual reality training utilizes the mix-realistic interaction devices, such as cockpits in flight simulators can reduce the simulation sickness and increase user movement. Compared to traditional training, VR training performs better to minimize the effects of space motion sickness and spatial disorientation. Astronauts who received VR training can perform the task 12% faster, with a 53% decrease in nausea symptoms.
+While VR is used in astronaut training on the ground, immersive technology also contributes to on-orbit training. VR head-mounted display can help the astronaut maintain physical well-being as part of proficiency maintenance training. Moreover, VR systems are used to ensure the mental health of the crewmembers. The simulations of social scenarios can mitigate the stress and establish the connectedness under the isolated and confined environment (ICE).
+Virtual reality acclimates astronauts to environments in space such as the International Space Station before leaving earth. While astronauts can familiarize themselves with the ISS during training in the NBL, they are only able to see certain sections of the station. While it prepares astronauts for the tasks they are performing in space, it does not necessarily give them a full spatial understanding of the station's layout. That's where Virtual Reality plays an important role. The Virtual Reality Lab uses a system known as the Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics program (DOUG) to model the ISS's exterior including decals, fluid lines, and electrical lines, so that the crew can acclimate to their new environment. The level of detail goes beyond the exterior of the station. When a user enters space, they see pure black until their pupil's dilate and the sky fills with stars in an occurrence called the 'blooming effect'.
+
+=== Disadvantages of virtual reality training ===
+While virtual reality prepares astronauts for the unfamiliar tasks they will face in outer space, the training is unable to replicate the psychological and emotional stress that astronauts face on a daily basis. This is because virtual tasks do not hold the same repercussions as the real task and the technology does not produce strong psychological effects, like claustrophobia, that often occurs in enclosed environments.
+Stimulating a virtual microgravity environment can be costly due to additional equipment requirements. Unlike commercialized virtual reality, the equipment that NASA uses cannot be produced at a large scale because the systems require supplemental technology. Several VR programs work in combination with the Neutral Buoyancy Lab or the Charlotte Robot in the Virtual Reality Lab which requires expensive facilities and does not eliminate the travel component that VR can minimize. NASA's Charlotte robot is restricted by cables that simulate the microgravity environment and the Virtual Reality Lab only has two machines in their possession. This particular training system requires a virtual glovebox system (GVX) that has been incorporated into training at NASA and the EVA virtual system at the Astronaut Center of China. Using sensors embedded in the fabric, the gloves can sense when the wearer decides to grasp an object or release it, but the technology needs to be further developed to integrate precise user movements into virtual programs. These gloves have been reported to be uncomfortable and only capture limited movements. Full-body motion sensors have also been incorporated into training and tend to be expensive but necessary in order to have effective tactile feedback in response to the astronauts' movements. While virtual reality programs have been developed that do not require full-body sensors, the absence reduces the degree to which a user can interact with the virtual world.
+
+=== Future ===
+The primary focus of future research on virtual reality technologies in space exploration is to develop a method of simulating a microgravity environment. Although it has been a goal since the beginning of VR being used in astronaut training, minor progress has been made. The current setup uses a bungee rope attached to a person's feet, a swing attached to the body, and finally a head mounted VR display. However, from participants in experiments that use this setup to simulate reduced gravity environments, they only experience the feel of moving around in space with the help of VR, but the experience does not resemble a real zero-gravity environment in outer space. Specifically, the pressure from the bungee rope and the swing because of the participants' own weight creates an unreal and unpleasant feeling. The current technology may be enough for the general public to experience what moving around in space is like, but it is still far from being formally used as an astronaut training tool.
+These efforts of simulating micro-gravity serve a similar purpose of creating an increasingly immersive environment for astronaut training.
+
+== See also ==
+Effect of spaceflight on the human body
+Human analog missions
+Human spaceflight
+Apollo program training
+Mercury Seven
+NASA Astronaut Corps
+Space medicine
+The Astronaut Monument
+
+== References ==
+
+== Further reading ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+NASA Astronauts
+CSA Astronauts
+ESA Astronauts
+JAXA Astronauts
+Roscosmos. Archived 2012-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
+List of experiments in International Space Station
+CNSA Manned Spaceflight
+ISRO Human Spaceflight
+NASA: How to become an astronaut 101
+Train Like An Astronaut
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8365dccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+---
+title: "Astronomer"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:11.187475+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. Astronomers study astronomical objects, such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies, by some combination of observation and the application of astrophysical models. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole.
+
+
+== Character of work ==
+Astronomers cannot typically perform experiments: the objects of interest in the field are far away. Consequently they rely primarily on observations, collecting electromagnetic radiation, gravitational waves, or particles such as cosmic rays. Some experiments on planets in the solar system are now possible via remote controlled spacecraft.  Some of the measurements astronomers perform include astrometry (positions of celestial bodies), photometry (light flux), spectroscopy (intensity vs wavelength), and imaging.
+
+
+== Subfields ==
+Astronomy includes astrometry, planetary astronomy, astrophysics, astrochemistry astrobiology, stellar astronomy,  galactic astronomy, extragalactic astronomy, and physical cosmology.
+Astronomers can also specialize in certain specialties of observational astronomy, such as infrared astronomy, neutrino astronomy, x-ray astronomy, and gravitational-wave astronomy.
+
+
+== Academic ==
+
+
+=== History ===
+
+Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a PhD in physics or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities. They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory.
+The American Astronomical Society, which is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America, has approximately 8,200 members (as of 2024). This number includes scientists from other fields such as physics, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy. The International Astronomical Union comprises about 12,700 members from 92 countries who are involved in astronomical research at the PhD level and beyond (as of 2024).
+Contrary to the classical image of an old astronomer peering through a telescope through the dark hours of the night, it is far more common to use a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to record a long, deep exposure, allowing a more sensitive image to be created because the light is added over time. Before CCDs, photographic plates were a common method of observation. Modern astronomers spend relatively little time at telescopes, usually just a few weeks per year. Analysis of observed phenomena, along with making predictions as to the causes of what they observe, takes the majority of observational astronomers' time.
+
+
+=== Activities and graduate degree training ===
+Astronomers who serve as faculty spend much of their time teaching undergraduate and graduate classes. Most universities also have outreach programs, including public telescope time and sometimes planetariums, as a public service to encourage interest in the field.
+Those who become astronomers usually have a broad background in physics, mathematics, sciences, and computing in high school. Taking courses that teach how to research, write, and present papers are part of the higher education of an astronomer, while most astronomers attain both a Master's degree and eventually a PhD degree in astronomy, physics or astrophysics.
+PhD training typically involves 5–6 years of study, including completion of upper-level courses in the core sciences, a competency examination, experience with teaching undergraduates and participating in outreach programs, work on research projects under the student's supervising professor, completion of a PhD thesis, and passing a final oral exam. Throughout the PhD training, a successful student is financially supported with a stipend.
+
+
+== Amateur astronomers ==
+
+While there is a relatively low number of professional astronomers, the field is popular among amateurs. Most cities have amateur astronomy clubs that meet on a regular basis and often host star parties. The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is the largest general astronomical society in the world, comprising both professional and amateur astronomers as well as educators from 70 different nations. 
+As with any hobby, most people who practice amateur astronomy may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called "armchair astronomers" to people who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make their own discoveries, create astrophotographs, and assist professional astronomers in research.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of astronomers
+List of women astronomers
+List of Muslim astronomers
+List of French astronomers
+List of Hungarian astronomers
+List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists
+List of Slovenian astronomers
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+=== Sources ===
+Dallal A (1999). "Science, Medicine and Technology". In Esposito J (ed.). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-300-15911-0.
+Kennedy E (1956), A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 46, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society
+Toomer G (1990). "Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-16962-2.
+
+
+== External links ==
+American Astronomical Society
+European Astronomical Society
+International Astronomical Union
+Astronomical Society of the Pacific
+Space's astronomy news
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriologist-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriologist-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0a1b64a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriologist-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+title: "Bacteriologist"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriologist"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:12.338606+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology— a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing. Alongside human and animal healthcare providers, they may carry out various functions as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, pathologists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals. Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use as well as public health guidelines for restaurants and businesses.
+
+
+== Education ==
+Because bacteriology is a sub-field of microbiology, most careers in bacteriology require an undergraduate degree in microbiology or a closely related field. Graduate degrees in microbiology or disciplines like it are common for bacteriologists because graduate degree programs provide more in-depth and specific education on topics related to bacteriology. They also often include research and lab experience. Graduate studies also provide opportunities for practical experience in applying bacteriological concepts to a work environment. If someone wants to pursue independent research, work for a company involved in bacteriology, or work in a university bacteria research facility, they will typically have to complete a PhD in bacteriology or a closely related field.
+
+
+== Bacteriologist specializations ==
+Pathology
+Immunology
+Cell Biology
+Medical Laboratory Science
+Biomedical Research
+Health Technology
+Veterinary Bacteriology
+Biosecurity
+Research
+Epidemiology
+Agriculture
+Food Safety
+Bacterial Evolution and Systematics
+Phylogenetics and Taxonomy
+Ecology
+
+
+== Noted bacteriologists ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Bacteriology
+Microbiologist
+Bacteria
+Pathogenic Bacteria
+Human Disease
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c6d57cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+---
+title: "Biochemist"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:13.501039+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. They study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. Biochemists study DNA, proteins and cell parts. The word "biochemist" is a portmanteau of "biological chemist."
+Biochemists also research how certain chemical reactions happen in cells and tissues and observe and record the effects of products in food additives and medicines.
+Biochemist researchers focus on planning and constructing research experiments, mainly for developing new products, updating existing products and analyzing said products. It is also the responsibility of a biochemist to present their research findings and create grant proposals to obtain funds for future research.
+Biochemists study aspects of the immune system, the expressions of genes, isolating, analyzing, and synthesizing different products, mutations that lead to cancers, and manage laboratory teams and monitor laboratory work. Biochemists also have to have the capabilities of designing and building laboratory equipment and devise new methods of producing correct results for products.
+The most common industry role is the development of biochemical products and processes. Identifying substances' chemical and physical properties in biological systems is of great importance, and can be carried out by doing various types of analysis. Biochemists must also prepare technical reports after collecting, analyzing and summarizing the information and trends found.
+In biochemistry, researchers often break down complicated biological systems into their component parts. They study the effects of foods, drugs, allergens and other substances on living tissues; they research molecular biology, the study of life at the molecular level and the study of genes and gene expression; and they study chemical reactions in metabolism, growth, reproduction, and heredity, and apply techniques drawn from biotechnology and genetic engineering to help them in their research. About 75% work in either basic or applied research; those in applied research take basic research and employ it for the benefit of medicine, agriculture, veterinary science, environmental science, and manufacturing. Each of these fields allows specialization; for example, clinical biochemists can work in hospital laboratories to understand and treat diseases, and industrial biochemists can be involved in analytical research work, such as checking the purity of food and beverages.
+Biochemists in the field of agriculture research the interactions between herbicides with plants. They examine the relationships of compounds, determining their ability to inhibit growth, and evaluate the toxicological effects surrounding life.
+Biochemists also prepare pharmaceutical compounds for commercial distribution.
+Modern biochemistry is considered a sub-discipline of the biological sciences, due to its increased reliance on, and training, in accord with modern molecular biology. Historically, even before the term biochemist was formally recognized, initial studies were performed by those trained in basic chemistry, but also by those trained as physicians.
+
+
+== Training ==
+Some of the job skills and abilities that one needs to attain to be successful in this field of work include science, mathematics, reading comprehension, writing, and critical thinking.  These skills are critical because of the nature of the experimental techniques of the occupation. One will also need to convey trends found in research in written and oral forms. 
+A degree in biochemistry or a related science such as chemistry is the minimum requirement for any work in this field. This is sufficient for a position as a technical assistant in industry or in academic settings. A Ph.D. (or equivalent) is generally required to pursue or direct independent research. To advance further in commercial environments, one may need to acquire skills in management.
+Biochemists must pass a qualifying exam or a preliminary exam to continue their studies when receiving a Ph.D. in biochemistry.
+Biochemistry requires an understanding of organic and inorganic chemistry. All types of chemistry are required, with emphasis on biochemistry, organic chemistry and physical chemistry. Basic classes in biology, including microbiology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, cell biology, and genomics, are focused on. Some instruction in experimental techniques and quantification is also part of most curricula.
+In the private industries for businesses, it is imperative to possess strong business management skills as well as communication skills. Biochemists must also be familiar with regulatory rules and management techniques.
+Due to the reliance on most principles of the basic science of Biochemistry, early contemporary physicians were informally qualified to perform research on their own in mainly this (today also related biomedical sciences) field.
+
+
+== Employment ==
+Biochemists are typically employed in the life sciences, where they work in the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industry in a research role. They are also employed in academic institutes, where in addition to pursuing their research, they may also be involved with teaching undergraduates, training graduate students, and collaborating with post-doctoral fellows.
+Because of a biochemists' background in both biology and chemistry, they may also be employed in the medical, industrial, governmental, and environmental fields. Slightly more than half of the biological scientists are employed by the Federal State and local governments. The field of medicine includes nutrition, genetics, biophysics, and pharmacology; industry includes beverage and food technology, toxicology, and vaccine production; while the governmental and environmental fields includes forensic science, wildlife management, marine biology, and viticulture.
+The average income of a biochemist was $82,150 in 2017. The range of the salaries begin around 44,640 to 153,810, reported in 2017. The United States Federal Government in 2005 reported the average salaries in different fields associated with biochemistry and being a biochemist. General biological scientists in nonsupervisory, supervisory, and managerial positions earned an average salary of $69,908; microbiologists, $80,798; ecologists, $72,021; physiologists, $93,208; geneticists, $85,170; zoologists, $101,601; and botanists, $62,207.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of biochemists
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Biochemist Career Profile
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26a983ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "Biologist"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:14.684673+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual cell, a multicellular organism, or a community of interacting populations. They usually specialize in a particular branch (e.g., molecular biology, zoology, and evolutionary biology) of biology and have a specific research focus (e.g., studying malaria or cancer).
+Biologists who are involved in basic research have the aim of advancing knowledge about the natural world. They conduct their research using the scientific method, which is an empirical method for testing hypotheses. Their discoveries may have applications for some specific purpose such as in biotechnology, which has the goal of developing medically useful products for humans.
+In modern times, most biologists have one or more academic degrees such as a bachelor's degree, as well as an advanced degree such as a master's degree or a doctorate. Like other scientists, biologists can be found working in different sectors of the economy such as in academia, nonprofits, private industry, or government.
+
+== History ==
+
+Francesco Redi, the founder of experimental biology, is recognized to be one of the greatest biologists of all time. Robert Hooke, an English natural philosopher, coined the term cell, suggesting plant structure's resemblance to honeycomb cells.
+Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection, which was described in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. In it, Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes of descent with accumulated modification leading to divergence over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Separately, Gregor Mendel formulated the principles of inheritance in 1866, which became the basis of modern genetics.
+In 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick described the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms, building on the work of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, suggested that the structure of DNA was a double helix.
+Ian Wilmut led a research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly.
+
+== Education ==
+An undergraduate degree in biology typically requires coursework in molecular and cellular biology, development, ecology, genetics, microbiology, anatomy, physiology, botany, zoology and paleontology. Additional requirements may include physics, chemistry (general, organic, and biochemistry), calculus, and statistics.
+Students who aspire to a research-oriented career usually pursue a graduate degree such as a master's or a doctorate (e.g., PhD) whereby they would receive training from a research head based on an apprenticeship model that has been in existence since the 1800s. Students in these graduate programs often receive specialized training in a particular subdiscipline of biology.
+
+== Research ==
+
+Biologists who work in basic research formulate theories and devise experiments to advance human knowledge on life including topics such as evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, neuroscience and cell biology.
+Biologists typically conduct laboratory experiments involving animals, plants, microorganisms or biomolecules. However, a small part of biological research also occurs outside the laboratory and may involve natural observation rather than experimentation. For example, a botanist may investigate the plant species present in a particular environment, while an ecologist might study how a forest area recovers after a fire.
+Biologists who work in applied research use instead the accomplishments gained by basic research to further knowledge in particular fields or applications. For example, this applied research may be used to develop new pharmaceutical drugs, treatments and medical diagnostic tests. Biological scientists conducting applied research and product development in private industry may be required to describe their research plans or results to non-scientists who are in a position to veto or approve their ideas. These scientists must consider the business effects of their work.
+Swift advances in knowledge of genetics and organic molecules spurred growth in the field of biotechnology, transforming the industries in which biological scientists work. Biological scientists can now manipulate the genetic material of animals and plants, attempting to make organisms (including humans) more productive or resistant to disease. Basic and applied research on biotechnological processes, such as recombining DNA, has led to the production of important substances, including human insulin and growth hormone. Many other substances not previously available in large quantities are now produced by biotechnological means. Some of these substances are useful in treating diseases.
+Those working on various genome (chromosomes with their associated genes) projects isolate genes and determine their function. This work continues to lead to the discovery of genes associated with specific diseases and inherited health risks, such as sickle cell anemia. Advances in biotechnology have created research opportunities in almost all areas of biology, with commercial applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.
+
+=== Specializations ===
+Most biological scientists specialize in the study of a certain type of organism or in a specific activity, although recent advances have blurred some traditional classifications.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7823e4e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+---
+title: "Biologist"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:14.684673+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Geneticists study genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.
+Neuroscientists study the nervous system.
+Developmental biologists study the process of development and growth of organisms
+Biochemists study the chemical composition of living things. They analyze the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, and growth.
+Molecular biologists study the biological activity between biomolecules.
+Microbiologists investigate the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, or fungi.
+Physiologists study life functions of plants and animals,  in the whole organism and at the cellular or molecular level, under normal and abnormal conditions. Physiologists often specialize in functions such as growth, reproduction, photosynthesis, respiration, or movement, or in the physiology of a certain area or system of the organism.
+Biophysicists use experimental methods traditionally employed in physics to answer biological questions .
+Computational biologists apply the techniques of computer science, applied mathematics and statistics to address biological problems. The main focus lies on developing mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques. By these means it addresses scientific research topics with their theoretical and experimental questions without a laboratory.
+Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and wildlife—their origin, behavior, diseases, and life processes. Some experiment with live animals in controlled or natural surroundings, while others dissect dead animals to study their structure. Zoologists and wildlife biologists also may collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of current and potential uses of land and water areas. Zoologists usually are identified by the animal group they study. For example, ornithologists study birds, mammalogists study mammals, herpetologists study reptiles and amphibians, ichthyologists study fish, cnidariologists study jellyfishes and entomologists study insects.
+Botanists study plants and their environments. Some study all aspects of plant life, including algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants; others specialize in areas such as identification and classification of plants, the structure and function of plant parts, the biochemistry of plant processes, the causes and cures of plant diseases, the interaction of plants with other organisms and the environment, the geological record of plants and their evolution.  Mycologists study fungi, such as yeasts, mold and mushrooms, which are a separate kingdom from plants.
+Aquatic biologists study micro-organisms, plants, and animals living in water. Marine biologists study salt water organisms, and limnologists study fresh water organisms. Much of the work of marine biology centers on molecular biology, the study of the biochemical processes that take place inside living cells. Marine biology is a branch of oceanography, which is the study of the biological, chemical, geological, and physical characteristics of oceans and the ocean floor. (See the Handbook statements on environmental scientists and hydrologists and on geoscientists.)
+Paleontologists study the history of life on Earth through the analysis of fossils—preserved remains, traces, or impressions of past organisms found within rocks. Their work combines biological knowledge with geological methods, since interpreting fossils requires understanding the stratigraphy, sedimentology, and geochronology of the rock layers in which they occur. Paleontologists reconstruct ancient organisms, ecosystems, and environments; investigate patterns of evolution, extinction, and biodiversity through deep time; and analyze how geological processes influence the preservation and distribution of fossils. Many specialize in particular groups, such as vertebrates, invertebrates, or plants, or in subfields such as taphonomy (the study of fossilization), paleoecology (ancient ecosystems), or biostratigraphy (dating and correlating rock layers using fossils).
+Evolutionary biologists investigate the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth, starting from a single common ancestor. These processes include natural selection, common descent, and speciation.
+Ecologists investigate the relationships among organisms and between organisms and their environments, examining the effects of population size, pollutants, rainfall, temperature, and altitude. Using knowledge of various scientific disciplines, ecologists may collect, study, and report data on the quality of air, food, soil, and water.
+
+== Employment ==
+Biologists typically work regular hours but longer hours are not uncommon. Researchers may be required to work odd hours in laboratories or other locations (especially while in the field), depending on the nature of their research.
+Many biologists depend on grant money to fund their research. They may be under pressure to meet deadlines and to conform to rigid grant-writing specifications when preparing proposals to seek new or extended funding.
+Marine biologists encounter a variety of working conditions. Some work in laboratories; others work on research ships, and those who work underwater must practice safe diving while working around sharp coral reefs and hazardous marine life. Although some marine biologists obtain their specimens from the sea, many still spend a good deal of their time in laboratories and offices, conducting tests, running experiments, recording results, and compiling data.
+Biologists are not usually exposed to unsafe or unhealthy conditions. Those who work with dangerous organisms or toxic substances in the laboratory must follow strict safety procedures to avoid contamination. Many biological scientists, such as botanists, ecologists, and zoologists, conduct field studies that involve strenuous physical activity and primitive living conditions. Biological scientists in the field may work in warm or cold climates, in all kinds of weather.
+
+== Honors and awards ==
+The highest honor awarded to biologists is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Other significant awards include the Crafoord Prize in Biosciences (established in 1980), and the Maxwell/Hanrahan Award in Field Biology (established in 2020).
+
+== See also ==
+Biology
+Glossary of biology
+List of biologists
+Lists of biologists by author abbreviation
+
+== References ==
+
+U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c88bc932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+---
+title: "Biomedical sciences"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:15.833595+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Biomedical sciences are a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to develop knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health.  Such disciplines as medical microbiology, clinical virology, clinical epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, and biomedical engineering are medical sciences.  In explaining physiological mechanisms operating in pathological processes, however, pathophysiology can be regarded as basic science.
+Biomedical Sciences, as defined by the UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Benchmark Statement in 2015, includes those science disciplines whose primary focus is the biology of human health and disease and ranges from the generic study of biomedical sciences and human biology to more specialised subject areas such as pharmacology, human physiology and human nutrition. It is underpinned by relevant basic sciences including anatomy and physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and molecular biology, pharmacology, immunology, mathematics and statistics, and bioinformatics. As such the biomedical sciences have a much wider range of academic and research activities and economic significance than that defined by hospital laboratory sciences. Biomedical Sciences are the major focus of bioscience research and funding in the 21st century.
+
+== Roles within biomedical science ==
+A sub-set of biomedical sciences is the science of clinical laboratory diagnosis. This is commonly referred to in the UK as 'biomedical science' or 'healthcare science'. There are at least 45 different specialisms within healthcare science, which are traditionally grouped into three main divisions:
+
+specialisms involving life sciences
+specialisms involving physiological science
+specialisms involving medical physics or bioengineering
+
+== Life sciences specialties ==
+Molecular toxicology
+Molecular pathology
+Blood transfusion science
+Cervical cytology
+Clinical biochemistry
+Clinical embryology
+Clinical immunology
+Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
+Electron microscopy
+External quality assurance
+Haematology
+Haemostasis and thrombosis
+Histocompatibility and immunogenetics
+Histopathology and cytopathology
+Molecular genetics and cytogenetics
+Molecular biology and cell biology
+Microbiology including mycology
+Bacteriology
+Tropical diseases
+Phlebotomy
+Tissue banking/transplant
+Virology
+
+== Physiological science specialisms ==
+
+== Physics and bioengineering specialisms ==
+
+== Biomedical science in the United Kingdom ==
+The healthcare science workforce is an important part of the UK's National Health Service. While people working in healthcare science are only 5% of the staff of the NHS, 80% of all diagnoses can be attributed to their work.
+The volume of specialist healthcare science work is a significant part of the work of the NHS. Every year, NHS healthcare scientists carry out:
+
+nearly 1 billion pathology laboratory tests
+more than 12 million physiological tests
+support for 1.5 million fractions of radiotherapy
+The four governments of the UK have recognised the importance of healthcare science to the NHS, introducing the Modernising Scientific Careers initiative to make certain that the education and training for healthcare scientists ensures there is the flexibility to meet patient needs while keeping up to date with scientific developments.
+Graduates of an accredited biomedical science degree programme can also apply for the NHS' Scientist training programme, which gives successful applicants an opportunity to work in a clinical setting whilst also studying towards an MSc or Doctoral qualification.
+
+== Biomedical Science in Israel ==
+In Israel, biomedical science is offered as an academic program at several major institutions, including the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv University, the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. These programs integrate coursework in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, and immunology with extensive laboratory training and research projects. Many faculty members involved in teaching are also active researchers or clinicians in affiliated hospitals and research centers, and students often participate in laboratory rotations, research internships, and collaborative projects with clinical departments.
+Graduates commonly proceed to advanced degrees (M.Sc. or Ph.D.) in biomedical and life sciences, join research laboratories in universities, hospitals, biotechnology firms, or pharmaceutical companies, or use the degree as preparation for professional studies such as medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, or public health. In addition, many graduates work in the pharmaceutical and drug-development industry, contributing to preclinical research, diagnostic development, and translational projects. The close ties between universities and major medical centers provide opportunities for exposure to translational and clinical research throughout their studies.
+
+== Biomedical Science in the 20th century ==
+At this point in history the field of medicine was the most prevalent sub field of biomedical science, as several breakthroughs on how to treat diseases and help the immune system were made. As well as the birth of body augmentations.
+
+=== 1910s ===
+In 1912, the Institute of Biomedical Science was founded in the United Kingdom. The institute is still standing today and still regularly publishes works in the major breakthroughs in disease treatments and other breakthroughs in the field 117 years later. The IBMS today represents approximately 20,000 members employed mainly in National Health Service and private laboratories.
+
+=== 1920s ===
+In 1928, British Scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic penicillin. This was a huge breakthrough in biomedical science because it allowed for the treatment of bacterial infections.
+In 1926, the first artificial pacemaker was made by Australian physician Dr. Mark C. Lidwell. This portable machine was plugged into a lighting point. One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked with strong salt solution, while the other consisted of a needle insulated  up to the point and was plunged into the appropriate cardiac chamber and the machine started. A switch was incorporated to change the polarity. The pacemaker rate ranged from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute and the voltage also variable from 1.5 to 120 volts.
+
+=== 1930s ===
+The 1930s was a huge era for biomedical research, as this was the era where antibiotics became more widespread and vaccines started to be developed. In 1935, the idea of a polio vaccine was introduced by Dr. Maurice Brodie. Brodie prepared a died poliomyelitis  vaccine, which he then tested on chimpanzees, himself, and several children. Brodie's vaccine trials went poorly since the polio-virus became active in many of the human test subjects. Many subjects had fatal side effects, paralyzing, and causing death.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b63668d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "Biomedical sciences"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:15.833595+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1940s ===
+During and after World War II, the field of biomedical science saw a new age of technology and treatment methods. For instance in 1941 the first hormonal treatment for prostate cancer was implemented by Urologist and cancer researcher Charles B. Huggins. Huggins discovered that if you remove the testicles from a man with prostate cancer, the cancer had nowhere to spread, and nothing to feed on thus putting the subject into remission. This advancement lead to the development of hormonal blocking drugs, which is less invasive and still used today. At the tail end of this decade, the first bone marrow transplant was done on a mouse in 1949. The surgery was conducted by Dr. Leon O. Jacobson, he discovered that he could transplant bone marrow and spleen tissues in a mouse that had both no bone marrow and a destroyed spleen. The procedure is still used in modern medicine today and is responsible for saving countless lives.
+
+=== 1950s ===
+In the 1950s, we saw innovation in technology across all fields, but most importantly there were many breakthroughs which led to modern medicine. On 6 March 1953, Dr. Jonas Salk announced the completion of the first successful killed-virus Polio vaccine. The vaccine was tested on about 1.6 million Canadian, American, and Finnish children in 1954. The vaccine was announced as safe on 12 April 1955.
+
+== See also ==
+
+Biomedical research institution Austral University Hospital
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Extraordinary You: Case studies of Healthcare scientists in the UK's National Health Service
+National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
+The US National Library of Medicine
+National Health Service
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_occupations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_occupations-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..114c83393
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_occupations-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+---
+title: "List of scientific occupations"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_occupations"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:06.212298+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of science and science-related occupations, which include various scientific occupations and careers based upon scientific research disciplines and explorers.
+
+
+== Life science ==
+Biologist
+Biomedical scientist
+Botanist
+Clinical pharmaceutical scientist
+Ecologist
+Geneticist
+Herpetologist
+Medical laboratory scientist
+Microbiologist
+Neuroscientist
+Physician
+Veterinarian
+Zoologist
+Bioinformatician
+
+
+== Applied science ==
+Aeronautical engineer
+Biomedical 
+ engineer
+Chemical engineer
+Civil engineer
+Computer engineer
+Educational technologist
+Electrical engineer
+Engineering technician
+Engineering technologist
+Mechanical engineer
+Petrochemical engineer
+
+
+== Formal science ==
+Computational scientist
+Mathematician –  A person with an extensive knowledge of mathematics, a field informally defined as being concerned with numbers, data, collection, quantity, structure, space and calculus.
+
+
+== Statistics ==
+Actuary
+Demographic marketer
+Statistician
+
+
+== General scientific occupations ==
+Forensic scientist
+Gentleman scientist –  A financially independent scientist who pursues scientific study as a hobby
+Government scientist
+Healthcare science
+Hiwi –  A German abbreviation for "assistant scientist"
+Inventor
+Psychologist
+Research fellow
+School science technician
+Science attaché –  A member of a diplomatic mission (usually an embassy) that focuses on scientific and technical matters
+Scientist
+
+
+== Natural science ==
+
+Archaeologist
+Astronaut
+Astronomer
+Biochemist
+Biologist
+Chemist
+Ecologist
+Forester
+Geographer
+Naturalist
+Oceanographer
+Paleontologist
+Pathologist
+
+
+== Physical science ==
+Chemist
+Physicist
+
+
+== Earth science ==
+Geographer
+Geologist
+Geoprofessions
+Petroleum geologist
+
+
+== Social science ==
+Anthropologist
+Economist
+Historian
+Linguist
+Political scientist
+Sociologist
+Urban planner
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+Lists of occupations
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-0.md
index b4e0764bd..40f2cd48b 100644
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-0.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:23:46.187637+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:07.501110+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-1.md
index 2e3691cf4..3ca56e0fa 100644
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-1.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:23:46.187637+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:07.501110+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-2.md
index 8ddc7cad9..7886ff882 100644
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-2.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist-2.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:23:46.187637+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:07.501110+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopses_of_the_British_Fauna-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopses_of_the_British_Fauna-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5991cca60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopses_of_the_British_Fauna-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+---
+title: "Synopses of the British Fauna"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopses_of_the_British_Fauna"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:47:04.568206+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Synopses of the British Fauna is a series of identification guides, published by The Linnean Society and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association. Each volume in the series provides and in-depth analysis of a group of animals and is designed to bridge the gap between the standard field guide and more specialised monograph or treatise. The series is now published by The Field Studies Council on behalf of The Linnean Society and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association. 
+The series is designed for use in the field and is kept as user friendly as possible with technical terminology kept to a minimum and a glossary of terms provided, although the complexity of the subject matter makes the books more suitable for the more experienced practitioner.
+
+
+== History of the series ==
+On 11 March 1943, at a meeting of The Linnean Society in Burlington House, TH Savoy presented his "Synopsis of the Opiliones" (Harvestmen). It was so well received that a decision was made there and then to publish it as the first of a series of "ecological fauna lists".
+Re-launched by Dr Doris Kermack in the mid-1960s, the New Series of Synopses of the British Fauna went from strength to strength. From number 13, the series had been jointly sponsored by The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association and Dr RSK Barnes became co-editor.
+From 1993, the series has been published by The Field Studies Council and benefits from association with the extensive testing undertaken as part of the AIDGAP project.
+
+
+== Volumes ==
+The series contains the following volumes, many of which are out of print. Many of the volumes have been updated and reprinted under slightly different names to reflect either taxonomic changes or advances in the understanding of a group.
+
+Volume 62: Marine Gastropods 3: Neogastropoda (Wigham and Graham) 2018
+Volume 61: Marine Gastropods 2: Littorinimorpha and other unassigned Caenogastropoda (Wigham and Graham) 2017
+Volume 60: Marine Gastropods 1: Patellogastropoda and Vetigastropoda (Wigham and Graham) 2017
+Volume 59: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Shuchert) 2012
+Volume 58: Centipedes (AD Barber) 2009
+Volume 57: Barnacles (AJ Southward) 2008
+Volume 56: Echinoderms (EC Southward and AC Campbell) 2005
+Volume 55: Lobsters, Mud Shrimps and Anomuran Crabs (RW Ingle and ME Christiansen) 2004
+Volume 54: Polychaetes: British Chrysopetaloidea, Pisionoidea and Aphroditoidea (SJ Chambers and AI Muir) 1998
+Volume 53: Free Living British Nematodes, Part 3 Monohysterids (RM Warwick, HM Platt and PJ Somerfield) 1998
+Volume 52: Ticks of North-West Europe (Paul D Hillyard) 1996
+Volume 51: Marine and Brackish Water Harpacticoid Copepods, Part 1 (R Huys, JM Gee, CG Moore and R Hamond) 1996
+Volume 50: North-west European Thecate Hydroids and Their Medusae (PFS Cornelius) 1995
+Volume 49: Woodlice Keys and Notes for Identification of the Species (PG Oliver and CJ Meechan) 1993
+Volume 48: Marine Planktonic Ostracods (MV Angel) 1993
+Volume 47: Copepods Parasitic on Fishes (Z Kabata) 1992
+Volume 46: Commensal and Parasitic Copepods Associated with Marine Invertebrates (and Whales) (V Gotto) 1993
+Volume 45: Polychaetes British Phyllodocoideans, Typhloscolecoideans and Tomopteroideans (F Pleijel and RP Dales) 1991
+Volume 44: Polychaetes: Interstitial Families (Second Edition) (W Westheide) 2008
+Volume 44: Polychaetes: Interstitial Families (W Westheide) 1990
+Volume 43: Marine and Brackish Water Ostracods (Superfamilies Cypridacea and Cytheracea) (J Athersuch, DJ Horne and JE Whittaker) 1990
+Volume 42: Freshwater Ostracoda (PA Henderson) 1990
+Volume 41: Entoprocts (C Nielsen) 1989
+Volume 40: Pseudoscorpions (G Legg and RE Jones) 1988
+Volume 39: Chaetognatha (AC Pierrot-Bults and KC Chidghey) 1988
+Volume 38: Free Living Marine Nematodes Part II British Chromadorids (HM Platt and RM Warwick) 1988
+Volume 37: Molluscs Caudofoveata, Solenogastres, Polyplacophora and Scaphopoda (AM Jones and JM Baxtyer) 1987
+Volume 36: Halacarid Mites (J Green and M Macquitty) 1987
+Volume 35: Millipedes (J Gordon Blower) 1985
+Volume 34: Cyclostome Bryozoans (PJ Hayward and JS Ryland) 1985
+Volume 33: Ctenostome Bryozoans (PJ Hayward) 1985
+Volume 32: Polychaetes British Amphinomida, Spintherida and Eunicida (JD George and G Hartmann-Schroder) 1985
+Volume 31: Earthworms (RW Sims and BM Garard) 1985
+Volume 30: Euphasiid, Stomatopod and Leptostracan Crustaceans (J Mauchline) 1984
+Volume 29: Siphonophores and Velellids (PA Kirkpatrick and PR Pugh) 1984
+Volume 28: Free-Living Marine Nematodes Pt 1: British Enoplids Free Living Marine Nematodes (HM Platt and RM Warwick) 1983
+Volume 27: Tanaids (DM Holdich and JA Jones) 1983
+Volume 26: British Polyclad Turbellarians (S Prudhoe) 1983
+Volume 25: Shallow Water Crabs Keys and notes for identification of the species (RW Ingle) 1983
+Volume 24: Nemerteans R Gibson 1982
+Volume 23: British and Other Freshwater Ciliated Protozoa (Part 2) Ciliophora: Oligohymenophora & Polyhymenophora (CR Curds, MA Gates and D McRoberts) 1982
+Volume 22: British and Other Freshwater Ciliated Protozoa (Part 1) Ciliophora: Kinetofragminophora (CR Curds) 1982
+Volume 21: British Other Marine Estuarine Oligochaetes (Brinkhurst) 1982
+Volume 20: British Pelagic Tunicates (JH Fraser) 1982
+Volume 19: British Planarians (IR Ball and TB Reynoldson) 1981
+Volume 18: British Anthozoa (RL Manuel) 1981
+Volume 17: British Brachiopods (C Howard, C Brunton and GB Curry) 1979
+Volume 16: British Nearshore Foraminiferids (JW Murray) 1979
+Volume 15: Coastal Shrimps and Prawns Keys and Notes for Identification of the Species (Ed. G Smaldon, LB Holthius and CHJM Fransen) 1994
+Volume 15: British Coastal Shrimps Prawns (G Smaldon) 1979
+Volume 14: Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, Part 2 Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea (PJ Hayward and JS Ryland) 1999
+Volume 14: British Ascophoran Bryozoans (PJ Hayward, JS Ryland) 1979
+Volume 13: British and Other Phoronids (CC Emig) 1979
+Volume 12: Sipunculans (PE Gibbs) 2001
+Volume 12: British Sipunculans (PE Gibbs) 1978
+Volume 11: British Freshwater Bivalve Mollusca (AE Ellis) 1978
+Volume 10: Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, Part 1: Aeteoidea-Cribrilinoidea (PJ Hayward and JS Ryland)
+Volume 8: Molluscs: Benthic Opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) (TE Thompson) 1989
+Volume 8: British Opisthobranch Molluscs (TE Thompson, GH Brown) 1976
+Volume 7: British Cumaceans (NS Jones) 1976
+Volume 6: British Land Snails (RAD Cameron, M Redfern) 1976
+Volume 5: Sea-Spiders (Pycnogonida) of the north-east Atlantic (RN Bamber) 2010
+Volume 5: British Sea Spiders (PE King) 1974
+Volume 4: Harvestmen (PD Hillyard) 2005
+Volume 4: British Harvestmen (J Sankey, TH Savory) 1974
+Volume 3: Intertidal Marine Isopods (E Naylor, A Brandt) 2015
+Volume 3: British Marine Isopods (E Naylor) 1972
+Volume 2: Molluscs: Prosobranch and Pyramidellid Gastropods Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species
+Volume 1: British Ascidians (R Millar) 1970
+
+
+== External links ==
+Linnean Society
+Full list of Synopses in print
\ No newline at end of file