From dce7ae566fbca326c0d8da5d0af1570d665cb5f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: turtle89431 Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 20:51:51 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Scrape wikipedia-science: 154 new, 856 updated, 1040 total (kb-cron) --- _index.db | Bin 8908800 -> 8908800 bytes .../wiki/Alphonse_Rebière-0.md | 34 +++++++ ...uslim_women_in_science_and_technology-0.md | 94 ++++++++++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-0.md | 25 +++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-1.md | 25 +++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemettes-0.md | 35 +++++++ ...via_M._Stoesser_Lecturer_in_Chemistry-0.md | 17 ++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai's_model-0.md | 18 ++++ .../en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technofeminism-0.md | 47 +++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Turn-0.md | 30 ++++++ .../wiki/Woman_in_Science-0.md | 64 ++++++++++++ ...g_Achievement_Photographic_Exhibition-0.md | 78 +++++++++++++++ 12 files changed, 467 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Rebière-0.md create mode 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+--- +title: "Alphonse Rebière" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Rebière" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:40.737721+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Alphonse Michel Rebière (Tulle, 1842 – Paris, 1900) was a nineteenth-century advocate for women's scientific abilities. He wrote the book Les Femmes dans la science, published in 1894. Rebière's piece followed the encyclopedia format, listing the woman alphabetically, giving their names, dates of birth, the social conditions under which they had lived, their contributions and publications. He included "professional and amateur" scientists and those who aided in contributions in "the progress of science." Included in Rebière's book was a section of appended works filled with opinions of famous people on the question "whether or not woman is capable of scientific pursuits." His work was revolutionary in that other works with similar information were never published, and he was one of the first to include women in the field of science. + + +== Les Femmes dans la science == +Translated: Women in Science +Rebière's work Les Femmes dans la science was inspired by the women's movement and renewed interest in women's scientific abilities. + + +== Mathématiques et mathématiciens: Pensées et curiosities == +According to R. C. Archibald: + +... A. M. Rebière published ... a pioneer work entitled: Mathématiques et mathématiciens. Pensées et curiosities. ... The second edition (in later editions there is practically no change) was divided into five parts, headed: Morceaux choisis et pensées (pages 1–178), Variétés et anecdotes (179–340), Paradoxes et singularités (341–470), Problèmes curieux et humoristiques (471–526), Note bibliographique, index and table des matières (527–566).The textual parts contain, mainly, short quotations or translations (the whole book is in French) from writings ancient and modern. When there is any indication of the source nothing is given, except in rare cases, but the name of the author; the composition of the numerous unsigned para- graphs is attributable to the editor. The work is not, then, strictly a book of quotations but a sort of admixture of quotations, history, mathematical recreations, and table-talk. In defense of his mixture of things gay and serious the author makes appeal to the authority of Pascal: "Les matières de géométrie sont sérieuses d'elles-mêmes, qu'il est avantageux qu'il s'offre quelque occasion pour les rendre un peu divertissaints." + + +== Publications == +His publications include: + +Mathématiques et mathématiciens: pensées et curiosités, Libraire Nony & Cie, Paris, 1e édition, 1889; 2e éd., 1893; 4e éd., 1911 +Les Femmes dans la science, Libraire Nony & Co, Paris, 1894 +Jean-François Melon l'économiste, Crauffon, 1896 +Les savants modernes: leur vie et leur travaux, d'après les documents académiques, Libraire Nony & Co, Paris, 1899 + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_women_in_science_and_technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_women_in_science_and_technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d601614d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_women_in_science_and_technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "Muslim women in science and technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_women_in_science_and_technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:39.595524+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Since the Islamic Golden Age, Muslims, including women, have been actively participating in various sciences. Despite being involved in politics throughout Islamic history, women have experienced—and still continue to experience—gender-based discrimination in many Muslim countries because of the belief that certain discriminatory practices have a basis in Islam even though the Quran, hadiths, and sunnah advocate for the equal rights of men and women to seek knowledge. + + +== Individuals == + + +=== Rufayda al-Aslamiyyah === + +Also known as the first nurse in Islamic history, Rufayda al-Aslamiyyah led a team of volunteer nurses in the battles of Badr, Uhud, Ditch, Khaybar, and other conflicts to take care of the wounded and dying. She further played a role in the development of the first mobile medical units to satisfy the requirements of the community for medical care. Through assisting her father, Saad Al-Aslamy, Rufayda learnt most of her knowledge. She became a healer after devoting her time to nursing and taking care of the ill. She used to practice her skills in her tent during the battles. Muhammad used to demand that all casualties be sent to her tent as she had high expertise in the field. +The Aga Khan University named the College of Nursing and Midwifery after her in honour of her service. The Rufaida Al Aslamiya Award is given annually by the University of Bahrain to exceptional nurses. + + +=== Al-Shifa bint Abdullah === + +Al-Shifa bint Abdulla worked in public administration and trained in medicine. She was the first Muslim woman to teach traditional medical practices. Although her name was Laila, she was given the name Al-Shifa (Arabic for "the healing") because of her profession as a nurse. Her method to treat patients was to use a preventative treatment against ant bites. Her method received approval from Muhammad, and she was requested to train other women. + + +=== Anousheh Ansari === + +On September 18, 2006, Anousheh Ansari became the first female private space explorer at 40 years of age. She was launched off from Kazakhstan in a Russian Soyuz spacecraft She migrated from Iran to America when she was about 17, in 1984. In 1993, her husband Hamid Ansari and brother-in-law Amir Ansari worked together and funded a company called Telecom Technologies Inc. Ansari received her bachelor's degree in computer and electronic engineering from George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia. Soon after, she completed her masters' degree in Washington, D.C., at George Washington University. Anousheh spoke several different languages, such as Persian, French, English, and Russian - which she learned for her spaceflight. + + +=== Hayat Al Sindi === + +Hayat Al Sindi is a medical scientist in Saudi Arabia. She is also the first female among the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia's members. Her contributions were extremely good for biotechnology as well as medical testing. "My mission is to find simple, inexpensive ways to monitor health that are specifically designed for remote places and harsh conditions" Her test devices were ensured to not require external power or electricity. Sindi never spoke English or even traveled outside of Saudi Arabia, but she ended up moving to England to attend a university. After learning English, she applied to Cambridge University for biotechnology and was the first female to be accepted into it. + + +=== Labana of Cordoba === +Labana of Cordoba was originally a slave-girl of Spanish origin, she rose to become an important figure in the Umayyad Palace of Cordoba. + + +=== Sutayta al-Mahamali === +She came from a highly educated Baghdadi family (her father, Abu ‘Abdullah al-Hussein, was a judge and the author of several books on Islamic jurisprudence). Sutayta, however, excelled in mathematics; proving good at hisab (arithmetic) and fara'idh (successoral calculations). + + +=== Maryam al-Astrulabi === +Ibn al-Nadim (d. 998), the famous Muslim biographer and scholar, speaks of a woman named Al-'Ijiliya in his work al-Fihrist, claiming that she was amongst the pupils of Bitolus, a well-known tenth-century astrolabe maker who lived in Baghdad.41 Her full name was Maryam al-Astrulabi (d.967) and she was the daughter of a famous astrolabe maker, al-‘Ijili al-Astrulabi, who lived in Aleppo and had likewise been a pupil of Bitolus. Maryam al-‘Ijiliya’s hand-crafted astrolabe designs were so intricate and innovative that, from 944 to 967, she was employed at the court of Sayf al-Dawlah, a powerful Hamdanid ruler based in northern Syria. + + +=== Gevher Nesibe Sultan === +In the early thirteenth century, Gevher Nesibe Sultan (d. 1206), the daughter of Kilij Arslan II of the Rum Sultanate, endowed a magnificent complex comprising a hospital, an adjoining madrasah devoted to medical studies, and a mosque. Located in Kayseri, Turkey, this complex is considered a pre-eminent example of Seljuk architecture and is still named after the princess – the Gevher Nesibe kulliyesi (complex). + + +=== Fatima al-Fihri === + +The grand college mosque complex of al-Qarawiyin in Fez - potentially the oldest University in the world - was originally established in 841 by Fatima al-Fihri. A young woman from Kiroan (Tunisia), Fatima inherited a large sum of money from her father and decided to use it in order to give Fez a great centre of learning. She vowed to spend her entire inheritance on this dream and, from these humble beginnings, al-Qarawiyin developed into a great centre of religious instruction and political discussion, gradually extending its curriculum to cover all subjects, particularly the natural sciences (therefore earning its name as one of the first universities). At its height, al-Qarawiyin was well-equipped with astronomical instruments, while its ‘timers room’ had astrolabes, sand clocks and other instruments for calculating time. Its variety of subjects and high-quality teaching drew scholars and students from far and wide, contributing greatly to the flourishing of Islamic civilisation. + + +=== Fatima al-Majriti (c. 10th century) === +Thought to have been an astronomer from Andalusia, and daughter of astronomer and mathematician Maslama al-Majriti. There is much debate surrounding the historical accuracy of the figure of Fatima al-Majriti. + + +=== Al-Hakam’s Astronomer (c. 10th century) === +She was an astronomer who worked in the palace of the Andalusian Caliph Al-Hakam al-Mustansir Billah (r. 961–976). + + +=== Maryam al-Zenatiyyah (d. 1356) === +Skillful in the science of chemistry and poetry. She was from the famous Zenat Berber Amazighi tribe of Qairawan. + + +=== Dahma bint Yahya ibn al-Murtadha (d. 1434) === +Zaidi scholar resided in the city of Thila in Yemen, where she taught jurisprudence. She was also proficient in various sciences, excelling in grammar, usool, logic, astronomy, chemistry, and poetry. + + +=== Abu ‘Abdullah al-Kinani’s assistant (d. 11th century) === +She was proficient in medicine, natural science and the knowledge of anatomy amongst other sciences. + + +== Organizations == + + +=== International Forum on Women in Science and Technology in Muslim Countries === +The International Forum on Women in Science and Technology in Muslim Countries was held by the United Nations regarding the changes women have brought in the sciences in Muslim countries. + + +=== International Society of Muslim Women in Science === +Established in 2010, the International Society of Muslim Women in Science (ISMWS) currently has 300 members from 31 countries. It operates in various fields such as networking, collaborating, linking institutions across borders, and highlighting in women for contributing to science. + + +== See also == +Women in Islam + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21039d849 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "SAFE13 study" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:42.006322+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Survey of Academic Field Experiences study, also known as the SAFE13 study, was a survey conducted between February and May 2013 in order to characterize experiences of scientists working at field sites as they relate to sexual harassment and sexual assault. It has had a significant impact on collective responses to sexual harassment and sexual assault in Western academic science. +Published in 2014 by a team of anthropologists, Kathryn B. H. Clancy, Robin G. Nelson, Julienne N. Rutherford and Katie Hinde, the SAFE13 study is the first empirical investigation into scientists' experiences of harassment during fieldwork. The researchers identify three key takeaways from their work. First, women scientists are targeted more often than men, and junior scientists are also more likely to be harassed relative to senior scientists. Second, women are more likely to be harassed by senior staff, while men are harassed by their peers. Third, the majority of field scientists do not know how to report harassment. + +== Methods == +The study included responses from 666 field scientists (77.5% were women and 85.9% of participants identified as heterosexual). The survey was conducted in two waves. The first wave ran from February 21 to April 12, 2013, and captured responses from biological anthropologists. The second wave, running from April 13 to May 10, collected responses from scientists in other disciplines. A further 26 interviews were completed to explore more in-depth experiences of sexual harassment in a broad range of fieldwork sites. The respondents were asked about experiences had at any time during their career. +The survey was not designed to estimate the prevalence of sexual harassment or assault at field sites. It was conducted online and offered anonymity, suggesting a potential self-selection bias. Only two questions in the survey directly queried the behavior experienced by respondents: + +32. Have you ever personally experienced inappropriate or sexual remarks, comments about physical beauty, cognitive sex differences, or other jokes, at an anthropological field site? +39. Have you ever experienced physical sexual harassment, unwanted sexual contact, or sexual contact in which you could not or did not give consent or felt it would be unsafe to fight back or not give your consent at an anthropological field site? +An affirmative response to question 32 was counted as a report of sexual harassment, while an affirmative response to question 39 was counted as sexual assault, including rape. + +== Findings == +Almost three-quarters of participants (72.4%) had directly observed or been told about inappropriate behaviour or sexual comments during fieldwork. Around two-thirds of participants (64%) had personally experienced sexual language in the field and 20% of participants had experienced unwanted sexual contact. The study presented these findings as reports of "sexual harassment" and "sexual assault" respectively, though respondents were not asked whether they had been sexually harassed or assaulted. Following conventions in this area of scholarship, the study counted all "sexual remarks" as sexual harassment and all "unwanted sexual contact" as sexual assault. +The majority of people who experienced sexual harassment and assault were students and postdoctoral candidates. Perpetrators vary according to their target's gender: women are more likely to be harassed by superiors (senior people who have authority over them), while men are more likely to be harassed by their peers. Few people were sexually harassed by local members of the public, and instead the harassment occurred between colleagues in the field. +The SAFE13 study identifies several areas of improvement in combating sexual harassment in the field. For example, only around one-third of field scientists (37.7%) recalled a code of conduct operating at their fieldwork site, and less than one-quarter remembered there being anti-harassment policies. Amongst respondents who had experienced sexual harassment or assault, only one-fifth of survivors (20% each of women and men) knew of an easy way to formally report this experience. Amongst the small minority of people who did report sexual harassment and assault, less than 20% were satisfied with the outcome. The study therefore contributes to a body of empirical studies showing workplace sexual harassment negatively impacts on personal safety and professional productivity. In particular, the study shines attention on the role of fieldwork site directors in establishing clear rules to discourage sexual harassment. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a604b74d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "SAFE13 study" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE13_study" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:42.006322+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== SAFE2 == +In 2017, the qualitative findings of SAFE13 were published. Authored by Nelson, Rutherford, Hinde and Clancy, the study focused on the experiences of 26 interviewees, who were mostly anthropologists or archaeologists (23 of 26 interviewees), women (23 of 26), and white (21 of 26). Some participants described incidents of sexual harassment in multiple fieldwork sites, so fifty-four field contexts are represented in their narratives. Twelve participants recalled working at field sites with clear anti-harassment rules (representing 18 fieldwork sites). These sites had training, explicit conversations, and senior researchers modelled proactive behaviour to redress sexual harassment. Actively enforced anti-harassment policies were associated with positive fieldwork experiences where scientists felt safe, valued and equal. These sites were categorised by the researchers as "green" contexts where best practice was enforced by senior members of the research team. As a result there were fewer negative experiences, and transgressions were acted upon by leaders. +The rest of the participants described ambiguity or lack of clarity about codes of conduct. Even if they had some rules, sexual harassment still took place because were no consequences. Ambiguity led to repercussions for scientists who resisted sexual coercion, such as being alienated from colleagues and being denied professional opportunities. Harassment and negative fieldwork experiences also led to negative letters of employment, strained workplace relationships, career stalling, being forced to move to another site, or leaving their careers. The hostility would be continued into the future in other contexts, such as at conferences. Some participants were discouraged or prevented from taking formal reporting action by administrators. The researchers call ambiguous sites "yellow" contexts because if there was a vague set of rules, they were not consistently applied. "Red" contexts are fieldwork sites where there is both an absence of rules and consequences. +SAFE2 and SAFE13 are recognised as having led to concrete institutional and policy changes in academic science. + +== Academic and public impact == +Prior to its final publication, the evolving findings of the SAFE13 study received media coverage in 2013, with a focus on how sexual harassment creates a "chilly climate" in science. Public discussion of the evolving study's findings explored the negative impact of harassment on junior women researchers. Media articles focused on fear of professional retribution if scientists report sexual harassment. Other science publishers discussed the sense of powerless that both victims and bystanders face as harassment goes unpunished. +After the final report was published, the study became widely cited as evidence that sexual harassment contributes to women leaving science careers. Professional scientific societies publicly responded that, beyond making principal researchers responsible for reporting sexual harassment, institutional responses were additionally required. +The SAFE13 study inspired women scientists in other fields to conduct similar surveys into sexual harassment. It also paved the way for larger institutional surveys on harassment by professional societies. The SAFE13 study is referenced in high-profile cases, to contextualise the institutional dynamics that enable harassment to continue over many years. The study has had a major impact on American astronomy and physics in particular, as these disciplines increasingly grapple with public incidents of harassment. +In 2016, USA Rep. Jackie Speier of California sponsored a bill to compel research institutions to report investigations of harassment as a condition of receiving federal grant money. She cited the SAFE13 study as one piece of evidence informing the bill. She also referred to SAFE13 in media interviews. In February 2018, the USA National Science Foundation (NSF) announced it would require institutions to report whenever a researcher who is funded by their grants has engaged in sexual harassment. The NSF also expects institutions they fund to provide a harassment-free workplace. The NSF Office of Diversity and Inclusion will additionally provide policies and resources to support this aim, and create an anonymous reporting system to receive direct reports of sexual harassment. The NSF is one of various science agencies under pressure by the USA Congress to counter sexual harassment. This represents a major cultural change in scientific science since the SAFE13 study first recommended a review of institutional responses to harassment. +On 27 February 2018, lead researcher of the SAFE13 study, Kathryn (Kate) Clancy, provided testimony to the Subcommittee on Research and Technology Hearing on sexual harassment in science. The hearing identified a need to redress sexual harassment in science as a way to boost opportunities in science. Clancy testified that creating a safe, harassment-free workplace culture was imperative to improving science. +Five years after its preliminary findings were released, the SAFE13 study continues to be referenced in various media articles exploring how victims of sexual harassment are punished when they report harassment. SAFE13 has also been cited as an important resource in responding to the aftermath of the #MeToo movement in 2017, by providing systematic context of sexual harassment. +Since 2013, scientists have consistently used the hashtag #SAFE13 in connection to other research on sexual harassment, as well as to discuss media reports and investigations on sexual harassment in science and academia, and to share personal experiences of harassment in academic science. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemettes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemettes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..867941dde --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemettes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Stemettes" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemettes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:43.198923+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Stemettes is a social enterprise which encourages girls and young women aged 5–25 to pursue careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths (STEM). Stemettes runs panel events, hackathons, the Student to Stemette mentoring programme supported by Deutsche Bank, Outbox Incubator and an app, OtotheB, an online platform for girls interested in STEM and entrepreneurship. + + +== History == +Stemettes was started in 2013 by British mathematics and computing child prodigy Anne-Marie Imafidon. In 2015, Jacquelyn Guderley became co-founder of Stemettes alongside Imafidon. +Stemettes has partnered with organisations including Deutsche Bank, Salesforce, Accenture, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, BP and Microsoft. The organisation is regularly called upon by the UK Government and European Commission to consult on matters related to women in STEM. + + +== Outbox Incubator == +For six weeks from July–August 2015, Stemettes ran Outbox Incubator in London. This residential business incubator for girls with STEM start-ups became known as the "X-men house for girls". +In February 2016, the Outbox Incubator spin-off app, OtotheB, was officially launched. The app is an online platform for girls interested in STEM and entrepreneurship. The app has been well received by some STEM figures such as academic and campaigner Sue Black, who described the app as a "…fantastic new resource for young women interested in technology". + + +== Awards and recognition == +Stemettes was named as European Digital Impact Organisation of the Year in October 2014 by the Digital Leadership Institute. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Outbox Incubator website +Student to Stemette website +OtotheB website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_M._Stoesser_Lecturer_in_Chemistry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_M._Stoesser_Lecturer_in_Chemistry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47f8567bc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_M._Stoesser_Lecturer_in_Chemistry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Sylvia M. Stoesser Lecturer in Chemistry" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_M._Stoesser_Lecturer_in_Chemistry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:44.406650+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Sylvia M. Stoesser Lecture series was established in 2000 by the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois. It is supported by alumna Yulan Tong and by Dow AgroSciences. It is named after the first woman chemist to work at Dow, Sylvia M. Stoesser. The lectureship is given every two years to "an individual who has made outstanding contributions to the chemical community and provides new perspectives in the chemical field outside academia." + + +== Lecturers == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai's_model-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai's_model-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a41089e91 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai's_model-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Tai's model" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai's_model" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:45.697790+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In 1994, nutrition scholar Mary M. Tai published a paper in the journal Diabetes Care entitled "A Mathematical Model for the Determination of Total Area Under Glucose Tolerance and Other Metabolic Curves". In the paper, Tai proposes "Tai's model" as a method of estimating the area under a curve by dividing the area into simple polygons and summing their totals. Apparently unbeknownst to Tai, and not noted by peer reviewers or the journal's editors, her method is in fact the trapezoidal rule, a basic method of calculus used by Babylonian astronomers before 50 BCE and later independently by English and French astronomers in the 14th century. +Several scholars replied to the paper in letters to the journal, objecting to the naming of "Tai's model" and the treatment of a method "used in undergraduate calculus courses" as a novel discovery in the field of diabetes care. A letter entitled "Tai's Formula is the Trapezoidal Rule" pointed out errors in Tai's representation of the underlying mathematics (such as referring to a count of square units below the curve as the "true value" of the area, against which to measure the accuracy of Tai's model) and problems with the method's applicability to glucose tolerance curves, which are already approximations. +Tai responded, saying that she had derived the method independently during a session with her statistical advisor in 1981, and noting that "the concept behind it is obviously common sense". She explained that she submitted her method for publication at the request of her colleagues at the Obesity Research Center, who had already been using it in their own work under the name "Tai's formula" and wanted to cite a formal source. Tai argues that her contribution "presented the original concept into a functioning mathematical description that can be easily observed and applied". Mathematicians Stephan Garcia and Steven Miller retort that "every calculus book in existence presents the trapezoidal rule in a manner that can easily be applied!" +Tai's 1994 paper has been cited over 500 times as of March 2025. Forbes and IFLScience speculate that most of these citations were probably made in jest by researchers using the trapezoidal rule. +The episode has been cited as an illustration of the slower-than-expected spread of knowledge in certain contexts. Garcia and Miller call it a cautionary tale in verifying the originality of one's work before publishing it. Undergraduate student David Chasteen-Boyd cites it as a reason for medical students to study mathematics. Author Ben Orlin cautions against contemptuous judgment of someone trying to share what they had learned, and criticizes academic publishing's focus on credit and lack of venues for small contributions. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technofeminism-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technofeminism-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0df6d594 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technofeminism-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "Technofeminism" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technofeminism" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:47.246904+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Technofeminism is a theoretical and practical framework that explores the intersections between technology, gender, and power. Rooted in feminist thought, it critically examines how technology shapes, reinforces, or disrupts gender inequalities and seeks to envision more equitable futures through technological design and use. +The term is widely attributed to Judy Wajcman, a sociologist and feminist scholar. Wajcman introduced the concept in her influential 2004 book, TechnoFeminism. +Historically, technofeminism is closely linked to cyberfeminism, a concept which emerged in the early 1990s. The origins of cyber- and technofeminism are strongly attributed to the references of Donna Haraway's A Cyborg Manifesto. Since the 1990s, numerous feminist movements developed, addressing feminism and technology in various ways, and through different perspectives. Networks, ideas and concepts can overlap. +Technofeminism is often examined in conjunction with intersectionality, a term coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw which analyzes the relationships among various identities, such as race, socioeconomic status, sexuality, gender, and more. + + +== TechnoFeminism book == + + +=== Overview === + +TechnoFeminism is a book by academic sociologist Judy Wajcman which reframes the relationship between gender and technologies, and presents a feminist reading of the woman-machine relationship. It argues against a technocratic ideology, posing instead a thesis of society and technology being mutually constitutive. She supports this with examples of feminist history related to reproductive technologies and automation. It is considered a key contributor to the rise of feminist technoscience as a field. +Reception +According to a review in the American Journal of Sociology, Wajcman convincingly argues that "analyses of everything from transit systems to pap smears must include a technofeminist awareness of men's and women's often different positions as designers, manufacturing operatives, salespersons, purchasers, profiteers, and embodied users of such technologies." +In the journal Science, Technology and Human Values, Sally Wyatt notes that the "theoretical insights from feminist technoscience (can and should) be useful for empirical research as well as for political change and action" and that one way of moving towards this is "return to production and work as research sites because so much work in recent years has focused on consumption, identity, and representation." +Editions +Adding to the print edition, which has been reprinted several times, E-book editions of TechnoFeminism were released in 2013. The book has been translated into Spanish as El Tecnofeminismo. + + +== Academic contexts == +Scholars have spoken out about the lack of technofeminist scholarship, especially in the context of overarching technological research. +A primary concern of technofeminism is the relationship between historical and societal norms, and technology design and implementation. Technofeminist scholars actively work to illuminate the often unnoticed inequities ingrained in systems and come up with solutions to combat them. They also research how technology can be used for positive ends, especially for marginalized groups. + + +== See also == +Digital rhetoric +Feminist technoscience +Cyberfeminism + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Farquharson, Karen "Book review: 'TechnoFeminism', by Judy Wajcman" Archived 2016-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, Vol. 2, no. 2 (2004), pp. 156–157 +Sarah M. Brown "TechnoFeminism (review)" NWSA Journal Volume 19, Number 3, Fall 2007 pp. 225–227 +Amanda du Preez (2 October 2009). Gendered Bodies and New Technologies: Rethinking Embodiment in a Cyber-era. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4438-1541-3. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Turn-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Turn-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..732c34c5b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Turn-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Teen Turn" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Turn" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:48.419928+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Teen Turn is an Irish charity which encourages teenage girls to pursue careers in technology. + + +== History == +Teen Turn is an Irish charity which was founded in 2016 by Joanne Dolan and Niambh Scullion with the aim of promoting technology and computer skills to girls in disadvantaged areas. It was first trialed in the summer of 2016 with 20 girls from five schools, and since has expanded to 18 schools and 30 tech companies. + + +== Activities == +In particular the group aim to work with girls from communities with low uptake of university or third level education. They partner with technology and digital companies to provide work placements and mentoring. They provide two week work placements. The charity also run after school programs. Participants from this program in Limerick went on to win the BT Young Pioneer Award in 2018. In 2018, Teen Turn partnered with The Digital Hub and Gaisce to take part in the Technovation Challenge. + + +=== Awards === +2017 EU Digital Impact Organisation of the Year. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official Twitter account \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c1306211 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Woman in Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:49.683776+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Woman in Science is a book written by John Augustine Zahm (under the pen name H. J. Mozans) in 1913. It is an account of women who have contributed to the sciences, up to the time when it was published. + + +== Themes == +The comprehensive theme that is depicted throughout Woman in Science is that of women's equal biological capacity. It is asserted that women being less prominent than men in science is due to the lack of educational and career opportunities available rather than the biological aspects of brain size or structure. In addition, the book encompasses the many developments of science throughout history. The main objective of the author/book was for women to become more involved and gain a respected position in the scientific field, in addition to increasing educational and career opportunities for women interested in science. It was one of the first collaborations of women's contributions to the scientific community, and it "explored the barriers to women's participation in science." + + +== Quotations == + +"H. J. Mozans, in his Woman in Science, gives us a most comprehensive survey of the scientific activity and attainments of women. Primarily inspired to his investigation by extensive travels in Greece and Italy, the author begins with the learned women of ancient Greece-Hypatia, Sappho, and Aspasea, and of somewhat less widespread fame, Gorgo, Andromeda, and Corinna-and passes on from them to the women of ancient Rome, the women of the Middle Ages, when education was largely confined to monasteries, the women of the renaissance, and the women of subsequent and modern times. He shows during each of these epochs the advantages and opportunities offered to women in each country, and indicates where their achievements were least, and where greatest. He very conclusively proves that where opportunity was great, achievement was likewise great, and vice versa. "In every department of natural knowledge," he states, "when not inhibited by her environment, woman has been the colleague and the emulatress, if not the peer, of the most illustrious men who have contributed to the increase and diffusion of human learning." He analyzes most carefully the biologic capacity of women for scientific pursuits, coming to the conclusion that the reputed difference in intelligence between men and women is due not to difference in brain size or structure or innate power of intellect, but to education and opportunity. He then goes carefully through the historical development of each science, beginning with mathematics, going on through astronomy, physics, chemistry, the natural sciences, medicine, and surgery, archaeology, and invention, and shows the instances, extent and value of woman's contributions to each science. He concludes with the prediction that increasing education and opportunity for women will bring about ever-increasing participation in the advancement of science." +PREFACE + +"Only then did the magnitude and the difficulty of my self-imposed task begin to dawn upon me. I saw that it would be impossible, if I were to do justice to the subject, to compass in a single volume anything like an adequate account of the contributions of women to the advancement of general knowledge. I accordingly resolved to restrict my theme and confine myself to an attempt to show what an important role women have played in the development of those branches of knowledge in which they are usually thought to have had but little part". + +"The subject of my book thus, by a process of elimination, narrowed its scope to woman’s achievements in science. Many works in various languages had been written on what women had accomplished in art, literature, and state-craft, and there was, therefore, no special call for a new volume on any of these topics. But, with the exception of a few brief monographs in German, French and Italian, and an occasional magazine article here and there, practically nothing had been written about woman in science. The time, then, seemed opportune for entering upon a field that had thus far been almost completely neglected; and, although I soon discovered that the labor involved would be far greater than I had anticipated, I never lost sight of the work which had its virtual inception in the peerless sanctuary of Pallas Athena in the 'City of the Violet Crown.'" + + +== Chapters in the book == +I:Woman's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind +II: Woman's Capacity for Scientific Pursuit +III: Woman in Mathematics +IV: Woman in Astronomy +V: Woman in Physics +VI: Woman in Chemistry +VII: Woman in Natural Sciences +VIII: Woman in Medicine and Surgery +IX: Woman in Archaeology +X: Woman in Invention +XI: Woman as Inspirers and Collaborators in Science +XII: The Future of Woman in Science: Summary and Epilogue + + +== Women chronicled in the book == +The biographies include, but are not limited to, the following women, by chapter: + +Cornelia, Aurelia, Porcia, Servilia, Madame du Deffand, Elizabeth Barrett Browning +Christine de Pizan, Sonya Kovalevsky, Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, Mrs. Henry Fawcett +Hypatia, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Empress Maria Theresa +Caroline Herschel, Mme. Lepaute, Mme. Du Pierry, Duchesse Louise +Laura Bassi, Mary Somerville, Mrs. Ayrton +Mme. Lavoisier, Ms. Ellen Swallow/Richards, Marie Curie +Anna Manzolini, Mdm de Beausoleil, Maria Sibylla Merian +Bitisia Gozzadina, Maria Vittoria Dosi, Bettina Calendrini and Norella Calendrini, Elizabeth Blackwell +Elisabetta Gonzaga, Isabella d'Este, Anna Murphy, Alice Cunningham Fletcher, Zelia Nuttall, Agnes Smith Lewis and Margaret Dunlop Gibson +Mary Kies, Sarah Mather, Margaret Knight +Caroline Herschel, Elizabeth Agassiz, Lady Baker, Marie Aimee, Sophia Charlotte, Queen Christina of Sweden, Sister Celeste +Even Portia, Étienne Lamy, Mme. Curie, Mme. Coudreau, Mary Kingsley, Harriet Boyd Hawes, Donna Eersilia Bovatillo, Sophie Pereyaslawewa + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Woman in Science, readable at Open Library \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Outstanding_Achievement_Photographic_Exhibition-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Outstanding_Achievement_Photographic_Exhibition-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a84ee6cc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Outstanding_Achievement_Photographic_Exhibition-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +--- +title: "Women of Outstanding Achievement Photographic Exhibition" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Outstanding_Achievement_Photographic_Exhibition" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:51:50.871689+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Women of Outstanding Achievement Photographic Exhibition was an annual event organised by the UKRC between 2006 and 2012, when it was subsumed into the WISE Campaign awards. It comprised creative photographs of outstanding women within science, engineering and technology (SET). Between four and seven women were chosen each year to be photographed by Robert Taylor. Nominations occurred in the Autumn of each year and the recipients were announced at a ceremony in March of the following year. +Many of the portraits are on permanent loan to institutions such as the University of Oxford and The Royal Society;those of Joanna Kennedy, Julia King and Wendy Hall were hung in the Royal Academy of Engineering. The portrait of Nancy Rothwell was purchased by the National Portrait Gallery. + + +== Award Recipients == +Recipients were (with job titles at the time): +2012 + +Maggie Philbin, BBC Journalist and CEO TeenTech +Belinda Swain, Chief Airworthiness Engineer at Rolls-Royce +Angela Brady, President of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and founder of Women in Architecture +Fiona Marshall, Founder and Chief Scientific Officer at Heptares Therapeutics Ltd +2011 + +Dame Ann Dowling, Head of Engineering department at the University of Cambridge +Dame Athene Donald, Professor at the University of Cambridge +Cary Marsh, CEO & Founder of Mydeo.com and founding member of the Everywoman Modern Muse campaign +Dervilla Mitchell, Senior Engineer at Arup +Eileen Ingham, Head of the Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering at the University of Leeds +Kate Bellingham, Broadcaster, Maths teacher, President of Young Engineers and a National STEM Careers Coordinator +Dr Phebe Mann, Senior Lecturer and the first woman to hold five professional engineering qualifications in the UK +2010 + +Helen Atkinson, Professor of Engineering and Head of Mechanics of Materials Research Group, University of Leicester +Sarah Baillie, Inventor and creator of the Haptic Cow and Senior Lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College +Amanda Fisher, Director of the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre at Hammersmith Hospital and Professor and Head of Division of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College, London +Julia Higgins, Former Principal of the Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London +Jackie Hunter, Senior Vice President and Head of Science Environment Development, GlaxoSmithKline +Helen Mason, Astrophysicist and Senior Tutor at St Edmund's College, Cambridge and lead on the Sun|Trek Project +2009 + +Ann Budge, Founder and Former Chief Executive of the Sopra Group +Carolin Crawford, Senior Outreach Officer at the Institute of Astronomy at University of Cambridge and Fellow of Emmanuel College +Lynne Frostick, Professor of Geography at the University of Hull +Dr Jenny Gristock, Research Fellow at SISSA, the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy +Barbara Jones, Founder and Director of amazonails +Linda Partridge, Weldon Professor of Biometry and Director of the University College London Institute of Healthy Ageing +2008 + +Dame Kay Davies, Dr Lee's Professor of Anatomy and Director of the MRC Functional Genetics Unit at the University of Oxford +Uta Frith, Emeritus Professor of Cognitive Development at UCL and Research Foundation Professor at Aarhus University +Dame Nancy Rothwell, MRC Research Professor, Deputy President and Deputy Vice Chancellor at the University of Manchester +Wendy Sadler, Director of Science Made Simple Ltd and works in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Cardiff University +Joanna Kennedy, Director of Ove Arup and Partners +Anne Glover, Chief Scientific Advisor for Scotland within the Scottish Government +2007 + +Carol Robinson, Professor in the department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge +Frances Ashcroft, Professor in the department of physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at the University of Oxford +Dr Averil Macdonald, Physics Department at the University of Reading +Dr Sima Adhya, Technical Product Manager at QAT, QinetiQ +Julia King, Professor and Vice Chancellor at Aston University +Ijeoma Uchegbu, Professor in the School of Pharmacy at the University of London +2006 + +Wendy Hall, Professor of Computer Science at the University of Southampton +Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Astrophysicist and Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford +Kathy Sykes, Professor, Holds the Collier Chair in Public Engagement of Science and Engineering at the University of Bristol +Dr Maggie Aderin, Managing Director of Science Innovation Ltd and Senior Project Manager at Space Science at Sira Ltd +Julia Goodfellow, Professor, Chief Executive Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council +Rebecca George, Director at IBM + + +== References == + + +== External links == +WISE - successor to UKRC \ No newline at end of file