diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index d8eed6641..9d0a2d873 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-0.md index 2483f6db3..68eca7c41 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:43:36.513768+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:07.659357+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-1.md index a2f880311..792bebabd 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:43:36.513768+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:07.659357+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-2.md index d32723061..e7a15678c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:43:36.513768+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:07.659357+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Basic_Sciences_for_Sustainable_Development-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Basic_Sciences_for_Sustainable_Development-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2907b6277 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Basic_Sciences_for_Sustainable_Development-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Basic_Sciences_for_Sustainable_Development" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:55.274465+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development was proclaimed by the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly 2 December 2021 for 2022, stressing that the applications of basic sciences are vital for advances in medicine, industry, agriculture, water resources, energy planning, environment, communications and culture, and that basic sciences rupture technologies respond to the needs of humankind by providing access to information and increasing societal well-being, and promoting peace through improved collaboration toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). +The official opening ceremony of the year took place in UNESCO headquarters in Paris on 8 July 2022 and the official closure took place at CERN in Geneva on 15 December 2023, so in the end the UN observance lasted six months longer than initially foreseen. +The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and 28 other science unions and organizations constituted a Steering Committee, chaired by Michel Spiro with vice chairs Jean Trần Thanh Vân, and Prajval Shastri, which goal from 2017 was to promote the proclamation by the United Nations General Assembly of 2022 as the International Year for Basic Science for Sustainable Development. +Over 80 other organizations, among them many national science academies and their networks, supported the initiative. +UNESCO acted as the lead agency and focal point for the Year. The programme for the Year is developed in collaboration with other relevant entities of the UN system, IUPAP, CERN, and their associated organizations and federations across the world. A series of regional and international events took place, among others the flagship events “Science, Ethics and Human Development” in Vietnam and the “World Conference on Basic Sciences and Sustainable Development” in Serbia. +Following the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development (IYBSSD), the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 2024 to 2033 as the International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development (IDSSD). + + +== References == + + +== External links == +IYBSSD 2022 web portal +Princess Sumaya bint El Hassan launches IYBSSD 2022 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_years_of_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_years_of_science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..121662e94 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_years_of_science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "International years of science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_years_of_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:56.567199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +International Years of Science is an annual event that was hosted by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) starting in 2007. The event promotes university research and development projects and support for vocational education. +The German BMBF and the corresponding ministry in the partner country invite research institutions and educational establishments to present their joint projects to the public. The International Bureau of the BMBF at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) supports the BMBF in the coordination and communications activities of the International Years of Science. + + +== Previous events == + + +=== The German-Egyptian Year of Science and Technology 2007 === +The motto of the German-Egyptian Year of Science and Technology was "Linking Scientific Masterminds". It was jointly launched by the Research Ministers of both countries on 15 January 2007 in Cairo. It implemented a German-Egyptian Research Fund (GERF) and the German University of Cairo (GUC). These events included the opening ceremony in Cairo, the multimedia show "Culturama" in Berlin, the open day on the research vessel METEOR in Port Said, the centennial celebration of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, the exhibition "Egypt’s Sunken Treasures" in Bonn, and the exhibition of mummies and an accompanying academic programme at the Landesmuseum. + + +=== The German-Israeli Year of Science and Technology 2008 === +The German-Israeli Year of Science and Technology was held in Berlin on 8 April 2008. Emphasis was given to cooperation between Israel and Germany. The BMBF introduced the Award for Research Cooperation and Highest Excellence (ARCHES). The application and selection procedure is administered by the Minerva Foundation. + + +=== German-Chinese Year of Science and Education 2009/10 === +The slogan "Together on the road to knowledge" was the motto of the German-Chinese Year of Science and Education 2009/10, which took place from March 2009 to June 2010. German and Chinese came together at more than 200 events, which included the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting and the BMBF's participation in Shenyang and Wuhan on the topic of "sustainable urban development" during the campaign "Germany and China – Moving Ahead Together". + + +=== German-Brazilian Year of Science, Technology and Innovation 2010/11 === +Events in the field of science were held in Germany and Brazil from April 2010 to April 2011. The slogan of the events was "sustainable:innovative". More than 100 events took place, including 60 'best practice' projects. It included the Brazil Week at Münster University, the "Eye of the Sky" touring exhibition of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and a promotional tour through Brazil. The German-Brazilian Year launched the foundation of an agricultural research laboratory at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) under the umbrella of the Helmholtz Research Centre Jülich. + + +=== German-Russian Year of Education, Science and Innovation 2011/12 === +The German-Russian Year slogan was "Partnership of Ideas". More than 200 events were held between May 2011 and May 2012. Eighteen select German universities hosted "Russia Weeks". The Russia country campaign runs from 2012 to 2014 as part of the "Promoting Innovation in Germany" initiative under the umbrella of "Research in Germany". + + +=== German-South African Year of Science 2012/2013 === +The German-South African Year of Science slogan was "Enhancing Science Partnerships for Innovation and Sustainable Development". The ministries of the two countries sponsored 41 projects; lecture series were also held. The establishment of a joint research chair was agreed at the end of the Science Year. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-0.md index 12cde9fcc..cbb133fbc 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/9 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:29:35.678731+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-1.md index eaa8945c7..7f833c8a6 100644 --- 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"2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-3.md index 881362df6..abc8386bb 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/9 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:29:35.678731+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-4.md index 31cb9cd8b..d171b0125 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-4.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-4.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/9 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:29:35.678731+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-5.md index 8d2d3ab43..13324ec90 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-5.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-5.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 6/9 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:29:35.678731+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-6.md index 0b3c77966..0e2f4e662 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-6.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-6.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 7/9 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:29:35.678731+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-7.md index 11d121ee9..b29d4b333 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-7.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-7.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 8/9 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:29:35.678731+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-8.md index 8510fa2a3..891a9a3cc 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-8.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents-8.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 9/9 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:29:35.678731+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:57.942917+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..211384b3d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Primakov Readings" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:59.206615+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Primakov Readings (Russian: Примаковские чтения) is an international summit aimed at promoting dialogue on trends in global politics and economics among high-ranking experts, diplomats and decision-makers. The summit is named in honor of the academician and statesman Yevgeny Primakov. The Readings are intended both to commemorate Primakov and to continue to develop his ideas through international dialogue. +The summit is organized by the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and is held in Indian, India. Approximately 50 leaders from think tanks, universities and the diplomatic community from more than 30 countries participate in the Readings each year. +The conference focuses on scenarios of the development of international relations, challenges in the sphere of international security and new models of interaction between States, corporations and other entities. + +== Mission == +The purpose of the event is to create in Russia a regularly operating international platform aimed at discussion of problems of world economy, politics and international security with the participation of leading representatives of Russian and foreign research and expert-analytical centers. +Primakov Readings are designed to intensify the dialogue between leading experts from different countries and regions, promote discussion of the approaches to address global and regional problems, and encourage the interaction on the "Track II diplomacy". + +== Summits == + +=== Primakov Readings 2015 === +The first Primakov Readings were held On October 29, 2015, at the World Trade Center (Moscow). The event was created to commemorate one of the most outstanding politician and scientist Yevgeny Maximovich Primakov, who had died in June of that year, and was timed to the day of his birth. +His friends and colleagues met in order to reminisce the joint work. They appreciated the contribution of Yevgeny Primakov to Russian politics, journalism and science. + +=== Primakov Readings 2016 === +Named "World Order Crisis: expert community response", the Readings were held in a three-day format from November 28 to November 30 in Moscow, at the World Trade Center, and consisted of two events: the International Studies Think Tanks Forum (November 28–29) and the Primakov Readings Summit (November 30). The Conference was dedicated to the 60-th anniversary of IMEMO. It was organized in cooperation with Think Tank and Civil Society Program (TTCSP) of the University of Pennsylvania and designed to initiate international discussion among leading representatives of global “think tank” community on major economic, social, political and security challenges and threats for the international system and its sustainability. +The event was attended by representatives of government, leading Russian and foreign economists, political scientists and diplomats, outstanding public figures. President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin opened the Summit. +The first day of the forum was devoted to regional problems of international relations and challenges to international security – in the Middle East and in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as to trends in the development of the world economy and prospects for Russia. Chairman of the Organizing Committee, Aide to the President of the Russian Federation, Y. Ushakov, and director of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, academician A. Dynkin, opened the conference. +The second day of the forum was devoted to trends in the development of modern world order and crisis trends in the sphere of international security. During the event there were thematic sessions, presentations and speeches of experts, as well as of diplomats and politicians, including Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation S. Ryabkov and chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Federation Council of Russia, K. Kosachev. +During the third day of the conference, Russian President V. Putin gave a speech. Putin shared his memories of Yevgeny Maksimovich, and also expressed his hope for the further application and development of the ideas of this outstanding politician and scientist. +Valentina Matvienko, Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and Sergey Lavrov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, who recalled the diplomatic activity of Primakov, also shared their memories. +Among international participants of the Forum were: former Italian Foreign Minister, L. Dini; former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt and Secretary-General of the Arab League, Amr Musa; former General Secretary of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, J. Solana; former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland, Adam Rotfeld; former British diplomat, Sir John Holmes; German diplomat, Wolfgang Ischinger; French historian of international relations, Dr. Thomas Gomart; Professor of Russian and European politics at the University of Kent, Richard Sakwa; American political scientist, Robert Legvold; vice chairman of Samsung Group, Lee Jae-yong. + +=== Primakov Readings 2017 === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0699e40e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Primakov Readings" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:59.206615+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Named “The World in 2035” in 2017 Primakov Readings caused wide resonance not only in Russia, but also abroad. The forum was attended by 503 Russian and 80 foreign guests (291 representatives of scientific organizations), as well as by 231 representatives of the media. Primakov Readings were covered in more than 70 major Russian and 10 foreign media. In addition, during the event more than 20 interviews with key speakers were taken by various agencies. +Program +The first day of the event began with the welcoming words of the organizers of the Primakov Readings. The participants were greeted by the Assistant to the President of the Russian Federation Y. Ushakov, who read out a welcoming address from the President of the Russian Federation, V.V. Putin. Chairman of the Board of Directors of the World Trade Center, President of the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry S. Katyrin and President of IMEMO A. Dynkin have also delivered their welcoming speeches. +During the thematic sessions, the panel on Russian-American relations was held under moderation of the Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation, S. Ryabkov. Among other experts who participated in discussion were: Richard Burt - former chief negotiator of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, K. Kosachev - chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Federation Council of Russia, S. Rogov - an academician, director of the Institute for US and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an expert on the reduction of nuclear weapons and strategic weapons, Feodor Voytolovsky – Director of IMEMO. + +Second session of the Primakov Readings 2017 was focused on international cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. The main partner in its conduct was the largest social sciences' think tank in India - the Observer Research Foundation. The session was addressed by outstanding experts in the region: Nandan Unnikrishnan, vice president of the Foundation, one of the leading Indian experts on issues of the post-Soviet space and Russian-Indian relations, Shin Un, former ambassador, president of the National Security Strategy Institute (INSS) and others. +The third session covered the potential of the emerging new economic landscape in Eurasia. The moderator was Shingo Yamagami, a Japanese eminent statesman who currently is the head of the Institute of International Relations. Among the participants was Guan Guhai – specialist in modern Russian-Chinese relations and leading consultant in several Chinese ministries. + +The last event of the first day was the session on international terrorism, moderated by Robert Legvold, a distinguished Sovietologist, one of the leaders of the Euro-Atlantic Security Initiative. The world's top experts took part in the session: V. Naumkin, adviser to the UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura, and Alex Schmid, editor-in-chief of the largest scientific online journal, Perspectives on Terrorism. +Second day of the International Forum Primakov Readings was opened by a special session with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov and the former Secretary of State of the United States of America, Henry Kissinger. They presented their vision for the development of Russian-American relations and global politics in general, and expressed their hope for an early resolution of acute issues, the resumption of dialogue and close cooperation. +During the thematic panels, experts discussed relationship between Russia and the EU, the Russo-Ukrainian War, and a new technological revolution. Primakov Readings 2017 were completed by the speech of the chairman of the Board of the Center for Strategic Research Alexey Kudrin. + +=== Primakov Readings 2018 === +The main topic of Primakov Readings in 2018 was "Hedging Risks of Unstable World Order". The forum participants focused on scenarios of transformation of the international relations system, prospects for the development of the new world order and its stabilization, as well as on the most important challenges and risks of regional and global security. +Program +The Readings were attended by 65 prominent foreign experts from 22 countries and more than 600 representatives of the Russian scientific and expert community, public authorities, political and business circles, as well as by more than 200 media representatives. The Readings raised wide public resonance both in Russia and abroad: 38 interviews were conducted, with coverage of more than 30 million followers, and in the first week after the event, there were 1,668 reports about "Primakov Readings" in the mass media. + +At the opening ceremony prominent personalities such as Aide to the President of the Russian Federation Y.V. Ushakov, Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation V.I. Matvienko, member of the Council of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, Head of the LDPR faction V.V. Zhirinovsky, chairman of the Board of Directors of the World Trade Center, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation S.N. Katyrin and President of IMEMO A.A. Dynkin, made appeals to the participants of the conference. President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin sent a greeting to the organizers and participants of the International Scientific and Expert Forum, expressing appreciation to the "Primakov Readings". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9def32b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Primakov Readings" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:59.206615+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The first session - "New Bipolarity” – Myth or Reality?” – touched upon the problems of crisis of supranational and international institutions, as well as the appropriateness of the very concept of "bipolarity" in contemporary international relations. The expert from Austria said that Russia and China are moving towards establishing a new world order; however, it is too early to talk about the formation of a "new bipolarity". The expert from the United States disagreed, stressing that "competing bipolarity" is developing in the world, which will lead to a "new multipolarity". The representative from the PRC noted that China is in isolation, which Russia helps to overcome to some extent. In his opinion, the role of the new institutions, in the formation of which China is involved, is important, and that is why China's tactics might be somehow offensive. The representative of China did not rule out the possibility of conflicts between Washington and Beijing. From the Chinese point of view, the new bipolarity is unacceptable and it is preferable to strive for the formation of blocks. +According to the Indian expert, the state of world politics can be defined as "multiple multipolarity". The Russian participant of the session, in his turn, drew attention to the fact that the forming system is not only a polycentric and hierarchical, but also unstable: on the one hand, there is a growing interdependence, on the other – increasing competitiveness. This trend shows the inconsistency of the dual logic of bipolarity and encourages the need to develop a new language of diplomacy. +The second session, called "Infrastructure Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific Region: on Land and at Sea", raised questions related to the fierce competition for world trade routes, ports, and natural resources in the Indo-Pacific region. In addition the presence of a number of nuclear and threshold states in the region was mentioned during the discussion. As well as the complexity of the existence of "small" states, forced to maneuver between the political and economic interests of bigger players. The Vietnamese side raised the issue of political trust. The representative from India emphasized the need for economic infusions in the region's infrastructural projects, and especially the problem of competition among those projects. The expert from China stressed that Beijing's infrastructural projects are not imperialistic. He also criticized the idea of the Indian and Pacific oceans’ connection. +The US side highlighted the main obstacles to cooperation in the region: the lack of security framework between the US and China, coupled with a clash of values on which the US and Chinese foreign policy doctrines are based, the prevalence of bilateral infrastructural projects in the region and the difficulty of harmonizing interests in multilateral projects, as well as the problem of territorial issues in the South China Sea. +According to the participants, one of the key and most problematic tasks is to find common grounds and to establish an institutional framework for the trade regime in the region under the conditions of a clash of interests of key players. The representative of Japan paid attention to the North Korean issue and noted that if Trump and Kim Jong-un reached an agreement, Russia and Japan could play a crucial role in the fundamental changes in the region. According to the Russian expert, a new format, combining bilateral and multilateral cooperation with an unlimited number of participants, would be the most promising scenario. From the point of view of Russian interests, according to the speaker, Chinese Belt and Road Initiative is the most perspective and realistic. Depending on what kind of the development of interaction formats prevails, the situation will lead either to an aggravation of competition or to the development of cooperation. + +The third session, "New ‘Great Game’ in the Middle East", highlighted the following issues: increasing number of actors in the region (both state and non-state), abandonment of the "bipolar" logic concerning the division of spheres of influence in the economy, development of terrorism as a form of business, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and politicization of religion. +According to the expert from Uzbekistan, there are several insurmountable factors hampering the achievement of stability in the Middle East: a crisis of confidence, a paralysis of the institutions of international security, an attempt by different actors to impose their own rules of the game in the conditions of chaos. Import of alien models and values leads to opposition from the local population and its turn towards Islamic fundamentalism. Political will of the United States and Russia is capable of bringing stability to the region and there are several points of convergence, such as common interests in the fight against extremism, as well as counteraction to radicalization of youth. The representative of India shared this view, stating that it is necessary to work out joint approaches to fighting hotbeds of tension in the region in those areas, where interests of major actors do not conflict. The US side also stressed the presence of numerous actors and the complexity of relationships between them, especially mentioning Russia's ability to find common ground between irreconcilable antagonists. The expert predicted gradual withdrawal of the US from the region. +The representative from Israel noted that the weakening of state and its subjectivity occurred in the region, which has been related to dynamics of the "Arab Spring". In a number of cases, authoritarian regimes were reinforced. The weakening of the state created a vacuum, which brought an opportunity for various regional forces to intervene in conflicts. +Russian participant in the session questioned the existence of the «Great Game» in the Middle East. In his opinion, there is no opposition between two "superpowers", but there are three levels of conflict: local, regional and global. A distinguished feature of Russia's foreign policy – an attempt to build mutually beneficial relations with different parties, while Moscow does not try to oust anybody from the region. However, the US has recently become the main producer of hydrocarbons and pursuing new interests. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26616708f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Primakov Readings" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:59.206615+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +During the discussion of the fourth session - "Exit Strategy for the Ukraine Crisis", most participants agreed with the non-alternative nature of the Minsk agreements, as well as with Moscow's declared need to overcome alienation that is artificially fueled in relations between Russia and Ukraine. Representatives of the US and EU at the session noted the need to consider the Ukrainian crisis in context of changes in the post-Soviet space and the determination to fit it into the architecture of European security. Both Russian and Western experts agreed on the need for a peacekeeping operation, primarily with a view to ending violence in the region. +The second day of Primakov Readings was opened by speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, S.V. Lavrov, who touched upon the aggravation of international contradictions and the narrowing of space for constructive cooperation between countries, and consequently the risks of uncontrolled escalation. +The fifth session - " Is there a Future for Arms Control? " - expanded traditional understanding of the subject, highlighting also the challenges of cyberspace and the emergence of hypersonic and smart weapons, touching on the philosophical question of whether there could be a regime of arms control in a multipolar world in general. +The American expert confirmed that Russian issue is being used today in the US domestic politics. Representatives of the Russian side noted, that the nuclear arms race in the 21st century will no longer be a bilateral but multilateral. They also pointed out that a new arms control system cannot be built if the previously created mechanisms are destroyed. The representative from the European Union said that the control system no longer corresponds to the new realities, since it is a product of the bipolar world, and the question is how to organize a multilateral arms control negotiation process in a multipolar uncontrolled system. The expert stressed the need to counteract the US in its desire to extend legal norms of its national legislation to other countries. Indian expert called for a focus on reducing the risks of using nuclear weapons. +The sixth session - " Russia and the EU – Interdependence or Confrontation " – revealed the unfavorable aspects of the deteriorating relations of partner countries, noted by all experts. The representative from France said that the international system will depend, first of all, on relations between the US and China. He noted the possibility of increasing confrontation in cyberspace, in the economy (related to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative), if Russia continues its course toward strategic loneliness. The Italian expert pointed out the interdependence in relations between Russia and the EU, describing it as "hybrid cooperation". The participant noted the special complexity of the Ukrainian issue, as well as of the Serbian and Balkan problems. Representatives of the Russian point of view made in their speech an emphasis on the fall of investment activity between the Russian Federation and the EU. Experts noted an unprecedented crisis of confidence and, in connection with this, Russia's pivot to the East. Nevertheless, they also expressed hope for a more pragmatic approach of European business circles, which will allow separating economic benefits from political processes. The US representative at the session stated that Russia consciously chooses the path of the "rogue state": the country does not want to play by international rules and refuses to take responsibility for certain events. +The seventh session - " Society changing Tech: Its Expanses and Limits" - conducted by A.A. Fursenko, the Aide to the President of the Russian Federation, highlighted the role of the state and the market in modern developed societies. Panel discussion touched upon the problems of: resource catastrophe, communication gap, growing interdependence of countries in the field of modern technologies, and state guarantees to cover risks of developing field-specific technologies. +The specialists discussed possibilities of "blockchain" as a possible solution for a number of technological challenges. They agreed on the need to educate specialists aiming at invention and creative thinking, within the framework of solving special tasks for applied purposes. The Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation M.M. Kotyukov, stressed that scientific community, business circles and system of education – all participate in the technological development of the country. The Academy of Sciences once took upon itself the role of a major acquirer of R&D. Today the role of the state in the sphere is paramount. The speaker pointed up that in international cooperation, the emphasis should be made both on the development of infrastructure and on the development of those competencies that are necessary for Russia to enter the market of leading projects. + +The American expert noted that under the conditions of "new normality" technologies can help to overcome a number of resource constraints. At the same time, technologies are developing at such a speed that governments often do not understand the whole picture, so the task of the academic community is to develop a set of rules and regulations in the field of technology. +At the Special Session - "The Future of the Russian Economy", the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, A.L. Kudrin gave a speech. He touched upon the problems of implementing presidential decrees, forecasted the trends of development of the Russian economy, the demographic situation in the country, the investment market, the development of education and health care system, digitalization and weakening of the regulatory burden on business, as well as public administration reform. + +=== Primakov Readings 2019 === +The fifth annual round of the Primakov Readings was held in the year of Primakov's 90th birthday. The name of this meeting is «Confrontation Revisited: Any Alternatives?». 80 leading experts from 29 countries and more than 600 representatives of Russian think tanks and universities, public authorities, political and business circles has taken part in the Primakov Readings in 2019. + +== Interesting facts == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be79b1bd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Primakov Readings" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakov_Readings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:24:59.206615+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In the 2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report published by the University of Pennsylvania, Primakov Readings were given the 7th place in the list of 10 best conferences in the world. + +=== Quotes from the Readings === +V. Putin: "Primakov has always been confident that Russia needs normal, constructive, good relations with Western countries. To the question "Is it possible to be friends with all in our world?" He replied: "It is impossible, but it is possible and necessary to work with them. The world is very complicated" +Lee Jae-Yong: "Since the beginning of the 21st century Russia has actively pushed forward its Eastern policy based on the growing global political and economic status of the Eurasia continent. Russia has aimed to build an economic bridge connecting Europe and Asia Pacific by promoting cooperation with countries in the Asia Pacific region". +W. Ishinger "We live in a moment that symbolizes, that represents the end of the post-Cold-War period and we are obviously moving into a more chaotic, more polycentric world which is going to be far more difficult to run, to operate, to keep stable than was the case previously". +R. Sakwa: "In my view, the international system is becoming, I would argue, far healthier by the emergence of these counter-hegemonic alliances; not anti-Western, but simply non-Western, and a different vision of the international system. Rather than talking about the chaos and so on, I’d rather say that I think the world has become more balances and, perhaps, will actually achieve, if this counter-hegemonic system can influence international society and temper the ambitions of the hegemonic system, a far more stable and enduring peaceful order". +A. Dynkin: "A polycentric world is much more complicated than a bipolar or unipolar construct in world architecture. We now see a multi-dimensional network, a fabric of international relations; at this point, of course, the role of analytical centers and professional expert organizations in undoubtedly increasing". +H. Kissinger: "Tensions between the United States and Russia are not a rare event, they have happened before and they have been overcome often before. Problems between the United States and Russia are needed to be solved by negotiation and by a common vision of the two". +G. Aragona: "Let’s not delude ourselves. The disappearance of the territorial base of Daish is not going to eliminate this form of threat. It will morph into other forms, and could even lead to an export of activities because if they cannot operate in the region, they might try to operate outside, in different ways. But unless we handle the political, social, economic, religious – whatever, there are several reasons – until we tackle these root causes, I am afraid that we shall make progress, but will not solve the problem". + +== Partners == + +In 2016, the event was supported by the Russian Science Foundation in partnership with The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program of the University of Pennsylvania. +In 2017 IMEMO organized the Primakov Readings with the assistance of the Russian Science Foundation, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, the Center for International Trade and the Center for Foreign Policy Cooperation named after E.M. Primakov. International partners of IMEMO were the Observer Research Foundation (India) and The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (USA). + +== Media about the Primakov Readings == +Putin receives former U.S. diplomat Kissinger in Kremlin // Reuters, 29.06.2017 +Russia, China, U.S. could pool efforts to tackle global problems: Russian FM // New China, 01.07.2017 +‘PRIMAKOV READINGS’: Leading Experts and Politicians Took Part at the International Forum at WTC Moscow // WorldNews (WN) Network, 05.07.2017 + +== See also == +Institute of World Economy and International Relations +Yevgeny Primakov +Alexander Dynkin + +== References == + +== External links == +Primakov Readings - official web-site +Institute of World Economy and International Relations - official web-site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Roman_World-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Roman_World-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8de5c622 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Roman_World-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Transformation of the Roman World" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Roman_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:00.467794+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Transformation of the Roman World was a 5-year scientific programme, during the years 1992 to 1997, founded via the European Science Foundation. +The research project was to investigate the societal transformation taking place in Europe in the period between Late Antiquity up to the time of the Carolingian dynasty. +The results were presented in museum exhibitions and also published in a book series with the same title as the project. +Contributors to the series include Walter Pohl, Richard Hodges, Bryan Ward-Perkins, Ian Wood, Mayke de Jong, Janet Nelson, Chris Wickham, Miquel Barceló, Hans-Werner Goetz, and Jörg Jarnut. +A paper with this title has since the 1970s been one of the options offered by the Faculty of History as part of the BA degree course at the University of Cambridge. + + +== The Brill's series "Transformation of the Roman World" == +Walter Pohl, ed. (1997). Kingdoms of the Empire. The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity. Brill. ISBN 9789004108455. +Walter Pohl; Helmut Reimitz, eds. (1998). Strategies of Distinction. The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300-800. Brill. ISBN 9789004108462. +Richard Hodges; William Bowden, eds. (2003). The Sixth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand. Brill. ISBN 9789004109803. +G.P. Brogiolo; Bryan Ward-Perkins, eds. (2003). The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Brill. ISBN 9789004109018. +Evangelos Chrysos; Ian Wood, eds. (1999). East and West : modes of communication : proceedings of the first plenary conference at Merida. Brill. ISBN 9789004109292. +Mayke de Jong; Frans Theuws; Carine van Rhijn, eds. (2001). Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages. Brill. ISBN 9789004117341. +Missing +Frans Theuws; Janet Nelson, eds. (2003). Rituals of Power. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10902-5. +G.P. Brogiolo; N. Gauthier; N. Christie, eds. (2003). Towns and their Territories Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Brill. ISBN 9789004118690. +Walter Pohl; Ian Wood; Helmut Reimitz, eds. (2000). The Transformation of Frontiers. From Late Antiquity to the Carolingians. Brill. ISBN 9789004111158. +Inge Lyse Hansen; Chris Wickham, eds. (2000). The Long Eighth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand. Brill. ISBN 9789004117235. +Richard Corradini; Max Diesenberger; Helmut Reimitz, eds. (2002). The Construction of Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Texts, Resources and Artefacts. Brill. ISBN 9789004118621. +Hans-Werner Goetz; Jörg Jarnut; Walter Pohl; Sören Kaschke, eds. (2002). Regna and Gentes. The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World. Brill. ISBN 9789004125247. +Miquel Barceló; François Sigaut, eds. (2004). The Making of Feudal Agricultures?. Brill. ISBN 9789004117228. + + +== See also == +Ancient history +Classical antiquity +Late antiquity +Early Middle Ages + + +== Literature == +Ian N. Wood (1997). "Report: The European Science Foundation's Programme on the Transformation of the Roman World and Emergence of Early Medieval Europe". Early Medieval Europe. 6 (2): 217–227. doi:10.1111/1468-0254.00013. +Ian N. Wood (2016). "The Transformation of Late Antiquity 1971 - 2015". Networks and Neighbours – via academia.edu. + + +== External links == +Brill´s Series on the Transformation of the Roman World +Brill´s Series on the Early Middle Ages, presented as continuating the Transformation of the Roman World-book-series. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VerCiência-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VerCiência-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..287f1b431 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VerCiência-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "VerCiência" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VerCiência" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:01.718556+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +VerCiência is an International Exhibition of Science on TV. +Annual festival devoted to science communication on television created in Brazil in 1994 by Sergio Moraes Castanheira Brandao and José Renato Campos Monteiro. +It is a non-competitive, non-commercial and non-profitable event, with free admission to the general public in all sessions. +The main objective of the VerCiência Project is to encourage and promote the dissemination of knowledge and scientific culture through television. It has the support of the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation of Brazil as part of the Brazilian National Week of Science and Technology. The main sponsor of VerCiência is Petrobras. +The annual VerCiência exhibitions take place simultaneously in several Brazilian cities, such as Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Brasília, usually in the third week of October (coinciding with the National Week of Science and Technology) and consist in the exhibition of a selection of science TV programmes produced in Brazil and other countries. +Among main traditional international participants of the Ver Ciência exhibitions are the BBC (UK) and WGBH (US), with programmes such as Horizon and Nova, good examples of how science and technology can be conveyed in an interesting and informative manner to the general public. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderfest-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderfest-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df3e2d6b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderfest-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Wonderfest" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderfest" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:03.005481+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +'Wonderfest', the San Francisco Bay Area "Beacon of Science," is a nonprofit corporation founded in California dedicated to informal science education. + + +== Overview == +Wonderfest achieved full corporate independence in September 2011. During the prior fourteen years, Wonderfest used to be an educational project of, first, San Francisco University High School, and then, The Branson School. From 1998 to 2010, Wonderfest produced annual science festivals — the first such community-wide event in the United States — that presented a series of expert dialogues, based on topics of scientific controversy. The topics in these dialogues were varied, often covering astronomy, biology, psychology, physics, but also covering other categories. In 2011, this festival was supplanted by the Bay Area Science Festival, which was headquartered at the University of California, San Francisco. +Wonderfest, subtitled "The Bay Area Beacon of Science," is dedicated to the memory of Carl Sagan. Since 2011, it has produced public science presentations by Bay Area researchers. From 2002 through 2010, and 2015-present, Wonderfest awarded the $5,000 Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization. Wonderfest "Science Envoys" are PhD students at Stanford and UC Berkeley who train to become effective science communicators. +Wonderfest's founding director is Tucker Hiatt, a physics teacher and a former Stanford Visiting Scholar. The board of directors now guides its development: + +Jacob Bien -- Associate Professor of Statistics for University of Southern California +Jack Conte -- Musician, videographer and CEO of Patreon +Alexander Eccles -- Musician and composer +Alex Filippenko -- Professor of Astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley +Maribel Fraser -- Emeritus Director of Information Technology for AT&T +Juliana Gallin -- Author and creator of 'Ask a Scientist' +Howard Rheingold -- Author and Educator +Kendra Kramlich -- Financial Planner and Science Enthusiast +Robert Strong -- Comedy Magician, San Francisco +Eric Yao -- Bioinformatician, Wonderfest Technical Director & Board Chair +Emeritus Board Members + +Eugenie Scott, Founding Director for National Center for Science Education +Richard Zare, Professor of Chemistry for Stanford University + + +== References == + + +== Sources == +Keay Davidson (August 13, 1998). "Wonderfest - A weekend of scientific debate and lectures". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco: Hearst. ISSN 1932-8672. Retrieved September 10, 2011. +"Astronomer Geoff Marcy, Earth's Premier Planet Hunter, Wins Carl Sagan Prize". prnewswire.com (Press release). October 22, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2011. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Quantum_Day-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Quantum_Day-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d749889f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Quantum_Day-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "World Quantum Day" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Quantum_Day" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:04.498523+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +World Quantum Day is an international event celebrated annually on 14 April since 2022. It aims at promoting public awareness and understanding of quantum science and quantum technology around the world. The date, 14 April, was chosen as a reference to "4.14", the rounded first three digits of the Planck constant. + + +== History == +The proposal to celebrate the World Quantum Day was launched on 14 April 2021 as an initiative by an international group of scientists. It was launched as a decentralized initiative, for promoting public awareness and understanding of quantum science and quantum technology, planned to be celebrated across various places across the world. The initiative was later joined by engineers, educators, science communicators, and scientific organizations. The first World Quantum day was celebrated a year after the launch, on 14 April 2022. +The date, 14 April, was chosen as a reference to "4.14", the rounded first three digits of the Planck constant: 4.14×10−15 eV·s. +The United States Senate passed a resolution on 2 May 2023, commemorating and supporting the World Quantum Day initiative. + + +== Organization and events == +The global organization and initiative are supported by the World Quantum Day Coordination Team, which includes representatives from more than 65 countries. Each participating country has one or two representatives in the World Quantum Day network. +The first World Quantum Day, celebrated in 2022, included over 200 events in more than 40 countries across five continents. More than 400 events were conducted in 2023, and 530 events were conducted across 318 cities in 83 countries in 2026. While the World Quantum Day is celebrated on 14 April, the events are not necessarily held on the same day, and are spread throughout the entire week. +The activities included talks, symposiums, panel discussions, laboratory tours, artistic creations, and interviews. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Quantum Day: celebrating the invisible forces that shape our world Archived 15 April 2025 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_Evolution-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_Evolution-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d0056d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_Evolution-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "World Summit on Evolution" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_Evolution" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:05.758214+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The World Summit on Evolution is an evolutionary biology meeting hosted at the Galapagos Islands by Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), an Ecuadorian private liberal arts university. Its focus is on recent research and new advances in our understanding of evolution and the diversity of life. +The summit hosts more than 150 participants presenting invited and submitted talks, poster sessions and scientific-outreach talks. It has been called "The Woodstock of Evolution" bringing together experts and students from widely different areas of evolutionary biology that rarely meet. It has attracted researchers working on evolution from over 15 different countries, including Peter and Rosemary Grant, Niles Eldredge, Antonio Lazcano, Douglas Futuyma, Lynn Margulis, Ada Yonath, William H. Calvin and Daniel Dennett. + + +== Objectives == +Objectives: + +Join experts from different branches of evolutionary biology to discuss on the impacts of recent discoveries in order to integrate them inside the basic concepts of evolution. + +Through a series of presentations and discussions the participants ask the big questions: What is the evidence for the theory of evolution? How has each field and their respective approaches deepened our understating? And where are the future horizons? Bringing together international experts and students for debate helps to answer these questions and hopefully lead to decisions that will shape the direction of evolutionary science in the foreseeable future. + +Remind the scientific community of the importance of the Galapagos Islands and the discoveries produced thanks to their particular natural resources. Present the islands as a living and dynamic laboratory of evolution. +Promote Ecuador, its research community and its academic institutions. + + +== Subjects == +Subjects: +Origin and diversification of life—How did the first living cells originate, clues provided by RNA, new paradigms in prokaryotic and early eukaryotic evolution. +Evolution of plants and animals—The origin of animals and fungi, evolution of tropical plants and social behavior in animals. +Human Evolution—The study of human diet and digestive system explains human evolution and Darwin's ideas applied to human evolution. +Evolution and infectious agents—The origin and evolution of AIDS and how bacteria acquire pathogenic features +Creationism and Intelligent Design—Containing the spread of creationism and intelligent design, while improving the public’s understanding of evolution throughout the Americas and elsewhere. + + +== Location == + +The World Summit on Evolution takes place at Galapagos Academic Institute for the Arts and Sciences (GAIAS), part of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito. GAIAS was established in 2002 at the capital town of the Galapagos province, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, on the island of San Cristobal, one of the largest of the Galapagos Islands. +Its 4.5 hectare campus is the only one located on the historically significant Galapagos islands. GAIAS was founded on the principle that would become a first-rate institution for international students and researchers. +The Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to define his evolutionary theory, which revolutionized human understanding in relation to the diversity of species, including humans. His ideas were presented in On the Origin of Species. +The Galapagos Islands, are important for the scientific studies that have been developed over the centuries after his visit. + + +== Past and future summits == + + +=== 9–12 June 2005 - First World Summit on Evolution === +Source: + + +=== 22–26 August 2009 - Second World Summit on Evolution === +Source: +The Second World Summit on Evolution was launched to celebrate Charles Darwin's 200th birthday. +The 2009 summit included the first meeting of the Sociedad Iberoamericana de Biología Evolutiva (SIBE). SIBE led to the establishment of academic and intellectual bonds between the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking specialists in evolutionary biology. + + +=== 1–5 June 2013 - Third World Summit on Evolution === +Sources: +The summit adopted the theme ‘Why Does Evolution Matter’. 200-attendees met, to listen to 12 keynote speakers, 20 oral presentations and 31 posters by faculty, postdocs and graduate and undergraduate students. The Summit encompassed five sessions: evolution and society, pre-cellular evolution and the RNA world, behavior and environment, genome, and microbes and diseases. USFQ and GAIAS launched officially the Lynn Margulis Center for Evolutionary Biology and showcased the Galapagos Science Center, developed in partnership with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +First World Summit on Evolution +Third World Summit on Evolution +Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ +The Galapagos Academic Institute for the Arts and Sciences GAIAS \ No newline at end of file