Scrape wikipedia-science: 10375 new, 3591 updated, 14328 total (kb-cron)
This commit is contained in:
parent
cd054d3437
commit
cc139155f4
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Tacloban_typhoon-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Tacloban_typhoon-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1912 Tacloban typhoon"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Tacloban_typhoon"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:59.215394+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 1912 Tacloban typhoon is a typhoon that struck Tacloban, Philippines in 1912. It has been pointed out that this typhoon was very similar to Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 (about 100 years later).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
In November 1912, a typhoon swept through the central Philippines and "practically destroyed" Tacloban. In Tacloban and Capiz on the island of Panay, the death toll was 15,000, half the population of those communities at the time.
|
||||
Tacloban was devastated by Super Typhoon Haiyan in 2013, 101 years later. In other words, a similar catastrophe occurred about a century after the 1912 typhoon. However, there was no report that the lessons of the 1912 typhoon were passed down. In other words, despite the devastating damage caused by the 1912 typhoon, it was largely forgotten 101 years later. So when Typhoon Haiyan hit Tacloban, the interesting fact that a similar catastrophe had occurred about 100 years ago was revealed once again. Due to this, 2013 Haiyan was also called "100-Year Storm".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Typhoon Haiyan (2013)
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Kimball_mining_disaster-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Kimball_mining_disaster-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1919 Kimball mining disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Kimball_mining_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:36.227383+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Kimball mining disaster happened on July 18, 1919, at the Carswell coal mine in Kimball, West Virginia, killing six miners. Initial reports said that 221 men had been killed but they were trapped by the explosion. A rescue party was able to dig through the wreckage, allowing 215 to return alive to the surface.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bibliography ==
|
||||
Notes
|
||||
|
||||
References
|
||||
|
||||
Greenberg, Michael I. (2006). Encyclopedia of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Disasters. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763737825. - Total pages: 295
|
||||
The Oklahoma City Times (July 18, 1919). "Rescuers Search For bodies of 14 men in Wreckage". The Oklahoma City Times. Oklahoma City. ISSN 2333-0201. OCLC 13764083. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Edgewood_Arsenal_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:00.476898+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion killed twelve munitions workers and injured more than fifty on May 25, 1945. Building 509 at Edgewood Arsenal in Harford County, Maryland was a production facility for the assembly of phosphorus igniter assemblies for incendiary bombs, employing a female staff of about 135 assemblers. Nine workers, of whom eight were African-American, were killed in the initial blast, and three more died of their injuries.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1945 El Teniente mining accident"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_El_Teniente_mining_accident"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:07.132504+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 1945 El Teniente mining accident, known locally as the Smoke Tragedy (Spanish: La tragedía del humo), is the largest mining accident in metal extraction in the history of Chile and, as of 2005, worldwide. It happened on June 19, 1945, in Chile's El Teniente mine in the Andes, which belonged to Braden Copper Company, a subsidiary of Kennecott Copper Corporation, both of the United States. A total of 355 men died, largely because of a nearby fire whose smoke trapped the workers in tunnels and resulted in carbon monoxide poisoning. Another 747 men were injured by the smoke.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Description ==
|
||||
Nearly 1,000 workers were underground in the pits on June 19, 1945, when a fire started at a nearby warehouse near "Teniente C" pike. It spread to oil drums and burned fiercely. Thick smoke was drawn into the pike and spread through the tunnels of the mine. The ventilation systems did not work adequately, and the smoke obscured the exits. Men near the pike were able to escape, but most of the others sought refuge in security corridors or at the bottom of the pikes. Emergency exits were improperly marked, hindering the escape of many until too late. Men began to succumb to carbon monoxide poisoning because of the smoke, which left them unconscious. Some 355 miners died; another 747 were injured.
|
||||
Although the external fire was brought under control by that evening, rescue workers could not enter the tunnels until noon the next day. Rescuers spent 3 days trying to free the miners, but found hundreds already dead.
|
||||
A mass was celebrated for the miners at the nearby camp in Sewell on June 20. The government declared three days of mourning, and businesses and schools closed in response to the national tragedy. Flags throughout the country were flown at half mast. The Mining Superintendent issued a report on the accident in the months afterward.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Legacy ==
|
||||
As there was no cemetery at Sewell, the company town on the mountain, all of the miners' bodies were taken to Rancagua in the valley for burial. In addition to compensating the families of the workers financially, Kennecott developed a community here, known as Las Viudas Population (The Widows Community), to provide housing for the many widows and their families. The workers were buried in graves marked by gravestones of the same design. (See image).
|
||||
The disaster resulted in the adoption in Chile of occupational safety systems already in use in the US and Europe. In addition, the Congress of Chile passed legislation to reduce the independence of the company, and the Work Accident Law to support worker safety. The government established the Department of Mining Safety, stressing more communication with miners. El Teniente made such improvements to its operation that the mine won the international security award for 14 consecutive years.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
45
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Caribou_Inuit_famine-0.md
Normal file
45
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Caribou_Inuit_famine-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1950 Caribou Inuit famine"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Caribou_Inuit_famine"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:40.062828+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 1950 Canadian caribou famine happened when a change in caribou migration patterns caused widespread death in the southern interior of the District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories, now the Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, in the west of Canada's Hudson Bay. The resulting famine wiped out half of the impacted Caribou Inuit communities.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Historical background ==
|
||||
The Caribou Inuit were hunters of caribou in these regions and relied on caribou to supply food, shelter and clothing for their communities. The Caribou Inuit used caribou skin to make parkas to keep themselves warm in frigid climates. They were very careful to make use of every part of the caribou, which was known to be very durable. Due to overhunting and a combination of changing migration patterns and herd distribution, the population of caribou in this region declined vastly.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Blaming the victims ==
|
||||
During this time period, the Caribou Inuit were blamed for the declining caribou population, being faced with allegations of being wasteful and overkilling. In the early 1950s the Canadian media reported the starvation deaths of 60 Caribou Inuit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Government reaction ==
|
||||
The government was slow to act but in 1959 moved the surviving 60, of around the 120 that were alive in 1950, to settlements such as Baker Lake and Eskimo Point, now Arviat. This set off an Arctic settlement push by the Canadian government where those Inuit living in the north were encouraged to abandon their traditional way of life and settle in villages and outposts of the Canadian North.
|
||||
After being relocated, the Caribou Inuit population never recovered with only a fraction of what once was being alive today. As a result, they have joined movements that call for the protection of their lands against outsiders.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Photographic record of a starving mother ==
|
||||
It was this time that in the former community of Padlei Richard Harrington took his iconic photo of a starving Inuk mother, pressing her nose and lips to those of her youngest child. On February 8, 1950 a few days before Harrington wrote in his journal:
|
||||
|
||||
Came upon the tiniest igloo yet. Outside lay a single, mangy dog, motionless, starving ... Inside, a small woman in clumsy clothes, large hood, with baby. She sat in darkness, without heat. She speaks to me. I believe she said they were starving. We left some tea, matches, kerosene, biscuits. And went on.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
St. Lawrence Island famine
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bibliography ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Notes ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== References ===
|
||||
Bone, Robert M. (2013). The Regional Geography of Canada. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199002429. - Total pages: 510
|
||||
Rennie, Steve (2015). "Hunger in the Arctic". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Yahiko_Shrine_stampede-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Yahiko_Shrine_stampede-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1956 Yahiko Shrine stampede"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Yahiko_Shrine_stampede"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:01.728402+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Just after midnight in the morning of 1 January 1956 a human crowd crush and stampede at the Yahiko Shrine, Yahiko, Japan resulted in the death of 124 individuals and 75 others were injured.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Stampede ==
|
||||
Around midnight of 1 January 1956, 35,000 to 40,000 people visited the Yahiko Shrine to pay the traditional honors on the occasion of the new year. Just after midnight a stampede occurred on the steep steps leading to the shrine at the moment the priest started throwing down rice cookies, according to the tradition. The two-metres high stone walls on the sides of the stair collapsed due to the pushing by crowd. People were buried under the stones or fell down.
|
||||
Initial reports listed 112 deaths and 50 injured people. These numbers later increased to 124 deaths and 75 injured people.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Elbarusovo_school_fire-0.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Elbarusovo_school_fire-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1961 Elbarusovo school fire"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Elbarusovo_school_fire"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:09.471318+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 1961 Elbarusovo school fire was a fire that occurred on 5 November 1961 in Elbarusovo, Chuvash ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Fire ==
|
||||
The day of the fire the village was utilizing the school building on a Sunday as a concert area to celebrate the November 7 anniversary of the October Revolution. To make space the desks had been pushed against the windows and walls and stacked upon on another. Although the Soviet press did not report the disaster, internal documents from a November 9 meeting of the Chuvash Regional Committee of the Soviet Communist Party and the November 19 meeting in Moscow of the Central Committee of the Party concluded that a physics teacher at the school, M. N. Iritkov, was sent to relight a wood stove in order to provide heat to the building and poured gasoline from a bucket.
|
||||
Rather than warning the students, Iritkov and the principal, S. I. Yarutkin, fled the building. Iritkov was sentenced to 10 years in prison, and Yarutkin to 8 years ("Иритков получил 10 лет лишения свободы, а Ярукин – 8").
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Legacy ==
|
||||
Most of the Soviet public didn't know about the disaster until November 5, 1991, the thirtieth anniversary of the tragedy, when the Soviet media covered the first public memorial to the victims for the first time ("Только 5 ноября 1991 года благодаря «горбачёвской гласности», впервые была публично отмечена эта дата.") among them forty-four children aged under eight and four teachers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Chuvashia plans to build a memorial complex dedicated to the victims of the Elbarus tragedy
|
||||
On November 5, 1961, a school caught fire in the village of Elbarusovo. The fire claimed the lives of more than a hundred children.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1986 Iquique arms factory explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Iquique_arms_factory_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:02.955179+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On January 25, 1986, a large explosion occurred at the Cardoen Armaments Factory in the Alto Hospicio industrial suburb of the coastal Chilean city Iquique, killing 29 workers and seriously injuring 11. Only four bodies were recovered, with the others vaporised by the blast, according to Irene Rojas, a reporter for the Iquique newspaper La Estrella. The plant, one of five arms factories owned by industrialist Carlos Cardoen, was the largest in Chile at the time. The explosion occurred in the cluster bomb arming section of the plant, which had been exporting the 500 pound bombs to Iraq for use during the Iran–Iraq War since 1983. According to Luis Narváez, a reporter investigating Chile's arms dealing and Pinochet's offshore bank accounts for La Nación, there was a persistent rumor among Chileans that the explosion was the result of sabotage, possibly committed by Chilean soldiers. The given motive for this alleged attack was to punish Cardoen for not cooperating fully with a "mafia like" syndicate of Chilean arms manufacturers, and for providing too much competition for other manufacturers such as FAMAE.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Río Tercero explosion
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Bangkok_gas_explosion-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Bangkok_gas_explosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1990 Bangkok gas explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Bangkok_gas_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:04.302394+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The gas explosion on New Phetchaburi Road in Bangkok was a major disaster in Thailand. It took place on 24 September 1990, when a liquid petroleum gas tanker truck crashed on the expressway exit at New Phetchaburi Road, causing large explosions and fires that burned through 51 shop-houses for over 24 hours. 88 people died, 36 were injured and 67 cars were destroyed, making it one of the deadliest man-made disasters in Thailand.
|
||||
|
||||
The incident occurred at around 22:00, when an employee of Siam Gas was driving a tank truck off the Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway onto New Phetchaburi Road while speeding to beat a stoplight. The truck overturned as it made the turn at high speed and slid across the road, scraping against the pavement. The two gas tanks, each containing 3,770 liters of fuel, detached from the vehicle and began leaking. The escaping gas ignited, creating sparks and several loud explosions. Within minutes, New Phetchaburi Road and the surrounding area were engulfed in fire.
|
||||
A 2002 horror film, The Eye, based its climactic scene on this incident.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of disasters in Thailand
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Punyawan, Warina (28 September 2010). "20th Anniversary of Devastating Bangkok Gas Explosion". Pattaya Daily News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
|
||||
"Pictures from the tragic gas explosion 20 years ago". Pantip.com. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2022.. Note that the link points directly to the map section. Other contents on the page may contain graphic pictures of victims.
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Amarnath_Yatra_tragedy-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Amarnath_Yatra_tragedy-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1996 Amarnath Yatra tragedy"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Amarnath_Yatra_tragedy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:05.524149+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Amarnath Yatra tragedy (1996) refers to the deaths of over 250 pilgrims in 1996 in Jammu and Kashmir state in India due to poor weather. The pilgrims were on the annual pilgrimage (Yatra) to Amarnath shrine.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The number of pilgrims in 1992 reached 50,000. The first attack against the pilgrims happened in 1993, the same year the Pakistan-based Harkat-ul-Ansar had announced a ban due to demolition of the Babri Masjid. The pilgrimage however passed off mostly peacefully.
|
||||
In 1994-5 and 1998, the group again announced a ban on the annual Amarnath yatra. In 1996 the militants had assured that they would not interfere.
|
||||
Due to the lack of activity by Harkat-ul-Ansar, the number of pilgrims in 1996 were higher than usual.
|
||||
Between, 21 and 25 August 1996 about one lakh (100,000) yatris were simultaneously moving either up or down between Jammu and the Amarnath.
|
||||
During this period, there was unusually heavy snowfall along with severe blizzards along the yatra route. Nearly 242 yatris died due to exhaustion, exposure, freezing, and other factors.
|
||||
Over 263 dead bodies were found in and about the surroundings of the temple.
|
||||
The National Conference government constituted a committee headed by the retired IAS officer Nitish Sengupta, which was asked to inquire into various aspects of the tragedy and suggest measures and remedies to avoid recurrence of such incidents in future.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Points of References ==
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Sabarimala_stampede-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Sabarimala_stampede-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "1999 Sabarimala stampede"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Sabarimala_stampede"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:06.758450+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Sabarimala stampede is a human crowd crush that occurred at Sabarimala temple in the Indian state of Kerala in 1999. On 14 January 1999, (the Makara Jyothi Day), 53 people, the majority of them from outside Kerala, died in the crowd crush at the Pamba base camp caused by, among other things, the collapse of the sides of a hillock.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Justice Chandrasekhara Menon Committee ==
|
||||
A Judicial commission headed by Justice Chandrasekhara Menon, was constituted to investigate the tragedy. Justice Chandrasekhara Menon, in his report found the State Government guilty of "negligence in ensuring the safety of the pilgrims coming from different parts of the country". The report pointed out the need to provide basic amenities on the Pullumedu route through which a large number of pilgrims from Tamil Nadu travel. Since over 60% of devotees coming to Sabarimala during the pilgrimage season are from other states and this route provides them easy access to temple towns like Madurai on their return journey, the report said. Most of the proposals of the committee were not enacted and led to huge public outcry after 2011 Sabarimala crowd crush.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2011 Sabarimala crowd crush
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Sabarimala stampede kills over 100; scores injured G Ananthakrishnan, 14 Jan 2011 The Times of India
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2000 Pingxiang steel plant explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Pingxiang_steel_plant_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:07.969086+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Pingxiang steel plant explosion occurred on August 21, 2000, when an oxygen generator in a steel plant located in Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China, exploded. At least 19 steel workers were killed as a result of the incident.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Qinghe Special Steel Corporation disaster
|
||||
List of industrial disasters
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2006 Atlas Creek pipeline explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Atlas_Creek_pipeline_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:27.092484+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2006 Atlas Creek pipeline explosion was a disaster that occurred on 12 May 2006 at Atlas Creek Island (sometimes called Isanki Island), near Lagos, Nigeria, when a pressurized petrol pipeline that had been ruptured by thieves exploded, killing 150 people. The Nigerian Red Cross said that vandals had originally drilled holes into the pipe to steal fuel, and that local people had then come down with jerrycans to fill them with fuel. Approximately 500 jerrycans were found at the scene of the explosion, which incinerated anyone within a 20-metre radius. Many victims were buried nearby in a mass grave.
|
||||
President Olusegun Obasanjo ordered a full police investigation to determine the circumstances and to protect the pipeline from similar events. However, local officials were accused of turning a blind-eye to the issue as explosion continued to rock the country.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2006 Abule Egba pipeline explosion
|
||||
2010 South Kivu tank truck explosion
|
||||
2019 Tlahuelilpan pipeline explosion
|
||||
List of pipeline accidents
|
||||
Gasoline theft
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Sources ==
|
||||
Scores die in Nigeria fuel blast Scores die in Nigeria fuel blast. Retrieved: 25 September 2011.
|
||||
Probe ordered after Nigeria blast Retrieved: 25 September 2011.
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Copiapó_mining_accident-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Copiapó_mining_accident-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2006 Copiapó mining accident"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Copiapó_mining_accident"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:49.346537+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2006 Copiapó mining accident occurred on January 20, 2006, when an explosion occurred in the underground Carola-Agustina copper mine in Copiapó, Chile. It was caused by two trucks colliding, and the explosion covered the only escape route for the miners inside the mine.
|
||||
The explosion caused two deaths and two injuries. Seventy miners were trapped.
|
||||
Shortly after the explosion occurred, workers at the nearby mine, "Punta de Cobre", began digging a tunnel towards the Carola-Agustina mine to assist in rescuing the trapped miners.
|
||||
Rescue efforts lasted seven hours, and the 70 trapped miners were rescued alive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
1964 Andacollo mining accident
|
||||
2010 Copiapó mining accident
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2006 Halemba Coal Mine disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Halemba_Coal_Mine_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:09.331505+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2006 Halemba Coal Mine disaster was an accident that occurred on 21 November 2006 in the Halemba Coal Mine, Ruda Śląska, Poland. An explosion of methane and coal dust resulted in 23 fatalities. It was one of the largest mining disasters in Poland.
|
||||
The mine was under the ownership of the state-run Kampania Weglowa (KW), which is the largest coal mining company in Europe. Although non-operational since March 2006 due to high concentrations of gas, miners were sent down in November to retrieve equipment.
|
||||
Lech Kaczynski, then the president of Poland, visited the site after the event had occurred, and declared three days of national mourning. The Polish government also announced a fund to support family members of the victims. Additionally, a commission was set up to investigate the disaster by Poland's Higher Authority for Mining.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Chongqing_mine_blast-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Chongqing_mine_blast-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2009 Chongqing mine blast"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Chongqing_mine_blast"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:44.279445+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2009 Chongqing mine blast was a gas explosion that occurred at a coal mine in Southwestern China in Qijiang County, Chongqing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Explosion ==
|
||||
The explosion happened on 30 May 2009 around 11 a.m. at Tonghua Coal Mine in Qijiang County, when 131 miners were working underground. The Tonghua mine was affiliated with the state-owned Songzao Mining Bureau of Chongqing. The death toll reached 30 people and 101 miners were rescued, according to state media. Of those rescued, 59 were injured, including four in serious condition.
|
||||
The cause of the blast was an illegal practice which violated mining rules, and an excessive amount of explosives directly triggered the accident.
|
||||
Police detained three people: the owner of the coal mine, chief engineer, and project manager.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Coal power in China
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Henan_mine_disaster-0.md
Normal file
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Henan_mine_disaster-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2009 Henan mine disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Henan_mine_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:26.329968+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2009 Henan mine disaster took place on 8 September 2009 in Pingdingshan city, in Henan province in China.
|
||||
The gas explosion took place around 1 a.m. Tuesday in the Xinhua No.4 pit in Xinhua District of Pingdingshan City. 93 men were working underground, of which 14 managed to escape to safety. Initial report said 35 were confirmed dead and 44 were missing. On 9 September, the death toll rose to 44, while 35 were still missing.
|
||||
On 27 September, the total death toll was confirmed 67, while 9 people remained missing. Each family of the dead or missing workers was compensated 400,000 yuan.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2014 Stade Tata Raphaël disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Stade_Tata_Raphaël_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:10.566739+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2014 Stade Tata Raphaël disaster refers to a fatal stampede that occurred in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, at the Stade Tata Raphaël on 11 May 2014.
|
||||
During the match between Congolese football clubs TP Mazembe and Vita Club, missiles were thrown onto the pitch and the referee chose to delay play.
|
||||
Fifteen people died after police launched tear gas into the stands causing a stampede. A police source who declined to be named put the death toll higher, at 18. Governor Andre Kimbuta said at least 24 other people were injured during the melee that followed.
|
||||
Supporters were said to have been blinded by the gas, with the panic and confusion contributing to the collapse of a stadium wall. Suffocation was reported to have been the cause of death in most instances.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Dongying_explosion-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Dongying_explosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2015 Dongying explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Dongying_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:11.779390+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2015 Dongyin explosion was an explosion that occurred at the Diao Kou Xiang Bin Yuan Chemical Co. located within the Dongying Economic Development Zone in Dongying, Shandong, China, on Monday, 31 August 2015 and killed thirteen people.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Events ==
|
||||
At 11:22pm on 31 August 2015, a chemical factory in the Dongyin-Lijin Binhai Economic and Technological Development Zone in eastern China exploded. The ensuing fire took five hours to bring under control. Chinese authorities detained 12 company employees and executives and 11 government officials. One person was reported to have been killed in the explosion, however the death toll later rose to 13 with 25 others injured. The blast came just three weeks after the Tianjin disaster which garnered significant media coverage.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
2015 Tianjin explosions
|
||||
2014 Kunshan explosion
|
||||
1988 PEPCON disaster
|
||||
Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
|
||||
List of accidents and disasters by death toll
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Omsk_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Omsk_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2015 Omsk building collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Omsk_building_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:12.976661+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2015 Omsk building collapse occurred on 12 July 2015 at a military facility on the outskirts of Omsk, Russia. 23 soldiers died and another 19 were injured after a roof and walls of an army barracks building collapsed at the 242nd Training Centre of the Airborne Forces.
|
||||
According to an investigative committee, the collapse could likely be attributed to code violations during repairs that were made to the building over the two years preceding the incident. It was believed that one of the building’s load-bearing external walls was weakened by these renovations, and that led to the collapse. The subcontractor carrying out the repairs, the RemEksStroy Company, had a history of doing repair and reconstruction work for the Russian armed forces, and a history of construction law violations.
|
||||
At the time of the incident, Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences to the families of the soldiers killed in Omsk and promised to “keep monitoring” the situation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Dangyang_explosion-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Dangyang_explosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2016 Dangyang explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Dangyang_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:54.442648+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2016 Dangyang explosion was an explosion that occurred at the coal-fired power plant of Madian Gangue Power Generation Company located in Dangyang, Hubei, China on 11 August 2016 at 15:20 local time (07:20 UTC). Twenty-one people were killed and five were injured, three critically.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Events ==
|
||||
The explosion involved a high-pressure steam pipe, which had burst and began leaking during a debugging process for the unfinished power plant.
|
||||
On 13 August, it was reported by the State Administration of Work Safety that the death toll had risen to 22. The explosion also caused the power plant and nearby companies to close and prompted a work safety overhaul to be launched in the city.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Lagos_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Lagos_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2016 Lagos building collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Lagos_building_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:42.128988+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 8 March 2016, a five-story building collapsed while under construction in Lekki District, Lagos, Nigeria. At least 34 people were killed. Thirteen other people were pulled from the collapsed building alive in a rescue operation that ended late on 10 March.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Investigation ==
|
||||
Ibrahim Farinloye, from the National Emergency Management Agency of Nigeria, said in a statement that "Investigation on the cause of the collapse has started by various federal and state agencies". The Lagos state government said in a statement that preliminary reports suggest the building construction was illegal, with the builders having been served a contravention notice for exceeding the number of allowed floors. The owners of the building apparently “criminally unsealed the property and continued building beyond the approved floors.” Heavy rain had occurred in the area as well, with some pointing to that as an exacerbating factor.
|
||||
Victor Suru, a bricklayer working on the building, stated that "After they [the owners] finished building the house, rain fell and the house shifted a bit. They put iron in front of the house, [but] the iron couldn't hold the house. They left it like that and continued building."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2006 Lagos building collapses
|
||||
2019 Lagos school collapse
|
||||
2021 Lagos high-rise collapse
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2020 Dahej chemical plant explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Dahej_chemical_plant_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:53.196998+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 3 June 2020, the explosion occurred at the Yashashvi Rasayan Pvt. Ltd. chemical factory at Dahej in Gujarat, India, around 12:00 hours.
|
||||
Five people were killed and 57 were injured in the explosion.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2020 Ahmedabad chemical factory blast
|
||||
Visakhapatnam gas leak
|
||||
List of industrial disasters
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2021 Shiyan pipeline explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Shiyan_pipeline_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:14.218180+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
2021 Shiyan pipeline explosion, officially June 13 Yanhu Community Pedlar's Market Severe Gas Explosion Accident in Zhangwan District, Shiyan, Hubei (Chinese: 湖北省十堰市张湾区艳湖社区集贸市场“6·13”重大燃气爆炸事故) was a gas explosion took place at about 6:30 a.m. local time in Yanhu Community, Checheng Road Subdistrict, Zhangwan District, Shiyan, Hubei on 13 June 2021 in a market, which then collapsed. Locals who were buying vegetables or having breakfast at the market were trapped by the explosion. The explosion resulted in 25 deaths and 138 injuries (including 37 serious injuries).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Accident ==
|
||||
At 6:30 a.m. a gas line exploded near a vegetable market killing 26 and injuring 138. 173 fire fighters rescued 150 from building severely damaged by the blast.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Casualties ==
|
||||
25 people were killed and 138 others injured, according to China Central Television.
|
||||
In the final report, the total death reached 26.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Investigation ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Accusations and administrative measures ===
|
||||
11 persons were arrested and prosecuted as they were responsible for the accident.
|
||||
4 persons were fined and prohibited from gas industry for life.
|
||||
34 government officers were responsible for the accident, receiving disciplinary measures, including 1 placed on probation within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with dismissal of government affairs, 2 revocation of CCP positions with dismissal of government affairs, 6 serious warnings within the CCP, 3 serious warnings within the CCP with major demerits in government affairs, 2 major demerits in government affairs, 4 warnings within the CCP, 5 warnings in government affairs, 6 admonitions, 5 mandatory written self-criticism. Shiyan Committee of the CCP and Shiyan City Government were mandated to make penetrating self-criticism to Hubei Committee of the CCP and Hubei Province Government.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of pipeline accidents
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bedford_explosion-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bedford_explosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2023 Bedford explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bedford_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:33.471176+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The 2023 Bedford explosion took place on February 20, 2023 in Bedford, Ohio, US. The explosion occurred at a I. Schumann & Co. copper alloy plant, and caused a large fire and catastrophic damage to the facility and damaged multiple cars in a lot across the street. The explosion was heard by civilians outside of the plant, and by 3:00pm, fire crews from multiple cities were then sent to 22500 block on Alexander Road where the explosion took place. The official address of the building is in Bedford, but it is considered Oakwood Village. According to authorities, 14 people were hospitalized for burn injuries, including a 46 year old factory worker, who later succumbed to them after being admitted in critical condition.
|
||||
An Occupational Safety and Health Administration investigation found that the company "failed to protect workers from the hazard of steam explosions".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Casualties ==
|
||||
According to media outlets, 13 people were hospitalized for injuries, and a 46 year old plant worker, Steve Mullins, was killed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2023 Ohio train derailment
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Espoo_bridge_collapse-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Espoo_bridge_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2023 Espoo bridge collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Espoo_bridge_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:14.370912+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 10 May 2023, the floor of a temporary scaffolding pedestrian bridge collapsed in Espoo, Finland, when a 40-person group of eighth-grade pupils on an excursion to Espoo Museum of Modern Art were crossing the bridge after exiting the Tapiola metro station. 24 children and their teacher were reported injured. 23 people fell 4 to 5 meters down from the bridge which was a continuation of Helmakuja over Itätuulenkuja. The injured were taken to four hospitals.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Accident investigation ==
|
||||
The constructor of the bridge, Renta Group, explained in its sustainability report that their internal investigation "displayed that mistakes had been made in the design and construction of the bridge which involved multiple parties" and that they "immediately stopped the construction of similar structures" as well as "increased internal and external audits and the training our employees undergo."
|
||||
Safety Investigation Authority of Finland found that Ministry of Transport and Ministry of the Environment each considered the other one responsible for the oversight of pedestrian bridges. Neither City of Espoo nor the constructor realised that the modifications would have required structural design as well as design inspection.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Criminal investigation ==
|
||||
In March 2025, the National Bureau of Investigation concluded its criminal investigation and as a result suspected 8 persons of criminal negligence and 2 persons also of violation of official duty.
|
||||
As of April 2025, the public prosecutor had indicted at least 2 persons, employees of the constructor, for gross negligent injury and for the offence of imperilment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aftermath outside Finland ==
|
||||
Bridge Owners Forum in the UK listed the accident in its grand challenge Preventing bridge failures as an example of a recent in-service bridge collapse.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of bridge failures
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Final report of the public investigation: "Väliaikaisen telinesillan sortuminen Espoon Tapiolassa 11.5.2023" [Collapse of a temporary scaffolding bridge in Tapiola in Espoo on 2023-05-11] (PDF) (in Finnish). Safety Investigation Authority, Finland. 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2025-09-10.
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bangkok_road_collapse-0.md
Normal file
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bangkok_road_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2025 Bangkok road collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bangkok_road_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:15.499202+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In late September 2025, a significant ground collapse occurred on Samsen Road in the Dusit district of Bangkok, Thailand, adjacent to Vajira Hospital and the Samsen Police Station. The resulting sinkhole, which emerged at approximately 7:13 AM local time on 24 September, initially measured an estimated 30 meters in width and 50 meters in depth. This event caused severe structural damage and swallowing multiple vehicles, including a police tow truck. Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul estimated that repairs would take at least a year. While no casualties were reported, the incident led to the immediate suspension of utility services and evacuation of nearby buildings as authorities assessed further risks. Following the initial sinkhole collapse, reports confirmed continued ground instability and further subsidence in the affected area to 40 meters wide. Structural assessments revealed significant cracking and slight tilting in the foundation of the Samsen Police Station, raising concerns about potential structural failure if ground displacement persists.
|
||||
As of October 5, the road is indefinitely closed.
|
||||
The cause of the sinkhole was quickly identified as soil flowing into the nearby subway tunnel under construction, due to heavy rains and cracks forming in the tunnel itself. Responsibility for the design and construction of the tunnel and underground stations along the Taopoon–National Library section, covering a distance of 4.8 kilometers, lies with the contractor awarded Contract 1. This contract, valued at 19.43 billion baht (approximately S$778 million), is executed by the CKST-PL joint venture, which consists of CH. Karnchang and Anutin's Sino-Thai Engineering and Construction.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Timeline of event ==
|
||||
|
||||
In the weeks leading up to the incident, underground construction for a subway tunnel was ongoing beneath Samsen Road in Bangkok’s Dusit district. This area, known for its soft soil and susceptibility to subsidence, had also experienced heavy rainfall due to the ongoing monsoon season. Local authorities now believe that a leaking or burst underground water pipe may have contributed to soil erosion beneath the road surface, weakening the structural stability around the tunnel zone.
|
||||
On the morning of September 24, 2025, the road in front of Vajira Hospital and the Samsen Police Station was closed off after police noticed water seeping onto the road's surface. An hour later, a massive sinkhole suddenly opened. The crater, measuring approximately 30 meters in width and 50 meters in depth, swallowed several vehicles, including a police tow truck, and caused the collapse of surrounding pavement and utility poles. Water and electricity services were immediately cut off to prevent further hazards. Emergency responders quickly evacuated nearby buildings, including parts of the hospital and police station. Despite the dramatic nature of the collapse, no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.
|
||||
In the following two days, September 25 and 26, emergency crews worked intensively to stabilize the site. Over 50,000 sandbags and large stones were deployed to reinforce the area and redirect potential rainwater runoff. Engineers began pumping more than 500 cubic meters of concrete into the sinkhole to fill the void. However, the operation was disrupted when concrete began leaking into the subway tunnel beneath, indicating a breach in the tunnel wall. This led engineers to halt further filling and re-evaluate their approach to avoid additional structural damage or a secondary collapse.
|
||||
As of September 27, 2025, the sinkhole site remains sealed off to the public, and Samsen Road is closed indefinitely. Monitoring equipment has been installed around the affected area to track any additional ground movement or signs of further subsidence. The police station and other nearby buildings are still under assessment, and temporary relocation of staff and services is ongoing. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has officially designated the area a disaster zone to streamline emergency funding and coordinate long-term repairs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Recovery efforts ===
|
||||
Media said that "3,800 cubic metres of sand [were dumped] into the sinkhole as of" Saturday night [5 October].
|
||||
The subsequent phases of the recovery and reinforcement process, as outlined in collaboration with the engineering team, will incorporate a new, innovative method for stabilizing the area beneath the metro station. In contrast to traditional soil stabilization techniques, this approach involves the use of sprayed concrete, a more advanced technique designed to both reinforce the subsoil and prevent any further subsidence. Sprayed concrete will provide a strong, seamless layer, improving the overall stability and reducing the potential for future ground movement.
|
||||
Following this initial application, the ground will be further reinforced with a sand and cement fill. This method not only serves as an intermediary material that enhances soil consolidation, but it also improves the load distribution properties of the underlying layers. By filling voids and compacting the material, this fill will help ensure that the surface remains stable under varying conditions. The next stage will involve applying a layer of crushed stone over the reinforced area. This new method, by integrating crushed stone, adds a level of durability and resilience to the surface, significantly improving the foundation's load-bearing capacity. The crushed stone will help facilitate drainage, reduce settlement, and provide additional stability to the area, ensuring that it can support both the metro station structure and the surrounding infrastructure.
|
||||
Simultaneously, a comprehensive debris removal operation will take place, focusing on the clearance of obstacles such as transformers, broken concrete, and dislodged utility poles. This process not only clears the site for further construction but also contributes to the overall safety of the area by eliminating potential hazards.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bangui_school_stampede-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bangui_school_stampede-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2025 Bangui school stampede"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bangui_school_stampede"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:16.816545+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 25 June 2025, 29 students were killed and more than 280 were injured in a crush in Bangui, Central African Republic at Barthelemy Boganda High School during the second day of the baccalaureate exams. The event was triggered by an explosion at a nearby electricity transformer which caused panic among the 6000 students who were taking the exam.
|
||||
The explosion occurred when power was being restored to a malfunctioned electrical transformer on the ground floor of the main building. The resultant noise and smoke caused alarm among the students who were taking the history and geography exams, leading them to flee towards the small door on the upper floors. Most of the victims, including 16 girls, died at the scene during the stampede while others were confirmed dead at the hospital. Some students died after jumping out of the building in an attempt to escape. The victims were transported via ambulance, pickup trucks and motorbikes. The incident quickly overwhelmed local hospitals. According to Abel Assaye, the Director General of the Community Hospital, the hospital received 85 patients and 15 had died, including 2 pregnant women.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aftermath and reactions ==
|
||||
A period of three days of national mourning from 27 June to 29 June was declared by President Faustin-Archange Touadéra. He also ordered that the 280 injured students get free treatment in hospital. The Minister of education Aurélien-Simplice Zingas offered his condolences to affected families and students. He also announced that further exams were suspended. Government officials who arrived at the scene were pelted with different objects by local residents who accused them of negligence. Gédéon Cyr Ngaïssé, president of the school’s parents’ association condemned the incident which he attributed to poor maintenance and called for an investigation. The Republican Bloc for the Defence of the Constitution, a coalition of opposition parties, also condemned the incident and blamed the authorities for irresponsibility. There were also official international condolences; including from Turkey.
|
||||
An extensive investigation was started into the cause of the disaster.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2025 El Teniente mining accident"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_El_Teniente_mining_accident"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:08.296131+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A localized collapse in the El Teniente mine of Codelco occurred on the afternoon of July 31, 2025, when an earthquake of magnitude 4.2 according to the National Seismological Center of Chile and 5.0 according to the USGS, caused a collapse inside the mine, leaving six workers dead and nine injured, being the most serious accident at the mine in recent years.
|
||||
According to data from the National Geology and Mining Service (Sernageomin) and the National Seismological Center, on July 31, 2025, "at 17:34 hours, an earthquake of magnitude 4.2 (R) was recorded, located 37 km northeast of Rancagua, causing a collapse inside the "Andesita" mine belonging to the "El Teniente" Division, in the municipality of Machalí." The seismic movement that caused the collapse occurred approximately 400 or 500 meters from the Andesita sector.
|
||||
A large scale rescue operation involving over 100 personnel, including experts from the 2010 Copiapó rescue, was launched. On 2 August 2025, the final body was found bringing the death toll to 6, the regional prosecutor said the focus would now be on a criminal investigation in to the incident.
|
||||
At 5:51 p.m. on August 3, the president of Chile, Gabriel Boric, decreed national mourning for the death of the 6 miners in the collapse.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
|
||||
El Teniente mine lies in the Andes of O'Higgins Region in Central Chile. It lies in the commune of Machalí, about 28 km east of the regional capital of Rancagua. It is Chile's third most productive copper mine with Chile being the world's top producer of copper. It is also considered the world's largest underground copper mine. The mine is part of the state-owned mining company Codelco since the 1976 after it was nationalised in 1971. The tonnage of copper produced in the mine in 2024 was 81% of that of 2005. The decrease has been traced to geomechanical problems compromising the stability of the mine. Other large Codelco mines face similar a similar long-term decline of productivity and geomechanical issues.
|
||||
In the early 2020s several mine expansion projects were started in El Teniente with the aim to replace productive areas of the mine that were depleted and thus extend the mine lifetime with 50 years. These projects seek a gradual deepening of the mine and have total investment costs of US$ 3.200 million. For 2023 it was scheduled to start mining in Nuevo Nivel Mina ("New Mine Level") in three areas about the same time: in the Diamante area at 2,060 m asl; in the Andesita area at 2,030 m asl; and at the Andes Norte area at 1,880 m asl.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Fez_buildings_collapse-0.md
Normal file
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Fez_buildings_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2025 Fez buildings collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Fez_buildings_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:18.126548+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 9 December 2025, after 23:00 two buildings collapsed in Fez, Morocco, killing 22 people and injuring 16 others.
|
||||
The buildings were two adjacent four-storey residential buildings in the Al Mustaqbal neighbourhood. At the time of the disaster, there was a Aqiqah, a family newborn celebration, in one of the buildings, with the other being unoccupied. A search and rescue operation was started to recover other people possibly trapped under the debris.
|
||||
Residents were evacuated from the disaster area. The injured were brought to the University Hospital Centre.
|
||||
An investigation has been started into the causes of the accident. According to the Moroccan news outlet Hespress, the collapse may have been caused by illegally constructed additional floors on the buildings. A source reported that the owners had received a permit for only two floors, but allegedly violated the applicable building regulations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Libyan_ship_fire-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Libyan_ship_fire-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2025 Libyan ship fire"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Libyan_ship_fire"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:19.414222+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On September 14, 2025, a ship carrying 74 Sudanese refugees caught fire and killed at least 61 people.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Refugees in Libya ==
|
||||
|
||||
Libya is a major transit route for African immigrants traveling to Europe. As of February, there were about 867,055 migrants from 44 nationalities residing in Libya. The war in Sudan has pushed over 140,000 refugees into Libya in the past two years. In recent years, refugees staying in Libya have faced violence, kidnapping, torture, and extortion.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Fire ==
|
||||
A rubber boat carrying 74 Sudanese refugees caught fire 37 miles (60 km) off the coast of Tobruk, Libya, while heading to Greece. Out of the 74 passengers, 61 were killed and only 13 survived.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aftermath ==
|
||||
The United Nations migration agency has provided medical support to 24 survivors.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Merida_highway_crash-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Merida_highway_crash-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2025 Merida highway crash"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Merida_highway_crash"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:20.695476+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On September 13, 2025, 16 people were killed and two people injured in a three-vehicle accident in Yucatán. The vehicles collided on a section of the Federal Highway 180 south of the city of Merida; one vehicle burst into flames.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Crash ==
|
||||
At kilometer 127, in the Chocholá-Kopomá section of the Mérida–Campeche federal highway, a van full of construction workers tried overtaking a private car, but lost control and hit a company beer truck. The van burst into flames almost immediately after being hit. Some of the people were killed being thrown from the van, while at least five died from being trapped during the fire. The impact was so violent that bodies were seen scattered around the pavement. The death toll was originally 15 people, but authorities later found another burned body in the wreckage.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aftermath ==
|
||||
Firefighters, the National Guard, municipal police, and forensic teams were sent out to secure the crash site and to remove the bodies laying out on the pavement. The section of the highway was completely closed in both directions while removal of damaged vehicles and cleaning of the asphalt layer took place. Yucatan's Governor, Joaquin Diaz Mena, issued a statement expressing condolences and affirming the support for the victims' families.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Uttarakhand_avalanche-0.md
Normal file
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Uttarakhand_avalanche-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "2025 Uttarakhand avalanche"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Uttarakhand_avalanche"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:21.919879+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Uttarakhand Avalanche 2025 was a deadly avalanche that struck a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) camp on February 28, 2025, near Mana village in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, India. The avalanche buried 54 workers inside eight containers and a shed at an altitude of over 10,000 feet, close to the India-China border. The incident occurred between 5:30 AM and 6:00 AM IST, in an area prone to avalanches and extreme winter conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Rescue operations ==
|
||||
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) led the rescue operations, in coordination with the Indian Army, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and the Indian Air Force. Over 200 personnel were deployed in the operation, facing harsh weather conditions, heavy snowfall, extreme cold (−12 °C to −15 °C), and poor visibility.
|
||||
Specialized equipment, including thermal imaging cameras, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), sniffer dogs, and drones, was used to locate trapped individuals. On February 28, 33 workers were rescued, followed by 17 more on March 1. However, four of the rescued workers succumbed to injuries, raising the death toll to eight.
|
||||
By March 2, 2025, the last missing worker's body was recovered, marking the completion of the rescue operation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Impact and aftermath ==
|
||||
Many of the rescued workers suffered serious injuries, with some in critical condition. Survivors recounted how the avalanche struck suddenly, trapping them under snow. Some workers survived by eating snow and seeking shelter in a nearby hotel. Those with severe injuries were airlifted to AIIMS Rishikesh and military hospitals for treatment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Geographical and environmental context ==
|
||||
The avalanche occurred near Mana Pass, a high-altitude region near the India-China border, known for harsh winter conditions and frequent avalanches. The increasing frequency and severity of avalanches in the Himalayas have been linked to climate change and unpredictable weather patterns. The incident highlights the dangers faced by workers in high-altitude construction projects and the need for improved safety measures in such ecologically fragile regions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2021 Uttarakhand flood
|
||||
List of avalanches by death toll
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abule-Ado_explosion-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abule-Ado_explosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Abule-Ado explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abule-Ado_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:23.174011+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Abule-Ado explosion was an accidental explosion and fire that occurred in the Abule-Ado area around Festac Town, Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. The explosion and fire started around 9 am on Sunday 15 March 2020; the fire was extinguished around 11 pm.
|
||||
According to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the explosion and fire was caused when a truck rammed into gas cylinders stacked in a gas processing plant near a vandalised petroleum gas pipeline.
|
||||
276,000 people were displaced according to the Lagos State Government.
|
||||
The Nigerian National Emergency Management Agency announced that as at 15 March, 2020 the number of casualties are 23 persons and 25 injured persons with 50 houses destroyed. This includes the students and the facilities at the Bethlehem Girls College, Abule-Ado which was destroyed. The school principal of Bethlehem Girls’ College at Abule Ado area of Lagos, Henrietta Alokha, was killed while trying to save her students from the inferno at the school.
|
||||
The Lagos state government led by Babajide Sanwo-Olu created a relief fund for the victims of the explosion on 16 March 2020. The funds are marked as a 2 billion naira emergency fund with the Lagos State Government donating 250 million naira at its inception.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalu_Waller-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalu_Waller-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Annalu Waller"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalu_Waller"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:43.893226+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Annalu Waller is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Dundee and leads the Augmentative and Alternate Communication (AAC) Research Group at the university.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Career ==
|
||||
Waller was appointed an OBE in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to people with Complex Communication Needs. In September 2017 she was awarded an honorary fellowship of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists for her work on AAC. She received the honour from the RCSLT's patron, the Countess of Wessex. She is a trustee of Capability Scotland.
|
||||
Waller is an ordained priest and is the honorary Anglican Chaplain of the Dundee University Chaplaincy.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Antwerp building collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_building_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:24.434668+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 18 June 2021, a building collapse occurred at a school construction site in Antwerp, Belgium. Five construction workers were killed and 20 more wounded.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Event ==
|
||||
The disaster happened on a new development project where a new primary school was being constructed in the suburb of Nieuw Zuid. The construction workers were mostly Portuguese and Romanian, employed legally and living in the Antwerp area. On the afternoon of 18 June, scaffolding and parts of the building collapsed. The cause is unknown. The project was developed by Compagnie-O architects and executed by the construction firm Democo, The victims were all foreign workers, including three Portuguese nationals, one Russian and one Romanian.
|
||||
The Belga news agency reported that the sub-contractors worked for construction firm Democo.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Response ==
|
||||
|
||||
The following day, King Philippe of Belgium and Prime Minister Alexander De Croo visited the site and spoke with emergency workers. An investigation is underway.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Surfside condominium building collapse, which happened in Miami, Florida, six days later
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Arerti Maryam Church collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arerti_Maryam_Church_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:25.835213+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 1 October 2025, the scaffolding of Arerti Mariyam Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Arerti District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia collapsed during its construction, killing at least 36 people and injuring over 200 others.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Incident ==
|
||||
At 7:45 a.m. the scaffolding of the church collapsed. The accident happened during a pilgrimage to mark the Virgin Mary's anniversary. 1 October in the Orthodox Church is Intercession of the Theotokos, a Marian feast.
|
||||
Eyewitnesses told the BBC that people were climbing up the scaffolding inside the church to admire a newly completed mural on the ceiling.
|
||||
Ahmed Gebeyehu, Minjar District Police Commander told the death toll was increasing as many victims were transported to hospital.
|
||||
Speaking before the Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation, local official Atnafu Abate stated some victims remained under rubble.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Dam_failure_(Texas)-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Dam_failure_(Texas)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Austin Dam failure (Texas)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Dam_failure_(Texas)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:28.457578+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Austin Dam failure, also referred to as "The Great Granite Dam" failure, was a catastrophic dam failure near Austin, Texas that killed several dozen people in 1900. The destruction of the dam drained the Lake McDonald reservoir and left the city of Austin without electrical power for a number of months.
|
||||
|
||||
"At 11.20 a.m. on April 7, when the lake level had reached a height of 11.07 feet above the crest of the dam, the dam gave way at a point ... about 300 feet from the east end of the dam. Observers [at three different points] all agree in their testimony that it first opened [at the point about 300 feet from the east end of the dam], and as though the mad current had simply pushed its way through the structure. Sooner than it takes to write these words the two sections ... each about 250 feet long, were shoved or pushed into the lower positions ... about 60 feet from their former positions in the dam. There was not the slightest overturning. ...
|
||||
|
||||
As soon as the sections were broken out ... the partially pent-up waters rushed through the gap, those held back by [the intact section] producing a strong current in the direction of the power house. This current struck the wall of the power house almost on a level with the floor of the pump room (about 12 feet below the crest of the dam), crushed in all of the windows on the west side, flooded all of the lower stories, and caught and drowned five employees and three small boys. Two of the employees miraculously escaped by climbing through a belt hole in the dynamo room. These workmen were pumping water from the lower portions of the power house."
|
||||
Subsequent attempts to rebuild the dam were unsuccessful. The dam was finally replaced by the Tom Miller Dam in the 1940s.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply paper
|
||||
Austin Dam 1896
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Data_Inquiry_for_Oil_Spills"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:29.701815+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS2) software is an oil weathering model provided by NOAA that incorporates a database containing more than a thousand crude oils and refined products, and provides quick estimates of the expected characteristics and behavior of oil spilled into the marine environment. The predictions it makes, presented as both graphics and text, are designed to help answer questions that typically arise during spill response and cleanup.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Predictive information for oil spill response ==
|
||||
One user describes the program as follows: "You just key in all the details of the parameters of the spill, from the type of oil to wave conditions, winds, sea temperatures, what have you, and the software tells you the fate of the oil over an extended period."
|
||||
|
||||
By predicting change in an oil's viscosity (resistance to flow) over time, ADIOS2 offers an answer to the question: Can the oil still be dispersed with chemical dispersants?
|
||||
By predicting the rate of increase in an oil's water content over time, ADIOS2 offers an answer to questions like: If 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L) of crude oil has spilled, will more than 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L) of oil-and-water mixture need to be cleaned up and disposed of? How much more?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Use cases ==
|
||||
On May 14, 2010, the AP reported that this tool is being used to help assess where all the oil is going from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
ADIOS2 page at NOAA. Includes download instructions, FAQ, and more.
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Skills_Training-0.md
Normal file
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Skills_Training-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Avalanche Skills Training"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Skills_Training"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:30.913279+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Avalanche Skills Training is a standardized form of avalanche training in Canada. Although Avalanche Skills Training (AST) is typically learned by backcountry skiers and snowboarders, it is commonly recommended for all people who want to explore the backcountry by snowmobiling, snowshoeing, hiking, and all other backcountry activities. The training is provided in two levels: AST 1 and AST 2. AST 1 includes basic snow study and training on the use of a transceiver, probe and shovel in companion rescue. AST 1 is taught in two parts: a classroom session including lectures, PowerPoints, videos, demonstrations, and group exercises, along with a field session which includes various practices while on the mountain. To move on to AST 2, it is required to complete the AST 1 course. AST 2 concentrates on advanced snow study. AST 2 is taught through multiple days, typically including one day in a classroom setting for theory and discussions, along with multiple days of advanced training on the mountain. Further training instruct the use of explosives for avalanche control. AST is supported by the Canadian Avalanche Association and the Alpine Club of Canada. AST is offered by various companies which are usually offered in the backcountry of Canada due to the length of their season of snow and cold weather, making it an exceptional location to conduct avalanche skills training. There have been 37 deaths in the United States recorded from avalanche accidents in 2021 alone. The information learned through the avalanche skills training courses is to prepare for identifying potential hazards in the back-country, understanding the hazards communicated through an avalanche forecast, identifying and managing your risk, recognizing avalanche terrain, planning trips that avoid or minimize exposure to avalanche terrain, and rescuing your partners if they are caught in an avalanche.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Avalanche
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Avalanche Skills Training Program at the Canadian Avalanche Association website.
|
||||
Avalanche | Definition of Avalanche by Merriam-Webster
|
||||
Choosing an Avalanche Skills Training Provider | Cloud Nine Guides
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-FAST-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-FAST-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "B-FAST"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-FAST"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:32.169660+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
B-FAST (Belgian First Aid and Support Team, sometimes styled B-Fast) is the rapid intervention structure of the Belgian government.
|
||||
It provides emergency aid during disasters abroad, at the request of the foreign government, providing an armed conflict is absent and when the foreign country is no longer capable itself to organise an adequate aid.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
It was founded by the Belgian government after the 1999 İzmit earthquake. B-Fast is composed of doctors, nurses, firefighters, members of the Belgian Civil Protection, dog handlers, mountaineering teams, military personnel and logistic helpers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
B-FAST at diplomatie.be
|
||||
First Aid Courses & Training
|
||||
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_drought_of_1966–1967-0.md
Normal file
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_drought_of_1966–1967-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Bihar drought of 1966–1967"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_drought_of_1966–1967"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:34.933252+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Bihar drought of 1966–1967 was a drought in Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. The official death toll from starvation in the Bihar drought was about 70,000, roughly half of which occurred in the state of Bihar.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Price increases for food grains ==
|
||||
The wholesale price of food grains in Bihar had increased while there was a marginal increase in the prices in other states. The annual production of food grains had dropped in Bihar from 7.5 million tonnes in 1965–1966 to 7.2 million tonnes in 1966–1967 during the Bihar drought. There was an even sharper drop in 1966–1967 to 4.3 million tonnes. The national grain production dropped from 89.4 million tonnes in 1964–1965 to 72.3 in 1965–1966 – a 19% drop. The rise in prices of food grains caused migration and starvation, but the public distribution system, relief measures by the government, and voluntary organizations limited the impact.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Limits on food importation from the United States ==
|
||||
On a number of occasions, the Indian government sought food and grain from the United States to provide replacement for damaged crops; however, US food aid was limited by Lyndon B. Johnson in retaliation for Indian criticism on the US's role in the Vietnam War.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Deccan famine of 1630–1632
|
||||
Famine in India
|
||||
Bihar famine of 1873–1874
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bibliography ==
|
||||
American Association for the Advancement of Science; Indian National Science Academy; International Rice Research Institute; Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1989), Climate and food security: papers presented at the International Symposium on Climate Variability and Food Security in Developing Countries, 5–9 February 1987 New Delhi, India, Climate and Food Security: Papers Presented at the International Symposium on Climate Variability and Food Security in Developing Countries, 5–9 February 1987 New Delhi, India, vol. 1987, Manila: The Institute, ISBN 978-971-10-4210-3
|
||||
Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya Kumar (1991), Hunger and Public Action, Studies in Development Economics, Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828365-2, LCCN 89025504
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocholt_disaster-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocholt_disaster-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Bocholt disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocholt_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:36.187542+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Bocholt disaster refers to the collapse of Spinnerei Beckmann cotton mill, in Bocholt, Germany, shortly before its completion in 1895. Franz Beckmann, through the offices of Platt Brothers of Oldham, had commissioned Sydney Stott to draw up plans for a mule spinning mill. The foundations were faulty and the mill collapsed on 18 October 1895. There were 22 men killed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_Loca_mine_disaster-0.md
Normal file
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_Loca_mine_disaster-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Bulla Loca mine disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_Loca_mine_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:37.466975+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Bulla Loca mine disaster occurred on 20 February 2024, when an illegal gold mine called Bulla Loca, located in La Paragua, in the Angostura Municipality Bolíivar in Venezuela collapsed leaving at least a dozen people dead, although the exact number of people killed varies among authorities.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
The Venezuelan economy faces a series of coyuntural problems that is affecting the local population, which has motivated its inhabitants to find ways to support themselves at home, in which they have chosen to explore mines illegally which contravenes Venezuelan laws and for which they have created numerous environmental problems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Accident ==
|
||||
The time of the accident occurred when the event took place last Tuesday, 20 February at 3:00 p.m. (Venezuela local time) in Bolívar. During the following hours, the rescue of multiple victims was carried out. At the moment, the number of people affected has not yet been confirmed and only an approximate number is available. The Secretary of Citizen Security in Bolívar, Edgar Colina Reyes, provided the first report in the early hours of 21 February. The Operational Zone for Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (Zoedan) of Bolívar described that the Bulla Loca mine it is an open-pit “artisanal mine” where “some miners are found injured and walled up.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
|
||||
Environmental issues in Venezuela
|
||||
Orinoco Mining Arc
|
||||
Mining in Venezuela
|
||||
2024 in Venezuela
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANWARN-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANWARN-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "CANWARN"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANWARN"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:38.797708+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
CANWARN, acronym for CANadian Weather Amateur Radio Network, is an organized severe weather spotting and reporting program organized and run by the Meteorological Services Division of Environment Canada. What CANWARN members do is called ground truthing, they confirm and add information to the remote sensing observations of satellites and radar as well as provide information not observable by these technologies.
|
||||
The program was first theorized by members of the Windsor Amateur Radio Club in Windsor, Ontario in 1986. Randy Mawson VE3TRW, Paul Robertson VE3HFQ, Jerry Beneteau VE3EXT and Bill Leal VE3ES established the original parameters and processes at that time with the first training session held in Windsor during the winter of 1986/1987 at the Windsor Airport, home at the time of the Windsor Weather Office of Environment Canada. Paul VE3HFQ and Bill VE3ES were literally putting the final touches on the station (VE3YQG) located at the Windsor Weather Office in early April 1987 when the very first CANWARN net was called to order. A report of a tornado in south east Michigan on a path towards Essex County was relayed to Environment Canada's severe weather desk in Toronto, Ontario.
|
||||
Later that year, after the Edmonton tornado and at the request of the Hage Report CANWARN was expanded beyond the initial program run out of the Windsor (Ontario) Weather Office. Organized storm spotting in Canada had existed prior but operated independently of Environment Canada and never fully achieved the success that the CANWARN program did. Initially, CANWARN was predominantly based in southern Ontario and central Alberta but eventually grew to encompass the entire country by the early 1990s.
|
||||
The United States began a national storm spotting program in the 1950s. Prior to that, it too had only local spotting programs. In the 1970s, it increased spotting efforts and launched its Skywarn program, which partly inspired CANWARN. In the 2000s, Europe also began organized spotting efforts under the auspices of Skywarn Europe, which consists of autonomous branches in about a dozen countries.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Amateur Radio Emergency Service
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Canwarn homepage
|
||||
Radio Amateurs of Canada CANWARN Page
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_building_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Changsha building collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_building_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:41.315813+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Changsha building collapse occurred on 29 April 2022 in the Wangcheng District, Changsha, Hunan, China. The disaster killed 54 and injured 9.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
The collapsed building was a self-built residential structure originally had 5 floors in 2012 and was expanded to 8 floors in 2018. The first floor served as a storefront, the second floor was a restaurant, the third floor housed a cinema café, the fourth, fifth, and sixth floors operated as a guesthouse, and the seventh and eighth floors were private residences. Tenants had made varying degrees of structural modifications to the building.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Incident ==
|
||||
At about 12 pm on 29 April 2022, a building collapsed in Panshuwan, Jinping Community, Wangcheng District. Local firefighters dispatched 23 fire trucks, 134 rescue personnel, and 4 search and rescue dogs to the scene. A student who escaped told reporters that while eating with two classmates, they heard unusual noises from the walls and something fell from the ceiling. Store staff sensed the danger and urged them to leave quickly. One minute after paying the bill at 12:21 pm and going downstairs, the building collapsed. The three escaped at 12:26 pm.
|
||||
On 2 May, the police preliminarily confirmed that 23 people were trapped inside the building and 39 were missing.
|
||||
After more than 72 hours of the critical rescue period, despite a large deployment of rescue forces and equipment, the rescue remained very difficult. The buildings on both sides of the collapsed structure were classified as "dangerous buildings," preventing the use of heavy machinery. Rescuers had to proceed carefully by reinforcing the structures while digging through to reach survivors.
|
||||
|
||||
By 5 May, 10 people had been rescued, while 26 remained missing. Most of the missing were students from Changsha Medical University, located about 100 meters away. Many family members posted missing person notices on social media platforms.
|
||||
On 6 May, the emergency rescue operations concluded.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Prosecution ==
|
||||
Chinese authorities arrested nine people linked to the collapse.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_explosion-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_explosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Chongqing explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:42.649137+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 7 January 2022, an explosion caused by a gas leak in a canteen building in Wulong District, Chongqing, southwest China, killed at least 16 people and injured 10 others.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2009 Chongqing mine blast
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Civil Aviation Accident Investigation Board"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Accident_Investigation_Board"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:45.552621+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Civil Aviation Accident Investigation Board (JIAAC Spanish: Junta Investigadora de Accidentes de Aviación Civil) was the civil aviation accident investigation agency of Venezuela. The JIAAC had its headquarters in Chacao, Caracas, Miranda State. Before its closure, it was an organization under the Ministry of Transport and Communications. It was originally the Air Accident Investigation Committee (CIAA, Spanish: Comité de Investigación de Accidentes Aéreos). Previously the JIAAC was an independent authority of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. That Ministry was known as the Ministry of Popular Power for Infrastructure (Spanish: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Infraestructura) from January 2007 to March 2009, and was previously the Ministry for Infrastructure (Spanish: Ministerio para la Infraestructura Minfra). Lorllys Ramos Acevedo was the final director of the JIAAC.
|
||||
Now Venezuela has the Directorate General for the Prevention and Investigation of Aeronautical Accidents (Spanish: Dirección General para la Prevención e Investigación de Accidentes Aeronáuticos), under the Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Conviasa Flight 2350
|
||||
Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518
|
||||
West Caribbean Airways Flight 708
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Junta Investigadora de Accidentes de Aviación Civil (in Spanish) (Archive)
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Jiujiang_Bridge-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Jiujiang_Bridge-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Collapse of Jiujiang Bridge"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Jiujiang_Bridge"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:46.806681+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Collapse of Jiujiang Bridge (Chinese: 九江大桥垮塌事故) refers to the partial collapse of a freeway bridge in the city of Foshan, in Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China on June 15, 2007. The bridge, which spans the Xijiang River, collapsed at approximately 5:30 am. A freighter "Nanguiji 035" with a cargo of sand strayed from the navigation channel and struck one of the main pillars, causing approximately 200 metres (660 ft) of the bridge to fall into the river. It is believed that four cars on the highway, carrying nine passengers, were submerged in the river as a result. Eight bodies were recovered. All 10 crew members of the boat were rescued.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
41
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appeals_Process-0.md
Normal file
41
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appeals_Process-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Consolidated Appeals Process"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appeals_Process"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:48.052605+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) is an advocacy tool for humanitarian financing, in which projects managed by the United Nations, NGOs and other stakeholders come together to approach the donor community funding international development activities. The target of the CAP is long-term development, whereas the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), started in 2006, targets sudden onset humanitarian crisis such as natural disasters. The 2011 CAP seeks US$7.4 billion to help 50 million people in 28 countries. The 2006 CAP was covered by the donor community to 63%.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Structure ==
|
||||
As of 2006 the CAP is divided into ‘clusters’, representing the various groups of implementing agencies in humanitarian aid. The humanitarian principles drive the formulation of the CAP. The humanitarian need on the ground is assessed by the stakeholders, to ensure that appeals’ funding requests are grounded in solid evidence.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 2006 CAP ==
|
||||
In 2006 the United Nations and its partner humanitarian agencies fed 97 million people in 82 countries, including 6.5 million people in the Sudan; vaccinated over 30 million children against measles in emergency situations, including 51% of the under-five children in the Central African Republic; supported hundreds of emergency health facilities, including 210 health centres in Burundi; created hundreds of emergency education facilities; supplied safe drinking water to millions of crisis-affected people, for example 214 new boreholes drilled for displaced people’s camps in Uganda; provided protection and assistance to some 20 million refugees and displaced persons; and supported child protection activities in some 150 countries.
|
||||
In August 2007 the UN, under the leadership of acting Humanitarian Coordinator for the Sudan David Gressly, launched a flash appeal for the response to the 2007 Sudan floods for just over US$20 million.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 2007 CAP ==
|
||||
As of January 2008, the Appeal for Chad appears to be the best-funded worldwide, at 97%
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 2009 CAP ==
|
||||
See link below for the Humanitarian Appeal 2009
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
|
||||
European Community Humanitarian aid Office
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website hosted by OCHA.
|
||||
Humanitarian Appeal 2009 hosted by OCHA
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_camp-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_camp-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Crisis camp"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_camp"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:50.585984+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A crisis camp is a BarCamp gathering of IT professionals, software developers, and computer programmers to aid in the relief efforts of a major crisis such as those caused by earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes. Projects that crisis camps often work on include setting up social networks for people to locate missing friends and relatives, creating maps of affected areas, and creating inventories of needed items such as food and clothing.
|
||||
Previous efforts of crisis camps reveal common themes such as the use of mobility, the use of the Internet as a common coordination platform, the requirement of volunteers, and the need for alternative community communication access areas. This initiative is reported to have a unique format that features free or nominal attendance fees as well as agenda that are created in real time by the participants. This format has also been referred to as "unconference", which reject one-size-fits-all presentations in favor of innovative gathering with no predetermined speaker or sessions as activities are led by participants themselves. The emergence of EdCamp, which is a user-generated gathering for educators has been modeled after BarCamp.
|
||||
Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, many crisis camps were set up around the world, often under the name "Crisis Camp Haiti", to help with the relief effort.
|
||||
Due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the Crisis Commons volunteer community was mobilized and part of the effort is being coordinated by Japanese students at U.S. universities.
|
||||
The first Crisis camp was held in Washington, DC on June 12–14, 2009.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
CrisisCommons.org
|
||||
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybergeddon-0.md
Normal file
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybergeddon-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Cybergeddon"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybergeddon"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:51.953929+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Cybergeddon (from tech. cyber-, "computer", and Armageddon, from Hebrew Har Megiddo, "mountain of the final battle") is a popular term in computer security, the media and international relations for a hypothetical cataclysm caused by large-scale sabotage of computerised networks, systems and data flows. The scenario typically combines cyberterrorism, cyberwarfare, cybercrime and hacktivism into cascades of attacks capable of disrupting the Internet, critical infrastructure and global financial and industrial systems.
|
||||
Commentators have used the term for worst-case futures in which attacks on targets such as banks, payment systems, power grids and industrial control systems trigger systemic economic collapse or prolonged social disruption. The concept is closely related to expressions such as "cyber apocalypse", "cyber 9/11" and "cyber Pearl Harbor", which likewise denote large-scale, strategically significant cyber attacks.
|
||||
Although some security professionals and policy documents have presented cybergeddon as a serious strategic risk, academic and policy debates also include more sceptical views that see such apocalyptic scenarios as exaggerated compared to the empirical record of cyber operations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Terminology and origins ==
|
||||
Cybergeddon is a combination of cyber-, associated with computers, digital networks and cyberspace, and Armageddon, a term from the Book of Revelation that in modern usage denotes an ultimate, catastrophic battle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Cyber-attack
|
||||
Cyberwarfare
|
||||
Cyberterrorism
|
||||
Cybercrime
|
||||
Information security
|
||||
Critical infrastructure
|
||||
Global catastrophic risk
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_famine_of_1630–1632-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_famine_of_1630–1632-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Deccan famine of 1630–1632"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_famine_of_1630–1632"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:55.699413+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Deccan famine of 1630–1632 was a famine associated with a back-to-back crop failure. The famine happened during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The famine was the result of three consecutive staple crop failures, causing plague and leading to intense hunger, disease, and displacement in the region. The famine was further intensified by the Mughal campaign led by Shah Jahan in Malwa and the Deccan after Malwa's Mughal commander turned rogue and joined hands with the Deccan forces of Nizam Shah and Adil Shah. About three million people died in Gujarat in the ten months ending in October 1631 while another million died around Ahmednagar.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Account of Peter Mundy during Gujarat famine ==
|
||||
Peter Mundy writes his first-hand account of the Gujarat famine as follows: "The Gujarat famine began with a drought in 1630, attacks on crops by mice and locusts in the following year, and then excessive rain. Famine and water-borne diseases created high mortality: 3 million died in 1631. People migrated towards less affected areas, many died on the way, and dead bodies blocked the roads. Both Persian and European sources tell the story of this famine, with a subverted cornucopoeia of grotesque consumption patterns: cattle-hide was eaten, dead men’s bones were ground with flour, cannibalism was frequent, and people fed on corpses. Carts belonging to banjaras (carriers) transporting grain from the more productive regions of Malwa were intercepted and supplies diverted to feed Shah Jahan’s royal army in Burhanpur, who were fighting territorial wars in the Deccan (southern) provinces. The pre-famine price of wheat was 1 mahmudi per man; in 1631 it had risen to 16. Imperial charitable practices of opening free kitchens and offering land revenue remission had limited effect. Gujarat was one of the main production centres for calico cloth and this trade was badly affected by the death and migration of weavers."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Bihar famine of 1966–1967
|
||||
Famine in India
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
FAMINES IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, from 1500 to 1767
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics (Guatemala)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aeronautics_(Guatemala)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:56.995414+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics (Spanish: Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil, DGAC) is the civil aviation authority of Guatemala. Its headquarters are on the property of La Aurora International Airport in Zone 13 of Guatemala City.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The agency was created under the government of Lázaro Chacón González on September 11, 1929, by government decree 1032, as a daughter agency of the Ministry of Communications and Public Works (Spanish: Ministerio de Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas), today the Ministry of Communications, Infrastructure, and Housing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Divisions ==
|
||||
|
||||
The Accident Investigation Section (Spanish: Seccion de Investigación de Accidentes) investigates aircraft accidents and incidents.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Cubana de Aviación Flight 1216
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (in Spanish)
|
||||
YouTube channel (in Spanish)
|
||||
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Action_Team-0.md
Normal file
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Action_Team-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Disaster Action Team"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Action_Team"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:58.255351+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A Disaster Action Team is the local disaster response unit in chapters of the American Red Cross.
|
||||
American Red Cross chapters have Disaster Action Teams (commonly called "DATs"), which provide disaster relief services on an on-call basis. They may provide free emergency food, clothing and shelter assistance, and assist disaster victims in planning their immediate and long-term recovery from disaster.
|
||||
The teams are composed of American Red Cross Disaster Services volunteers who have received training in disaster assessment, client casework and other skills. Many larger chapters in metropolitan areas have multiple Disaster Action Teams on call at any given time to respond to disasters in their communities.
|
||||
Disaster Action Teams do not commonly respond to disasters outside their chapter's area of responsibility, which are managed by the American Red Cross's national Disaster Services Human Resources system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_convergence-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_convergence-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Disaster convergence"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_convergence"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:59.548135+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Disaster convergence is the phenomenon of individuals or groups moving towards a disaster-stricken area. Convergers have many reasons for heading towards a disaster area. Kendra and Wachtendorf (2002) identified seven distinct categories of convergers. These categories are mourners, the anxious, returners, the curious, the helpers, the exploiters, and the supporters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Sources ==
|
||||
Kendra, J. and Wachtendorf, T. (2002) Reconsidering Convergence and Converger - Legitimacy in Response to the World Trade Center Disaster. Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 11: 197–224.
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_fatigue-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_fatigue-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Donor fatigue"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_fatigue"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:00.803369+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Donor fatigue is a phenomenon in which people no longer donate to charities, although they have in the past. On a larger scale, it can also refer to a slowness to act on the part of the international community or any other donor base in response to a humanitarian crisis or call-to-action.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Examples ==
|
||||
TICAD was formed at a time when the international community's interest in Africa was starting to wane, and donor fatigue was setting in.
|
||||
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1087: There was slow progress in the peace process, including implementing the Lusaka Protocol. The Council approved the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's recommendation to reduce the size of UNAVEM III during February 1997, due to donor fatigue.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
AIDS fatigue, when public health messages are ignored for similar reasons
|
||||
Information fatigue
|
||||
Voter fatigue, voting apathy related to too-frequent elections
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Drill Master diving accident"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:02.040586+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Drill Master diving accident was an incident in Norway in January 1974 that resulted in the death of two commercial divers. During a two-man dive from the North Sea rig Drill Master, the diving bell's drop weight was accidentally released, causing the bell to surface from a depth of 320 feet (98 m) with its bottom door open and drag the diver working outside through the water on his umbilical. The two divers, Per Skipnes and Robert John Smyth, both died from rapid decompression and drowning. The accident was caused by instructions aboard Drill Master which had not been updated when the bell system was modified and which stated that a valve that was closed during the dive should have been open. Skipnes's body was never recovered.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Durban Navigation Colliery disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban_Navigation_Colliery_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:03.308038+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A methane explosion occurred at the Durban Navigation Colliery on 8 October 1926, killing 124 miners. It is the worst mine explosion in South Africa's history.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem-based_disaster_risk_reduction"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:04.483766+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) is based on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and the purpose of Eco-DRR is to prevent and reduce disasters by utilizing ecosystems.
|
||||
Eco-DRR is to maintain ecosystems and ecosystem services, to use them as buffer zones and buffers for dangerous natural phenomena, and to provide humans and local communities with functions such as food and water supply. Eco-DRR is closely related to Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), approaches to adapt to climate change. They all involve the management of ecosystems and their services to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to the impacts of climate change.
|
||||
Evidence suggests that many ecosystems can benefit from sustainable, multi-factored strategies for Eco-DRR. However, disaster risk reduction research has tended to focus on urban areas of the Global North. More research is needed in coastal, dryland and watershed areas and the Global South.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Climate change adaptation
|
||||
Climate change mitigation
|
||||
Disaster risk reduction
|
||||
Emergency management
|
||||
International Day for Disaster Reduction
|
||||
Natural disasters
|
||||
Nature-based solutions
|
||||
Risk management
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
"What is Eco-DRR?". JICA's Eco-DRR Cooperation in Developing Countries (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. p. 6. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
|
||||
Furuta, Naoya; Seino, Satoquo (28 September 2016). "Progress and Gaps in Eco-DRR Policy and Implementation After the Great East Japan Earthquake". Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in Practice. Springer International Publishing. pp. 295–313. ISBN 978-3-319-43631-9. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Callao_mine_disaster-0.md
Normal file
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Callao_mine_disaster-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "El Callao mine disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Callao_mine_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:05.969059+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 13 October 2025, the Cuatro Esquinas de Caratal gold mine in El Callao, Bolívar state, Venezuela, flooded as a result of heavy rains in the area. The flood resulted in an official death toll of at least 14, although unofficially at least 37 miners died.
|
||||
The flooding is at least the fourth mining-related disaster to occur in El Callao.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Orinoco Mining Arc
|
||||
Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
|
||||
Bulla Loca mine disaster
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Planning_Division-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Planning_Division-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Emergency Planning Division"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Planning_Division"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:11.964948+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Emergency Planning Division had responsibility for emergency planning management in England and Wales.
|
||||
From 1935 to 1971 civil defence in the United Kingdom was the responsibility of the Civil Defence Department. On the run-down of civil defence in 1971 the department was replaced by the Home Defence and Emergency Services Division of the Home Office. From 1935 to 1971 civil defence in the United Kingdom was the responsibility of the Civil Defence Department. The head was an Assistant Secretary. It was renamed the Emergency Planning Division in the late 1980s.
|
||||
Between 1957 and 1992 the Emergency Planning Division devolved civil nuclear defence to the department known as the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation.
|
||||
In 2001 responsibility was transferred from the Home Office to the Civil Contingencies Secretariat of the Cabinet Office.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Civil Emergencies Adviser ==
|
||||
Rear Admiral David Kenneth Bawtree, CB 1993-
|
||||
Air Vice Marshal David Conway Grant Brook, CB CBE 1989-1993
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Emergency Warning Broadcast System (Japan)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Warning_Broadcast_System_(Japan)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:13.164792+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Emergency Warning Broadcast System, omitted as EWBS or EWS (緊急警報放送, Kinkyū keihō hōsō) is a warning broadcast system in Japan that is performed by automatically turning on the switch of a television/radio receiver in a standby state by using a specific signal.
|
||||
This is done when a large-scale disaster such as an earthquake occurs or when a tsunami warning is announced, and it is intended to help prevent or mitigate the damage caused by the disaster.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_override_system-0.md
Normal file
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_override_system-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Emergency override system"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_override_system"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:10.677378+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
An emergency override system (also known as cable override or emergency alert system, among other terms) is a system designed to warn subscribers of cable television broadcast feeds of threats such as severe weather and other civil emergencies.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
|
||||
One of the earliest alerting systems developed specifically for cable television was implemented in the city of Alexandria, Louisiana in 1962 by Alpine Cable TV Co., a Louisiana-based cable television company. The system, built by Virgil Evans and Ed Baldridge, utilized a closed-circuit signal that allowed for continued operation even if CONELRAD went off the air in addition to avoiding the transmission of signals into the air that could be detected by enemy aircraft. The system was operated by the Rapides Parish Civil Defense office, who could insert emergency messages on cable Channel 3.
|
||||
Digital Alert Systems, which was once a subsidiary company of Monroe Electronics before 2018, claims that Monroe Electronics developed the first emergency override system for cable television in the late 1960s. Other companies would manufacture such systems of their own, some examples including the Civil Emergency Alert System by Cadco Systems, the Emergency Alert System by Idea/onics, and the CommAlert series by Scientific Atlanta.
|
||||
Over time, cities would upgrade their cable override systems. With most cable systems having transitioned to digital cable by the mid to late 2010s, most emergency override systems have been largely replaced with the Emergency Alert System, which employs Specific Area Message Encoding technology to activate for potential disasters and deactivate to resume cable broadcasts, especially late at night when many public servants aren't available to break in.
|
||||
Modern emergency override systems usually use EASyPlus encoders.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Operational details ==
|
||||
The activation of an emergency override system is initiated, typically by local law enforcement or other emergency management staff, by dialing a number and entering a PIN through a designated telephone. Once correctly entered, programming on all channels for cable subscribers in the area is interrupted. The extent of how programming is affected varies from system to system, with some merely overriding the audio feed while others additionally remove the video feed and may replace it with static or a generated slide. The operator then delivers a live, spoken message informing viewers of the nature of the override, including giving any advised actions for emergencies, before they dial out to end the override.
|
||||
Emergency override systems could also be activated by other entities. For example, in 1997, Union Pacific developed in coordination with the Roseville Fire Department a local warning system that was intended to warn neighborhoods in Roseville, California near railroads, of hazardous waste spills. Union Pacific would warn the Roseville Fire Department of a spillage, and, if the incident was severe enough, part of this local warning system would interrupt cable television with a blue screen and a taped message providing warning of an incident and evacuation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== System tests ==
|
||||
Emergency override systems are typically tested once weekly at randomly selected times, as well as scheduled monthly tests and yearly tornado drills, but it depended on the city.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
49
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_immediate-0.md
Normal file
49
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_immediate-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Evacuation immediate"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_immediate"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:15.574995+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Evacuation immediate (SAME code: EVI) is a warning issued through the Emergency Alert System (EAS) in the United States to notify the public of a mandatory evacuation due to a wildfire, approaching hurricane, or an imminent explosion due to a gas leak. It is typically issued by a local or state authority and is relayed by the National Weather Service. The warning can replace a Civil Emergency Message, Fire Warning, or other warnings when required.
|
||||
Weather radio receivers, EAS Equipment boxes, and TV scrolls will display EVI alerts as immediate evacuation, and any text-to-speech voices from the EAS boxes will read the alert as "immediate evacuation" rather than "evacuation immediate".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Example of a NWS issued evacuation immediate ==
|
||||
MNC135-281944-
|
||||
|
||||
BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
|
||||
Evacuation Immediate
|
||||
MN Roseau County
|
||||
Relayed by National Weather Service Grand Forks ND
|
||||
844 AM CDT Sat Mar 28 2026
|
||||
|
||||
...Train Derailment...
|
||||
|
||||
The following message is transmitted at the request of MN Roseau
|
||||
County.
|
||||
|
||||
A train has derailed nearby with a possible unknown leak.
|
||||
Residents are advised to evacuate as a precaution.
|
||||
|
||||
Patch Motel meeting point. Please follow direction from 1st
|
||||
responders.
|
||||
|
||||
&&
|
||||
|
||||
LAT...LON 4900 9537 4896 9535 4896 9536 4896 9536
|
||||
4900 9538
|
||||
|
||||
$$
|
||||
|
||||
2431331057281693/Roseau County Emergency Mangement
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
https://www.weather.gov/help-map
|
||||
https://www.weather.gov/lub/nonweathercemdescriptions
|
||||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBN4nAyGk5A
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fengcheng power station scaffold collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengcheng_power_station_scaffold_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:16.748585+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Fengcheng power station collapse occurred on 24 November 2016. At least 74 people died and at least two others were injured and trapped after a construction platform at a power plant in the Chinese city of Fengcheng in Jiangxi province collapsed. During the time, more than 60 people were working on the platform and another dozen were on the ground waiting to begin their shift at 7a.m. when the platform of a power plant’s cooling tower under construction collapsed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Willow Island disaster – a similar accident which killed 51 people in 1978 in West Virginia, US
|
||||
List of structural failures and collapses
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_and_Smile-0.md
Normal file
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_and_Smile-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fight and Smile"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_and_Smile"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:17.951289+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Fight and Smile (相信希望fight & smile賑災募款晚會) was a fund raising campaign held in Taiwan for the victims of the Japan 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The event was held from March 17 to March 18, 2011. About NT$788 million were raised by the event. The event was hosted by Jacky Wu, Chang Fei (張菲), Chang Hsiao-yen (張小燕) and Patty Hou.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Participants ==
|
||||
About 300 celebrities participated in the event, including:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
(in Chinese) 相信希望募款晚會
|
||||
相信希望Fight & Smile募款晚會主題曲(4分鐘完整版MV) on YouTube
|
||||
《相信希望Fight & Smile》募款晚會實況1/5 on YouTube
|
||||
《相信希望Fight & Smile》募款晚會實況2/5 on YouTube
|
||||
《相信希望Fight & Smile》募款晚會實況3/5 on YouTube
|
||||
《相信希望Fight & Smile》募款晚會實況4/5 on YouTube
|
||||
《相信希望Fight & Smile》募款晚會實況5/5 on YouTube
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbomblora_explosion-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbomblora_explosion-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Gbomblora explosion"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbomblora_explosion"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:19.167265+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 21 February 2022, a major explosion, followed by several smaller ones, occurred at a gold mine in Gbomblora, Gbomblora Department, Burkina Faso. They killed about 60 people; over 100 people were injured.
|
||||
The explosions were most likely related to the chemicals that were used to treat the gold.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Catastrophic_Risks_(book)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:58:17.614821+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:21.599703+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_alert-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_alert-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Global alert"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_alert"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:20.376033+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Global alert is used as the global radio-communications network during times of international crises or threats to international security. Global Alerts are also issued by agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), when there is a perceived threat of an international pandemic, (global epidemic), such as the threat of a SARS, (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), pandemic during March 2003, due to its high contagion level which was rapidly spread by travelers sharing international flights. The global alert released by the World Health Organization regarding the SARS outbreak and its rapid contagion saved many lives: The alert about the disease, precautionary measures, and preventive measures to be taken by individuals, including specific hygiene information needed to arrest the spread of SARS was communicated instantly throughout the world.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network (GOARN) ==
|
||||
|
||||
GOARN is a system of cooperating institutions and networks that are constantly ready to respond to disease outbreaks. Established in 2000, it is a branch of the World Health Organization. GOARN's partners include the Red Cross and divisions of the United Nations such as UNICEF and UNHCR. In addition to providing aid to areas affected by disease outbreaks, GOARN also works to standardize protocols for medical response systems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_failure-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_failure-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ground failure"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_failure"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:22.794240+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The term ground failure is a general reference to landslides, liquefaction, lateral spreads, and any other consequence of shaking that affects the stability of the ground. This usually takes place as an after-effect of an earthquake, and is one of the major causes of destruction after an earthquake. Ground failures tend to happen almost every time after an earthquake, usually causing landslides, settling and spreading. Which as a result, can reduce the fertility of the ground for further cultivation, and also damage manmade or natural structures.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
In geology, it means an effect of seismic activity, such as an earthquake, where the ground becomes very soft, due to the shaking, and acts like a liquid, causing landslides, spreading, and settling. Earthquake-triggered landslides and liquefaction, collectively referred to as ground failure, can be a significant contributor to earthquake losses. The USGS Ground Failure (GF) earthquake product provides near-real-time spatial estimates of earthquake-triggered landslide and liquefaction hazard following significant earthquakes worldwide. Ground failure can be hazardous to nature, and also to mankind.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Ground failure - USGS
|
||||
Ground failure (Earthquake Glossary) - USGS
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Gwangju Hwajeong I-Park exterior wall collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Hwajeong_I-Park_exterior_wall_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:23.983795+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On Wednesday, 11 January 2022 at 15:46 KST, the façade of a 39-story apartment building under construction collapsed in Gwangju, South Korea, killing six workers. HDC Hyundai Development Company was investigated by the government, and its chairman resigned.
|
||||
In the initial collapse of the Hyundai I-Park apartment, ten construction workers were trapped by the debris. Searchers found three workers before they needed to halt operations for about 13 hours due to unsafe conditions. After a search that lasted 29 days, six bodies were recovered using drones and rescue dogs; five of the workers' bodies were recovered from the upper floors of the building, with one of the deceased being found on one of the lower floors. Rescue efforts had to be halted temporarily because an additional part of the building collapsed.
|
||||
The Korean government, under Moon Jae-In, launched the HDC Hyundai Industrial Development New Apartment Collapse Accident Investigation Committee to investigate the collapse. The results of the investigation were released on March 14, 2022. The committee determined that faulty construction methods and substandard building materials were responsible for the collapse. HDC made unauthorized changes to the 39th floor of Building 201, making the slab of the floor 35 cm thick instead of the originally proposed 15 cm.
|
||||
HDC Hyundai Development Company, the developer of the I-Park apartment, was also implicated in the 2021 Gwangju building collapse; a building next to the road was being demolished and spilled over into the street. It landed on a bus, killing nine passengers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2021 Gwangju building collapse
|
||||
Ronan Point
|
||||
Surfside condominium collapse
|
||||
Sampoong Department Store collapse
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTI_factory_fire-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTI_factory_fire-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "HTI factory fire"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTI_factory_fire"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:29.900044+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On February 1, 2017 at around 6:00 p.m. (UTC +8), a fire hit the House Technology Industries, Ltd. factory inside the Cavite Export Processing Zone in General Trias, Cavite.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Incident ==
|
||||
On February 1, around 746 employees were at work when the fire started according to Brig. Gen. Charito Plaza, director-general of Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA). At 9pm, the third alarm was immediately raised.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aftermath ==
|
||||
The fire was officially out at 4:15pm on February 3. Remulla said that some survivors suffered about 70% to 90% burns to their bodies.
|
||||
The claims that there were fatalities which authorities tried to cover up were refuted by Remulla. The fire resulted in five fatalities who all died in hospital and not during the fire incident.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Kentex slipper factory fire
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
43
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_map-0.md
Normal file
43
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_map-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hazard map"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_map"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:25.141380+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A hazard map is a map that highlights areas that are affected by or are vulnerable to a particular hazard. They are typically created for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Hazard maps help prevent serious damage and deaths.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Uses ==
|
||||
Hazard maps are created and used in conjunction with several natural disasters.
|
||||
Different hazard maps have different uses. For instance, the hazard map created by the Rizal Geological Survey is used by Rizalian
|
||||
insurance agencies in order to properly adjust insurance for people living in hazardous areas.
|
||||
Hazard maps created for flooding are also used in insurance rate adjustments.
|
||||
Hazard maps can also be useful in determining the risks of living in a certain area.
|
||||
Hazard maps can help people become aware of the dangers they might face from natural disasters in a specific area.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Types ==
|
||||
Natural Disasters
|
||||
Geological disasters
|
||||
Avalanches and landslides
|
||||
Earthquakes (See Seismic hazard map)
|
||||
Volcanic eruptions
|
||||
Hydrological disasters
|
||||
Floods
|
||||
Tsunami
|
||||
Wildfires
|
||||
Non-Natural Disasters
|
||||
Traffic accidents
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Seismic hazard map
|
||||
Disaster risk reduction
|
||||
Floods Directive
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hercules Powder plant disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Powder_plant_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:27.542996+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Hercules Powder plant disaster was an explosion at an armaments factory owned by the Hercules Powder Company in the Kenvil section of Roxbury, New Jersey, on 12 September 1940. About 52 people were killed and 100 injured.
|
||||
The cause of the explosion remains unclear. Possible explanations include an industrial accident or sabotage carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) or by a group of German Americans living in nearby Sussex County. Congressman Martin Dies, chair of the House Un-American Activities Committee at the time, believed that Nazi agents were responsible for the blast. After German immigrant Oscar C. Pfaus helped connect Nazi agents with the IRA in America, Abwehr agent Karl Franz Rekowski was sent to the U.S. where he arranged for the IRA to carry out sabotage attacks. Rekowski alleges the IRA carried out the attack on the plant.
|
||||
The 1940 explosion at the Hercules factory followed another in 1933 that killed six people; in 1989, a third explosion there shattered windows across the town.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hlobane Coal Mine Disaster (1944)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlobane_Coal_Mine_Disaster_(1944)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:28.734564+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A methane explosion killed 57 miners at the Hlobane Colliery, Natal, South Africa on 12 September 1944. During drilling of a dyke in a coal seam, methane built up during the night due to insufficient ventilation in the mine.
|
||||
The explosion was said to have been caused by a miner relighting his lamp. He was in charge of monitoring the methane levels and its high levels had extinguished his lamp. The explosion resulted in the deaths of 57 miners and six serious injuries.
|
||||
On the 39th anniversary of the explosion in 1983, a similar explosion killed 68 miners at the same mine.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Iran explosions (January – February 2026)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_explosions_(January_–_February_2026)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:31.108279+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
From 31 January to 26 February 2026, several explosions took place across Iran.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Background ==
|
||||
The explosions took place a few weeks after the 2025–2026 Iranian protests, which started on 28 December 2025 and ended after Iranian authorities shot dead tens of thousands of protesters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Timeline ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 31 January ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Bandar Abbas ====
|
||||
An explosion took place in Bandar Abbas in an eight-floor building, killing a four-year-old girl and injuring 14. The first to third floors were seriously damaged, as were some cars and a shop, and the building's windows were shattered. A video by an online newspaper showed a man in a green security force uniform and wearing a neck brace being carried out from the damaged building on a stretcher. According to Iran International, the video that showed the security force member being carried out from the building was taken offline by Sobh-e Sahel and its network partners.
|
||||
Unofficial sources stated that Alireza Tangsiri, an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) naval commander, was the target of the explosion. The IRGC-associated Tasnim News Agency denied the claim. Iranian officials and state media stated the explosion was caused by a gas leak. In a video shared after the blast, a local resident pointed out that the building was not connected to a gas network.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other cities ====
|
||||
An explosion took place in Ahvaz, killing four people, according to local officials. Tehran Times described the event as a gas explosion.
|
||||
Explosions also occurred in Karaj and in Parand on 31 January 2026.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 2 February ===
|
||||
On 2 February, a large fire broke out in a marketplace in Jannat Abad in northwest Tehran. Thick smoke was visible across much of Tehran. Teams from five fire stations were needed to respond to the fire, which took several hours to contain. No injuries were caused according to local media.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 6 February ===
|
||||
Large fires engulfed a cold storage facility on the Ardabil-Moghan road in northwestern Iran, near the Azerbaijan border. Unconfirmed reports of Explosions were reported on social media. Army reported a fire in Tehran HQ.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 10 February ===
|
||||
Large fire in the Tehran power plant.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 11 February ===
|
||||
A large explosion on the anniversary of the 1979 Islamic revolution took out two armored vehicles in Sistan, Mohamed Abad, Iranshahr city.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 16 February ===
|
||||
Major explosion in the Tabriz Petrochemical Refinery Nik Gas.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 18 February ===
|
||||
A large explosion occurred in Tehran.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 22 February ===
|
||||
A large explosion occurred in Parand, Hamedan.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 25 February ===
|
||||
Shots fired and explosion in Pasteur, Tehran neighborhood near Office of the Supreme Leader of Iran and Majlis.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 26 February ===
|
||||
Large fire broke out at an industrial center in Abadan.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reactions ==
|
||||
Israeli officials denied responsibility for the explosions in Bandar Abbas and Ahvaz.
|
||||
United States officials also denied involvement.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
2020 Iran explosions
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_fireworks_disaster-0.md
Normal file
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_fireworks_disaster-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Istanbul fireworks disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_fireworks_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:32.268480+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Istanbul fireworks disaster occurred on 1 February 2008. An unlicensed fireworks factory exploded accidentally, leaving by some reports at least 22 people dead and at least 100 injured; other sources reported the death toll at 17 and 40 injured. The building that housed the unlicensed factory was in Davutpaşa, Esenler an industrial neighborhood. It was a multistory workshop complex it shared with other manufacturers of paint, socks and textiles. Two separate explosions were reported some five minutes apart from each other, the first possibly happening in the top floor fireworks factory, and the second larger explosion, reportedly emanating from the basement boilers where the paint manufacturing was located.
|
||||
After the incident the building was partially collapsed and this had caused many of the victims to be crushed to death when floors collapsed.
|
||||
The factory had reportedly been shut down by authorities twice prior to this incident, but continued to operate illegally.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Junta de Investigación de Accidentes de Aviación Civil"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_de_Investigación_de_Accidentes_de_Aviación_Civil"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:33.870082+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Junta de Investigación de Accidentes de Aviación Civil (JIAAC), in English the Civil Aviation Accident Investigation Board, was an agency of Argentina under the purview of the Ministry of Transport of the Argentine Nation that investigated air accidents. Its headquarters were in Buenos Aires.
|
||||
|
||||
Its mission was to determine the causes of accidents and incidents that occurred in the field of civil aviation, in order to then recommend effective actions aimed at avoiding the occurrence of air events in the future, the agency worked to promote operational safety in the entire field of civil, national and international aviation. It had four administrative regions. The board was replaced by the Junta de Seguridad en el Transporte (JST) ("Transportation Safety Board") in 2019, as stipulated by Law 27,514, The new JST expanded its studies and research to all modes of transportation. It investigates aeronautical accidents and incidents as well as railway, automotive, maritime, river and lake accidents, as well as multimodal interface accidents.
|
||||
Pamela Suárez was the last president of the JIAAC.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 644
|
||||
Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 707
|
||||
LAPA Flight 3142
|
||||
Sol Líneas Aéreas Flight 5428
|
||||
Villa Castelli helicopter collision
|
||||
C5N helicopter accident
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Junta de Investigaciones de Accidentes de Aviación Civil Archived 2018-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
Junta de Investigaciones de Accidentes de Aviación Civil Archived 2017-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
|
||||
Junta de Investigaciones de Accidentes de Aviación Civil at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
|
||||
Junta de Investigaciones de Accidentes de Aviación Civil at the Wayback Machine (archive index) (in Spanish)
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_diamond_mine_collapse-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_diamond_mine_collapse-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Kasai diamond mine collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_diamond_mine_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:35.083783+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 7 June 2022, a tunnel collapsed inside a diamond mine near the city of Tshikapa, in the Kasaï Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At least six people were confirmed to have been killed. Local officials stated that the incident took place near the town of Samba, where more than 40 people had been killed, with six bodies uncovered.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Kinshasa power cable collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa_power_cable_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:37.399904+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 2 February 2022, a power cable collapsed in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing 26 people. The accident occurred at a market in Matadi-Kibala on the outskirts of the capital of the DRC. The cable fell onto houses and shoppers, with the live end landing in a ditch that was filled with rain from earlier in the day. The country's national electricity company said that it believed the cable broke because it had been hit by lightning.
|
||||
The victims were mostly sellers and customers at the market, but some passers-by were also killed.
|
||||
Kinshasa's governor Gentiny Ngobila promised to pass new laws prohibiting "anarchic construction" in response to the tragedy. The government paid and arranged for the victims' funerals.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Kramatorsk radiological accident"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramatorsk_radiological_accident"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:38.549168+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Kramatorsk radiological accident was a radiation accident that happened in Kramatorsk, Donetsk Oblast, in eastern Ukrainian SSR from 1980 to 1989. A small capsule containing highly radioactive caesium-137 was found inside the concrete wall of an apartment building, with a surface gamma radiation exposure dose rate of 1800 R/year. The capsule was detected only after residents requested that the level of radiation in the apartment be measured by a health physicist.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The capsule was originally part of a radiation level gauge and was lost in the Karansky quarry in the late 1970s. The search for the capsule was unsuccessful and ended after a week. The gravel from the quarry was used in construction. The caesium capsule ended up in the concrete panel of apartment 85 of building 7 on Marii Pryimachenko Street (at the time under the Soviet name Hvardiitsiv Kantemyrivtsiv), between apartments 85 and 52.
|
||||
Over nine years, two families lived in apartment 85. A child's bed was positioned right next to the wall containing the capsule. The apartment was fully occupied in 1980. A year later, an 18-year-old young woman living there suddenly died. In 1982, her 16-year-old brother died, followed by their mother. Despite all residents succumbing to leukemia, the flat did not garner much public attention. Doctors, unable to identify the root cause of the illness, attributed the diagnosis to poor heredity. A new family moved into the apartment, and their son also died of leukemia. His father initiated a thorough investigation, which led to the discovery of the vial in the wall in 1989.
|
||||
By the time the capsule was discovered, four residents of the building had died from it and 17 more had received varying doses of radiation. Part of the wall was removed and sent to the Institute for Nuclear Research, where the caesium capsule was removed, identified by serial number and disposed of.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of orphan source incidents
|
||||
List of civilian radiation accidents
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwekwe_stadium_stampede-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwekwe_stadium_stampede-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Kwekwe stadium stampede"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwekwe_stadium_stampede"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:39.790414+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
On 21 November 2014, a stampede occurred at Mbizo Stadium in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, killing 11 and injuring 40 people. Reuters reported that around 30,000 people attended a religious service officiated by Walter Magaya. After the service, the crowd left toward a single exit in a stampede, killing four immediately; seven others were pronounced dead at hospital. The Business Standard reported that the stampede was caused by police firing teargas after some of the crowd attempted to break off parts of the stadium wall to exit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "La Espuela Coal Mine disaster"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Espuela_Coal_Mine_disaster"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:40.938462+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The coal mine disaster of La Espuela, in Múzquiz Municipality, Coahuila, Mexico happened at 1:30 p.m. January 23, 2002, and caused the death of 13 miners. The disaster was caused by flooding of the shaft. Without the ability to flee, the miners drowned in minutes.
|
||||
According to Dick Reavis, "The mine's operator had failed, as laws require, to map the tunnels that his men made. Their pneumatic picks struck into the flooded tunnel of an abandoned mine, and they were helpless as the water rose because the motor on the pocito's only winch - the winch that raises and lowers the bote - wouldn't come to life."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Lalita Park building collapse"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalita_Park_building_collapse"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:42:43.316981+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Lalita Park building collapse occurred at 8:15 p.m. local time on 15 November 2010 in the Indian capital of New Delhi. The 15-year-old building was in the Lalita Park neighborhood, near Lakshmi Nagar in East Delhi close to the Yamuna River. The building housed about 200 people, mostly poor migrant families, but also some small businesses.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Collapse ==
|
||||
A fifth floor was under construction. The building was two floors higher than legally allowed, and its foundation had been weakened by water damage from recent flooding in the region. At least 67 people were killed and 73 were injured in the collapse.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Aftermath ==
|
||||
A magisterial inquiry into the incident was ordered. Under Section 304 of the Indian Penal Code, a charge of culpable homicide not amounting to murder was registered against the building's owner, Amrit Singh. Singh fled but was later captured. The Government of Delhi announced an ex gratia of Rs 2 lakh each to the families of those killed and Rs 1 lakh to the injured.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of parks in Delhi
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
News.yahoo.com
|
||||
News.xinhuanet.com
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczysław_Warmus-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczysław_Warmus-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Mieczysław Warmus"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczysław_Warmus"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:45.171429+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Mieczysław Jan Warmus (born 1 June 1918 in Dobrowlany, Poland (now Дабраўляны, Беларусь); died 20 September 2007 in Wollongong, Australia). He was a Polish mathematician, a pioneer of computer science in Poland, professor, university lecturer, author of over a hundred scientific papers. He defended his PhD at Wrocław University based on dissertation Calculating Areas of Flat Surfaces Using Parallelogram Grids under Hugo Steinhaus' supervision. The habilitation thesis titled "Nomogrammable Functions" was defended on February 22, 1958. By a resolution dated May 29, 1958, the Central Qualification Committee for Scientific Workers awarded Associate Professor Dr. habil. Mieczysław Warmus the academic title of Extraordinary Professor.
|
||||
Warmus died on September 20, 2007, in Wollongong, Australia. He was buried on October 2, 2007, at the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further readings ==
|
||||
Homepage
|
||||
Biography (Jadwiga Dutkiewicz Mieczysław Warmus Życie i praca naukowa )
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFluids@Home"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:14:33.980869+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:56.503098+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_modeling-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_modeling-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Visual modeling"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_modeling"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:37.651447+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Visual modeling is practice of representing a system graphically. The result, a visual model, can provide an artifact that describes a complex system in a way that can be understood by experts and novices alike. Via visual models, complex ideas are not held to human limitations, allowing for greater complexity without a loss of comprehension. Visual modeling can also be used to bring a group to a consensus. Models help effectively communicate ideas among designers, allowing for quicker discussion and an eventual consensus.
|
||||
Notable modeling languages include industry open standards such as UML, SysML, Modelica, and proprietary languages, such as those associated with VisSim, MATLAB and Simulink, OPNET, NetSim, NI Multisim, and Reactive Blocks. Both VisSim and Reactive Blocks provide a royalty-free, downloadable viewer that lets anyone open and interactively simulate their models. The community edition of Reactive Blocks also allows full editing of the models as well as compilation, as long as the work is published under the Eclipse Public License.
|
||||
Visual modeling languages may be general-purpose modeling (GPM), such as UML, Southbeach Notation, IDEF, or domain-specific modeling (DSM) such as SysML. The development of visual modeling languages is an area of active research as evidenced by increasing interest in DSM languages, visual requirements, and visual OWL (Web Ontology Language).
|
||||
Visual modeling had no standards before the 1990's, and was incomparable until the introduction of the UML.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Service-oriented modeling
|
||||
Model-driven engineering
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Visual Modeling Forum A web community dedicated to visual modeling languages and tools.
|
||||
48
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_safety-0.md
Normal file
48
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_safety-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Void safety"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_safety"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:38.872806+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Void safety (also known as null safety) is a guarantee within an object-oriented programming language that no object references will have null or void values.
|
||||
In object-oriented languages, access to objects is achieved through references (or, equivalently, pointers). A typical call is of the form:
|
||||
|
||||
x.f(a, ...)
|
||||
|
||||
where f denotes an operation and x denotes a reference to some object. At execution time, however, a reference can be void (or null). In such cases, the call above will be a void call, leading to a run-time exception, often resulting in abnormal termination of the program.
|
||||
Void safety is a static (compile-time) guarantee that a void call will never arise.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
In a 2009 talk, Tony Hoare traced the invention of the null pointer to his design of the ALGOL W language and called it a "mistake":
|
||||
|
||||
I call it my billion-dollar mistake. It was the invention of the null reference in 1965. At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object oriented language (ALGOL W). My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn't resist the temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years.
|
||||
Bertrand Meyer introduced the term "void safety".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== In programming languages ==
|
||||
An early attempt to guarantee void safety was the design of the Self programming language.
|
||||
The Eiffel language is void-safe according to its ISO-ECMA standard; the void-safety mechanism is implemented in EiffelStudio starting with version 6.1 and using a modern syntax starting with version 6.4.
|
||||
The Spec# language, a research language from Microsoft Research, has a notion of "non-nullable type" addressing void safety.
|
||||
The F# language, a functional-first language from Microsoft Research running on .NET framework, is void-safe except when interoperating with other .NET languages.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Null safety based in union types ===
|
||||
Since 2011 several languages support union types and intersection types, which can be used to detect possible null pointers at compiling time, using a special class Null of which the value null is its unique instance.
|
||||
The null safety based in types appeared first in Ceylon, followed soon by TypeScript.
|
||||
The C# language implements compile-time null safety check since version 8. However, to stay compatible with older versions of the language, the feature is opt-in on a per project or per file basis.
|
||||
The Dart language has implemented it since its version 2.0, in August 2018
|
||||
Other languages that use null-safe types by default include JetBrains' Kotlin, Rust, and Apple's Swift.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Nullable type
|
||||
Option type
|
||||
Safe navigation operator
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_core_line-0.md
Normal file
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_core_line-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Vortex core line"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_core_line"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:40.158837+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In scientific visualization, a vortex core line is a line-like feature tracing the center of a vortex with in a velocity field.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Detection methods ==
|
||||
Several methods exist to detect vortex core lines in a flow field. Jiang, Machiraju & Thompson (2004) studied and compared nine methods for vortex detection, including five methods for the identification of vortex core lines. Although this list is incomplete, they considered it representative for the state of the art (as of 2004).
|
||||
One of these five methods is by Sujudi & Haimes (1995): in a velocity field v(x,t) a vector x lies on a vortex core line if v(x,t) is an eigenvector of the tensor derivative
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
∇
|
||||
|
||||
v
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
|
||||
x
|
||||
|
||||
,
|
||||
t
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \nabla {\boldsymbol {v}}({\boldsymbol {x}},t)}
|
||||
|
||||
and the other – not corresponding – eigenvalues are complex.
|
||||
Another is the Lambda2 method, which is Galilean invariant and thus produces the same results when a uniform velocity field is added to the existing velocity field or when the field is translated.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Flow visualization
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Jiang, Ming; Machiraju, Raghu; Thompson, David (2004), "Detection and visualization of vortices", in Hansen, Charles D.; Johnson, Chris R. (eds.), Visualization Handbook, Academic Press, pp. 295–309, ISBN 9780123875822
|
||||
Sujudi, David; Haimes, Robert (1995), "Identification of swirling flow in 3-D vector fields", 12th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, and Open Forum. San Diego, 19–22 June, 1995, pp. 792–799, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.43.7739
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel–consonant_synthesis-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel–consonant_synthesis-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Vowel–consonant synthesis"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel–consonant_synthesis"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:41.405537+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Vowel–consonant synthesis is a type of hybrid digital–analogue synthesis developed and employed by the early Casiotone keyboards. It employs two digital waveforms, which are mixed and filtered by a static lowpass filter, with different filter positions selected for use according to presets. The filters are modeled on the frequencies present in the human vocal tract, hence the name given by Casio technicians during the research and development process.
|
||||
The waveforms are stored and unalterable without considerable modification, such as the addition of a computer or microcontroller, to deliver alternative control data to the sound synthesis chip.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWIS-0.md
Normal file
14
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWIS-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "WYSIWIS"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWIS"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:53.845229+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In computer science, and more specifically in groupware engineering, the acronym WYSIWIS stands for "What You See Is What I See" and refers to a paradigm in the design of multiuser interfaces where multiple users, interacting with a multiuser software system, share the same visual perception of the work area (e.g., of the document they are collaboratively editing). While some pioneering groupware systems (e.g., window sharing systems) where characterized by strict WYSIWIS, the WYSIWIS model is most often relaxed in several respects.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
104
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait-for_graph-0.md
Normal file
104
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait-for_graph-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Wait-for graph"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait-for_graph"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:42.684158+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A wait-for graph in computer science is a directed graph used for deadlock detection in operating systems and relational database systems.
|
||||
In computer science, a system that allows concurrent operation of multiple processes and locking of resources and which does not provide mechanisms to avoid or prevent deadlock must support a mechanism to detect deadlocks and an algorithm for recovering from them.
|
||||
One such deadlock detection algorithm makes use of a wait-for graph to track which other processes a process is currently blocking on. In a wait-for graph, processes are represented as nodes, and an edge from process
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
P
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle P_{i}}
|
||||
|
||||
to
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
P
|
||||
|
||||
j
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle P_{j}}
|
||||
|
||||
implies
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
P
|
||||
|
||||
j
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle P_{j}}
|
||||
|
||||
is holding a resource that
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
P
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle P_{i}}
|
||||
|
||||
needs and thus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
P
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle P_{i}}
|
||||
|
||||
is waiting for
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
P
|
||||
|
||||
j
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle P_{j}}
|
||||
|
||||
to release its lock on that resource. If the process is waiting for more than a single resource to become available (the trivial case), multiple edges may represent a conjunctive (and) or disjunctive (or) set of different resources or a certain number of equivalent resources from a collection. The possibility of a deadlock is implied by graph cycles in the conjunctive case, and by knots in the disjunctive case. There is no simple algorithm for detecting the possibility of deadlock in the final case.
|
||||
A wait-for graph is a graph of conflicts blocked by locks from being materialized; it can be also defined as the graph of non-materialized conflicts; conflicts not materialized are not reflected in the precedence graph and do not affect serializability.
|
||||
The wait-for-graph scheme is not applicable to a resource allocation system with multiple instances of each resource type.
|
||||
An arc from a transaction T1 to another transaction T2 represents that T1 waits for T2 to release a lock (i.e., T1 acquired a lock which is incompatible with a previously acquired lock from T2). A lock is incompatible with another if they are on the same object, one is a write, and they are from different transactions.
|
||||
A deadlock occurs in a schedule if and only if there is at least one cycle in the wait-for graph. Not every cycle necessarily represents a distinct deadlock instance.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft_(circuit)-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft_(circuit)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Weft (circuit)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft_(circuit)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:46.423089+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In complexity theory, especially circuit complexity theory, the weft of a Boolean circuit is a measure of its complexity.
|
||||
A Boolean circuit is an directed acyclic graph with its nodes being Boolean gates (AND, OR, NOT). There are 2 types of gates:
|
||||
|
||||
Small gates: Gates with bounded fan-in, where the bound is specified at the start. Usually, this means fan-in of 1 for NOT, and fan-in of 1 or 2 for AND and OR.
|
||||
Big gates: Gates with fan-in larger than the bound.
|
||||
The weft of a circuit is then the maximal number of big gates that any path from inputs to outputs must contain.
|
||||
Compare this with the depth of a circuit, which is the maximal number of gates that any path from inputs to outputs must contain.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
613
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihrauch_reducibility-0.md
Normal file
613
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihrauch_reducibility-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Weihrauch reducibility"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihrauch_reducibility"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:47.633532+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In computable analysis, Weihrauch reducibility is a notion of reducibility between multi-valued functions on represented spaces that roughly captures the uniform computational strength of computational problems. It was originally introduced by Klaus Weihrauch in an unpublished 1992 technical report.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Definition ==
|
||||
A represented space is a pair
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
X
|
||||
,
|
||||
δ
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\textstyle (X,\delta )}
|
||||
|
||||
of a set
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
X
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle X}
|
||||
|
||||
and a surjective partial function
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
δ
|
||||
:⊂
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
→
|
||||
X
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \delta :\subset \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }\rightarrow X}
|
||||
|
||||
.
|
||||
Let
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
X
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
||||
δ
|
||||
|
||||
X
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle (X,\delta _{X})}
|
||||
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
Y
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
||||
δ
|
||||
|
||||
Y
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle (Y,\delta _{Y})}
|
||||
|
||||
be represented spaces and let
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
:⊂
|
||||
X
|
||||
⇉
|
||||
Y
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f:\subset X\rightrightarrows Y}
|
||||
|
||||
be a partial multi-valued function. A realizer for
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f}
|
||||
|
||||
is a (possibly partial) function
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
F
|
||||
:⊂
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
→
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle F:\subset \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }\to \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }}
|
||||
|
||||
such that, for every
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
p
|
||||
∈
|
||||
|
||||
d
|
||||
o
|
||||
m
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
∘
|
||||
|
||||
δ
|
||||
|
||||
X
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle p\in \mathrm {dom} f\circ \delta _{X}}
|
||||
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
δ
|
||||
|
||||
Y
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
∘
|
||||
F
|
||||
(
|
||||
p
|
||||
)
|
||||
=
|
||||
f
|
||||
∘
|
||||
|
||||
δ
|
||||
|
||||
X
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
p
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \delta _{Y}\circ F(p)=f\circ \delta _{X}(p)}
|
||||
|
||||
. Intuitively, a realizer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
F
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle F}
|
||||
|
||||
for
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f}
|
||||
|
||||
behaves "just like
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f}
|
||||
|
||||
" but it works on names. If
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
F
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle F}
|
||||
|
||||
is a realizer for
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f}
|
||||
|
||||
we write
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
F
|
||||
⊢
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle F\vdash f}
|
||||
|
||||
.
|
||||
Let
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
X
|
||||
,
|
||||
Y
|
||||
,
|
||||
Z
|
||||
,
|
||||
W
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle X,Y,Z,W}
|
||||
|
||||
be represented spaces and let
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
:⊂
|
||||
X
|
||||
⇉
|
||||
Y
|
||||
,
|
||||
g
|
||||
:⊂
|
||||
Z
|
||||
⇉
|
||||
W
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f:\subset X\rightrightarrows Y,g:\subset Z\rightrightarrows W}
|
||||
|
||||
be partial multi-valued functions. We say that
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f}
|
||||
|
||||
is Weihrauch reducible to
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
g
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle g}
|
||||
|
||||
, and write
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
≤
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
W
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
g
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f\leq _{\mathrm {W} }g}
|
||||
|
||||
, if there are computable partial functions
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
,
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
:⊂
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
→
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \Phi ,\Psi :\subset \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }\to \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }}
|
||||
|
||||
such that
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
∀
|
||||
G
|
||||
⊢
|
||||
g
|
||||
)
|
||||
(
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
⟨
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
d
|
||||
|
||||
,
|
||||
G
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
⟩
|
||||
⊢
|
||||
f
|
||||
)
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle (\forall G\vdash g)(\Psi \langle \mathrm {id} ,G\Phi \rangle \vdash f),}
|
||||
|
||||
where
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
⟨
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
d
|
||||
|
||||
,
|
||||
G
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
⟩
|
||||
:=
|
||||
⟨
|
||||
p
|
||||
,
|
||||
q
|
||||
⟩
|
||||
↦
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
(
|
||||
⟨
|
||||
p
|
||||
,
|
||||
G
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
(
|
||||
q
|
||||
)
|
||||
⟩
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \Psi \langle \mathrm {id} ,G\Phi \rangle :=\langle p,q\rangle \mapsto \Psi (\langle p,G\Phi (q)\rangle )}
|
||||
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
⟨
|
||||
⋅
|
||||
⟩
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \langle \cdot \rangle }
|
||||
|
||||
denotes the join in the Baire space. Very often, in the literature we find
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \Psi }
|
||||
|
||||
written as a binary function, so to avoid the use of the join. In other words,
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
≤
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
W
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
g
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f\leq _{\mathrm {W} }g}
|
||||
|
||||
if there are two computable maps
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
,
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \Phi ,\Psi }
|
||||
|
||||
such that the function
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
p
|
||||
↦
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
(
|
||||
p
|
||||
,
|
||||
q
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle p\mapsto \Psi (p,q)}
|
||||
|
||||
is a realizer for
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f}
|
||||
|
||||
whenever
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
q
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle q}
|
||||
|
||||
is a solution for
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
g
|
||||
(
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
(
|
||||
p
|
||||
)
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle g(\Phi (p))}
|
||||
|
||||
. The maps
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
,
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \Phi ,\Psi }
|
||||
|
||||
are often called forward and backward functional respectively.
|
||||
We say that
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f}
|
||||
|
||||
is strongly Weihrauch reducible to
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
g
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle g}
|
||||
|
||||
, and write
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
f
|
||||
|
||||
≤
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
s
|
||||
W
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
g
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle f\leq _{\mathrm {sW} }g}
|
||||
|
||||
, if the backward functional
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \Psi }
|
||||
|
||||
does not have access to the original input. In symbols:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
∀
|
||||
G
|
||||
⊢
|
||||
g
|
||||
)
|
||||
(
|
||||
Ψ
|
||||
G
|
||||
Φ
|
||||
⊢
|
||||
f
|
||||
)
|
||||
.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle (\forall G\vdash g)(\Psi G\Phi \vdash f).}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Wadge reducibility
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formed_Petri_net-0.md
Normal file
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formed_Petri_net-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Well-formed Petri net"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formed_Petri_net"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:48.878091+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In high level mathematical theory, well-formed Petri nets are a Petri net class jointly elaborated between the University of Paris 6 (Université P. & M. Curie) and the University of Torino in the early 1990s.
|
||||
It is a restriction of the high-level nets (or colored Nets) introduced by K. Jensen. The main advantage of Well Formed Nets is the notion of symbolic reachability graph that is composed of symbolic states. A symbolic state is a state representing several concrete states in the state space of the system described by the Petri net. So, much larger state spaces can be represented (the gain factor can be up to exponential).
|
||||
This notion of symbolic state space requires that only a limited set of operators are available (identify, broadcast, successor and predecessor functions are allowed on circular finite types).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
G. Chiola, Characterization of timed well-formed Petri nets behavior by means of occurrence equations. Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Petri Nets and Performance Models, page 27, IEEE Computer Society, Washington DC, USA. (ISBN 0-8186-7210-2.)
|
||||
50
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_high_probability-0.md
Normal file
50
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_high_probability-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "With high probability"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_high_probability"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:50.144986+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In mathematics, an event that occurs with high probability (often shortened to w.h.p. or WHP) is one whose probability depends on a certain number n and goes to 1 as n goes to infinity, i.e. the probability of the event occurring can be made as close to 1 as desired by making n big enough.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Applications ==
|
||||
The term WHP is especially common in computer science, in the analysis of probabilistic algorithms. For example, consider a certain probabilistic algorithm on a graph with n nodes. If the probability that the algorithm returns the correct answer is
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
−
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
/
|
||||
|
||||
n
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle 1-1/n}
|
||||
|
||||
, then when the number of nodes is very large, the algorithm is correct with a probability that is very near 1. This fact is expressed shortly by saying that the algorithm is correct WHP.
|
||||
Some examples where this term is used are:
|
||||
|
||||
Miller–Rabin primality test: a probabilistic algorithm for testing whether a given number n is prime or composite. If n is composite, the test will detect n as composite WHP. There is a small chance that we are unlucky and the test will think that n is prime. But, the probability of error can be reduced indefinitely by running the test many times with different randomizations.
|
||||
Freivalds' algorithm: a randomized algorithm for verifying matrix multiplication. It runs faster than deterministic algorithms WHP.
|
||||
Treap: a randomized binary search tree. Its height is logarithmic WHP. Fusion tree is a related data structure.
|
||||
Online codes: randomized codes which allow the user to recover the original message WHP.
|
||||
BQP: a complexity class of problems for which there are polynomial-time quantum algorithms which are correct WHP.
|
||||
Probably approximately correct learning: A process for machine-learning in which the learned function has low generalization-error WHP.
|
||||
Gossip protocols: a communication protocol used in distributed systems to reliably deliver messages to the whole cluster using a constant amount of network resources on each node and ensuring no single point of failure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Randomized algorithm
|
||||
Almost surely
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Métivier, Y.; Robson, J. M.; Saheb-Djahromi, N.; Zemmari, A. (2010). "An optimal bit complexity randomized distributed MIS algorithm". Distributed Computing. 23 (5–6): 331. doi:10.1007/s00446-010-0121-5.
|
||||
"Principles of Distributed Computing (lecture 7)" (PDF). ETH Zurich. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
|
||||
40
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worley_noise-0.md
Normal file
40
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worley_noise-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Worley noise"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worley_noise"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:51.365315+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Worley noise, also called Voronoi noise and cellular noise, is a noise function introduced by Steven Worley in 1996. Worley noise is an extension of the Voronoi diagram that outputs a real value at a given coordinate that corresponds to the distance of the nth nearest seed (usually n=1) and the seeds are distributed evenly through the region. Worley noise is used to create procedural textures.
|
||||
Worley noise of Euclidean distance is differentiable and continuous everywhere except on the edges of the Voronoi diagram of the set of seeds and on the location of the seeds.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Basic algorithm ==
|
||||
The algorithm chooses random points in space (2- or 3-dimensional) and then for every location in space takes the distances Fn to the nth-closest point (e.g. the second-closest point) and uses combinations of those to control color information (note that Fn+1 > Fn). More precisely:
|
||||
|
||||
Randomly distribute feature points in space organized as grid cells. In practice, this is done on the fly without storage (as a procedural noise). The original method considered a variable number of seed points per cell so as to mimic a Poisson disc, but many implementations just put one. This is an optimization that limits the number of terms that will be compared.
|
||||
At run time, extract the distances Fn from the given location to the closest seed point. For F1 It is only necessary to find the value of the seeds location in the grid cell being sampled and the grid cells adjacent to that grid cell.
|
||||
Noise W(x) is formally the vector of distances, plus possibly the corresponding seed IDs, user-combined so as to produce a color.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Fractal
|
||||
Voronoi diagram
|
||||
Perlin noise
|
||||
Simplex noise
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Worley, Steven (1996). A cellular texture basis function (PDF). Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques. acm.org. pp. 291–294. ISBN 0-89791-746-4.
|
||||
David S. Ebert; F. Kenton Musgrave; Darwyn Peachey; Ken Perlin; Steve Worley (2002). Texturing and Modeling: A Procedural Approach. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 135–155. ISBN 978-1-55860-848-1.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Detailed description on how to implement cell noise
|
||||
A version with the color plates appended at the end
|
||||
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_barrier-0.md
Normal file
30
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_barrier-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Write barrier"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_barrier"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:40:52.597051+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In operating systems, write barrier is a mechanism for enforcing a particular ordering in a sequence of writes to a storage system in a computer system. For example, a write barrier in a file system is a mechanism (program logic) that ensures that in-memory file system state is written out to persistent storage in the correct order.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== In garbage collection ==
|
||||
A write barrier in a garbage collector is a fragment of code emitted by the compiler immediately before every store operation to ensure that (e.g.) generational invariants are maintained.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== In computer storage ==
|
||||
A write barrier in a memory system, also known as a memory barrier, is a hardware-specific compiler intrinsic that ensures that all preceding memory operations "happen before" all subsequent ones.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Native Command Queuing
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Barriers and journaling filesystems (LWN.net, May 21, 2008)
|
||||
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user