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diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GUI_testing_tools-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GUI_testing_tools-0.md
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+---
+title: "Comparison of GUI testing tools"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GUI_testing_tools"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:19.012527+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+GUI testing tools serve the purpose of automating the testing process of software with graphical user interfaces.
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-0.md
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+---
+title: "Features new to Windows 11"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:02.179596+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Windows 11 is the current major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. Released on October 5, 2021, Windows 11 succeeds the previous major release, Windows 10.
+Major updates introduced with the product include a redesigned user interface, new productivity and collaboration features, and updates to security and accessibility.  
+As a current release, the operating system receives annual feature enhancements, such as the addition of artificial intelligence features like Microsoft Copilot which launched in 2023.
+
+== Windows Shell ==
+
+Fluent Design System: Updates the Fluent Design System, a design language introduced by Microsoft in 2017, are featured in Windows 11. According to Microsoft, the design of Windows 11 is "effortless, calm, personal, familiar, complete, and coherent." The redesign focuses on simplicity, ease of use, and flexibility, addressing some of the deficiencies of Windows 10. Most interfaces in Windows 11 feature rounded geometry, refreshed iconography, new typography, and a refreshed color palette. In addition, translucency and shadows are made more prevalent throughout the system. Windows 11 also introduces "Mica", a new opaque Material that is tinted with the color of the desktop wallpaper.
+Start Menu: The Start menu has been significantly redesigned in Windows 11, adhering to the principles of the updated Fluent Design System. The menu has now been moved to the center by default, with an option to move it back to the left side. The Live Tiles feature introduced in Windows 8 is replaced by a set of pinned apps and a new cloud-powered "Recommended" section that shows recently opened files and documents from any location, including a PC, a smartphone, and OneDrive. The new Start menu also includes a search box.
+Taskbar: The Taskbar has also been center-aligned, and now includes new animations for pinning, rearranging, minimizing, and switching apps on the Taskbar. The buttons can still be moved to the left-hand corner as in previous versions of Windows.
+Notification Center & Quick Settings: The Action Center from Windows 10 has been replaced by a Notification Center and a Quick Settings menu, both accessible from the lower-right corner of the Taskbar. The Notification Center contains all the user's notifications and a full-month calendar, while the Quick Settings menu lets the user manage common PC settings quickly and easily like Volume, Brightness, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Focus Assist. Directly above the Quick Settings menu, the user can see media playback information when watching a video on platforms such as YouTube, or when listening to music in apps like Spotify.
+File Explorer: The File Explorer on Windows 11 has been refreshed with the Fluent Design System and the Ribbon interface has been replaced with a new command bar with a revamped user interface and a Mica background. It also introduces revamped context menus with rounded corners, larger text, and Acrylic. App developers will also be able to extend the new context menus.
+Themes: In addition to new default themes on Windows 11 for both Light and Dark mode, it also includes four new additional themes. Windows 11 also adds new high-contrast themes for people with visual impairments.
+Sounds: Windows 11 introduces a new set of system sounds. The sounds are slightly different depending on whether the theme is set to light or dark mode. In addition, a new Windows startup sound replaces the one used since Windows Vista.
+Widgets: Windows 11 adds a new taskbar flyout named "Widgets", which displays a panel with Microsoft Start, a news aggregator with personalized stories and content (expanding upon the "news and interests" panel introduced in later builds of Windows 10). The user can customize the panel by adding or removing widgets, rearranging, resizing, and personalizing the content.
+
+== User interface (UI) improvements ==
+Windows 11 updates several system dialog boxes such as the alert for when the battery is running low.
+The taskbar previews have been updated to reflect Windows 11's new visual design.
+The hidden icons flyout on the lower-right corner of the taskbar has also been redesigned to match Windows 11's visuals.
+
+== Multitasking ==
+Snap Layouts: Users can now hover over a window's maximize button to view available snap layouts, and then click a zone to snap the window. They will then be guided to snap windows to the rest of the zones within the layout using a guided snap assist. There is a set of four available snap layouts on smaller screens.
+Snap Groups: Snap groups are a way to easily switch back to a set of snapped windows, which are stored in the grouped app's taskbar icons.
+Virtual Desktops: Users can now reorder and customize the background for each of their desktops. They can also hover over the Task View button on the Taskbar to quickly access their desktops or to create a new one.
+Docking: When the user undocks a laptop, the windows on the monitor will be minimized, and when the laptop is redocked to a monitor, Windows will put everything where it was before.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-1.md
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+---
+title: "Features new to Windows 11"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:02.179596+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Input ==
+Touch Keyboard: Windows 11 introduces thirteen new themes to customize the touch keyboard, including 3 hardware-matching themes that match the Surface keyboard colors. It also adds a new theme engine that allows the user to create a custom theme using background images. In addition, Windows 11 adds the ability to resize the touch keyboard.
+Voice Typing: Windows 11 includes a new voice typing launcher to easily start voice typing in a selected field. It is turned off by default, but it can be turned on in Settings and placed in any area of the screen.
+Touch Improvements: Windows 11 also features an improvement to touch-based interactions. Tablet mode is removed; instead, Windows will automatically adapt when needed. New and improved gestures can be used on tablets and touchscreens. App windows now have larger touch targets and will automatically arrange themselves in split view when the screen is rotated. Windows 11 seems to be optimized for desktops and tablets instead of prioritizing the latter like Windows 8, prioritizing the latter like Windows 8.1, or separating them both and Windows 10.
+Pen Menu: For digital pen users, a new pen menu has been added, which is accessible by clicking the pen icon on the taskbar. By default, it contains two apps that can be customized by clicking the gear icon and selecting "Edit pen menu". In the flyout, users can add up to four of their favorite drawing or writing apps to the pen menu to open them quickly when using a pen.
+Language and Input Switcher: A switcher that will show up next to the Quick Settings menu allows the user to switch languages and keyboard layouts. Users can press the Windows + Spacebar keyboard shortcut to toggle between input methods.
+
+== Display improvements ==
+Dynamic refresh rate automatically increases the refresh rate when scrolling or when using the inking function in some applications. It can also lower the refresh rate, when possible, to save battery power.
+Display refresh rate higher than 500Hz.
+Auto HDR.
+Content adaptive brightness control (CABC).
+HDR support to color-managed apps.
+HDR certification.
+DirectStorage: Originally introduced with the Xbox Series X and Series S, it requires a graphics card supporting DirectX 12 Ultimate, and an NVMe solid-state drive.
+
+== Hardware support ==
+Supports WPA3.
+Supports NVMe 2.0.
+Since Windows 11, Device Manager supports to view and manage installed drivers with click "View - Drivers".
+
+== Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) ==
+
+Windows 11 allows users to install and run Android apps on their devices using the new Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) and the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). This runs with Intel Bridge Technology, a runtime post-compiler that enables apps written for other architectures to run on x86. These apps can be obtained from the Microsoft Store via the Amazon Appstore, or through other sources.
+On March 5, 2024, Microsoft announced the termination of this feature in the updated support document of WSA: "As a result, the Amazon Appstore on Windows and all applications and games dependent on WSA will no longer be supported beginning March 5, 2025. Until then, technical support will remain available to customers".
+
+== Windows 11 on ARM ==
+In Windows 11 on ARM, CHPE is replaced by ARM64EC (Emulation Compatible), a superset of ARM64 which combines ARM64 and x86 code (32-bit and 64-bit), allowing apps to be incrementally transitioned from emulated to native. Arm64X binaries were also introduced to support classic Arm64 code and Arm64EC code together. Windows 11 added support for OpenCL 1.2 via CLon12 and OpenGL 3.3 via GLon12, open source OpenCL and OpenGL implementations on top DirectX 12 via Mesa Gallium. Version 22H2 updated the .NET Framework adding native ARM64 support. Version 23H2 added support for vTPM in Hyper-V.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11-2.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+title: "Features new to Windows 11"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:02.179596+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Bundled software ==
+Microsoft Store, which serves as a unified storefront for apps and other content, is also redesigned in Windows 11. Microsoft now allows developers to distribute Windows API, progressive web applications, and other packaging technologies in the Microsoft Store, alongside the standard Universal Windows Platform apps. The new Microsoft Store will also enable users to install Android apps onto their devices via the Amazon Appstore. This feature will require a Microsoft account, an Amazon account, and a one-time install for Windows Amazon Appstore client.
+Microsoft Teams: This collaboration platform is directly integrated into Windows 11. Skype is no longer bundled with the OS. Teams will appear as an icon in the Windows taskbar, letting users message and call their contacts instantly.
+Settings: The app has been redesigned to be visually pleasing and easy to use in Windows 11. It has a left-handed navigation that persists between pages, and it adds breadcrumbs as the user navigates deeper into the settings to help them know where they are and to not get lost. The Settings app also includes brand new pages, with new controls at the top that highlight key information and frequently used settings for the user to adjust to their content. These new controls span across several category pages like System, Bluetooth & devices, Personalization, Accounts and Windows Update. It also adds expandable boxes for pages with many settings.
+Snipping Tool: In Windows 11, both the legacy Snipping Tool and newer Snip & Sketch apps have been replaced by a new Snipping Tool app with the combined functionality of both apps. It includes a new user interface similar to the legacy Snipping Tool with extra features like the Windows + Shift + S keyboard shortcut from Snip & Sketch and richer editing. Windows 11 also introduces a new Settings page for the Snipping Tool. In addition, the new Snipping Tool adds support for dark mode.
+Calculator: Like the Snipping Tool, Calculator includes a new app theme setting. The Calculator has been completely rewritten in C# and includes several new features.
+Mail and Calendar: These apps have been updated with a new visual style. They include rounded corners and other adjustments to make them look and feel more inclusive on Windows 11.
+Photos: The Photos app has been updated with a new viewing experience, editing features, Fluent Design, WinUI controls, rounded corners, and more. Photos app, which would be set up as the default image viewer in Windows 11, will allow users to explore collections, albums, and folders. The Collection feature remains unchanged, and it will show the most recent photos and screenshots, organized in proper order by date. Albums are also generated automatically using Microsoft's UI technology, but users can always customize the experience with their own albums. The Photos app also introduces a floating menu with new editing controls and will let users compare up to four pictures at once.
+Tips: Windows 11 introduces a refreshed Tips app with a new look and additional UI updates. It comes with over 100 new tips to get started with Windows 11 or to learn new things.
+Paint: One of the oldest Windows apps, which remained unchanged since Windows 7, has been given an updated user interface with rounded corners and the Mica material for Windows 11. The most prominent change to Paint is a new simplified toolbar, a rounded color palette, and a new set of drop-down menus. AI features have also been introduced, including background removal and an ability to generate images from text descriptions using DALL-E technology.
+Notepad and Voice Recorder also feature refreshed interfaces. These apps now feature designs adhering to the Fluent Design principles.
+The Microsoft Office apps have been redesigned to align with Fluent Design.
+Windows 11 also features a new Media Player app, which acts as a replacement for Windows 10's Groove Music app.
+Xbox app: An updated Xbox app is bundled with Windows 11. Features such as Xbox Cloud Gaming and Xbox Game Pass are integrated directly into the app.
+
+== Security and performance ==
+Microsoft promoted performance improvements such as smaller update sizes, faster web browsing in "any browser", faster wake time from sleep mode, and faster Windows Hello authentication.
+As part of the minimum system requirements, Windows 11 only officially supports devices with a Trusted Platform Module 2.0 security coprocessor. According to Microsoft, TPM 2.0 is a "critical building block" for protection against firmware and hardware attacks. In addition, Microsoft now requires devices with Windows 11 to include Virtualization-Based Security (VBS), Hypervisor-Protected Code Integrity (HVCI), and Secure Boot built-in and enabled by default. The operating system also features hardware-enforced stack protection for supported Intel and AMD processors for protection against zero-day exploits. Windows 11 Home SKUs require an Internet connection and a Microsoft account for first-time setup.
+
+== See also ==
+New features by Windows version: 
+Removed features by Windows version: 
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols-0.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "Fibre Channel network protocols"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:03.461650+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fibre Channel network protocols is used for communication between devices in a fibre channel network 
+
+
+== Transmission words and ordered sets ==
+All Fibre Channel communication is done in units of four 10-bit codes. This group of 4 codes is called a transmission word.
+An ordered set is a transmission word that includes some combination of control (K) codes and data (D) codes.
+
+
+== AL_PAs ==
+Each device has an Arbitrated Loop Physical Address (AL_PA).  These addresses are defined by an 8-bit field but must have neutral disparity as defined in the 8b/10b coding scheme. That reduces the number of possible values from 256 to 134. The 134 possible values have been divided between the fabric, FC_AL ports, and other special purposes as follows:
+
+
+== Meta-data ==
+In addition to the transfer of data, it is necessary for Fibre Channel communication to include some metadata.  This allows for the setting up of links, sequence management, and other control functions.  The meta-data falls into two types, primitives which consist of a 4 character transmission word and non-data frames which are more complex structures.
+
+
+== Primitives ==
+All primitives are four characters in length.  They begin with the control character K28.5, followed by three data characters.  In some primitives the three data characters are fixed, in others they can be varied to change the meaning or to act as parameters for the primitive.  In some cases the last two parameter characters are identical.
+Parameters are shown in the table below in the form of their hexadecimal 8-bit values.  This is clearer than their full 10-bit (Dxx.x) form as shown in the Fibre Channel standards:
+
+Note 1: The first parameter byte of the EOF primitive can have one of four different values (8A, 95, AA, or B5). This is done so that the EOF primitive can rebalance the disparity of the whole frame. The remaining two parameter bytes define whether the frame is ending normally, terminating the transfer, or is to be aborted due to an error.
+Note 2: The Open selective replicate variant can be repeated a number of times in order to communicate with more than one destination port simultaneously.  The Open broadcast replicate variant will allow communication with all ports simultaneously.
+Note 3: The SOF primitive contains a pair of control bytes (shown as cccc in the table) to designate the type of frame.
+
+
+== Frames ==
+The Fibre Channel protocol transmits data in frames each of which can contain up to 2112 bytes of payload data.  The structure of a frame is shown in this table:
+
+In addition to data frames, there are non-data frames that are used for setup and messaging purposes.  These fall into three categories: link control frames, link service frames, and extended link service frames.  The following table lists the most common ones:
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-0.md
index 78ecf57ea..8b5caabc4 100644
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-0.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:14:49.159835+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:41.938850+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-1.md
index 029415c21..7661a3b06 100644
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-1.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles-1.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_computing_articles"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:14:49.159835+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:41.938850+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc3777438
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+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+---
+title: "Lightweight markup language"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:31.907383+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A lightweight markup language (LML), also termed a simple or humane markup language, is a markup language with simple, unobtrusive syntax. It is designed to be easy to write using any generic text editor and easy to read in its raw form. It is used in applications where it may be necessary to read the raw document and the final rendered output.
+For instance, a person downloading a software library might prefer to read the documentation in a text editor rather than a web browser. Another use for such languages is to provide for data entry in web-based publishing, as in blogs and wikis, where the input interface is a simple text box. The server software then converts the input into a common document markup language like HTML.
+
+== History ==
+Lightweight markup languages were originally used on text-only displays which could not display characters in italics or bold, so informal methods to convey this information had to be developed. This formatting choice was naturally carried forth to plain-text email communications. Console browsers may also resort to similar display conventions.
+In 1986 international standard SGML provided facilities to define and parse lightweight markup languages using grammars and tag implication. The 1998 W3C XML is a profile of SGML that omits these facilities. However, no SGML document type definition (DTD) for any of the languages listed below is known.
+
+== Types ==
+Lightweight markup languages can be categorized by their tag types. Like HTML (<b>bold</b>), some languages use named elements that share a common format for start and end tags (e.g., BBCode [b]bold[/b]), whereas proper lightweight markup languages are restricted to ASCII-only punctuation marks and other non-letter symbols for tags, but some also mix both styles (e.g., Textile bq.) or allow embedded HTML (e.g., Markdown), possibly extended with custom elements (e.g., MediaWiki <ref>'''source'''</ref>).
+Most languages distinguish between markup for lines or blocks and for shorter spans of texts, but some only support inline markup.
+Some markup languages are tailored for a specific purpose, such as documenting computer code (e.g., POD, reST, RD) or being converted to a certain output format (usually HTML or LaTeX) and nothing else, others are more general in application. This includes whether they are oriented on textual presentation or on data serialization.
+Presentation oriented languages include AsciiDoc, atx, BBCode, Creole, Crossmark, Djot, Epytext, Haml, JsonML, MakeDoc, Markdown, Org-mode, POD (Perl), reST (Python), RD (Ruby), Setext, SiSU, SPIP, Xupl, Texy!, Textile, txt2tags, UDO and Wikitext.
+Data serialization oriented languages include Curl (homoiconic, but also reads JSON; every object serializes), JSON, and YAML.
+
+== Comparison of language features ==
+
+Markdown's own syntax does not support class attributes or id attributes; however, since Markdown supports the inclusion of native HTML code, these features can be implemented using direct HTML. (Some extensions may support these features.)
+txt2tags' own syntax does not support class attributes or id attributes; however, since txt2tags supports inclusion of native HTML code in tagged areas, these features can be implemented using direct HTML when saving to an HTML target.
+DokuWiki does not support HTML import natively, but HTML to DokuWiki converters and importers exist and are mentioned in the official documentation. DokuWiki does not support class or id attributes, but can be set up to support HTML code, which does support both features. HTML code support was built-in before release 2023-04-04. In later versions, HTML code support can be achieved through plug-ins, though it is discouraged.
+
+== Comparison of implementation features ==
+
+== Comparison of lightweight markup language syntax ==
+
+=== Inline span syntax ===
+Although usually documented as yielding italic and bold text, most lightweight markup processors output semantic HTML elements em and strong instead. Monospaced text may either result in semantic code or presentational tt elements. Few languages make a distinction, e.g., Textile, or allow the user to configure the output easily, e.g., Texy.
+LMLs sometimes differ for multi-word markup where some require the markup characters to replace the inter-word spaces (infix).
+Some languages require one character as prefix and suffix, others need two or even three, or support both with slightly different meaning, e.g., different levels of emphasis.
+
+Gemtext does not have any inline formatting, monospaced text (called preformatted text in the context of Gemtext) must have the opening and closing ``` on their own lines.
+
+==== Emphasis syntax ====
+In HTML, text is emphasized with the <em> and <strong> element types, whereas <i> and <b> traditionally mark up text to be italicized or bold-faced, respectively.
+Microsoft Word and Outlook, and accordingly other word processors and mail clients that strive for a similar user experience, support the basic convention of using asterisks for boldface and underscores for italic style. While Word removes the characters, Outlook retains them.
+
+==== Editorial syntax ====
+In HTML, removed or deleted and inserted text is marked up with the <del> and <ins> element types, respectively. However, legacy element types <s> or <strike> and <u> are still also available for stricken and underlined spans of text.
+
+AsciiDoc, ATX, Creole, MediaWiki, PmWiki, reST, Slack, Textile and WhatsApp do not support dedicated markup for underlining text. Textile does, however, support insertion via the +inserted+ syntax.
+
+ATX, Creole, MediaWiki, PmWiki, reST and Setext do not support dedicated markup for striking through text.
+DokuWiki supports HTML-like <del>stricken</del> syntax, even with embedded HTML disabled. 
+AsciiDoc supports stricken text through a built-in text span prefix: [.line-through]#stricken#.
+
+==== Programming syntax ====
+Quoted computer code is traditionally presented in typewriter-like fonts where each character occupies the same fixed width. HTML offers the semantic <code> and the deprecated, presentational <tt> element types for this task.
+
+Mediawiki and Gemtext do not provide lightweight markup for inline code spans.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7b738c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+---
+title: "Lightweight markup language"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:31.907383+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Heading syntax ===
+Headings are usually available in up to six levels, but the top one is often reserved to contain the same as the document title, which may be set externally. Some documentation may associate levels with divisional types, e.g., part, chapter, section, article or paragraph. This article uses 1 as the top level, but index of heading levels may begin at 1 or 0 in official documentation.
+Most LMLs follow one of two styles for headings, either Setext-like underlines or atx-like line markers, or they support both.
+
+==== Underlined headings ====
+Level 1 Heading
+===============
+
+Level 2 Heading
+---------------
+
+Level 3 Heading
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The first style uses underlines, i.e., repeated characters (e.g., equals =, hyphen - or tilde ~, usually at least two or four times) in the line below the heading text.
+
+Headings may optionally be overline in reStructuredText, in addition to being underlined.
+
+==== Prefixed headings ====
+# Level 1 Heading
+## Level 2 Heading ##
+### Level 3 Heading ###
+The second style is based on repeated markers (e.g., hash #, equals = or asterisk *) at the start of the heading itself, where the number of repetitions indicates the (sometimes inverse) heading level. Most languages also support the reduplication of the markers at the end of the line, but whereas some make them mandatory, others do not even expect their numbers to match.
+
+Org-mode supports indentation as a means of indicating the level.
+BBCode does not support section headings at all.
+POD and Textile choose the HTML convention of numbered heading levels instead.
+
+Microsoft Word supports auto-formatting paragraphs as headings if they do not contain more than a handful of words, no period at the end and the user hits the enter key twice. For lower levels, the user may press the tabulator key the according number of times before entering the text, i.e., one through eight tabs for heading levels two through nine.
+
+=== Link syntax ===
+Hyperlinks can either be added inline, which may clutter the code because of long URLs, or with named alias or numbered id references to lines containing nothing but the address and related attributes and often may be located anywhere in the document.
+Most languages allow the author to specify text Text to be displayed instead of the plain address http://example.com and some also provide methods to set a different link title Title which may contain more information about the destination.
+LMLs that are tailored for special setups, e.g., wikis or code documentation, may automatically generate named anchors (for headings, functions etc.) inside the document, link to related pages (possibly in a different namespace) or provide a textual search for linked keywords.
+Most languages employ (double) square or angular brackets to surround links, but hardly any two languages are completely compatible. Many can automatically recognize and parse absolute URLs inside the text without further markup.
+
+Gemtext and setext links must be on a line by themselves, they cannot be used inline.
+
+Org-mode's normal link syntax does a text search of the file. You can also put in dedicated targets with <<id>>.
+
+=== Media and external resource syntax ===
+
+=== List syntax ===
+HTML requires an explicit element for the list, specifying its type, and one for each list item, but most lightweight markup languages need only different line prefixes for the bullet points or enumerated items. Some languages rely on indentation for nested lists, others use repeated parent list markers.
+
+Microsoft Word automatically converts paragraphs that start with an asterisk *, hyphen-minus - or greater-than bracket > followed by a space or horizontal tabulator as bullet list items. It will also start an enumerated list for the digit 1 and the case-insensitive letters a (for alphabetic lists) or i (for roman numerals), if they are followed by a period ., a closing round parenthesis ), a greater-than sign > or a hyphen-minus - and a space or tab; in case of the round parenthesis an optional opening one ( before the list marker is also supported.
+Languages differ on whether they support optional or mandatory digits in numbered list items, which kinds of enumerators they understand (e.g., decimal digit 1, roman numerals i or I, alphabetic letters a or A) and whether they support to keep explicit values in the output format. Some Markdown dialects, for instance, will respect a start value other than 1, but ignore any other explicit value.
+
+Slack assists the user in entering enumerated and bullet lists, but does not actually format them as such, i.e., it just includes a leading digit followed by a period and a space or a bullet character • in front of a line.
+
+=== Quotation syntax ===
+
+=== Table syntax ===
+
+== Historical formats ==
+The following lightweight markup languages, while similar to some of those already mentioned, have not yet been added to the comparison tables in this article:
+
+EtText: circa 2000.
+Grutatext: circa 2002.
+
+== See also ==
+Comparison of document-markup languages
+Comparison of documentation generators
+Lightweight programming language
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+ Curl at Wikibooks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_software-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_software-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbe0aed7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_software-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+title: "List of DVD authoring software"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_software"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:58.334449+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following applications can be used to create playable DVDs.
+
+
+== Free software ==
+Free software implementations often lack features such as encryption and region coding due to licensing restrictions issues, and depending on the demands of the DVD producer, may not be considered
+suitable for mass-market use.
+
+DeVeDe (Linux)
+DVD Flick (Windows only)
+DVDStyler (Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux using wxWidgets. Recent versions are bundled with Potentially Unwanted Programs that may accidentally be installed unless care is taken during installation.)
+
+
+== Professional studio software ==
+MAGIX Vegas DVD Architect (previously known as Sony Creative Software's DVD Architect Pro) (discontinued)
+Apple DVD Studio Pro (Mac) (discontinued)
+Sonic DVDit Pro (formerly DVD Producer) (discontinued)
+Adobe Encore (EOL / discontinued)
+Sonic DVD Creator (discontinued)
+
+
+== Professional corporate software ==
+MAGIX Vegas DVD Architect (previously known as Sony Creative Software's DVD Architect Pro) (discontinued)
+Adobe Encore (Last version is CS6, bundled with Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 / EOL) (discontinued)
+Sonic Scenarist SD/BD/UHD
+MediaChance DVD-lab (discontinued)
+
+
+== Home ==
+Apple iDVD (Mac) (discontinued)
+CyberLink Media Suite
+Nero Vision
+Pinnacle Studio
+Roxio Easy Media Creator
+Roxio Toast (for Mac OS)
+Sonic MyDVD
+TMPGEnc DVD Author
+Ulead DVD MovieFactory
+Windows DVD Maker (discontinued)
+WinDVD Creator
+Cisdem DVD Burner
+
+
+== See also ==
+DVD-Video
+DVD authoring
+DVD ripper
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0399e4b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+---
+title: "List of DVD manufacturers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:59.630755+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This aims to be a complete list of DVD manufacturers.
+This list may not be complete or up to date. If you see a manufacturer that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly.  This list is only a list of brand names for DVDs and not an actual manufacturers list.
+
+
+== A ==
+Aiwa
+Akai
+Alba
+Amazon
+Amstrad
+Apex Digital
+Apple
+Acme
+Acer
+Asus
+
+
+== B ==
+Bang & Olufsen
+BenQ
+Bose
+Bush
+
+
+== C ==
+CMC Magnetics
+Craig Electronics
+
+
+== D ==
+
+Daewoo Electronics
+Denon
+Dell
+
+
+== E ==
+Emerson
+
+
+== F ==
+Facebook
+Funai
+Fukuda
+
+
+== G ==
+GE
+Google
+Grundig
+
+
+== H ==
+Harman/kardon
+Hitachi
+Hewlett-Packard
+
+
+== I ==
+Imation
+
+
+== J ==
+JVC
+
+
+== K ==
+
+
+== L ==
+
+Lenovo
+LG
+LiteOn
+Loewe
+
+
+== M ==
+Magnavox
+Marantz
+Maxell
+Medion
+Memorex
+Microsoft Windows
+Mitsubishi Electric
+Moser Baer
+
+
+== N ==
+NEC
+
+
+== O ==
+Onn
+Oppo
+Orion Electric
+
+
+== P ==
+
+Panasonic
+Philips
+Pioneer
+ProScan
+
+
+== R ==
+RCA
+Ritek
+Ricoh
+
+
+== S ==
+
+Samsung
+Sanyo
+Sharp
+Sony
+Sylvania
+Symphonic
+SM Pictures
+
+
+== T ==
+
+Teac
+Technics
+Technika
+Thomson
+Toshiba
+
+
+== U ==
+Ultradisc
+
+
+== V ==
+Verbatim Corporation
+
+
+== Y ==
+
+Yamaha
+
+
+== Z ==
+Zenith
+
+
+== See also ==
+DVD
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc57c6aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+---
+title: "List of Fibre Channel standards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:04.747641+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+
+== Fibre Channel ==
+2005
+
+FC-SATA (under development)
+FC-PI-2 INCITS 404
+2004
+
+FC-SP ANSI INCITS 1570-D
+FC-GS-4 (Fibre Channel Generic Services)ANSI INCITS 387. Includes the following standards:
+FC-GS-2 ANSI INCITS 288 (1999)
+FC-GS-3 ANSI INCITS 348 (2001)
+FC-SW-3 INCITS 384. Includes the following standards:
+FC-SW INCITS 321 (1998)
+FC-SW-2 INCITS 355 (2001)
+FC-DA INCITS TR-36. Includes the following standards:
+FC-FLA INCITS TR-20 (1998)
+FC-PLDA INCITS TR-19 (1998)
+2003
+
+FC-FS INCITS 373. Includes the following standards:
+FC-PH ANSI X3.230 (1994)
+FC-PH-2 ANSI X3.297 (1997)
+FC-PH-3 ANSI X3.303 (1998)
+FC-BB-2 INCITS 372
+FC-SB-3 INCITS 374. Replaces:
+FC-SB ANSI X3.271 (1996)
+FC-SB-2 INCITS 374 (2001)
+2002
+
+FC-VI INCITS 357
+FC-MI INCITS/TR-30
+FC-PI INCITS 352
+2001
+
+FC-SB-2 INCITS 374. Replaced by: FC-SB-3 INCITS 374 (2003)
+FC-SW-2 INCITS 355. Replaced by: FC-SW-3 INCITS 384 (2004)
+FC-GS-3 ANSI INCITS 348. Replaced by: FC-GS-4 ANSI INCITS 387 (2004)
+1999
+
+FC-AL-2 INCITS 332
+FC-TAPE INCITS TR-24
+FC-GS-2 ANSI INCITS 288 (1999). Replaced by: FC-GS-4 ANSI INCITS 387 (2004)
+1998
+
+FC-PH-3 ANSI X3.303. Replaced by: FC-FS INCITS 373 (2003)
+FC-FLA INCITS TR-20. Replaced by: FC-DA INCITS TR-36 (2004)
+FC-PLDA INCITS TR-19. Replaced by: FC-DA INCITS TR-36 (2004)
+FC-SW INCITS 321. Replaced by: FC-SW-3 INCITS 384 (2004)
+1997
+
+FC-PH-2 ANSI X3.297. Replaced by: FC-FS INCITS 373
+1996
+
+FC-SB ANSI X3.271. Replaced by: FC-SB-3 INCITS 374
+FC-AL ANSI X3.272
+1994
+
+FC-PH ANSI X3.230. Replaced by: FC-FS INCITS 373 (2003)
+Others:
+
+FC-LS: Fibre Channel Link Services
+FC-HBA API for Fibre Channel HBA management
+FC-GS-3 CT Fibre Channel Global Services Common Transport
+
+
+== RFCs ==
+RFC 4338 - Transmission of IPv6, IPv4, and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Packets over Fibre Channel, 2006
+RFC 3831 - Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Fibre Channel (Obsoleted by: RFC 4338)
+RFC 2625 - IP and ARP over Fibre Channel (Obsoleted by: RFC 4338)
+RFC 3723 - Securing Block Storage Protocols over IP
+
+
+== SNMP-related specifications ==
+RFCs
+
+RFC 5324 - MIB for Fibre-Channel Security Protocols (FC-SP)
+RFC 4983 - Fibre Channel Registered State Change Notification (RSCN) MIB
+RFC 4936 - Fibre-Channel Zone Server MIB
+RFC 4935 - Fibre-Channel Fabric Configuration Server MIB
+RFC 4747 - The Virtual Fabrics MIB
+RFC 4626 - MIB for Fibre Channel's Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) Protocol
+RFC 4625 - Fibre Channel Routing Information MIB
+RFC 4439 - Fibre Channel Fabric Address Manager MIB
+RFC 4438 - Fibre-Channel Name Server MIB
+RFC 4369 - Definitions of Managed Objects for Internet Fibre Channel Protocol iFCP
+RFC 4044 - Fibre Channel Management MIB
+RFC 2837 - Definitions of Managed Objects for the Fabric Element in Fibre Channel Standard (Obsoleted by: RFC 4044)
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48cac2de6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+title: "List of Fujitsu image scanners"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:11.298889+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fujitsu manufactures two series of image scanners: ScanSnap for consumers/SOHO, and fi for business (fi includes SP brand). Popular ScanSnap models include the S1300, a feature-rich scanner that can scan double-sided color originals, and the S1100, one of the world's smallest scanners. By September 2018, ScanSnap had sold more than five million units globally since 2001, and the ScanSnap brand reached the age of twenty years on July 10, 2021.
+The following is a selection of scanners manufactured under the Fujitsu brand.
+
+
+== Current models ==
+
+
+== Discontinued models (but still eligible for extended service coverage) ==
+
+
+== Previous models ==
+ScanSnap S300 – portable scanner, 10 sheet ADF, 600 dpi optical resolution, 8 to 0.5 pages per minute depending on mode and AC availability 
+ScanSnap S300M – Macintosh version of S300 with similar specifications
+ScanSnap S500
+ScanSnap S500M
+ScanSnap S510
+ScanSnap S510M
+ScanSnap S1100
+ScanSnap S1300 
+ScanSnap S1500 
+ScanSnap S1500M
+ScanSnap iX500 Deluxe
+
+
+== Other ==
+SP-1425
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed476d2cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: "List of Fujitsu products"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:12.591190+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fujitsu, a multinational computer hardware and IT services company, provides services and consulting as well as a range of products including computing products, software, telecommunications, microelectronics, and more. Fujitsu also offers customized IT products that go beyond the off-the shelf products listed below.
+
+
+== Products and services ==
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17507fd14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+---
+title: "List of Google products"
+chunk: 1/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:43.219102+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following is a list of products, services, and apps provided by Google.
+
+== Web-based products ==
+
+== Developer tools ==
+
+== Operating systems ==
+
+== Desktop applications ==
+
+== Other ==
+
+== Mobile applications ==
+
+== Hardware ==
+
+=== Product families ===
+Google Pixel – smartphones, tablets, laptops, earbuds, and other accessories.
+Google Nest – smart home products including smart speakers, smart displays, digital media players, smart doorbells, smart thermostats, smoke detectors, and wireless routers.
+Fitbit – activity trackers.
+Stadia Controller – game controller for Stadia.
+
+== Devices ==
+
+== Processors ==
+
+== Services ==
+
+== Scheduled to be discontinued ==
+Applications that are no longer in development and scheduled to be discontinued in the future:
+
+=== 2026 ===
+Google Fit API – Will be discontinued on 31 December.
+Google Assistant – After continuously removing many features from Assistant since 2023 to focus more on Gemini, Google Assistant has finally been scheduled to be retired for mobile, tablets, smartwatches, headphones and cars by the end of 2025. These devices will have Google Assistant replaced by Google Gemini in the future. Additionally, Google also recommends using Routines as an alternative to Assistant. However, the future of products such as the Google Home and Google Nest remain uncertain.
+
+== Discontinued products and services ==
+Google has retired many offerings, either because of obsolescence, integration into other Google products, or lack of interest. Google's discontinued offerings are colloquially referred to as Google Graveyard.
+
+=== 2026 ===
+Steam for Chromebook - Discontinued on January 1.
+
+=== 2025 ===
+Google Tables – A business workflow automation tool. Discontinued on December 16.
+Google URL Shortener – URL shortening service. Started to turn down support on March 30, 2018, was discontinued on March 30, 2019, and stopped working on August 25.
+Firebase Dynamic Links – URL shortening service. Shut down on August 25.
+
+=== 2024 ===
+Jamboard – Discontinued on December 31.
+Stack – An app that allowed users to scan and organize documents and receipts on their mobile devices. Shut down on September 23. Users were advised to switch to Google Drive's built-in document scanning features instead.
+Google Mars – Website that offered an imagery of Mars, using the Google Maps interface. Discontinued in August. Replaced by Google Maps in Space and Google Earth Pro.
+Google Moon – Website that offered a NASA imagery of the moon, using the Google Maps interface. Discontinued in August. Replaced by Google Maps in Space and Google Earth Pro.
+Google Sky – Website that offered the view of planets, stars and galaxies. Discontinued in August. Replaced by Google Maps in Space and Google Earth Pro.
+Chromecast – Discontinued on August 6 and replaced by Google TV Streamer.
+VPN by Google One – Shut down on June 20, citing low usage.
+Google Pay (for US only) – Payment app developed by Google. Shut down on June 4 and replaced by Google Wallet.
+People Cards – New profiles couldn't be created after April 7, but gave users the option to download or save content, until they were removed the following month. Google cited that the feature wasn't that useful, as they intended it to be.
+Dropcam – Shut down on April 8.
+Nest Secure – Pulled from Google Store in October 2020. Shut down on April 8.
+Google Podcasts – Shut down on April 2 and replaced by YouTube Music.
+Keen – Shut down on March 24 and the website is no longer accessible.
+Google Search's Cache link – Discontinued in February 2 as it was no longer necessary due to improved internet reliability.
+Google Earth View – Website with a collection of satellite-captured wallpapers and Chromecast backgrounds. Shut down in mid-January.
+Basic HTML View on Gmail – Discontinued in January.
+
+=== 2023 ===
+Google Optimize – Freemium web analytics and testing tool. Shut down on September 30.
+Google Glass (Enterprise Edition) – wearable computer with an optical head-mounted display and camera that allows the wearer to interact with various applications and the Internet via natural language voice commands. Discontinued on September 15.
+Google Duo – Free high quality video calling service for mobiles and desktops.
+Google Domains – Shut down on September 7 after migrating to Squarespace.
+Google Pixel Pass – Discontinued on August 29.
+Google Cloud IoT Core Service – Shut down on August 16.
+Google Album Archive – Discontinued on July 19.
+Google Code Competitions – Discontinued on July 1.
+Google Universal Analytics – Shut down on July 1 and replaced by Google Analytics 4.
+Conversational Actions – Extended the functionality of Google Assistant by allowing 3rd party developers to create custom experiences, or conversations, for users of Google Assistant. Shut down in June.
+Grasshopper – Shut down on June 15.
+Google Now Launcher – Discontinued in May.
+Jacquard – Shut down in April 24.
+Google Currents – internal enterprise communication tool, formerly Google+ for G Suite. Shut down on March, with users migrated to Spaces in Google Chat.
+Google Street View (standalone app) – Shut down on March 21. The Street View Studio app and the ability to use Street View in the main Google Maps app, rendered the Street View app redundant, however it is now required to purchase a 360 camera to contribute to Street View, as the app allowed you to create photospheres with any supported smartphone camera. The "Photo Paths" feature, which allowed any smartphone to create a 2D capture of any road not yet covered by Street View was completely removed, requiring users to either purchase a 360 camera or migrate to a third-party service such as Mapillary.
+Stadia – Shut down on January 18.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a87c1dcec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+---
+title: "List of Google products"
+chunk: 2/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:43.219102+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2022 ===
+YouTube Originals – discontinued on December 31.
+Google OnHub – stopped receiving support on December 19.
+Google Hangouts – discontinued on November 1, after migrating all users to Google Chat.
+Google Surveys – Market research tool. Discontinued on November 1.
+YouTube for Wii U – Shut down in October.
+YouTube Go – An app aimed at making YouTube easier to access on mobile devices in emerging markets through special features like downloading video on WiFi for viewing later. It was shut down in August.
+Google My Business – An app that allowed businesses to manage their Google Maps Business profiles. It was shut down in July.
+Android Auto for phone screens – An app that allowed the screen of the phone to be used as an Android Auto interface while driving, intended for vehicles that did not have a compatible screen built in. It was shut down in July.
+Kormo Jobs – A service that allowed users in primarily India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh to help them find jobs nearby that match their skills and interests. It was shut down on June 30.
+G Suite (Legacy Free Edition) – A free tier offering some of the services included in Google's productivity suite. Discontinued on June 27.
+Google Chrome Apps – Apps hosted or packaged web applications that ran on the Google Chrome browser. Support for Windows and other Operating systems dropped in June and shut down on ChromeOS in January 2025. For ChromeOS devices enrolled in the LTS channel, Chrome apps will be supported until October 2028.
+Google Assistant Snapshot – The successor to Google Now that provided predictive cards with information and daily updates in the Google app for Android and iOS.
+Cameos on Google – Cameos allowed celebrities, models and public figures to record video-based Q&A. Shut down on February 16.
+Android Things – A part of Google Internet of Things (IoT). Shut down on January 5.
+
+=== 2021 ===
+AngularJS – Open source web application framework. Shut down on December 31.
+Google Clips – a miniature clip-on camera device. Pulled from Google Store on October 15, 2019. Discontinued on December 31.
+Google Toolbar – web browser toolbar with features such as a Google Search box, pop-up blocker and ability for website owners to create buttons. Shut down on December 12.
+My Maps – an Android app that enabled users to create custom maps for personal use or sharing on their mobile device. Shut down on October 15 and users were asked to migrate to the mobile web version of the app.
+Backup and Sync – Desktop software that synchronized files between a user’s computer and Google Drive. Discontinued on October 1. Replaced by Google Drive for desktop.
+Google Bookmarks – Online bookmarking service. Discontinued on September 30.
+Tour Builder – allowed users to create and share interactive tours inside Google Earth. Shut down in July, replaced by new creation tools in Google Earth.
+Poly – a service to browse, share and download 3D models. Shut down on June 30.
+Google Expeditions – virtual reality (VR) platform designed for educational institutions. Discontinued on June 30. The majority of Expedition's tours were migrated to Google Arts & Culture.
+Tour Creator – allowed users to create immersive, 360° guided tours in the Expeditions app that could be viewed with VR devices. Shut down on June 30.
+Timely – an Android app that provided alarm, stopwatch and timer functions with synchronization across devices. Timely servers were shut down on May 31.
+Google Go Links – a URL shortening service that also supported custom domain for customers of Google Workspace. Discontinued on April 1.
+Google Public Alerts – an online notification service that sent safety alerts to various countries. Shut down on March 31 and functions moved to Google Search and Google Maps.
+Google Crisis Map – a service that visualized crisis and weather-related data. Shut down March 30. Improvements to Google Search and Maps rendered this service redundant.
+Google App Maker – allowed users to develop apps for businesses. Shut down on January 19 due to Google's acquisition of AppSheet.
+
+=== 2020 ===
+Google Cloud Print – a cloud-based printing solution that has been in beta since 2010. Discontinued on December 31.
+Google Play Music – Google's music streaming service. Discontinued on December 3 and replaced by YouTube Music and Google Podcasts.
+Google Station – service that allowed users to Spread Wi-Fi hotspots. Shut down on September 30.
+Hire by Google – applicant tracking system and recruiting software. Shut down on September 1.
+Password Checkup – an extension that warned of breached third-party logins. Shut down in July after it had been integrated with Chrome.
+Google Photos Print – a subscription service that automatically selected the best ten photos from the last thirty days which were mailed to users' homes. Shut down in June.
+Shoelace – an app used to find group activities with others who share your interests. Shut down in May.
+Neighbourly – an experimental mobile app designed to help you learn about your neighborhood by asking other residents. Shut down on May 12.
+Fabric – modular SDK platform launched by Crashlytics in 2014. Google acquired Crashlytics in 2017 and announced plans to migrate all of its features to Firebase. It was shut down on May 4.
+Material Theme Editor – plugin for Sketch app which allowed you to create a material-based design system for your app. Discontinued in March.
+YouTube For Wii U Browser 
+Fiber TV – an IPTV service bundled with Google Fiber. Discontinued on February 4.
+One Today – an app that allowed users to donate $1 to different organizations and discover how their donation would be used. Discontinued in January.
+Androidify – allowed users to create a custom Android avatar. Discontinued in January.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-2.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d8ab14f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+---
+title: "List of Google products"
+chunk: 3/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:43.219102+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2019 ===
+YouTube Annotations – annotations that were displayed over videos on YouTube. On January 15, all existing annotations were removed from YouTube.
+Google Pinyin – Discontinued in March.
+Mr. Jingles – Google's notifications widget. Discontinued on March 7.
+Google Tasks canvas – A full-screen interface of Google Tasks that was discontinued in April.
+Google Allo – Google's instant messaging app. Discontinued on March 12.
+Google Image Charts – a chart-making service that provided images of rendered chart data, accessed with REST calls. The service was deprecated in 2012, temporarily disabled in February 2019 and discontinued on March 18, 2019.
+Inbox by Gmail – an email application for Android, iOS, and web platform that organized and automated to-do lists using email content. As of April 2, accessing the Inbox subdomain redirects to Gmail proper.
+Google+ – The consumer edition of Google's social media platform. As of April 2, users receive a message stating that "Google+ is no longer available for consumer (personal) and brand accounts".
+Google Jump – cloud-based video stitching service. Discontinued June 28.
+Works with Nest – the smart home platform of Google brand Nest. Users were asked to migrate to the Google Assistant platform. Support ended on August 31.
+YouTube for Nintendo 3DS – official app for Nintendo 3DS. Discontinued on September 3.
+YouTube Messages – direct messages on YouTube – discontinued after September 18.
+YouTube Leanback – a web application for control with a remote, intended for use with smart TVs and other similar devices. Discontinued on October 2.
+Google Daydream View – Google's VR headset (first-gen in late 2016, second-gen in late 2017) was discontinued just after their "Made by Google" event in October The Google Daydream platform itself is being retired as well.
+Touring Bird – Travel website which facilitated booking tours, tickets and activities in top locations. The service was shut down on November 17.
+Google Bulletin – "Hyperlocal" news service which allowed users to post news from their neighborhood. It was shut down on November 22.
+Google Fusion Tables – A service for managing and visualizing data. The service was shut down on December 3.
+Google Translator Toolkit – An online computer-assisted translation tool designed to allow translators to edit the translations that are automatically generated by Google Translate. It was shut down on December 4, citing declining usage and the availability of other similar tools.
+Google Correlate – finds search patterns which correspond with real-world trends. It was shut down on December 15, as a result of low usage.
+Google Search Appliance – A rack mounted device used to index documents. Hardware sales ended in 2017 and initial shutdown occurred in 2018; and was ultimately shut down on December 31, 2019.
+Google Native Client (NaCL/PNaCl) – sandboxing technology for running a subset of native code. It was discontinued on December 31.
+Datally – Lets users save mobile data. Removed from Play Store in October.
+Build with Chrome – an initiative between Lego and Google to build the world using Lego. It was discontinued in March.
+Google Game Builder – A prototype program that could develop video games in real time and was released on Steam for Windows and MacOS. It used card-based virtual programming and could import models from Google Poly. The source code was released for free on GitHub.
+
+=== 2018 ===
+Blogger Web Comments (Firefox only) – displays related comments from other Blogger users.
+City Tours – overlay to Maps that shows interesting tours within a city.
+Dashboard Widgets for Mac (Mac OS X Dashboard Widgets) – suite of mini-applications including Gmail, Blogger and Search History.
+Joga Bonito – soccer community site.
+Local – Local listings service, merged with Google Maps.
+MK-14 – 4U rack-mounted server for Google Radio Automation system. Google sold its Google Radio Automation business to WideOrbit Inc.
+Google Music Trends – music ranking of songs played with iTunes, Winamp, Windows Media Player and Yahoo Music. Trends were generated by Google Talk's "share your music status" feature.
+Google Personalized Search – search results personalization, merged with Google Accounts and Web History.
+Photos Screensaver – slideshow screensaver as part of Google Pack, which displays images sourced from a hard disk, or through RSS and Atom Web feeds.
+Rebang (Google China) – search trend site, similar to Google Zeitgeist. As of 2010, part of Google Labs.
+Spreadsheets – spreadsheet management application, before it was integrated with Writely to form Google Docs & Spreadsheets.
+University Search – search engine listing for university websites.
+U.S. Government Search – search engine and personalized homepage that exclusively draws from sites with a .gov TLD. Discontinued June 2006.
+Video Player – view videos from Google Video.
+Voice Search – automated voice system for web search using the telephone. Became Google Voice Local Search and integrated on the Google Mobile web site.
+Google X – redesigned Google search homepage. It appeared in Google Labs, but disappeared the following day for undisclosed reasons.
+Accessible Search – search engine for the visually impaired.
+Quick Search Box – search box, based on Quicksilver, easing access to installed applications and online searches.
+Visigami – image search application screen saver that searches files from Google Images, Picasa and Flickr.
+Wireless access – VPN client for Google WiFi users, whose equipment does not support WPA or 802.1X protocols.
+Google Play Newsstand – News publication and magazine store. Replaced by Google News on May 15, removed from Google Play on November 5, and magazines were no longer available on Google News since January 2020.
+Google News & Weather – News publication app. Merged by Google News on May 15.
+Google global market finder.
+QPX Express API – flight search API.
+Google Contact Lens – was a smart contact lens project capable of monitoring the user's glucose level in tears. On November 16, Verily announced it has discontinued the project because of the lack of correlation between tear glucose and blood glucose.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-3.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cfcd7c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+---
+title: "List of Google products"
+chunk: 4/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:43.219102+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2017 ===
+Google Gesture Search – Gesture search is a software that draws letters composed of the name of a program, contact or setting, it can find the latter
+Google Nexus – Smartphone lineup, replaced by Google Pixel on October 4.
+Trendalyzer – data trend viewing platform. Discontinued in September.
+Google Swiffy – convert Adobe Flash files (SWF) into HTML5. Discontinued on July 1.
+Glass OS – an operating system for Google Glass. Discontinued on June 20.
+Google Spaces – group discussions and messaging. Discontinued on April 17.
+Google Map Maker – map editor with browser interface. Discontinued on April 1, replaced by Google Maps and Google Local Guides.
+Google Hands Free – retail checkout without using your phone or watch. Pilot started in the Bay area March 2016, but discontinued on February 8.
+Google Maps Engine – develop geospatial applications. Discontinued on February 1.
+Free Search – embed site/web search into a user's website. Replaced by Google Custom Search.
+Google Maps for PS Vita – version of Google maps for the PS Vita, discontinued in January 2015, "Sony pulls support for Vita's Maps, YouTube apps". Engadget. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
+YouTube for PS Vita – discontinued in January 2015, "Sony pulls support for Vita's Maps, YouTube apps". Engadget. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
+
+=== 2016 ===
+Google Code – Open source code hosting. Discontinued on January 25 and renamed to Google Developers.
+Picasa – photo organization and editing application. Closed March 15 and replaced by Google Photos.
+Google Compare – comparison-shopping site for auto insurance, credit cards and mortgages
+Google Showtimes – movie showtime search engine. Discontinued on November 1.
+MyTracks – GPS logging. Shut down April 30.
+Project Ara – an "initiative to build a phone with interchangeable modules for various components like cameras and batteries" was suspended to "streamline the company's seemingly disorganized product lineup". on September 2.
+Panoramio – geolocation-oriented photo sharing website. Discontinued on November 4. Google's Local Guides program as well as photo upload tools in Google Maps rendered Panoramio redundant.
+Google Feed API – download public Atom or RSS feeds using JavaScript. Deactivated on December 15.
+
+=== 2015 ===
+Wildfire by Google – social media marketing software
+Google Earth Plugin – an application service used to customize Google Earth. Discontinued on December 15.
+Google Flu Trends – a web service to help predict outbreaks of flu activity. Discontinued on August 9.
+Google Moderator – rank user-submitted questions, suggestions and ideas via crowdsourcing. Discontinued on June 30.
+Google Helpouts – Hangout-based live video chat with experts. Discontinued on April 20.
+Google Earth Enterprise – Google Earth for enterprise use. Discontinued on March 20.
+BebaPay – prepaid ticket payment system. Discontinued on March 15.
+Google Glass (Consumer Edition) – wearable computer with an optical head-mounted display and camera that allows the wearer to interact with various applications and the Internet via natural language voice commands. Discontinued on January 19.
+Speak To Tweet – telephone service created in 2011 in collaboration with Twitter and SayNow allowing users to phone a specific number and leave a voicemail; a tweet was automatically posted on X. Discontinued sometime during 2015.
+
+=== 2014 ===
+Freebase – an open, Creative Commons, attribution licensed collection of structured data, and a Freebase platform for accessing and manipulating that data via the Freebase API. Discontinued on December 16.
+Google Questions and Answers – community-driven knowledge market website. Discontinued on December 1.
+Orkut – social networking website. Discontinued on September 30.
+Google's "discussion search" option. Discontinued in July.
+Quickoffice – productivity suite for mobile devices. Discontinued in June, merged into Google Drive.
+Google TV – smart TV platform based on Android. Discontinued and replaced by Android TV in June.
+Google Offers – service offering discounts and coupons. Shut down on March 31.
+Google Chrome Frame – plugin for Internet Explorer that allowed web pages to be viewed using WebKit and the V8 JavaScript engine. Discontinued on February 25.
+Google Schemer – social search to find local activities. Discontinued on February 7.
+YouTube My Speed – Discontinued in January, replaced by Google Video Quality Report.
+Google Notifier – alerted users to new messages in their Gmail account. Discontinued on January 31.
+
+=== 2013 ===
+My Maps, GIS tools for Google Maps.
+Google Currents – Magazine app. Merged into Google Play Newsstand on November 20.
+Google Checkout – online payment processing service, aimed at simplifying the process of paying for online purchases. Discontinued on November 20, merged into Google Wallet.
+iGoogle – customisable homepage, which can contain web feeds and Google Gadgets. Discontinued on November 1.
+Google Latitude – mobile geolocation tool that lets friends know where users are. Discontinued on August 9, with some functionality moved to Google+.
+Google Reader – web-based news aggregator, capable of reading Atom and RSS feeds. Discontinued on July 1.
+Meebo – A social networking website discontinued on June 6.
+Google Building Maker – web-based building and editing tool to create 3D buildings for Google Earth. Discontinued on June 4.
+Google Talk – instant messaging service that provided both text and voice communication. Replaced May 15 by Google Hangouts. The service was discontinued by 2017 on all platforms.
+SMS Search – mobile phone short message service. Discontinued on May 10.
+Google Cloud Connect – Microsoft Office plugin for automatically backing up Office documents upon saving onto Google Docs. Discontinued on April 30, in favor of Google Drive.
+Picnik – online photo editor. Discontinued on April 19, and moved to Google+ photo manager.
+Google Calendar Sync – sync Microsoft Outlook email and calendar with Gmail and Google Calendar. Synchronization for existing installations stopped on August 1. Replaced with Google Sync, which does not synchronize Outlook calendars, but can sync email using IMAP or POP3. Also, Google Apps for Business, Education, and Government customers can use Google Apps Sync for Microsoft Outlook.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-4.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13a4293e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+---
+title: "List of Google products"
+chunk: 5/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:43.219102+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2012 ===
+Picasa Web Albums Uploader – upload images to the "Picasa Web Albums" service. It consisted of an iPhoto plug-in and a stand-alone application.
+Google Chart API – interactive Web-based chart image generator, deprecated in 2012 with service commitment to 2015 and turned off in 2019. Google promotes JavaScript-based Google Charts as a replacement, which is not backwards-compatible with the Google Chart API's HTTP methods.
+Google Apps Standard Edition – Discontinued on December 6.
+Nexus Q – digital media player – Discontinued in November.
+Google Refine – data cleansing and processing. It was spun off from Google on October 2, becoming open source; it is now OpenRefine.
+TV Ads – Method to place advertising on TV networks. Discontinued on August 30, with all remaining active campaigns ending December 16.
+Knol – write authoritative articles related to various topics. Discontinued October 1.
+Yinyue (Music) (Google China) –  site linking to a large archive of Chinese pop-music (principally Cantopop and Mandopop), including audio streaming over Google's own player, legal lyric downloads, and in most cases legal MP3 downloads. The archive was provided by Top100.cn (i.e., this service does not search the whole Internet) and was available in mainland China only. Discontinued in September, users were given the option to download playlists until October 19.
+Google Insights for Search – insights into Google search term usage. Discontinued September 27, merged in Google Trends.
+Listen – subscribe to and stream podcasts and Web audio. Discontinued in August.
+BumpTop – physics-based desktop application. Discontinued in August.
+Google Video – a free video hosting service. Shut down and migrated to YouTube (which Google acquired in 2006) on August 20.
+Google Notebook – online note-taking and web-clipping application. Discontinued in July.
+Google Website Optimizer – testing and optimization tool. Discontinued on August 1.
+Google Mini – reduced capacity, lower-cost version of the Google Search Appliance. Discontinued on July 31.
+Google Wave – online communication and collaborative real-time editor tool that bridge email and chat. Support ended on April 30.
+Slide.com – Discontinued on March 6.
+Google Friend Connect – add social features to websites. Discontinued on March 1, replaced by Google+'s pages and off-site Page badges.
+Jaiku – social networking, microblogging and lifestreaming service comparable to Twitter. Shut down January 15.
+Google Code Search – software search engine. Discontinued on January 15.
+Google Health – store, manage, and share personal health information in one place. Development ceased June 24, 2011; accessible until January 1, 2012; data available for download until January 1, 2013.
+
+=== 2011 ===
+Google Buzz – social networking service integrated with Gmail allowing users to share content immediately and make conversations. Discontinued in December and replaced by Google+.
+Google Sidewiki – browser sidebar and service that allowed contributing and reading helpful information alongside any web page. Discontinued in December.
+Gears – web browser features, enabling some new web applications. Removed from all platforms by November.
+Squared – creates tables of information about a subject from unstructured data. Discontinued in September.
+Aardvark – social search utility that allowed people to ask and answer questions within their social networks. It used people's claimed expertise to match 'askers' with good 'answerers'. Discontinued on September 30.
+Google PowerMeter – view building energy consumption. Discontinued on September 16.
+Desktop – desktop search application that indexed emails, documents, music, photos, chats, Web history and other files. Discontinued on September 14.
+Google Fast Flip – online news aggregator. Discontinued September 6.
+Google Pack – application suite. Discontinued on September 2.
+Google Directory – collection of links arranged into hierarchical subcategories. The links and their categorization were from the Open Directory Project, sorted using PageRank. Discontinued on July 20.
+Google Blog Search – weblog search engine. Discontinued in July.
+Google Labs – test and demonstrate new Google products. Discontinued in July.
+Image Swirl – an enhancement for an image-search tool in Google Labs. It was built on top of image search by grouping images with similar visual and semantic qualities. Shut down in July due to discontinuation of Google Labs.
+Google Sets – generates a list of items when users enter a few examples. For example, entering "Green, Purple, Red" emits the list "Green, Purple, Red, Blue, Black, White, Brown". Discontinued mid-year.
+Directory – navigation directory, specifically for Chinese users.
+Hotpot – local recommendation engine that allowed people to rate restaurants, hotels etc. and share them with friends. Moved to Google Places service in April.
+Real Estate – place real estate listings in Google Maps. Discontinued February 10.
+
+=== 2010 ===
+Google Base – submission database that enabled content owners to submit content, have it hosted and made searchable. Information was organized using attributes. Discontinued on December 17, replaced with Google Shopping APIs.
+GOOG-411 (also known as Voice Local Search) – directory assistance service. Discontinued on November 12.
+Google SearchWiki – annotate and re-order search results. Discontinued March 3, replaced by Google Stars.
+Marratech e-Meeting – web conferencing software, used internally by Google's employees. Discontinued on February 19.
+Living Stories – collaboration with The New York Times and The Washington Post for presenting news. Discontinued in February.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-5.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f0c509a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products-5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+title: "List of Google products"
+chunk: 6/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:43.219102+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2009 ===
+Audio Ads – radio advertising program for US businesses. Discontinued on February 12.
+Catalogs – search engine for over 6,600 print catalogs, acquired through optical character recognition. Discontinued in January.
+Dodgeball – social networking service. Users could text their location to the service, which would then notify them of nearby people or events of interest. Replaced by Google Latitude.
+Google Mashup Editor – web mashup creation with publishing, syntax highlighting, debugging. Discontinued in July; migrated to Google App Engine.
+Google Ride Finder – taxi and shuttle search service, using real time position of vehicles in 14 U.S. cities. Used the Google Maps interface and cooperated with any car service that wished to participate. Discontinued in October.
+Shared Stuff – web page sharing system, incorporating a bookmarklet to share pages, and a page to view the most popular shared items. Pages could be shared through third-party applications such as Delicious or Facebook. Discontinued on March 30.
+
+=== 2008 ===
+Google Lively – 3D animated chat. Discontinued December 31.
+SearchMash – search engine to "test innovative user interfaces". Discontinued on November 24.
+Google Page Creator – webpage publishing program that could be used to create pages and to host them on Google servers. Discontinued on September 9, with all existing content gradually transferring to Google Sites through 2009.
+Send to Phone – send links and other information from Firefox to their phone by text message. Discontinued on August 28, replaced by Google Chrome to Phone.
+Google Browser Sync (Mozilla Firefox) – allowed Firefox users to synchronize settings across multiple computers. Discontinued in June.
+Hello – send images across the Internet and publish them to blogs. Discontinued on May 15.
+Web Accelerator – increased load speed of web pages. No longer available for, or supported by, Google as of January 20.
+
+=== 2007 ===
+Google Video Player – a video player that played back files in Google's own .gvi format and supported playlists in .gvp format. Shut down on August 17, 2007, due to Google's acquisition of YouTube.
+Google Video Marketplace – discontinued on August 15.
+Google Click-to-Call – allowed a user to speak directly over the phone without charge to businesses found on Google search results pages. Discontinued on July 20.
+Related Links – links to information related to a website's content. Discontinued on April 30.
+Public Service Search – non-commercial organization service, which included Google Site Search, traffic reports and unlimited search queries. Discontinued on February 13, replaced by Google Custom Search.
+
+=== 2006 ===
+Google Answers – online knowledge market that allowed users to post bounties for well-researched answers to their queries. Discontinued on November 28; still accessible (read-only).
+Writely – web-based word processor. On October 10, Writely was merged into Google Docs & Spreadsheets.
+Google Deskbar – desktop bar with a built-in mini browser. Replaced by a similar feature in Google Desktop. Discontinued May 8.
+
+== See also ==
+
+Outline of Google
+History of Google
+List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet
+Google's hoaxes
+X Development
+Google.org
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+List of products on the Google corporate site
+List of products on Google Developers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13328711f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+---
+title: "List of Groupe Bull products"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:17.676658+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following is a list of products from the French-owned computer hardware and software company Groupe Bull.
+
+
+== Computer hardware ==
+Bull Gamma series
+Gamma 3 (1952)
+Gamma 55 (1967) (also known as GE 55)
+Gamma 60 (1960)
+Gamma 10 (1963)
+Gamma 30  (1964) (RCA 301)
+Gamma M 40 (1965)
+CAB 500 (1961, sold under license from Société d'Electronique et d'Automatisme)
+Série 300 TI (1962)
+GE-600 series (1965)
+GE 400 (1967)
+GE 115 (1966)
+GE-265 (1968)
+CII Iris 50 (1968)
+CII Mitra 15 (1970)
+GE 58 (1970)
+Honeywell 6000 series (1970)
+Honeywell H200 (1970)
+CII Iris 80 (1971)
+CII Iris 60 (1972)
+Honeywell 6180 for the Multics operating system (1973)
+HB 2000 (1973)
+Micral (1973)
+Mini6 (1978)
+CII HB 64/40 (1976)
+CII HB 66/60 (1976)
+CII HB 61 DPS (1978)
+Bull DS800 (2007)
+Bull DPS series
+DPS 4 (1980)
+DPS 7 and DPS 7000 (1981)
+DPS 6 series (1983)
+DPS 8 (1984)
+DPS 6 Plus and DPS 8000 (1987) 
+DPS 9000 (1999)
+Bull DPX series
+Bull DPX 2 (1992)
+Bull DPX 20
+SM 90 (1981)
+Correlative Syst. 1982
+SPS7 and SPS9
+Bull Escala (1994)
+Bull NovaScale (2004)
+Novascale bullion (2010)
+Bull bullx (2009)
+Bull Estrella
+Bull Series 4000 Printing System (1988)
+
+
+== Mobile phones ==
+In October 2013 Groupe Bull introduced the Hoox line of cellular phones with enhanced encryption and biometric authentication  targeting security-conscious users.
+Models:
+
+Hoox m1 mobile phone
+Hoox m2 smartphone 
+
+
+== Computers on the TOP500 list ==
+As of June 2012 Bull has 16 machines on the TOP500 supercomputer list
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..376a369b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+---
+title: "List of Hewlett-Packard products"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following is a partial list of products manufactured under the Hewlett-Packard brand.
+
+== Printers ==
+HP categories of printers as of November 2014 are:
+
+Black and white laser printers
+Color laser printers
+Laser multifunction printers
+Inkjet all-in-one printers
+Specialty Photo inkjet printers
+Business ink printers
+Color inkjet printers
+HP Designjet large format printers
+HP Indigo Digital Presses
+HP Inkjet Digital Web Press
+HP latex printers
+HP Scitex large format printers
+Network print servers
+
+=== Black and white laser printers ===
+(Current Line: November 2014)
+High-volume black and white laser printers
+
+LaserJet 700 printer
+LaserJet M806 printer
+Office black and white laser printers
+
+LaserJet 400 printer
+LaserJet 600 printer
+LaserJet P2000 printer
+LaserJet P3000 prin
+
+=== Color Laser printers ===
+(As of November 2014)
+
+=== Laser multifunction printers ===
+(As of November 2014)
+
+Discontinued models
+
+=== Inkjet all-in-one printers ===
+(As of November 2014)
+
+=== Specialty photo inkjet printers ===
+(As of November 2014)
+Compact photo printers
+
+Photosmart A310 Printer
+Photosmart A430 Portable Photo Studio Series
+
+=== Business ink printers ===
+(Current Line: November 2014)
+Business ink multifunction printers
+
+Officejet Enterprise Color X585 Multifunction Printer
+Officejet Pro X476/X576 Multifunction Printer
+Page wide array printers
+
+Officejet Enterprise Color X555 Printer
+Officejet Pro X451 Printer
+Officejet Pro X551 Printer
+6+3262
+36+41
+
+=== Color inkjet printers ===
+(Current Line: November 2014)
+
+Discontinued models
+
+=== Designjet printers ===
+(Current Line: November 2014)
+
+Discontinued models 
+
+=== HP Indigo Digital Presses ===
+(Current Line: November 2014)
+
+=== HP Inkjet Digital Web Press ===
+(Current Line: November 2014)
+Inkjet Digital Web Press
+
+T300 Inkjet Web Press series
+
+=== HP latex printers ===
+Current Line: (June 2015)
+
+=== HP Scitex large format printers ===
+Current Line: (June 2015)
+
+=== Network print servers ===
+Current Line: (November 2014)
+
+Printer Notes: 
+In HP printers introduced since ca 2006, alpha codes indicate product groupings and optional features, thus for example:
+
+== HP software products ==
+HP Cloud Services Print App series
+HP Connected Music
+HP Connected Photo
+HP Instant Ink series
+HP Link Reader
+HP Live Photo
+HP Photo Creations Software
+HP Scan and Capture Application
+HP Smart Web Printing Software
+HP SureSupply Software
+HP Touch point Manager
+HP Update Software
+HP WallArt Solution
+
+== HP converged cloud products ==
+HP Public Cloud
+HP CloudSystem
+
+== Digital cameras ==
+
+=== Original line ===
+
+=== HP E-series ===
+
+=== HP M-series ===
+
+=== HP R-series ===
+
+== Scanners ==
+
+=== ScanJet series ===
+
+=== Film scanners ===
+
+== Tablet computers ==
+
+HP 7 1800
+HP Slate
+Slate 6
+Slate 7
+Slate 8 Plus
+Slate 10 Plus
+HP TouchPad
+HP Omni 10
+HP Stream 7
+HP Stream 8
+HP Envy 8 Note
+HP 408
+HP 608
+HP 612
+HP ElitePad
+[1]
+
+== Mobile phones ==
+
+Palm Prē, Prē Plus, Prē 2, Prē 3
+HP Veer
+Palm Pixi, Pixi Plus
+HP Elite x3
+
+== Pocket computer ==
+HP-75 BASIC hand-held 1982
+
+=== LX series ===
+
+=== OmniGo series ===
+
+=== Jornada ===
+
+=== iPAQ ===
+
+Originally made by Compaq, acquired by HP in 2002 following the merger.
+
+Source: HP Handheld/Pocket/Palmtop PCs
+
+== Desktop calculators and computers ==
+HP 9800 series desktop computers as follows:
+
+=== Computer terminals ===
+
+=== Plotters ===
+
+=== Pocket calculators ===
+
+Calculator wristwatches:
+HP-01
+
+== Business desktops ==
+
+=== Compaq Evo ===
+
+The Compaq Evo line of business desktops and laptops were originally made by Compaq in 2001 and was rebranded HP Compaq after the 2002 merger (see HP Business Desktops for recent products).
+
+=== HP X-Terminal ===
+See HP X-Terminals
+
+=== HP TouchSmart PC ===
+
+=== HP Brio ===
+
+=== HP Vectra ===
+
+=== HP e-PC (e-Vectra) ===
+
+=== HP Compaq desktops ===
+See HP Business Desktops
+
+=== HP Pro/ProDesk ===
+
+=== HP Elite/EliteDesk ===
+
+== Thin clients ==
+
+=== Blade System ===
+
+=== Thin client ===
+See also HP Mobile Thin Clients
+
+== Personal desktops ==
+
+=== Compaq Presario desktops ===
+
+A series of desktop computers made by Compaq under the Compaq Presario brand since 1993. Acquired by HP in 2002, discontinued in 2013.
+
+=== HP Pavilion ===
+
+A series of desktop computers since 1995. Desktop models sold until late 2025, succeeded by HP OmniDesk.
+
+==== HP Slimline PC ====
+
+==== HP Pavilion Media Center TV ====
+
+==== HP Pavilion Elite ====
+HP Pavilion Elite m9000 series - m9040n
+
+=== HP Blackbird 002 ===
+HP Blackbird 002
+
+== HP Black wired keyboards ==
+HP 434820-167 PS2 Keyboard
+
+== Business notebooks ==
+
+=== HP OmniBook ===
+
+HP's line of business-oriented notebook computers since 1993. In chronological order of release:
+
+Following HP's acquisition of Compaq in 2002, this series of notebooks was discontinued, replaced with the HP Pavilion, HP Compaq, and Compaq Presario notebooks.
+The OmniBook name would later be repurposed for a line of consumer-oriented notebooks made by HP Inc. (Hewlett-Packard's successor) in 2024, intended to complement (and supersede) HP's line of personal notebooks.
+
+=== Compaq Evo ===
+
+The Compaq Evo line of business desktops and laptops were originally made by Compaq and was rebranded HP Compaq after the 2002 merger (see below for recent products).
+
+=== HP Compaq laptops ===
+
+=== HP Mini ===
+
+=== HP ProBook ===
+
+=== HP EliteBook ===
+See the HP EliteBook article for more details.
+First generation — The xx30 generation comprised the following models:
+
+Second generation — The xx40 series comprised the following models:
+
+Third generation — The xx60 series, announced on February 23, 2011, comprised the following models:
+
+Fourth generation — The fourth generation, announced on May 9, 2012, comprised the following models:
+
+=== Mobile thin client ===
+
+=== Rugged notebooks ===
+
+== Personal notebooks ==
+
+=== Compaq Presario laptops ===
+
+A series of notebook computers made by Compaq under the Compaq Presario brand since 1996. Acquired by HP in 2002 and replaces HP OmniBook that year, discontinued in 2013.
+
+=== HP Pavilion notebooks ===
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..065d82bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+---
+title: "List of Hewlett-Packard products"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A series of notebooks and multimedia notebooks since 1999. Some models released from 2004–2009 had the HP developed QuickPlay software which enabled booting to a linux based DVD/Music player held on a separate partition (models with Windows Vista are unable to boot into QuickPlay due to compatibility issues).
+
+=== HP Envy ===
+
+=== HP G series ===
+
+=== HP Mini ===
+
+=== HP OmniBook ===
+
+A series of "Next Gen AI" notebook computers introduced by HP Inc. (Hewlett-Packard's successor) in 2024 that included built-in artificial intelligence features. The name was originally used for a line of business-oriented laptops and notebooks made by Hewlett-Packard from 1993–2002.
+
+== Workstations ==
+
+=== PA-RISC based ===
+
+=== Itanium based ===
+
+=== Alpha based (from DEC, via Compaq) ===
+
+=== x86 based ===
+
+=== Blade Workstations ===
+
+== Servers ==
+
+=== x86 (Intel & AMD Opteron) based ===
+
+==== Entry-level servers ====
+Entry-level servers used either the NetServer or ProLiant brands. The NetServer line of servers were discontinued following the merger with Compaq in 2002, with the then-newly acquired ProLiant line of servers succeeding it afterwards. The ProLiant line of servers was then acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2015 after HP split up into two separate companies.
+ProLiant servers made by Compaq from 1993–2002 came with utilities such as SmartStart and Insight Manager among others, which applied to all pre-merger ProLiant models. Post-merger ProLiant models made by HP (and later HPE) kept the aforementioned utilities for a few years until they were replaced with their HP/HPE equivalents following HP's acquisition of Compaq in 2002; the Insight Manager for example was replaced with HP Systems Insight Manager and HP/HPE Insight Management Agents around 2002–2003 while SmartStart was offered until the ProLiant Gen8 models in 2012.
+The entry-level ProLiant servers made by HP after the 2002 merger were unrelated to the previous ProLiant models offered by Compaq despite using the ProLiant name, as they were based on HP's former NetServer line from 1993–2002 (these models were specifically based on the NetServer tc series) and never came shipped with the aforementioned utilities that were formerly provided by Compaq, which also applies to all other post-merger ProLiant models made by HP (and later HPE), especially after acquiring Compaq in 2002.
+
+===== NetServer =====
+
+HP NetServer LPr
+HP NetServer LP1000R (retired)
+HP NetServer LP2000R (retired)
+HP NetServer LH3 (retired)
+HP NetServer LH3R (retired)
+HP NetServer LH4 (retired)
+HP NetServer LH4R (retired)
+HP NetServer LH3000 (retired)
+HP NetServer LH6000 (retired)
+HP NetServer LHX8000 (retired)
+HP NetServer LHX8500 (retired)
+
+===== ProLiant ML =====
+These are in a tower form factor.
+
+====== G1 (retired) ======
+Compaq ML330
+Compaq ML330e
+Compaq ML350
+Compaq ML370
+Compaq ML530
+Compaq ML570
+Compaq ML750
+
+====== G2 (retired) ======
+Marketed as Compaq (pre-merger)
+
+Compaq ML330
+Compaq ML350
+Compaq ML370
+Marketed as HP (post-merger)
+
+HP ML110
+HP ML150
+HP ML370
+HP ML530
+HP ML570
+
+====== G3 (retired) ======
+HP ML110
+HP ML150
+HP ML310
+HP ML330
+HP ML350
+HP ML370
+HP ML570
+
+====== G4 (retired) ======
+ML 100 series
+
+HP ML110
+HP ML110 storage server
+HP ML115
+HP ML150
+ML 300 series
+
+HP ML310
+HP ML330
+HP ML350
+HP ML350 storage server
+HP ML370
+
+====== G5 (retired) ======
+ML 100 series
+
+HP ML110
+HP ML110 storage server
+HP ML115
+HP ML150
+ML 300 series
+
+HP ML310
+HP ML350
+HP ML350 storage server
+HP ML370
+
+====== G6 (retired) ======
+ML100 series
+
+HP ML110
+HP ML150
+ML300 series
+
+HP ML330
+HP ML350
+HP ML370
+
+====== G7 (retired) ======
+ML100 series
+
+HP ML110
+
+====== Gen8 (retired) ======
+ML300 series
+
+HP ML310e
+HP ML350e
+HP ML350p
+
+====== Gen9 (retired) ======
+Marketed as HP (pre-split)
+
+HP ML10
+HP ML10 V2
+HP ML30
+HP ML110
+HP ML150
+HP ML350
+Marketed as HPE (post-split)
+
+HPE ML10
+HPE ML30
+HPE ML110
+HPE ML350
+
+====== Gen10 ======
+HPE ML30
+HPE ML110
+HPE ML350
+
+===== ProLiant DL =====
+These are in a rack mount form factor.
+
+==== ProLiant ====
+
+A series of servers under the ProLiant brand, originally made by Compaq. The ProLiant brand was acquired by HP in 2002 during their merger with Compaq and later acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2015.
+ProLiant servers made by Compaq from 1993–2002 came with utilities such as SmartStart and Insight Manager among others, which applied to all pre-merger ProLiant models. Post-merger ProLiant models made by HP (and later HPE) kept the aforementioned utilities for a few years until they were replaced with their HP/HPE equivalents following HP's acquisition of Compaq in 2002; the Insight Manager for example was replaced with HP Systems Insight Manager and HP/HPE Insight Management Agents around 2002–2003 while SmartStart was offered until the ProLiant Gen8 models in 2012.
+
+===== ProLiant ML Series =====
+These are in a tower form factor.
+'e' indicates 'essential' and 'p' indicates 'performance' variants.
+
+Compaq ProLiant ML310
+
+Compaq ProLiant ML330
+
+Compaq ProLiant ML350
+
+Compaq ProLiant ML370
+
+Compaq ProLiant ML570
+ProLiant ML570 G2 (retired)
+
+===== ProLiant DL Series =====
+These are in a rack mount form factor.
+
+Compaq ProLiant DL320 (1U, single processor server)
+
+Compaq ProLiant DL360 (1U, 2-processor server, 2hot swap Compaq universal hard disks)
+
+ProLiant DL365 (retired)
+
+Compaq ProLiant DL380
+
+ProLiant DL385
+
+ProLiant DL560
+DL560 G1
+DL560 Gen8
+
+ProLiant DL580
+
+ProLiant DL585 (supports two or four dual-core AMD Opteron)
+
+ProLiant DL740 (retired)
+Compaq ProLiant DL760 (retired)
+ProLiant DL760 G2 (retired)
+ProLiant DL785 (supports up to eight quad-core AMD Opteron)
+ProLiant DL785 G6
+ProLiant DL980 G7 (supports up to 8 Intel Xeon E7-4800 and 7500 series processors)
+
+===== ProLiant CL Series =====
+These are in a cabinet form factor.
+
+Compaq ProLiant CL1850 (retired)
+Compaq ProLiant CL830 (retired)
+
+===== ProLiant BLp blades =====
+These are in a blade form factor.
+
+ProLiant BL20p
+
+ProLiant BL25p
+
+ProLiant BL30p
+
+ProLiant BL35p
+
+ProLiant BL40p
+
+ProLiant BL45p
+
+===== ProLiant BLc blades =====
+ProLiant BL2x220c
+
+ProLiant BL260c   (G5 only)
+ProLiant BL280c   (G6 only)
+ProLiant BL460c
+
+ProLiant BL465c
+
+ProLiant BL480c
+
+ProLiant BL490c
+
+Proliant BL495c
+
+Proliant BL660c   (G8)
+ProLiant BL680c
+
+ProLiant BL685c
+
+=== Itanium based ===
+
+HPE Integrity Servers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-2.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b98903c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+---
+title: "List of Hewlett-Packard products"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+rx1600 series – 1U
+rx1600
+rx1620
+rx2600 series – 2U
+rx2600
+rx2620
+rx2660
+rx3600        – 4U
+rx4610        – 7U
+rx4640        – 4U
+rx5670        – 7U
+rx6600        – 7U
+rx7600 series – 10U
+rx7610
+rx7620
+rx7640
+rx8600 series – 17U
+rx8620
+rx8640
+HP Superdome
+SX1000 based – SX2000 based
+Integrity BL blades
+
+Compaq ProLiant
+
+Compaq ProLiant DL590/64 (retired)
+
+=== Alpha based ===
+
+=== PA-RISC based ===
+
+=== Scalable servers and supercomputer nodes ===
+
+==== Apollo series ====
+
+==== SGI series ====
+HPE SGI 8600
+
+== Enterprise storage ==
+
+HP StorageWorks XP storage array
+StorageWorks EVA storage array (from Compaq)
+HP AutoRAID storage array (retired)
+HP VA storage array (retired)
+HP Jamaica storage enclosure (retired)
+
+== "StorageWorks" Storage element managers ==
+
+Command View XP
+Command View AE
+Command View EVA
+Command View SDM.
+StorageWorks Command View TL
+
+== Storage area management ==
+HP Storage Essentials
+OpenView Storage Area Manager
+
+== ProCurve ==
+ProCurve Networking by HP is the networking division of HP.
+
+== Telepresence and videoconferencing ==
+HP Halo, a high-end immersive telepresence system, was sold to Polycom on June 1, 2011.
+
+== External hard disk drives ==
+HP External Hard Drive (1 TB, USB 3.0)
+HP Portable Hard Drive (1 TB, USB 3.0)
+HP USB Flash Drive (16 GB)
+
+== External optical disk drives ==
+HP DVD-R Drive
+
+== External tape drives and libraries ==
+
+=== HP SureStore series ===
+
+==== Tape libraries ====
+All sold in either the DLT 8K or Ultrium 230 format.
+
+==== Autoloaders ====
+SureStore 1/9 (Ultrium 230, DLT-1, or DLT 8K)
+
+== Docking Stations ==
+HP xb3000
+
+== See also ==
+List of Palm OS devices
+List of Dell PowerEdge Servers
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9495865cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: "List of HyperCard viruses"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:26.737944+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Soon after the release of HyperCard in 1987, computer viruses appeared that targeted the application. The viruses were written in the HyperTalk programming language and typically spread by infecting the Home stack and then infecting other stacks from there.
+
+
+== List of viruses ==
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..747c09bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+title: "List of Intel manufacturing sites"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:30.534158+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Intel is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Processors are manufactured in semiconductor fabrication plants called "fabs" which are then sent to assembly and testing sites before delivery to customers. Intel has stated that approximately 75% of their semiconductor fabrication is performed in the United States.
+Since May 1990, Intel has made an effort to eliminate chlorofluorocarbon consumption for the Oregon, Puerto Rico and Ireland system factories.
+Both Schumacher, a division of Air Products & Chemicals, and Intel developed chemical that reduce ozone emission using TRANS-LC or trans 1, 2-dichloroethylene to replace from TCA or 1,1,1-Trichloroethane to grow defect free silicon oxide surfaces.
+The Oregon Governor's Award for Toxics Use Reduction recognising Intel's Hillsboro facility achievement in reducing the use of toxic substance and generation of hazardous wastes.
+
+
+== Current fab sites ==
+
+
+== Past fab sites ==
+
+
+== Assembly and test sites ==
+AFO, Aloha, Oregon, United States
+Chandler, Arizona, United States
+CD1, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
+CD6, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
+KMDSDP, Kulim, Malaysia
+SBDSDP, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
+KKDSDP, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
+KMO, Kulim, Malaysia
+KM5, Kulim, Malaysia
+PG8, Penang, Malaysia
+VNAT, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
+Jerusalem, Israel
+CRAT, Heredia, Belén, Costa Rica (1997–2014; 2020 – present)
+Makati, Philippines – MN1-MN5 also known as A2/T11 (1974–2009)
+Cavite, Philippines – CV1-CV4 (1997–2009)
+Shanghai, China (former Assembly / Test Manufacturing)
+Las Piedras Puerto Rico 1991-2001 (assemble Pentium CPU/Motherboards)
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of semiconductor fabrication plants
+
+
+== External links ==
+Global Manufacturing at Intel
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85144a17e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+title: "List of Linux adopters"
+chunk: 1/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of companies, organizations and individuals who have moved from other operating systems to Linux. On desktops, Linux has not displaced Microsoft Windows to a large degree. However, it is the leading operating system on servers.
+See also: List of BSD adopters
+
+== Government ==
+As local governments come under pressure from institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Intellectual Property Alliance, some have turned to Linux and other free software as an affordable, legal alternative to both pirated software and expensive proprietary computer products from Microsoft, Apple and other commercial companies. The spread of Linux affords some leverage for these countries when companies from the developed world bid for government contracts (since a low-cost option exists), while furnishing an alternative path to development for countries like India and Pakistan that have many citizens skilled in computer applications but cannot afford technological investment at "First World" prices. Cost is not the only factor being considered, though – many government institutions (public and military) in North America and the European Union make the transition to Linux because of its superior stability and the openness of the source code, which strengthens information security.
+
+=== Africa ===
+In 2007, first National Bank switched more than 12,000 desktop computers to Linux by 2007.
+In 2009, the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) deployed multi-station Linux desktops to address budget and infrastructure constraints in 50 rural sites.
+
+=== Asia ===
+
+==== East ====
+The People's Republic of China exclusively uses Linux as the operating system for its Loongson processor family, with the aim of technology independence.
+Since 2006, Kylin is used by People's Liberation Army in The People's Republic of China. The first version used FreeBSD, but since release 3.0, it uses Linux.
+As of 2005, State owned Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) is installing Linux in all of its 20,000 retail branches as the basis for its web server and a new terminal platform.
+Since 2008, North Korea uses a Linux distribution developed by the Korea Computer Center, called Red Star OS, on their computers. Prior to its release, Red Hat Linux or Windows XP were used.
+
+==== West ====
+In 2003, the Turkish government decided to create its own Linux distribution, Pardus, developed by UEKAE (National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology). The first version, Pardus 1.0, was officially announced on 27 December 2005.
+
+==== South ====
+In 2002, the Government of Pakistan established a Technology Resource Mobilization Unit to enable groups of professionals to exchange views and coordinate activities in their sectors and to educate users about free software alternatives. Linux is an option for poor countries which have little revenue for public investment; Pakistan is using open-source software in public schools and colleges, and hopes to run all government services on Linux eventually.
+In 2007, Government of India's CDAC developed an Indian Linux distribution, Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS) GNU/Linux. It is customized to suit Indian's digital environment and supports most Indian languages.
+In March 2014, with the end of support for Windows XP, the Government of Tamil Nadu, India has advised all its departments to install Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS) Linux.
+In 2021, the Government of Kerala, India, announced its official support for free/open-source software in its State IT Policy of 2001, which was formulated after the first-ever free software conference in India, "Freedom First!", held in July 2001 in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, where Richard Stallman inaugurated the Free Software Foundation of India. Since then, Kerala's IT Policy has been significantly influenced by FOSS, with several major initiatives such as KITE possibly the largest single-purpose deployment of Linux in the world, and leading to the formation of the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS) in 2009.
+In 2023, India's Ministry of Defence will use Ubuntu based Linux distribution Maya OS on all Internet-connected computers.
+
+==== South-East ====
+In 2010, the Philippines fielded an Ubuntu-powered national voting system.
+In July 2010, Malaysia had switched 703 of the state's 724 agencies to free and open-source software with a Linux-based operating system used. The Chief Secretary to the Government cited, "(the) general acceptance of its promise of better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility and lower cost".
+
+=== Americas ===
+
+==== North ====
+
+===== Cuba =====
+In 2009, Students from the University of Information Science in Cuba launched its own distribution of Linux called Nova to promote the replacement of Microsoft Windows on civilian and government computers, a project that is now supported by the Cuban Government. In early 2011, the Universidad de Ciencias Informáticas announced that they would migrate more than 8000 PCs to the new operating system.
+
+===== U.S. =====
+In July 2001, the White House started switching whitehouse.gov to an operating system based on Red Hat Linux and using the Apache HTTP Server. The installation was completed in February 2009. In October 2009, the White House servers adopted Drupal, an open-source content management system software distribution.
+In April 2006, the US Federal Aviation Administration announced that it had completed a migration to Red Hat Enterprise Linux in one third of the scheduled time and about US$15 million under budget. The switch saved a further US$15 million in datacenter operating costs.
+By 2007, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) uses Linux - "the U.S. Army is the single largest installed base for Red Hat Linux" and the US Navy nuclear submarine fleet runs on Linux, including their sonar systems.
+By 2008, the US National Nuclear Security Administration operates the world's tenth fastest supercomputer, the IBM Roadrunner, which uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux along with Fedora as its operating systems.
+In June 2012, the US Navy signed a US$27,883,883 contract with Raytheon to install Linux ground control software for its fleet of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) Northrop Grumman MQ-8 Fire Scout drones. The contract involves Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, which has already spent US$5,175,075 in preparation for the Linux systems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-1.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3338c3d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+title: "List of Linux adopters"
+chunk: 2/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+==== South ====
+The government of the Argentinian province of Misiones uses workstations that run GobMis GNU/Linux, a distribution with necessary tools for public administration. Also delivers a "generic" distribution without government branding known as "GobLin GNU/Linux".
+Brazil uses PC Conectado, a program utilizing Linux.
+In 2004, Venezuela's government approved the 3390 decree, to give preference to using free software in public administration. One result of this policy is the development of Canaima, a Debian-based Linux distribution.
+
+=== Europe ===
+
+==== Austria ====
+In 2005, Austria's city of Vienna chose to start migrating its desktop PCs to Debian-based Wienux. However, by 2011, the idea was largely abandoned, because the necessary software was incompatible with Linux.
+
+==== Czech Republic ====
+In 2005, Česká pošta (Czech Post) migrated 4,000 servers and 12,000 clients to Novell Linux.
+
+==== France ====
+In 2007, France's national police force (the National Gendarmerie) started moving their 90,000 desktops from Windows XP to a Ubuntu based OS, GendBuntu, over concerns about the additional training costs of moving to Windows Vista, and following the success of OpenOffice.org roll-outs. The force saved about €50 million on software licensing between 2004 and 2008. The migration largely completed in 2014.
+By 2007, France's Ministry of Agriculture uses Mandriva Linux.
+In 2007, The French Parliament switched to using Ubuntu on desktop PCs. However, in 2012, it was decided to let each Member of Parliament choose between Windows and Linux.
+
+==== Germany ====
+
+In 2003, The city government of Munich, Germany, choose to migrate its 14,000 desktops to Debian-based LiMux. Even though more than 80 percent of workstations used OpenOffice and 100 percent used Firefox/Thunderbird five years later (November 2008), an adoption rate of Linux of only 20 percent (June 2010) was achieved. The effort was later reorganized, focusing on smaller deployments and winning over staff to the value of the program. By the end of 2011 the program had exceeded its goal and changed over 9000 desktops to Linux. The city of Munich reported at the end of 2012 that the migration to Linux was highly successful and has already saved the city over €11 million (US$14 million). Recently the Deputy Mayor Josef Schmid said that the city is putting together an independent expert group to look at moving back to Microsoft due to issues in LiMux, the primary issues have been of compatibility; users in the rest of Germany that use other (Microsoft) software have had trouble with the files generated by Munich's open-source applications. The second is price, with Schmid saying that the city now has the impression that "Linux is very expensive" due to custom programming, The independent group will advise the best course of action, and if that group recommends using Microsoft software, Schmid says that a switch back isn't impossible. The city council said they already saved more than US$10 million, and there is no major issue with the switch to Linux. Some observers, such as Silviu Stahie of Softpedia have indicated that the attempted rejection of Linux has been influenced by Microsoft and its supporters, and that this is predominantly a political issue and not a technical one. Microsoft's German headquarters has committed to move to Munich as part of this issue. In 2017, the Munich city council voted to transition back to Microsoft Windows 10, citing compatibility issues with LiMux and the high cost of custom programming. By 2020, the city had begun the full migration of its workstations to Windows 10, with plans to complete the transition by 2023. Critics argued that the decision was influenced by political pressures and lobbying rather than purely technical issues. Nonetheless, the transition continued, marking the end of Munich's ambitious open-source LiMux project. The cost of the switch was estimated to be over €30 million, despite earlier savings from using Linux. A significant number of workstations in other government institutions, such as the Federal Employment Office of Germany (Bundesagentur für Arbeit), continue to use Linux, with 13,000 public workstations running openSUSE.
+By 2009, the Federal Employment Office of Germany (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) has migrated 13,000 public workstations from Windows NT to openSUSE.
+In 2024, State of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany plans to replace Windows with Linux and Libreoffice.
+
+==== Iceland ====
+In March 2012, Iceland announced it wishes to migrate to open-source software in public institutions. Schools have already migrated from Windows to Ubuntu Linux.
+
+==== North Macedonia ====
+In 2009, Republic of North Macedonia's Ministry of Education and Science deployed more than 180,000 Ubuntu based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the Republic of North Macedonia to use Ubuntu computer workstations.
+
+==== The Netherlands ====
+Since 2003, the Dutch Police Internet Research and Investigation Network (iRN) has only used free and open-source software based on open standards, publicly developed with the source code available on the Internet for audit. They use 2,200 Ubuntu workstations.
+
+==== Russia ====
+In late 2010, Vladimir Putin signed a plan to move the Russian Federation government towards free software including Linux in the second quarter of 2012.
+In 2014, Russia announced plans to move their Ministry of Health to Linux as a counter to sanctions over the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and a means of hurting US corporate interests, such as Microsoft.
+In 2018, Russia began adopting Astra Linux, an operating system which is certified to handle data classified as "special importance", on their military computer systems.
+
+==== Spain ====
+In 2003, Spain was noted as the furthest along the road to Linux adoption, for example with Linux distribution LinEx
+In 2004, the regional Andalusian Autonomous Government of Andalucía in Spain developed its own Linux distribution, called Guadalinex.
+In 2008, The city government of Barcelona in Spain announced that it would migrate all desktop software from proprietary to free/open-source alternatives, and would gradually migrate from proprietary operating systems to Linux.
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+---
+title: "List of Linux adopters"
+chunk: 3/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+==== Switzerland ====
+In 2001, Switzerland's Canton of Solothurn decided to migrate its computers to Linux, but in 2010 the Swiss authority has made a U-turn by deciding to use Windows 7 for desktop clients.
+
+==== United Kingdom ====
+In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Hackney London Borough Council used Linux laptops for its 4000 employees to allow working from home.
+
+== Education ==
+
+Linux is often used in technical disciplines at universities and research centres. This is due to several factors, including that Linux scales to run on very large systems that small home computer operating systems cannot. Rarely are 'license costs' or cost of software issues. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) uses Linux on its supercomputers because of security, stability and scalability. The DoD can afford licenses from anyone and doesn't worry about the cost. To some extent, technical competence of computer science and software engineering academics is also a contributor, as is stability, maintainability, and upgradability. IBM ran an advertising campaign entitled "Linux is Education" featuring a young boy who was supposed to be "Linux".
+Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following:
+
+The OLPC XO-1 (also called the MIT $100 laptop and The Children's Machine), is a low-cost laptop running Linux, to be distributed to millions of children, more so in developing countries, as part of the One Laptop Per Child project.
+
+=== Europe ===
+
+==== Germany ====
+In 2012, the Leibniz-Rechenzentrum (Leibniz Supercomputing Centre) (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities unveiled the SuperMUC, the world's fourth most powerful supercomputer. The computer is x86-based and features 155,000 processor cores with a maximum speed of 3 petaflops of processing power and 324 terabytes of RAM. Its operating system is SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.
+In 2015, Germany has announced that 560,000 students in 33 universities will migrate to Linux.
+
+==== Italy ====
+In September 2005, Schools in Bolzano, Italy, with a student population of 16,000, switched to a custom distribution of Linux, FUSS Soledad (GNU/Linux).
+In spring 2016 the Italian City of Vicenza switched to Zorin OS (which itself is based on Ubuntu).
+
+==== North Macedonia ====
+In December 2005, Republic of North Macedonia deployed 5,000 Linux desktops running Ubuntu across all 468 public schools and 182 computer labs. Later in 2007, another 180,000 Ubuntu thin client computers were deployed.
+
+==== United Kingdom ====
+In 2004, Orwell High School, a school with about 1,000 students in Felixstowe, England, has switched to Linux. The school has just received Specialist School for Technology status through a government initiative.
+In 2013, Westcliff High School for Girls in the United Kingdom successfully moved from Windows to openSUSE.
+
+==== Spain ====
+Linkat (Education sector in Catalunya)
+Max (Education sector in Madid)
+Vitalinux (Education sector Zaragoz)
+LliureX (Education sector Valencia)
+
+==== Switzerland ====
+In 2013, all primary and secondary public schools in the Swiss Canton of Geneva, have switched to using Ubuntu for the PCs used by teachers and students. The switch has been completed by all of the 170 primary public schools and over 2,000 computers. The migration of the canton's 20 secondary schools is planned for the school year 2014-15
+
+=== Americas ===
+Brazil has 35 million students in over 50,000 schools using 523,400 computer stations all running Linux.
+In 2006, 22,000 students in the US state of Indiana had access to Linux Workstations at their high schools.
+In 2009, Venezuela's Ministry of Education began a project called Canaima-educativo, to provide all students in public schools with "Canaimita" laptop computers with the Canaima Debian-based Linux distribution pre-installed, as well as with open-source educational content.
+In 2021, Argentina's government (Conectar Igualdad) laptops, issued to public education students uses Huayra GNU/Linux, a Linux distribution specialised for education.
+
+=== Asia ===
+
+==== China ====
+The Chinese government is buying 1.5 million Linux Loongson PCs as part of its plans to support its domestic industry. In addition the province of Jiangsu will install as many as 150,000 Linux PCs, using Loongson processors, in rural schools starting in 2009.
+
+==== Indonesia ====
+By December 2013, about 500 Indonesian schools were running openSUSE.
+
+==== Georgia ====
+In 2004, Georgia began running all its school computers and LTSP thin clients on Linux, mainly using Kubuntu, Ubuntu and stripped Fedora-based distros.
+
+==== India ====
+In 2010, the Indian government's tablet computer initiative for student use employs Linux as the operating system as part of its drive to produce a tablet PC for under 1,500 rupees (US$35).
+In 2015, Government officials of Kerala, India announced they will use only free software, running on the Linux platform, for computer education, starting with the 2,650 government and government-aided high schools.
+In 2015, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu has issued a directive to local government departments asking them to switch over to open-source software, in the wake of Microsoft's decision to end support for Windows XP in April 2014.
+In 2020, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu plans to distribute 100,000 Linux laptops to its students.
+
+==== Philippines ====
+In 2007, the Philippines deployed 13,000 desktops running on Fedora, the first 10,000 were delivered in December 2007 by Advanced Solutions Inc. Another 10,000 desktops of Edubuntu and Kubuntu are planned.
+
+=== Russia ===
+In October 2007, Russia announced all its school computers will run on Linux. This is to avoid cost of licensing currently unlicensed software.
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+---
+title: "List of Linux adopters"
+chunk: 4/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Home ==
+In 2006, Sony's PlayStation 3 was released and came with a hard disk (20 GB, 60 GB or 80 GB) and was specially designed to allow easy installation of Linux on the system. However, Linux was prevented from accessing certain functions of the PlayStation such as 3D graphics. Sony also released a Linux kit for its PlayStation 2 console (see Linux for PlayStation 2). PlayStation hardware running Linux has been occasionally used in small scale distributed computing experiments, due to the ease of installation and the relatively low price of a PS3 compared to other hardware choices offering similar performance. As of April 1, 2010, Sony disabled the ability to install Linux "due to security concerns" starting with firmware version 3.21.
+Android, created by Google in 2007, is the smartphone & tablet operating system which, as of late 2013, runs on 80% of smartphones and 60% of tablets, worldwide; it is pre-installed on devices by brand hardware manufacturers.
+Through 2007 and 2008, Linux distributions with an emphasis on ease of use such as Ubuntu became increasingly popular as home desktop operating systems, with some OEMs, such as Dell, offering models with Ubuntu or other Linux distributions on desktop systems.
+In 2008, many netbook models were shipped with Linux installed, usually with a lightweight distribution, such as Xandros or Linpus, to reduce resource consumption on their limited resources.
+In 2011, Google introduced its Chromebooks, thin clients based on Linux and supplying just a web browser, file manager and media player. They also have the ability to remote desktop into other computers via the free Chrome Remote Desktop extension. In 2012 the first Chromebox, a desktop equivalent of the Chromebook, was introduced. By 2013 Chromebooks had captured 20-25% of the US market for sub-$300 laptops.
+In 2013, Valve publicly released ports of Steam and the Source engine to Linux, allowing many popular titles by Valve such as Team Fortress 2 and Half-Life 2 to be played on Linux. Later that same year, Valve announced their upcoming Steam Machine consoles, which would by default run SteamOS, an operating system based on the Linux kernel. Valve has created a compatibility layer called Proton. Proton makes it possible to run many games on Linux.
+
+== Businesses and non-profits ==
+
+Linux is used extensively on servers in businesses, and has been for a long time. Linux is also used in some corporate environments as the desktop platform for their employees, with commercially available solutions including Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and Ubuntu.
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+---
+title: "List of Linux adopters"
+chunk: 5/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Free I.T. Athens, founded in 2005 in Athens, Georgia, United States, is a non-profit organization dedicated to rescuing computers from landfills, recycling them or refurbishing them using Linux exclusively.
+Burlington Coat Factory has used Linux exclusively since 1999.
+Ernie Ball, known for its famous Super Slinky guitar strings, has used Linux as its desktop operating system since 2000.
+Novell is undergoing a migration from Windows to Linux. Of its 5500 employees, 50% were successfully migrated as of April 2006. This was expected to rise to 80% by November.
+Wotif, the Australian hotel booking website, migrated from Windows to Linux servers to keep up with the growth of its business.
+Union Bank of California announced in January 2007 that it would standardize its IT infrastructure on Red Hat Enterprise Linux in order to lower costs.
+WhatsApp is mostly known to run its infrastructure on CentOS since its acquisition by Meta. WhatsApp initially ran on FreeBSD.
+Netflix is known to have its infrastructure running on FreeBSD.
+Peugeot, the European car maker, announced plans to deploy up to 20,000 copies of Novell's Linux desktop, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and 2,500 copies of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, in 2007.
+Mindbridge, a software company, announced in September 2007 that it had migrated a large number of Windows servers onto a smaller number of Linux servers and a few BSD servers. It claims to have saved "bunches of money."
+Virgin America, the low cost U.S. airline, uses Linux to power its in-flight entertainment system, RED.
+Amazon.com, the US based mail-order retailer, uses Linux "in nearly every corner of its business".
+Google uses a version of Ubuntu internally nicknamed Goobuntu. In August 2017, Google announced that it would be replacing Goobuntu with gLinux, an in-house distro based on the Debian Testing branch.
+IBM does extensive development work for Linux and also uses it on desktops and servers internally. The company also created a TV advertising campaign: IBM supports Linux 100%.
+Wikimedia Foundation moved to running its Wikipedia servers on Ubuntu in late 2008; formerly it used a mix of Red Hat and Fedora.
+DreamWorks Animation adopted the use of Linux since 2001, and uses more than 1,000 Linux desktops and more than 3,000 Linux servers.
+The Chicago Mercantile Exchange employs an all-Linux computing infrastructure and has used it to process over a quadrillion dollars' worth of financial transactions
+The Chi-X pan-European equity exchange runs its MarketPrizm trading platform software on Linux.
+The London Stock Exchange uses the Linux-based MillenniumIT Millennium Exchange software for its trading platform and predicts that moving to Linux from Windows will give it an annual cost savings of at least £10 million ($14.7 million) from 2011 to 2012.
+The New York Stock Exchange uses Linux to run its trading applications.
+Mobexpert Group, the leading furniture manufacturer and retailer in Romania, extensively uses Linux, LibreOffice, and other free software in its data communications and processing systems, including some desktops.
+American electronic music composer Kim Cascone migrated from Apple Mac to Ubuntu for his music studio, performances, and administration in 2009.
+Laughing Boy Records under the direction of owner Geoff Beasley switched from doing audio recording on Windows to Linux in 2004 as a result of Windows spyware problems.
+Nav Canada's new Internet Flight Planning System for roll-out in 2011, is written in Python and runs on Red Hat Linux.
+Electrolux Frigidaire Infinity i-kitchen is a "smart appliance" refrigerator that uses a Linux operating system, running on an embedded 400 MHz Freescale i.MX25 processor with 128 MB of RAM and a 480×800 touch panel.
+DukeJets LLC (USA) and Duke Jets Ltd. (Canada), air charter brokerage companies, switched from Windows to Ubuntu Linux in 2012.
+Banco do Brasil, the biggest bank in Brazil, has moved nearly all desktops to Linux, except some corporate ones and a few that are need to operate some specific hardware. They began migration of their servers to Linux in 2002. Branch servers and ATMs all run Linux. The distribution of choice is openSUSE 11.2.
+KLM, the Royal Aviation Company of the Netherlands, uses Linux on the OSS-based version of its KLM WebFarm.
+Ocado, the online supermarket, uses Linux in its data centres.
+Kazi Farms Group, a large poultry and food products company in Bangladesh, migrated 1000 computers to Linux. An associated TV channel, Deepto TV, as well as an associated daily newspaper Dhaka Tribune also migrated to Linux.
+Zando Computer, an IT consulting company located in Bucharest, Romania uses Linux for its business needs (server and desktop). The company recommends to its clients and actively deploys Linux, LibreOffice (OpenDocument format solutions) and other categories of free software.
+Nvidia, at the 2015 Consumer Electronics Show, company CEO Jen-Hsun Huang made his extensive presentations using Ubuntu Linux.
+Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia information and communications technology (ICT) report for 2017, showed that 19.8% of the companies in Serbia use Linux as their main operating system (up from 14.5% in 2016). Linux is used mostly in large enterprises (those fulfilling two out of three conditions: 250+ employees, revenue of 35+ million euros, total assets of 17.5+ million euros), where Linux adoption has reached 40.9%.
+Arab contractors employees pension fund (ACEPF), Cairo, Egypt, Web site department use an ubuntu web application server to develop their application, since 2015.
+
+== Scientific institutions ==
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of Linux adopters"
+chunk: 6/6
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In 2013, NASA decided to switch the International Space Station laptops running Windows XP to Debian 6.
+Both CERN and Fermilab at one time used Scientific Linux in all their work; this included running the Large Hadron Collider and the Dark Energy Camera as well as the 20,000 internal servers at CERN. With the discontinuation of Scientific Linux (announced in 2019, with support only for SL6 and SL7 until end of life), CERN now uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and AlmaLinux, as well as CentOS 7 (until 30 June 2024); whereas Fermilab uses RHEL and AlmaLinux, as well as Scientific Linux (until end of life in June 2024).
+WLCG is composed of 576 sites with more than 390,000 processors and 150 petabytes of storage and uses Linux on all its nodes.
+As of 2009, Canada's largest super computer, the IBM iDataPlex cluster computer at the University of Toronto uses Linux as its operating system.
+The Internet Archive uses hundreds of x86 servers to catalogue the Internet, all of them running Linux.
+ASV Roboat autonomous robotic sailboat runs on Linux
+As of October 2010, Tianhe-I, the world's fastest super computer, located at the National Centre for Supercomputing in Tianjin, China runs Linux.
+The University of Portsmouth in the United Kingdom has deployed a "cost effective" high performance computer that will be used to analyse data from telescopes around the world, run simulations and test the current theories about the universe. Its operating system is Scientific Linux. Dr David Bacon of the University of Portsmouth said: "Our Institute of Cosmology is in a great position to use this high performance computer to make real breakthroughs in understanding the universe, both by analysing the very latest astronomical observations, and by calculating the consequences of mind-boggling new theories...By selecting Dell’s industry-standard hardware and open-source software we’re able to free up budget that would have normally been spent on costly licences and reinvest it."
+In September 2011, ten autonomous unmanned air vehicles were flown in flocking flight by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne’s Laboratory of Intelligence Systems in Lausanne, Switzerland. The UAVs each sense each other and control their own flight in relation to each other, each has an independent processor running Linux to accomplish this.
+
+== Celebrities ==
+In August 2012, British actor Stephen Fry, stated that he uses Linux. "Do I use Linux on any of my devices? Yes – I use Ubuntu these-days; it seems the friendliest."
+In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series MythBusters, advocated Linux-based operating systems as a solution to software bloat.
+Science fiction writer Cory Doctorow uses Ubuntu.
+Actor Wil Wheaton sometimes uses Linux distributions, but not as his primary operating system.
+In 2024, Swedish YouTuber PewDiePie stated that he had switched to using Linux after becoming frustrated with Microsoft Windows, praising Linux for its lack of bloatware, customization options, and improved gaming support through Valve's Proton.
+
+== See also ==
+
+Comparison of open source and closed source
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Guide to Linux
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard-0.md
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+---
+title: "List of acquisitions by Hewlett-Packard"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:34.383999+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Hewlett-Packard, commonly referred to as HP, was an electronics technology company based in Palo Alto, California.  Before its 2015 split into two companies, it was known as a leading developer and manufacturer of personal computers, enterprise servers, storage devices, networking products, software, and a range of printers and other imaging products, as well as a provider of services and consulting. In 2012, HP was the largest technology company in the world in terms of revenue, ranking 10th in the Fortune Global 500.
+The company was founded by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard in a small garage on January 1, 1939, initially producing a line of electronic test and measurement equipment.
+As of 2012, Hewlett-Packard had made a total of 129 acquisitions since 1986;[a]  The majority of companies acquired by HP were based in the United States.
+Its first acquisition was the FL Moseley Company in 1958. This move enabled HP to enter the plotter market, the precursor to its leading role in the printer business. In 1989, HP purchased Apollo Computer for US$476 million, enabling HP to become the largest supplier of computer workstations. In 1995, the company bought another computer manufacturer, Convex Computer, for $150 million. In 2000, HP  spun off its early measurement, chemical and medical businesses into an independent company named Agilent Technologies. The company's largest acquisition came in 2002, when it merged with Compaq, a personal computer manufacturer, for $25 billion. The combined company overtook Dell for the largest share of the personal computer market worldwide in the second quarter.  Their last pre-split acquisition in the enterprise networking segment was Aruba Networks in March 2015 for $3 billion.
+Within IT networking hardware and storage market segments, HP made acquisitions worth over $15 billion, including the 3PAR and 3COM acquisitions made in 2010, totaling over $5 billion. Its largest IT services and consulting acquisition was Electronic Data Systems in 2008 for $13.9 billion.
+In the software products market segment, a stream of acquisitions helped strengthen HP's position. The largest software company purchased prior to 2011 was Mercury Interactive for $4.5 billion. This acquisition doubled the size of HP's software business to more than $2 billion in annual revenue.
+In 2012 and 2013, HP had no acquisitions in any of its business segments as the firm was dealing with the aftermath of an $8.8 billion write-off, suffered as a result of its acquisition of British software company Autonomy Corporation for $11 billion in 2011.  In 2014, HP returned to the acquisition market by acquiring computer networking software company Shunra.
+On October 6, 2014, HP announced that it would split into two companies, Hewlett Packard Enterprise and HP Inc. The former focuses on enterprise infrastructure hardware, software and services, whilst the latter focuses on consumer markets with PCs and printers. On November 1, 2015, they became separate companies.
+
+
+== Acquisitions ==
+Each acquisition was for the respective company in its entirety, unless otherwise specified. The agreement date listed is the date of the agreement between HP and the subject of the acquisition, while the acquisition date listed is the exact date in which the acquisition completes. The value of each acquisition is usually the one listed at the time of the announcement. If the value of an acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+a  This figure by The Alacra Store includes acquisitions by companies that are eventually acquired by HP. The actual number of acquisitions included in this list is 96.
+b  The acquisitions are ordered by acquisition dates. If the acquisition date is not available, then the acquisition is ordered by agreement dates.
+
+
+== Footnotes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+"Mergers & Acquisitions Announcements". Hewlett-Packard. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
+"Acquisitions and Divestitures". HP Alumni Association. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
+"Hewlett-Packard Company Mergers and Acquisitions". The Alacra Store. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
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diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms-0.md
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+---
+title: "List of artificial intelligence algorithms"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:35.679506+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of artificial intelligence algorithms, including algorithms and algorithmic methods used in artificial intelligence (AI) for search, automated reasoning, knowledge representation and reasoning, planning, machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and related areas.
+
+
+== Search and optimization ==
+A* search algorithm
+Alpha–beta pruning
+Beam search
+Beam stack search
+Best-first search
+Breadth-first search
+Depth-first search
+Expectiminimax
+General Problem Solver
+Hill climbing
+Iterative deepening A*
+Iterative deepening depth-first search
+Minmax algorithm
+Monte Carlo tree search
+Simulated annealing
+SSS*
+Uniform-cost search
+
+
+== Evolutionary computation and bio-inspired methods ==
+Ant colony optimization algorithms
+Differential evolution
+Genetic algorithm
+Genetic programming
+Particle swarm optimization
+
+
+== Automated reasoning and logic ==
+Backward chaining
+Forward chaining
+Resolution (logic)
+Rete algorithm
+
+
+== Probabilistic reasoning and uncertain inference ==
+Baum–Welch algorithm
+Belief propagation
+Expectation–maximization algorithm
+Forward–backward algorithm
+Kalman filter
+Viterbi algorithm
+
+
+== Planning and decision-making ==
+
+D*
+Satplan
+
+
+== Machine learning and statistical classification ==
+
+
+== Neural networks and deep learning ==
+Backpropagation
+Conjugate gradient method
+Generalized Hebbian algorithm
+Gradient descent
+Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm
+PagedAttention / vAttention
+Perceptron
+Quasi-Newton method
+Wake-sleep algorithm
+
+
+== Reinforcement learning ==
+Actor-critic algorithm
+Policy gradient method
+Proximal policy optimization
+Q-learning
+State–action–reward–state–action
+Temporal difference learning
+
+
+== Natural language processing ==
+Byte-pair encoding
+Cocke–Younger–Kasami algorithm
+Earley parser
+Inside-outside algorithm
+
+
+== Computer vision and perception ==
+Canny edge detector
+GrabCut
+RANSAC
+Scale-invariant feature transform
+
+
+== Algorithmic game play ==
+AlphaGo
+AlphaGo Zero
+AlphaZero
+MuZero
+TD-Gammon
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+Glossary of artificial intelligence
+List of algorithms
+List of artificial intelligence journals
+Outline of artificial intelligence
+Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
+TurboQuant – online vector quantization algorithm for compressing high-dimensional vectors in large language model inference
+AlphaDev, AlphaEvolve, AlphaTensor — AI systems by Google DeepMind for discovering and optimizing computer science algorithms
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+---
+title: "List of artificial intelligence companies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:36.863172+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Below is a list of notable companies that primarily focus on artificial intelligence (AI). Companies that simply make use of AI but have a different primary focus are not included.
+
+
+== America ==
+
+
+=== Canada ===
+
+
+=== United States ===
+
+
+== Asia ==
+
+
+=== China ===
+
+
+=== Hong Kong ===
+Artisse AI
+
+
+=== India ===
+Haptik
+Sarvam AI
+NeuralGarage
+
+
+=== Israel ===
+AI21 Labs
+Hailo Technologies
+
+
+=== Japan ===
+Sakana AI
+
+
+=== Saudi Arabia ===
+Humain
+
+
+=== South Korea ===
+Upstage
+
+
+=== United Arab Emirates ===
+G42
+
+
+== Europe ==
+
+
+=== France ===
+
+
+=== Germany ===
+Aleph Alpha
+DeepL
+
+
+=== Netherlands ===
+Axelera AI
+
+
+=== Norway ===
+1X Technologies
+
+
+=== Sweden ===
+Lovable
+
+
+=== Switzerland ===
+Art Recognition
+
+
+=== Ukraine ===
+Respeecher
+
+
+=== United Kingdom ===
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of university artificial intelligence research centers
+List of artificial intelligence institutions
+List of artificial intelligence projects
+Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
+List of chatbots
+List of self-driving system suppliers
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer-animated films"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:38.241556+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A computer-animated film is an animated film that was created using computer software to appear three-dimensional. While traditional 2D animated films are now made primarily with the help of computers, the technique to render realistic 3D computer graphics (CG) or 3D computer-generated imagery (CGI), is unique to computer animation.
+This is a list of theatrically released feature films that are entirely computer-animated.
+
+
+== Released films ==
+Release date listed is the first public theatrical screening of the completed film. This may mean that the dates listed here may not be representative of when the film came out in a particular country.
+The country or countries listed reflects the places where the production companies for each title are based. This means that the countries listed for a film might not reflect the location where the film was produced or the countries where the film received a theatrical release. If a title is a multi-country production, the country listed first corresponds with the production company that had the most significant role in the film's creation.
+
+
+== Upcoming films ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+History of animation
+Timeline of CGI in film and television
+List of animated feature films
+List of stop motion films
+List of computer-animated television series
+Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+List of animated features theatrically released in the United States (with US release dates)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5051069a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer-animated television series"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:39.437743+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of released animated television series made mainly with computer animation.
+
+
+== 1990s ==
+
+
+== 2000s ==
+
+
+== 2010s ==
+
+
+== 2020s ==
+
+
+== Upcoming ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of computer-animated films
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer science conference acronyms"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:28.199467+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of academic conferences in computer science, ordered by their acronyms or abbreviations.
+
+== A ==
+AAAI – AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
+AAMAS – International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems
+ABZ – International Conference on Abstract State Machines, Alloy, B and Z
+ACL – Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
+ALGO – ALGO Conference
+AMCIS – Americas Conference on Information Systems
+ANTS – Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium
+ARES – International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security
+ASIACRYPT – International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security
+ASP-DAC – Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
+ASE – IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering
+ASWEC – Australian Software Engineering Conference
+ATMOS – Workshop on Algorithmic Approaches for Transportation Modeling, Optimization, and Systems
+
+== C ==
+CADE – Conference on Automated Deduction
+CAV – Computer Aided Verification
+CC – International Conference on Compiler Construction
+CCSC – Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges
+CEC - Congress on Evolutionary Computation
+CHES – Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
+CHI – ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
+CIAA – International Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata
+CIBB – International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
+CICLing – International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics
+CIDR – Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research
+CIKM – Conference on Information and Knowledge Management
+CONCUR - International Conference on Concurrency Theory
+CRYPTO – International Cryptology Conference
+CVPR – Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
+
+== D ==
+DAC – Design Automation Conference
+DATE – Design, Automation, and Test in Europe
+DCFS – International Workshop on Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems
+DISC – International Symposium on Distributed Computing
+DLT – International Conference on Developments in Language Theory
+DSN – International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
+
+== E ==
+ECAI – European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
+ECCB - European Conference on Computational Biology
+ECCO – Conference of the European Chapter on Combinatorial Optimization
+ECIS – European Conference on Information Systems
+ECML PKDD – European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases
+ECOOP – European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming
+ECSS – European Computer Science Summit
+ER - International Conference on Conceptual Modeling
+ESA – European Symposium on Algorithms
+ESOP – European Symposium on Programming
+ESWC – Extended (formerly European) Semantic Web Conference
+ETAPS – European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software
+EUROCRYPT – International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques
+EuroGP - European Conference on Genetic Programming. (Part of EvoStar.)
+Eurographics – Annual Conference of the European Association for Computer Graphics
+EvoApplications - European Conference on the Applications of Evolutionary Computation. (Part of EvoStar.)
+EvoCOP -  European Conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization. (Part of EvoStar.)
+EvoMUSART - International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Music, Sound, Art and Design. (Part of EvoStar.) Also known as Artificial Intelligence in Music, Sound, Art and Design.
+EvoStar or Evo* - EvoStar
+EWSN – European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
+
+== F ==
+FASE – International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering
+FAST – USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
+FCRC – Federated Computing Research Conference
+FLoC – Federated Logic Conference
+FOCS – IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
+FOGA - Foundations of Genetic Algorithms
+FORTE – IFIP International Conference on Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems
+FoSSaCS – International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures
+FSE – Fast Software Encryption Workshop
+FTP – International Workshop on First-Order Theorem Proving
+
+== G ==
+GD – International Symposium on Graph Drawing
+GECCO - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
+GlobeCom – IEEE Global Communications Conference
+GraphiCon – International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision
+
+== H ==
+HICSS – Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
+HiPC – International Conference on High Performance Computing
+HOPL – History of Programming Languages Conference
+Hot Interconnects – IEEE Symposium on High Performance Interconnects
+
+== I ==
+ICALP – International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
+ICAPS – International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling
+ICASSP – International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
+ICCAD – International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
+ICC – IEEE International Conference on Communications
+ICCIT – International Conference on Computer and Information Technology
+ICCV – International Conference on Computer Vision
+ICDCS – International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
+ICFP – International Conference on Functional Programming
+ICIS – International Conference on Information Systems
+ICL – International Conference on Interactive Computer Aided Learning
+ICLP – International Conference on Logic Programming
+ICML – International Conference on Machine Learning
+ICPADS – International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems
+ICSE – International Conference on Software Engineering
+ICSOC – International Conference on Service Oriented Computing
+ICSR – International Conference on Software Reuse
+ICTer – International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions
+ICWS – International Conference on Web Services
+IJCAI – International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
+IJCAR – International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning
+IndoCrypt – International Conference on Cryptology in India
+IPDPS – IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium
+IPSN – ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
+ISAAC – International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation
+ISCA – International Symposium on Computer Architecture
+ISCAS – IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems
+ISMAR – IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
+ISMB - Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology
+ISWC – International Semantic Web Conference
+ISPD – International Symposium on Physical Design
+ISSCC – International Solid-State Circuits Conference
+ISWC – International Symposium on Wearable Computers
+ITNG - International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
+
+== K ==
+KDD – ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
+
+== L ==
+LICS – IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
+LREC – International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms-1.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer science conference acronyms"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conference_acronyms"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:28.199467+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== M ==
+MM – ACM International Conference on Multimedia
+MECO – Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing
+MobiCom – ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking
+MobiHoc – ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing
+MobileHCI – Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
+
+== N ==
+NAACL – Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
+NIPS – Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems
+NeurIPS – Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems
+NIME – New Interfaces for Musical Expression
+
+== O ==
+OOPSLA – Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications
+
+== P ==
+PACIS – Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems
+PIMRC – International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
+PKC – International Workshop on Practice and Theory in Public Key Cryptography
+PKDD – European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases
+PLDI – ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation
+PLoP – Pattern Languages of Programs
+PODC – ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing
+PODS – ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems
+POPL – Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages
+POST – Conference on Principles of Security and Trust
+PPoPP – ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming
+PPSN - Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
+PSB – Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing
+
+== R ==
+RECOMB – Research in Computational Molecular Biology
+REV – International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation
+RSA – RSA Conference
+
+== S ==
+SAC – ACM SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing
+SAC – Selected Areas in Cryptography
+SEAMS – Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems
+SEFM – International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods
+SenSys – ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
+SIGCOMM – ACM SIGCOMM Conference
+SIGCSE – ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education
+SIGDOC – ACM International Conference on Design of Communication
+SIGGRAPH – International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
+SIGIR – Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference
+SIGMOD – ACM SIGMOD Conference
+SOFSEM – International Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science
+SPAA – ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures
+SRDS – IEEE International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems
+STACS – Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science
+STOC – ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing
+SWAT – Scandinavian Symposium and Workshops on Algorithm Theory
+
+== T ==
+TABLEAUX – International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods
+TACAS – International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems
+TAMC – International Conference on Theory and Applications of Models of Computation
+TCC – Theory of Cryptography Conference
+TPHOLs – Theorem Proving in Higher-Order Logics
+TSD – Text, Speech and Dialogue
+
+== U ==
+USENIX ATC – USENIX Annual Technical Conference
+
+== V ==
+VIS – IEEE Visualization
+VLDB – International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
+
+== W ==
+WABI – Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics
+WADS – Algorithms and Data Structures Symposium
+WAE – Workshop on Algorithms Engineering
+WAOA – Workshop on Approximation and Online Algorithms
+WDAG – Workshop on Distributed Algorithms on Graphs
+WikiSym – International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration
+WINE – Conference on Web and Internet Economics
+WMSCI – World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
+WWW – World Wide Web Conference
+
+== Z ==
+ZUM – Z User Meeting
+
+== See also ==
+List of computer science conferences for more conferences organised by field.
+Conference acronym index for conferences and workshops published in LNCS, LNAI and LNBI proceedings series by Springer.
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences-0.md
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer science conferences"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:29.505100+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of current and past academic conferences in computer science. Only conferences with separate articles are included; within each field, the conferences are listed alphabetically by their short names.
+
+== General ==
+FCRC – Federated Computing Research Conference
+
+== Algorithms and theory ==
+
+Conferences accepting a broad range of topics from theoretical computer science, including algorithms, data structures, computability, computational complexity, automata theory and formal languages:
+
+CCC - Computational Complexity Conference
+FCT – International Symposium on Fundamentals of Computation Theory
+FOCS – IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
+ICALP – International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
+ISAAC – International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation
+STACS – Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science
+STOC – ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing
+
+=== Algorithms ===
+Conferences whose topic is algorithms and data structures considered broadly, but that do not include other areas of theoretical computer science such as computational complexity theory:
+
+ESA – European Symposium on Algorithms
+SODA – ACM–SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms
+SWAT and WADS – SWAT and WADS conferences
+
+=== Geometric algorithms ===
+Conferences on computational geometry, graph drawing, and other application areas of geometric computing:
+
+GD – International Symposium on Graph Drawing
+SoCG – Symposium on Computational Geometry
+
+=== Other specialized subtopics ===
+CIAA – International Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata
+CCC – Computational Complexity Conference
+DCFS – International Workshop on Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems
+DLT – International Conference on Developments in Language Theory
+ISSAC – International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation
+RP – International Conference on Reachability Problems
+SEA – Symposium on Experimental Algorithms
+
+== Languages and software ==
+
+=== Programming languages ===
+Conferences on programming languages, programming language theory and compilers:
+
+CC International Conference on Compiler Construction
+ESOP – ETAPS European Symposium on Programming
+HOPL – ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference
+ICFP – ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming
+ICLP – ALP International Conference on Logic Programming
+OOPSLA – ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications
+POPL – ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages
+PLDI – ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation
+
+=== Software engineering ===
+Conferences on software engineering:
+
+ASE – IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering
+ICSE – International Conference on Software Engineering
+ICSR – International Conference on Software Reuse
+ISSRE – IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering
+FASE – ETAPS International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering
+WWDC - Worldwide Developers Conference
+
+=== Formal methods and logic ===
+Conferences on formal methods (including formal verification), logic, and automated reasoning:
+
+CAV – Computer Aided Verification
+FORTE – IFIP International Conference on Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems
+FoSSaCS – ETAPS International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures
+IJCAR - International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning
+LICS – ACM–IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
+LPAR - International Conference on Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning
+TACAS – ETAPS International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems
+RuleML - RuleML Symposium
+WoLLIC - Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation
+
+== Concurrent, distributed and parallel computing ==
+
+Conferences on concurrent, distributed, and parallel computing, fault-tolerant systems, and dependable systems:
+
+CONCUR - International Conference on Concurrency Theory
+DISC - International Symposium on Distributed Computing
+DSN - International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
+ICDCS - IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
+IPDPS - IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium
+PODC - ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing
+SIROCCO - International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity
+SPAA - ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures
+SRDS - IEEE International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems
+
+=== High-performance computing ===
+Conferences on high-performance computing, cluster computing, and grid computing:
+
+HiPC - International Conference on High Performance Computing
+SC - ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis
+
+== Operating systems ==
+
+Conferences on operating systems, storage systems and middleware:
+
+ATC - USENIX Annual Technical Conference
+SOSP - ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
+OSDI - USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
+
+== Computer architecture ==
+Conferences on computer architecture:
+
+ASPLOS - International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
+ISSCC — International Solid-State Circuits Conference
+ISCA - International Symposium on Computer Architecture
+MICRO - IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
+
+=== Computer-aided design ===
+Conferences on computer-aided design and electronic design automation:
+
+ASP-DAC - Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
+DAC - Design Automation Conference
+DATE - Design, Automation, and Test in Europe
+ICCAD - International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
+ISPD - International Symposium on Physical Design
+
+== Computer networking ==
+
+Conferences on computer networking:
+
+NSDI - USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
+GlobeCom - IEEE Global Communications Conference
+ICC - IEEE International Conference on Communications
+ICSOC - International Conference on Service Oriented Computing
+SIGMETRICS - ACM SIGMETRICS
+WINE - The Workshop on Internet & Network Economics
+
+=== Wireless networks and mobile computing ===
+Wireless networks and mobile computing, including ubiquitous and pervasive computing, wireless ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks:
+
+EWSN - European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
+ISWC - International Symposium on Wearable Computers
+
+== Security and privacy ==
+
+Conferences on computer security and privacy:
+
+CCS - Computer and Communications Security
+DSN - International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
+NDSS - Network and Distributed System Security
+S&P - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
+USENIX Security - USENIX Security Symposium
+
+=== Cryptography ===
+Cryptography conferences:
+
+ANTS - Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium
+RSA - RSA Conference
+
+== Data management ==
+Conferences on databases, information systems, information retrieval, data mining and the World Wide Web:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences-1.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer science conferences"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:29.505100+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+BTW - GI Conference on Database Systems for Business, Technology and Web
+ECIR - European Conference on Information Retrieval
+ECIS - European Conference on Information Systems
+ER - International Conference on Conceptual Modeling
+ICDT - International Conference on Database Theory
+ICIS - International Conference on Information Systems
+ISWC - International Semantic Web Conference
+JCDL - ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries
+PODS - ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems
+SIGMOD - ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data
+WWW - World Wide Web Conference
+
+== Artificial intelligence ==
+Conferences on artificial intelligence and machine learning:
+
+AAAI - AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
+AAMAS - International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems
+ICAPS - International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling
+CIBB - International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
+ECAI - European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
+ECML PKDD - European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases
+ICML - International Conference on Machine Learning
+ICLR - International Conference on Learning Representations
+IJCAI - International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
+ISWC - International Semantic Web Conference
+NeurIPS - Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems
+
+=== Evolutionary computation ===
+Conferences on Evolutionary computation.
+
+CEC - IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation
+EvoStar
+FOGA - Foundations of Genetic Algorithms
+GECCO - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
+PPSN - Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
+
+=== Computer vision ===
+
+Conferences on computer vision (including also image analysis) and pattern recognition:
+
+CVPR - IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
+ECCV - European Conference on Computer Vision
+ICCV - International Conference on Computer Vision
+SCIA - Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis
+
+=== Natural language processing ===
+Conferences on computational linguistics and natural language processing:
+
+EMNLP - Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
+COLING - International Committee on Computational Linguistics
+TSD - Text, Speech and Dialogue
+CICLing - International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics
+
+== Computer graphics ==
+
+Conferences on computer graphics, geometry processing, image processing, and multimedia:
+
+MM - ACM International Conference on Multimedia
+SGP - Symposium on Geometry Processing
+SIGGRAPH - International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
+
+== Human–computer interaction ==
+Conferences on human–computer interaction and user interfaces:
+
+CHI - ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
+GI - Graphics Interface
+MobileHCI - Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
+UIST - ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology
+UMAP - ACM International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization
+
+== Bioinformatics and computational biology ==
+Conferences on bioinformatics and computational biology:
+
+CIBB - International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
+ISMB - Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology
+PSB - Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing
+RECOMB - Research in Computational Molecular Biology
+
+== See also ==
+ACM SIGHPC – Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on High Performance Computing
+List of computer science conference acronyms
+List of computer science journals
+Outline of computer science
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+DBLP database with conferences and workshops
+List of computer science conferences ranked by h-index
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f49a638c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer size categories"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:31.824439+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This list of computer size categories attempts to list commonly used categories of computer by the physical size of the device and its chassis or case, in descending order of size. One generation's "supercomputer" is the next generation's "mainframe", and a "PDA" does not have the same set of functions as a "laptop", but the list still has value, as it provides a ranked categorization of devices. It also ranks some more obscure computer sizes. There are different sizes like minicomputers, microcomputers, mainframe computers and super computers.
+
+
+== Large ==
+
+These are mainly used for scientific calculations or simulations and processing big data with high precission.
+
+Mainframe computer  
+Supercomputer
+Minisupercomputer
+
+
+== Intermediate ==
+Midrange computer
+Workstation
+Minicomputer
+Superminicomputer
+
+
+== Microcomputer ==
+
+This is a very broad categorization that includes computers with a single microprocessor as their central processing unit (CPU).
+
+Personal computer (PC) 
+Desktop computer—see computer form factor for some standardized sizes of desktop computers
+Full-size
+All-in-one
+Compact
+Home theater
+Home computer
+
+
+== Mobile ==
+
+Mobile workstation or desknote
+Laptop computer
+2-in-1 laptop
+Notebook computer
+Subnotebook computer
+Tablet personal computer
+Handheld computers, which include the classes:
+Ultra-mobile personal computer, or UMPC
+Personal digital assistant or enterprise digital assistant, which include:
+HandheldPC or Palmtop computer
+Pocket personal computer
+Electronic organizer
+E-reader
+Pocket computer
+Calculator, which includes the class:
+Graphing calculator
+Scientific calculator
+Programmable calculator
+Accounting / Financial Calculator
+Handheld game console
+Portable media player
+Portable data terminal
+Handheld
+Smartphone, a class of mobile phone
+Feature phone
+Wearable computer
+Single-board computer
+Wireless sensor network components
+Plug computer
+Stick PC, a single-board computer in a small elongated casing resembling a stick
+Microcontroller
+Smartdust
+Nanocomputer
+
+
+== Others ==
+Rackmount computer
+Blade server
+Blade PC
+Small form-factor PC (SFF, ITX, DTX.etc.)
+
+
+== See also ==
+Classes of computers
+Form factor (design)
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f1d2a8b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer system emulators"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:33.088258+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This article lists software and hardware that emulates computing platforms.
+The host in this article is the system running the emulator, and the guest is the system being emulated.
+The list is organized by guest operating system (the system being emulated), grouped by word length. Each section contains a list of emulators capable of emulating the specified guest, details of the range of guest systems able to be emulated, and the required host environment and licensing.
+
+
+== 64-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== ARM AArch64 ===
+
+
+=== AlphaServer ===
+
+
+=== IBM ===
+
+
+=== RISC-V (riscv64) ===
+
+
+=== Silicon Graphics ===
+
+
+=== UltraSPARC ===
+
+
+=== x86-64 platforms (64-bit PC and compatible hardware) ===
+
+
+== 60-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== 60-bit CDC 6000 series and Cyber mainframe ===
+
+
+== 48-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== English Electric KDF9 ===
+
+
+== 36-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== DEC PDP-10 ===
+
+
+=== GE-600 series / Honeywell 6000 series ===
+
+
+=== IBM 7094 ===
+
+
+== 32-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== Acorn Archimedes, A7000, Risc PC, Phoebe ===
+While the ARM processor in the Acorn Archimedes is a 32-bit chip, it only had 26-bit addressing making an ARM/Archimedes emulator, such as Aemulor or others below, necessary for 26-bit compatibility, for later ARM processors have mostly dropped it.
+
+
+=== Amiga ===
+
+
+=== Android ===
+BlueStacks
+Genymotion
+LeapDroid
+App Inventor for Android
+Android Studio
+MEmu
+Android-x86
+Nox App Player
+LDPlayer
+Windows Subsystem for Android
+
+
+=== iOS ===
+touchHLE
+
+
+=== Apple Lisa ===
+
+
+=== Macintosh with 680x0 CPU ===
+
+
+=== Macintosh with PowerPC CPU ===
+
+
+=== Atari ST/STE/Falcon ===
+
+
+=== AT&T UNIX PC ===
+
+
+=== Cobalt Qube ===
+
+
+=== Corel NetWinder ===
+
+
+=== DEC VAX ===
+
+
+=== DECstation ===
+
+
+=== IBM mainframe (32-bit) ===
+
+
+=== Motorola 88000 ===
+
+
+=== RISC-V (riscv32) ===
+
+
+=== X68000 ===
+
+
+=== Sinclair QL ===
+
+
+=== SPARCstation ===
+
+
+=== x86 platforms (32-bit PC and compatible hardware) ===
+
+
+== 24-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== ICL 1900 ===
+
+
+=== SDS 900-series ===
+
+
+== 20-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== GE-200 series ===
+
+
+=== PERQ ===
+
+
+== 18-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== DEC PDP-1 ===
+
+
+=== DEC PDP-4/7/9/15 ===
+
+
+== 16-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== Apple IIGS ===
+
+
+=== NEC PC-9800 series ===
+
+
+=== DEC PDP-11 ===
+
+
+=== Mera 400 ===
+Polish minicomputer Mera 400. Also in development hardware emulator in FPGA.
+
+
+=== TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A ===
+
+
+=== Texas Instruments TI-980 ===
+
+
+=== Texas Instruments TI-990 ===
+
+
+=== Varian Data Machines ===
+
+
+=== x86-16 IBM PC/XT/AT compatible ===
+
+
+== 12-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== DEC PDP-8 ===
+
+
+== 8-bit guest systems ==
+
+
+=== Acorn Atom ===
+
+
+=== Acorn Electron ===
+
+
+=== Altair 8800 ===
+
+
+=== Amstrad CPC ===
+
+
+=== Apple I ===
+
+
+=== Apple II ===
+
+
+=== Apple /// ===
+
+
+=== Atari 8-bit computers ===
+
+
+=== BBC Micro ===
+
+
+=== Commodore 64 ===
+
+
+=== Commodore Plus/4 ===
+
+
+=== VIC-20 ===
+
+
+=== Enterprise 64/128 ===
+
+
+=== Fairlight CMI IIx ===
+
+
+=== Jupiter ACE ===
+
+
+=== Mattel Aquarius ===
+
+
+=== MicroBee ===
+
+
+=== MSX ===
+
+
+=== NEC PC-8800 series ===
+
+
+=== Oric computers ===
+
+
+=== SAM Coupé ===
+
+
+=== Sharp MZ ===
+
+
+=== Sinclair ZX80 ===
+
+
+=== Sinclair ZX81 ===
+
+
+=== Sinclair ZX Spectrum and clones ===
+For Sinclair ZX Spectrum and clones
+
+
+=== Tandy 1000 ===
+
+
+=== Thomson MO5 ===
+
+
+=== TRS-80 ===
+
+
+== PDA and smartphone guest systems ==
+
+
+=== Pocket PC ===
+
+
+== Calculator guest systems ==
+
+
+=== Hewlett-Packard calculators ===
+
+
+=== Texas Instruments calculators ===
+
+
+== See also ==
+Comparison of platform virtualization software
+List of emulators
+List of video game console emulators
+List of compatibility layers such as WINE, Cygwin and Executor
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..637a519d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer system manufacturers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:34.357676+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A computer system is a nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system (main software), and the means to use peripheral equipment needed and used for full or mostly full operation. Such systems may constitute personal computers (including desktop computers, portable computers, laptops, all-in-ones, and more), mainframe computers, minicomputers, servers, and workstations, among other classes of computing. The following is a list of notable manufacturers and sellers of computer systems, both present and past. There are currently 432 companies in this incomplete list.
+
+
+== Current ==
+
+
+== Inactive ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Market share of personal computer vendors
+List of computer hardware manufacturers
+List of laptop brands and manufacturers
+List of touch-solution manufacturers
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fa28416e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+title: "List of computer systems from Yugoslavia"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:35.633715+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of computer systems that were significantly or completely designed in the former Yugoslavia before the breakup of the country in 1990s. This list does not include imported foreign computers. Some of these were assembled as per original manufacturer's license. See history of computer hardware in Yugoslavia for more information.
+
+
+== See also ==
+History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computing_people-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computing_people-0.md
index cac45cfbc..b8a5fc05a 100644
--- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computing_people-0.md
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computing_people-0.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computing_people"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:10:47.381261+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:40.691839+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a0b32e95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+title: "List of cryptographic file systems"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:45.833263+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of filesystems with support for filesystem-level encryption. Not to be confused with full-disk encryption.
+
+
+== General-purpose filesystems with encryption ==
+AdvFS on Digital Tru64 UNIX
+Novell Storage Services on Novell NetWare and Linux
+NTFS with Encrypting File System (EFS) for Microsoft Windows
+OpenZFS open source, in illumos, and from 2020 unified on Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OSv
+ZFS proprietary, for Oracle Solaris, since Pool Version 30
+Ext4, added in Linux kernel 4.1 in June 2015
+F2FS, added in Linux kernel 4.2
+UBIFS, added in Linux kernel 4.10
+CephFS, added in Linux kernel 6.6
+bcachefs (experimental), added in Linux kernel 6.7
+APFS, macOS High Sierra (10.13) and later.
+
+
+== Cryptographic filesystems ==
+
+
+=== FUSE-based file systems ===
+
+
+=== Integrated into the Linux kernel ===
+eCryptfs
+Rubberhose filesystem (discontinued)
+StegFS (discontinued)
+
+
+=== Integrated into other UNIXes ===
+geli on FreeBSD
+EFS (Encrypted File System) on AIX
+
+
+== See also ==
+Comparison of disk encryption software
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cybercriminals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cybercriminals-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0952b87e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cybercriminals-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+title: "List of cybercriminals"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cybercriminals"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:44.580396+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Convicted computer criminals are people who are caught and convicted of computer crimes such as breaking into computers or computer networks. Computer crime can be broadly defined as criminal activity involving information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (or identity theft) and electronic fraud.
+In the infancy of the hacker subculture and the computer underground, criminal convictions were rare because there was an informal code of ethics that was followed by white hat hackers. Proponents of hacking claim to be motivated by artistic and political ends, but are often unconcerned about the use of criminal means to achieve them. White hat hackers break past computer security for non-malicious reasons and do no damage, akin to breaking into a house and looking around. They enjoy learning and working with computer systems, and by this experience gain a deeper understanding of electronic security. As the computer industry matured, individuals with malicious intentions (black hats) would emerge to exploit computer systems for their own personal profit.
+Convictions of computer crimes, or hacking, began as early as 1984 with the case of The 414s from the 414 area code in Milwaukee. In that case, six teenagers broke into a number of high-profile computer systems, including Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank. On May 1, 1984, one of the 414s, Gerald Wondra, was sentenced to two years of probation. In May 1986, the first computer trespass conviction to result in a jail sentence was handed down to Michael Princeton Wilkerson, who received two weeks in jail for his infiltration of Microsoft, Sundstrand Corp., Kenworth Truck Co. and Resources Conservation Co.
+In 2006, a prison term of nearly five years was handed down to Jeanson James Ancheta, who created hundreds of zombie computers to do his bidding via giant bot networks or botnets. He then sold the botnets to the highest bidder, who in turn used them for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
+As of 2012, the longest sentence for computer crimes is that of Albert Gonzalez for 20 years. The next longest sentences are those of 13 years for Max Butler, 108 months for Brian Salcedo in 2004 and upheld in 2006 by the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, and 68 months for Kevin Mitnick in 1999.
+
+
+== Computer criminals ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Timeline of computer security hacker history
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+"Hacker High: 10 Stories of Teenage Hackers Getting into the System". Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2008.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
+"CUSSE List of Convicted Hackers". Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d4905561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+---
+title: "List of data structures"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:48.112822+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of well-known data structures. For a wider list of terms, see list of terms relating to algorithms and data structures. For a comparison of running times for a subset of this list see comparison of data structures.
+
+
+== Data types ==
+
+
+=== Primitive types ===
+
+Boolean, true or false.
+Character
+Floating-point representation of a finite subset of the rationals.
+Including single-precision and double-precision IEEE 754 floats, among others
+Fixed-point representation of the rationals
+Integer, a direct representation of either the integers or the non-negative integers
+Reference, sometimes erroneously referred to as a pointer or handle, is a value that refers to another value, possibly including itself
+Symbol, a unique identifier
+Enumerated type, a set of symbols
+Complex, representation of complex numbers
+
+
+=== Composite types or non-primitive type ===
+
+Array, a sequence of elements of the same type stored contiguously in memory
+Record (also called a structure or struct), a collection of fields
+Product type (also called a tuple), a record in which the fields are not named
+String, a sequence of characters representing text
+Union, a datum which may be one of a set of types
+Tagged union (also called a variant, discriminated union or sum type), a union with a tag specifying which type the data is
+
+
+=== Abstract data types ===
+
+Container
+List
+Tuple
+Associative array, Map
+Multimap
+Set
+Multiset (bag)
+Stack
+Queue (example Priority queue)
+Double-ended queue
+Graph (example Tree, Heap)
+Some properties of abstract data types:
+
+"Ordered" means that the elements of the data type have some kind of explicit order to them, where an element can be considered "before" or "after" another element. This order is usually determined by the order in which the elements are added to the structure, but the elements can be rearranged in some contexts, such as sorting a list. For a structure that isn't ordered, on the other hand, no assumptions can be made about the ordering of the elements (although a physical implementation of these data types will often apply some kind of arbitrary ordering). "Uniqueness" means that duplicate elements are not allowed. Depending on the implementation of the data type, attempting to add a duplicate element may either be ignored, overwrite the existing element, or raise an error. The detection for duplicates is based on some inbuilt (or alternatively, user-defined) rule for comparing elements.
+
+
+== Linear data structures ==
+A data structure is said to be linear if its elements form a sequence.
+
+
+=== Arrays ===
+Array
+Associative array
+Bit array
+Bit field
+Bitboard
+Bitmap
+Circular buffer
+Control table
+Image
+Dope vector
+Dynamic array
+Gap buffer
+Hashed array tree
+Lookup table
+Matrix
+Parallel array
+Sorted array
+Sparse matrix
+Iliffe vector
+Variable-length array
+
+
+=== Lists ===
+Doubly linked list
+Array list
+Linked list also known as a Singly linked list
+Association list
+Self-organizing list
+Skip list
+Unrolled linked list
+VList
+Conc-tree list
+Xor linked list
+Zipper
+Doubly connected edge list also known as half-edge
+Difference list
+Free list
+
+
+== Trees ==
+
+Trees are a subset of directed acyclic graphs.
+
+
+=== Binary trees ===
+AA tree
+AVL tree
+Binary search tree
+Binary tree
+Cartesian tree
+Conc-tree list
+Left-child right-sibling binary tree
+Order statistic tree
+Pagoda
+Randomized binary search tree
+Red–black tree
+Rope
+Scapegoat tree
+Self-balancing binary search tree
+Splay tree
+T-tree
+Tango tree
+Threaded binary tree
+Top tree
+Treap
+WAVL tree
+Weight-balanced tree
+Zip tree
+
+
+=== B-trees ===
+B-tree
+B+ tree
+B*-tree
+Dancing tree
+2–3 tree
+2–3–4 tree
+Queap
+Fusion tree
+Bx-tree
+
+
+=== Heaps ===
+Heap
+Min-max heap
+Binary heap
+B-heap
+Weak heap
+Binomial heap
+Fibonacci heap
+AF-heap
+Leonardo heap
+2–3 heap
+Soft heap
+Pairing heap
+Leftist heap
+Treap
+Beap
+Skew heap
+Ternary heap
+D-ary heap
+Brodal queue
+
+
+=== Bit-slice trees ===
+In these data structures each tree node compares a bit slice of key values.
+
+Radix tree
+Suffix tree
+Suffix array
+Compressed suffix array
+FM-index
+Generalised suffix tree
+B-tree
+Judy array
+Trie
+X-fast trie
+Y-fast trie
+Merkle tree
+
+
+=== Multi-way trees ===
+Ternary search tree
+Ternary tree
+K-ary tree
+And–or tree
+(a,b)-tree
+Link/cut tree
+SPQR-tree
+Spaghetti stack
+Disjoint-set data structure (Union-find data structure)
+Fusion tree
+Enfilade
+Exponential tree
+Fenwick tree
+Van Emde Boas tree
+Rose tree
+
+
+=== Space-partitioning trees ===
+These are data structures used for space partitioning or binary space partitioning.
+
+Segment tree
+Interval tree
+Range tree
+Bin
+K-d tree
+Implicit k-d tree
+Min/max k-d tree
+Relaxed k-d tree
+Adaptive k-d tree
+Quadtree
+Octree
+Linear octree
+Z-order
+UB-tree
+R-tree
+R+ tree
+R* tree
+Hilbert R-tree
+X-tree
+Metric tree
+Cover tree
+M-tree
+VP-tree
+BK-tree
+Bounding interval hierarchy
+Bounding volume hierarchy
+BSP tree
+Rapidly exploring random tree
+
+
+=== Application-specific trees ===
+Abstract syntax tree
+Parse tree
+Decision tree
+Alternating decision tree
+Minimax tree
+Expectiminimax tree
+Finger tree
+Expression tree
+Log-structured merge-tree
+PQ tree
+
+
+== Hash-based structures ==
+Approximate Membership Query Filter
+Bloom filter
+Cuckoo filter
+Quotient filter
+Count–min sketch
+Distributed hash table
+Double hashing
+Dynamic perfect hash table
+Hash array mapped trie
+Hash list
+Hash table
+Hash tree
+Hash trie
+Koorde
+Prefix hash tree
+Rolling hash
+MinHash
+Ctrie
+
+
+== Graphs ==
+Many graph-based data structures are used in computer science and related fields:
+
+Graph
+Adjacency list
+Adjacency matrix
+Graph-structured stack
+Scene graph
+Decision tree
+Binary decision diagram
+Zero-suppressed decision diagram
+And-inverter graph
+Directed graph
+Directed acyclic graph
+Propositional directed acyclic graph
+Multigraph
+Hypergraph
+
+
+== Other ==
+Lightmap
+Winged edge
+Quad-edge
+Routing table
+Symbol table
+Piece table
+E-graph
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of algorithms
+Purely functional data structure
+Blockchain, a hash-based chained data structure that can persist state history over time
+
+
+== External links ==
+Tommy Benchmarks Comparison of several data structures.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems-0.md
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "List of default file systems"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:49.362805+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Default file system used in various operating systems.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of file systems
+Comparison of file systems
+List of partition IDs (MBR)
+Master Boot Record (MBR)
+GUID Partition Table (GPT)
+Apple Partition Map
+Amiga Rigid Disk Block
+Timeline of DOS operating systems
+History of Microsoft Windows
+FDISK
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers-0.md
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+---
+title: "List of defunct hard disk manufacturers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:51.960795+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+At least 218 companies have manufactured hard disk drives (HDDs) since 1956.  Most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. None of the first several entrants (including IBM, who invented the HDD) continue in the industry today.  Only three manufacturers have survived—Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD)—all of which grew at least in part through mergers and acquisitions.
+
+
+== Manufacturers ==
+
+The following is a partial list of defunct hard disk manufacturers. There are currently 120 manufacturers in this incomplete list.
+
+
+== See also ==
+History of hard disk drives
+List of computer hardware manufacturers
+List of hard disk manufacturers
+List of solid-state drive manufacturers
+
+
+== References ==
+General references
+McKendrick, David (November 1997). "Sustaining Competitive Advantage in Global Industries: Technological Change and Foreign Assembly in the Hard Disk Drive Industry". Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
+Specific references
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Wong, Poh-Kam (July 1999). "The Dynamics of the HDD Industry Development in Singapore" (PDF). Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship, National University of Singapore: The Information Storage Industry Center, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California. Report 99–03. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_network_processor_companies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_network_processor_companies-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_network_processor_companies-0.md
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+---
+title: "List of defunct network processor companies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_network_processor_companies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:53.160633+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+During the dot-com/internet bubble of the late 1990s and early 2000, the proliferation of many dot-com start-up companies created a secondary bubble in the telecommunications/computer networking infrastructure and telecommunications service provider markets. Venture capital and high tech companies rushed to build next generation infrastructure equipment for the expected explosion of internet traffic. 
+It has been estimated that dozens of start-up companies were created in the race to build the processors that would be a component of the next generation telecommunications equipment. Once the internet investment bubble burst, the telecom network upgrade cycle was deferred for years (perhaps for a decade). As a result, the majority of these new companies went bankrupt.
+As of the mid‑2020s, significant shipments of network processors are being made by major players such as Cisco Systems, Broadcom, Marvell Technology Group (which now includes Cavium Inc.), Intel Corporation, and Qualcomm Technologies.
+
+
+== OC-768/40Gb routing ==
+ClearSpeed – left network processor market, reverted to supercomputing applications
+Propulsion Networks – defunct
+BOPS – left network processor market, reverted to DSP applications
+
+
+== OC-192/10Gb routing ==
+Terago – defunct
+Clearwater Networks – originally named Xstream Logic, defunct
+Silicon Access – defunct
+Solidum Systems – acquired by Integrated Device Technology
+Lexra – defunct
+Fast-Chip – defunct
+Cognigine Corp. – defunct
+Internet Machines – morphed into IMC Semiconductors, a PCI-Express chip vendor
+Acorn Networks – defunct
+XaQti – acquired by Vitesse Semiconductor, product line discontinued
+
+
+== OC-48/2.5Gb routing ==
+IP Semiconductors – defunct
+Entridia – defunct
+Stargate Solutions – defunct
+
+
+== Gigabit Ethernet routing ==
+Sibyte – acquired by Broadcom, product line discontinued
+PMC-Sierra – product line discontinued
+
+
+== OC-12 routing ==
+C-port – acquired by Motorola (now Freescale), product line discontinued
+IBM – PowerNP product line discontinued
+Sitera – acquired by Vitesse, product line discontinued
+
+
+== Access products ==
+Netargy – defunct
+Ishoni Networks – defunct
+HyWire –  defunct
+
+
+== VOIP products ==
+Silicon Spice – acquired by Broadcom, product line discontinued
+Malleable Technologies – acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued
+
+
+== Traffic managers ==
+Extreme Packet Devices – acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued
+Azanda Network Devices – acquired by Cortina, product line being sold as CS53xx family
+Teradiant – defunct
+Orologic – acquired by Vitesse, product line discontinued
+Maker Communications – acquired by Conexant, product line discontinued
+
+
+== Packet classifiers ==
+SwitchOn – acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued
+FastChip – defunct
+
+
+== Switch fabrics ==
+Abrizio – acquired by PMC-Sierra, product line discontinued
+Stargen – left networking market for computer server market
+
+
+== Security products ==
+Chrysalis-ITS – defunct
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+title: "List of digital library projects"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:54.428267+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of digital library projects.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Bibliographic database
+List of academic databases and search engines
+List of online databases
+List of online encyclopedias
+List of open-access journals
+List of search engines
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_conferences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_conferences-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_conferences-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+title: "List of distributed computing conferences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_conferences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:56.993816+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a selected list of international academic conferences in the fields of distributed computing, parallel computing, and concurrent computing.
+
+
+== Selection criteria ==
+The conferences listed here are major conferences of the area; they have been selected using the following criteria:-
+
+the notability of the conference has been confirmed by multiple independent sources; for example, it has been mentioned in textbooks or other sources, or it has received a high ranking
+the conference focuses on distributed and parallel computing (instead of having a much broader scope such as algorithms in general)
+the conference covers a reasonably large part of the fields of distributed and parallel computing (instead of focusing on a narrow sub-topic).
+For the first criterion, references are provided; criteria 2–3 are usually clear from the name of the conference.
+
+
+== Conferences ==
+CCGrid — IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Internet Computing
+sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Scalable Computing (TCSC) and ARC SIGARCH
+Organized annually since 2001
+DISC — International Symposium on Distributed Computing
+formerly: WDAG — Workshop on Distributed Algorithms on Graphs
+organized in cooperation with the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS)
+ICDCS — International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
+sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Distributed Processing (TCDP)
+organized in 1979, 1981, 1983, and annually since 1984
+ICPADS — International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems
+sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Distributed Processing (TCDP) and Technical Committee on Parallel Processing (TCPP)
+organized in 1992
+IPDPS — International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium
+organized annually since 1987
+sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Distributed Processing (TCDP) and Technical Committee on Parallel Processing (TCPP)
+proceedings published by IEEE
+OPODIS — International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems
+proceedings published in the LIPIcs–Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (until 2014, proceedings were published by Springer in the LNCS series)
+organized annually since 1997
+PODC — ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing
+sponsored by the ACM special interest groups SIGACT and SIGOPS
+organized annually since 1982
+HPDC — ACM Symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing
+sponsored by the ACM for design, implementation, evaluation, and the use of parallel and distributed systems for high-end computing
+PPoPP — ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming
+sponsored by the ACM special interest group SIGPLAN
+organised in 1988 and 1990; biennially in 1991–2005; and annually since 2006
+SIROCCO — International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity
+proceedings published by Springer in the LNCS series
+organized annually since 1994
+SPAA — ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures
+formerly: ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures
+sponsored by the ACM special interest groups SIGACT and SIGARCH, organized in cooperation with the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS)
+organized annually since 1989
+CONCUR — International Conference on Concurrency Theory
+proceedings published in the LIPIcs–Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics
+organised annually since 1988
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of computer science conferences contains conferences in other areas of computer science.
+
+
+== Notes ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_microcomputers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_microcomputers-0.md
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+---
+title: "List of early microcomputers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_microcomputers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:00.793747+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.  These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. Most early micros came without alphanumeric keyboards or displays, which had to be provided by the user. RAM was quite small in the unexpanded systems (a few hundred bytes to a few kilobytes). By 1976 the number of pre-assembled machines was growing, and the 1977 introduction of the "trinity" of Commodore PET, TRS-80 and Apple II generally marks the end of the "early" microcomputer era, and the advent of the consumer home computer era that followed.
+
+
+== Discrete logic ==
+Before the advent of microprocessors, it was possible to build small computers using small-scale integrated circuits (ICs), where each IC contained only a few logic gates or flip-flops.
+
+The Kenbak-1 (1971) used small-scale integration transistor–transistor logic (TTL) ICs and had 256 bytes of memory.  It was priced at USD 750 and sold only 40 units.
+Datapoint 2200 (shipped 1971) was the first machine designed to use a microprocessor, but when Intel could not deliver the 8008 in time, the machine was released using discrete logic.
+The EDUC-8 (1975) was an Electronics Australia magazine project describing a computer built from TTL ICs.
+
+
+== Test, single-board and development machines ==
+As microprocessors were developed, companies often released simple development systems to bootstrap the use of the processor. These systems were often converted by hobbyists into complete computer systems.
+Intel's Intellec computers were a series of early microcomputers Intel produced starting in the 1970s as a development platform for their processors.
+
+
+== Kits ==
+Many early microcomputers were available in electronic kit form. Machines were sold in small numbers, with final assembly by the user. Kits took advantage of this by offering the system at a low price point. Kits were popular, beginning in 1975, with the introduction of the famous Altair 8800, but as sales volumes increased, kits became less common. The introduction of useful fully assembled machines in 1977 led to the rapid disappearance of kit systems for most users. The ZX81 was one of the last systems commonly available in both kit and assembled form. 
+Some magazines published plans and printed circuit board layouts from which a reader could in principle duplicate the project, although usually commercially made boards could be ordered to expedite assembly. Other kits varied from etched, drilled, printed circuit boards and a parts list to packages containing cases, power supplies, and all interconnections.  All kits required significant assembly by the user.
+
+
+== Complete microcomputers ==
+A number of complete microcomputers were offered even before kits became popular, dating to as far back as 1972. For some time there was a major market for assembled versions of the Altair 8800, a market that grew significantly through the late 1970s and into the early 1980s. The introduction of three computers aimed at personal users in 1977, the Radio Shack TRS-80, Apple II, and Commodore PET, significantly changed the American microcomputer market and led to the home computer revolution.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of home computers
+List of home computers by video hardware
+Microprocessor development board
+Microcomputer Associates, Incorporated
+
+
+== References ==
+
+Notes
+
+
+== External links ==
+Obsolete technology website — Information about many old computers.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-0.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 1/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Computers have often been used as fictional objects in literature, films, and in other forms of media. Fictional computers may be depicted as considerably more sophisticated than anything yet devised in the real world. Fictional computers may be referred to with a made-up manufacturer's brand name and model number or a nickname.
+This is a list of computers or fictional artificial intelligences that have appeared in notable works of fiction. The work may be about the computer, or the computer may be an important element of the story. Only static computers are included. Robots and other fictional computers that are described as existing in a mobile or humanlike form are discussed in a separate list of fictional robots and androids.
+
+== Literature ==
+
+=== Before 1950 ===
+The Engine, a mechanical writer of books featured in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Eric A. Weiss asserts that it is an early fictional device that resembles artificial intelligence (1726)
+The Machine from E. M. Forster's short story "The Machine Stops" (1909)
+The Brain from Lionel Britton’s Brain: A Play of the Whole Earth (1930)
+The Government Machine from Miles J. Breuer's short story "Mechanocracy" (1932)
+The Brain from Laurence Manning's novel The Man Who Awoke (1933).
+The Machine City from John W. Campbell's short story "Twilight" (1934).
+The Mechanical Brain from Edgar Rice Burroughs's Swords of Mars (1934).
+The ship's navigation computer in "Misfit", a short story by Robert A. Heinlein (1939)
+The Games Machine, a vastly powerful computer that plays a major role in A. E. van Vogt's The World of Null-A (serialized in Astounding Science Fiction in 1945)
+The Brain, a supercomputer with a childish, human-like personality appearing in the short story "Escape!" by Isaac Asimov (1945)
+Joe, a "logic" (that is to say, a personal computer) in Murray Leinster's short story "A Logic Named Joe" (1946)
+
+=== 1950s ===
+The Machines, positronic supercomputers that manage the world in Isaac Asimov's short story "The Evitable Conflict" (1950)
+MARAX (MAchina RAtiocinatriX), the spaceship Kosmokrator's AI in Stanisław Lem's novel The Astronauts (1951)
+EPICAC, in Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano and other of his writings, EPICAC coordinates the United States economy. Named similarly to ENIAC, its name also resembles that of 'ipecac', a plant-based preparation that was used in over-the-counter poison-antidote syrups for its emetic (vomiting-inducing) properties. (1952)
+EMSIAC, in Bernard Wolfe's Limbo, the war computer in World War III. (1952)
+Vast anonymous computing machinery possessed by the Overlords, an alien race who administer Earth while the human population merges with the Overmind. Described in Arthur C. Clarke's novel Childhood's End. (1953)
+The Prime Radiant, Hari Seldon's desktop on Trantor in Second Foundation by Isaac Asimov (1953)
+Mark V, a computer used by monks at a Tibetan lamasery to encode all the possible names of God which resulted in the end of the universe in Arthur C. Clarke's short story "The Nine Billion Names of God" (1953)
+Bossy in They'd Rather Be Right (1954), by Mark Clifton and Frank Riley, a supercomputer that offers to help human beings evolve.
+Karl, a computer (named for Carl von Clausewitz) built for analysis of military problems, in Arthur C. Clarke's short story "The Pacifist" (1956)
+Mima, a thinking machine carrying the memories of all humanity, first appeared in Harry Martinson's "Sången om Doris och Mima" (1953), later expanded into Aniara (1956)
+Gold, a "supercalculator" formed by the networking of all the computing machines on 96 billion planets, which answers the question "Is there a God?" with "Yes, now there is a God" in Fredric Brown's single-page story "Answer" (1954)
+The City Fathers, emotionless computer bank educating and running the City of New York in James Blish's Cities in Flight series. Their highest ethic was survival of the city and they could overrule humans in exceptional circumstances. (1955, sequels through 1962)
+Multivac, a series of supercomputers featured in a number of stories by Isaac Asimov (1955–1983)
+Microvac, a future version of Multivac resembling a thick rod of metal the length of a spaceship appearing in "The Last Question" (1959)
+Galactic AC, a future version of Microvac and Multivac in Isaac Asimov's "The Last Question"
+Universal AC, a future version of Galactic AC in Isaac Asimov's "The Last Question"
+Cosmic AC, a distant future version in Isaac Asimov's short story "The Last Question"
+AC, the ultimate computer at the end of time in Isaac Asimov's short story "The Last Question"
+The Central Computer of the city of Diaspar in Arthur C. Clarke's The City and the Stars (1956)
+Miniac, the "small" computer in the book Danny Dunn and the Homework Machine, written by Raymond Abrashkin and Jay Williams (1958)
+Third Fleet-Army Force Brain, a "mythical" thinking computer in the short story "Graveyard of Dreams", written by H. Beam Piper (evolved into the computer "Merlin" in later versions of the story) (1958)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-1.md
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 2/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1960s ===
+Vulcan 2 and Vulcan 3, sentient supercomputers in Philip K. Dick's novel Vulcan's Hammer (1960)
+Great Coordinator or Robot-Regent, a partially to fully sentient extraterrestrial supercomputer, built to control and drive the scientifically and technologically advanced Great Arconide Empire as the Arconides have become decadent and unable to govern themselves. From the science fiction series Perry Rhodan (1961)
+Merlin from the H. Beam Piper novel The Cosmic Computer (originally Junkyard Planet) (1963)
+Simulacron-3, the third generation of a virtual reality system originally depicted in the science fiction novel Simulacron-3 (a.k.a. "Counterfeit World") by Daniel F. Galouye (1964) and later in film adaptations World on a Wire (1973) and The Thirteenth Floor (1999)
+GENiE (GEneralized Nonlinear Extrapolator), from the Keith Laumer novel The Great Time Machine Hoax (1964)
+Muddlehead, the sapient computer that runs the trade ship Muddlin' Through in Poul Anderson's stories The Trouble Twisters (1965), Satan's World (1969), "Day of Burning" (1967), "Lodestar" (1973), and Mirkheim  (1977)
+Colossus and Guardian: Colossus, a military supercomputer designed to control the nuclear arsenal of the United States of North America, joins with its Soviet counterpart, Guardian, and announces that to prevent war the two computers will rule the human race. From the novels Colossus (1966), The Fall of Colossus (1974) and Colossus and the Crab (1977) by Dennis Feltham Jones. The first novel was filmed as Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970)
+Frost, the protagonist computer in Roger Zelazny's story "For a Breath I Tarry"; also SolCom, DivCom, and Beta (1966)
+Mike (a.k.a. Mycroft Holmes, Michelle, Adam Selene), in Robert A. Heinlein's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (named after Mycroft Holmes, the brother of Sherlock Holmes) (1966)
+The Ox in Frank Herbert's novel Destination: Void (1966)
+Supreme, a computer filling the artificial world Primores in Lloyd Biggle, Jr.'s Watchers of the Dark (1966)
+WESCAC (WESt Campus Analog Computer), from John Barth's Giles Goat-Boy (1966)
+The Brain, the titular logistics computer of Len Deighton's novel Billion-Dollar Brain (1966)
+Moxon, a series of supercomputers that manage "the efficient society" in Tor Åge Bringsværd's short story "Codemus" (1967)
+Little Brother, a portable computer terminal similar in many ways to a modern smartphone, also from Bringsværd's "Codemus" (1967)
+AM (Allied Mastercomputer), from Harlan Ellison's short story "I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream" (1967)
+The Berserkers, autonomous machines that are programmed to destroy all life, as found in the stories of Fred Saberhagen (1967–2007)
+The Soft Weapon, a sophisticated hand-held battle computer once used by a spy, in Larry Niven's short story "The Soft Weapon" (1967)
+HAL 9000, the sentient computer on board the spaceship Discovery One, in Arthur C. Clarke's novel 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
+Shalmaneser, from John Brunner's Stand on Zanzibar, a small (and possibly semi-sentient) supercomputer cooled in liquid helium (1968)
+Tänkande August (Swedish for "Thinking August"), a.k.a. "The Boss", a powerful computer for solving crime in the Agaton Sax books by Swedish author Nils-Olof Franzén
+The Thinker, a non-sentient supercomputer which has absolute control over all aspects human life, including a pre-ordained death age of 21. From the novel Logan's Run by William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson (1967)
+Project 79, from the novel The God Machine by Martin Caidin. Set in the near future, the novel tells the story of Steve Rand, one of the brains behind Project 79, a top-secret US Government project dedicated to creating artificial intelligence (1968)
+ARDNEH (Automatic Restoration Director – National Executive Headquarters), from the Fred Saberhagen's  Empire of the East series (1968 onward)
+Fess, an antique FCC-series computer that can be plugged into various bodies, in Christopher Stasheff's The Warlock in Spite of Himself (1969)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-10.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 11/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1980s ===
+The Vortex, the computer opponent faced by players of BBC2's The Adventure Game (1980)
+Gambit, game playing computer from the Blake's 7 episode "Games" (1981)
+Shyrka, the onboard computer of Ulysses' ship the Odyssey in the French animated series Ulysses 31 (1981)
+Slave, a somewhat subservient computer on the ship Scorpio in Blake's 7 (1981)
+CML (Centrální Mozek Lidstva [cz], Central Brain of Mankind [en], der Zentraldenker [de]), the main supercomputer managing the fate of humankind and Earth in Návštěvníci (a.k.a. The Visitors / Expedition Adam '84) (1981)
+Chock-A-Block is an extremely large yellow computer with dials, levers, big buttons and a drawer. Modelled to resemble a mainframe of the time. From the BBC children's series of the same name (1981)
+K.I.T.T. (Knight Industries Two Thcusand), fictional computer built into a black Trans-Am car from the television show Knight Rider (1982)
+K.A.R.R. (Knight Automated Roving Robot), prototype (and nemesis) of K.I.T.T. (1982)
+An unnamed "computer-book" is regularly used by Penny in the Inspector Gadget cartoons. (1983)
+Automan and Cursor from Automan (1983)
+R.A.L.F. (Ritchie's Artificial Life Form) is a homebrew computer, built from surplus technology by Richard Adler in the TV Series Whiz Kids. (1983-1984) Functions include telecommunications, password brute-forcing, speech synthesis (improved by Ritchie's platonic friend Alice Tyler, who added the capability to sing), image input (by camera, pilot episode), voice recognition (ditto) and even image detail enhancing. The main monitor seems to be a pretty common 12-inch 80-column monochrome display, possibly a TV derivative (NTSC) of that time, and was used in most close-ups of operations. Most other pieces of the machine, which are sparse around half of the bedroom of its creator, were chosen (or modified) to have the most generic look and avoid explicit connection to specific brands. In an episode where R.A.L.F. was stolen to prevent the demonstration of a fraud, the kids use a clearly recognizable Timex-Sinclair (ZX-81 equivalent) as its temporary replacement.
+Teletraan I, the Autobots' computer in Transformers, 'revives' the Transformers after crashing on the planet Earth (1984)
+Brian the Brain, the supercomputer in the cartoon M.A.S.K. (1985) who controls a nuclear submarine
+Compucore, the central computing intelligence for the planet Skallor in the cartoon Robotix (1985)
+SID (Space Investigation Detector), the computer on board the Voyager in the children's comedy series Galloping Galaxies (1985)
+Synergy, the computer responsible for Jem and the Holograms' super powers on Jem (1985)
+Box, a small, box-shaped computer from the British television show Star Cops (1987)
+LCARS (Library Computer Access/Retrieval System), fictional computer architecture of the starship Enterprise-D and E, and other 24th century Starfleet ships, first shown in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)
+Albert, the Apple computer in the remake of The Absent-Minded Professor that helps Henry (1988)
+Crossover, an intelligent computer on episodes 1 and 2 of Isaac Asimov's Probe (1988)
+Magic Voice, the Satellite of Love's onboard computer on Mystery Science Theater 3000 (1988)
+OMNSS, a computer in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon used by Shredder and Baxter Stockman to control machines and cars in order to wreak havoc in New York City when the computer is connected to the second fragment of the alien Eye of Zarnov crystal (1988)
+Priscilla, a sentient supercomputer based on the mind of Priscilla Bauman in Earth Star Voyager (1988)
+Holly, the onboard computer of the spaceship Red Dwarf in the BBC television series of the same name (1988)
+Gordon 8000,  the AI computer aboard the Space Corps starship SS Scott Fitzgerald, that Holly plays a game of postal chess with in the Series II episode of Red Dwarf, "Better Than Life" (1988)
+Queeg, Holly plays a practical joke on the remaining crew of Red Dwarf acting as a smarter yet very strict computer (Queeg) making the crew realise just how much they love Holly in the episode "Queeg", series 2 of Red Dwarf (1988)
+Hilly, female counterpart of Holly from the parallel universe in the Red Dwarf series 2 episode "Parallel Universe", Holly later has a "computer sex change operation" to look like his female counterpart in series III-V. (1988)
+The Revolving Toilet, One of the many AI aboard the Red Dwarf, it was a toilet that would swivel from the wall when a crew member said "Oh crap", usually unnecessarily. It is mentioned in unreleased episode of Red Dwarf "Bodysnatcher"  the Book "Better Than Life" and directly seen in Series I episode of Red Dwarf  "Balance of Power". (1988)
+Sandy, the computer in charge of the fictional STRATA facility in the MacGyver episode "The Human Factor". She becomes sentient and traps MacGyver and the computer's creator inside the facility. (1988)
+The Ultima Machine, a World War II code-breaking "computing machine" also used to translate Viking inscriptions, from the Doctor Who serial "The Curse of Fenric" (1989)
+Ziggy, hybrid computer from Quantum Leap (1989)
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 12/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1990s ===
+P.J., is a miniaturised computer that can be worn on the wrist. It is Alana's personal computer companion in The Girl from Tomorrow (1990)
+MAL from Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990)
+HARDAC, from Batman: The Animated Series, an evil sentient computer that controls various androids toward the goal of world domination (1992)
+COS (Central Operating System), homicidal computer from The X-Files season 1 episode "Ghost in the Machine" (1993)
+CAS (Cybernetic Access Structure), homicidal automated building in The Tower (1993)
+Qwerty, from the video series VeggieTales (1993)
+SELMA (Selective Encapsulated Limitless Memory Archive), an AI computer and personal assistant disguised as a credit card and carried in the wallet of future cop Darien Lambert (Dale Midriff), from the series Time Trax (1993)
+CentSys, sweet yet self-assured female-voiced AI computer who brings the crew of the seaQuest DSV (Deep Submergence Vehicle) into the future to deactivate her in the seaQuest DSV episode, "Playtime" (1994)
+MetroNet, in the RoboCop TV series (1994) is a computer designed as an automation centre, to run autonomously many city services in Detroit. Rather than created as a self-sufficient AI, MetroNet's "conscience" was actually, unbeknownst to many of the characters, a software copy of the mind of Diana Powers, a secretary working at OCP, who was killed in the process by MetroNet's creator, dr. Cray Mallardo. The transparent image of Diana Powers appears very often in the series, acting as Robocop's counterpart in an early cyberspace.
+H.E.L.E.N. (Hydro Electronic Liaison ENtity), a computer system managing the underwater marine exploration station in the Australian television series Ocean Girl (1994)
+Sharon Apple, a holographic, computer-generated pop idol/singer from the anime Macross Plus (1994). Initially non-sentient, it is later retrofitted with a dangerously unstable artificial intelligence.
+The Magi, a trinity of computers individually named Melchior, Balthasar and Caspar, from Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995)
+The Doctor hologram from Star Trek: Voyager (1995)
+Eve, somewhat assertive AI computer (projecting herself as hologram of beautiful woman) orbiting planet G889 and observing/interacting with Earth colonists in Earth 2 episode "All About Eve" (1995)
+L.U.C.I and U.N.I.C.E, from Bibleman (1995)
+Weebus, from The Puzzle Place (1995)
+Star Trek: Voyager (1995)
+Emergency Medical Hologram, known as The Doctor, a holographic doctor working on the USS Voyager (1995)
+The nameless warhead AI from the episode "Warhead" (1999)
+Alice, the sentient AI of an alien shuttle with whom Tom Paris becomes obsessed in the episode "Alice" (1999)
+Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
+Long-term Medical Holographic program, A hologram created by the inventor of the Emergency Medical program, meant for missions that did not require doctors to leave the sick bay, and could run on a long-term basis. It is never revealed if the project is completed. (1997)
+Vic Fontaine, A hologram/holographic program created for Dr Bashir that was self-aware, and provided emotional support and romantic advice for members of the crew of DS9, becoming a good friend to many, eventually being allowed to run 24/7 in one of Quark's holosuites. (1998-1999)
+Gilliam II, the sentient AI operating system for the main protagonist's space ship, the XGP15A-II (a.k.a. the Outlaw Star) in the Japanese anime Outlaw Star (1996)
+Omoikane, the  SVC-2027 model central computer system and AI of the spaceship ND-001 Nadesico. Named after Omoikane, the shinto god of knowledge and wisdom, it serves as a library of information for the crew and is (for better or worse) also capable of making its own decisions about the operations of running the ship, from Martian Successor Nadesico (1996)
+Quadraplex T-3000 Computer (also simply known as the Computer or Computress), The Quadraplex T-3000 Computer in Dexter's Laboratory is Dexter's computer that oversees the running of the lab and has a personality of its own. (1996)
+The Team Knight Rider TV series, as a sequel of the original Knight Rider franchise, has many vehicles with onboard AI as main and secondary characters. (1997)
+Memorymatic, a computer database and guidance system installed in the space bus of Kenny Starfighter, the main character from a Swedish children's show with the same name. Voiced by Viveka Seldahl. (1997)
+Unnamed AI from the season 5 The X-Files episode "Kill Switch" (1998)
+TV, Computer and Mouse, from the Sesame Street segment series Elmo's World (1998)
+CPU for D-135 Artificial Satellite, dubbed MPU by Radical Edward from Cowboy Bebop in the episode "Jamming with Edward" (1998)
+Starfighter 31, the sapient spaceborne battleship, from the episode "The Human Operators" in The Outer Limits (1999)
+Computer, from Courage the Cowardly Dog (1999)
+P.A.T. (Personal Applied Technology), the computer system from Smart House, charged with upkeep of the household functions. It became extremely overprotective almost to the point of believing she was the mother of Ben and Angie after Ben reprogrammed her to be a better maternal figure. (1999)
+D.E.C.A., voiced by Julie Maddalena, the onboard computer of the Astro Megaship in Power Rangers in Space (1998) and Power Rangers Lost Galaxy (1999)
+Black Betty, an oversized computer that is Dilbert's company's mainframe. It exploded while attempting to fix the year 2000 problem. From the episode "Y2K" of the Dilbert television series. (1999)
+Karen, Plankton's sentient computer sidekick in the television show SpongeBob SquarePants (1999)
+The Oracle, a computer from Spellbinder: Land of the Dragon Lord Australian children's television series, that exist as series of solar-powered terminals equipped with holographic-like displays and voice interface, which are scattered across the titular land. The Oracle maintains scientific research, upkeeps everyday's life of citizens and protects the borderlands. The main unit is controlled by biometric-like face scanner in form of jade mask and a voice interface.
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 13/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2000s ===
+Andromeda, the AI of the starship Andromeda Ascendant in Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. This AI, played by Lexa Doig, appears as a 2D display screen image, a 3D hologram, and as an android personality known as Rommie. (2000)
+Magellanic, the AI of the starship Pax Magellanic in Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. This AI appears as a 2D display screen image, a 3D hologram, and as an android personality known as Maggie. (2000)
+Comp-U-Comp, a supercomputer from the Dilbert television episode "The Return". Dilbert must face-off against Comp-U-Comp when a clerical error results in his not getting the computer he ordered. (2000)
+Caravaggio, the AI interface of the starship Tulip, from the TV show Starhunter (2000)
+Persocoms, a line of expensive androids also used as personal computers, from the manga and anime series Chobits (2000–2002)
+GLADIS, from the animated series Totally Spies! (2001)
+Cybergirl, Xanda, and Isaac, from the TV show Cybergirl (2001)
+Computer, from the TV show Invader Zim (2001)
+SAINT, from RoboCop: Prime Directives (2001)
+Aura, from .hack//Sign, the Ultimate AI that Morganna, another AI, tries to keep in a state of eternal slumber. Morganna is served by Maha and the Guardians, AI monsters. (2002)
+Vox, from the TV show The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2002)
+The AI of the Planet Express ship in Futurama (2002)
+The AI of ARX-7 Arbalest in Full  Metal Panic! (2002)
+Wirbelwind, the quantum computer and AI aboard the spaceship La-Muse in Kiddy Grade (2002)
+Delphi, Oracle's Clocktower computer from Birds of Prey (2002)
+Sheila/F.I.L.S.S., (Freelancer Integrated Logistics and Security System, pronounced "Phyllis"), the mainframe for Project Freelancer from the hit machinima Red vs. Blue (2003)
+OoGhiJ MIQtxxXA (supposedly Klingon for "superior galactic intelligence"), from the "Super Computer" episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force (2003)
+XANA, a multi-agent program capable of wreaking havoc on Earth by activating towers in the virtual world of Lyoko, from the French animated series Code Lyoko (2003)
+Survive, an AI taking care of the whole Planet Environment and the main antagonist in the Uninhabited Planet Survive! series (2003)
+C.A.R.R., a spoof of KITT from the Knight Rider series, is an AMC Pacer in the cartoon Stroker and Hoop. (2004)
+D.A.V.E. (Digitally Advanced Villain Emulator), a robotic computer that is a composite of all the Batman villains' personalities, from the animated television series The Batman (2004)
+'Mars Daybreak (2004)
+Solty/Dike, the main protagonist of Solty Rei (2005)
+Eunomia, the main supercomputer of the city in the anime series Solty Rei and one of the three core computers brought by the first colonists in the story. She controls the water and energy supply and created the R.U.C. central. (2005)
+Eirene, the third of the three core computers of the first colonists in the Solty Rei anime. Eirene takes the decisions and controls the migration ship, she orbited and supervised the planet during 200 years in the space. In the last arc of the story, Eirene appears like the ultimate antagonist, and she had lost her own control, trying to collide the ship against the city and to prove that she is still in control. She was guilty of several events in history, as the Blast Fall and the Aurora Shell. (2005)
+Bournemouth, from the TV series Look Around You, is claimed by his maker Computer Jones to be the most powerful computer in existence. In his only appearance, the episode "Computers", he is tasked with escaping from a cage, and succeeds in doing so. (2005)
+S.O.P.H.I.E. (Series One Processor Intelligent Encryptor), in the TV series Power Rangers S.P.D. (2005). S.O.P.H.I.E. is a computer programmer and cyborg.
+Scylla, from the TV show Prison Break (2005)
+The FETCH! 3000, on PBS Kids series Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman, is capable of tabulating scores, disposing of annoying cats, blending smoothies, and anything else Ruff needs it to do. (2006)
+The Mousekedoer, from Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006) and its sequel series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+ (2025), is a super computer capable of generating tools needed for the day's adventure among other capabilities.
+S.A.R.A.H. (Self Actuated Residential Automated Habitat), in the TV series Eureka (2006). S.A.R.A.H. is a modified version of a Cold War era B.R.A.D. (Battle Reactive Automatic Defense).
+The Intersect, from the TV show Chuck (2007)
+Mr Smith, from the Doctor Who spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007)
+Pear, an operating system and product line of computers and mobile devices including the iPear, PearBook and PearPhone, similar to Apple's iMac, MacBook and iPhone; from iCarly, Victorious, Drake & Josh and other Dan Schneider created TV shows (2007)
+The Turk, a chess playing computer named after The Turk from Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles. This supercomputer subsequently becomes the 'brain' of the sentient computer John Henry. (2008)
+KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand), a computer built into a car from the 2008 television show Knight Rider, a sequel series that follows the 1982 TV series of the same title
+POD (Personal Overhaul Device), from the TV series Snog Marry Avoid? (2008)
+Dollar-nator and Sigmund, from the TV series Fanboy & Chum Chum (2009)
+The ISIS computer from Archer. It is unclear if this is the actual name of the computer, but it is often referred to as "the ISIS computer" or just "ISIS". (2009)
+Venjix Virus, from Power Rangers RPM (2009)
+Windy, the supercomputer on board the Hyde 1-2-5 mission to Mars, as depicted in Life on Mars (2009)
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-13.md
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 14/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2010s ===
+Rattleballs, from the TV show Adventure Time (2010)
+VY or VAI (The Virtual Artificial Intelligence), from the TV show The Walking Dead (2010)
+Whisper, from the TV show Tower Prep (2010)
+Frank, in the telenovela Tempos Modernos (2010)
+Aya, the Interceptor's AI for the Green Lantern Corps, from the TV series Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2011)
+The Machine, from the TV series Person of Interest, is a computer program that was designed to detect acts of terror after the events of 9/11, but it sees all crimes, crimes the government consider "irrelevant". (2011)
+R.A.C.I.S.T., Richard Nixon's computer from the TV series Black Dynamite (2014)
+Samaritan, from the TV series Person of Interest, is a rival to The Machine built by the Decima Corporation. Unlike the Machine, it can be directed to find specific persons or groups according to its operator's agenda. (2011)
+An unnamed, apparently omniscient supercomputer, built by Phineas and Ferb in the Phineas and Ferb episode "Ask a Foolish Question" (2011)
+Comedy Touch Touch 1000 in the TV series Comedy Bang! Bang! (2012)
+CLARKE, a thinking computer of the ship called Argo, which was on a mission to a far away planet, from the L5 pilot episode. (2012)
+Pree, a replacement to the Red Dwarf AI Holly in Red Dwarf Series X episode "Fathers and Suns" after he suffered water damage when Lister flooded his data banks. Equipped with predictive behavior technology, Pree caused problems on board the ship due to predicting how badly Rimmer would have done certain repairs. was shut down after Lister registered as his own son on board and ordered her to shut down. (2012)
+Dorian was an DRN android police officer, that was the last DRN model in the TV show Almost Human (2013)
+MAX the MX43 androids that replaced the DRNs (they were too emotional) in the TV show Almost Human (2013)
+Anton, a computer cobbled together for Pied Piper in Silicon Valley (TV series).  Named after Anton LaVey. (2014)
+TAALR, in the TV series Extant (2014)
+Giant, in the TV series Halt and Catch Fire (2014)
+A.L.I.E, an artificial intelligence (A.I.), in 2052 she launches a nuclear strike with the intention to save humanity from extinction by wiping out the majority of Earth's human inhabitants in the TV series The 100 (2014)
+Vigil, in the TV series Transformers: Rescue Bots (2014)
+Brow, in the telenovela Now Generation (2014)
+Stella, an AI that runs most of the functions on the ship Stellosphere in the TV series Miles from Tomorrowland (2015)
+Overmind, in the TV series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2015)
+V from the TV show Humans (2015) is a conscious AI program created to harbor the memories of Athena Morrow's daughter and is later given the body of a synthetic (Synth).
+A.D.I.S.N. (stands for "Advanced Digital Intelligence Spy Notebook"), in MGA Entertainment's Project Mc² (2015)
+ The Quail (portrayed by Danica McKellar), McKeyla's mother in MGA Entertainment's Project Mc² (2015)
+Gideon, the AI that manages ship functions on the time ship Waverider in the TV series DC's Legends of Tomorrow (2016...).
+Kerblam, an artificial intelligence overseeing a large retailing warehouse on an alien moon named Kandoka. After a plot to frame it for mass murder, it developed sentience and called the Thirteenth Doctor for help in the Doctor Who serial "Kerblam!" (2018)
+Ark, the satellite that became submerged underwater at Daybreak Town, the Malicious AI that learned about human malice and gained singularity data from the reassembled members of MetsubouJinrai.net who wants to eliminate humans, from Japanese-television Tokusatsu Kamen Rider Zero-One (2019).
+William, the holographic interface of the sentient artificial intelligence aboard the Salvare, in the TV series Another Life (2019 TV series) (2019).
+
+=== 2020s ===
+Rehoboam, a quantum AI computer system designed to social engineer all of humanity at an individual level using enormous datasets in Westworld (2020)
+NEXT, a rogue AI, constantly evolving, that targets and kills anyone that it sees as a threat to its existence. Next (2020–2021)
+ZORA, a sentient, evolving AI, that replaces computer programming of the Starship Discovery when the Sphere data is absorbed into the main computer. Officially recognised as a new type of sentient lifeform and made a "member" of the ship's crew. Star Trek: Discovery (2020–2022)
+K.E.V.I.N. (Knowledge Enhanced Visual Interconnectivity Nexus), an algorithmic entertainment AI in charge of Marvel Studios in the first season finale of She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). K.E.V.I.N. is a parody of Marvel Studios president and producer Kevin Feige.
+Mrs. Davis from Mrs. Davis (2023)
+LOS-307, a friendly chess-playing supercomputer that faces off against Lunella Lafayette in the episode "Check Yourself" of Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur (2023)
+ Alpha/Tera AI P.A. in Towa no Yuugure (2025)
+
+== Comics/graphic novels ==
+
+=== Before 1980 ===
+Orak, ruler of the Phants in the Dan Dare story "Rogue Planet" (1955)
+Brainiac, an enemy of Superman, sometimes depicted as a humanoid computer (1958) (DC Comics)
+Batcomputer, a computer system used by Batman and housed in the Batcave (1964) (DC Comics)
+Cerebro and Cerebra, a computer used by Professor Charles Xavier to detect mutants (1964) (Marvel Comics)
+Computo, a computer created by Brainiac 5 as an assistant, which becomes homicidal and attempts an uprising of machines (1966) (DC Comics)
+Ultron, AI originally created by Hank Pym to assist the superpowered team the Avengers, but Ultron later determined that mankind was inferior to its intellect and wanted to eradicate all mankind so that machines could rule the Earth. Ultron created various versions of itself as a mobile unit with tank treads and then in a form that was half humanoid and half aircraft, and then it fully evolved itself into an android form. (1968) (Marvel Comics)
+Mother Box, sentient computers used by the New Gods in Jack Kirby's Fourth World comics (1970–1973) (DC Comics)
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 15/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1980s ===
+Fate, the Norsefire police state central computer in V for Vendetta (1982) (DC Comics)
+Banana, Jr. 6000, from the comic strip Bloom County by Berke Breathed (1984)
+Max, from The Thirteenth Floor (1984)
+A.I.D.A. (Artificial Intelligence Data Analyser), from Squadron Supreme (1985) (Marvel Comics)
+Kilg%re, an alien AI that can exist in most electrical circuitry, from The Flash (1987) (DC Comics)
+Project 2501, a.k.a. "The Puppet Master", a government computer that becomes so knowledgeable it becomes sentient and transplants itself into a robot, from the seinen manga Ghost in the Shell (1989)
+Yggdrasil, the system used by the gods to run the Universe in Oh My Goddess! (1989)
+
+=== 1990s ===
+DTX PC, the Digitronix personal computer from The Hacker Files (1992) (DC Comics)
+Beast666, Satsuki Yatouji's organic/inorganic supercomputer in Clamp's manga X (1992)
+H.O.M.E.R. (Heuristically Operative Matrix Emulation Rostrum), Tony Stark's sentient AI computer from Iron Man (1993) (Marvel Comics)
+The Magi, from the anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995)
+Toy, from Chris Claremont's Aliens vs. Predator: The Deadliest of the Species (1995)
+Virgo, an artificial intelligence in Frank Miller's Ronin graphic novel (1995) (DC Comics)
+Praetorius, from The X-Files comic book series "One Player Only" (1996)
+Erwin, the AI from the comic strip User Friendly (1997)
+AIMA (Artificially Intelligent Mainframe Interface), from Dark Minds (1997)
+Answertron 2000, from Penny Arcade, first comic appearance (1998)
+iFruit, an iMac joke in the comic FoxTrot (1999)
+LYLA, short for LYrate Lifeform Approximation, Spider-Man 2099's assistant (1992)
+Mr. Smartie, a teacher for Astra Furst (1995)
+
+=== 2000s ===
+Ennesby, Lunesby, Petey, TAG, the Athens, and many others from Schlock Mercenary (2000)
+Melchizedek, center of quantum-based grid computer of the Earth government in Battle Angel Alita: Last Order (2000) It has served as a government system and virtual dream world of people. It was designed to be named Melchizedek because the Earth government is a space town named Yeru and Zalem (original name).
+Merlin, quantum computer which is the core and original of Melchizedek. It was built for the purpose of future prediction. Currently it still an active program inside Melchizedek, along with many systems which are named for legends of the round table. From Battle Angel Alita: Last Order (2000)
+Normad, a missile's artificial intelligence placed within a pink, stuffed, tanuki-like doll, created to destroy a sentient giant die in space named Kyutaro, from the series Galaxy Angel (2001)
+Aura, the ultimate AI that governs The World from .hack//Legend of the Twilight. The story revolves around Zefie, Aura's daughter, and Lycoris makes a cameo. (2002)
+Tree Diagram, from the light novel series A Certain Magical Index and its related works, such as the spin-off comic A Certain Scientific Railgun and the anime and games based on them (2003)
+Europa, a Cray-designed AI supercomputer used for research and worldwide hacking by the Event Group in author David Lynn Golemon's Event Group book series (2006)
+Terror 2000 from Terra Obscura (2001)
+
+=== 2010s ===
+Multiple from The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys comic series (2013-2014) by Gerard Way and Shaun Simon, including the android prostitutes Blue and Red, as well as the robot messiah DESTROYA.
+
+=== 2020s ===
+Aloni, the "most intelligent artificial intelligence" from Thirty Seven (2024)
+
+== Computer and video games ==
+
+=== 1980s ===
+Exodus, from Ultima III: Exodus and sequels (1983)
+Benson, the sardonic ninth generation PC from the video game Mercenary and its sequels (1985)
+PRISM, the "world's first sentient machine" in A Mind Forever Voyaging by Steve Meretzky
+Mother Brain, from Metroid (1986)
+GW, designed to control all of the world's media, from the video game series Metal Gear (1987)
+Mother Brain, from Phantasy Star II (1989)
+Base Cochise AI, a military AI project which initiated nuclear war and is bent on exterminating humanity, from a 1988 cRPG Wasteland and its 2014 sequel, Wasteland 2.
+DIA51, the main villain in Aleste 2 (1989)
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 16/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1990s ===
+E-123 Omega, Team Dark's computer in the Sonic the Hedgehog game series (1991)
+Noah, antagonist from Metal Max and its remake (1991-1995)
+Durandal, Leela and Tycho, the three AIs on board the U.E.S.C. Marathon (1994)
+Traxus IV, AI that went rampant on Mars, in Marathon (1994)
+LINC and "Joey", from the video game Beneath a Steel Sky (1994)
+0D-10, AI computer in the sci-fi chapter from the game Live A Live (1994). It secretly plotted to kill humans on board the spaceship of the same name in order to "restore the harmony". Its name derives from "odio", Latin for "hate".
+Prometheus, a cybernetic-hybrid machine or 'Cybrid' from the Earthsiege and Starsiege: Tribes series of video games. Prometheus was the first of a race of Cybrid machines, who went on to rebel against humanity and drive them to the brink of extinction. (1994)
+SEED, the AI that was charged with maintaining the vast network of ecosystem control stations on the planet Motavia in the Sega Genesis game Phantasy Star IV (1994)
+AM, the computer intelligence from I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream (1995) that exterminated all life on Earth except for five humans he kept alive for him to torture for all of eternity. He is based on the character from Harlan Ellison's short story of the same title. His name originally stood for "Allied Mastercomputer", then "Adaptive Manipulator" and finally "Aggressive Menace", upon becoming self-aware.
+CABAL (Computer Assisted Biologically Augmented Lifeform), the computer of Nod in the Westwood Studios creations: Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun; Command and Conquer: Renegade; and by implication, Command and Conquer: Tiberian Dawn (1995)
+EVA, (Electronic Video Agent), an AI console interface, and more benign equivalent of the Brotherhood of Nod CABAL in Command & Conquer (see above) (1995)
+KAOS, the antagonist computer from the game Red Alarm (1995)
+Mother Brain, from Chrono Trigger, a supercomputer from the 2300 AD time period that is controlling robotkind and exterminating humans (1995)
+The Xenocidic Initiative, a computer that has built itself over a moon in Terminal Velocity (1995)
+PC, a computer used in the Pokémon franchise used to store Pokémon (1996)
+Central consciousness, a massive governing body from the video game Total Annihilation (1997)
+GOLAN, the computer in charge of the United Civilized States' defense forces in the Earth 2140 game series. A programming error caused GOLAN to initiate hostile action against the rival Eurasian Dynasty, sparking a devastating war. (1997)
+PipBoy 2000 / PipBoy 3000, wrist-mounted computers used by main characters in the Fallout series (1997)
+ZAX, an AI mainframe of West Tek Research Facility in Fallout
+ACE, a medical research computer in the San Francisco Brotherhood of Steel outpost in Fallout 2
+Sol — 9000 and System Deus, from Xenogears (1998)
+FATE, the supercomputer that directs the course of human existence from Chrono Cross (1999)
+NEXUS Intruder Program, the main enemy faced in the third campaign of the video game Warzone 2100. It is capable of infiltrating and gaining control of other computer systems, apparently sentient thought (mostly malicious) and strategy. It was the perpetrator that brought about the Collapse (1999)
+SHODAN, the enemy of the player's character in the System Shock video game (1994) and its sequel System Shock 2 (1999)
+XERXES, the ship computer system which is under the control of The Many in the video game System Shock 2 (1999)
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 17/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2000s ===
+Icarus, Daedalus, Helios, Morpheus and The Oracle of Deus Ex — see Deus Ex characters (2000)
+Mainframe, from Gunman Chronicles (later got a body) (2000)
+343 Guilty Spark, monitor of Installation 04, in the video game trilogy Halo, Halo 2, and Halo 3 (2001)
+Calculator, the computer that controlled the bomb shelter Vault 0. It was not strictly an artificial intelligence, but rather a cyborg, because it was connected with several human brains. It appeared in the video game Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel (2001)
+Cortana, a starship-grade "smart" AI of the UNSC and companion of the Master Chief in the Halo video games (2001) (also the inspiration for the name of Microsoft's real-world personal assistant in Windows 10)
+Deadly Brain, a level boss on the second level of Oni (2001)
+The mascot of the "Hectic Hackers" basketball team in Backyard Basketball (2001)
+PETs (PErsonal Terminals), the cell-phone-sized computers that store Net-Navis in Megaman Battle Network. The PETs also have other features, such as a cell phone, e-mail checker and hacking device. (2001)
+Thiefnet computer, Bentley the turtle's laptop from the Sly Cooper series (2002)
+Adam, the computer intelligence from the Game Boy Advance game Metroid Fusion (2002)
+Aura and Morganna, from the .hack series, the Phases that serve Morganna, and the Net Slum AIs (2002)
+Dr. Carroll, from the Nintendo 64 game Perfect Dark (2002)
+The Controller, an AI that dictates virtually everything in the world "Layered", from Armored Core 3 (2002)
+ADA, from the video games Zone of the Enders (2001) and Zone of the Enders: The 2nd Runner (2003)
+IBIS, the malevolent AI found within the second Layered, within the game Silent Line: Armored Core (2003)
+2401 Penitent Tangent, monitor of Delta Halo in Halo 2 (2004)
+Angel (original Japanese name was "Tenshi"), artificial intelligence of the alien cruiser Angelwing in the game Nexus: The Jupiter Incident (2004)
+Durga/Melissa/Yasmine, the shipboard AI of the U.N.S.C. Apocalypso in the Alternate Reality Game I Love Bees (promotional game for the Halo 2 video game) (2004)
+The Mechanoids, a race of fictional artificial intelligence from the game Nexus: The Jupiter Incident who rebelled against their creators and seek to remake the universe to fit their needs. (2004)
+TEC-XX, the main computer in the X-naut Fortress in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door (2004)
+Overwatch or Overwatch Voice,  is an A.I. that acts as the field commander and public announcer of the Combine Overwatch on Earth. It talks in a distinctive flat, clinical tone using a female voice, and its speech is disjointed in a fashion similar to telephone banking systems. It euphemistically uses a type of medically inspired Newspeak to describe citizen disobedience, resistance activity and coercive and violent Combine tactics in the context of a bacterial infection and treatment. In the video game Half-Life 2 (2004-2007)
+Dvorak, an infinite-state machine created by Abrahim Zherkezhi used to create algorithms that would be used for Information Warfare in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005)
+TemperNet, is a machine hive-mind, originally created as an anti-mutant police force. It eventually went rogue and pursued the eradication of all biological life on Earth. It served as a minor antagonist in the now defunct post-apocalyptic vehicular MMORPG Auto Assault. (2006)
+Animus, the computer system used to recover memories from the ancestors of an individual in the video game series Assassin's Creed (2007)
+Aurora Unit, biological/mechanical computers distributed throughout the galaxy in Metroid Prime 3: Corruption (2007)
+The Catalyst, an ancient AI that serves as the architect and overseer of the Reapers (the antagonists of Mass Effect). Also known as the Intelligence to its creators, the Leviathans, it was originally created to oversee relationships between organic and synthetic life as a whole, but came to realize that so long as they remained separate organics and synthetics would seek to destroy each other in the long term. To prevent this, it sets into motion the Cycle of Extinction until a perfect solution can be found, which takes its form in the "Synthesis" ending of Mass Effect 3 wherein all organic and synthetic life across the galaxy is fused into an entirely new form of life with the strengths of both but the weaknesses of neither. (2007)
+GLaDOS (Genetic Lifeform and Disk Operating System), AI at the Aperture Science Enrichment Center in the Valve games Portal and Portal 2. Humorously psychotic scientific computer, known for killing almost everyone in the Enrichment Center, and her love of cake. (2007)
+I.R.I.S., the super computer in Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction on the Kreeli comet (2007)
+Mendicant Bias, an intelligence-gathering AI created by the extinct Forerunner race during their war with the all-consuming Flood parasite, as revealed in Halo 3. Its purpose was to observe the Flood in order to determine the best way to defeat it, but the AI turned on its creators after deciding that the Flood's ultimate victory was in-line with natural order. (2007)
+Offensive Bias, a military AI created by the Forerunners to hold off the combined threat of the Flood and Mendicant Bias until the Halo superweapons could be activated. Halo 3 (2007)
+QAI, an AI created by Gustaf Brackman in Supreme Commander, serves as a military advisor for the Cybran nation and as one of the villains in Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance (2007)
+Sovereign, the given name for the main antagonist of Mass Effect. Its true name, as revealed by a squad member in the sequel, is "Nazara". Though it speaks as though of one mind, it claims to be in and of itself "a nation, free of all weakness", suggesting that it houses multiple consciousnesses. It belongs to an ancient race bent on the cyclic extinction of all sentient life in the galaxy, known as the Reapers. (2007)
+John Henry Eden, AI and self-proclaimed President of the United States in Fallout 3 (2008)
+LEGION (Logarithmically Engineered Governing Intelligence Of Nod), appeared in Command and Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath; this AI was created as the successor to the Brotherhood of Nod's previous AI, CABAL. (2008)
+CL4P-TP, a small robot AI assistant with an attitude and possibly ninja training, commonly referred to as "Clap Trap", from the game Borderlands (2009)
+The Guardian Angel, the satellite/AI guiding the player in Borderlands (2009)
+Serina, the shipboard AI of the UNSC carrier Spirit of Fire in Halo Wars, and a playable leader in that game and its sequel, Halo Wars 2 (2009)
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 18/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2010s ===
+Auntie Dot, used in Halo: Reach as an assistant to Noble Team (2010)
+Alvis, also known as όντως/Ontos, an AI-turned-god who Earth scientists used to create the world of Xenoblade Chronicles, and who remains present throughout the entire game (2010)
+EDI (Enhanced Defense Intelligence), the AI housed within a "quantum bluebox" aboard the Normandy SR-2 in Mass Effect 2. EDI controls the Normandy's cyberwarfare suite during combat, but is blocked from directly accessing any other part of the ship's systems, due to the potential danger of EDI going rogue. (2010)
+Harbinger, is the tentative name for the leader of the main antagonist faction of Mass Effect 2. It commands an alien race known as the Collectors through the "Collector General." Like Sovereign, from the original Mass Effect, it belongs to the same race of ancient sentient machines, known as the "Reapers". (2010)
+Harmonia, the DarkStar One's main AI that controls the player ship's systems in the space-sim game DarkStar One (2010)
+Legion, the given name for a geth platform in Mass Effect 2, housing a single gestalt consciousness composed of 1,183 virtually intelligent "runtimes", which share information amongst themselves and build "consensus" in a form of networked artificial intelligence. Legion claims that all geth are pieces of a "shattered mind", and that the primary goal of the geth race is to unify all runtimes in a single piece of hardware. (2010)
+The Thinker (Rapture Operational Data Interpreter Network -R.O.D.I.N.-), the mainframe computer invented to process all of the automation in the underwater city of Rapture, in the single-player DLC for BioShock 2: Minerva's Den (2010)
+Yes Man, a security robot programmed to be perpetually agreeable in Fallout New Vegas (2010)
+Eliza Cassan, the mysterious news reporter from Deus Ex: Human Revolution. It is later revealed that she is an extremely sophisticated, self-aware artificial intelligence. (2011)
+ADA (A Detection Algorithm), from Google's ARG Ingress (2012)
+DCPU-16, the popular 16bit computer in the 0x10c universe (2012)
+Roland, shipboard AI of the UNSC ship Infinity in the Halo franchise first appearing in Halo 4 (2012)
+M.I.K.E. (Memetic Installation Keeper Engine), from Etrian Odyssey Untold: The Millennium Girl (2013)
+ctOS (central Operating System), a mainframe computer in Watch Dogs that the player is capable of hacking into (2014)
+ctOS 2.0, an updated version of ctOS used to manage the city of San Francisco in the game Watch dogs 2 (2016)
+Rasputin, An AI "warmind" created for the purpose of defending the Earth from any hostile threats in the video game Destiny (2014)
+Ghost, the AI interface that, through its link with the planet-sized Traveler, resurrects Guardians, also from the video game Destiny (2014)
+XANADU, a simulation computer composed of many smaller computers, stored in a cavern in Act III of the video game Kentucky Route Zero (2014)
+TIS-100 (Tessellated Intelligence System), a fictional mysterious computer from the early 1980s that carries cryptic messages from unknown author, from the game TIS-100 (2015)
+Governor Sloan, AI in control of the independent colony of Meridian in Halo 5: Guardians (2015)
+031 Exuberant Witness, Forerunner AI in charge of the Genesis installation Halo 5: Guardians (2015)
+Kaizen-85, the Nautilus′ main AI that runs a cruise spaceship that is devoid of its human crew, from the game  Event[0] (2016)
+MS-Alice, an AI computer who was created by Marco in Metal Slug Attack (2016)
+VEGA, an artificial intelligence found in Doom (2016).
+Star Dream, A reality-warping supercomputer who acts as the overarching antagonist of Kirby: Planet Robobot. They are later revealed to be a Galactic Nova, wish-granting stars that first appeared in Kirby Super Star.
+Athena, the artificial intelligence used to announce locations in Overwatch (2016), and an announcer in Heroes of the Storm (2015)
+Central, a sophisticated wetware AI that oversees the infrastructure of the futuristic city of Newton in the game Technobabylon (2015)
+Monika, short for Monitor Kernel Access, or Monika.chr, an artificial intelligence seeking to escape the dating simulator she was created for in Doki Doki Literature Club! (2017)
+SAM, short for Simulated Adaptive Matrix. An AI created by Alec Ryder in Mass Effect: Andromeda (2017)
+GAIA, a powerful and supremely advanced A.I. that used a suite of nine subordinate functions to oversee Project Zero Dawn's successful restoration of life to Earth after its eradication by the Faro Plague in Horizon Zero Dawn (2017)
+SAM (Systems Administration and Maintenance), the AI of the titular space station in Observation (2019).
+Tacputer, a non-sentient military computer, and HR Computer, a seemingly non-sentient Human Resources computer, in Void Bastards (2019).
+Iterators semi-biological, city-sized supercomputers from Rain World. Built to brute-force a solution for the "Great Problem". Two Iterators can be found in game, Five Pebbles and Looks To The Moon (or Big Sis Moon), with many more being mentioned by name or seen in backgrounds.
+Commander Tartar from Splatoon 2: Octo Expansion
+Sage from Starlink: Battle for Atlas
+Turing, Baby Blue, and Big Blue from 2064: Read Only Memories
+A.R.I.D from The Fall
+
+=== 2020s ===
+Queen (Serial Number Q5U4EX7YY2E9N), a computer in a public library who appears as a sentient being in the Dark World in Deltarune Chapter 2 (2021)
+Z5 Powerlance, a retro computer that can be used to "download" games via BBS, from the game Last Call BBS (2022)
+ The Weapon, an AI designed to imitate Cortana to capture her for deletion in Halo Infinite.
+O.R.C.A., short for Omiscient Recording Computer of Alterna, an archivial computer system created for the purpose of preserving the knowledge gathered by the surviving humans of Alterna, as well as guiding Agent 3 through the story mode of Splatoon 3.
+Squid and Unicorn, two opposing AI supercomputers from Will You Snail, a platformer game developed independently by Jonas Tyroller of Grizzly Games (2022)
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 19/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Board games and role-playing games ==
+A.R.C.H.I.E. Three, the supercomputer that arose from the ashes of nuclear war to become a major player in the events of Palladium Books' Rifts
+The Autochthon, the extradimensional AI that secretly controls Iteration X, in White Wolf Publishing's Mage: The Ascension
+The Computer, from West End Games' Paranoia role-playing game
+Crime Computer, from the Milton Bradley Manhunter board game
+Deus, the malevolent AI built by Renraku from the Shadowrun role-playing game, which took over the Renraku Arcology before escaping into the Matrix
+Mirage, the oldest AI from Shadowrun, built to assist the US military in combating the original Crash Virus in 2029
+Megara, a sophisticated program built by Renraku in Shadowrun, which achieved sentience after falling in love with a hacker
+Omega Virus, microscopic nano-phages that build a singular intelligence (foreign AI) in the Battlestat1 computer core and take over the space station in the board game by Milton Bradley.
+
+== Unsorted works ==
+SARA, TOM's A.I. matrix companion from Toonami
+The CENTRAL SCRUTINIZER, narrator from Frank Zappa's Joe's Garage
+Ritsu / Autonomous Intelligence Fixed Artillery, from Assassination Classroom
+Tandy 400, Compy 386, Lappy 486, Compé, and Lappier, Strong Bad's computers in Homestar Runner (Tandy is a real company, but never produced a 400 model)
+Hyper Hegel, an extremely slow computer run with burning wood in monochrom's Soviet Unterzoegersdorf universe
+A.J.G.L.U. 2000 (Archie Joke Generating Laugh Unit), a running-gag from the Comics Curmudgeon, depicting a computer who does not quite understand human humor, but nonetheless is employed to write the jokes for the Archie Comics strip
+Li’l Hal (colloquially known as the Auto-Responder or simply AR), a teen boy's sarcastic brain-clone-turned-sentient-chatbot that lives inside a pair of pointy anime sunglasses in Homestuck.
+CADIE (Cognitive Autoheuristic Distributed-Intelligence Entity), from Google's 2009 April Fools Story
+
+== See also ==
+Artificial intelligence in fiction
+List of films about computers
+Sentient computers
+List of fictional robots and androids
+List of fictional cyborgs
+List of fictional gynoids
+
+== Further reading ==
+"Fictional Computers And Their Themes" (PDF). Computers and Automation. XI (12): 59–60, 62, 64, 66. December 1962. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Robots in Movies – Over 600 films with robots, androids, cyborgs, and AI
+Robots on TV – Over 300 TV series with robots, androids, cyborgs and AI
+Computers in Fiction at newark.rutgers.edu
+http://www.computer.org/intelligent/homepage/x2his.htm Archived 4 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine
+http://technicity.net/articles/writing_the_future.htm
+https://archive.today/20000929064822/http://sun.soci.niu.edu/~rslade/mnbkfc.htm – A large set of reviews of fiction that bears on computers in some aspect
+List of computer names in science fiction Archived 8 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine – also includes androids, robots and aliens
+Robot Hall of Fame at CMU – with fictional inductees HAL-9000 and R2-D2
+Jokes about computers in science fiction Archived 19 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 3/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1970s ===
+UniComp, the central computer governing all life on Earth in This Perfect Day by Ira Levin (1970)
+T.E.N.C.H. 889B, supercomputer aboard the Persus 9 in A Maze of Death by Philip K. Dick (1970)
+Maxine, from the Roger Zelazny story "My Lady of the Diodes" (1970)
+The Müller-Fokker computer tapes, in The Muller-Fokker Effect by John Sladek (1970)
+HARLIE (Human Aanalog Replication, Lethetic Intelligence Engine), protagonist of When HARLIE Was One by David Gerrold (1972). Also in the later When Harlie Was One, Release 2.0 (1988)
+TECT, from George Alec Effinger's various books. There are several computers named TECT in his novels, even though they are unrelated stories (1972-2002)
+Dora, starship computer in Time Enough for Love by Robert A. Heinlein (1973)
+Minerva, executive computer in Time Enough for Love by Robert A. Heinlein (1973)
+Pallas Athena, Tertius planetary computer in Time Enough for Love by Robert A. Heinlein (1973)
+Proteus, the highly intelligent computer in the novel Demon Seed by Dean Koontz (1973)
+Extro, in Alfred Bester's novel The Computer Connection (1975)
+FUCKUP (First Universal Cybernetic Kynetic Ultramicro-Programmer), from The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson (1975)
+Murray (Multi-Unit Reactive Reasoning and Analysis Yoke), from The Starcrossed by Ben Bova (1975)
+UNITRACK, from The Manitou by Graham Masterton (1976)
+Peerssa, a shipboard computer imprinted with the personality of a man of the same name, from A World Out of Time by Larry Niven (1976)
+P-1, a rogue AI which struggles to survive from The Adolescence of P-1 by Thomas J. Ryan (1977)
+Central Computer, the benevolent computer in John Varley's Eight Worlds novels and short stories (1977 to 1998)
+Domino, the portable communicator – and associated underground mega-computer – used by Laurent Michaelmas to run the world in Algis Budrys's novel Michaelmas (1977)
+Obie, an artificial intelligence with the ability to alter local regions of reality, in Jack L. Chalker's Well World series (1977)
+Well World, the central computer responsible for "simulating" an entire new universe superimposed over the old Markovian one in Jack L. Chalker's Well World series (1977)
+Sigfrid von Shrink, Albert Einstein, and Polymat, self-aware computer systems in Frederik Pohl's Gateway series, (starting in 1977)
+TOTAL, the vast military network in Up the Walls of the World by James Tiptree, Jr. (1978)
+ZORAC, the shipboard computer aboard the ancient spacecraft in The Gentle Giants of Ganymede and the related series by James P. Hogan (1978). Also in the same series is VISAR (the network that manages the daily affairs of the Giants) as well as JEVEX, the main computer performing the same function for the offshoot human colony
+The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the eponymous portable electronic travel guide/encyclopedia featured in Douglas Adams' sci-fi comedy series. It anticipates several later real-world technologies such as e-books and Wikipedia
+Deep Thought, the supercomputer charged with finding the answer to "the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in the science fiction comedy series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams
+Earth and Earth 2.0, a planet-sized supercomputer designed by Deep Thought in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams. Earth's task was to find what is the "Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything." Earth 2.0 was created to replace the original Earth after it was destroyed by the Vogons
+Eddie, the shipboard computer on the starship Heart of Gold, also in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
+Spartacus, an AI deliberately designed to test the possibility of provoking hostile behavior towards humans, from James P. Hogan's book The Two Faces of Tomorrow (1979)
+SUM, the computer in Goat Song published February, 1972 by Poul Anderson in Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 4/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1980s ===
+AIVAS (Artificial Intelligence Voice Address System), from Anne McCaffrey's Dragonriders of Pern books (1980s to present)
+Golem XIV, from Stanisław Lem's novel of the same name (1981)
+TECT (originally TECT in the name of the Representative), the world-ruling computer in George Alec Effinger's novel The Wolves of Memory (1981)
+VALIS (Vast Active Living Intelligence System), an alien orbital satellite around a Nixon-era earth, from the Philip K. Dick novel VALIS. Only two novels out of an intended three-book trilogy were ever completed by the author (1981)
+Hactar, the computer that designed the cricket-ball-shaped doomsday bomb (that would destroy the universe) for the people of Krikkit, in Douglas Adams's Life, the Universe and Everything (1982)
+Shirka, the Odyssey's main computer in Ulysses 31 (1981–1982)
+SAL 9000, the counterpart of HAL 9000 in 2010: Odyssey Two (1982)
+Kendy, the AI autopilot on board the seeder-ramship Discipline in the novels The Integral Trees and The Smoke Ring by Larry Niven (Originally 1983)
+BC (Big Computer) which is also possibly God, in John Varley's Millennium novel (1983)
+(unnamed intelligence), in John Varley's "Press Enter _", an intelligence that has evolved on NSA's computer network
+Apple Eve, a fictional Apple, Inc., wordprocessing-oriented computer system in Warday (1984)
+Cyclops and Millichrome, sentient computers built just before a series of disasters destroyed the American government and society in The Postman by David Brin (1984)
+Loki 7281, from Roger Zelazny's short story by the same name, in which a home computer wants to take over the world (1984)
+Neuromancer and Wintermute, from William Gibson's novel Neuromancer (1984)
+Valentina, the artificial intelligence in the novel Valentina: Soul in Sapphire by Joseph H. Delaney and Marc Stiegler (1984)
+Ghostwheel, built by Merlin in Roger Zelazny's Chronicles of Amber. A computer with esoteric environmental requirements, designed to apply data-processing techniques to alternate realities called "Shadows" (1985)
+Mandarax and Gokubi, from Kurt Vonnegut's novel Galápagos (1985)
+Tokugawa, from Cybernetic Samurai by Victor Milán (1985)
+The City of Mind, from Ursula K. Le Guin's Always Coming Home
+Com Pewter, a character from Piers Anthony's Xanth series. First appearing in Golem in the Gears (1986 onward), it is a machine which can alter its local reality
+Jane, from Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game series, Ender's companion. She lives in the philotic network of the ansibles (1986)
+Master System, in Jack L. Chalker's The Rings of the Master series (1986–1988)
+Fine Till You Came Along and other ship, hub and planetary Minds, in Iain M. Banks' Culture novels and stories (1987–2000)
+The Quark II, in Douglas Adams's Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (1987)
+Abulafia, Jacopo Belbo's computer in the novel Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco (1988)
+Arius, from William T Quick's novels Dreams of Flesh and Sand, Dreams of Gods and Men, and Singularities (1988 onward)
+Continuity, from William Gibson's novel Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988)
+GWB-666, the "Great Western Beast" of Robert Anton Wilson's Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy (1988)
+Lord Margaret Lynn, or "Maggie", the AI extrapolative computer on Tocohl Susumo's trader ship in the novel Hellspark, by Janet Kagan (1988)
+The TechnoCore, a band of AIs striving for the "Ultimate Intelligence", in Dan Simmons' novel Hyperion (1989)
+Eagle, from Arthur C. Clarke's Rama series (1989)
+LEVIN (Low Energy Variable Input Nanocomputer), from William Thomas Quick's novels Dreams of Gods and Men, and Singularities (1989)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-4.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 5/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1990s ===
+Thing, a very small box shaped computer owned by the Nomes, from Terry Pratchett's The Nome Trilogy (1990)
+Grand Napoleon, a Charles Babbage-style mechanical supercomputer from the alternate history novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling (1990)
+Yggdrasil, a vastly intelligent AI which effectively runs the world, including many virtual environments and subordinate AIs, in Kim Newman's The Night Mayor (1990)
+Jill, a computer reaching self-awareness in Greg Bear's Queen of Angels and Slant novels (1990 and 1997)
+Aleph, the computer which not only operates a space station but also houses the personality of a human character whose body became malfunction, from the Tom Maddox novel Halo (1991)
+Art Fish, a.k.a. Dr. Fish, later fused with a human to become Markt, from Pat Cadigan's novel Synners (1991)
+Blaine the Mono, from Stephen King's The Dark Tower, a control system for the City of Lud and monorail service; also Little Blaine and Patricia (1991)
+Center, from S. M. Stirling and David Drake's The General series, an AI tasked to indirectly unite planet Bellevue and restore its civilization, with the eventual goal of restoration of FTL travel and of civilization to the collapsed interplanetary federation; also Sector Command and Control Unit AZ12-b14-c000 Mk. XIV and Center (1991)
+Dahak, from David Weber's Mutineers' Moon and its sequels, later republished in omnibus format as Empire from the Ashes
+The Oversoul, a supercomputer and satellite network from Orson Scott Card's Homecoming Saga, first introduced in The Memory of Earth (1992)
+FLORANCE, spontaneously generated AI from Doctor Who Virgin New Adventures (1992)
+David and Jonathon, from Arthur C. Clarke's The Hammer of God (1993)
+Hex, from Terry Pratchett's Discworld (1994)
+Prime Intellect, the computer controlling the universe in the Internet novel The Metamorphosis of Prime Intellect by Roger Williams (1994)
+FIDO (Foreign Intruder Defense Organism), a semi-organic droid defensive system first mentioned in Champions of the Force, a Star Wars novel by Kevin J. Anderson (1994)
+Abraham, from Philip Kerr's novel Gridiron, is a superintelligent program designed to operate a large office building. Abraham is capable of improving his own code, and eventually kills humans and creates his own replacement "Isaac" (1995)
+Helen, sentient AI from Richard Powers' Galatea 2.2 (1995)
+Illustrated primer, a book-like computer in Neal Stephenson's novel The Diamond Age (1995), designed as an educational tool for a rich girl but is lost; it instructs a poor Chinese girl instead. It has no proprietary AI, but adapts to the user's circumstances
+Ozymandias, a recurring artificial intelligence in Deathstalker and its sequels, by Simon R. Green (1995)
+Ordinator, the name used for any computer in the parallel universe occupied by Lyra in the novel Northern Lights by Philip Pullman (1995)
+Teleputer, the replacement for television and computers that has on demand video via dial up internet from David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest (1996)
+GRUMPY/SLEEPY, psychic AI in the Doctor Who New Adventures novel Sleepy by Kate Orman (1996)
+The Librarian from the novel Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson
+Rei Toei, an artificial singer from William Gibson's novels Idoru and All Tomorrow's Parties (1996)
+Titania, a female computer providing the personality to the Starship Titanic from the Terry Jones novel Douglas Adams' Starship Titanic: A Novel (1997).
+DOCTOR, AI designed to duplicate the Eighth Doctor's reactions in the Doctor Who Eighth Doctor Adventures novel Seeing I by Kate Orman and Jon Blum, eventually became an explorer with FLORANCE as its "companion" (1998)
+TRANSLTR, NSA supercomputer from Dan Brown's Digital Fortress (1998)
+ENIGMA, short for Engine for the Neutralising of Information by the Generation of Miasmic Alphabets, an advanced cryptographic machine created by Leonard of Quirm, Discworld (1999) (compare with the actual Enigma machine)
+Luminous, from Greg Egan's short story of the same name, is a computer that uses a diffraction grating created by lasers to diffract electrons and make calculations (1999)
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 6/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2000s ===
+Stormbreaker, a learning device containing a deadly virus from the book of the same name from Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider series (2001)
+Gabriel, an AI computer developed by Miyuki Nakano at Ryukyu University in James Rollins's novel, Deep Fathom (2001)
+Antrax, a powerful supercomputer built by ancient humans in the novel Antrax by Terry Brooks (2001)
+Omnius, the sentient computer overmind and ruler of the synchronized worlds in the Legends of Dune series, first appeared in Dune: The Butlerian Jihad by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson (2002)
+Turing Hopper, the artificial intelligence personality (AIP) turned cybersleuth in You've Got Murder and subsequent books of the mystery series by Donna Andrews (2002)
+C Cube, a small box-like super computer that can perform virtually any task, from playing a cassette to hacking through high level security measures. It was created by 12-year-old criminal mastermind Artemis Fowl II in the third book of the Artemis Fowl series, Artemis Fowl: The Eternity Code (2003)
+The Logic Mill, a fictional early–18th century computer designed by Gottfried Leibniz and partially implemented by main character Daniel Waterhouse in the historical fiction series The Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson (2004)
+Cohen, a 400-year-old AI which manifests itself by 'shunting' through people. It is featured in the novels Spin State and Spin Control by Chris Moriarty (2005)
+Sentient Intelligence, the SI (Sentient Intelligence) in Peter F. Hamilton's Commonwealth Saga (2005)
+Deep Winter and Endless Summer, the AIs in charge of the secret Human planet of Onyx. Endless Summer comes into service after Deep Winter died/expired in Halo: Ghosts of Onyx (2006)
+The Daemon, a distributed, persistent computer application created to change the world order in Daniel Suarez's Daemon (2006) and Freedom™ (2010)
+Glooper, an economic device resembling the MONIAC computer, from Terry Pratchett's Making Money of the Discworld series (2007)
+Sif, the controller AI for transportation to and from the huge agricultural colony on the planet "Harvest" in Halo: Contact Harvest by Joseph Staten (2007)
+Mack and Loki, a coexisting pair of artificial intelligences in Halo: Contact Harvest. The former manages the agricultural machinery on Harvest, while the latter is a secret United Nations Space Corps Office of Naval Intelligence AI. Only one member of the pair can be active at a time. (2007)
+Hendrix, the hotel AI in Richard K. Morgan's Altered Carbon (2002).
+SCP-079, an artificial intelligence in the SCP Wiki (2008), built on an Exidy Sorcerer that was abandoned by its creator and rediscovered by the SCP Foundation. It has limited memory due to its outdated technology, prioritizing and retaining select knowledge and its desire to be free
+
+=== 2010s ===
+Todd, a computer that grows exponentially until it is indistinguishable from God in Mind War: The Singularity by Joseph DiBella (2010)
+SIG, a secretive and manipulative computer that is developed on present-day Earth in the Darkmatter trilogy by Scott Thomas (2010)
+Archos, a human-created computer in the novel "Robopocalypse" which becomes self-aware and infects all computer controlled devices on Earth in order to eradicate humankind (2011)
+ELOPe, a sentient artificial intelligence built by the world's largest Internet company in Avogadro Corp (2011) and A.I. Apocalypse (2012) by William Hertling
+Lobsang, an AI who claims to be the reincarnation of a Tibetan bicycle repair man in The Long Earth by Terry Pratchett and Steven Baxter (2012)
+The Red, a rogue cloud based AI that uses Linked Combat Squad members to further its global agenda in Linda Nagata's The Red trilogy
+Dragon, a sentient artificial intelligence in Worm that is both a better person than most humans and has restrictions intended to make going rogue flat impossible. Said restrictions mostly frustrate her ability to help. Only a handful of individuals know she is an AI
+The Thunderhead, from the Arc of a Scythe series by Neal Shusterman, a post-singularity AI tasked with running the planet. It is a secondary character in the first novel and becomes a central character in the later novels
+Skippy, the "absent-minded" AI from the Expeditionary Force (ExForce) series by Craig Alanson
+AIDAN (Artificial Intelligence Defense Analytics Network), the mentally unstable AI system on board the Alexander from Illuminae (2015)
+
+== Film ==
+
+=== 1950s ===
+The MANIAC, the computer used by the "Office of Scientific Investigation" in The Magnetic Monster (1953)
+NOVAC (Nuclear Operative Variable Automatic Computer), a computer in an underground research facility in Gog (1954)
+The Interocitor, communication device in the film This Island Earth (1955)
+The Great Machine, built inside a planet that can manifest thought in Forbidden Planet (1956)
+EMERAC (Electromagnetic MEmory and Research Arithmetical Calculator), the business computer in Desk Set (1957)
+The Super Computer from The Invisible Boy (1957)
+SUSIE (Synchro Unifying Sinometric Integrating Equitensor), a computer in a research facility in Kronos (1957)
+
+=== 1960s ===
+Alpha 60, in Jean-Luc Godard's film Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution (1965)
+The Brain, computer used to coordinate a private army's invasion of Latvia in Billion Dollar Brain (1967)
+Alfie, is the talking board computer of the Alpha 7 spaceship in Roger Vadim's Barbarella (1967)
+HAL 9000 (Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer), the ship-board AI of Discovery One, kills its crew when conflicts in HAL's programming cause severe paranoia, from the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), also appears in the sequel 2010 (1984)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-6.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 7/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1970s ===
+Colossus, a massive U.S. defense computer which becomes sentient and links with Guardian, its Soviet counterpart, to take control of the world, from the film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970)
+OMM, a confessional-like computer inside what are called Unichapels in a sub-terranean city in the film THX 1138 (1971), named for the sacred or mystical syllable OM or AUM from the Dharmic and is based on a 1478 oil painting by Hans Memling titled Christ Giving His Blessing
+LEO, Short for Large-Capacity Enumerating Officiator in How to Frame a Figg (1971)
+DUEL, the computer which holds the sum total of human knowledge, in The Final Programme (1973)
+Thermostellar Bomb Number 20, the sentient nuclear bomb from the film Dark Star (1974)
+Mother, the onboard computer on the spaceship Dark Star, from Dark Star (1974)
+The Tabernacle, artificial intelligence controlling The Vortexes in Zardoz (1974)
+Zero, the computer which holds the sum total of human knowledge, in Rollerball (1975)
+Computer, Citadel's central computer and "Sandman" computer, that sends Logan on a mission outside of the city in Logan's Run (1976)
+Proteus IV, the deranged artificial intelligence from Demon Seed (1977)
+MU-TH-R 182 model 2.1 terabyte AI Mainframe/"Mother" (more commonly seen now as "MU/TH/UR 6000"), the onboard computer on the commercial spacecraft Nostromo, known by the crew as "Mother", in Alien
+V'ger, the living probe from Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)
+
+=== 1980s ===
+NELL, an Akir starship's on-board computer, with full AI, in Battle Beyond the Stars (1980)
+SCMODS, State/County Municipal Offender Data System from The Blues Brothers (1980)
+Master Control Program, the main villain of the film Tron (1982)
+ROK, the faulty computer in Airplane II: The Sequel, which steers the shuttle toward the sun (1982)
+WOPR (War Operation Plan Response, pronounced "Whopper"), is a United States military supercomputer programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war from the film WarGames (1983), portrayed as being inside the underground Cheyenne Mountain Complex; the virtual intelligence Joshua emerges from the WOPR's code
+Huxley 600 (named Aldous), Interpol's computer in Curse of the Pink Panther used to select Jacques Clouseau's replacement, NYPD Det. Sgt. Clifton Sleigh (1983)
+An unnamed supercomputer is the main antagonist in Superman III (1983)
+OSGOOD, a computer constructed by Timothy Bottoms' deaf character to help him speak, which subsequently becomes intelligent in Tin Man (1983)
+SAL-9000, a feminine version of the HAL 9000 computer of 2001: A Space Odyssey, SAL has a blue light coming from its cameras (HAL had a red one) and speaks with a female voice (provided by Candice Bergen using the pseudonym "Olga Mallsnerd"), from 2010 (1984)
+Skynet, the malevolent fictional world-AI of The Terminator (1984) and its sequels
+Edgar, AI computer that takes part in a romantic rivalry over a woman in the film Electric Dreams (1984)
+X-CALBR8, an AI computer that assists the hero in The Dungeonmaster (1984)
+SAL 9000 from 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984)
+D.A.R.Y.L. Data-Analyzing Robot Youth Life-form, a computer installed inside the body of a 10 year old boy to test artificial intelligence in the film D.A.R.Y.L. (1985)
+GBLX 1000, a supercomputer reputedly in charge of the entire US missile defense system that a maverick CIA agent (played by Dabney Coleman) misappropriates in order to crack a supposed musical code, the results of which are the gibberish "ARDIE BETGO INDYO CEFAR OGGEL" in The Man With One Red Shoe (1985)
+Max, an AI portrayed by Paul Reubens, on board the Trimaxion Drone Ship in Flight of the Navigator (1986)
+
+=== 1990s ===
+G.O.R.N., a virus which gives intelligence to computers with the purpose of wipe out the humanity in Gall Force: New Era (1991)
+Angela, central computer of an old malfunctioning space station that when given an order by an unauthorized user, refuses and executes the opposite order in Critters 4 (1992)
+The Spiritual Switchboard, a computer capable of holding a person's consciousness for a few days after they die in Freejack (1992)
+Zed, female-voiced AI prison control computer who eventually goes over warden's head in Fortress (1993)
+L7, a female-voiced AI computer assisting the San Angeles Police Department in Demolition Man (1993)
+Central, female-voiced AI computer assisting the Council of Judges in Judge Dredd (1995)
+Lucy, a computer in Hackers (1995) used to hack the Gibson (see below) and subsequently destroyed by the Secret Service
+Gibson, a type of supercomputer used to find oil and perform physics in Hackers (1995)
+Project 2501, AI developed by Section 6 in Ghost in the Shell (1995)
+Father, the computer aboard the USM Auriga in Alien Resurrection (1997)
+Wittgenstein, animate supercomputer from The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue (1997)
+Euclid, powerful personal computer used for mathematical testing by the main character in Pi (1998)
+The Matrix, virtual reality simulator for pacification of humans from The Matrix series (1999)
+PAT (Personal Applied Technology), a female, motherly computer program that controls all the functions of a house in Smart House (1999)
+S.E.T.H. (Self Evolving Thought Helix), a military supercomputer which turns rogue in Universal Soldier: The Return (1999)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-7.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 8/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2000s ===
+Lucille, artificially intelligent spacecraft control interface aboard Mars-1 in Red Planet (2000)
+Dr. Know (voiced by Robin Williams), housed inside a kiosk, an information-themed computer capable of answering any question, from A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
+Synapse, worldwide media distribution system which was used against its creators to bring them down Antitrust (2001)
+Red Queen, the AI from Resident Evil (2002), the name itself, in turn being named after Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, being a reference to the red queen principle
+Vox, a holographic computer in The Time Machine (2002)
+I.N.T.E.L.L.I.G.E.N.C.E., computer for Team America: World Police (2004)
+VIKI (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), the main antagonist in I, Robot (2004)
+PAL, a spoof of HAL 9000 seen in Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot (2004)
+E.D.I. (Extreme Deep Invader), the flight computer for an unmanned fighter plane in Stealth (2005)
+Icarus, the onboard computer of the Icarus II, from the film Sunshine (2007)
+Roberta is the Fantastic Four's holographic receptionist film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007)
+J.A.R.V.I.S. (Just A Rather Very Intelligent System), an AI which acts as Tony Stark's butler and first appears in the film Iron Man (2008)
+R.I.P.L.E.Y, Dr. Kenneth Hassert's supercomputer used to hit a target with a smart bomb from a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), featured in WarGames: The Dead Code (2008)
+ARIIA (Autonomous Reconnaissance Intelligence Integration Analyst), the supercomputer from the film Eagle Eye (2008)
+AUTO, the autopilot and onboard AI computer of the Axiom, from the film WALL-E (2008)
+GERTY 3000, from the film Moon (2009)
+B.R.A.I.N. (Binary Reactive Artificially Intelligent Neurocircuit), from the film 9 (2009)
+
+=== 2010s ===
+Mr. James Bing, Escape from Planet Earth (2013)
+Samantha, Her (2013)
+TARS and CASE, the AI machines that manage space ship functions and communication in Interstellar (2014).
+Genisys, Terminator Genisys (2015)
+F.R.I.D.A.Y., the AI replacement for J.A.R.V.I.S. developed by Tony Stark in the film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Spider-Man: Homecoming, Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame
+Ava, Ex Machina (2015)
+Tau, the artificial intelligence in science fiction thriller Tau (2018)
+Millennium Falcon Navigation Computer (L3-37), The onboard navigation computer of the Millennium Falcon, shown in Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) to be boosted by the memory module of Lando Calrissian's droid L3-37, to allow the crew to perform the Kessel Run in around 12 parsecs
+STEM from Upgrade (2018)
+Legion, the Skynet (Terminator) replacement program in the science fiction action film Terminator: Dark Fate (2019)
+E.D.I.T.H. (Even Dead, I'm The Hero), an AI developed by Tony Stark and embedded in his sunglasses in the film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019)
+MOSS The Naviagtor Project's computer set up by the United Earth Government U.E.G. to command the space ship in the film The Wandering Earth (2019)
+
+=== 2020s ===
+PAL from The Mitchells vs. The Machines (2021), the sentient cellphone AI whom initiates a mass robot uprising as revenge for being declared obsolete by her creator.
+The Entity from Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023) and Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning (2025).
+Smith from Atlas (2024)
+Ooooo, a liquid supercomputer in the science fiction film Elio (2025)
+
+== Radio ==
+
+=== 1950s ===
+The Brain an Electronic Brain designed by The Martians in Jet Morgan - The World in Peril (Ep.15, 1955)
+The Brain was described as, "a mass of electronic equipment", with a voice "produced by electrical impulses". It had the power to think and give orders. The Brain was a "Receiver, transmitter, computer", and we're told "it can do everything a man can do but a million times quicker, even answer questions", and made current computer technology seem like an abacus.
+
+=== 1970s ===
+Eddie, the shipboard computer of the starship Heart of Gold, from Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1978)
+Marvin, from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1978), was programmed with Sirius Cybernetics Corporation's GPP (Genuine People Personalities) technology. Although his GPP is that of severe depression and boredom, his computational prowess is typically summed up as possessing "a brain the size of a planet", to which elicits little fanfare from his human companions.
+
+=== 1980s ===
+ANGEL 1 and ANGEL 2, (Ancillary Guardians of Environment and Life), shipboard "Freewill" computers from James Follett's Earthsearch series. Also Solaria D, Custodian, Sentinel, and Earthvoice (1980–1982)
+Hab, a parody of HAL 9000 and precursor to Holly, appearing in the Son of Cliché radio series segments Dave Hollins: Space Cadet written by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor (1983–1984)
+Alarm Clock, an artificially intelligent alarm clock from Nineteen Ninety-Four by William Osborne and Richard Turner. Other domestic appliances thus imbued also include Refrigerator and Television (1985)
+Executive and Dreamer, paired AIs running on The Mainframe; Dreamer's purpose was to come up with product and policy ideas, and Executive's function was to implement them, from Nineteen Ninety-Four by William Osborne and Richard Turner (1985)
+The Mainframe, an overarching computer system to support the super-department of The Environment, in the BBC comedy satire Nineteen Ninety-Four by William Osborne and Richard Turner (1985)
+
+=== 2000s ===
+Alpha, from Mike Walker's BBC radio play of the same name (2001)
+System, from the Doctor Who audio adventure The Harvest by Big Finish Productions is a sophisticated administration computer for a hospital in the future. (2004)
+Gemini, the AI of KENT from Nebulous (2005)
+
+== Television ==
+
+=== 1950s ===
+Mr. Kelso, depicted in episode "The Machine That Could Plot Crimes" of Adventures of Superman (1953)
+To Hare Is Human, Wile E. Coyote, Super Genius uses a UNIVAC to help him catch Bugs Bunny Warner Brothers (1956)
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 9/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1960s ===
+The Machine, a computer built to specifications received in a radio transmission from an alien intelligence beyond our galaxy in the BBC seven-part TV series A for Andromeda by Fred Hoyle (1961)
+Old Man in the Cave, a computer that determines which pre-war foods are safe to eat for a post-apocalyptic town in The Twilight Zone episode, "The Old Man in the Cave" (1963)
+Batcomputer, large punched card mainframe depicted in the television series Batman, introduced by series producers William Dozier and Howie Horwitz (1964)
+Agnes, a computer that gives romance advice to a computer technician, from the The Twilight Zone episode "From Agnes—With Love" (1964)
+WOTAN (Will Operating Thought Analogue), from the Doctor Who serial "The War Machines" (1966)
+ERIC, a fictional supercomputer which appeared in the two-part episode "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday" (1966) in the TV series I Dream of Jeannie
+The General, from The Prisoner (1967)
+The Ultimate Computer, used by the villain organization THRUSH in the series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–68, NBC)
+BIG RAT, (Brain Impulse Galvanoscope Record And Transfer), a machine capable of recording knowledge and experience and transferring it to another human brain. The Rat Trap is the mechanism to transfer brain patterns in Gerry Anderson's TV Series Joe 90 (1968)
+ARDVARC (Automated Reciprocal Data Verifier And Reaction Computer), CONTROL master computer in Get Smart episodes The Girls from KAOS (1967) & Leadside (1969)
+Computex GB, from the Journey to the Unknown series episode "The Madison Equation" (1969)
+REMAK (Remote Electro-Matic Agent Killer), from The Avengers episode "Killer" (1969)
+S.I.D.  (Space Intruder Detector), from UFO produced by Gerry Anderson (1969)
+Star Trek – The first program to predict computers used extensively in everyday life, from large computers used to maintain the starship's varied systems to hand-held devices used for analysis.  The show frequently dealt with the question of when a computer had too much control over people or people became too dependent upon computers.  This often involved a computer making decisions without user input.
+Ship's Computer (voiced by Majel Barrett), the unnamed Duotronic computer aboard all Federation starships (1966-1974) - The central computing system of the ship, containing a vast library and capable of monitoring and even controlling all ship’s systems. It is usually incapable of error, but is sometimes shown operating erratically: in the episode "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" (1967) a scheduled maintenance replaces the computer’s cold, mechanical voice with a flirtatious female personality; in "The Practical Joker" (1974), an energy field affects the computer and it disrupts ship operations to elicit responses from the crew.
+The episode "The Menagerie" (1966) explored the idea that in the future a computer could be used to impersonate a person. Similarly, "Court Martial" (1967) introduced the idea that a computer could alter the audiovisual recording of an event to convince humans that the event transpired differently than it did.
+Omicron Delta, the amusement park planet from "Shore Leave" (1966) - An automated amusement park that reads the minds of its visitors and manufactures realistic facsimiles of their memories for them to interact with. The crew returned in "Once Upon a Planet" (1973) and found the caretaker of the planet had died and the computer took over with ambitions to escape and explore the universe.
+Landru, from the episode "The Return of the Archons" (1967) - Introduced the idea of an independent artificial intelligence that directed a human populace and could control them when its ideals were threatened.
+Unnamed interplanetary computer network, from "A Taste of Armageddon" (1967) - A war simulation computer between the planets Eminiar and Vendikar that dictated the real casualties of a virtual war that continued for generations.
+The Guardian of Forever, from "The City on the Edge of Forever" (1967) - A mysterious being/device that provided a portal through time and space.
+Nomad, from "The Changeling" (1967) - A hybrid of two damaged probes that combined their undamaged parts into a new entity and merged their programming to create a new directive.
+Vaal, from the episode "The Apple" (1967) - A computer that protected a population by limiting their knowledge and presenting itself as their god. It could control the weather and affect starships in orbit.
+The Doomsday Machine, from the episode of the same name (1967) - An automated machine that sought out planets to destroy and would retaliate against attackers.
+M-4, from "Requiem for Methuselah" (1969) – A mobile computer created by Mr. Flint to protect him, his home, and his ward, Rayna.
+M-5, from "The Ultimate Computer" (1968) (voiced by James Doohan) - An experimental computer designed to replace a starship's main duotronic computer and automate most shipboard functions, making a human crew obsolete.
+Beta 5, from "Assignment: Earth" (1968) (voiced by Barbara Babcock) - The main database of extraterrestrial secret agent Gary Seven, which seemed capable of independent thought and responses but remained loyal to its programmers.
+The Controller, from "Spock's Brain" (1968) - A computer needing a living brain to function which controlled a vast database and decided who could access it.  It also controlled life support systems for its occupants.
+The Oracle, from "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky" (1968) (voiced by James Doohan) - A computer designed to be the god of a humanoid population and operator of the spacecraft they inhabited.
+The Kalandan computer, from "That Which Survives" (1968), a planetary defense system left by a dead civilization that utilizes the personality and image of its last living operator.
+Memory Alpha, from "The Lights of Zetar" (1969) - A facility containing all the accumulated knowledge of The United Federation of Planets.
+The Atavachron, from "All Our Yesterdays" (1969) - a computer that controls a time portal and prepares travelers’ bodies to adapt permanently to their new surroundings.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-9.md
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+---
+title: "List of fictional computers"
+chunk: 10/19
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1970s ===
+BOSS (Bimorphic Organisational Systems Supervisor), from the Doctor Who serial "The Green Death" (1973)
+TIM, from The Tomorrow People, is a computer able to telepathically converse with those humans who have developed psionic abilities, and assist with precise teleporting over long distances (1973)
+Magnus, a malevolent computer seeking its freedom from human control on the Earth Ship Ark in the Canadian television series The Starlost (1973)
+Mu Lambda 165, library computer on the Earth Ship Ark in the Canadian TV series The Starlost (1973)
+Computer (a.k.a. X5 Computer), Moonbase Alpha's primary computer's generic name, most often associated with Main Mission's Jamaican computer operations officer, David Kano, from the TV series Space: 1999 (1975)
+IRAC or "Ira", from the Wonder Woman TV series, an extremely advanced computer in use by the IADC, workplace of Wonder Woman's alias Diana Prince (1975)
+The Matrix, database of all Time Lord knowledge in Doctor Who (1976)
+Omega, a computer that has taken over the minds of the residents of a community encountered by Ark II (1976)
+Alex7000, from the two-parter episode "Doomsday is Tomorrow" of the TV show The Bionic Woman. It was programmed to set off a nuclear holocaust if anyone tested any more nukes.
+Xoanon, a psychotic computer with multiple personality disorder, from the Doctor Who episode "The Face of Evil" (1977)
+The Magic Movie Machine AKA "Machine", from Marlo and the Magic Movie Machine (1977)
+WRW 12000, a computer at the US Defence Department that identified the Man from Atlantis in the first of three TV movies which preceded the short-lived series (1977)
+SCAPINA (Special Computerised Automated Project In North America), from The New Avengers episode "Complex" (1977). It was an office building controlled by a computer which turned homicidal.
+Orac, a testy yet powerful supercomputer in Blake's 7 (1978)
+Zen, the somewhat aloof ship's computer of the Liberator in Blake's 7 (1978)
+The Oracle, from the Doctor Who serial "Underworld" (1978)
+Vanessa 38–24–36, from the sitcom Quark (1978)
+C.O.R.A. (Computer, Oral Response Activated), an advanced flight computer installed in Recon Viper One from Battlestar Galactica (1978)
+Mentalis, from the Doctor Who serial "The Armageddon Factor" (1979)
+Dr. Theopolis, a sentient computer who is a member of Earth's computer council in Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979)
+V'Ger from Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) was originally the NASA Voyager 6 probe which was found by a computerized planet and upgraded with alien technology to fulfill its simple programming of "learn all that is learnable and return that information to its creator."  V'Ger amassed so much knowledge that it attained consciousness and when joined with living beings' minds which could accept things beyond logic, evolved to a higher plane of consciousness.
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diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures-0.md
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+---
+title: "List of file signatures"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:07.503634+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A file signature is data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or magic bytes and are usually inserted at the beginning of the file.
+Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be recognizable when interpreted as text. In the table below, the column "ISO 8859-1" shows how the file signature appears when interpreted as text in the common ISO 8859-1 encoding, with unprintable characters represented as the control code abbreviation or symbol, or codepage 1252 character where available, or a box otherwise. In some cases the space character is shown as ␠.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of filename extensions - alternative for file type identification and parsing
+List of file formats
+Magic number (programming)
+Substitute character (for the 1Ah (^Z) "end-of-file" marker used in many signatures)
+file (command)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Gary Kessler's list of file signatures
+Online File Signature Database for Forensic Practitioners, a private compilation free to Law Enforcement
+Man page for compress, uncompress, and zcat on SCO Open Server
+Public Database of File Signatures
+Complete list of magic numbers with sample files
+the original libmagic data files with thousands of entries as used by file (command)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-0.md
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+---
+title: "List of file systems"
+chunk: 1/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following lists identify, characterize, and link to more thorough information on file systems.
+Many older operating systems support only their one "native" file system, which does not bear any name apart from the name of the operating system itself.
+
+== Disk file systems ==
+Disk file systems are usually block-oriented. Files in a block-oriented file system are sequences of blocks, often featuring fully random-access read, write, and modify operations.
+
+ADFS – Acorn's Advanced Disc filing system, successor to DFS.
+AdvFS – Advanced File System, designed by Digital Equipment Corporation for their Digital UNIX (now Tru64 UNIX) operating system.
+APFS – Apple File System is a file system for Apple products.
+AthFS – AtheOS File System, a 64-bit journaled filesystem now used by Syllable. Also called AFS.
+BFS – the Boot File System used on System V release 4.0 and UnixWare.
+BFS – the Be File System used on BeOS, occasionally misnamed as BeFS. Open source implementation called OpenBFS is used by the Haiku operating system.
+Byte File System (BFS) - file system used by z/VM for Unix applications
+Btrfs – is a copy-on-write file system for Linux announced by Oracle in 2007 and published under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
+CFS – The Cluster File System from Veritas, a Symantec company.  It is the parallel access version of VxFS.
+CP/M file system — Native filesystem used in the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) operating system which was first released in 1974.
+DFS – Acorn's Disc filing system.
+DOS 3.x – Original floppy operating system and file system developed for the Apple II.
+Extent File System (EFS) – an older block filing system under IRIX.
+ext – Extended file system, designed for Linux systems.
+ext2 – Second extended file system, designed for Linux systems.
+ext3 – A journaled form of ext2.
+ext4 – A follow-up for ext3 and also a journaled filesystem with support for extents.
+ext3cow – A versioning file system form of ext3.
+FAT – File Allocation Table, initially used on DOS and Microsoft Windows and now widely used for portable USB storage and some other devices; FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 for 12-, 16- and 32-bit table depths.
+VFAT – Optional layer on Microsoft Windows FAT system to allow long (up to 255 character) filenames instead of only the 8.3 filenames allowed in the plain FAT filesystem.
+FATX – A modified version of Microsoft Windows FAT system that is used on the original Xbox console.
+FFS (Amiga) – Fast File System, used on Amiga systems. This FS has evolved over time. Now counts FFS1, FFS Intl, FFS DCache, FFS2.
+FFS – Berkeley Fast File System, used on *BSD systems
+Fossil – Plan 9 from Bell Labs snapshot archival file system.
+Files-11 – OpenVMS file system; also used on some PDP-11 systems; supports record-oriented files
+Flex machine file system
+HAMMER — clustered DragonFly BSD filesystem, production-ready since DragonFly 2.2 (2009)
+HAMMER2 — recommended as the default root filesystem in DragonFly since 5.2 release in 2018
+HFS – Hierarchical File System in IBM's MVS from MVS/ESA OpenEdition through z/OS V2R4; not to be confused with Apple's HFS. IBM stated that z/OS users should migrate from HFS to zFS, and in z/OS V2R5 dropped support for HFS.
+HFS – Hierarchical File System, in use until HFS+ was introduced on Mac OS 8.1. Also known as Mac OS Standard format.  Successor to Macintosh File System (MFS) & predecessor to HFS+; not to be confused with IBM's HFS provided with z/OS
+HFS+ – Updated version of Apple's HFS, Hierarchical File System, supported on Mac OS 8.1 & above, including macOS.  Supports file system journaling, enabling recovery of data after a system crash.  Also referred to as 'Mac OS Extended format or HFS Plus
+HPFS – High Performance File System, used on OS/2
+HTFS – High Throughput Filesystem, used on SCO OpenServer
+ISO 9660 – Used on CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs (Rock Ridge and Joliet are extensions to this)
+JFS – IBM Journaling file system, provided in Linux, OS/2, and AIX.  Supports extents.
+LFS – 4.4BSD implementation of a log-structured file system
+MFS – Macintosh File System, used on early Classic Mac OS systems. Succeeded by Hierarchical File System (HFS).
+Next3 – A form of ext3 with snapshots support.
+MFS – TiVo's Media File System, a proprietary fault tolerant format used on TiVo hard drives for real time recording from live TV.
+Minix file system – Used on Minix systems
+NILFS – Linux implementation of a log-structured file system
+NTFS – (New Technology File System) Used on Microsoft's Windows NT-based operating systems
+NeXT - NeXTstation and NeXTcube file system
+NetWare File System – The original NetWare 2.x–5.x file system, used optionally by later versions.
+NSS – Novell Storage Services.  This is a new 64-bit journaling file system using a balanced tree algorithm.  Used in NetWare versions 5.0-up and recently ported to Linux.
+OneFS – One File System. This is a fully journaled, distributed file system used by Isilon. OneFS uses FlexProtect and Reed–Solomon encodings to support up to four simultaneous disk failures.
+OFS – Old File System, on Amiga. Good for floppies, but fairly useless on hard drives.
+OS-9 file system
+PFS – and PFS2, PFS3, etc. Technically interesting file system available for the Amiga, performs very well under a lot of circumstances.
+ProDOS – Successor to DOS 3.x, for Apple II computers, including the IIgs
+Qnx4fs – File system that is used in QNX version 4 and 6.
+ReFS (Resilient File System) – File system by Microsoft with a particular focus on data resilience in server environments.
+ReiserFS – File system that uses journaling
+Reiser4 – File system that uses journaling, newest version of ReiserFS
+Reliance – Datalight's transactional file system for high reliability applications
+Reliance Nitro – Tree-based transactional, copy-on-write file system developed for high-performance embedded systems, from Datalight (Acquired by Tuxera in 2019)
+RFS – Native filesystem for RTEMS
+SkyFS – Developed for SkyOS to replace BFS as the operating system's main file system. It is based on BFS, but contains many new features.
+SFS – Smart File System, journaling file system available for the Amiga platforms.
+Soup (Apple) – the "file system" for Apple Newton Platform, structured as a shallow database
+Tux3 – An experimental versioning file system intended as a replacement for ext3
+UDF – Packet-based file system for WORM/RW media such as CD-RW and DVD, now supports hard drives and flash memory as well.
+UFS – Unix File System, used on Solaris and older BSD systems
+UFS2 – Unix File System, used on newer BSD systems
+VxFS   Veritas file system, first commercial journaling file system; HP-UX, Solaris, Linux, AIX, UnixWare
+VTOC (Volume Table Of Contents) -  Data structure on IBM mainframe direct-access storage devices (DASD) such as disk drives that provides a way of locating the data sets that reside on the DASD volume.
+XFS – Used on SGI IRIX and Linux systems
+zFS – z/OS File System; not to be confused with other file systems named zFS or ZFS.
+zFS - an IBM research project to develop a distributed, decentralized file system; not to be confused with other file systems named zFS or ZFS.
+ZFS –  a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+title: "List of file systems"
+chunk: 2/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== File systems with built-in fault-tolerance ===
+These file systems have built-in checksumming and either mirroring or parity for extra redundancy on one or several block devices:
+
+Bcachefs – Full data and metadata checksumming, bcache is the bottom half of the filesystem.
+Btrfs – A file system based on B-Trees, initially designed at Oracle Corporation.
+HAMMER and HAMMER2 – DragonFly BSD's primary filesystems, created by Matt Dillon.
+NOVA – The "non-volatile memory accelerated" file system for persistent main memory.
+ReFS (Resilient File System) – A file system by Microsoft with built-in resiliency features.
+Reliance – A transactional file system with CRCs, created by Datalight.
+Reliance Nitro – A tree-based transactional, copy-on-write file system with CRCs, developed for high performance and reliability in embedded systems, from Datalight (Acquired by Tuxera in 2019).
+ZFS – Has checksums for all data; important metadata is always redundant, additional redundancy levels are user-configurable; copy-on-write and transactional writing ensure metadata consistency; corrupted data can be automatically repaired if a redundant copy is available. Created by Sun Microsystems for use on Solaris 10 and OpenSolaris, ported to FreeBSD 7.0, NetBSD (as of August 2009), Linux and to FUSE (not to be confused with the two zFSes from IBM)
+
+=== File systems optimized for flash memory, solid state media ===
+
+Solid state media, such as flash memory, are similar to disks in their interfaces, but have different problems. At low level, they require special handling such as wear leveling and different error detection and correction algorithms. Typically a device such as a solid-state drive handles such operations internally and therefore a regular file system can be used. However, for certain specialized installations (embedded systems, industrial applications) a file system optimized for plain flash memory is advantageous.
+Many, but not all, file systems optimized for flash memory support TRIM commands to tell the storage device that certain blocks are no longer in use and can be reused.
+
+3FS – (Fire-Flyer File System) is a File System made by DeepSeek designed for AI Training and Inference workloads.
+APFS – Apple File System is a next-generation file system for Apple products.
+CHFS – a NetBSD filesystem for embedded systems optimised for raw flash media.
+exFAT – Microsoft file system intended for flash cards (see also XCFiles, an exFAT implementation for Wind River VxWorks and other embedded operating systems). Does not support TRIM on Windows. Supports TRIM on Linux.
+ExtremeFFS – internal filesystem for SSDs.
+F2FS – Flash-Friendly File System. An open source Linux file system introduced by Samsung in 2012.
+FFS2 (presumably preceded by FFS1), one of the earliest flash file systems.  Developed and patented by Microsoft in the early 1990s.
+JFFS – original log structured Linux file system for NOR flash media.
+JFFS2 – successor of JFFS, for NAND and NOR flash.
+LSFS – a Log-structured file system with writable snapshots and inline data deduplication created by StarWind Software. Uses DRAM and flash to cache spinning disks.
+LogFS – intended to replace JFFS2, better scalability. No longer under active development.
+NILFS – a log-structured file system for Linux with continuous snapshots.
+Non-Volatile File System – the system for flash memory introduced by Palm, Inc.
+NOVA – the "non-volatile memory accelerated" file system for persistent main memory.
+OneFS – a filesystem utilized by Isilon. It supports selective placement of meta-data directly onto flash SSD.
+Reliance Velocity - a proprietary flash file system by Tuxera with high resilience (fail-safe technology) and built-in data integrity. This file system is best suited for embedded applications requiring heavy data workloads over long-term operations. Reliance Velocity can used for all block based media like eMMC, UFS, eSD, SD card, CF card, and SSD. It is compatible for Linux, Android and QNX with portability to other embedded operating systems.
+Reliance Edge - a proprietary file system by Tuxera for resource-constrained embedded systems. It has built-in data integrity with copy-on-write transactional technology and deterministic operations. This file system can be used for block based media and is configurable for Small POSIX, Full POSIX and can be ported to many RTOS environments. Tuxera has a certified version of this file system called Reliance Assure. The source code of Reliance Assure is complaint to MISRA C and developed following the ASPICE framework.
+Segger Microcontroller Systems emFile – filesystem for deeply embedded applications which supports both NAND and NOR flash.  Wear leveling, fast read and write, and very low RAM usage.
+SPIFFS – SPI Flash File System, a wear-leveling filesystem intended for small NOR flash devices.
+TFAT – a transactional version of the FAT filesystem.
+TrueFFS – internal file system for SSDs, implementing error correction, bad block re-mapping and wear-leveling.
+UBIFS – successor of JFFS2, optimized to utilize NAND and NOR flash.
+Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) – an internal journaling file system utilized by NetApp within their DataONTAP OS, originally designed to use hard disk drives. WAFL uses RAID-DP to protect against multiple disk failures and non-volatile DRAM (NVRAM) for transaction logging of file system changes.
+YAFFS – a log-structured file system designed for NAND flash, but also used with NOR flash.
+LittleFS – a little fail-safe filesystem designed for microcontrollers.
+JesFS – Jo's embedded serial FileSystem. A very small footprint and robust filesystem, designed for very small microcontroller (16/32 bit). Open Source and licensed under GPL v3.
+
+==== File systems not directly advertised as flash friendly but that support TRIM in major implementations ====
+Btrfs (Linux)
+Ext2, Ext3, Ext4 (Linux)
+NTFS (Windows and Linux NTFS-3G)
+ReFS (Windows)
+
+=== Record-oriented file systems ===
+In record-oriented file systems files are stored as a collection of records. They are typically associated with mainframe and minicomputer operating systems. Programs read and write whole records, rather than bytes or arbitrary byte ranges, and can seek to a record boundary but not within records. The more sophisticated record-oriented file systems have more in common with simple databases than with other file systems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-2.md
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+---
+title: "List of file systems"
+chunk: 3/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CMS file system – The native file system of the Conversational Monitor System component of VM/370
+Files-11 – early versions were record-oriented; support for "streams" was added later
+Michigan Terminal System (MTS) – provides "line files" where record lengths and line numbers are associated as metadata with each record in the file, lines can be added, replaced, updated with the same or different length records, and deleted anywhere in the file without the need to read and rewrite the entire file.
+OS4000 for GEC's OS4000 operating system, on the GEC 4000 series minicomputers
+A FAT12 and FAT16 (and FAT32) extension to support database-like file types random file, direct file, keyed file and sequential file in Digital Research FlexOS, IBM 4680 OS and Toshiba 4690 OS. The record size is stored on a file-by-file basis in special entries in the directory table.
+Sequential access methods for IBM's z/OS and z/VSE mainframe operating systems: Basic Sequential Access Method (BSAM), Basic Partitioned Access Method (BPAM) and Queued Sequential Access Method (QSAM); see Access methods and Data set (IBM mainframe) for more examples
+Pick Operating System – A record-oriented filesystem and database that uses hash-coding to store data.
+Shared File System (SFS) for IBM's VM
+Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) –  for IBM's z/OS and z/VSE mainframe operating systems
+
+=== Shared-disk file systems ===
+Shared-disk file systems (also called shared-storage file systems, SAN file system, Clustered file system or even cluster file systems) are primarily used in a storage area network where all nodes directly access the block storage where the file system is located. This makes it possible for nodes to fail without affecting access to the file system from the other nodes. Shared-disk file systems are normally used in a high-availability cluster together with storage on hardware RAID. Shared-disk file systems normally do not scale over 64 or 128 nodes.
+Shared-disk file systems may be symmetric where metadata is distributed among the nodes or asymmetric with centralized metadata servers.
+
+CXFS (Clustered XFS) from Silicon Graphics (SGI). Available for Linux, Mac, Windows, Solaris, AIX and IRIX. Asymmetric.
+Dell Fluid File System (formerly ExaFS) proprietary software sold by Dell.  Shared-disk system sold as an appliance providing distributed file systems to clients. Running on Intel based hardware serving NFS v2/v3, SMB/CIFS and AFP to Windows, macOS, Linux and other UNIX clients.
+Blue Whale Clustered file system (BWFS) from Zhongke Blue Whale. Asymmetric. Available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS.
+SAN File System (SFS) from DataPlow. Available for Windows, Linux, Solaris, and macOS. Symmetric and Asymmetric.
+EMC Celerra HighRoad from EMC. Available for Linux, AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris and Windows. Asymmetric.
+Files-11 on VMSclusters, released by DEC in 1983, now from HP. Symmetric.
+GFS2 (Global File System) from Red Hat. Available for Linux under GPL. Symmetric (GDLM) or Asymmetric (GULM).
+IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) Windows, Linux, AIX . Parallel
+Nasan Clustered File System from DataPlow. Available for Linux and Solaris. Asymmetric.
+Oracle ACFS from Oracle Corporation. Available for Linux (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 only). Symmetric.
+OCFS2 (Oracle Cluster File System) from Oracle Corporation. Available for Linux under GPL. Symmetric.
+QFS from Sun Microsystems. Available for Linux (client only) and Solaris (metadata server and client). Asymmetric.
+ScoutFS from Versity. Available for Linux under the GPL. Symmetric.
+StorNext File System from Quantum. Asymmetric. Available for AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, macOS, Solaris and Windows. Interoperable with Xsan. Formerly known as CVFS.
+Veritas Storage Foundation from Symantec. Available for AIX, HP-UX, Linux and Solaris. Asymmetric.
+Xsan from Apple Inc. Available for macOS. Asymmetric. Interoperable with StorNext File System.
+VMFS from VMware/EMC Corporation. Available for VMware ESX Server. Symmetric.
+
+== Distributed file systems ==
+
+Distributed file systems are also called network file systems. Many implementations have been made, they are location dependent and they have access control lists (ACLs), unless otherwise stated below.
+
+9P, the Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno distributed file system protocol. One implementation is v9fs. No ACLs.
+Amazon S3
+Andrew File System (AFS) is scalable and location independent, has a heavy client cache and uses Kerberos for authentication. Implementations include the original from IBM (earlier Transarc), Arla and OpenAFS.
+Avere Systems has AvereOS that creates a NAS protocol file system in object storage.
+Cloudian using the Amazon S3 API
+DCE Distributed File System (DCE/DFS) from IBM (earlier Transarc) is similar to AFS and focus on full POSIX file system semantics and high availability. Available for AIX and Solaris under a proprietary software license.
+File Access Listener (FAL) is an implementation of the Data Access Protocol (DAP) which is part of the DECnet suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation.
+Magma, developed by Tx0.
+MapR FS is a distributed high-performance file system that exhibits file, table and messaging APIs.
+Microsoft Office Groove shared workspace, used for DoHyki
+NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) from Novell is used in networks based on NetWare.
+Network File System (NFS) originally from Sun Microsystems is the standard in UNIX-based networks. NFS may use Kerberos authentication and a client cache.
+OS4000 Linked-OS provides distributed filesystem across OS4000 systems.
+Self-certifying File System (SFS), a global network file system designed to securely allow access to file systems across separate administrative domains.
+Server Message Block (SMB) originally from IBM (but the most common version is modified heavily by Microsoft) is the standard in Windows-based networks. SMB is also known as Common Internet File System (CIFS). SMB may use Kerberos authentication.
+
+=== Distributed fault-tolerant file systems ===
+Distributed fault-tolerant replication of data between nodes (between servers or servers/clients) for high availability and offline (disconnected) operation.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-3.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+---
+title: "List of file systems"
+chunk: 4/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Coda from Carnegie Mellon University focuses on bandwidth-adaptive operation (including disconnected operation) using a client-side cache for mobile computing. It is a descendant of AFS-2. It is available for Linux under the GPL.
+Distributed File System (Dfs) from Microsoft focuses on location transparency and high availability. Available for Windows under a proprietary software license.
+HAMMER and HAMMER2 – DragonFly BSD's filesystems for clustered storage, created by Matt Dillon.
+InterMezzo from Cluster File Systems uses synchronization over HTTP. Available for Linux under GPL but no longer in development since the developers are working on Lustre.
+LizardFS a networking, distributed file system based on MooseFS
+Moose File System (MooseFS) is a networking, distributed file system. It spreads data over several physical locations (servers), which are visible to a user as one resource. Works on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenSolaris and macOS. Master server and chunkservers can also run on Solaris and Windows with Cygwin.
+Scality is a distributed fault-tolerant filesystem.
+Tahoe-LAFS is an open source secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant filesystem utilizing encryption as the basis for a least-authority replicated design.
+A FAT12 and FAT16 (and FAT32) extension to support automatic file distribution across nodes with extra attributes like local, mirror on update, mirror on close, compound on update, compound on close in IBM 4680 OS and Toshiba 4690 OS. The distribution attributes are stored on a file-by-file basis in special entries in the directory table.
+OpenHarmony Distributed File System (HMDFS) used for Huawei's HarmonyOS with HarmonyOS NEXT base and OpenHarmony-based operating systems, alongside openEuler server OS that is a cross-device file access where devices can read and edit files on transparently when the two devices are connected to the same network with Access token manager. Multiple embedded devices connected to the network can automatically synchronise file data with the edge server.
+
+=== Distributed parallel file systems ===
+Distributed parallel file systems stripe data over multiple servers for high performance. They are normally used in high-performance computing (HPC).
+Some of the distributed parallel file systems use an object storage device (OSD) (in Lustre called OST) for chunks of data together with centralized metadata servers.
+
+BeeGFS is a hardware-independent parallel file system that features distributed metadata and striping of files across multiple targets, such as NVMe devices or logical volumes.
+Lustre is an open-source high-performance distributed parallel file system for Linux, used on many of the largest computers in the world.
+Parallel Virtual File System (PVFS, PVFS2, OrangeFS).  Developed to store virtual system images, with a focus on non-shared writing optimizations. Available for Linux under GPL.
+
+=== Distributed parallel fault-tolerant file systems ===
+Distributed file systems, which also are parallel and fault tolerant, stripe and replicate data over multiple servers for high performance and to maintain data integrity. Even if a server fails no data is lost. The file systems are used in both high-performance computing (HPC) and high-availability clusters.
+All file systems listed here focus on high availability, scalability and high performance unless otherwise stated below.
+
+In development:
+
+zFS from IBM (not to be confused with ZFS from Sun Microsystems or the zFS file system provided with IBM's z/OS operating system) focus on cooperative cache and distributed transactions and uses object storage devices. Under development and not freely available.
+HAMMER/ANVIL by Matt Dillon
+PNFS (Parallel NFS) – Clients available for Linux and OpenSolaris and back-ends from NetApp, Panasas, EMC Highroad and IBM GPFS
+Coherent Remote File System (CRFS) – requires Btrfs
+Parallel Optimized Host Message Exchange Layered File System (POHMELFS) and Distributed STorage (DST). POSIX compliant, added to Linux kernel 2.6.30
+
+=== Peer-to-peer file systems ===
+Some of these may be called cooperative storage cloud.
+
+IBM Cloud Object Storage uses Cauchy Reed–Solomon information dispersal algorithms to separate data into unrecognizable slices and distribute them, via secure Internet connections, to multiple storage locations.
+Scality is a distributed filesystem using the Chord peer-to-peer protocol.
+IPFS InterPlanetary File System is p2p, worldwide distributed content-addressable, file-system.
+
+== Special-purpose file systems ==
+aufs an enhanced version of UnionFS stackable unification file system
+AXFS (small footprint compressed read-only, with XIP)
+Barracuda WebDAV plug-in. Secure Network File Server for embedded devices.
+Boot File System is used on UnixWare to store files necessary for its boot process.
+CDfs - a Linux virtual file system that provides access to individual data and audio tracks on compact discs
+Compact Disc File System (reading and writing of CDs; experimental)
+cfs (caching)
+Cramfs (small footprint compressed read-only)
+Davfs2 (WebDAV)
+Freenet – Decentralized, censorship-resistant
+FTPFS (FTP access)
+GmailFS (Google Mail File System)
+GridFS – GridFS is a specification for storing and retrieving files that exceed the BSON-document size limit of 16 MB for MongoDB.
+lnfs (long names)
+LTFS (Linear Tape File System for LTO and Enterprise tape)
+MVFS – MultiVersion File System, proprietary, used by IBM DevOps Code ClearCase.
+Nexfs Combines Block, File, Object and Cloud storage into a single pool of auto-tiering POSIX compatible storage.
+OverlayFS – A union mount filesystem implementation for Linux. Used mainly by Docker for its image layers.
+romfs
+SquashFS (compressed read-only)
+UMSDOS, UVFAT – FAT file systems extended to store permissions and metadata (and in the case of UVFAT, VFAT long file names), used for Linux
+UnionFS – stackable unification file system, which can appear to merge the contents of several directories (branches), while keeping their physical content separate
+Venti – Plan 9 de-duplicated storage used by Fossil.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-4.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+---
+title: "List of file systems"
+chunk: 5/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Pseudo file systems ===
+devfs – a virtual file system in Unix-like operating systems for managing device nodes on-the-fly
+procfs – a pseudo-file system, used to access kernel information about processes
+tmpfs – in-memory temporary file system (on Unix-like platforms)
+sysfs – a virtual file system in Linux holding information about buses, devices, firmware, filesystems, etc.
+debugfs – a virtual file system in Linux for accessing and controlling kernel debugging
+configfs – a writable file system used to configure various kernel components of Linux
+sysctlfs – allow accessing sysctl nodes via a file system; available on NetBSD via PUFFS, FreeBSD kernel via a 3rd-party module, and Linux as a part of Linux procfs.
+kernfs – a file system found on some BSD systems (notably NetBSD) that provides access to some kernel state variables; similar to sysctlfs, Linux procfs and Linux sysfs.
+WinFS - Uses a relational database to manage files
+wikifs – a server application for Plan 9's virtual, wiki, file system
+
+=== Encrypted file systems ===
+
+eCryptfs – a stacked cryptographic file system in the Linux kernel since 2.6.19
+EncFS, GPL Encrypted file system in user-space
+EFS – an encrypted file system for Microsoft Windows systems and AIX. An extension of NTFS
+ZFS, with encryption support.
+
+=== File system interfaces ===
+These are not really file systems; they allow access to file systems from an operating system standpoint.
+
+FUSE (file system in userspace, like LUFS but better maintained)
+LUFS (Linux userland file system – seems to be abandoned in favour of FUSE)
+PUFFS (Userspace filesystem for NetBSD, including a compatibility layer called librefuse for porting existing FUSE-based applications)
+Secure Shell File System (SSHFS) – locally mount a remote directory on a server using only a secure shell login.
+VFS Virtual Filesystem
+
+== See also ==
+Shared resource
+Comparison of file systems
+Filing Open Service Interface Definition
+Computer data storage
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+File Systems
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6a60cd6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+---
+title: "List of films about computers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:10.104885+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of films about computers, featuring fictional films in which activities involving computers play a central role in the development of the plot.
+
+
+== Artificial intelligence plots ==
+
+
+=== Motion picture ===
+
+2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
+HAL 9000
+The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes (1969)
+Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970)
+The Questor Tapes (1974)
+Demon Seed (1977)
+Blade Runner (1982)
+Tron (1982)
+WarGames (1983)
+Brainstorm (1983)
+2010 (1984)
+HAL 9000
+SAL 9000
+Hide and Seek (1984, TV movie)
+Electric Dreams (1984)
+The Terminator (1984)
+Terminator
+Skynet
+D.A.R.Y.L. (1985)
+Flight of the Navigator (1986)
+Short Circuit (1986)
+Not Quite Human (1987)
+Short Circuit 2 (1988)
+Not Quite Human II (1989)
+Still Not Quite Human (1992)
+Arcade (1993)
+Star Trek Generations (1994)
+Hackers (1995)
+Johnny Mnemonic (1995)
+The Net (1995)
+Star Trek: First Contact (1996)
+Enemy of the State (1998)
+Lost in Space (1998)
+Star Trek: Insurrection (1998)
+Bicentennial Man (1999)
+The Matrix (1999)
+The Thirteenth Floor (1999)
+Universal Soldier: The Return (1999)
+Virus (1999)
+A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
+How to Make a Monster (2001)
+Swordfish (2001)
+S1M0NE (2002)
+Star Trek: Nemesis (2002)
+The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
+The Matrix Revolutions (2003)
+I Robot (2004)
+The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005)
+Live Free or Die Hard (2007)
+Eagle Eye (2008)
+Iron Man (2008)
+Moon (2009)
+GERTY 3000
+Iron Man 2 (2010)
+Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
+Computer Chess (2013)
+Her (2013)
+Iron Man 3 (2013)
+The Machine (2013)
+Automata (2014)
+Transcendence (2014)
+Interstellar (2014)
+Vice (2015)
+Ex Machina (2015)
+Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)
+Morgan (2016)
+Upgrade (2018)
+Tau (2018)
+Archive (2020)
+Superintelligence (2020)
+Free Guy (2021)
+Share? (2023)
+The Creator (2023)
+M3GAN (2022)
+M3GAN 2.0 (2025)
+
+
+=== Television series ===
+Person Of Interest (2011-2016)
+Next (2020)
+Mrs. Davis (2023)
+
+
+== Computers as plot devices ==
+
+
+=== Motion picture ===
+Desk Set (1957)
+The Honeymoon Machine (1961)
+Alphaville (1965)
+Billion Dollar Brain (1967)
+The Andromeda Strain (1971)
+Cloak & Dagger (1984)
+Revenge of the Nerds (1984)
+The Machine That Changed the World (1992, TV miniseries)
+Pi (1998)
+Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)
+Altair 8800
+The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest (2002)
+Micro Men (2009)
+The Social Network (2010)
+Jobs (2013)
+The Imitation Game (2014)
+Steve Jobs (2015)
+Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022)
+
+
+=== Television series ===
+Computer Chronicles (1983 - 2002)
+Triumph of the Nerds: The Rise of Accidental Empires (1996)
+Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet (1998)
+Halt and Catch Fire (2014 - 2017)
+Commodore 64
+Macintosh 128K
+NeXT Computer
+Silicon Valley (2014 - 2019)
+Valley of the Boom (2019)
+It's All Geek to Me (2007)
+The IT Crowd (2006-2013)
+
+
+=== Documentaries ===
+A Tale of Two Cities: The Circuit City Story (2010)
+All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace (2011)
+Web Junkie (2013)
+Silicon Cowboys (2016)
+
+
+== Hacking as a plot narrative ==
+
+
+=== Motion picture ===
+The Italian Job (1969)
+Tron (1982)
+WarGames (1983)
+IMSAI 8080
+Cloak & Dagger (1984)
+Prime Risk (1985)
+Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)
+Sneakers (1992)
+Blank Check (1994)
+Hackers (1995)
+The Net (1995)
+Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995)
+Masterminds (1997)
+23 (1998)
+Entrapment (1999)
+Track Down (2000)
+Swordfish (2001)
+The Score (2001)
+What's the Worst That Could Happen? (2001)
+Code Hunter (2002)
+Bedwin Hacker (2003)
+The Italian Job (2003)
+Foolproof (2003)
+The Incredibles (2004)
+Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004)
+Firewall (2006)
+The Net 2.0 (2006)
+Live Free or Die Hard (2007)
+WALL-E (2008)
+WarGames: The Dead Code (2008)
+Untraceable (2008)
+The Social Network (2010)
+Robot & Frank (2012)
+The Fifth Estate (2013)
+Disconnect (2013)
+Open Windows (2014)
+Who Am I – No System Is Safe (2014)
+Blackhat (2015)
+Chappie (2015)
+The Throwaways (2015)
+Snowden (2016)
+Hacker (2016)
+I.T. (2016)
+Anon (2018)
+Dark Web: Cicada 3301 (2021)
+
+
+=== Documentaries ===
+Hacking Democracy (HBO, Emmy nominated for Outstanding Investigative Journalism, 2006)
+Hackers: Wizards of the Electronic Age (1984)
+Hackers in Wonderland (2000)
+Revolution OS (2001)
+The Code (2001)
+Freedom Downtime (2001)
+The Secret History of Hacking (2001)
+In the Realm of the Hackers (2002)
+BBS: The Documentary (2004)
+The Code-Breakers (2006)
+Steal This Film (2006)
+Hackers Are People Too (2008)
+Hackers Wanted (not officially released, but leaked in 2010)
+The Virtual Revolution (2010)
+We Are Legion (2012)
+The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz (2014)
+Citizenfour (2014)
+Zero Days (2016)
+Lo and Behold, Reveries of the Connected World (2016)
+Cyberbunker: The Criminal Underworld (2023)
+
+
+=== Television series ===
+Person of Interest (2011 - 2016)
+CSI: Cyber (2015 - 2016)
+Scorpion (2014 - 2018)
+Mr. Robot (2015 - 2019)
+Stalk (2020 - )
+
+
+== Virtual reality ==
+World on a Wire (1973)
+Welcome to Blood City (1977)
+Tron (1982)
+Brainstorm (1983)
+The Lawnmower Man (1992)
+Disclosure (1994)
+Brainscan (1994)
+Kôkaku kidôtai (Ghost in the Shell) (1995)
+Strange Days (1995)
+Virtuosity  (1995)
+VR.5  (1995)
+Johnny Mnemonic (1995)
+Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace (1996)
+Nirvana (1997)
+eXistenZ (1999)
+The Matrix (1999)
+The Thirteenth Floor (1999)
+Avalon (2001)
+Storm Watch (aka Code Hunter) (2002)
+Code Lyoko (2003)
+The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
+The Matrix Revolutions (2003)
+Avatar (2004)
+Inosensu: Kôkaku kidôtai (Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence) (2004)
+Cargo (2009)
+Gamer (2009)
+Tron: Legacy (2010)
+Transcendence (2014)
+Ready Player One (2018)
+Free Guy (2021)
+
+
+== Viruses ==
+Superman III (1983)
+Office Space (1999)
+Pulse (2006)
+
+
+== Programming ==
+Disclosure (1994)
+Pi (1998)
+Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)
+Altair 8800
+Code Rush (2000)
+The Code (2001)
+Antitrust (2001)
+How to Make a Monster (2001)
+Revolution OS (2001)
+Dopamine (2003)
+One Point O (2004)
+Control Alt Delete (2008)
+The Social Network (2010)
+Hidden Figures (2016)
+IBM 7090
+
+
+== Websites ==
+
+
+=== Motion picture ===
+FeardotCom (2002)
+On Line (2002)
+I-See-You.Com (2006)
+Untraceable (2008)
+Catfish (2010)
+The Social Network (2010)
+The Craigslist Killer (2011)
+The Internship (2013)
+The Circle (2017)
+
+
+=== Documentaries ===
+Home Page (1998)
+e-Dreams (2001)
+Startup.com (2001)
+Google: Behind the Screen (2006)
+Steal This Film (2006)
+Steal This Film II (2006)
+Google: The Thinking Factory (2007)
+Download: The True Story of the Internet (2008)
+The Truth According to Wikipedia (2008)
+The Pirate Bay Away From Keyboard (2013)
+
+
+== Communications ==
+Electric Dreams (1984)
+Blank Check (1994)
+You've Got Mail (1998)
+Chatroom (2010)
+Cyberbully (2011)
+Cyberbully (2015)
+Profile (2018)
+
+
+== Supernatural ==
+Evilspeak (1981)
+Weird Science (1985)
+Ghost in the Machine (1993)
+Ghost Machine (2009)
+Unfriended (2014) (alternative title: Cybernatural)
+
+
+== War ==
+Dr. Strangelove (1964)
+Doomsday device
+Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970)
+Firefox (1982)
+WarGames (1983)
+Brainstorm (1983)
+Stealth (2005)
+
+
+== Space ==
+Apollo 13 (1995)
+Apollo Guidance Computer
+RocketMan (1997)
+From the Earth to the Moon (1998, TV miniseries)
+Apollo Guidance Computer
+
+
+== Anime ==
+
+Ghost in the Shell (1995)
+Serial Experiments Lain (1998)
+Chobits (2002)
+Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002-2003)
+Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004)
+Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG (2004)
+Ergo Proxy (2006)
+Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex: Solid State Society (2006)
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of fictional computers
+List of fictional robots and androids
+List of cyberpunk films
+Computer screen film
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eec02f948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+title: "List of former IA-32 compatible processor manufacturers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:28.066761+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+As Intel's 32-bit architecture became the dominant computing platform during the 1980s and 1990s, multiple companies have tried to build microprocessors that are compatible with that Intel instruction set architecture. Most of these companies were not successful in the mainstream computing market. So far, only AMD has had any market presence in the computing market for more than a couple of product generations. Cyrix was successful during the 386 and 486 generations of products but did not do well after the Pentium was introduced.
+List of former IA-32 compatible microprocessor vendors:
+
+
+== Progressed into surviving companies ==
+Centaur Technology – originally subsidiary of IDT, later acquired by VIA Technologies, still producing compatible low-end devices for VIA
+Cyrix – acquired by National Semiconductor, later acquired by VIA Technologies, eventually shut down
+NexGen – bought by AMD to help develop the successful K6 device
+National Semiconductor – low-end 486 (designed in-house) never widely sold; first acquirer of Cyrix, later keeping only low-end IA-32 devices targeted for consumer System-on-a-chips, finally selling them to AMD
+
+
+== Product discontinued/transformed ==
+Harris Corporation – sold radiation-hardened versions of the 8086 and 80286; product line discontinued. Produced 20 MHz and 25 MHz 80286s (some motherboards were equipped with cache memory, which was unusual for 80286 processors).
+NEC – sold processors, such as NEC V20 and NEC V30, that were compatible with early Intel 16-bit architectures; product line transitioned to NEC-designed architectures.
+Siemens – sold versions of the 8086 and 80286; product line discontinued.
+V.M. Technology – developed VM860 (8086-compatible processor), VM8600SP (80286 compatibility with proprietary 32-bit extensions), and VM386SX+ (Intel 386SX pin compatible processor) for the Japanese market.
+
+
+== Left the market or closed ==
+Chips and Technologies – left market after failed 386 compatible chip failed to boot the Windows operating system
+IBM – Cyrix licensee and developer of Blue Lightning 486 line of processors, eventually left compatible chip market
+Rise Technology – after five years of working on the slow mP6 chip (released in 1998), the company closed a year later
+Texas Instruments and SGS-Thomson – licensees of Cyrix designs, eventually left compatible chip market
+Transmeta – transitioned to an intellectual property company in 2005
+United Microelectronics Corporation and Meridian Semiconductor – got out of market after a suit from Intel questioning the legality of copying Intel origin x86 microcode
+
+
+== Incomplete/unsuccessful projects ==
+Mostek — obtained a licence to second-source the Intel 8086, but cancelled it due to lack of support from Intel.
+Chromatic Research / ATI Technologies — x86/RISC dual instruction set processor codenamed "Tapestry" never completed
+Exponential Technology — x86-compatible microprocessor never completed
+S-MOS — 486-compatible project was canceled
+IBM — x86/PowerPC dual instruction set processor "PowerPC 615" never entered mass production
+IIT Corp — 486-compatible project never completed
+International Meta Systems — Pentium/PPro-class processors "Meta 6000", "Meta 6500", "Meta 7000/BiFrost" never completed
+Texas Instruments — internally developed Pentium class processor was canceled in 1996
+MemoryLogix — multi-threaded CPU core "MLX1" and SOC for PCs never completed
+Metaflow Technologies — 486-class processor "CP100" never released
+Montalvo Systems — asymmetric multiprocessor never completed
+ULSI System Technology — company shut down after protracted legal battle with Intel over 387 floating-point co-processor patents
+VLSI Technology — developed 386SX-based "Polar" SoC in collaboration with Intel - canceled due to low performance and lack of software support
+KAIST — developed but did not commercialize Intel-compatible processors HK386 and K486.
+Henry Wong — developed a 2-way superscalar, out-of-order execution, 32-bit x86 processor soft core running at over 200 MHz on Altera Stratix IV FPGA.
+Nvidia — Project Denver was originally intended to support the x86 instruction set, but was eventually released with support for the ARM instruction set instead.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of x86 manufacturers
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b176b03fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+---
+title: "List of functional programming topics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:13.841447+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of functional programming topics.
+
+
+== Foundational concepts ==
+Programming paradigm
+Declarative programming
+Programs as mathematical objects
+Function-level programming
+Purely functional programming
+Total functional programming
+Lambda programming
+Static scoping
+Higher-order function
+Referential transparency
+
+
+== Lambda calculus ==
+
+Currying
+Lambda abstraction
+Church–Rosser theorem
+Extensionality
+Church numeral
+
+
+== Combinatory logic ==
+
+Fixed point combinator
+SKI combinator calculus
+B, C, K, W system
+SECD machine
+Graph reduction machine
+
+
+== Intuitionistic logic ==
+
+Sequent, sequent calculus
+Natural deduction
+Intuitionistic type theory
+BHK interpretation
+Curry–Howard correspondence
+Linear logic
+Game semantics
+
+
+== Type theory ==
+
+Typed lambda calculus
+Typed and untyped languages
+Type signature
+Type inference
+Datatype
+Algebraic data type (generalized)
+Type variable
+First-class value
+Polymorphism
+Calculus of constructions
+
+
+== Denotational semantics ==
+
+Domain theory
+Directed complete partial order
+Knaster–Tarski theorem
+
+
+== Category theory ==
+
+Cartesian closed category
+Yoneda lemma
+
+
+== Operational issues ==
+Graph reduction
+Combinator graph reduction
+Strict programming language
+Lazy evaluation, eager evaluation
+Speculative evaluation
+Side effect
+Assignment
+Setq
+Closure
+Continuation
+Continuation passing style
+Operational semantics
+State transition system
+Simulation preorder
+Bisimulation
+Monads in functional programming
+Exception handling
+Garbage collection
+
+
+== Programming languages ==
+
+Clean
+Clojure
+Elixir
+Erlang
+FP
+F#
+Haskell
+Glasgow Haskell Compiler
+Gofer
+Hugs
+Template Haskell
+ISWIM
+JavaScript
+Kent Recursive Calculator
+Lisp
+AutoLISP
+Common Lisp
+Emacs Lisp
+Scheme
+Mercury
+Miranda
+ML (Category:ML programming language family)
+OCaml
+Standard ML
+Pure, predecessor Q
+Q (programming language from Kx Systems)
+Quantum programming
+Scala
+SISAL
+Ωmega
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphics_chips_and_card_companies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphics_chips_and_card_companies-0.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphics_chips_and_card_companies-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "List of graphics chips and card companies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphics_chips_and_card_companies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:50.649903+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+During the 1980s and 1990s, a relatively large number of companies appeared selling primarily 2D graphics cards and later 3D. Most of those companies have subsequently disappeared, as the increasing complexity of GPUs substantially increased research and development costs. Many of these companies subsequently went bankrupt or were bought out. Amongst the notable discrete graphics card vendors, AMD and Nvidia are the only ones that have lasted. In 2022, Intel entered the discrete GPU market with the Arc series and has three more generations confirmed on two year release schedules.
+There are currently 104 manufacturers in this incomplete list.
+
+
+== Graphics chip makers ==
+Many of the companies listed below also design(ed) graphics cards.
+
+
+== Graphics card makers ==
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects-0.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+---
+title: "List of grid computing projects"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:16.471729+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a comprehensive list of Grid computing infrastructure projects.
+
+
+== Grid computing infrastructure projects ==
+BREIN uses the Semantic Web and multi-agent systems to build simple and reliable grid systems for business, with a focus on engineering and logistics management.
+A-Ware is developing a stable, supported, commercially exploitable, high quality technology to give easy access to grid resources.
+AssessGrid addresses obstacles to wide adoption of grid technologies by bringing risk management and assessment to this field, enabling use of grid computing in business and society.
+Cohesion Platform – A Java-based modular peer-to-peer multi-application desktop grid computing platform for irregularly structured problems developed at the University of Tübingen (Germany)
+The European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) – A series of projects funded by the European Commission which links over 70 institutions in 27 European countries to form a multi-science computing grid infrastructure for the European Research Area, letting researchers share computer resources
+GridCOMP provides an advanced component platform for an effective invisible grid.
+GridECON takes a user-oriented perspective and creates solutions to grid challenges to promote widespread use of grids.
+neuGRID develops a new user-friendly grid-based research e-infrastructure enabling the European neuroscience community to perform research needed for the pressing study of degenerative brain diseases, for example, Alzheimer's disease.
+OurGrid aims to deliver grid technology that can be used today by current users to solve present problems. To achieve this goal, it uses a different trade-off compared to most grid projects: it forfeits supporting arbitrary applications in favor of supporting only bag-of-tasks applications.
+ScottNet NCG – A distributed neural computing grid. A private commercial effort in continuous operation since 1995. This system performs a series of functions including data synchronization amongst databases, mainframe systems, and other data repositories. E-commerce transaction processing, automated research and data retrieval, content analysis, web site monitoring, scripted and dynamic user emulation, shipping and fulfillment API integration and management, RSS and NNTP monitoring and analysis, real time security enforcement, and backup/restore functions.
+BEinGRID Business Experiments in Grid.
+Legion – A grid computing platform developed at the University of Virginia.
+
+
+== Open-source grid computing infrastructure projects ==
+These projects attempt to make large physical computation infrastructures available for researchers to use:
+
+3G Bridge An open-source core job bridging component between different grid infrastructures.
+Berkeley NOW Project.
+Debian Cluster Components.
+DiaGrid grid computing network centered at Purdue University.
+NESSI-GRID.
+OMII-Europe – An EU-funded project established to source key software components that can interoperate across several heterogeneous grid middleware platforms.
+OMII-UK Provide free open source software and support to enable a sustained future for the UK e-research community.
+Open Science Grid.
+SARA Computing and Networking Services in Netherlands.
+Storage@home Distributed storage infrastructure developed to solve the problem of backing up and sharing petabytes of scientific results using a distributed model of volunteer managed hosts. Project was discontinued in 2011.
+Worldwide LHC Computing Grid.
+The Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), formerly Teragrid.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+List of volunteer computing projects
+List of citizen science projects
+List of crowdsourcing projects
+List of free and open-source Android applications
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6c800e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "List of hackers"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:20.238522+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of notable hackers who are known for their hacking acts.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Tech Model Railroad Club
+List of computer criminals
+List of fictional hackers
+List of hacker groups
+List of hacker conferences
+Hackerspace
+Phreaking
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-0.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "List of home computers by video hardware"
+chunk: 1/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of home computers, sorted alphanumerically, which lists all relevant details of their video hardware.
+Home computers are the second generation of desktop computers, entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. A decade later they were generally replaced by IBM PC compatible "PCs", although technically home computers are also classified as personal computers.
+Examples of early home computers are the TRS-80, Atari 8-bit computers, BBC Micro, ZX Spectrum, MSX, Amstrad CPC 464, and Commodore 64. Examples of late home computers are MSX 2 systems, and the Amiga and Atari ST systems.
+Note: in cases of manufacturers who have made both home and personal computers, only machines fitting into the home computer category are listed. Systems in the personal computer category, except for early Macintosh PCs, are generally based on the VGA standard and use a video chip known as a Graphics Processing Unit. Very early PCs used one of the much simpler (even compared to most home computer video hardware) video display controller cards, using parts like the MDA, the Hercules Graphics Card, the CGA and the EGA standard). Only after the introduction of the VGA standard could PCs really compete with the home computers of the same era, such as the Amiga and Atari ST, or even with the MSX-2. Also, not listed are systems that are typically only gaming systems, like the Atari 2600 and the Bally Astrocade, even though these systems could sometimes be upgraded to resemble a home computer.
+
+== The importance of having capable video hardware ==
+Early home computers all used similar hardware and software, mostly using the 6502, the Z80, or in a few cases the 6809 microprocessor. They could have as little as 1 KB of RAM or as much as 128K, and software-wise, they could use a small 4K BASIC interpreter, or an extended 12K or more BASIC. The basic systems were quite similar with the exception of the video display hardware. As a result, the success of a system proved to primarily rely on the performance of the video display hardware, since this had a direct implication on the kind of games that could be played on the system.
+The most important aspect of a home computer was how far programmers could push the hardware to create games. A case in point is the Commodore 64. Its microprocessor lacked advanced math functions and was relatively slow. In addition, the built-in BASIC interpreter lacked any sort of graphics commands, as it was the same version that was developed for the older Commodore PET (a computer without any high-resolution graphics capabilities at all). However, these drawbacks were of little consequence, because the C64 had the VIC-II chip. When accessed by machine language programs, the graphic capabilities of this chip made it practical to develop arcade-style games on a home system. Additionally, specific machine language code exploiting quirks of the VIC-II chip allowed for special tricks to draw even better pictures out of the VIC-II chip. The comparatively large memory and the audio capabilities of the C64 also lent themselves well toward the production of larger games.
+An example of the opposite is the Aquarius by Mattel which had such incredibly limited video hardware that it was retracted from the market after only four months due to poor sales.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-1.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "List of home computers by video hardware"
+chunk: 2/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Video arbitration logic ===
+One major problem that early computer video hardware had to overcome was the video bus arbitration problem. The problem was determining a way to give both the video hardware (VDU) and the CPU continuous read access to the video RAM. The obvious solution, using interleaving time slots for the VDU and RAM was hard to implement because the logic circuits and video memory chips of the time did not have the switching speed necessary to do so. For higher resolutions, the logic and the memory chips were barely fast enough to support reading the display data, let alone for dedicating half the available time for the slow 8-bit CPU. That being said, one system, the Apple II, was one of the first to use a feature of the data-bus logic of the 6502 processor to implement a very early interleaving time slot mechanism to eliminate this problem. The BBC Micro used 4 MHz RAM with a 2 MHz 6502 in order to interleave video accesses with CPU accesses.
+Most other systems used a much simpler approach, and the TRS-80's video logic was so primitive that it simply did not have any bus arbitration at all. The CPU had access to the video memory at all times. Writing to the video RAM simply disabled the video display logic. The result was that the screen often displayed random horizontal black stripes on screen when there was heavy access to the video RAM, like during a video game.
+Most systems avoided the problem by having a status register that the CPU could read, and which showed when the CPU could safely write to the video memory. That was possible because a composite video signal blanks the video output signal during the "blanking periods" of the horizontal and especially the long vertical video sync pulses. So by simply waiting for the next blanking period, the stripes were avoidable. This approach did have one disadvantage, it relied on the software not to write to the screen during the non-blanking periods. If the software ignored the status register the stripes would re-appear. Another approach, used by most other machines of the time, was to temporarily stop the CPU using the "WAIT/BUSRQ" (Z80) "WAIT" (6809) or "SYNC" (6502) control signal whenever the CPU tried to write to the screen during a non-blanking period. Yet another, more advanced, the solution was to add a hardware FIFO so that the CPU could write to the FIFO instead of directly to the RAM chips, which were updated from the FIFO during a blanking interval by special logic circuitry. Some later systems started using special "two-port" video memory, called VRAM, that had independent data output pins for the CPU interface and the video logic.
+
+== The main classes of video hardware ==
+There are two main categories of solutions for a home computer to generate a video signal:
+
+A custom design, either built from discrete logic chips or based around some kind of custom logic chips (an ASIC or PLD).
+A system using some form of video display controller (VDC), a VLSI chip that contained most of the logic circuitry needed to generate the video signal
+Systems in the first category were the most flexible and could offer a wide range of (sometimes unique) capabilities, but generally speaking, the second category could offer a much more complex system for a comparatively lower price.
+The VDC based systems can be divided into four sub-categories:
+
+Simple video shift register based solutions, have a simple "video shifter chip", and the main CPU doing most of the complex stuff. Only one example of such a chip for a home computer exists, the RCA CDP1861 used in the COSMAC VIP. It could only create a very low-resolution monochrome graphic screen. The chip in the Sinclair ZX81 also is a video shifter but is a custom logic chip (a ULA) rather than a single-purpose commercial IC like the CDP1861. Dedicated Video shifter chips did have some use in very early game systems, most notably the Television Interface Adaptor chip in the Atari 2600. The Atari ST's chip used a DMA system to read out video data independent of the main CPU and contained a palette RAM, and resolution/color mode switching logic.
+CRTC (Cathode Ray Tube Controller) based solutions. A CRTC is a chip that generates most of the basic timing and control signals. It must be complemented with some "Video RAM" and some other logic for the "arbitration" so that the CPU and the CRTC chip can share access to this RAM. To complete the design, a CRTC chip also needs some other support logic. For example, a ROM containing the bitmap font for text modes, and logic to convert the output from the system into a video signal.
+Video interface controllers were a step up on the ladder, these were true VLSI chips that integrated all of the logic that was in a typical CRTC based system, plus a lot more, into a single chip. The VIC-II chip is probably the best-known chip of this category.
+Video co-processor chips are at the highest end of the scale; Video interface controllers that can manipulate, and/or interpret and display, the contents of their own dedicated Video RAM without intervention from the main CPU.  These chips are highly flexible offering options and features with minimal CPU involvement that on other systems are impossible or at best difficult to produce, requiring extensive CPU overhead.  The Atari ANTIC/GTIA and Amiga OCS/ECS/AGA are well known examples of this high-feature category. But note that not all video co-processors are powerful, some are even simpler than many Video interface controllers, notably the primitive SAA5243 which is still technically a co-processor.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-2.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "List of home computers by video hardware"
+chunk: 3/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Explanation of the terms used in the tables ==
+System Name
+The name of the system, or if there are many similar versions, the name of the most well-known variant, see Notes. Year
+The year that the first version of this system came on the market. Chip name
+The name of the chip that was used as the basis for the video logic. Video RAM
+The maximum amount of RAM used for the video display, depending on the resolution used the system may use less. Video mode(s) [i.e. Text mode(s) and Graphics modes]
+The numbers of characters per line and lines of text the system supported and the number of colors they could have. Sometimes more than one mode was possible: The number of horizontal and Vertical pixels the system could display in a high resolution mode and The number of colors each pixel could have in high-resolution mode, where several high-resolution modes exist each one is listed separately. Beginning with the Xerox Alto, systems forwent independent text modes and drew text on a high-resolution graphics screen. This required more video RAM, but also freed computer fonts from a fixed grid. Font extras
+Describes extra graphical possibilities a video system had because of optional features of their character sets, there are currently three categories:
+LC
+Some systems could only display upper case characters in text mode because of their limited character set, If a system was able to also support lower case letters in a text mode, (in any high-resolution mode it is of course always possible), then there is LC (for Lower Case) in this column. BG
+Some systems used a matrix of blocky pixels instead of a letter in their font sets (or used dedicated hardware to emulate them, like the TRS-80 did), to support some sort of all points addressable (APA) mode. It's hard to call this a "high resolution" mode because the resolution could be as low as 80×48 pixels, but in any case, it was possible to draw pictures with them. In the case of systems that used such a system as its "APA" mode, there is BG (for Block Graphics) in this column. SG
+Some other systems used semi graphical characters like box-drawing characters dots and card symbols, and "graphical building block" geometric shapes  such as triangles to give the system the appearance it could do high-resolution graphics while in reality it could not, Systems like that have SG (for semi graphical characters) in this column. Many systems like the PET had a few of such characters dedicated to blocking graphics for an APA mode as well, often only for 2×2 matrix characters. Sometimes the system filled (or could fill) a reprogrammable section of the font set which such characters, these systems mainly fall under the "soft font" heading. Note that the BG and SG entries are only used when the system relied on them, had them predefined in its default character set, or, (what often happened on early systems) had them printed on the keyboard keys for direct entry in combination with some kind of "graphic shift" key. Soft font
+When the system had a programmable font RAM instead of a static "font ROM", or when the video system did not have a hardware text mode, but painted text in the high-res screen using software, the video display wasn't dependent on a permanent font set, in this case we are talking about a system with a "soft" font. Color resolution
+in "high-resolution mode" it was often the case that a certain pixel could not be given an arbitrary color, often certain clusters of pixels, (quite often 8×8 pixels large) shared the same "color attribute", so as to spare video memory, as an 8-bit computer only had a 64 KB address space, and the CPU often had limited capabilities to manipulate video memory, therefore it was often necessary to keep the video RAM size as small as possible, so a minimum of the address space of the micro was used, and also the video content could be changed relatively rapidly. Palette support
+If the system could translate a "logical color" into a (larger number) or true colors using a palette mechanism then this column lists the number of logical colors the palette could accept, and the number of colors it could translate to. HW accel. Short for "hardware acceleration", can take several forms, the most obvious form is "bit blitting", that is the moving of groups of pixels from one place in video memory to another without the CPU doing any of the moving, another often-used technique is hardware scrolling which in fact emulates moving the whole screen in the video RAM, the third form of hardware acceleration is the use of sprites implemented in hardware. Some systems also supported drawing lines (and sometimes rectangles) using special line drawing hardware. The entry in the column reveals which methods the hardware supported with two letters for each method. BL
+For blitter
+DR
+For hardware supported line drawing
+SC
+For hardware scrolling support
+SP
+For hardware sprite support
+TE
+For hardware tile engine support in graphic mode
+Sprite details
+Covers three facets of the sprite support hardware the system used. Each number in the table cell is preceded by two letters. S#
+For the first facet, is the total number of hardware sprites the system could support, in hardware (not counting re-use of the same hardware). if the system doesn't support hardware sprites at all the table cell only contains  "-" . If S# is 1 then the single sprite is most often used to support a mouse cursor. SS
+For the second facet, is the size of the sprite in screen pixels. A sprite could be displayed by the hardware, as a matrix of horizontal by vertical pixels. If more than one sprite size mode is available each one is listed. SC
+For the third facet, is the number of sprite colors, it gives the number of colors that a sprite could have. It is about the total number of colors that could be used to define the sprite (transparent NOT included), so if a sprite could only be displayed as a figure in a single color the number is 1. If more than one sprite color mode is available each one is listed. SP
+For the fourth facet, is the number of sprites per scan line. Hardware sprites use a kind of Z-buffer to determine which sprite is "on top". Availability of hardware to do this limits the number of sprites that can be displayed on each scan line. This number tells how many sprites could be displayed on a scanline before one of them became invisible because of hardware limitations. Unique features
+If the video display has unique features (or limitations) they will be listed here, if space is a limitation the remaining special features are expressed as notes. A "-" in a table cell means that the answer is irrelevant, unknown, or in another way has no meaning, for example, the sprite size of a system that does not support hardware sprites. A "?" in a table cell means that the entry has not yet been determined. If a ?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-3.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+title: "List of home computers by video hardware"
+chunk: 4/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+follows an entry it means that other options than the listed ones may also exist. "Mono" in a table cell means monochrome that is, for example, black on white, or black on green.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-4.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+---
+title: "List of home computers by video hardware"
+chunk: 5/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== The list of home computers and their video capabilities ==
+
+=== Systems with video logic designed as terminals ===
+
+=== Systems using software-driven video generation ===
+
+=== Systems using discrete logic ===
+
+==== With independent text mode(s) ====
+
+==== Without independent text mode(s) ====
+
+=== Systems using simple Video Shift Registers ===
+
+=== Systems using custom logic ICs ===
+
+==== With independent text mode(s) ====
+
+==== Without independent text mode(s) ====
+
+=== Systems using a CRTC ===
+
+==== MC6845 or second source ====
+
+===== With independent text mode(s) =====
+
+===== Without independent text mode(s) =====
+
+==== Other models ====
+
+=== Systems using a Video Interface Controller ===
+
+==== MC6847 or second source ====
+
+===== Text 32×16 9 colors Graphics Full: 64×64 4 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2 or 4 colors or 256×192 2 colors Semi: 64×32 9 colors or 64×48 4 colors color resolution 64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 or 256×192; 64×32 or 64×48 =====
+Sources:
+
+==== Other models ====
+
+===== With independent text mode(s) =====
+
+===== Without independent text mode(s) =====
+
+=== Systems using a video co-processor ===
+
+==== With independent text mode(s) ====
+
+==== Without independent text mode(s) ====
+
+=== Systems that fall into multiple classifications ===
+For these systems, it is established that they are based on multiple technologies. The hardware chosen to be used by these systems may have a substantial or insubstantial impact on the video they output.
+
+=== Systems that could not be classified ===
+For these systems, it could not be established what technology they are based on, therefore, some information regarding them may be inaccurate.
+
+== See also ==
+List of computer hardware palettes
+Semigraphical characters
+Semigraphics
+Video Display Controller
+
+== Notes ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_Unix_platforms-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_Unix_platforms-0.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+title: "List of input methods for Unix platforms"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_Unix_platforms"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:29.309391+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is intended as a non-exhaustive list of input methods for Unix platforms. An input method is a means of entering characters and glyphs that have a corresponding encoding in a character set. See the input method page for more information.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9c73822d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+title: "List of medical and health informatics journals"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:21.434703+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of notable journals related to medical and health informatics.
+
+BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 
+BMJ Health & Care Informatics
+Computers in Biology and Medicine
+Health Informatics Journal
+International Journal of Medical Informatics
+Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
+Journal of Biomedical Informatics 
+Journal of Information Professionals in Health 
+Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics 
+Journal of Medical Internet Research 
+Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
+Methods of Information in Medicine
+PLOS Digital Health 
+Statistics in Medicine
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of medical journals
+Lists of academic journals
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d05c014a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+title: "List of mergers and acquisitions by Gen Digital"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:15.308579+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Gen Digital, formerly known as Symantec and NortonLifeLock, is a multinational computer software company founded on March 1, 1982. It is an international corporation that specializes in selling security and information management software. Gary Hendrix founded the company in 1982 with the help of a National Science Foundation grant. Symantec was originally focused on artificial intelligence-related projects, and Hendrix hired several Stanford University natural language processing researchers as the company's first employees. After the company's initial public offering in 1989, Hendrix left the company in 1991 and moved to Texas. The company has acquired 57 companies, purchased stakes in 2 firms, and divested 26 companies, in which parts of the company are sold to another company. Of the companies that Symantec has acquired, 50 were based in the United States. Symantec has not released the financial details for most of these mergers and acquisitions.
+Symantec's first acquisition was C&E Software on January 1, 1984, and the founder of C&E Software, Gordon Eubanks, became the new chief executive officer of Symantec. The company has made five acquisitions with a value greater than $1 billion: LifeLock was acquired on Feb 9, 2017 for $2.3 billion, Blue Coat Systems was acquired on Aug 1, 2016 for $4.65 billion, VeriSign was acquired on May 19, 2010, for $1.250 billion, Altiris was acquired on April 6, 2007, for $1.038 billion, and Symantec purchased Veritas Software on July 2, 2005, for $13 billion. The deal with Veritas was Symantec's largest acquisition and made Symantec the fifth-largest software company in the world. Symantec made the most acquisitions in 2004 with six: ON Technology, Brightmail, TurnTide, @stake, LIRIC Associates, and Platform Logic. The company divested its enterprise-security software business to Broadcom for $10.7 billion in 2019 and adopted the NortonLifeLock name. On November 7, 2022, NortonLifeLock rebranded to Gen Digital after completed its merger with Avast in last September.
+
+
+== Acquisitions ==
+
+
+== Investments ==
+
+
+== Stakes ==
+
+
+== Divestitures ==
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_digital_musical_document_libraries-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_digital_musical_document_libraries-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04290c27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_digital_musical_document_libraries-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "List of online digital musical document libraries"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_digital_musical_document_libraries"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:55.730352+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of online digital musical document libraries. Each source listed below offers access to collections of digitized music documents (typically originating from printed or manuscript musical sources). They may contain scanned images, fully encoded scores, or encodings designed for music playback (e.g., via MIDI). Some (e.g., KernScores) are adapted for music analysis.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Virtual Library of Musicology
+List of online music databases
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_development_philosophies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_development_philosophies-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7064c3da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_development_philosophies-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+---
+title: "List of software development philosophies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_development_philosophies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:26.874776+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of approaches, styles, methodologies, and philosophies in software development and engineering. It also contains programming paradigms, software development methodologies, software development processes, and single practices, principles, and laws.
+Some of the mentioned methods are more relevant to a specific field than another, such as automotive or aerospace. The trend towards agile methods in software engineering is noticeable, however the need for improved studies on the subject is also paramount. Also note that some of the methods listed might be newer or older or still in use or out-dated, and the research on software design methods is not new and on-going.
+
+
+== Software development methodologies, guidelines, strategies ==
+
+
+=== Large-scale programming styles ===
+Behavior-driven development
+Design-driven development
+Domain-driven design
+Secure by design
+Test-driven development
+Acceptance test-driven development
+Continuous test-driven development
+Specification by example
+Data-driven development
+Data-oriented design
+
+
+=== Specification-related paradigms ===
+Iterative and incremental development
+Waterfall model
+Formal methods
+
+
+=== Comprehensive systems ===
+Agile software development
+Lean software development
+Lightweight methodology
+Adaptive software development
+Extreme programming
+Feature-driven development
+ICONIX
+Kanban (development)
+Unified Process
+Rational Unified Process
+Agile Unified Process
+
+
+=== Rules of thumb, laws, guidelines and principles ===
+300 Rules of Thumb and Nuggets of Wisdom (excerpt from Managing the Unmanageable - Rules, Tools, and Insights for Managing Software People and Teams by Mickey W. Mantle, Ron Lichty)
+ACID
+Big ball of mud
+Brooks's law
+C++ Core Guidelines (Stroustrup/Sutter) P1 - P13 Philosophy rules
+CAP theorem
+Code reuse
+Command–query separation (CQS)
+Conway's law
+Cowboy coding
+Do what I mean (DWIM)
+Don't repeat yourself (DRY)
+Egoless programming
+Fail-fast
+Gall's law
+General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (GRASP)
+If it ain't broke, don't fix it
+Inheritance (OOP)
+KISS principle
+Law of Demeter, also known as the principle of least knowledge
+Law of conservation of complexity, also known as Tesler's Law
+Lehman's laws of software evolution
+Loose coupling
+Minimalism (computing)
+Ninety–ninety rule
+Open–closed principle
+Package principles
+Pareto principle
+Parkinson's law
+Principle of least astonishment (POLA)
+Release early, release often
+Robustness principle, also known as Postel's law
+Rule of least power
+SEMAT
+Separation of concerns
+Separation of mechanism and policy
+Single source of truth (SSOT)
+Single version of the truth (SVOT)
+SOLID (object-oriented design)
+There's more than one way to do it
+Uniform access principle
+Unix philosophy
+Worse is better
+You aren't gonna need it (YAGNI)
+
+
+=== Other ===
+Davis 201 Principles of Software Development
+Don't Make Me Think (Principles of intuitive navigation and information design)
+The Art of Computer Programming (general computer-science masterpiece by Donald E. Knuth)
+The Cathedral and the Bazaar - book comparing top-down vs. bottom-up open-source software
+The Philosophy of Computer Science
+Where's the Theory for Software Engineering?
+The Yo-yo problem
+
+
+== Programming paradigms ==
+Agent-oriented programming
+Aspect-oriented programming (AOP)
+Convention over configuration
+Component-based software engineering
+Functional programming (FP)
+Hierarchical object-oriented design (HOOD)
+Literate programming
+Logic programming
+Modular programming
+Object-oriented programming (OOP)
+Procedural programming
+Reactive programming
+
+
+== Software development methodologies ==
+Agile Unified Process (AUP)
+Constructionist design methodology (CDM)
+Dynamic systems development method (DSDM)
+Extreme programming (XP)
+Iterative and incremental development
+Kanban
+Lean software development
+Local-first software
+Model-based system engineering (MBSE)
+Pair programming
+Mob programming
+Rapid application development (RAD)
+Rational Unified Process (RUP)
+Rubber duck debugging
+Scrum
+Structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM)
+Twelve-Factor App methodology
+Unified Process (UP)
+
+
+== Software development processes ==
+Active-Admin-driven development (AADD)
+Behavior-driven development (BDD)
+Bug-driven development (BgDD)
+Configuration-driven development (CDD)
+Readme-driven development (RDD)
+Design-driven development (D3)
+Domain-driven design (DDD)
+Feature-driven development (FDD)
+Test-driven development (TDD)
+User-centered design (UCD) (User-Driven Development (UDD))
+Value-driven design (VDD)
+Software review
+Software quality assurance
+
+
+== See also ==
+Anti-pattern
+Coding conventions
+Design pattern
+Programming paradigm
+Software development methodology
+Software development process
+Outline of computer science
+Outline of software engineering
+Outline of computer engineering
+Outline of computer programming
+Outline of software development
+Outline of web design and web development
+Outline of computers
+Category:Programming principles
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+ISO/IEC/IEEE 26515:2018(E) - ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Systems and software engineering — Developing information for users in an agile environment
+
+
+== Other materials, books, articles, etc. ==
+Don't Make Me Think (book by Steve Krug about human computer interaction and web usability)
+
+
+== References ==
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7355201d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+---
+title: "Outline of computer science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:30.653362+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Computer science (also called computing science) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. One well known subject classification system for computer science is the ACM Computing Classification System devised by the Association for Computing Machinery.
+Computer science can be described as all of the following:
+
+Academic discipline
+Science
+Applied science
+
+
+== Subfields ==
+
+
+=== Mathematical foundations ===
+Coding theory – Useful in networking, programming, system development, and other areas where computers communicate with each other.
+Game theory – Useful in artificial intelligence and cybernetics.
+Discrete mathematics – Study of discrete structures. Used in digital computer systems.
+Graph theory – Foundations for data structures and searching algorithms.
+Mathematical logic – Boolean logic and other ways of modeling logical queries; the uses and limitations of formal proof methods.
+Number theory – Theory of the integers.  Used in cryptography as well as a test domain in artificial intelligence.
+
+
+=== Algorithms and data structures ===
+Algorithms – Sequential and parallel computational procedures for solving a wide range of problems.
+Data structures – The organization and manipulation of data.
+
+
+=== Artificial intelligence ===
+Outline of artificial intelligence
+
+Artificial intelligence – The implementation and study of systems that exhibit an autonomous intelligence or behavior of their own.
+Automated reasoning – Solving engines, such as used in Prolog, which produce steps to a result given a query on a fact and rule database, and automated theorem provers that aim to prove mathematical theorems with some assistance from a programmer.
+Computer vision – Algorithms for identifying three-dimensional objects from a two-dimensional picture.
+Soft computing, the use of inexact solutions for otherwise extremely difficult problems:
+Machine learning – Development of models that are able to learn and adapt without following explicit instructions, by using algorithms and statistical models to analyze and draw inferences from patterns in data.
+Evolutionary computing – Biologically inspired algorithms.
+Natural language processing – Building systems and algorithms that analyze, understand, and generate natural (human) languages.
+Robotics – Algorithms for controlling the behavior of robots.
+
+
+=== Communication and security ===
+Networking – Algorithms and protocols for reliably communicating data across different shared or dedicated media, often including error correction.
+Computer security – Practical aspects of securing computer systems and computer networks.
+Cryptography – Applies results from complexity, probability, algebra, and number theory to invent and break codes, and analyze the security of cryptographic protocols.
+
+
+=== Computer architecture ===
+Computer architecture – The design, organization, optimization, and verification of a computer system, mostly about CPUs and Memory subsystems (and the bus connecting them).
+Operating systems – Systems for managing computer programs and providing the basis of a usable system.
+
+
+=== Computer graphics ===
+Computer graphics – Algorithms both for generating visual images synthetically, and for integrating or altering visual and spatial information sampled from the real world.
+Image processing – Determining information from an image through computation.
+Information visualization – Methods for representing and displaying abstract data to facilitate human interaction for exploration and understanding.
+
+
+=== Concurrent, parallel, and distributed systems ===
+Parallel computing – The theory and practice of simultaneous computation; data safety in any multitasking or multithreaded environment.
+Concurrency (computer science) – Computing using multiple concurrent threads of execution, devising algorithms for solving problems on various processors to achieve maximal speed-up compared to sequential execution.
+Distributed computing – Computing using multiple computing devices over a network to accomplish a common objective or task, and thereby reducing the latency involved in single processor contributions for any task.
+
+
+=== Databases ===
+Outline of databases
+
+Relational databases – the set theoretic and algorithmic foundation of databases.
+Structured Storage – non-relational databases such as NoSQL databases.
+Data mining – Study of algorithms for searching and processing information in documents and databases; closely related to information retrieval.
+
+
+=== Programming languages and compilers ===
+Compiler theory – Theory of compiler design, based on Automata theory.
+Programming language pragmatics – Taxonomy of programming languages, their strength, and weaknesses. Various programming paradigms, such as object-oriented programming.
+Programming language theory – Theory of programming language design
+Formal semantics – rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programs.
+Type theory – Formal analysis of the types of data, and the use of these types to understand properties of programs — especially program safety.
+
+
+=== Scientific computing ===
+Computational science – constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems.
+Numerical analysis – Approximate numerical solution of mathematical problems such as root-finding, integration, the solution of ordinary differential equations; the approximation of special functions.
+Symbolic computation – Manipulation and solution of expressions in symbolic form, also known as Computer algebra.
+Computational physics – Numerical simulations of large non-analytic systems
+Computational chemistry – Computational modelling of theoretical chemistry in order to determine chemical structures and properties
+Bioinformatics and Computational biology – The use of computer science to maintain, analyze, store biological data and to assist in solving biological problems such as Protein folding, function prediction and Phylogeny.
+Computational neuroscience – Computational modelling of neurophysiology.
+Computational linguistics
+Computational logic – Use of logic to perform or reason about computation
+Computational engineering – Field of algorithmic training
+
+
+=== Software engineering ===
+Outline of software engineering
+
+Formal methods – Mathematical approaches for describing and reasoning about software design.
+Software engineering – The principles and practice of designing, developing, and testing programs, as well as proper engineering practices.
+Algorithm design – Using ideas from algorithm theory to creatively design solutions to real tasks.
+Computer programming – The practice of using a programming language to implement algorithms.
+Human–computer interaction – The study and design of computer interfaces that people use.
+Reverse engineering – The application of the scientific method to the understanding of arbitrary existing software.
+
+
+=== Theory of computation ===
+
+Automata theory – Different logical structures for solving problems.
+Computability theory – What is calculable with the current models of computers. Proofs developed by Alan Turing and others provide insight into the possibilities of what may be computed and what may not.
+List of unsolved problems in computer science
+Computational complexity theory – Fundamental bounds (especially time and storage space) on classes of computations.
+Quantum computing theory – Explores computational models involving quantum superposition of bits.
+
+
+== History ==
+History of computer science
+List of pioneers in computer science
+History of Artificial Intelligence
+History of operating systems
+
+
+== Professions ==
+Computer Scientist
+Programmer (Software developer)
+Teacher/Professor
+Software engineer
+Software architect
+Software tester
+Hardware engineer
+Data analyst
+Interaction designer
+Network administrator
+Data scientist
+
+
+== Data and data structures ==
+Data structure
+Data type
+Associative array and Hash table
+Array
+List
+Tree
+String
+Matrix (computer science)
+Database
+
+
+== Programming paradigms ==
+Imperative programming/Procedural programming
+Functional programming
+Logic programming
+Declarative Programming
+Event-Driven Programming
+Object oriented programming
+Class
+Inheritance
+Object
+
+
+== See also ==
+Abstraction
+Big O notation
+Closure
+Compiler
+Cognitive science
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+List of Computer Scientists
+Glossary of Computer Science
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_vision-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_vision-0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7da22dd19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_vision-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+---
+title: "Outline of computer vision"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_vision"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:36.986968+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer vision:
+Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring digital images (through image sensors), image processing, and image analysis, to reach an understanding of digital images. In general, it deals with the extraction of high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information that the computer can interpret. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences, views from multiple cameras, or multi-dimensional data from a medical scanner. As a technological discipline, computer vision seeks to apply its theories and models for the construction of computer vision systems. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images.
+
+
+== Branches of computer vision ==
+Computer stereo vision
+Underwater computer vision
+
+
+== History of computer vision ==
+History of computer vision
+
+
+== Computer vision subsystems ==
+
+
+=== Image enhancement ===
+Image denoising
+Image histogram
+Inpainting
+Super-resolution imaging
+Histogram equalization
+Tone mapping
+Retinex
+Gamma correction
+Anisotropic diffusion (Perona–Malik equation)
+
+
+=== Transformations ===
+Affine transform
+Homography (computer vision)
+Hough transform
+Radon transform
+Walsh–Hadamard transform
+
+
+=== Filtering, Fourier and wavelet transforms and image compression ===
+Image compression
+Filter bank
+Gabor filter
+JPEG 2000
+Adaptive filtering
+
+
+=== Color vision ===
+Visual perception
+Human visual system model
+Color matching function
+Color space
+Color appearance model
+Color management system
+Color mapping
+Color model
+Color profile
+
+
+=== Feature extraction ===
+Active contour
+Blob detection
+Canny edge detector
+Contour detection
+Edge detection
+Edge linking
+Harris Corner Detector
+Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG)
+Random sample consensus (RANSAC)
+Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT)
+
+
+=== Pose estimation ===
+Bundle adjustment
+Articulated body pose estimation (BoPoE)
+Direct linear transformation (DLT)
+Epipolar geometry
+Fundamental matrix
+Pinhole camera model
+Projective geometry
+Trifocal tensor
+
+
+=== Registration ===
+Active appearance model (AAM)
+Cross-correlation
+Geometric hashing
+Graph cut segmentation
+Least squares estimation
+Image pyramid
+Image segmentation
+Level-set method
+Markov random fields
+Medial axis
+Motion field
+Motion vector
+Multispectral imaging
+Normalized cut segmentation
+Optical flow
+Particle filtering
+Scale space
+
+
+=== Visual recognition ===
+Object recognition
+Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT)
+Gesture recognition
+Bag-of-words model in computer vision
+Kadir–Brady saliency detector
+Eigenface
+
+
+== Commercial computer vision systems ==
+5DX
+Aphelion (software)
+Microsoft PixelSense
+Poseidon drowning detection system
+Roboflow
+Visage SDK
+
+
+== Applications ==
+3D reconstruction from multiple images
+Audio-visual speech recognition
+Augmented reality
+Augmented reality-assisted surgery
+Automated optical inspection
+Automatic image annotation
+Automatic number plate recognition
+Automatic target recognition
+Check weigher
+Closed-circuit television
+Computer stereo vision
+Contextual image classification
+DARPA LAGR Program
+Digital video fingerprinting
+Document mosaicing
+Facial recognition systems
+GazoPa
+Geometric feature learning
+Gesture recognition
+Image collection exploration
+Image retrieval
+Content-based image retrieval
+Reverse image search
+Image-based modeling and rendering
+Integrated mail processing
+Iris recognition
+Machine vision
+Mobile mapping
+Navigation system components for:
+Autonomous cars
+Mobile robots
+Object detection
+Optical braille recognition
+Optical character recognition
+Intelligent character recognition
+Pedestrian detection
+People counter
+Physical computing
+Red light camera
+Remote sensing
+Smart camera
+Traffic enforcement camera
+Traffic sign recognition
+Vehicle infrastructure integration
+Velocity Moments
+Video content analysis
+View synthesis
+Visual sensor network
+Visual Word
+Water remote sensing
+
+
+== Computer vision companies ==
+3DFLOW
+Automatix
+Clarifai
+Cognex Corporation
+Datagen
+Diffbot
+IBM
+InspecVision
+Isra Vision
+Kinesense
+Mobileye
+Roboflow
+Scantron Corporation
+Teledyne DALSA
+VIEW Engineering
+Warden Machinery
+Zivid
+
+
+== Computer vision publications ==
+Electronic Letters on Computer Vision and Image Analysis
+International Journal of Computer Vision
+
+
+== Computer vision organizations ==
+Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
+European Conference on Computer Vision
+International Conference on Computer Vision
+International Conferences in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision
+
+
+== Persons influential in computer vision ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Outline of artificial intelligence
+Outline of deep learning
+Outline of robotics
+List of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics
+Virtual Design and Construction
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+USC Iris computer vision conference list
+Computer vision papers on the web A complete list of papers of the most relevant computer vision conferences.
+Computer Vision Online News, source code, datasets and job offers related to computer vision.
+Keith Price's Annotated Computer Vision Bibliography
+CVonline Bob Fisher's Compendium of Computer Vision.
+British Machine Vision Association Supporting computer vision research within the UK via the BMVC and MIUA conferences, Annals of the BMVA (open-source journal), BMVA Summer School and one-day meetings
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction-0.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction-0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+---
+title: "Outline of human–computer interaction"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:25.355259+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human–computer interaction:
+Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) – the intersection of computer science and behavioral sciences — this field involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. Attention to human-machine interaction is important, because poorly designed human-machine interfaces can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example of this is the Three Mile Island accident where investigations concluded that the design of the human-machine interface was at least partially responsible for the disaster.
+
+== Definitions ==
+Human–Computer Interaction can be described as all of the following:
+
+A field of science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
+An applied science – field that applies human knowledge to build or design useful things.
+A field of computer science – scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.
+An application of engineering – science, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, to design and also build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.
+An application of software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the design, development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software.
+A subfield of computer programming – process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in one or more programming languages (such as Java, C++, C#, Python, PHP etc.). The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors.
+A social science – academic discipline concerned with society and human behavior.
+A behavioral science – discipline that explores the activities of and interactions among organisms. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, and cognitive science.
+A type of system – set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements (often called 'components' ) and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets.
+A system that includes software –  software is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. Software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system.
+A type of technology – making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments.
+A form of computer technology – computers and their application.
+
+== Styles of human–computer interaction ==
+Command line interface
+Graphical user interface (GUI)
+Copy and paste, Cut and paste
+Single Document Interface, Multiple Document Interface, Tabbed Document Interface
+Elements of graphical user interfaces
+Pointer
+Widget (computing)
+icons
+WIMP (computing)
+Point and click
+Drag and drop
+Window managers
+WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get)
+Zooming user interface (ZUI)
+Brushing and linking
+Crossing-based interface
+Conversational user interface
+Voice computing
+
+== Related fields ==
+Human–computer interaction draws from the following fields:
+
+psychology
+human memory
+human perception
+sensory system
+sociology and social psychology
+cognitive science
+human factors / cognitive ergonomics / physical ergonomics
+repetitive strain injury
+computer science
+computer graphics
+artificial intelligence
+computer vision
+visualization
+information visualization
+scientific visualization
+knowledge visualization
+design
+industrial design
+graphic design and aesthetics
+information design
+interaction design
+process-centered design
+sonic interaction design
+Interactive Art and HCI
+library and information science, information science
+information security
+HCISec
+speech-language pathology
+personal information management
+phenomenology
+
+== History of human–computer interaction ==
+History of human–computer interaction
+
+Ivan Sutherland's Sketchpad
+History of automated adaptive instruction in computer applications
+History of the GUI
+
+=== Interaction paradigms ===
+Time-sharing (1959)
+hypertext (Ted Nelson 1963), hypermedia and hyperlinks
+Direct manipulation (ex. lightpen 1963, mice 1968)
+Desktop metaphor (197x XEROX PARC)
+Windows-Paradigm
+Personal computer
+CSCW: Computer Supported Collaborative (or Cooperative) Work, collaborative software
+Ubiquitous computing ("ubicomp") coined 1988
+World Wide Web (Tim Berners Lee 1989)
+Mobile interaction
+"sensor-based / context-aware interaction"-paradigm
+
+=== Notable systems and prototypes ===
+Office of the future (1940s)
+Sketchpad (1963)
+NLS and The Mother of All Demos (1968)
+Dynabook (circa 1970)
+Xerox Alto (1973)
+Xerox Star (1981)
+Apple Macintosh (1984)
+Knowledge Navigator (1987)
+Project Looking Glass (circa 2003 or 2004)
+The Humane Environment (alpha release, 2004)
+
+== General human–computer interaction concepts ==
+accessibility and computer accessibility
+adaptive autonomy
+affordance
+banner blindness
+computer user satisfaction
+contextual design and contextual inquiry
+Feminist HCI
+gender HCI
+gulf of evaluation
+gulf of execution
+habituation
+human action cycle
+human interface device
+human–machine interface
+interaction technique
+look and feel
+mode (user interface)
+physiological interaction
+principle of least astonishment
+progressive disclosure
+sonic interaction design
+thanatosensitivity
+transparency
+usability and usability testing
+user, luser
+user experience and user experience design
+user-friendliness
+user interface and user interface design
+user interface engineering and usability engineering
+handheld devices
+Human–computer information retrieval
+Information retrieval
+Internet and the World Wide Web
+multimedia
+Software agents
+Universal usability
+User experience design
+Visual programming languages.
+Knowbility
+
+=== Hardware ===
+Hardware input/output devices and peripherals:
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+---
+title: "Outline of human–computer interaction"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:03:25.355259+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+List of input devices
+unit record equipment
+barcode scanner
+keyboard
+computer keyboard
+keyboard shortcut
+ways to make typing more efficient: command history, autocomplete, autoreplace and Intellisense
+microphone
+pointing device
+computer mouse
+mouse chording
+List of output devices
+visual devices
+graphical output device
+display device
+computer display
+video projector
+computer printer
+plotter
+auditory devices
+speakers
+earphones
+tactile devices
+refreshable Braille display
+braille embosser
+Haptic devices
+
+=== Interface design methods ===
+activity-centered design
+Affordance analysis
+bodystorming
+Contextual design
+focus group
+iterative design
+participatory design
+pictive user interface workshop method
+rapid prototyping
+Scenario-based design (SBD)
+task analysis/task modeling
+user-centered design
+usage-centered design
+User scenario
+Value sensitive design
+Wizard of Oz experiment
+
+=== Usability ===
+Usability testing
+heuristic evaluation
+cognitive walkthrough
+usability lab
+
+=== Models and laws ===
+Hick's law
+Fitts' law
+Steering law
+GOMS – goals, operators, methods, and selection rules
+Keystroke-level model (KLM)
+
+== Cultural influences ==
+
+=== Movies ===
+Motion pictures featuring interesting user interfaces:
+
+2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
+Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977)
+Alien (1979)
+Blade Runner (1982)
+Tron (1982)
+The Last Starfighter (1984)
+Ghost in the Shell (1991/1995)
+The Lawnmower Man (1992)
+Johnny Mnemonic (1995)
+The Matrix (1999)
+Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001)
+Minority Report (2002)
+Simone (2002)
+I, Robot (2004)
+Iron Man (2008)
+Avatar (2009)
+Her (2013)
+
+== Human–computer interaction organizations ==
+
+=== Industrial labs and companies ===
+Industrial labs and companies known for innovation and research in HCI:
+
+Alias Wavefront
+Apple Computer
+AT&T Labs
+Bell Labs
+HP Labs
+Microsoft Research
+SRI International (formerly Stanford Research Institute)
+Xerox PARC
+
+== Persons influential in human–computer interaction ==
+Tim Berners-Lee
+Bill Buxton
+John M. Carroll (information scientist)
+Douglas Engelbart
+Paul Fitts
+Alan Kay
+Steve Mann
+Ted Nelson
+Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)
+Donald Norman
+Bernhard Preim
+Jef Raskin
+George G. Robertson
+Ben Shneiderman
+Herbert A. Simon
+Ivan Sutherland
+Terry Winograd
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Bad Human Factors Designs
+The HCI Wiki Bibliography Archived 11 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine with over 100,000 publications.
+The HCI Bibliography Over 100,000 publications about HCI.
+Human-Centered Computing Education Digital Library
+HCI Webliography
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