diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index ddf680841..5273e2520 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_piping-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_piping-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27ddceb41 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_piping-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Dual piping" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_piping" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:37.239356+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Dual piping is a system of plumbing installations used to supply both potable and reclaimed water to a home or business. Under this system, two completely separate water piping systems are used to deliver water to the user. This system prevents mixing of the two water supplies, which is undesirable, since reclaimed water is usually not intended for human consumption. +In the United States, reclaimed water is distributed in lavender (light purple) pipes, to alert users that the pipes contain non-potable water. Hong Kong has used a dual piping system for toilet flushing with sea water since the 1950s. +According to the El Dorado Irrigation District in California, the average dual-piped home used approximately 0.17 acre-feet (210 m3) of potable water in 2006. The average single family residence with traditional piping using potable water for irrigation as well as for domestic uses used between 0.63 acre-feet (780 m3), higher elevation, and 0.78 acre-feet (960 m3), lower elevation. + + +== Further reading == +Tang, S.L., Derek P.T. Yue, Damien C.C. Ku: Engineering and Costs of Dual Water Supply Systems, International Water Supply Association 2007, ISBN 1-84339-132-5 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Accord-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Accord-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6098067e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Accord-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Dublin Accord" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Accord" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:38.439310+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Dublin Accord is an agreement for the international recognition of Engineering Technician qualifications. +In May 2002, the national engineering organisations of Ireland, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Canada signed an agreement mutually recognising the qualifications which underpin the granting of Engineering Technician titles in the four countries. Operation of the Dublin Accord is similar as for the Washington Accord and Sydney Accord. + + +== Signatories == + + +== See also == +Seoul Accord - computing and information technology +Outcome-based education +Chartered Engineer +Professional Engineer + + +== References == + + +== External links == +International Engineering Alliance Dublin Accord website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_timing_analysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_timing_analysis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51ec895d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_timing_analysis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Dynamic timing analysis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_timing_analysis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:40.967499+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Dynamic timing analysis is a verification of circuit timing by applying test vectors to the circuit. It is a form of simulation that tests circuit timing in its functional context. + + +== See also == +Dynamic timing verification +Static timing analysis + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dühring's_rule-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dühring's_rule-0.md index ae0a8d6e9..971f0270a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dühring's_rule-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dühring's_rule-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dühring's_rule" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:27:21.336881+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:39.729369+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10025-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10025-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c93d0325a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10025-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "EN 10025" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10025" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:51.835311+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EN 10025 - Hot rolled products of structural steels refers to a set of European standards which specify the technical delivery conditions for hot rolled products of structural steels. The standards consist of the following parts: + +EN 10025-1: Part 1: General technical delivery conditions +EN 10025-2: Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels +EN 10025-3: Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels +EN 10025-4: Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels +EN 10025-5: Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance +EN 10025-6: Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition + + +== Editions == +EN 10025:2019 (current version) +EN 10025:2005 +EN 10025:1990+A1:1993 +EN 10025:1990 + + +== See also == +List of EN standards +European Committee for Standardization +EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures + + +== External links == +European Committee for Standardization \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10034-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10034-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d39696d4b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10034-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "EN 10034" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10034" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:53.035873+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The EN 10034 "Structural steel I and H sections. Tolerances on shape and dimensions" is a European Standard. +The standard is developed by the technical committee ECISS/TC 103 - Structural steels other than reinforcements. The standard specifies tolerances on dimensions and mass of I and H structural steel beams. + + +== See also == +I-beam +EN 10024 + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10080-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10080-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2d499ab1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10080-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "EN 10080" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_10080" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:54.267152+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete is a European Standard. This standard is referenced by EN 1992. +This standard specifies general requirements and definitions for performance characteristics of steel reinforcement suitable for welding, which is used for reinforcement of concrete structures, supplied as finished products: + +rods, coils (wire rod, wire) and unwound products; +reinforcement meshes automatically welded in factory conditions; +spatial scaffolds. +Steel conforming to this standard has a corrugated, periodically profiled or smooth surface. This standard does not apply to + +Steel reinforcement not suitable for welding; +Zinc-plated steel bars; +Epoxy-coated steel bars; +Corrosion-resistant steel bars; +Prestressed steel bars; +Periodically profiled bars; +Further processing such as cutting or cutting and bending. +This standard does not define technical grades. The technical grades shall be determined in accordance with this standard according to the specified values for Re, Agt, Rm/Re, and Re,act/Re,nom (if applicable), fatigue strength (if applicable), flexibility, weldability, bending strength, welded or clamped joint strength (for welded reinforcement mesh or spatial frameworks) and dimensional tolerances. + + +== See also == +Eurocode + + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1063-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1063-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..606d36fbe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1063-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "EN 1063" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1063" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:49.487499+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EN 1063, or CEN 1063, is a security glazing standard created by the European Committee for Standardization for measuring the protective strength of bullet-resistant glass. It is commonly used in conjunction with EN 1522 (Euronorm standard for Bullet Resistance in Windows, Doors, Shutters and Blinds) to form a ballistic classification system by which armored vehicles and structures are tested and rated. A similar classification system primarily used in the United States is NIJ Standard 0108, the U.S. National Institute of Justice's Standard for Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials which includes glass and armor plate. + + +== Threat Levels == +The protective strength of a glazed shielding is rated based on the type of munitions, or threat level, it is capable of withstanding. There are 7 main standard threat levels: BR1-BR7 (also written as B1-B7), each corresponding to a different type of small arms fire. Additionally, there are two other threat levels (SG1 & SG2) corresponding to shotgun munitions. +To be given a particular rating, the glazing must stop the bullet for the specified number of strikes, with multiple strikes placed within 120mm of each other in the test sample which dimensions are 500±5mm x 500±5mm. + +The glazing should also be shatterproof and produce no spalls after each strike. Lastly, the classification levels are numbered in order of increasing protective strength. Thus any sample complying with the requirements of one class also complies with the requirements of previous classes. However, the SG (shotgun) classes do not necessarily comply with BR classes. +The precise test requirements and bullet types used are as follows: + +LB - Lead Bullet +FJ - Full Metal Jacket +FN - Flat Nose +RN - Round Nose +CB - Cone Bullet +PB - Pointed Bullet +SC - Soft Core (lead) +SCP - Soft Core (lead) & Steel Penetrator +HC - Hard core, steel hardness > 63 HRC + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1090-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1090-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de62dfa07 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1090-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "EN 1090" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_1090" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:50.654552+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The EN 1090 standards are European standards that regulate the fabrication and assembly of steel and aluminium structures and are recognized by the Construction Products Regulation. + +EN 1090 comprises three parts: + +EN 1090-1: Requirements for conformity assessment for structural components (CE-Marking) +EN 1090-2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures +EN 1090-3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures +EN 1090 replaced the nationally applicable regulations, e.g. in Germany DIN 18800-7 and DIN V 4113-3. + + +== References == + +Execution class in EN 1090 certification. + + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_12566-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_12566-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0431046e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_12566-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "EN 12566" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_12566" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:55.420678+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EN 12566 - Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT refers to a set of European Standards which specify the general requirements for packaged and/or site assembled wastewater treatment plants used for domestic wastewater treatment for up to 50 PT (population total). The standards consist of the following parts: + +EN 12566-1: "Part 1: Prefabricated septic tanks" specifies the requirements and test methods for prefabricated septic tank units; +EN 12566-2: "Part 2: Soil infiltration systems" is a code of practice defining design parameters, construction details, installation, and component requirements for in-situ constructed soil infiltration systems and does not specify any treatment requirements; +EN 12566-3: "Part 3: Packaged and/or site assembled domestic wastewater treatment plants" specifies the requirements and test methods used to evaluate packaged wastewater treatment plants which are required to treat sewage to a predetermined standard; +EN 12566-4: "Part 4: Septic tanks assembled in situ from prefabricated kits" is an execution standard specifying pipe sizes, loads, watertightness, marking, and evaluation of conformity for septic tanks assembled in situ from prefabricated kits and ancillary equipment; +EN 12566-5: "Part 5: Pretreated Effluent Filtration systems" is a code of practise giving design parameters, construction details, installation, and component requirements for filtration systems receiving domestic wastewater from septic tanks; +EN 12566-6: "Part 6: Prefabricated treatment units for septic tank effluent" specifies requirements, test methods, and evaluation of conformity for prefabricated secondary treatment units used for the treatment of effluent from septic tanks; +EN 12566-7: "Part 7: Prefabricated tertiary treatment units" specifies requirements, test methods, and evaluation of conformity for a packaged and/or site assembled tertiary treatment unit. + + +== See also == +List of EN standards +European Committee for Standardization + + +== External links == +European Committee for Standardization + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_14214-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_14214-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b2527657 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_14214-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "EN 14214" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_14214" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:56.674889+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EN 14214 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization that describes the requirements and test methods for FAME - the most common type of biodiesel. +The technical definition of biodiesel is a fuel suitable for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines that is made of fatty acid monoalkyl esters derived from biologically produced oils or fats including vegetable oils, animal fats and microalgal oils. When biodiesel is produced from these types of oil using methanol fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are produced. Biodiesel fuels can also be produced using other alcohols, for example using ethanol to produce fatty acid ethyl esters, however these types of biodiesel are not covered by EN 14214 which applies only to methyl esters i.e. biodiesel produced using methanol. +This European Standard exists in three official versions - English, French, German. The current version of the standard was published in November 2008 and supersedes EN 14214:2003. +Differences exist between the national versions of the EN 14214 standard. These differences relate to cold weather requirements and are detailed in the national annex of each standard. +It is broadly based on the earlier German standard DIN 51606. The ASTM and EN standards both recommend very similar methods for the GC based analyses. +Blends are designated as "B" followed by a number indicating the percentage biodiesel. For example: B100 is pure biodiesel. B99 is 99% biodiesel, 1% petrodiesel. B20 is 20% biodiesel and 80% fossil diesel. + + +== Specifications == + + +== See also == +ASTM D6751 — the standard used in USA and Canada +EN +EN 590 +List of EN standards + + +== References == + + +== External links == +CEN homepage Archived 2007-01-25 at the Wayback Machine +Country specific CFPP requirements according to national annexes of EN 14214 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERF_damper-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERF_damper-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..838af2287 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERF_damper-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "ERF damper" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERF_damper" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:16.817210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An ERF damper or electrorheological fluid damper, is a type of quick-response active non-linear damper used in high-sensitivity vibration control. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy-current_sensor-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy-current_sensor-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7ba1d8e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy-current_sensor-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Eddy-current sensor" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy-current_sensor" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:43.557107+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Eddy current sensors are displacement sensors that use the principle of eddy current formation to sense displacement. These sensors measure shaft displacement in rotating machinery and have been around for many years as they offer manufacturers high-linearity, high-speed measurements, and high resolution. Eddy currents are formed when a moving or changing magnetic field intersects a conductor or vice versa. + +The relative motion causes a circulating flow of electrons, or currents, within the conductor. These circulating eddies of current create electromagnets with magnet fields that oppose the effect of applied magnetic field. The stronger the applied magnetic field, or greater the electrical conductivity of the conductor, or greater the relative velocity of motion, the greater the currents developed and greater the opposing field. Eddy current probes senses this formation of secondary fields to find out the distance between the probe and target material. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_drawing-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_drawing-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e40470ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_drawing-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Electrical drawing" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_drawing" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:44.778742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An electrical drawing is a type of technical drawing that shows information about power, lighting, and communication for an engineering or architectural project. Any electrical working drawing consists of "lines, symbols, dimensions, and notations to accurately convey an engineering's design to the workers, who install the electrical system on the job". +A complete set of working drawings for the average electrical system in large projects usually consists of: + +A plot plan showing the building's location and outside electrical wiring +Floor plans showing the location of electrical systems on every floor +Power-riser diagrams showing panel boards. +Single-line diagrams +General arrangement diagrams +Control wiring diagrams +Schedules and other information in combination with construction drawings. +Electrical drafters prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by workers who erect, install, and repair electrical equipment and wiring in communication centers, power plants, electrical distribution systems, and buildings. + + +== See also == +One-line diagram +Architectural drawing +Electronic schematic +Engineering drawing +Mechanical drawing +Structural drawing +Working drawing + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_plotter-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_plotter-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1b18f29d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_plotter-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Electrostatic plotter" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_plotter" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:45.938393+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An electrostatic plotter is a type of plotter that draws images on paper with an electrostatic process. They are most frequently used for Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE), producing raster images via either a liquid toner or a dry toner model. +Liquid toner models use toner that is positively charged and thus becomes attracted to paper's negative charge. This occurs after the toner particles pass through a line of electrodes in the form of tiny wires, or nibs. The spacing of the wires controls the resolution of the plotter; for example, 100 or 400 wires to the inch. Dry toner models use a process similar to xerography in photocopiers. Unlike a laser printer or photocopier, there is no transfer drum used in most electrostatic plotters; the imaging paper is directly exposed to the charging electrode array. +Electrostatic plotters can print in black and white or in color. Some models handle paper sizes up to six feet wide. Newer versions are large-format laser printers and focus light onto a charged drum using lasers or LEDs. The image quality produced by some electrostatic plotters was lower than that of contemporary pen plotters, but the increased speed and economy made them useful. Unlike a pen plotter, the plot time of a rasterized electrostatic plotter was independent of the level of detail of the image. Modern electrostatic color plotters are found in the short run graphics industry, printing on a variety of paper or plastic film surfaces. +Electrostatic plotters were known in the early days of computer graphics; by 1967, several manufacturers commercially supplied electrostatic plotters. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_degradation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_degradation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e8849b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_degradation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Elegant degradation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_degradation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:47.089419+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Elegant degradation is a term used in engineering to describe what occurs to machines which are subject to constant, repetitive stress. +Externally, such a machine maintains the same appearance to the user, appearing to function properly. Internally, the machine slowly weakens over time. Unable to withstand the stress, it eventually breaks down. Compared to graceful degradation, the operational quality does not decrease at all, but the breakdown may be just as sudden. +This term's meaning varies depending on context and field, and may not be strictly considered exclusive to engineering. For instance, this is used as a mechanism in the food industry as applied in the degradation of lignin, cellulose, pentosan, and polymers, among others. The concept is also used to extract chemicals such as the elegant degradation of Paederus fuscipes to obtain pederin and hemiacetal pseuodopederin. In this process degradation is induced by heat. A play with the same name also used it as a metaphor for the current state of the world. + + +== See also == +Fail safe +Fail soft + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_test_tower-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_test_tower-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6238913c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_test_tower-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Elevator test tower" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_test_tower" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:48.300590+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An elevator test tower is a structure usually 100 to over 200 metres (300 feet to over 600 feet) tall that is designed to evaluate the stress and fatigue limits of specific elevator cars in a controlled environment. Tests are also carried out in the test tower to ensure reliability and safety in current elevator designs and address any failures that may arise. +Examples of an elevator test tower are the National Lift Tower in Northampton, England; the Solae Tower in Inazawa, Japan; and the TK Elevator Test Tower in Rottweil, Germany (owned by ThyssenKrupp). + + +== History == +In 1888, Otis completed an elevator test tower at their factory in Yonkers, New York; this was possibly the first elevator test tower in the United States. + + +== See also == +List of elevator test towers + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Dome_(company)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Dome_(company)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c9d859a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Dome_(company)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Energy Dome (company)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Dome_(company)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:59.014357+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Energy Dome S.p.A. is an Italian company based in Milan that is developing a range of phase-change Carnot battery systems. Their technology is similar to that used in liquid air energy storage systems, but based on carbon dioxide, which cycles between a liquid form in storage containers and gaseous form in sealed inflatable balloon structures in fixed locations. The system uses a Rankine-like cycle, in which a water tank is used to store the thermal energy released during gas liquefaction that will later be used to re-heat the liquid gas to ambient temperature and pressure to drive a turbine to generate electricity. +As of 2025, the company has built a demonstration pilot plant in Sardinia. In 2025, they partnered with Google to develop long-term energy storage systems intended to let Google rely on renewable energy to power their data centers. +A theoretical study shows their system to have a volumetric energy density of 0.17 kWh/m3, with an areal energy storage footprint of 235–250 m2/MWh. Another theoretical study shows the system having an estimated round-trip energy efficiency of 77%. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_environmental_engineering-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_environmental_engineering-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b7c470af --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_environmental_engineering-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Energy and environmental engineering" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_environmental_engineering" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:47:57.847879+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Energy and Environmental Engineering field seeks to conserve and maintain the natural environment by using efficient sources of energy. Energy and environmental engineers are continually searching for solutions to emerging, environment-related issues such as erosion, water disposal, air and water pollution, land resources, human health, and environmental restoration. +Careers in this field focus on improving the built environment, renewable, and traditional energy industries. Industry sectors can range from government, transportation, remediation, waste management, water, sewage, consulting, fossil fuel, construction, and architectural services. +In this field, solar radiation is important and must be understood. Solar radiation affects the Earth's weather and daylight available. This affects not only the Earth's environment but also the smaller internal environments which we create. Energy and environmental engineers acquire knowledge across many disciplines. Energy engineering requires at least an understanding of mechanics, thermodynamics, mathematics, materials, stoichiometry, electrical machines, manufacturing processes and energy systems. +Environmental engineering can be branched into two main areas: internal environments and outdoor environments. +Internal environments may consist of housing or offices or other commercial properties. In this area, the environmental engineering sometimes stands for the designing of building services to condition the internal environment to a comfortable state or the removal of excess pollutants such as carbon dioxide or other harmful substances. +External environments may be water courses, air, land or seas, and may require new strategies for harnessing energy or the creation of treatment facilities for polluting technologies. +This broad degree area covers many areas but is mainly mechanically and electrically biased. It seeks to explore cleaner, more efficient ways of using fossil fuels, while investigating and developing systems using renewable and sustainable resources, such as solar, wind and wave energy. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficient_transformer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficient_transformer-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4741e806e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficient_transformer-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Energy efficient transformer" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficient_transformer" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:00.209320+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In a typical power distribution grid, electric transformer power loss typically contributes to about 40-50% of the total transmission and distribution loss. Energy efficient transformers are therefore an important means to reduce transmission and distribution loss. With the improvement of electrical steel (silicon steel) properties, the losses of a transformer in 2010 can be half that of a similar transformer in the 1970s. With new magnetic materials, it is possible to achieve even higher efficiency. The amorphous metal transformer is a modern example. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +World's largest Amorphous Metal Power Transformer: 99.31% Efficiency [1] +Amorphous Metals in Electric-Power Distribution Applications +Australian MandatoryEfficiency Requirements for Distribution Transformers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_signature-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_signature-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77b70afd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_signature-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Energy signature" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_signature" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:01.431983+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In mechanical engineering, energy signatures (also called change-point regression models) relate energy demand of buildings to climatic variables, typically ambient temperature. Also other climatic variables such as heating or cooling degree days are used. In most cases, heating or cooling building energy demand is analysed through energy signatures, but also hot water or electricity demand is considered. +Energy signatures make a simplified assumption of a linear relationship between a building's energy demand and temperature. This assumption allows for balancing accuracy with computation time, as the estimation of energy demand through energy signatures is considerably faster than using building performance simulation software. A crucial advantage of applying energy signatures is that no detailed information on the geometrical, construction, and operational characteristics of buildings needs to be available. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_shaft-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_shaft-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06606f5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_shaft-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Engine shaft" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_shaft" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:02.626844+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +For mine construction, an engine shaft is a mine shaft used for the purpose of pumping, irrespective of the prime mover. + + +== See also == +Outline of mining +Shaft sinking + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_officer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_officer-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6e374272 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_officer-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Engineer officer" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_officer" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:03.777473+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An engineering officer can be a Merchant Navy engineer, or a commissioned officer in the British Armed Forces with responsibility for military engineering. +In the Royal Navy (RN), Engineering Officers are responsible for the material condition of ships, submarines, and naval aircraft. +In the Royal Air Force (RAF), Engineering Officers are responsible for weapons and aircraft systems and electronics communications systems. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EngineeringUK-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EngineeringUK-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a69c8e430 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EngineeringUK-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "EngineeringUK" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EngineeringUK" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:12.102143+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +EngineeringUK is an independent, not-for-profit organization. The engineering and technology sectors in the UK need a stronger, more representative workforce. EngineeringUK with a mission to drive change so more young people choose engineering and technology careers. They work with hundreds of organisations across business, education, government and the engineering community so they can grow the future talent pool. EngineeringUK's purpose is to drive change so more young people choose engineering and technology careers. +Previously known as the Engineering and Technology Board (ETB), EngineeringUK was founded on 14 February 2001. EngineeringUK are part of the National Engineering Policy Centre. + + +== Activities == +Their work centres around four areas: +1 Research and evidence: establish the composition of the current engineering and technology workforce, the future workforce needs and how to address them. They look at STEM education pathways as well as young people's attitudes. All evidence is available on their website. +2 Leadership: grow the collective impact of all engineering and technology inspiration and career activities with young people of school age. Members and Professional Engineering Institutions support the collective impact, as do The Tomorrow's Engineers Code community. All engagements, best practices, case studies and resources are free and available across EngineeringUK's websites. +3 Activities for schools: a wide range of activities to encourage more, and more diverse, young people into engineering and technology roles. EngineeringUK run the Big Bang programme of activities, including a national competition and the UK’s largest annual science fair for young people, as well as the Climate Schools Programme – developed to link future skills needs with sustainability. EngineeringUK is the lead organizer of the annual The Big Bang UK Young Scientists & Engineers Fair. +4 Advocacy: address policy and delivery challenges in STEM and careers education and workforce planning for engineering and tech, and support change. EngineeringUK advocates for policy improvements in engineering and tech careers provision, vocational routes into engineering, STEM teacher recruitment and pathways into the sector, particularly apprenticeships and T Levels. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +www.EngineeringUK.com +"The Engineering and Technology Board, registered charity no. 1089678". Charity Commission for England and Wales. +Tomorrow's Engineers tomorrowsengineers.org.uk +The Tomorrow's Engineers Code code.tomorrowsengineers.org.uk \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_the_Mind's_Eye-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_the_Mind's_Eye-0.md index eb6115658..cef57bf0d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_the_Mind's_Eye-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_the_Mind's_Eye-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_the_Mind's_Eye" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:08.666143+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:05.067140+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_apprentice-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_apprentice-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c1d64e60 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_apprentice-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Engineering apprentice" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_apprentice" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:06.230333+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An engineering apprenticeship in the United Kingdom is an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering or electrical engineering or aeronautical engineering to train craftsmen, technicians, senior technicians, Incorporated Engineers and Chartered Engineer for vocational oriented work and professional practice. Chartered Engineers are usually formed through a university degree programme at the Masters Engineering level and may undertake a short form of post graduate apprenticeship. A typical example is the apprenticeships formerly available at the British Thomson-Houston and English Electric companies at Rugby in England. Subjects covered included mathematics, engineering sciences, limits and fits, metallurgy, foundry technology, engineering drawing, design, materials science for engineering materials, metalworking by hand, operating machine tools, and basic features of engineering design. Also refer to apprenticeship and the UK and German section. Elite technical apprenticeships (4-6 years long) have been a decades long tradition at UK companies such as BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce Holdings, Bombardier Aerospace (Short Brothers), and Babcock International. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_bill_of_materials-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_bill_of_materials-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a847797d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_bill_of_materials-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Engineering bill of materials" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_bill_of_materials" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:07.370771+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An engineering bill of materials (EBOM) is a type of bill of materials (BOM) reflecting the product as designed by engineering. +The EBOM is not related to modular BOM or configurable BOM (CBOM) concepts, as modular and configurable BOMs are used to reflect selection of items to create saleable end-products. +The EBOM concept aligns to sales BOMs (as sold), service BOMs (as changed based on changes due to field service). +This BOM includes all substitute and alternate part numbers, and includes parts that are contained in drawing notes. + + +== See also == +Bill of materials +Configurable BOM (CBOM) +Material requirements planning (MRP) +Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) +Enterprise resource planning (ERP) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_optimization-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_optimization-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92476e520 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_optimization-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Engineering optimization" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_optimization" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:08.534043+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Engineering optimization + + is the subject which uses optimization techniques to achieve design goals in engineering. It is sometimes referred to as design optimization. + + +== Topics == +structural design (including pressure vessel design and welded beam design) +shape optimization +topology optimization (including airfoils) +inverse optimization (a subset of the inverse problem) +processing planning +product designs +electromagnetic optimization +space mapping +aggressive space mapping +yield-driven design +optimization exploiting surrogates (surrogate model) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0de810993 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Engineering research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:09.749018+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Engineering research - as a branch of science, it stands primarily for research that is oriented towards achieving a specific goal that would be useful, while seeking to employ the powerful tools already developed in Engineering as well as in non-Engineering sciences such as Physics, Mathematics, Computer science, Chemistry, Biology, etc. Often, some of the knowledge required to develop such tools is nonexistent or is simply not good enough, and the engineering research takes the form of a non-engineering science. Since engineering is extensive, it comprises specialised areas such as bioengineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, electrical and computer engineering, civil and environmental engineering, agricultural engineering, etc. +The largest professional organisation is the IEEE that today includes much more than the original Electrical and Electronic Engineering. +Major contributors to engineering research around the world include governments, private business, +and academia. +The results of engineering research can emerge in journal articles, at academic conferences, and in the form of new products on the market. +Much engineering research in the United States of America takes place under the aegis of the Department of Defense. +Military-related research into science and technology has led to "dual-use" applications, with the adaptation of weaponry, communications and other defense systems for the military and other applications for civilian use. Programmable digital computers and the Internet which connects them, the GPS satellite network, fiber-optic cable, radar and lasers provide examples. + + +== See also == +List of engineering schools +Engineer's degree +Engineering studies +Engineering education research + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_science_and_mechanics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_science_and_mechanics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..006c9bbe3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_science_and_mechanics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Engineering science and mechanics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_science_and_mechanics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:10.912165+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Engineering science and mechanics (ESM) is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary engineering program and/or academic department. It is available at various American universities, including Pennsylvania State University, University of Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and University of Alabama. + + +== Programs == +A Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Master of Engineering, or Ph.D. degree in engineering science, engineering mechanics, or engineering science and mechanics is awarded upon completion of the respective program. +Areas of specialization include aerodynamics, biomechanics, bionanotechnology, biosensors and bioelectronics, composite materials, continuum mechanics, data mining, electromagnetics of complex materials, electronic materials and devices, experimental mechanics, fluid mechanics, laser-assisted micromanufacturing, metamaterials, microfabrication, microfluidic systems, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), nanotechnology, neural engineering, non-destructive testing or evaluation, nonlinear dynamics, optoelectronics, photonics and plasmonics, quantum mechanics, solar-energy-harvesting materials, solid mechanics, solid-state physics, structural health monitoring, and thin films and nanostructured materials. + + +== History == +In 1972, the department of engineering mechanics at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University changed its name and undergraduate program to engineering science and mechanics. In 1974, the department of engineering mechanics at the Pennsylvania State University merged with engineering science program and the department was renamed to engineering science and mechanics. Engineering science and mechanics is a graduate program in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The department of aerospace engineering and mechanics at the University of Alabama offers graduate degrees in engineering science and mechanics. + + +== Academic departments and programs == +Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University. +Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. +Graduate Programs in Engineering Science and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology. +Graduate Programs in Engineering Science and Mechanics, University of Alabama. + + +== See also == +Applied physics +Applied mechanics +Engineering physics + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Pennsylvania State University +Society of Engineering Science Inc. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrei_Tunnel-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrei_Tunnel-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8697150ba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrei_Tunnel-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Enrei Tunnel" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrei_Tunnel" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:13.299100+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Enrei Tunnel (塩嶺トンネル; えんれいトンネル) is a tunnel on the JR's Chuo Main Line in Japan that runs from Okaya, Nagano to Shiojiri, Nagano in Nagano prefecture with approximate length of 5.994 km. It was completed and opened in 1983. + + +== See also == +List of tunnels in Japan +Seikan Tunnel Tappi Shakō Line +Sakhalin–Hokkaido Tunnel +Bohai Strait tunnel + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Gov. maps.gsi.go.jp +Enrei Tunnel +Enrei Tunnel from website: c-nexco.co.jp +Enrei Tunnel (gov. site) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment_(engineering)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment_(engineering)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29b0c180c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment_(engineering)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Entrainment (engineering)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment_(engineering)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:14.463768+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In engineering, entrainment is the entrapment of one substance by another substance. For example: + +The entrapment of liquid droplets or solid particulates in a flowing gas, as with smoke. +The entrapment of gas bubbles or solid particulates in a flowing liquid, as with aeration. +Given two mutually insoluble liquids, the emulsion of droplets of one liquid into the other liquid, as with margarine. +Given two gases, the entrapment of one gas into the other gas. +"Air entrainment" – The intentional entrapment of air bubbles into concrete. +Entrainment defect in metallurgy, as a result of folded pockets of oxide inside the melt. + + +== See also == +Souders–Brown equation + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dumping_coefficient-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dumping_coefficient-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..208d89e22 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dumping_coefficient-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Equivalent dumping coefficient" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dumping_coefficient" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:15.640615+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An equivalent dumping coefficient is a mathematical coefficient used in the calculation of the energy dispersed when a structure moves. As a civil engineering term, it defines the percent of a cycle of oscillation that is absorbed (converted to heat by friction) for the structure or sub-structure under analysis. Usually it is assumed that the equivalent dumping coefficient is linear, which is to say invariant compare to oscillatory amplitude. Modern seismic studies have shown this not to be a satisfactory assumption for larger civic structures, and have developed sophisticated amplitude and frequency based functions for equivalent dumping coefficient. +When a building moves, the materials it is made from absorb a fraction of the kinetic energy (this is especially true of concrete) due primarily to friction and to viscous or elastomeric resistance which convert motion or kinetic energy to heat. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine_pyrocatechol-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine_pyrocatechol-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..215f9d1cb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine_pyrocatechol-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Ethylenediamine pyrocatechol" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine_pyrocatechol" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:18.037384+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ethylenediamine pyrocatechol (EDP), also known as ethylenediamine-pyrocatechol-water (EPW), is an anisotropic etchant solution for silicon. A typical formulation consists of ethylenediamine, pyrocatechol, pyrazine and water. It is carcinogenic and very corrosive. It is mainly used in research labs, and is not used in mainstream semiconductor fabrication processes. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computer_Vision-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computer_Vision-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab1bbfe0b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computer_Vision-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "European Conference on Computer Vision" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computer_Vision" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:19.208429+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) is a biennial research conference with the proceedings published by Springer Science+Business Media. Similar to ICCV in scope and quality, it is held those years which ICCV is not. It is considered to be one of the top conferences in computer vision, alongside CVPR and ICCV, +with an 'A' rating from the Australian Ranking of ICT Conferences and an 'A1' rating from the Brazilian ministry of education. The acceptance rate for ECCV 2010 was 24.4% for posters and 3.3% for oral presentations. +Like other top computer vision conferences, ECCV has tutorial talks, technical sessions, and poster sessions. The conference is usually spread over five to six days with the main technical program occupying three days in the middle, and tutorial and workshops, focused on specific topics, being held in the beginning and at the end. +The ECCV presents the Koenderink Prize annually to recognize fundamental contributions in computer vision. + + +== Location == +The conference is usually held in autumn in Europe. + + +== See also == +Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition +International Conference on Computer Vision + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_tree-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_tree-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6da80d4bb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_tree-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Event tree" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_tree" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:20.349823+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An event tree is an inductive analytical diagram in which an event is analyzed using Boolean logic to examine a chronological series of subsequent events or consequences. For example, event tree analysis is a major component of nuclear reactor safety engineering. +An event tree displays sequence progression, sequence end states and sequence-specific dependencies across time. + + +== Analytical tool == +Event tree analysis is a logical evaluative process which works by tracing forward in time or forwards through a causal chain to model risk. It does not require the premise of a known hazard. An event tree is an inductive investigatory process. +In contrast, the Fault tree analysis (FTA) evaluates risk by tracing backwards in time or backwards through a cause chain. The analysis takes as a premise a given hazard. FTA is a deductive investigatory process. + + +== Applications == +An event tree may start from a specific initiator such as loss of critical supply, or component failure. +Some industries use both fault trees and event trees. Software has been created for fault tree analysis and event tree analysis and is licensed for use at the world's nuclear power plants for Probabilistic Safety Assessment. + + +== See also == +Event structure +Root cause analysis +Ishikawa diagram +Why-Because analysis +Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) + + +== Notes == + + +== References == +National Research Council (US), Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies. (2002). Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: the Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ISBN 9780309082631; OCLC 231950695 +Wang, John X. and Marvin L. Roush. (2000). What Every Engineer Should Know About Risk Engineering and Management. London: CRC Press. ISBN 9781420026962; OCLC 5030452 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDOA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDOA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c31bcbfa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDOA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "FDOA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDOA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:21.543496+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) or differential Doppler (DD), is a technique analogous to TDOA for estimating the location of a radio emitter based on observations from other points. (It can also be used for estimating one's own position based on observations of multiple emitters). TDOA and FDOA are sometimes used together to improve location accuracy and the resulting estimates are somewhat independent. By combining TDOA and FDOA measurements, instantaneous geolocation can be performed in two dimensions. +It differs from TDOA in that the FDOA observation points must be in relative motion with respect to each other and the emitter. This relative motion results in different doppler shifts observations of the emitter at each location in general. The relative motion can be achieved by using airborne observations in aircraft, for example. The emitter location can then be estimated with knowledge of the observation points' location and vector velocities and the observed relative doppler shifts between pairs of locations. +A disadvantage of FDOA is that large amounts of data must be moved between observation points or to a central location to do the cross-correlation that is necessary to estimate the doppler shift. +The accuracy of the location estimate is related to the bandwidth of the emitter's signal, the signal-to-noise ratio at each observation point, and the geometry and vector velocities of the emitter and the observation points. + + +== See also == +Multilateration + + +== Further reading == +Ho, K.C.; Chan, Y.T.;, "Geolocation of a known altitude object from TDOA and FDOA measurements," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.33, no.3, pp.770-783, July 1997. doi:10.1109/7.599239, IEEE XPlore. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc7cdedc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:22.705911+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fellowship of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (FIMechE) is an award and fellowship granted to individuals that the Institution of Mechanical Engineers judges to be a "professional engineer working in a senior role with significant autonomy and responsibility." It is the highest level of membership and demonstrates experience, commitment and contribution to engineering. + + +== Fellowship == +Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FIMechE. As of 2016 examples of fellows include Colin P. Smith, Barry Thornton, William Pillar, Laurence Williams and Michael Alcock. See the Category:Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers for more examples. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass_molding-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass_molding-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f0461c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass_molding-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Fiberglass molding" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:23.878471+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fiberglass molding is a process in which fiberglass reinforced resin plastics are formed into useful shapes. +The process usually involves first making a mold and then using the mold to make the fiberglass component. + + +== Mold making == +The fiberglass mold process begins with an object known as the plug or buck. This is an exact representation of the object to be made. The plug can be made from a variety of materials, usually certain types of foam. +After the plug has been formed, it is sprayed with a mold release agent. The release agent will allow the mold to be separated from the plug once it is finished. The mold release agent is a special wax, and/or PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol). Polyvinyl alcohol, however, is said to have negative effects on the final mold's surface finish. +Once the plug has its release agent applied, gelcoat is applied with a roller, brush or specially designed spray gun. The gelcoat is pigmented resin, and gives the mold surface a harder, more durable finish. +Once the release agent and gelcoat are applied, layers of fiberglass and resin are laid-up onto the surface. The fiberglass used will typically be identical to that which will be used in the final product. +In the laying-up process, a layer of fiberglass mat is applied, and resin is applied over it. A special roller is then used to remove air bubbles. Air bubbles, if left in the curing resin, would significantly reduce the strength of the finished mold. The fiberglass spray lay-up process is also used to produce molds, and can provide good filling of corners and cavities where a glass mat or weave may prove to be too stiff. +Once the final layers of fiberglass are applied to the mold, the resin is allowed to set up and cure. Wedges are then driven between the plug and the mold in order to separate the two. +Advanced techniques such as resin transfer molding are also used. + + +== Making a component == +The component-making process involves building up a component on the fiberglass mold. The mold is a negative image of the component to be made, so the fiberglass will be applied inside the mold, rather than around it. +As in the mold-making process, release agent is first applied to the mold. Colored gelcoat is then applied. Layers of fiberglass are then applied, using the same procedure as before. Once completed and cured, the component is separated from the mold using wedges, compressed air or both. + + +== See also == +Fiber-reinforced plastic +Glass-reinforced plastic +Other types of mold processing + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_carousel-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_carousel-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e7a99983 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_carousel-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Filling carousel" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_carousel" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:25.070319+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A filling carousel is a machine for filling large numbers of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinders from bulk storage. It consists of a frame with running wheels, rails, a central column for LPG and air, and a driving unit rotating the carousel frame around the central column. The speed of the carousel can be adapted to the various filling times and capacities. The dimension of the carousel is important to consider for the future filling capacity. The carousel frame chosen can be equipped with a number of filling scales, suited for the current demand and possible future demands. Filling carousels can be provided with equipment for automatic introduction and automatic filling scales with ejection of cylinders. + + +== Dimensions == +Frame sizes and approximate filling times for 12 kg cylinders with two-man operation: + + +== Associated equipment == + + +== How it works == +LPG cylinders of a consistent size mass, and design are loaded onto the feed conveyor from incoming trucks. They may pass through an automatic washer and a check scale before being loaded onto the carousel at a filling point. A filling nozzle is automatically connected to the valve opening. Each filling point is equipped with an electronic scale to measure the mass of the cylinder while it is being filled, and to stop the flow when it is full. The rotation speed of the carousel will normally allow an empty cylinder to be filled and the filling nozzle automatically disconnected by the time it reaches the ejection point where it is pushed onto the discharge conveyor. The filled cylinder may pass through an automatic check scale, an automated leak detector, and valve cover heat shrink wrap applicator before it is carried to the outgoing truck for loading. +A spray-painting station may be provided to repair damaged paintwork. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_factor-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_factor-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..832f054a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_factor-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +--- +title: "Filling factor" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_factor" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:48:26.282677+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Filling factor, + + + + + F + , + + + + {\displaystyle ~F,~} + + is a quantity measuring the efficiency of absorption of pump in the core of a double-clad fiber. + + +== Definition == + +The efficiency of absorption of pumping energy in the fiber is an important parameter of a double-clad fiber laser. In many cases this efficiency can be approximated with + + + + + 1 + − + exp + ⁡ + + ( + + − + F + + + + π + + r + + 2 + + + + S + + + α + L + + ) + + , + + + {\displaystyle 1-\exp \left(-F{\frac {\pi r^{2}}{S}}\alpha L\right),} + + +where + + + + + + S + + + + {\displaystyle ~S~} + + is the cross-sectional area of the cladding + + + + + + r + + + + {\displaystyle ~r~} + + is the radius of the core (which is taken to be circular) + + + + + + α + + + + {\displaystyle ~\alpha ~} + + is the absorption coefficient of pump light in the core + + + + + + L + + + + {\displaystyle ~L~} + + is the length of the double-clad fiber, and + + + + + + F + + + + {\displaystyle ~F~} + + is a dimensionless adjusting parameter, which is sometimes called the "filling factor"; + + + + + 0 + < + F + < + 1 + + + + {\displaystyle ~0