Scrape wikipedia-science: 828 new, 932 updated, 1808 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Thieves_Vinegar_Collective-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+---
+title: "Four Thieves Vinegar Collective"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Thieves_Vinegar_Collective"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:29.711928+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Four Thieves Vinegar Collective is an anarchist biohacking group founded in 2015 by Michael Laufer. They have published instructions for the "EpiPencil", an epinephrine autoinjector, and the "Apothecary MicroLab", a do-it-yourself (DIY) device intended to make a variety of medications, most notably pyrimethamine (Daraprim). The medical community has criticized them for causing potential harm to patients with the DIY instructions, but Laufer claims to defend people's right to attempt their medical treatment.
+
+
+== Members ==
+Four Thieves' membership is generally composed of technically trained people, but does not include medical professionals.
+
+
+== Views ==
+Laufer has compared his work to that of Women on Waves, a group that provides abortion medication to women in areas where abortion is illegal. His motivation in founding the group is to provide medication to people when it is too expensive for them to afford, illegal to acquire, or unavailable due to it treating an orphan disease. He believes that providing lifesaving medication to those who need it justifies violating the intellectual property rights of pharmaceutical companies, and supports cognitive liberty.
+
+
+== History ==
+Laufer, trained in mathematics, formed the group in 2008 during a graduate school trip to El Salvador. While visiting a local medical clinic he learned that despite the existence of many clandestine chemistry labs producing methamphetamine and MDMA, the clinic was out of oral contraceptives. He investigated the possibility of DIY pharmaceuticals which culminated in the founding of Four Thieves in 2015. He took the name from four thieves vinegar, a legendary plague cure.
+Four Thieves had formerly partnered with Chematica to develop recipes for the group's medication, but this ended and they lost access to information and software they had been given after pharmaceutical company Merck bought the startup.
+
+
+=== EpiPencil ===
+In 2016, after the price for an EpiPen was raised from $57 to $318 by its manufacturer Mylan, Four Thieves released instructions for how to build an "EpiPencil", a homemade epinephrine autoinjector that can be built for $30. It is made from three off-the-shelf parts. It has been criticized for potential danger, with Yvette d'Entremont criticizing the lack of sterility in the EpiPencil assembly. D'Entremont also highlighted the error of margin when drawing up the epinephrine could easily be misjudged, putting people's lives at risk. Theresa Eisenman, a spokeswoman for the United States Food and Drug Administration, stated that using such a device is a "potentially dangerous practice". The device is not known to have actually been used.
+
+
+=== Apothecary MicroLab ===
+Four Thieves has released instructions for building an "Apothecary MicroLab", a DIY controlled lab reactor claimed to be able to synthesize a variety of medications. The group released instructions for manufacturing pyrimethamine (Daraprim) from acetonitrile, ethyl bromide, and dicyandiamide with it. Laufer claims that it can also be used to make naloxone, cabotegravir, mifepristone, and misoprostol. Jeremiah Johnson, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has stated that using it would be very dangerous as it could create the wrong drug or the wrong dose. Eric von Hippel, an economist at MIT who supports DIY medication, has stated that the design could create chemical byproducts as well as or instead of the intended medication.
+Laufer claims that they have successfully synthesized cabotegravir, an experimental new integrase inhibitor, and asked heroin dealers to cut their product with it in order to help lower the rates of HIV infection among heroin users.
+
+
+=== Abortion ===
+In 2022, Four Thieves released detailed instructions for how to make an abortion pill, and subsequently distributed business cards at a hacker convention in Queens, New York, that were labeled "This Card is an Abortion" and had three doses of misoprostol embedded in them.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Jose Gomez-Marquez, who is researching pharmaceuticals at MIT, has stated his belief that the group is more about publicity than medication, and is concerned about the danger of unvetted information being published. Vinay Prasad, a professor of medicine at Oregon Health & Science University, believes that DIY medication is "foolhardy".
+Jo Zayner, another biohacker, believes that the group's work is more symbolic than anything else.
+Chemist Derek Lowe described the Vice magazine article on the collective as "largely bullshit". He noted that they had synthesized known substances rather than producing new ones. He also pointed out that their proposal to combat hepatitis C could accidentally cause treatment-resistant strains of hepatitis C. In September 2024 Derek Lowe replied to further publicity for the group, pointing out that they don't address the fact that Sofosbuvir is given as part of a combination therapy or how they calculated the figure of $70 for a whole course of treatment. He also pointed out that the group doesn't address waste disposal, purification, solvents or availability of starting materials.
+
+
+== Legal status ==
+Patricia Zettler, a former attorney at the FDA, believes that Four Thieves' work is legal because they are only providing information rather than drugs themselves.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Direct action
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrogWatch-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+title: "FrogWatch"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrogWatch"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:30.975238+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A FrogWatch is any of several citizen science programs in which laypeople monitor amphibians. In a FrogWatch, people make recordings of frogs and other animals that live near them and send the recordings to databases for scientists and other people to hear and study.
+Not all FrogWatch programs are run by the same people. The Akron Zoo runs FrogWatch USA, Nature Canada runs FrogWatch Canada, the India Biodiversity Portal runs the FrogWatch in India, and other organizations run FrogWatches in other countries.
+The National Geographic Society developed the program that FrogWatch USA volunteers use to add information and that FrogWatch uses to study it.  Volunteers record temperature with thermometers and listen for sounds made by specific types of frogs and toads.  FrogWatch USA volunteers record frog habitats for three and a half minutes, starting one half-hour (30 minutes) after the sun goes down.
+In 2006, the National Wildlife Federation assessed the utility of FrogWatch USA for the U.S. Geological Survey and published its findings. It recommended continued funding based on "scientific value alone," though it also acknowledged its value as an educational tool and its ability to render research more cost-efficient.
+Scientists have used FrogWatch to study the way frogs and toads change the places they live, which types of frogs are becoming more numerous and which are becoming less numerous, species diversity, the way species react to changes in temperature, and the way they act during different parts of the year.
+
+
+== History ==
+The United States Geological Survey started FrogWatch USA in 1998, but the National Wildlife Federation took over in 2002.
+Between 1998 and 2005, 1,395 people working with FrogWatch USA visited 1,942 places where frogs live and gave information to FrogWatch.  They found 79 different kinds of frogs and toads.  This does not count visits, places, or species for FrogWatch Canada or FrogWatches in other countries.
+FrogWatch NT operates in northern Australia. It began in 1991 after cane toads came to Australia and became a problematic invasive species.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+India Biodiversity Portal
+FrogWatch USA
+FrogWatch Canada

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_Diversity_Survey-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "Fungal Diversity Survey"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_Diversity_Survey"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:32.292649+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fungal Diversity Survey, or FunDiS, is a nonprofit citizen science organization formerly known as North American Mycoflora Project, Inc. FunDiS aims to document the diversity and distribution of fungi across North America “in order to increase awareness of their critical role in the health of ecosystems and allow us to better protect them in a world of rapid climate change and habitat loss.” The project encourages amateurs, working with professionals, to contribute observations to online databases vetted by experts, and to collect and document fungi for DNA barcoding. Fungal Diversity Survey, Inc. is a Charitable 501(c)(3) organization registered in Indiana, USA.
+
+
+== History ==
+FunDiS grew out of an academic initiative to create a modern, comprehensive funga for North America. In 2012, some 70 academic mycologists and scientific-oriented mushroom collectors met at Yale University and called the initiative the North American Mycoflora Project. In 2017 at a meeting in Athens, Georgia, the project was reframed as a citizen science initiative and subsequently a nonprofit organization, North American Mycoflora Project, Inc. (NAMP) was launched in December 2017.  In August 2020 the organization changed its name to Fungal Diversity Survey to reflect the fact that “fungi are their own kingdom - as long as they get lumped in with plants they will not get the recognition, attention and protection they deserve.”
+
+
+== Programs ==
+Fungal Diversity Database – Build a database of fungal observations on iNaturalist of sufficient scale and quality to be useful to scientists studying biodiversity and the effects of climate change and other impacts on distribution. Observations posted to a special iNaturalist project  are reviewed first by triagers who give feedback to contributors of low quality observations and then by a team of expert identifiers.
+Rare Fungi Challenges – A Conservation Working Group of experts identifies species of concern and their habitats, develops regional watchlists, and engages amateur citizen scientists to look for and document target specimens.
+Sequencing – make the molecular revolution accessible and affordable to individuals, clubs and organizations. Citizen scientists register projects on the FunDiS website; collect, describe and upload color photographs to iNaturalist or Mushroom Observer; send dried tissue for DNA barcoding; and send dried specimens to curated herbaria or fungaria which in turn send data to the Mycology Collections data Portal (MyCoPortal). DNA barcoding is done by the Barcode of Life Data System, based in Guelph, Ontario, and results are posted to GenBank.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Articles that mention FunDis / NAMP ==
+Leber, Jessica. Species Sleuths: Amateur Naturalists Spark a New Wave of Discovery. YaleEnvironment360, March 12, 2019
+Thiers, B. M., and R. E. Halling. 2018. The Macrofungi Collection Consortium. Applications in Plant Sciences 6(2): e1021. doi:10.1002/aps3.1021
+LR Mycofloras 28_36.pdf Sheehan, B., 2017. Mushroom citizen science in the USA: From species lists to Mycoflora 2.0. Fungi Magazine, 101, pp.28-36
+
+
+== External links ==
+FunDiS | Fungal Diversity Survey
+Fungal Diversity Database on iNaturalist

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo-0.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/5
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:49:12.688307+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:33.464511+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo-1.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/5
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:49:12.688307+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:33.464511+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo-2.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/5
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:49:12.688307+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:33.464511+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo-3.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/5
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:49:12.688307+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:33.464511+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo-4.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/5
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:49:12.688307+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:33.464511+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gems_of_the_Galaxy_Zoos-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+title: "Gems of the Galaxy Zoos"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gems_of_the_Galaxy_Zoos"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:34.735361+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Gems of the Galaxy Zoos (Zoogems) was a gap-filler project which used the Hubble Space Telescope to take images of unusual objects found by volunteers classifying data from both Galaxy Zoo (GZ) and Radio Galaxy Zoo (RGZ). Between the HSTs' main observations, there is a short time that objects within that field of view can be imaged using gaps which last approximately 12 - 25 mins. The Zoogems project sought to use those small observation gaps to image 300 candidates taken from the two Zoos in order to better study and comprehend them. Starting observations in May 2018, HST Proposal 15445 had by the end of September 2023 imaged 193 of the 300 candidates with many of them having near 11 minute exposures.
+
+== Background ==
+
+GZ is an ongoing crowdsourced astronomy project  which invites people to assist in the morphological classification of a large number of galaxies. Initially, many of the objects that were imaged had been posted on the GZ Forum and Talk pages from Summer 2007 through various versions until 2017.
+
+The project Radio Galaxy Zoo started in December 2013, seeking to locate supermassive black holes. The science team wanted to identify black hole/jet pairs and associate them with their host galaxies. As a result of citizens' classifications, many unusual candidates visible in radio frequencies were flagged for further studies.
+
+Through public analysis of more than 900,000 objects, volunteers collected a "menagerie of weird and wonderful galaxies" which few had seen before. The original proposal estimated that there were 1100 targets available, yet only 300 observation slots, so the public were asked to vote for which targets should be in the final list. Voting took place in February 2018 in order to meet the proposal's deadline of 28 February.
+Project lead Dr. William Keel said in an interview on the University of Alabama site that Zoogems addressed a range of studies and that this happens rarely with galaxies. He explained that after volunteers had sifted through the images of a million galaxies, they had found examples of oddities and rarities. Further, by using data from HST, these objects that would not normally merit an individual project, put together would form an interesting study. Whenever a 20-minute gap in the HST schedule appears, software will go to the list of objects and see which is closest.
+
+== Observation setup ==
+As with all HST gap-filler observations, the Wide-Field Camera mode of the Advanced Camera for Surveys is used for its larger field-of-view. The total exposure time of 674 seconds is made by a pair of two 337 second exposures, the same for all the gap-filler observations. Which of the following three filters is used depends on the target: i) the bluer F475W (roughly SDSS g) is used for mostly spiral structures, ii) the F814W for bulges and iii) the F625W which is closely matched with SDSS r filter. A range of software is used to calculate where the target's image is captured on the available ACS CCDs, using a coordinate offset within a 'circle of interest' to find the most useful coverage. A different strategy for Green Pea systems uses a choice of four filters allotted using distance values so as to study the continuum structure.
+
+== Green Pea galaxies ==
+Among the 300 Zoogems, there are 74 candidates that are Pea galaxies. The first Zoogems study to be published in May 2021 was "An Old Stellar Population or Diffuse Nebular Continuum Emission Discovered in Green Pea Galaxies" which concentrated on 9 of them. In this study, Leonardo Clarke et al. examine the content of PGs to find out about the different ages of the stars and find that while the central star-forming clusters were up to 500 million years old, there are stars, possibly the host galaxy stars, which are older and are thought to be more than 1 billion years old.
+
+Pea galaxies have been studied as they are the only population that has hydrogen-ionizing radiation escaping in large amounts. Because of this, they are seen as analogs of the galaxies that reionized the universe at the earliest times. Yet the substantial presence of old stars would not have been possible at the earliest stages of the first galaxies. The mix of old and new stars within Pea galaxies could create different gravitational conditions which might influence galactic winds and element retention. These conclusions imply that Pea galaxies are not real analogs of the galaxies responsible for the Epoch of Reionisation.
+
+== Double-lobed radio-loud AGNs ==
+The first study detailing objects from Radio Galaxy Zoo was published by the Astrophysical Journal in December 2022. "An Elusive Population of Massive Disk Galaxies Hosting Double-lobed Radio-loud AGNs" seeks to answer whether the galaxy morphology of radio-loud Active Galactic Nucleii and its hosts are solely ellipticals ("early-type"), or that some are spirals ("late type"). Using images taken as part of Zoogems, they analyse a sample of radio galaxies which have extended double-lobed structures and see whether they can be associated with their disk-like optical objects. They find 18 galaxies that can be identified as spiral that are likely to have genuine associations between the radio and optical counterparts.
+Zihao et al. assess whether these are chance alignments or that a host is too faint to be detected using probability statistics. This gave rise to the two confidence divisions of 'high' or 'low' with 18 having a high confidence and 14 a low confidence from the initial 32 galaxies. Because of the high-resolution Zoogems images and the visibility of disk-like structures, the team find that galaxy morphology can no longer be a unique signpost of a galaxy's ability to generate large-scale radio jets.
+
+== Unearthing galactic gems ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gems_of_the_Galaxy_Zoos-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+---
+title: "Gems of the Galaxy Zoos"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gems_of_the_Galaxy_Zoos"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:34.735361+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In October 2023, the magazine Sky and Telescope featured an article entitled  "Unearthing galactic gems". In it, the science journalist Madison Goldberg summarises the project and talks to Tom Brown from the Space Telescope Science Institute about the process of gap-fillers. Spare Hubble time had been used before with the 45 minute "snapshot programs" but some unscheduled time remained. Brown said: "It just seemed like a waste to be throwing that time on the floor. Just a handful of minutes here and there, but still, it adds up." And so, the gap-filler project started using those small gaps in the timetable to take 11 minute exposures.
+Bill Keel, project lead scientist, explained that unusual galaxies can help us understand the universe today. He described the ZooGems category of 'overlapping galaxy pairs'. He said: "What’s unusual there is not the galaxies themselves, but the fact that one sits neatly behind the other in telescopic images." Samantha Brunker, a scientist studying Green Pea galaxies, said that the variety of unusual targets included in ZooGems is special. "If you’re going to paint a whole picture, you can’t leave out the weird things."
+
+== Various objects ==
+NGC 1175, nicknamed the 'Peanut galaxy' is a barred spiral galaxy, approximately 252 million light years away. This has a peculiar morphology with the inner regions being thicker in some than in others, which has caused a 'boxy' appearance reminding the astronomers of an unshelled peanut.
+NGC 2292 and NGC 2293 are two ellipticals, nicknamed the 'Greater Pumpkin', that have merged at about 120 million light years away. These interacting galaxies will eventually become a giant spiral, an event rare enough that there are only a few other examples in the Universe.
+The VV-689 system, nicknamed the 'Angel Wing', is two galaxies merging. This interaction has left the resulting collision almost completely symmetrical (top of article).
+The HST image of CGCG 396-2 shows an uncommon multi-armed merger 520 million light years from earth.
+Two spiral galaxies, SDSS J115331 and LEDA 2073461, over a billion light years away, appear to be colliding. The effect caused by line-of-sight is likely by chance as the two are not actually interacting (image right hand side).
+
+== See also ==
+Citizen Science
+Cosmic dust
+Irregular galaxy
+Virtual volunteering
+Zooniverse
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+The Zoogems website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+title: "Genetic genealogy"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:35.876877+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used by family historians in the 21st century, as DNA tests became affordable. The tests have been promoted by amateur groups, such as surname study groups or regional genealogical groups, as well as research projects such as the Genographic Project.
+As of 2019, about 30 million people had been tested. As the field developed, the aims of practitioners broadened, with many seeking knowledge of their ancestry beyond the recent centuries, for which traditional pedigrees can be constructed.
+
+== History ==
+
+The investigation of surnames in genetics can be said to go back to George Darwin, a son of Charles Darwin and Charles' first cousin Emma Darwin. In 1875, George Darwin used surnames to estimate the frequency of first-cousin marriages and calculated the expected incidence of marriage between people of the same surname (isonymy). He arrived at a figure of 1.5% for cousin-marriage in the population of London, higher (3%-3.5%) among the upper classes and lower (2.25%) among the general rural population.
+
+=== Surname studies ===
+A famous study in 1998 examined the lineage of descendants of Thomas Jefferson's paternal line and male lineage descendants of the freed slave Sally Hemings.
+Bryan Sykes, a molecular biologist at Oxford University, tested the new methodology in general surname research. His study of the Sykes surname, published in 2000, obtained results by looking at four STR markers on the male chromosome. It pointed the way to genetics becoming a valuable assistant in the service of genealogy and history.
+
+=== Direct-to-consumer DNA testing ===
+
+In 2000, Family Tree DNA was the first company to provide direct-to-consumer genetic testing for genealogy research. It initially offered eleven-marker Y-chromosome STR tests and HVR1 mitochondrial DNA tests but not multi-generational genealogy tests. In 2001, GeneTree was acquired by Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF), which provided free Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests. GeneTree later returned to genetic testing in conjunction with its Sorenson parent company until it was acquired by Ancestry.com in 2012.
+In 2007, 23andMe was the first company to offer saliva-based direct-to-consumer testing, and the first to use autosomal DNA for ancestry testing. An autosome is one of the 22 chromosomes other than the X or Y chromosomes. They are transmitted from all ancestors in recent generations and so can be used to match with other testers who may be related. Companies were later also able to use this data to estimate how much of each ethnicity a customer has. FamilyTreeDNA entered this market in 2010, followed by AncestryDNA in 2012, and the number of tests grew rapidly. By 2018 autosomal testing had become the predominant type of test, and for many companies the only test they offered.
+MyHeritage launched its testing service in 2016, allowing users to use cheek swabs to collect samples, and introduced new analysis tools in 2019: autoclusters (grouping matches visually into clusters) and family tree theories (suggesting conceivable relations between DNA matches by combining several MyHeritage trees and the Geni global family tree). Living DNA, founded in 2015, uses SNP chips to provide reports on autosomal ancestry, Y, and mtDNA ancestry.
+By 2019, the combined total of customers at the four largest companies was 26 million. By August 2019, it was reported that about 30 million people had had their DNA tested for genealogical purposes.
+GEDmatch said in 2018 that about half of their one million profiles were American. Due to the limited geographical distribution of DNA testees, databases and results limit knowledge of variation present in other racial groups. However, this can only be remedied by testing more individuals, making geneticists aware of the genetic variation present in currently underrepresented testees.
+
+=== Genetic genealogy revolution ===
+The publication of The Seven Daughters of Eve by Sykes in 2001, which described the seven major haplogroups of European ancestors, helped push personal ancestry testing through DNA tests into wide public notice. With the growing availability and affordability of genealogical DNA testing, genetic genealogy as a field grew rapidly. By 2003, the field of DNA testing of surnames was declared officially to have "arrived" in an article by Jobling and Tyler-Smith in Nature Reviews Genetics. The number of firms offering tests, and the number of consumers ordering them, rose dramatically. In 2018, a paper in Science Magazine estimated that a DNA genealogy search on anybody of European descent would result in a third cousin or closer match 60% of the time.
+
+=== Genographic Project ===
+
+The original Genographic Project was a five-year research study launched in 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, in partnership with the University of Arizona and Family Tree DNA. Its goals were primarily anthropological. The project announced that by April 2010 it had sold more than 350,000 of its public participation testing kits, which test the general public for either twelve STR markers on the Y chromosome or mutations on the HVR1 region of the mtDNA.
+The phase of the project in 2016 was Geno 2.0 Next Generation. As of 2018, almost one-million participants in over 140 countries had joined the project. In 2019, it was announced that from the end of May no further testing kits would be sold and results would only be available to the end of 2020.
+
+=== Typical customers and interest groups ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+title: "Genetic genealogy"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:35.876877+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Genetic genealogy has enabled groups of people to trace their ancestry even though they are not able to use conventional genealogical techniques. This may be because they do not know one or both of their birth parents or because conventional genealogical records have been lost, destroyed or never existed. These groups include  adoptees, foundlings, Holocaust survivors, GI babies, child migrants, descendants of children from orphan trains and people with slave ancestry.
+The earliest test takers were customers most often those who started with a Y-chromosome test to determine their father's paternal ancestry. These men often took part in surname projects. The first phase of the Genographic Project brought new participants into genetic genealogy. Those who tested were as likely to be interested in direct maternal heritage as their paternal. The number of those taking mtDNA tests increased. The introduction of autosomal SNP tests based on microarray chip technology changed the demographics. Women were as likely as men to test themselves.
+
+=== Citizen science and ISOGG ===
+
+Members of the genetic genealogy community have been credited with making useful contributions to knowledge in the field, an example of citizen science.
+One of the earliest interest groups to emerge was the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG). Their stated goal is to promote DNA testing for genealogy. Members advocate the use of genetics in genealogical research and the group facilitates networking among genetic genealogists. Since 2006 ISOGG has maintained the regularly updated ISOGG Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. ISOGG aims to keep the tree as up-to-date as possible, incorporating new SNPs. However, the tree has been described by academics as not completely academically verified, phylogenetic trees of Y chromosome haplogroups.
+
+== Uses ==
+
+=== Direct maternal lineages ===
+
+Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing involves sequencing at least part of the mitochondrial genome. The mitochondrial DNA is transmitted from mother to child, and so can reveal information about the unbroken maternal line. When two individuals have matching or near matching mitochondrial DNA, it can be inferred that they share a common maternal-line ancestor at some point in the "recent" past. Care should be taken to avoid overstating the recency of a relationship however, as a mutation in the mitochondrial genome will only occur every 1000 to 3000 years on average. For this reason, it is usually impossible to distinguish between two individuals related within the last one or two millennia on the basis of mtDNA alone.
+
+=== Direct paternal lineages ===
+
+Y-Chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) testing involves short tandem repeat (STR) and, sometimes, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) testing of the Y-Chromosome, which is present only in males and only reveals information on the unbroken paternal line. As with the mitochondria, close matches with individuals indicate a recent common ancestor. 
+A father passes his entire Y chromosome—including the Male-Specific Y (MSY) region—to his son with very minimal change, barring occasional mutations. This region does not recombine with the mother's chromosomes (unlike autosomes and the X), so it is a nearly unshuffled genetic record of direct paternal descent. Y-chromosome lineages can be tracked with a standard phylogeny tree, using traditional data structures and monophylogeny.
+Because surnames in many cultures are transmitted down the paternal line, this testing is often used by surname DNA projects.
+While early studies using STRs made bold claims that large numbers of men descend from prominent historical individuals (e.g. Niall of the Nine Hostages and Genghis Khan), more recent SNP studies have shown many of these to be invalid. In particular, STR mutations are now known to be largely unreliable in proving kinship, as these mutations can appear in multiple unrelated lineages by chance.
+To prove descent from a common ancestor in the male line, a Y-DNA clade requires triangulation back to a most recent common ancestor (MRCA), who is usually referred to by the name of the mutation (e.g. L21, U106, etc.) as a shorthand. A SNP mutation unique to a family or kin group is referred to as a "defining mutation", the testing of which can exclude men not related through the male line within one or two centuries at the most. This has been exploited in recent times to identify the defining mutations of noble and royal lineages, such as the Stewarts of Scotland and the Uí Briúin dynasty of Ireland.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy-2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+---
+title: "Genetic genealogy"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:35.876877+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Pedigree family trees ===
+Pedigree family trees have traditionally been prepared from recollections of individuals about their parents and grandparents.  These family trees may be extended if recollections of earlier generations were preserved through oral tradition or written documents.  Some genealogists regard oral tradition as myths unless confirmed with written documentation like birth certificates, marriage certificates, census reports, headstones, or notes in family bibles.  Few written records are kept by illiterate populations, and many documents have been destroyed by warfare or natural disasters.  DNA comparison may offer an alternative means of confirming family relationships of biological parents, but may be confused by adoption or when a mother conceals the identity of the father of her child.
+While mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA matching offer the most definitive confirmation of ancestral relationships, the information from a tested individual is relevant to a decreasing fraction of their ancestors from earlier generations.  Potential ambiguity must be considered when seeking confirmation from comparison of autosomal DNA. The first source of ambiguity arises from the underlying similarity of every individual's DNA sequence.  Many short gene segments will be identical by coincidental recombination (Identical by State: IBS) rather than inheritance from a single ancestor (Identical by Descent: IBD).  Segments of greater length offer increased confidence of a shared ancestor.  A second source of ambiguity results from the random distribution of genes to each child of a parent.  Only identical twins inherit exactly the same gene segments.  Although a child inherits exactly half of their DNA from each parent, the percentage inherited from any given ancestor in an earlier generation (with the exception of X chromosome DNA) varies within a normal distribution around a median value of 100% divided by the number of ancestors in that generation.  An individual comparing autosomal DNA with ancestors of successively earlier generations will encounter an increasing number of ancestors from whom they inherited no DNA segments of significant length.  Since individuals inherit only a small portion of their DNA from each of their great-grandparents, cousins descended from the same ancestor may not inherit the same DNA segments from that ancestor.  All descendants of the same parent or grandparent, and nearly all descendants of the same great-grandparent, will share gene segments of significant length; but approximately 10% of 3rd cousins, 55% of 4th cousins, 85% of 5th cousins, and more than 95% of more distant cousins will share no gene segments of significant length.  Failure to share a gene segment of significant length does not disprove the shared ancestry of a distant cousin.
+The best autosomal DNA method for confirming ancestry is to compare DNA with known relatives.  A more complicated task is using a DNA database to identify previously unknown individuals who share DNA with the individual of interest; and then attempting to find shared ancestors with those individuals.  The first problem with the latter procedure involves the relatively poor family history knowledge of most database populations.  A significant percentage of individuals in many DNA databases have done DNA testing because they are uncertain of their parentage, and many who confidently identify their parents are unable or unwilling to share information about earlier generations.  It may be easier to identify a shared ancestor in the fortunate situation of shared DNA between two individuals with comprehensive family trees, but finding multiple shared ancestors raises the question of from which of those ancestors was the shared segment inherited.  Resolving that ambiguity typically requires finding a third individual sharing both the ancestor and the gene segment of interest.
+
+=== Ancestral origins ===
+
+A common component of many autosomal tests is a prediction of biogeographical origin, often called ethnicity. A company offering the test uses computer algorithms and calculations to make a prediction of what percentage of an individual's DNA comes from particular ancestral groups. A typical number of populations is at least 20. Despite this aspect of the tests being heavily promoted and advertised, many genetic genealogists have warned consumers that the results may be inaccurate, and at best are only approximate.
+Modern DNA sequencing has identified various ancestral components in contemporary populations. A number of these genetic elements have West Eurasian origins. They include the following ancestral components, with their geographical hubs and main associated populations:
+
+=== Human migration ===
+
+Genealogical DNA testing methods have been used on a longer time scale to trace human migratory patterns. For example, they determined when the first humans came to North America and what path they followed.
+For several years, researchers and laboratories from around the world sampled indigenous populations from around the globe in an effort to map historical human migration patterns. The National Geographic Society's Genographic Project aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from over 100,000 people across five continents. The DNA Clans Genetic Ancestry Analysis measures a person's precise genetic connections to indigenous ethnic groups from around the world.
+
+=== Law enforcement ===
+
+Law enforcement may use genetic genealogy to track down perpetrators of violent crimes such as murder or sexual assault and they may also use it to identify deceased individuals. Initially genetic genealogy sites GEDmatch and Family Tree DNA allowed their databases to be used by law enforcement and DNA technology companies  to do DNA testing for violent criminal cases and genetic genealogy research at the request of law enforcement. This investigative, or forensic, genetic genealogy technique became popular after the arrest of the alleged Golden State Killer in 2018, but has received significant backlash from privacy experts. However, in May 2019 GEDmatch made their privacy rules more restrictive, thereby reducing the incentive for law enforcement agencies to use their site. Other sites such as Ancestry.com, 23andMe and MyHeritage have data policies that say that they would not allow their customer data to be used for crime solving without a warrant from law enforcement as they believed it violated users' privacy.
+
+== See also ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== Further reading ==
+
+=== Books ===
+
+=== Documentaries ===
+
+=== Journals ===
+
+== External links ==
+
+Shared cM Project – how to determine ones relationship based on Centimorgan (cM) values

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genographic_Project-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "Genographic Project"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genographic_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:38.075080+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Genographic Project, launched on 13 April 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, was a genetic anthropological study that aimed to map historical human migrations patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples.
+The final phase of the project was Geno 2.0 Next Generation.
+Upon retirement of the site, 1,006,543 participants in over 140 countries had joined the project.
+
+== Project history ==
+
+=== Beginnings ===
+In 2005, project director Spencer Wells created and then led the Genographic Project, which was a privately funded, not-for-profit collaboration among the National Geographic Society, IBM, and the Waitt Foundation. Field researchers at eleven regional centers around the world began by collecting DNA samples from indigenous populations.
+
+In the fall of 2012, the Genographic Project announced the completion of a new genotyping array, dedicated to genetic anthropology, called GenoChip. GenoChip was specifically designed for anthropological testing and included SNPs from autosomal DNA, X-chromosome DNA, Y-chromosome DNA, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The design of the new chip was a collaborative effort among Wells of National Geographic, Eran Elhaik of Johns Hopkins, Family Tree DNA, and Illumina.
+The autosomal admixture analysis developed by Wells and Elhaik classified individuals by assessing their proportions of genomic ancestry related to nine ancestral regions: Northeast Asian; Mediterranean; Southern African; Southwest Asian; Oceanian; Southeast Asian; Northern European; Sub-Saharan African; and Native American.
+In August 2015, a new chip was designed as a joint effort between Vilar, who was the Genographic Lead Scientist, and Family Tree DNA.
+In the fall of 2015, Miguel Vilar took over leadership of the Project.
+
+=== Geno 2.0 Next Generation ===
+In 2016, the project began utilizing cutting-edge Helix DNA sequencing for a new phase of the Genographic Project called Geno 2.0 Next Generation.
+Whereas earlier phases used 9 regional affiliations, Geno 2.0 Next Generation analyzed modern-day indigenous populations around the world using either 18 or 22 regional affiliations.
+Utilizing a DNA-collection kit, Helix would acquire a saliva sample from a participant, which would then be analyzed for genomic identifiers that were designed to offer unprecedented insight into a person's genetic origins. The data would then be uploaded to the Genographic Project DNA database.
+
+=== Endings ===
+In the spring of 2019, it was announced that the Geno project had ended, but results would remain available online until 2020.
+In July 2020, the site was retired.
+
+== Legacy ==
+
+For the duration of the initiative, from 2005 to 2019, Genographic engaged volunteers (in fieldwork and providing DNA samples) and citizen science projects. During this time the National Geographic Society sold non-profit self-testing kits to members of the general public who wished to participate in the project as "citizen scientists". Such outreach for public participation in research has been encouraged by organizations such as International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG), which is seeking to promote benefits from scientific research. This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of personal DNA (genetic) testing
+The ISOGG has supported citizen participation in genetic research, and believes such volunteers have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community.
+In 2013, Spencer Wells gave a speech to the Southern California Genealogical Society, in which he highlighted its encouragement of citizen scientists:
+
+Since 2005, the Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of "citizen scientist". Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the crowd to discover new details of human population history.
+
+== Criticism ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genographic_Project-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+title: "Genographic Project"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genographic_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:38.075080+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In April 2005, shortly after the announcement of the project, the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) noted its connections to controversial issues (such as concern among some tribes that the results of genetic human migration studies might indicate that Native Americans are not indigenous to North America). The IPCB recommended against indigenous people participating.
+The founder of IPCB, Debra Harry, offered a rationale for why Indigenous people were discouraged to participate in the Genographic Project. According to Harry, a Northern Paiute Native American and Associate Professor in Indigenous Studies at Nevada University, the Genographic Project resulted in a human genetic testing practice that appeared to mask an ulterior motive rather than mere scientific research. Particularly, the great concern about the possible political interest behind the Genographic Project, motivated the IPCB to preemptively alert the global indigenous community on the "not so altruistic motivations" of the project. Additionally, IPCB argued that the Genographic project not only provided no direct benefit to Indigenous peoples, but instead raised considerable risks. Such risks, raised by Harry in an interview released in December 2005, were used to advocate against the indigenous participation in the project.
+Another argument, made by IPCB founder Debra Harry, was that the Genographic Project served as a method to discredit kin relations through the possibility that ancestral identities might be invalidated and misused to deny Indigenous peoples’ access and authority over the resource-rich territories that they had for long inhabited.
+The IPCB also suggested that another attempt at biocolonialism in the Genographic Project involved the high probability of genetic testing results producing statistical errors, such as false negatives and positives leading to the misidentification of Native people as non-Native and vice versa.
+TallBear expressed that another possible negative consequence might be the risk that an individual's cultural identity would be conclusively established through biocolonialist projects such as the Genographic Project. Ultimately, TallBear's argument was viewed as in close agreement with Harry's concerns regarding the Genographic Project, serving as a significant force motivating IPCB to advocate against Biocolonialism.
+In May 2006, the project came to the attention of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). UNPFII conducted investigations into the objectives of the Genographic Project, and recommended that National Geographic and other sponsors suspend the project. Concerns were that the knowledge gleaned from the research could clash with long-held beliefs of indigenous peoples and threaten their cultures. There were also concerns that indigenous claims to land rights and other resources could be threatened.
+As of December 2006, some federally recognized tribes in the United States declined to take part in the study including Maurice Foxx, chairman of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and a member of the Mashpee Wampanoag.
+Not all Indigenous peoples agree with his position; as of December 2012, more than 70,000 indigenous participants from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania had joined the project.
+
+== See also ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== Bibliography ==
+
+=== News articles ===
+"Finding the roots of modern humans". CNN. 14 April 2005.
+"'Genographic Project' aims to tell us where we came from". USA Today. 17 April 2005.
+"Indigenous Peoples Oppose National Geographic", Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, 13 April 2005.
+"Tracking the Truth", DB2 Magazine (IBM), information about IBM's role in the project. December 2006.
+Genographic Success Stories
+"Crusaders left genetic legacy". BBC News. 27 March 2008.
+"Human Line 'Nearly split in Two'". BBC News. 24 April 2008.
+
+== External links ==
+
+=== Official sites ===
+Genographic Project official site at National Geographic
+Arizona Research Laboratories (ARL) Archived 9 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
+Waitt Family Foundation
+
+=== Videos ===
+Spencer Wells: Building a family tree for all humanity on YouTube, on TED, 29 August 2008.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_at_Night-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+---
+title: "Globe at Night"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_at_Night"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:39.272371+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Globe at Night is an international scientific research program that crowdsources measurements of light pollution in the night sky. At set time periods within each year, the project asks people to count the number of stars that they can see from their location and report it to the project's website. The coordinating researchers compile this information to produce a public, freely available map of global light pollution. By September 2011, almost 70,000 measurements had been made. The use of data collected by the public makes the program an example of citizen science. Globe at Night began as a NASA educational program in the US organized by the NOAO, and was expanded internationally during the 2009 International Year of Astronomy; it is an offshoot of the GLOBE Program, which focuses on school-based science education.
+
+
+== Scientific rationale ==
+
+Light pollution, the introduction of artificial light into formerly dark ecosystems, has numerous adverse ecological effects. Exposure to artificial light can prove fatal for some organisms (e.g. moths that fly into a burning flame), can interrupt a life cycle phase for others (e.g. glowworms are unable to attract mates), and can reduce the possibilities for finding food (because of increased risk of predation). Light at night can also interfere with the chronobiology of many animals, including humans, through suppression of melatonin secretion.
+There are also cultural and economic reasons for concern about excessive light at night.  Skyglow prevents large fractions of the Earth's population from viewing the Milky Way, which drove the development of much of ancient science, mythology, and religion.  In the US, the cost of generating wasted light is estimated to be 7 billion US dollars per year; the production of the electricity for this wasted light also results in the release of chemical pollution and greenhouse gases.
+The Globe at Night project has two main goals: raise public awareness of light pollution and its effects, and provide global mapping data for light pollution.
+
+
+== Method ==
+
+The project asks members of the public to go outside on dark moonless nights and report how many stars are visible in particular constellations. The project focuses on students, teachers, and families, and has produced activity packets in 13 languages. NASA encourages students in its INSPIRE program to participate.
+Participating individuals are asked to go outside on specified dates at least an hour after sunset, then let their eyes adjust to the ambient light level, and observe a specific constellation: Orion or Leo in the Northern Hemisphere, Crux in the Southern Hemisphere. The choice of a two-week span of dates near the new moon removes any effect on sky brightness from scattered moonlight, and observing well after sunset prevents any lingering light from twilight. By comparing the stars they see with star charts showing stellar visibility under different light pollution conditions, they qualitatively measure light pollution. Stellar visibility can also be measured for the project using a Sky Quality Meter, a tool used by amateur astronomers. These light pollution data are then submitted to the coordinating website via a web browser. The assembled data are provided to researchers and the public via a mapping interface that displays the data overlaid on Google Maps.
+With this technique, observers are reporting a naked eye limiting magnitude (NELM) between 1 and 7. Humans are able to observe stars below 7th magnitude, although this may require blocking out other sources of light. Under clear, unpolluted skies, the measurement of NELM should be strongly correlated with the level of light pollution. Other factors, particularly those that reduce the seeing, can reduce NELM:
+
+atmospheric water content (especially clouds)
+atmospheric aerosols such as dust or air pollution
+visual acuity of the observer
+wind (can cause stars to twinkle, and render dim stars invisible)
+aurora
+airglow, gegenschein, and Zodiacal light
+age of the observer
+Presence of the Milky Way
+Globe at Night also distributes teaching kits that demonstrate how fully shielded lights reduce glare and improve the visibility of the night sky.
+
+
+== Accuracy of measurements ==
+
+The standard deviation of an individual Globe at Night observation is approximately 1.2 stellar magnitudes. Due to the law of large numbers, when the observations are considered in aggregate, the errors from individual observations cancel each other out, leading to very stable mean values. This means that Globe at Night observations could be used to estimate global or regional trends in sky luminance.
+
+
+== Conversion of measurements into other units ==
+Globe at Night observations identify the dimmest stars that are visible given the surrounding conditions. Assuming normal visible acuity and clear skies, it is possible to approximately convert Globe at Night naked eye limiting maximum estimates into other units:
+
+
+== History ==
+
+The Globe at Night project was launched as a NASA program in the United States. The project quickly expanded internationally, and was part of the outreach effort of the International Year of Astronomy in 2009.  The size of the project (in terms of number of observations) expanded dramatically in that year. In 2014, the project expanded to also include data obtained via the Loss of the Night app for Android devices, and the Dark Sky Meter app for iOS devices. In addition, new star charts were added to extend the standard map based campaign throughout the whole year. In 2015, as part of the International Year of Light, two "International Nights of Skyglow Observation" were introduced, to encourage data submission in March and September.
+The number of observations for each year are reported on the Globe at Night webpage:
+
+
+== Spinoff research ==
+Data from the Globe at Night program has also been used in a study of the effects of artificial lighting on the foraging habits of bats.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Bortle Dark-Sky Scale
+Connie Walker (astronomer)
+Earth Hour
+Ecological light pollution
+History of street lighting in the United States
+International Dark Sky Association
+List of astronomical societies
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+International Dark-Sky Association
+Conversion of NELM into other units Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Cocky_Count-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "Great Cocky Count"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Cocky_Count"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:40.447703+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Great Cocky Count is an annual census designed to provide accurate data about the number and distribution of black cockatoos. It is the largest single survey of black cockatoos in Western Australia.
+The count is a citizen science survey and is conducted at sunset one night in autumn, usually in early April. It was first held in 2010 and has been conducted each year since apart from 2020 (cancelled due to COVID-19).
+Over 700 registered volunteers participated each year at hundreds of locations between Geraldton and Esperance, Western Australia.
+The 2019 count had over 700 volunteers surveying over 400 sites, with the endangered Carnaby's black cockatoo being the main focus of the count but the critically endangered Baudin's black cockatoo and vulnerable forest red-tailed black cockatoo also being counted.
+In 2016 a total of 426 roost sites were surveyed by approximately 700 volunteers. The results included:
+
+16,392 white-tailed black cockatoos recorded at 100 occupied roosts.
+1,907 forest red-tailed black cockatoos recorded at 66 occupied roosts
+4,897 Carnaby's black cockatoos were found at a single roost site
+It was estimated that 27% of the black cockatoos that inhabit the south west of Western Australia were counted in a single night.
+The long-term results from the surveys, which have been conducted since 2010, have found that the Carnaby's black cockatoo population of the Perth-Peel coastal plain declined at a rate of roughly 4 per cent each year. There has been a reduction in flock size and fewer occupied roost sites around Perth, mostly as a result of increased urban sprawl and land clearing. 70% of the population are found in the Gnangara pine plantation, which is scheduled to be cleared by 2025. The reduction in numbers is mostly a result of clearing breeding grounds and reducing their range. Currently the birds are thought to be using all available habitat, which is barely enough to support the population.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HamSCI-0.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HamSCI"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:58.627019+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:14:41.619069+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---