Scrape wikipedia-science: 1162 new, 968 updated, 2183 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_community_reinforcement_approach-0.md

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+---
+title: "Adolescent community reinforcement approach"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_community_reinforcement_approach"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:13.298051+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The adolescent community reinforcement approach (A-CRA) is a behavioral treatment for alcohol and other substance use disorders that helps youth, young adults, and families improve access to interpersonal and environmental reinforcers to reduce or stop substance use.
+
+
+== Description ==
+A-CRA is a variant of the adult CRA model, which has a history of development and effectiveness research starting in the 1970s. A-CRA was adapted to be developmentally appropriate for adolescents, which included adding sessions for parents/caregivers. The goal of A-CRA is to improve or increase access to social, familial, and educational/vocational reinforcers for adolescents to achieve and sustain recovery. That is, therapists assist adolescents with learning how to lead an enjoyable and healthy life without using alcohol or other drugs. The treatment manual describes an outpatient curriculum that is intended for adolescents (ages 12 to 17) and young adults (ages 18–25). with DSM-5 alcohol and/or other substance use disorders. A-CRA also has been implemented in intensive outpatient and residential treatment settings. A-CRA includes three types of clinical sessions: adolescent alone, parents/caregivers alone, and family (adolescent with parents/caregivers). To address the adolescent's needs, goals for treatment, and reinforcers, clinicians select from 19 A-CRA procedures (e.g., communication skills, problem-solving, and participation in positive social activities), all with the goal of improving life areas and supporting abstinence from alcohol and other drugs. Practicing skills during sessions is an important aspect of A-CRA counseling, and every clinical session ends with a homework assignment (mutually-agreed upon by adolescent and clinician) to apply skills learned during the session. Clinicians practicing A-CRA are trained in all 19 procedures and complete an extensive certification process. A-CRA has been widely implemented in the U.S., Canada, and Brazil.
+
+
+== Evidence-based outcomes ==
+As of 2017, five randomized clinical trials of A-CRA have been published. The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) study, which was funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), was a randomized controlled study of five manual-guided treatment models for adolescents with cannabis-related disorders.  All five models demonstrated significant pre-post treatment improvements in number of days abstinent and the percent of adolescents in recovery during the 12-month follow-up period.  Within its study arm, A-CRA was the most cost-effective model; across both study arms, A-CRA was the most cost-effective model to involve parents in treatment. Additional randomized clinical trials have shown A-CRA to be effective for homeless, street-living youth and young adults, youth with juvenile justice involvement, and as a continuing care approach for adolescents after residential treatment. Secondary evaluation studies suggest that A-CRA shows potential to be an effective treatment for adolescents with co-occurring psychiatric disorders and youth with opioid use problems.
+
+
+== Treatment cost ==
+In a 2002 article assessing the economic costs of A-CRA, the average cost per completed treatment event was $1,237 at one site and $1,608 at another site. Using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data to adjust for inflation, the 2017 cost per A-CRA treatment episode ranges from $1,683 to $2,188.
+
+
+== Treatment manual ==
+The original A-CRA treatment manual was published in 2001. An updated version of the A-CRA manual was published in 2016.
+
+
+== Therapist fidelity to A-CRA treatment manual ==
+Although therapist fidelity to an evidence-based treatment manual is believed to predict treatment outcome, this relationship has been difficult to prove. A 2017 study found that higher ongoing fidelity (model competence) ratings of 91 A-CRA therapists' clinical sessions predicted improved adolescent substance use outcomes. This finding suggests that the A-CRA model of clinical certification and supervision, which rates A-CRA counseling sessions using a standardized rubric, is a central part of model effectiveness.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Behavior therapy
+Behaviorism
+Cognitive behavioral therapy
+Community reinforcement and family training
+Drug rehabilitation
+Mental health disorders
+Opioid use disorder
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+A-CRA/ACC
+Chestnut Health Systems
+RJM & Associates
+A-CRA on NREPP
+A-CRA on National Institute of Justice Crime Solutions
+The Rehab Intake Process

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Collaboration-0.md

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+---
+title: "Campbell Collaboration"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Collaboration"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:14.485083+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Campbell Collaboration is a non-profit organisation that promotes evidence-based decisions and policy through the production of systematic reviews and other types of evidence synthesis. Campbell is composed of coordinating groups that coordinate the production of systematic reviews and evidence gap maps in the following areas: Ageing, Business & Management, Children & Young Persons Wellbeing, Climate Solutions, Crime & Justice, Disability, Education, Sustainable Development, Knowledge Translation & Implementation, Methods and Social Welfare. It is a sister initiative of Cochrane. The CEO is Will Moy, who was formerly Chief Executive of Full Fact. The current president of the board of directors is David Myers, former CEO of the American Institutes for Research.
+Campbell reviews are published in Campbell Systematic Reviews, an open access journal committed to publishing systematic reviews as well as methods research papers, and evidence and gap maps. The Editor-In-Chief is Vivian Welch from the University of Ottawa.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Campbell Collaboration was created as a result of a perceived need for an organization that would produce reviews of the evidence on the effectiveness of social interventions. An exploratory meeting in London in 1999 led to the establishment of the Campbell Collaboration in 2000 and an inaugural meeting at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, United States, on 24–25 February 2000.
+The collaboration was named after the American psychologist Donald T. Campbell (1916–1996), a member of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States.
+In December 2004, the American Psychological Association published an article on the work of the Campbell Collaboration.
+In May 2005, a special issue of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science was devoted to describing what the evidence-based approach of the Cochrane Collaboration and Campbell Collaboration had uncovered.
+The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) and the University of Ottawa established the International Development Coordinating Group (IDCG) in May 2011.
+There are two Campbell regional centres: Campbell UK & Ireland, established in 2016 and hosted at The Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation at Queen's University Belfast in the UK, and Campbell South Asia, established in New Delhi, India in 2019. An external affiliated organization called the Campbell China Network in November 2019 as a part of Campbell's strategy to "go East" in 2019–2022.
+
+
+== Use by other organisations and policy influence ==
+Campbell reviews are used by organisations and policymakers to inform decision-making based on research evidence. Charity evaluator and effective altruism advocate GiveWell had listed the Campbell Collaboration as one of its sources of information when trying to assess the state of evidence for various social policies and interventions in the United States and notes their value in determining susceptibility to publication bias of social programmes. Campbell reviews have been used to inform policy implementation and guideline development in various countries.
+
+
+== Affiliations ==
+
+
+=== Sponsors ===
+The Campbell Collaboration has been sponsored by a number of public and private donors, including foundations and government agencies.
+
+
+=== Partnerships ===
+The Campbell Collaboration partners with similar organizations worldwide.
+
+
+== Similar organizations ==
+Cochrane Collaboration
+Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy
+Laura and John Arnold Foundation
+What Works Clearinghouse
+GiveWell
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cochrane (organisation)"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:15.757601+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cochrane is a British international charitable organisation formed to synthesize medical research findings to facilitate evidence-based choices about health interventions involving health professionals, patients and policy makers. It includes 53 review groups that are based at research institutions worldwide. Cochrane has over 37,000 volunteer experts from around the world.
+The group conducts systematic reviews of healthcare interventions and diagnostic tests and publishes them in the Cochrane Library. While Cochrane reviews typically focus on randomized controlled trials, some reviews, particularly in areas such as public and occupational health, also incorporate other study designs. These may include non-randomised observational studies as well as controlled before–after (CBA) studies and interrupted time-series studies.
+According to the Library, articles are available via one-click access, though some may require registration or a subscription.
+
+== Structure ==
+The Cochrane Collaboration is a charity registered in the UK. The trustees for the charity are the members of its Governing Board, elected by members. David Sackett was the organisation's first chair. That position is currently held by Susan Phillips.
+
+== History ==
+Cochrane, previously known as the Cochrane Collaboration, was founded in 1993 under the leadership of Iain Chalmers. It was developed in response to Archie Cochrane's call for up-to-date, systematic reviews of all relevant randomised controlled trials in the field of healthcare.
+In 1998, the Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CEMG) was established to facilitate the basing of decisions on health economics, evidence-based medicine, and systematic reviews.
+Cochrane's suggestion that methods used to prepare and maintain reviews of controlled trials in pregnancy and childbirth be applied more widely was taken up by the Research and Development Programme, initiated to support the National Health Service. Through the NHS research and development programme, led by Michael Peckham, funds were provided to establish a "Cochrane Centre", to collaborate with others, in the UK and elsewhere, to facilitate systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials across all areas of healthcare.
+In 2004, the Campbell Collaboration joined with the CEMG to form the Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG).
+In 2013 the organization published an editorial describing its efforts to train people in developing nations to perform Cochrane reviews. A 2017 editorial briefly discussed the history of Cochrane methodological approaches, such as including studies that use methodologies in lieu of randomised control trials and the challenge of having evidence adopted in practice.
+During its 2018 annual meeting, the Cochrane board expelled Peter C. Gøtzsche, board member and director of Cochrane's Nordic center, from the organization, telling Nature that it had received "numerous complaints" about Gøtzsche after he co-authored an article in BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine alleging bias in Cochrane's May 2018 review of HPV vaccines. Gøtzsche's expulsion led four elected board members to resign in protest, which in turn led the board to cut two appointed members in order to comply with the ratio of elected to appointed members required by the organization's charter. Gøtzsche announced that this had happened via an open letter, in which he said there is a "growing top-down authoritarian culture and an increasingly commercial business model" taking root at Cochrane that "threaten the scientific, moral and social objectives of the organization". Gøtzsche remains an outspoken critic of Cochrane's relationship with the pharmaceutical industry. The Cochrane board stated that Gøtzsche was expelled for his behavior, which had been reviewed by an independent counsel hired by Cochrane.
+
+=== Logo ===
+The Cochrane logo includes a forest plot from an influential systematic review of randomized trials on the effects of antenatal corticosteroids.
+
+== Reception ==
+A 2004 editorial in the Canadian Medical Association Journal noted that Cochrane reviews appear to be more up to date and of better quality than other reviews, describing them as "the best single resource for methodologic research and for developing the science of meta-epidemiology" and crediting them with leading to methodological improvements in the medical literature.
+Studies comparing the quality of Cochrane meta-analyses in the fields of infertility, physiotherapy, and orthodontics to those published by other sources have concluded that Cochrane reviews incorporate superior methodological rigor. A broader analysis across multiple therapeutic areas reached similar conclusions but was performed by Cochrane authors. Compared to non-Cochrane reviews, those from Cochrane are less likely to reach a positive conclusion about the utility of medical interventions.
+Key criticisms that have been directed at Cochrane's studies include a failure to include a sufficiently large number of unpublished studies, failure to pre-specify or failure to abide by pre-specified rules for endpoint or trial inclusion, insufficiently frequent updating of reviews, an excessively high percentage of inconclusive reviews, and a high incidence of ghostwriting and honorary authorship. In some cases Cochrane's internal structure may make it difficult to publish studies that run against the preconceived opinions of internal subject matter experts.
+
+== Partnerships ==
+
+=== World Health Organization ===
+Cochrane maintains an official relationship with the World Health Organization that affords Cochrane the right to appoint nonvoting representatives to WHO meetings, including sessions of the World Health Assembly, and make statements on WHO resolutions.
+
+=== Wikipedia ===
+In 2014, the Cochrane-Wikipedia partnership was formalised. This supports the inclusion of relevant evidence within all Wikipedia medical articles, as well as processes to help ensure that medical information included in Wikipedia is of the highest quality and accuracy. Wikipedia and Cochrane collaborate to increase the incorporation of Cochrane research into Wikipedia articles and provide Wikipedia editors with resources for interpreting medical data. Cochrane and John Wiley and Sons, publisher of Cochrane reviews, make one hundred free Cochrane accounts available to Wikipedia medical editors—the financial value of which has been estimated by Cochrane at between thirty thousand and eighty thousand US dollars per annum—and pay a nominal stipend and travel expenses to support a Wikipedian in Residence at Cochrane.
+In 2014, the Cochrane blog hosted a rebuttal, written by four Wikipedia medical editors, of an article published in the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association that was critical of the accuracy of Wikipedia medical content.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)-1.md

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+---
+title: "Cochrane (organisation)"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:15.757601+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Funding partners ===
+Cochrane receives funding from governments, supranational organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, hospitals, and foundations, while avoiding funding from corporate interests. Primary government donors include the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), the Danish Health Authority, the Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
+Academic funders include McMaster University, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Kazan Federal University, and University of Copenhagen, among others. Funding from foundations includes the National Research Foundation (South Africa) and the Gerber Foundation.
+
+== Public involvement ==
+Cochrane involves patients and the public via community curation, to produce systematic reviews and other outputs. Tasks can be organised as 'entry level' or higher. Tasks include:
+
+Joining a collaborative volunteer effort to help categorise and summarise healthcare evidence
+Data extraction and risk of bias assessment
+Translation of reviews into other languages
+A recent systematic review of how people were involved in systematic reviews aimed to document the evidence-base relating to stakeholder involvement in systematic reviews and to use this evidence to describe how stakeholders have been involved in systematic reviews. Thirty per cent involved patients and/or carers.
+While there has been some criticism of how Cochrane prioritises systematic reviews, a 2018 project involved people in helping identify research priorities to inform future Cochrane Reviews.
+The representation of women as editors in Cochrane was found to be better than that of other organizations.
+
+== See also ==
+
+Campbell Collaboration
+The Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy
+Evidence-based practice
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Official website 
+Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group
+Cochrane Neonatal Group

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_US_Network-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cochrane US Network"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_US_Network"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:17.005501+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The United States Cochrane Center (USCC) was one of the 14 centers on the world that facilitated the work of the Cochrane Collaboration.
+The USCC was the reference center for all 50 US states and US territories, protectorates, and districts: the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. The USCC was also the reference Center for the following countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guam, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. The USCC discontinued on February 7, 2018.
+
+== Historical overview ==
+In the United States, there have been four Cochrane Centers since the start of the Cochrane Collaboration in October 1993.  The Baltimore Cochrane Center was launched soon after the launch of the Collaboration, officially in 1994, with Kay Dickersin as Director.  The San Francisco Cochrane Center was launched soon thereafter, in 1996, with Lisa Bero and Drummond Rennie as Co-Directors. The San Antonio Cochrane Center launched in 1994, with Cynthia Mulrow as Director, and the New England Cochrane Center launched in 1996 with Joseph Lau and Alexia Anczack-Bouckoms as co-Directors. In 1998, Kay Dickersin moved to Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and with the move the Baltimore Cochrane Center was renamed the New England Cochrane Center, Providence Office.
+The US centers had variable luck with obtaining sufficient infrastructure funding, and The San Antonio Cochrane Center closed in 2000. In December 2002, the remaining three centers (the New England Cochrane Center at Boston, the New England Cochrane Center at Providence, and the San Francisco Cochrane Center) merged to form a single registered entity with three offices, the US Cochrane Center (the USCC).  The Providence office became the first point of contact for the work of The Cochrane Collaboration in the United States and assumed responsibility for fulfilling the core Center functions.
+In 2005, Kay Dickersin returned to Baltimore, to take up a post at Johns Hopkins University, and the USCC moved with her. The New England Cochrane Center Boston Office closed in February, 2008. In approximately 2006, Drummond Rennie moved out of the area, leaving his post as SF Branch Director, and Lisa Bero became the Center Director.
+In June 2014, the San Francisco Branch of the United States (US) Cochrane Center changed its name to the West Coast Branch of the US Cochrane Center, and because of Lisa Bero's emigration to Australia, a new Branch Director was announced, Mark Helfand located at Oregon Health and Science University.
+On February 7, 2018, the USCC closed its doors.
+
+== Main Tasks ==
+Supporting Cochrane entities with a coordinating base in the US or one of the countries serviced by the Center. These include: Review Groups, Fields, and Methods Groups.
+Supporting new Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs), Fields, and Methods Groups who want to register with the Collaboration.
+Supporting individuals who seek information about and participation in the work of the Collaboration.
+
+== Offices ==
+
+=== The USCC Main Office in Baltimore ===
+The USCC main office in Baltimore was responsible for providing training and support for review authors, trials search coordinators (TSCs), review group coordinators (RGCs), editors, handsearchers, consumers, healthcare providers, policy makers, and others. In addition the main office of the USCC worked with international colleagues to provide training and support for others in the Collaboration who were responsible for training.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_US_Network-1.md

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+---
+title: "Cochrane US Network"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_US_Network"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:17.005501+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== CENTRAL ===
+Each Cochrane Center is responsible for a unique function within the Cochrane Collaboration.  For twelve years (1994 to 2005) the Baltimore Cochrane Center, and subsequently NECC@P, was responsible for coordinating CENTRAL, The Cochrane Collaboration's central register of controlled clinical trials. CENTRAL was designed for use by members of the Collaboration's review groups and others performing systematic reviews. CENTRAL serves both as a repository for trial reports identified by members of the Collaboration and as a source of trial reports from which Review Groups build their specialized registers. In late 1992, work began on development of a register of reports of controlled trials for use in conducting systematic reviews. The first meeting was held and the eligibility criteria were decided at the Cochrane Workshop on "Building a Register of RCTs" at Green College, Oxford, United Kingdom, November 8, 1992 and was attended by Iain Chalmers, Carol Lefebrvre and Kay Dickersin, among others. Definitions and eligibility criteria were decided then that continue to be used to this day.
+Although the individuals interested in and key to the developments leading to international registers of randomized controlled trials were also leaders in the Cochrane Collaboration, a larger and more centralized group was felt to be a better location for a common resource. Accordingly, the U.S. National Institutes of Health and specifically the U.S. National Library of Medicine were approached about a partnership. The National Institutes of Health convened a meeting in December 1993 to consider the importance of registers of controlled trials for the promotion of evidence-based health care. One of the outcomes of that meeting was an agreement by National Library of Medicine to retag existing MEDLINE records of reports of RCTs and CCTs, identified by Cochrane collaborators and not already tagged as such, with the publication types (PTs) RANDOMIZED-CONTROLLED-TRIAL (RCT[PT]) and CONTROLLED-CLINICAL-TRIAL (CCT[PT]).
+The USCC conducted the "MEDLINE Retagging Project" from 1994-2005 by submitting to MEDLINE all CCTs and RCTs it had identified that were not yet tagged RCT/PT or CCT/PT in MEDLINE. It identified these publications in two ways:  (1) collecting on a quarterly basis all CCT and RCT reports newly identified via handsearching by the approximately 50 Cochrane review groups, and (2) identifying all CCTs and RCTs not already identified as such on MEDLINE using electronic search methods.  CENTRAL was then created using two sources of information about published trial reports, periodic download of all records in MEDLINE tagged as RCT|PT and CCT|PT and submission of non-MEDLINE eligible citations (e.g., conference abstracts identified through handsearching) by the centers and review groups.
+After 1994, when the new publication type tags were initiated, reports of trials missed by NLM's MEDLINE indexing grew smaller with each year and the NLM decided not to fund the retagging Program after 2005. For the 1994-2005 time period, CENTRAL was funded mainly by the National Library of Medicine, and also by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Packard Foundation, and the European Union Biomedical and Health Research Programmes I and II.
+Some trials are still missed by the MEDLINE indexers however, and searches of other electronic bibliographic databases are required, so the effort to make CENTRAL a comprehensive database of studies possibly eligible for Cochrane reviews continues. Since 2005, development of CENTRAL has been conducted by Cochrane and John Wiley and Sons, publishers of The Cochrane Library.
+
+=== Cochrane US - West ===
+The Cochrane US - West Center operates out of Oregon Health & Science University and University of California, San Francisco. It develops guidance for systematic reviews of complex interventions and realist reviews of health policies, supports the production of high-quality reviews, and shares them with stakeholders on the west coast of the US to improve health decision making. The partnership is led by Director Jeanne-Marie Guise, MD, MPH, at OHSU, and Associate Director Dorie Apollonio, PhD, MPP, at UCSF. It is affiliated with the Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, VA Portland Health Care System Evidence Synthesis Program, and Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research Northwest, the Review Groups Cochrane Back and Neck Group and Cochrane Fertility Regulation Group, and with Oregon Health Authority and Oregon's Health Evidence Review Commission. Cochrane US - West works with the Wiki Education Foundation and students at the UCSF School of Pharmacy to improve the quality of health-related Wikipedia articles, updating approximately 30 articles annually with information drawn from recent systematic reviews.
+
+=== The Caribbean Branch of the USCC (CBUSCC) ===
+The CBUSCC is the reference center for English-speaking Caribbean territories. Its development extends the services available to Cochrane contributors already working in the Caribbean region and also supports new authors.
+
+== Review Groups ==
+
+=== Current ===
+Eyes and Vision Review Group (US Satellite) – Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health - Systematic reviews of all the interventions use to prevent or treat eye diseases and/or visual impairment. We also consider the evidence for interventions that aim to help people adjust to visual impairment or blindness. We have a strategy for prioritization that emphasizes major causes of blindness in the world and areas where there are wide variations in clinical practice and outcomes.
+Cochrane Fertility Regulation - Oregon Health and Science University - Systematic reviews of fertility issues, such as contraception and unwanted pregnancy.
+Neonatal Review Group – Burlington, Vermont - Evidence-based, regularly updated reviews of the effects of therapies in neonatal-perinatal medicine.
+Cochrane Urology – Minneapolis VA Health Care System, the University of Minnesota Department of Urology - Systematic reviews of health care interventions for prostatic diseases, male sexual dysfunction, urology-related renal topics, and urologic cancers. On January 1, a Satellite Group was launched and it is based in South Korea Yonsei University in Wonju.
+
+=== Former ===
+Heart Review Group (US Satellite) – Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine - Systematic reviews that support prevention, management and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
+HIV/AIDS Group (US Satellite) - (1999-2015)
+
+== Fields ==
+Complementary Medicine Field
+Justice Health Field
+
+== Methods Groups ==
+Comparing Multiple Interventions Methods Group – Focuses on methodology for comparing multiple interventions in Cochrane Intervention Reviews or Overviews. Cochrane Overviews aim to summarize the findings of multiple standard Cochrane reviews. Brings together expertise in network meta-analysis.
+Patient Reported Outcomes Methods Group – Advise Cochrane reviewers about when and how to incorporate patient reported outcomes into systematic reviews. Also seeks to refine methods of literature search, refine methods for meta-analysis, develop methods for systematically reviewing patient reported outcomes studies.
+
+== Cochrane US Network affiliates ==
+American College of Physicians.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+US Cochrane Center
+Consumers United for Evidence-based Healthcare Facebook Group
+CUE Cochrane USA Twitter

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_appraisal-0.md

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+---
+title: "Critical appraisal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_appraisal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:18.357884+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Critical appraisal (or quality assessment) in evidence based medicine, is the use of explicit, transparent methods to assess the data in published research, applying the rules of evidence to factors such as internal validity, adherence to reporting standards, conclusions, generalizability and risk-of-bias. Critical appraisal methods form a central part of the systematic review process. They are used in evidence synthesis to assist clinical decision-making, and are increasingly used in evidence-based social care and education provision.
+Critical appraisal checklists help to appraise the quality of the study design and (for quantitative studies) the risk of bias. Critical appraisal tools for cross-sectional studies are the AXIS, JBI, Nested Knowledge tools; for randomised controlled trials are Nested Knowledge, Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, JBI tool and CASP tools. Additionally, supplementary critical appraisal tools such as Naicker's Critically Appraising for Antiracism Tool and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quality Appraisal Tool may be used in conjunction with tools for specific study designs to assess additional biases or ethics practices. Critical appraisal may also be an integral part of formalized approaches to turn evidence into recommendations for practice such as GRADE.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Evidence-based medicine
+Systematic review
+Meta-analysis
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Cochrane Collaboration Handbook
+Critical appraisal tools available from the Centre for Evidence-based Medicine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_the_Disciplines-0.md

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+---
+title: "Decoding the Disciplines"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_the_Disciplines"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:19.595601+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Decoding the Disciplines is a process intended to increase student learning by narrowing the gap between expert and novice thinking. The process seeks to make explicit the tacit knowledge of experts and to help students master the mental actions they need for success in particular courses.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Decoding the Disciplines approach was initiated by Joan Middendorf and David Pace, directors of the Indiana University Freshman Learning Project from 1998 to 2010, for collegiate learning. They found a discrepancy between the content taught and the actual prerequisites for success in many courses. They attributed this to automatic, and thus untaught, processes in expert knowledge. They hypothesized that students were often provided with incomplete conceptual frameworks, leaving them unable to tackle significant challenges.
+
+
+== Guiding questions in the Decoding process ==
+The Decoding process is structured by seven questions, referred to as steps. The order of the steps is not mandatory and can be changed as needed.
+
+Question 1 - Where do I experience a bottleneck to learning?
+Instructors (Professors, Lecturers, etc.) identify an activity or task in their course that students are supposed to learn but often fail. The activity may be a mental activity.
+Question 2 - What do students have to be able to do to get past the bottleneck?
+Instructors explore the steps that disciplinary experts go through to accomplish the activity or task identified as a bottleneck. This exploration is often carried out via a Decoding interview.
+Question 3 - How can I show students what they have to do?
+Instructors may model how they accomplish these activities as an expert. In order to do so, instructors may
+perform the (mental) steps in front of your students using a subject-specific example.
+explicitly highlight critical operations.
+use metaphors or analogies for the (mental) steps.
+Question 4 - How can I give my students practice and feedback?
+Often instructors provide their students with tasks or learning activities that allow students to perform the activity identified as a bottleneck and receive feedback.
+Question 5 - How can I deal with emotional bottlenecks to learning?
+Resistance to the Decoding the Disciplines process is viewed as an emotional bottleneck. Instructors are encouraged to anticipate such resistances.
+Question 6 - How can I know if my students have mastered these operations?
+Instructors give assessments that provide information on the degree to which students can perform the activity identified as a bottleneck.
+Question 7 - How can I share this process with others?
+Instructors may share their findings informally with colleagues or more formally through publications or presentations. As of 2023 instructors and researchers have published more than 500 articles on Decoding.
+
+
+== Applications ==
+The framework been explored by several researchers in a variety of disciplinary contexts including:
+
+Astronomy
+Biology
+Economics
+Geology
+History
+Law
+Mathematics
+Music
+Psychology
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Decoding the Disciplines webpage
+Decoding the Disciplines Wiki

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECRI_Institute-0.md

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+---
+title: "ECRI Institute"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECRI_Institute"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:20.776428+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ECRI (originally founded as Emergency Care Research Institute) is an American independent healthcare research nonprofit organization in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania. It is tasked with "improving the safety, quality, and cost-effectiveness of care across all healthcare settings worldwide."
+
+
+== History ==
+In the early 1960s, Joel J. Nobel, a surgeon and inventor, founded the institute after a four-year-old boy died when a resuscitator failed to work. Nobel utilized the institute to focus on improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation technology, design, and deployment.
+Among Nobel's inventions was the MAX Cart, a mobile resuscitation system. Designed and patented in 1965 during Nobel's residency at Pennsylvania Hospital, the cart carries instruments for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and other medical supplies while functioning as a support litter. A prototype is in the permanent collection of the Medicine and Science Division of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. In 1966, Life profiled the invention in a feature called "MAX, the Lifesaver."
+ECRI began comparative evaluations of medical device brands and models in 1971. Since its designation as an Evidence-based Practice Center with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in 1997, it has undertaken reviews of clinical procedures using meta-analysis for the Medicare program, other federal and state agencies, and clinical specialty organizations. 
+In 2001, Jeffrey C. Lerner became ECRI Institute's second president and CEO. In 2018, Marcus Schabacker became ECRI's third president and CEO.
+The Institute for Safe Medication Practices became an ECRI affiliate in 2020. 
+The organization rebranded as ECRI Institute in 2007. On March 8, 2020, the organization rebranded as ECRI.
+
+
+== Designations ==
+ECRI Patient Safety Organization was listed as a federal patient safety organization by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005.
+ECRI entered into a licensing agreement to adapt the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System (PA-PSRS), to meet Pennsylvania-specific reporting requirements. The resulting PA-PSRS system is fully owned by the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority. 
+
+
+== Services ==
+The organization was the sole prime contractor for developing and maintaining AHRQ's National Guideline Clearinghouse, a database of clinical practice guidelines, since its inception in 1998 and the National Quality Measures Clearinghouse, a database of evidence-based healthcare quality measures, since its inception in 2001. Both contracts ended in July 2018 due to the lack of federal funding through AHRQ to continue their operation.
+ECRI Institute created and maintains the Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System (UMDNS).
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_software_engineering-0.md

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+---
+title: "Empirical software engineering"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_software_engineering"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:22.048599+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Empirical software engineering (ESE) (also known as Evidence-based software engineering) is a subfield of software engineering (SE) research that uses empirical research methods to study and evaluate SE techniques. These techniques include: software development tools/technology, practices, processes, policies, or other human and organizational aspects.
+ESE has roots in experimental software engineering, but as the field has matured, the need and acceptance for both quantitative and qualitative research have grown. Today, common research methods used in ESE for primary and secondary research include the following:
+
+Primary research (experimentation, case study research, survey research, simulations in particular software Process simulation)
+Secondary research methods (Systematic reviews, Systematic mapping studies, rapid reviews, tertiary review)
+
+
+== Teaching empirical software engineering ==
+“Handbook on Teaching Empirical Software Engineering” (Springer 2024) is targeted at educators who are teaching empirical methods to software engineering students. It has 21 chapters written by a total of 53 authors from 39 institutions across 16 countries. The book offers comprehensive guidelines and strategies for teaching software engineering research methods (e.g., controlled experiments, case studies, surveys, action research, design science, ethnography, mining software repositories, simulation-based studies, and literature reviews). Some other comprehensive books for students, professionals and researchers interested in ESE are available.
+
+
+== Research community ==
+Journals, conferences, and communities devoted specifically to ESE:
+
+Empirical Software Engineering: An International Journal
+International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
+International Software Engineering Research Network (ISERN)
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_assessment-0.md

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+---
+title: "Evidence-based assessment"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_assessment"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:24.618333+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Evidence-based assessment (EBA) refers to the application of research and theory in selecting constructs for a specific assessment purpose, as well as informing the methods and measures used in the assessment process. This approach recognizes that, despite data from psychometrically robust measures, the assessment process inherently involves iterative decision-making. Clinicians formulate and test hypotheses by integrating often incomplete and inconsistent data. EBA has been shown to aid clinicians in reducing cognitive biases in their clinical decisions. Evidence-based assessment is a component of the broader movement towards evidence-based practices.
+The concept of evidence-based assessment originated in the field of medicine, and has since been adopted in several other disciplines, notably clinical psychology. The EBA approach is widely recognized as an empirically driven method of clinical decision-making. Cochrane reviews have reported the efficacy of EBA methods.
+
+
+== History and development ==
+
+
+== Limitations ==
+
+
+=== Test selection and inadequate assessment ===
+Despite the availability of numerous guidelines to assist psychologists in conducting evidence-based assessments (EBAs), professionals often fall short in adhering to these guidelines. Projective tests, for instance, are frequently employed in the assessment of child adjustment. It has been observed that there is considerable variability among professionals in following professional guidelines, leading to instances where evaluators fail to assess general parenting abilities adequately.
+
+
+=== Issues in test interpretation ===
+Professionals and authorities often erroneously recommend interpreting variability between and within scales that might not have been rigorously tested. For example, due to thorough efforts in establishing norms, reliability, and validity measures, certain measures like the Wechsler intelligence scales for both adults and children are considered as some of the most reliable psychological instruments. Authorities often advise the consideration of subtest scores. However, unlike full-scale IQ scores, subtest scores frequently have lower levels of internal consistency reliability. This results in reduced precision of measurement and an increased likelihood of false positive and false negative conclusions about the assessment.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_Based_Library_and_Information_Practice_(journal)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Evidence Based Library and Information Practice (journal)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_Based_Library_and_Information_Practice_(journal)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:25:23.382851+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Evidence Based Library and Information Practice (EBLIP) is an open access peer-reviewed academic journal covering topics related to library and information science. It is published quarterly by the University of Alberta Library and was established in 2006. EBLIP publishes original research and commentary, as well as reviews of previously published research, on the topic of evidence based library and information practice.
+
+
+== Abstracting and indexing information ==
+Evidence Based Library and Information Practice is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Library Literature and Information Science, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, and Library and Information Science Abstracts, among others.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Category:Library science journals
+Open access in Canada
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+ISSN 1715-720X