diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 094808768..793ddc8c8 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical_refiner-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical_refiner-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56fbd49b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical_refiner-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Conical refiner" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical_refiner" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:31.606761+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The conical refiner is a machine used in the refining of pulp in the papermaking process. It may also be referred to as a Jordan refiner, after the American inventor Joseph Jordan who patented the device in 1858. + +The conical refiner is a chamber with metal bars mounted around the inside of the container. The material to be refined is pumped into the chamber at high-pressure rate in order to create an abrasive effect as the material is forced through the machine, abraided by the metal bars. At the opposite end of the chamber the resulting pulp is pumped out. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8be315edc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Core facility" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:32.826369+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A core facility (also known as core laboratory or simply "core", like in "flow cytometry core", occasionally technological platform) is a centralized shared research resource that provides scientific community with access to unique and highly specialized instruments, technologies, services, and experts. Cores are frequently built around a specific technology or instrumentation, but not always (for example, biostatistics cores offer services of experts skilled in the use of software packages). A database of US core facilities is maintained by the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities. +By the late 20th century, the researchers in the life sciences were increasingly dependent on the use of expensive and complex instruments and techniques that cannot be economically replicated inside each laboratory. In many areas (for example, in translational science) access to core laboratories became essential. Once the research institutions recognized the potential cost savings of provisioning state-of-the-art instrumentation and services in a centralized way, multiple shared facilities were established, prompting discussions about the best ways to administer and finance them. +The high-value and difficult-to-operate equipment typically used in a core setting in the beginning of the 21st century included NMR spectrometers, mass spectrometers, Raman spectrometers and microscopes, transmission and Auger electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction spectrometers, lithographic equipment, and X-ray and Auger photoelectron spectrometers. +The financial arrangements for the cores at different institutions vary. A core might recover its costs through user fees charged to the researcher's ("investigator's") funds as direct cost, frequently based on research grants. In this sense, such core operates as a small business. However, an institution might decide that the centralized facility shall be funded through facilities and administration (F&A) indirect costs (IDC). The second option is convenient, as the institution's administration retains full control, and, since the true facility costs are offset through the IDC, the direct costs to the researchers can be decreased, thus attracting investigators from outside the institution as well and lowering the institution's overall financial burden of maintaining a core facility. As a result, in the United States, the IDC for government grants in the 2020s were occasionally as high as 95% of the amount, with the average rate of 30%, and 60% not uncommon. +In February 2025, as a part of the cost-cutting by the Trump administration, the IDC were capped at 15% for the NIH grants, thus creating a financial problem for the core facilities. + + +== References == + + +== Sources == +Badger, Emily; Bhatia, Aatish; Cabreros, Irineo; Murray, Eli; Paris, Francesca; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Singer, Ethan (2025-02-14). "How Trump's Medical Research Cuts Would Hit Colleges and Hospitals in Every State". The New York Times. Retrieved 2025-05-05. +Farber, Gregory K.; Weiss, Linda (2011-08-10). "Core Facilities: Maximizing the Return on Investment". Science Translational Medicine. 3 (95): 95cm21. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002421. ISSN 1946-6234. PMC 3161425. PMID 21832235. +Halpert, Madeline (2025-02-09). "Trump administration to cut billions from biomedical research funding". BBC. Retrieved 2025-05-05. +Hockberger, Philip; Meyn, Susan; Nicklin, Connie; Tabarini, Diane; Turpen, Paula; Auger, Julie (2013). "Best Practices for Core Facilities: Handling External Customers". Journal of Biomolecular Techniques. 24 (2): jbt.13–2402–001. doi:10.7171/jbt.13-2402-001. ISSN 1524-0215. PMC 3605920. PMID 23814500. +Lejeune, Laurence; Davis, Kim G.F.; Larivière, Vincent; Renaud-Desjardins, Louis; Waldispühl, Jérôme; Brown, Claire M. (2020). "Impact of Scientific Platforms on Research Success" (PDF). Canadian Network of Scientific Platforms. +Murray, Royce (2009-11-01). "Shared Experimental Infrastructures". Analytical Chemistry. 81 (21): 8655. doi:10.1021/ac902246e. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 19821591. +National Institute of Health (2013-04-08). "FAQs for Costing of NIH-Funded Core Facilities". Grants & Funding. Retrieved 2025-05-05. +Ribeiro Oliveira, André Browne; Santos Ramos, Marcelo; Dias Vinhas, Roni; Vasconcellos Ferreira, Cristiano; Damasceno Pinto, Claudio; Souza Machado, Bruna Aparecida (2025-05-23). "Factors Limiting the Management of Technological Platforms ("Core Facility") to Support Scientific Health Research". Journal of Bioengineering, Technologies and Health. 8 (2): 210–216. doi:10.34178/jbth.v8i2.490. ISSN 2764-622X. Retrieved 2025-07-25. +Turpen, Paula B.; Hockberger, Philip E.; Meyn, Susan M.; Nicklin, Connie; Tabarini, Diane; Auger, Julie A. (2016). "Metrics for Success: Strategies for Enabling Core Facility Performance and Assessing Outcomes". Journal of Biomolecular Techniques. 27 (1): 25–39. doi:10.7171/jbt.16-2701-001. ISSN 1524-0215. PMC 4736753. PMID 26848284. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie's_principle-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie's_principle-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cd10b86a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie's_principle-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Curie's principle" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie's_principle" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:33.986657+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Curie's principle, or Curie's symmetry principle, is a maxim about cause and effect formulated by Pierre Curie in 1894: + +the symmetries of the causes are to be found in the +effects. +The idea was based on the ideas of Franz Ernst Neumann and Bernhard Minnigerode. Thus, it is sometimes known as the Neumann–Minnigerode–Curie principle. +Later physicists have interpreted Curie's principle in the context of thermodynamics. Dynamics close to equilibrium are described by a set of transport coefficients whose symmetries must match the symmetries of the system, according to Curie's principle. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clarification_form-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clarification_form-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71b9a8c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clarification_form-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Data clarification form" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clarification_form" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:35.225704+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A data clarification form (DCF) or data query form is a questionnaire specifically used in clinical research. The DCF is the primary data clarification tool from the trial sponsor or contract research organization (CRO) towards the investigator to clarify discrepancies and ask the investigator for clarification. The DCF is part of the data validation process in a clinical trial. + + +== See also == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Celine Clive (2004), Handbook of SOPs for Good Clinical Practice, CRC, ISBN 0-8493-2181-6 + + +== External links == +DCF entry in Clinical Research Dictionary \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_frost-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_frost-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e2ecd474 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_frost-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Degree of frost" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_frost" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:36.426459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A degree of frost is a non-standard unit of measure for air temperature meaning degrees below melting point (also known as "freezing point") of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit). "Degree" in this case can refer to degree Celsius or degree Fahrenheit. +When based on Celsius, 0 degrees of frost is the same as 0 °C, and any other value is simply the negative of the Celsius temperature. When based on Fahrenheit, 0 degrees of frost is equal to 32 °F. Conversion formulas: + +T [degrees of frost] = 32 °F − T [°F] +T [°F] = 32 °F − T [degrees of frost] +The term "degrees of frost" was widely used in accounts of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the early 20th century. The term appears frequently in Ernest Shackleton's books South and Heart of the Antarctic, Apsley Cherry-Garrard's account of his Antarctic adventures in The Worst Journey in the World (wherein he recorded 109.5 degrees [Fahrenheit] of frost, −77.5 °F or −60.8 °C), in Jack London's "To Build A Fire", as well as Admiral Richard E. Byrd's book Alone. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6629cd34 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Degrees of freedom" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:37.551658+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In many scientific fields, the degrees of freedom of a system is the number of parameters of the system that may vary independently. For example, a point in the plane has two degrees of freedom for translation: its two coordinates; a non-infinitesimal object on the plane might have additional degrees of freedoms related to its orientation. +In mathematics, this notion is formalized as the dimension of a manifold or an algebraic variety. When degrees of freedom is used instead of dimension, this usually means that the manifold or variety that models the system is only implicitly defined. +See: + +Degrees of freedom (mechanics), number of independent motions that are allowed to the body or, in case of a mechanism made of several bodies, number of possible independent relative motions between the pieces of the mechanism +Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), a term used in explaining dependence on parameters, or the dimensions of a phase space +Degrees of freedom (statistics), the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary +Degrees of freedom problem, the problem of controlling motor movement given abundant degrees of freedom + + +== See also == + +Six degrees of freedom + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33c446c53 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Dematerialization (products)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:38.793920+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The dematerialization of a product literally means less, or better yet, no material is used to deliver the same level of functionality to the user. Sharing, borrowing and the organization of group services that facilitate and cater for communities needs could alleviate the requirement of ownership of many products. +In his book In The Bubble: Designing In A Complex World, John Thakara states that "the average consumer power tool is used for ten minutes in its entire life—but it takes hundreds of times its own weight to manufacture such an object". A product service system with shared tools could simply offer access to them when needed. This shift from a reliance on products to services is the process of dematerialization. Digital music distribution systems, car clubs, bike hire schemes and laundry services all can be examples of dematerialization. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Dematerialization pattern from the Liberating Voices pattern language discusses problems and solutions related to dematerialization \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_professor-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_professor-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afca6d733 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_professor-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Distinguished professor" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_professor" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:40.045046+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Distinguished professor is an academic title given to some top tenured professors in American universities, schools, or departments. Some distinguished professors may have endowed chairs. + +Often specific to one institution, titles such as "president's professor", "university professor", "distinguished professor", "distinguished research professor", "distinguished teaching professor", "distinguished university professor", or "regents professor" are granted to a small percentage of the top tenured faculty who are regarded as particularly important in their respective fields of research. Some institutions grant more university-specific, formal titles such as M.I.T.'s "Institute Professor", Yale University's "Sterling Professor", or Duke University's "James B. Duke Professor". +Some academic and/or scholarly organizations may also bestow the title "distinguished professor" in recognition of achievement over the course of an academic career. For example, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture annually recognizes up to five faculty members at architecture schools in the United States and Canada with the ACSA Distinguished Professor Award. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitation_technique-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitation_technique-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09de83772 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitation_technique-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Elicitation technique" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitation_technique" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:41.304520+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An elicitation technique is any of a number of data collection techniques used in anthropology, cognitive science, counseling, education, knowledge engineering, linguistics, management, philosophy, psychology, or other fields to gather knowledge or information from people. Recent work in behavioral economics has purported that elicitation techniques can be used to control subject misconceptions and mitigate errors from generally accepted experimental design practices. Elicitation, in which knowledge is sought directly from human beings, is usually distinguished from indirect methods such as gathering information from written sources. +A person who interacts with human subjects in order to elicit information from them may be called an elicitor, an analyst, experimenter, or knowledge engineer, depending on the field of study. +Elicitation techniques include interviews, observation of either naturally occurring behavior (including as part of participant observation) or behavior in a laboratory setting, or the analysis of assigned tasks. + + +== List of elicitation techniques == +Interviews +Existing System +Project Scope +Brain Storming +Focus Groups +Exploratory Prototypes +User Task Analysis +Observation +Surveys +Questionnaire +Story Board + + +== References == + +Elisitasi: Proses dan Metode untuk Merancang Sistem Baru yang Efektif \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic_glove-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic_glove-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..289208db6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic_glove-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Ergonomic glove" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic_glove" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:42.532453+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An ergonomic glove, also known as a computer glove or support glove, is a stiff glove worn to try to prevent or remedy carpal tunnel syndrome by holding the wrist in a certain position while typing. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file