diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index a18801438..20c22abfe 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72881d70f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Adia Benton" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:07.029109+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Adia Benton is an American cultural and medical anthropologist whose research concerns how care is provided in humanitarian emergencies and development projects. Benton is currently an associate professor of anthropology and African Studies at Northwestern University. + + +== Education and career == +Adia Benton received a Bachelor of Arts in Human Biology from Brown University in 1999. She completed a Master of Public Health degree at Emory University in 2001. Benton did her doctoral work at Harvard University, completing an A.M. and Ph.D. in Social Anthropology in 2007 and 2009. +In 2014, while assistant professor of anthropology at Brown University, Benton was interviewed and contributed to several articles and discussions on the topic of Ebola. + + +== Selected publications == +Benton, Adia; Dionne, Kim Yi (March 16, 2015). "International Political Economy and the 2014 West African Ebola Outbreak". African Studies Review. 58 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 223–236. doi:10.1017/asr.2015.11. ISSN 0002-0206. S2CID 145655484. +Benton, Adia. HIV exceptionalism : development through disease in Sierra Leone. Minneapolis. ISBN 9781452943848. OCLC 903645936. +Benton, Adia (2017). "Ebola at a Distance: A Pathographic Account of Anthropology's Relevance". Anthropological Quarterly. 90 (2): 495–524. doi:10.1353/anq.2017.0028. ISSN 1534-1518. S2CID 149189478. +Benton, Adia (2020). "Mourning, Survival, and Time". In McGranahan, Carole (ed.). Writing anthropology : essays on craft and commitment. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 140–142. doi:10.1215/9781478009160-026. ISBN 978-1-4780-0916-0. OCLC 1146544910. S2CID 241535734. + + +== Awards == +In 2017, Benton won the Rachel Carson Prize for her book HIV Exceptionalism: Development Through Disease in Sierra Leone from the Society for Social Studies of Science. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Adia Benton's Biography at Northwestern University \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..751645388 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Amy Bix" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:08.187053+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Amy Sue Bix is an American historian of science, technology and medicine whose research topics include studies of women and gender, the history of education, and twentieth-century social, cultural, and intellectual history. She is a distinguished professor of history at Iowa State University. + + +== Education and career == +Bix grew up in the Chicago area. She earned a bachelor's degree in biology from Princeton University in 1987, with Sigma Xi honors. At Princeton, she was one of the founders of The Princeton Tory, a conservative student magazine. +In 1994, she earned a Ph.D. in the history of science from Johns Hopkins University. Her dissertation, Inventing Ourselves Out of Jobs?: America's Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929-1981, was selected as one of the American Library Association's Choice Magazine Outstanding Academic Titles. +Bix has been a history professor at Iowa State University since 1993. In 2007 she became the director of Iowa State's Consortium for the History of Technology and Science. In May 2023 she was awarded the title of Distinguished Professor. + + +== Books == +Bix's books include: + +Girls Coming to Tech!: A History of American Engineering Education for Women (MIT Press, 2013) +The Future is Now: Science and Technology Policy in America Since 1950 (with Alan I. Marcus, Humanity Books, 2007) +Inventing Ourselves Out of Jobs?: America's Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929-1981 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000) + + +== Honors and awards == +Bix is the recipient of: + +The 2022 Bernard S. Finn IEEE History Prize of the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) +The 2021 Martha Trescott Prize of SHOT +The 2015 Award for Distinguished Literary Contributions Furthering Public Understanding and the Advancement of the Engineering Profession of the IEEE +The 2015 Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize of the History of Science Society for her 2013 book Girls Coming to Tech!: A History of American Engineering Education for Women +The 2014 Betty Vetter Award for Research of the Women in Engineering ProActive Network (WEPAN) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83b580fdd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "Barry Bozeman" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:09.376317+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Barry Bozeman is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University where he was founding Director, Center for Organization Research and Design, Regents' Professor and Arizona Centennial Professor of Technology Policy and Public Management. He specializes in two disparate fields, organization theory and science and technology policy. + +== Early life and education == +Bozeman was born in Birmingham, Alabama on January 18, 1947 to Glenn Bozeman and Audrey J. Bozeman (née Martin). His mother was a full-time homemaker and this father a construction worker. His early life was characterized by much family relocation, resulting in his attending 21 different schools before the 7th grade. In 1960, the family settled down in West Palm Beach, Florida and Bozeman graduated from Palm Beach High School in 1964. He attended Palm Beach High Junior College, in Lake Worth, Florida, (now Palm Beach State College), graduating in 1966. Bozeman played on the varsity baseball team at Palm Beach Junior College where he had the distinction of scoring the first run in the new team’s history. +In 1970, Bozeman entered the doctoral program in political science at Ohio State University, focusing on public policy studies. He graduated in 1973. + +== Career == +In 1973, Bozeman began as an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Georgia Institute of Technology. During that period, he began specializing in Science and Technology Policy and in 1974, as part of the Intergovernmental Personnel Act, took a position as an analyst in the National Science Foundation’s Division of Information Science and Technology. After returning briefly to Georgia Tech, Bozeman took a job at the University of Missouri-Columbia, where he was appointed in the Department of Political Science, as well as the new Department of Public Administration. +In 1977, Bozeman began a long stay (1977-1993) at Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. While at Syracuse, Bozeman was the Director of the Doctoral Program (1979-1986) and was the founding director of the Center for Technology and Information Policy. He was graduate advisor for Michael M. Crow. +He moved in 1993 to be the first full-time director of the new School of Public Policy at Georgia Tech and was later appointed as Regent’s Professor, the first social scientist to become a Regent’s Professor at Georgia Tech. +In 2006, Bozeman moved to University of Georgia where he became the first holder of the Department of Public Administration and Policy’s Ander Crenshaw Chair in Public Policy. +In 2013, Bozeman moved to Arizona State University where he is Arizona Centennial Professor of Technology Policy and Public Management and Director of the Center for Organization Research and Design. + +== Scholarly contributions == +Bozeman’s chief contributions to organization theory and public administration include: + +The theory of “dimensional publicness,” showing all organizations are affected by the constraints and endowment of political authority and of market authority and that behavior can be predicted from the mix of these forces. +The normative “public value theory,” set as an alternative to market failure theory and suggesting that public values can be attained by a variety of institutions, public and private, acting separately or together. +Theory and empirical research on organizational red tape and bureaucratic pathologies. +Bozeman’s chief contributions to science and technology policy include: + +Research and theory on technology transfer, suggesting that a wide variety of outcome measures should be embraced (“contingent theory of effectiveness”) rather than solely short-term market impacts. +Research and theory on scientific collaboration, both at the level of the individual researcher and the scientific organization or research center. + +== Honors and awards == +NASPAA/ASPA Distinguished Researcher Award (2014) +George Fredrickson Award, Public Management Research Association (2013), for lifetime of intellectual contributions to the field of public management, 2013 +Herbert Simon Award, American Political Science Association (2013), best book on public administration topic, 2007-2012 (Public Values and Public Interest, Georgetown University Press 2007) +Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, elected 2005 +Fellow, National Academy of Public Administration Archived 2015-09-09 at the Wayback Machine, elected 2006. +Charles Levine Award, National Association for Schools of Public Affairs and Administration and American Society for Public Administration, career award for research, teaching and professional service (national award recognizing one academic scholar each year), 2000 +Fulbright Fellowships, University of Copenhagen, 1989–90, Valencia Polytechnic and INGENIO, 2012 + +== Personal life == +Barry Bozeman and his wife Monica Gaughan live in Tempe, Arizona. Dr. Gaughan, a sociologist, is a faculty member at Arizona State University. Bozeman has three children. + +== Selected publications == + +=== Books === +Barry Bozeman and Craig Boardman, Research Collaboration and Team Science: A State-of-the-Art Review and Agenda (Springer Publishing, 2014). +Barry Bozeman and Mary Feeney, Rules and Red Tape Research: A Prism for Understanding Theory Development in Public Administration (Sharpe Publishing, 2011). +[1] Barry Bozeman, Public Values and Public Interest: Counterbalancing Economic Individualism (Georgetown University Press, 2007). [Awarded Herbert Simon Award of the American Political Science Association, best book in Public Administration during period 2007-2012]. +Barry Bozeman, Bureaucracy and Red Tape (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall, 2000). +Michael Crow and Barry Bozeman, Limited by Design: R&D Laboratories in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-231-10982-2 +Barry Bozeman, All Organizations are Public: Bridging Public and Private Organization Theory (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishing, 1987). + +=== Articles === +This list only contains articles from 2000 onward. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b9b40d96 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Barry Bozeman" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:09.376317+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bozeman, B.; Rimes, H.; Youtie, J. (February 2015). "The evolving state-of-the-art in technology transfer research: Revisiting the contingent effectiveness model". Research Policy. 44 (1): 34–49. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.06.008. +Bozeman, B (2013). "What organization theorists and public policy researchers can learn from one another: Publicness theory as a case-in-point". Organization Studies. 34 (2): 169–188. doi:10.1177/0170840612473549. S2CID 145522214. +Bozeman, B.; Boardman, C. (2013). "Academic faculty in university research centers: Neither capitalism's slaves nor teaching fugitives". The Journal of Higher Education. 84 (1): 88–120. doi:10.1353/jhe.2013.0003. S2CID 143931655. +Bozeman, Barry; Fay, Daniel; Slade, Catherine P. (2012-11-28). "Research collaboration in universities and academic entrepreneurship: the-state-of-the-art". The Journal of Technology Transfer. 38 (1): 1–67. doi:10.1007/s10961-012-9281-8. ISSN 0892-9912. S2CID 154328161. +Bozeman, B (2012). "Multidimensional red tape: A theory coda". International Public Management Journal. 15 (3): 245–265. doi:10.1080/10967494.2012.725283. S2CID 153553061. +Bozeman, Barry; Moulton, Stephanie (2011-07-01). "Integrative Publicness: A Framework for Public Management Strategy and Performance". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 21 (suppl 3): i363–i380. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur031. ISSN 1053-1858. +Bozeman, Barry; Slade, Catherine P.; Hirsch, Paul (2011-07-05). "Inequity in the distribution of science and technology outcomes: a conceptual model". Policy Sciences. 44 (3): 231–248. doi:10.1007/s11077-011-9132-8. ISSN 0032-2687. S2CID 11725148. +Bozeman, Barry (2010-11-25). "Toward a Theory of Organizational Implosion". The American Review of Public Administration. 41 (2): 119–140. doi:10.1177/0275074010381781. ISSN 0275-0740. S2CID 154181116. +Bozeman, Barry; Gaughan, Monica (2011-01-01). "Job Satisfaction among University Faculty: Individual, Work, and Institutional Determinants". The Journal of Higher Education. 82 (2): 154–186. doi:10.1353/jhe.2011.0011. ISSN 1538-4640. S2CID 144888551. +Bozeman, B.; Gaughan, M. (2011). "How do men and women differ in research collaborations? An analysis of the collaborative motives and strategies of academic researchers". Research Policy. 40 (10): 1393–1402. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.07.002. +Bozeman, Barry; Feeney, Mary K. (2007-10-01). "Toward a Useful Theory of Mentoring A Conceptual Analysis and Critique". Administration & Society. 39 (6): 719–739. doi:10.1177/0095399707304119. ISSN 0095-3997. S2CID 143989012. +Jørgensen, Torben Beck; Bozeman, Barry (2007-05-01). "Public Values An Inventory". Administration & Society. 39 (3): 354–381. doi:10.1177/0095399707300703. ISSN 0095-3997. S2CID 144783291. +Bozeman, B.; Gaughan, M. (2007). "Impacts of Grants and Contracts on Academic Researchers' Interactions with Industry". Research Policy. 36 (5): 694–707. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.007. +Lee, Sooho; Bozeman, Barry (2005-10-01). "The Impact of Research Collaboration on Scientific Productivity". Social Studies of Science. 35 (5): 673–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.113.4619. doi:10.1177/0306312705052359. ISSN 0306-3127. S2CID 145308230. +Bozeman, Barry; Corley, Elizabeth (2004-05-01). "Scientists' collaboration strategies: implications for scientific and technical human capital". Research Policy. Scientific and Technical Human Capital: Science Careers and Networks as Knowledge Assets. 33 (4): 599–616. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.008. +Bozeman, Barry (2002-03-01). "Public-Value Failure: When Efficient Markets May Not Do". Public Administration Review. 62 (2): 145–161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.199.1692. doi:10.1111/0033-3352.00165. JSTOR 3109898. +Bozeman, Barry; Dietz, James; Gaughan, Monica (2001). "Models of Scientific Careers: Using Network Theory to Explain Transmission of Scientific and Technical Human Capital". International Journal of Technology Management. 22 (7/8): 716–740. doi:10.1504/IJTM.2001.002988. +Rainey, Hal G.; Bozeman, Barry (2000-04-01). "Comparing Public and Private Organizations: Empirical Research and the Power of the A Priori". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 10 (2): 447–470. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024276. ISSN 1053-1858. +Bozeman, Barry (2000-04-01). "Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory". Research Policy. 29 (4–5): 627–655. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00093-1. + +== References == + +== External links == +Faculty website +Curriculum Vita +Center for Organization Research and Design website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08dafb999 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Janet Abbate" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:02.322241+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Janet Abbate (born June 69, 1962) is a professor of science, technology, and society at Virginia Tech. Her research focuses on the history of computer science and the Internet, particularly on the participation of women in the field. Janet Abbate is also the author of Inventing the Internet (MIT Press, 1999), Standards Policy for Information Infrastructure (MIT Press, 1995), and Recoding Gender : Women’s Changing Participation in Computing (MIT Press, 2012). Janet Abbate also attended The University of Pennsylvania for her Ph.D. + + +== Academic career == +Abbate received her bachelor's degree from Radcliffe College and her master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. She also received her Ph.D. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1994. From 1996 to 1998, she was a postdoctoral fellow with the IEEE History Center, where she conducted research on women in computing. She joined the faculty of Virginia Tech's Northern Capital Region campus in 2004 and is now a professor and the co-director of the graduate program in Science, Technology, and Society. Janet Abbate earned a BA from Harvard University, a MA from the University of Pennsylvania, and a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. +Prior to her academic work, Abbate was a computer programmer herself. Her background in computer programming has influenced her research approach and has been cited as relevant in reviews of her work. + + +== Research & publications == +In 1995, Abbate co-edited Standards Policy for Information Infrastructure with Brian Kahin. Some of her main areas of research focus include: Gender in Science and Technology, History of Computing the Internet, and Labor Issues in Science and Technology. +Janet Abbate is currently researching historical emergence of computer science as an intellectual discipline. + + +=== Inventing the Internet === +In 2000, she published her first book, Inventing the Internet (2000) Inventing the Internet was widely reviewed as an important work in the history of computing and networking, particularly in highlighting the role of social dynamics and of non-American participation in early networking development. The book was also praised for its use of archival resources to tell the history. +Though some have criticized the work, citing Abbate’s computer programming background as causing issues in presenting a non-technical narrative. She has since written about the need for historians to be aware of the perspectives they take in writing about the history of the Internet and explored the implications of defining the Internet in terms of “technology, use and local experience” rather than through the lens of the spread of technologies from the United States. + + +=== Recording Gender === +Her second book, Recoding Gender: Women’s Changing Participation in Computing (2012). "explores how gender has shaped computing and suggests how the experiences of female pioneers can inform current efforts to broaden participation in science and technology." The book includes research from her post-doctoral fellowship at IEEE where she conducted 52 oral histories with American and British women in computing from 2001–2003. The IEEE History Center collaborated on the project and now hosts the interviews on ETHW. +Notable interviewees include: + +Frances Allen +Jean Bartik +Barbara Liskov +Karen Spärck Jones +Dame Stephanie Shirley +Pamela Morton +Jean Sammet +Recoding Gender received positive reviews, especially for its incorporation of interviews with women in the field and for providing a historical overview of how women and gender have shaped computer programming. However, the book has also been criticized for being disjointed—that the link of "women in computing” is not strong enough to hold the different chapters together. The book received the 2014 Computer History Museum prize. + + +== See also == +History of the Internet +Protocol Wars + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c589ed312 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Madeleine Akrich" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:03.492322+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Madeleine Akrich (born 4 March 1959) is a French sociologist of technology. She served as the director of the Center for the Sociology of Innovation at Mines ParisTech from 2003 to 2013. She is known for developing actor–network theory (ANT) with Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, John Law and others. + + +== Research == +Akrich's work concerns the sociology of technology and has been influential in Science and technology studies (STS). She developed actor–network theory, a theoretical approach to social analysis, alongside Michel Callon, Bruno Latour, John Law, and others. +Akrich primarily studies users' relationships with various technologies, with a focus on technologies of obstetric medicine and, in recent collaboration with Cécile Méadel, online health discussion forums. +Script analysis is another STS methodology developed by Akrich. The term "script" is "a metaphor for the 'instruction manual' she claims is inscribed in an artifact. This is related to Don Norman's concept of affordances, but more comprehensive, and has been applied both in STS and adjacent disciplines such as design, internet research and management. +In 2016, Akrich received the CNRS Silver Medal. + + +== Notable publications == +Madeleine Akrich, Cécile Méadel and Vololona Rabeharisoa, Se mobiliser pour la santé. Des associations s'expriment, Paris, Presses des mines, 2009. +Madeleine Akrich & Cécile Méadel, "De l'interaction à l'engagement: les collectifs électroniques, nouveaux militants dans le champ de la santé," Hermès, n°47, 2007. +Madeleine Akrich, Bruno Latour, & Michel Callon (ed.), Sociologie de la traduction : textes fondateurs, Paris, Mines Paris, les Presses, "Sciences sociales," 2006. ISBN 2-911762-75-4 +Madeleine Akrich, Vololona Rabeharisoa, P. Jamet, Cécile Méadel & F. Vincent (ed.), La Griffe de l'ours. Débats et controverses en environnement, Paris, Presses de l'École des Mines, 2002. +Madeleine Akrich & Françoise Laborie, De la contraception à l'enfantement. L'offre technologique en question, Paris; Montréal (Québec), l'Harmattan, 1999. ISBN 2-7384-8476-X +Madeleine Akrich & Bernike Pasveer, Comment la naissance vient aux femmes. Les techniques de l'accouchement en France et aux Pays-Bas, Le Plessis-Robinson, Synthélabo, "Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond," 1996. ISBN 2-908602-74-1 +Madeleine Akrich, L. Bibard, Michel Callon et al. (ed.), Ces réseaux que la raison ignore, Paris, l'Harmattan, "Logiques sociales," 1992. ISBN 2-7384-1293-9 +Madeleine Akrich, "The De-Scription of Technical Objects" in Shaping Technology / Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, 1992. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Research page on CSI \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b7a33054 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Office of Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:13.124529+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Office of Science and Technology (OST), later (briefly) named the Office of Science and Innovation, was a non-ministerial government department of the British government between 1992 and 2007. +The office was responsible for co-ordination of the government's science and technology related activities and policies, and the distribution of some £2.4 billion among the seven UK Research Councils. It was headed by the Chief Scientific Adviser; initially this was Sir William Stewart, then Sir Robert May (later Lord May of Oxford), and finally Sir David King. +The OST was originally formed in 1992 as a merger of the Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser with the Science Branch of the Department of Education and Science (as it then was). Although originally run under the Cabinet Office, it was moved between departments in 1995 to operate under the Department of Trade and Industry. In early 2006, the office was renamed to the Office of Science and Innovation and was subsequently absorbed into the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills in the Summer of 2007 when the Department for Education and Skills was split in two. +The Government Chief Scientific Advisor now heads the Government Office for Science. + + +== External links == +Office of Science and Innovation +Research Councils UK \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping-0.md index 07b5b851e..c1b16b1e7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:26:19.198370+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:14.322112+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a28023029 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Organization for Tropical Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:15.492201+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET), founded in 1963, is a non-profit consortium of over 50 universities and research institutions based in the United States, Latin America, and South Africa. OTS manages a network of ecological research stations in Costa Rica and South Africa. The North American Office is located on the Duke University campus in Durham, North Carolina. OTS offers a variety of courses in Spanish and English for high school, university, graduate students and professionals. Most of the coursework and research conducted at OTS stations focuses on tropical ecology, and the three research stations in Costa Rica are located in distinct ecoregions. OTS provides housing and a cafeteria for students researchers, and sometime ecotourists. OTS is involved in the policy related to tropical biology through courses, hosting meetings and conferences and managing conservation related projects [1] +Along with Cocha Cashu Biological Station and the Manu Learning Centre in Peru, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, the OTS research stations in general (and La Selva in particular) provide some of the most important and productive sites of original research on neotropical ecology. +OTS research stations in Costa Rica: +· La Selva Biological Station: lowland tropical rainforest on the Caribbean lowlands +· Palo Verde Biological Station: tropical dry forest and seasonal freshwater wetlands on north western +· Las Cruces Biological Station: montane rainforest (including higher elevation cloud forest) and site of the Wilson Botanical Garden +OTS research station in South Africa: +· Skukuza Science Leadership Centre: Kruger National Park + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official OTS website +La Selva Protected Zone at Costa Rica National Parks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..340c96b4a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "PC/104 Consortium" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:22.708348+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The PC/104 Consortium is a technology consortium that was established in February 1992 by 12 companies, all sharing a vision of adapting desktop computer technology for embedded applications. Based on the technologies of a IBM PC-based single-board computer developed by American company Ampro in 1987, the PC/104 Consortium has since had a positive effect on the embedded computer marketplace and now includes over 50 member companies. The PC/104 Consortium's technological philosophy is to support legacy technology while developing new solutions for the future. Longevity is a requirement for embedded systems and one of the hallmarks of PC/104 technology. + + +== Adopted specifications == +PC/104 – based on Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) +PC/104-Plus – based on Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) and ISA +PCI-104 – based on PCI +PCI/104-Express – based on PCI Express (PCIe) and PCI +PCIe/104 – based on PCIe +EBX Express – based on PCIe and PCI +EPIC – based on PCI and ISA +EPIC Express – based on PCIe and PCI + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == +Official website +RMS Consortium \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd133d016 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Pacific Section" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:16.717440+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, or PSAAPG, is a non-profit geological society whose members are interested in the geology of the West Coast of the United States. Originally founded in 1924 as the Pacific Society of Petroleum Geologists, this organization today is one of the regional divisions of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). Although mainly geologists associated with the petroleum industry join the society, its membership also includes environmental geologists, educators, geophysicists and engineers who find membership in the organization benefits their personal interests and/or careers. + + +== Affiliated societies == +The Pacific Section is affiliated with several smaller geologic organizations, and the Pacific Section in most cases functions as a liaison between these societies and the parent organization of the AAPG. + +Alaska Geological Society +Coast Geological Society +Los Angeles Basin Geological Society +Northern California Geological Society +Northwest Energy Association +Sacramento Petroleum Association (no website) +San Joaquin Geological Society + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0100662f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "Pakistan Agricultural Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:17.900835+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) (ہیئت برائے زرعی تحقیق پاکستان) is based in Islamabad, Pakistan. + + +== Mission and achievements == +It works in collaboration with Ministry of National Food Security and Research which is headed by a Federal Minister, Tariq Bashir Cheema who is heading the ministry since April 2022. It is an apex agricultural research organization at the national level. Its main objective is to strengthen Pakistan's agricultural research system, comprising the federal and provincial components. +Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Ali is the current Chairman of PARC, a scientist. His visionary approach has taken PARC to real apex position. Dr. Ali is accompanied with the technical members for different divisions in PARC. Among them Dr. Imtiaz Hussain is Member of Plant Sciences Division, Dr. Shahid Maqsood Gill (Member Natural Resource Division), Dr, Zia ul Hasan (Member Animal Sciences Division), Dr. Ghulam Sadiq Afridi (Member Social Sciences Division). Agricultural Engineering Division is headed by Engineer Zulfiqar Ali. The technical assistance is provided by Dr. Faisal Sohail Fateh (Director Technical). +National Agricultural Research Centre is the largest research establishment under PARC in Islamabad. The Director General in charge is Dr. Shahzad Asad. +In 2019, Pakistan was able to produce 20 new high-yielding, disease resistant and climate change-resilient wheat and maize (also called corn) varieties. This was achieved mainly due to the partnership between the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC). USAID, the US development agency also supported this project. + + +== Recent events == +In October 2019, World Food Day was observed at an event at the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) in Islamabad. This event was organized by the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization, Pakistan's Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) and the World Food Programme (WFP). The theme for 2019 was – 'Our actions are our future: healthy diets for a zero hunger world'. + + +== Divisions == +It has seven major research division in conducting research according to the agro-ecological needs of the regions. + +National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad [1] +Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre (SARC), Karachi [2] +Arid Zone Research Centre (AZRC), Quetta [3] +National Tea Research Institute (NTRI), Mansehra [4] +Sugar Crops Research Institute (SRI), Thatta [5] +Himalayan Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), Kaghan [6] +Mountain Agricultural Research Center (MARC), Juglote sai, Gilgit [7] + + +== See also == +Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission +International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology +National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Pakistan Agricultural Research Council/ PARC Pakistan - official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a8d89f04 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:19.077573+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science (PAAS) is a scientific organisation based in Pakistan. Headquartered in Lahore, the organisation was founded in December 1947 soon after the independence of Pakistan, and is among the oldest and premier science organisations in the country. Its aim is the promotion and development of science in the country, as well as to provide a forum for scientific meetings, and facilitate the publication of scientific research papers. Since 1949 the Pakistan Association for the advancement of science has published Pakistan Journal of Science (PJS). + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Chughtai, M.I.D. (1977). Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science: its history and achievements, 1947-1975. Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9284758b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Pakistan Science Club" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:20.287364+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pakistan Science Club (PSC) (Urdu: پاکستان سائنس کلب) is a youth organization in Pakistan that engages students on various scientific activities aimed at promoting scientific and technological knowledge amongst the country's young generation. +Based in Karachi, capital of the Sindh province, the organization runs various seminars and organized activities and, more recently, arranged summer camps in such activities. The club has more recently been engaging in activities in collaboration with other science clubs such as the Karachi astronomy club. PSC has also participated in international science events such as the World Science Day for Peace and Development. +PSC is also member of International Federation of Inventors Associations: IFIA . + + +== See also == +Science and technology in Pakistan + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official site +Official YouTube channel +Facebook page +Official Vimeo channel \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md index 60a8953ed..68ef4482a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:49:02.126399+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:21.539587+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..949ff2d6e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Penn Genome Frontiers Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:23.899396+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, previously known as the Penn Genomics Institute, was established in January 2001 to provide a focus for all aspects of and participants in the genomics community at University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the Wistar Institute. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdbea1f9d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Performance Analysis of Telecommunication Systems" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:25.115250+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Performance Analysis of Telecommunication Systems (PATS) research group is part of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Antwerp. The group was founded in 1995. PATS performs basic, applied, and contract research related to the performance analysis of telecommunication systems and the impact of performance on the architecture and the design of these systems. +The PATS research group is one of the groups that are involved in the Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT) which was founded by the Flemish government on 19 March 2004. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +PATS homepage Archived 8 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7627bcd3e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:26.281365+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania was established in 1903 with a grant from Henry Phipps, a former business partner of Andrew Carnegie. Dr. Esmond R. Long was the director of the institute from 1935 until his retirement in 1955. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee36d1f2b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Planète Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:27.458512+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Planète Sciences is a French voluntary association founded in 1962 dedicated to the sciences. +The organization organizes the Coupe de France de robotique and Eurobot, an international amateur robotics contest + + +== External links == +Planète Sciences (in French) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc93fd616 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Plasma Science Society of India" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:28.642974+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Plasma Science Society of India was founded in 1978 at Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad in India for the benefit of the fusion community working on plasma. This serves the thrive for knowledge towards the fusion research in the field of theoretical and experimental research, it associated with India Science, Technology and Innovation, . The devices are SST-1, SINP-Tokamak, AdityaTokamak, SST-2 (DEMO) to generate the electricity.There are over 950 life-member of this society along with number of annual members. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7882b0f04 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Platteville Atmospheric Observatory" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:29.842137+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Platteville Atmospheric Observatory located near Platteville, Colorado was one of the first major ionospheric heaters in the world. Operating from 1968 through 1984, it expanded knowledge of ionospheric processes greatly. The observatory continues operation, but now focuses on wind profiling. The first studies were made of HF heater induced airglow, heater-induced spread F, wide band heater-induced absorption, and heater created field-aligned ionization. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +References to experiments and programs at Platteville \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a339eca4e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Limnological Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:30.970169+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Polish Limnological Society (Polish: Polskie Towarzystwo Limnologiczne (PTLim)) is a Polish scientific society that disseminates information among limnologists, those who study all aspects of lakes, including their physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and management. It was founded at the "Fifth National Limnological Conference" in 2001 and, as of 2021, has over 100 active members. In 2009 it organized the International Conference "Lakes, Reservoirs and Ponds. Impacts – Threats – Conservation" partnered with the Czech Limnological Society and Romanian Limnogeographical Association. In 2019, PLS organized the International Conference "Lakes & Reservoirs: Hot Spots in Limnology" in co-operation with the Romanian Limnogeographical Association [1]. +PTLim publishes the scientific journal Limnological Review. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +PTLim official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2da4b10b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "ProSpace" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:32.177090+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ProSpace is a nonprofit citizens space advocacy group. +Annually, these members speak to the congressional leaders in an attempt to open space for the average citizen. One such initiative is expanding the use of prize competitions that would spur space innovations and the creation of a National Space Prize Board (NSPB). +ProSpace helped push the passage of space-related legislative initiatives, among these are the Commercial Space Act of 1998, space solar power programs, and technology development for the reusable launch system. +Every year in March many of the group's members travel to Washington, D.C. for an event called "March Storm." + + +== See also == +National Space Society +Space colonization +Space Frontier Foundation +Vision for Space Exploration + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md index d575d461d..e5797416c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:45.396604+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:33.464175+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d90fc89f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "RWTH Aachen Faculty of Computer Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:45.174674+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Faculty of Computer science is a faculty of the RWTH Aachen University. The faculty was founded in 2025, though computer science has been taught at the university since 1972. + + +== History == + + +=== Founding === +The faculty was founded in 2025 and is the first faculty to be founded at the university since 1966. + + +=== Previous status === +Previously, it was part of the RWTH Aachen Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, which has since been renamed to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. +Computer science was added to the curriculum in 1972 and was then added to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences as a new department in 1986. It has since become a large part of the university with national and international recognition. + + +=== Students === +At the time of the split, its students made up 50% of the students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..128802f8b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "RWTH Aachen Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:46.379162+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural sciences is one of nine faculties at the RWTH Aachen University. It comprises four sections for mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. The faculty was founded in 1880 and produced several notable individuals like Arnold Sommerfeld and Nobel Prize laureates Philipp Lenard, Wilhelm Wien, Johannes Stark or Karl Ziegler. Peter Debye studied physics at the RWTH Aachen and won the Nobel Prize in 1936. Furthermore, Helmut Zahn and his team of the Institute for textile chemistry were the first who synthesised Insulin. +The faculty cooperates with Forschungszentrum Jülich and the 4 Fraunhofer Institutes in Aachen. Several projects are assisted by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Union. In the academic year 2019/20, approximately 9,700 students are enrolled in the faculty, which makes it the second largest faculty at the RWTH. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Department of Mathematics (German version) +Department of Physics (English version) +Department of Chemistry (English version) +Department of Biology (German version) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..779ca7aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Rathenau Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:34.647233+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Rathenau Institute (Dutch: Rathenau Instituut) is an organisation in the Netherlands for technology assessment. It is a member of the European Parliamentary Technology Assessment. +The Institute was formed in 1986 as the Netherlands Organisation for Technology Assessment (Dutch: Nederlandse Organisatie van Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek). It was formed by the Minister of Education and Sciences on the recommendation of a commission led by Gerhart Wolfgang Rathenau. In 1994, several years after the death of Rathenau in 1989, it was renamed to the Rathenau Institute and relocated within the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ffcadd1e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Recherche en Prévision Numérique" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:35.829835+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Recherche en Prévision Numérique center (RPN) is responsible for the research and development of the modelling component of the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) System for the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) and the Regional Meteorological Centers of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment Canada (EC). +Their work continues to underpin the operational MSC forecast systems. +The roots of RPN can be traced back to 1959, when the Dynamic Prediction Research (DPR) unit was established in Montréal. Over time, DPR was renamed RPN, and the CAO, with which RPN has always been co-located, evolved into the CMC. + +The evolution of weather forecasting in Canada has transformed dramatically from manual, chart-based forecasting to an automated process powered by advanced computer models. +This transformation was largely driven by the continual development of the Canadian NWP suite and the contributions of RPN scientists. These scientists were at the forefront of numerous NWP innovations, such as the integration of semi-Lagrangian schemes in the 1980s, which played a key role in advancing computational weather prediction. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"Introduction to RPN (Recherche en Prévision Numérique)". Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC). Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2026-03-16. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94af906f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Research4Life" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:39.402546+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Research4Life is a platform and website dedicated to making peer-reviewed knowledge public to students and researchers in lower income countries. Research4Life provides free or low cost access to academic and professional peer-reviewed content online. In 2021 Research4Life offered 132,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. + + +== Organization == + + +=== Partners === +Research4Life is led by an Executive Council and several supporting teams of representatives from a variety of partner organizations, including: + +Cornell University +Elsevier +Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) +Information Training & Outreach Centre for Africa (ITOCA) +International Labour Organization (ILO) +Librarians Without Borders +Oxford University Press +Portsys +STM +Taylor & Francis Group +United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) +World Health Organization (WHO) +World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) +Yale University Library + + +=== Programs === +Research4Life consists of five programs: + +HINARI, research for health; +AGORA, research on agriculture; +ARDI, research for development and innovation; +OARE, research in the environment; +GOALI, research for global justice. + + +== External links == +Official website + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md index 3721a9068..4f1d350a7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:06:46.451931+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:38.232009+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..427fb27de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Danish Geographical Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:40.563736+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Danish Geographical Society (RDGS, Danish: Det Kongelige Danske Geografiske Selskab) is a scientific society. The society aims to furthethe knowledge of the Earth and its inhabitants and to disseminate interest in the science of geography. +It was founded 18 November 1876 on the initiative of Professor E. D. Erslev. The society is based in Copenhagen, Denmark. +The society publishes an academic journal, the Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. + + +== Awards and medals == +The society awards several prizes and medals to those people who contribute to geographical science and research in areas of natural and cultural geography. +The society awards the Hans Egede Medal in silver 'preferably for geographical studies and research in the Arctic countries'. It was established in 1916 and named after Hans Egede, who was a Danish missionary in Greenland. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Royal Danish Geographical Society website (in Danish and English) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38d524ae8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Dutch Mathematical Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:41.755153+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Dutch Mathematical Society (Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap in Dutch, abbreviated as KWG) was founded in 1778. Its goal is to promote the development of mathematics, both from a theoretical and applied point of view. +The society publishes the quarterly journal Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, the magazine Pythagoras, wiskundetijdschrift voor jongeren for high school children, and the scientific journal Indagationes Mathematicae. +Each year the society organizes a winter symposium for high school teachers. Biannually Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap organizes the Dutch Mathematical Congress. Once every three years, the society awards the prestigious Brouwer Medal to a distinguished mathematician. This medal is named after L. E. J. Brouwer. + + +== Honorary members == + + +== Institutional members == +The society has the following institutional members: + +Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica +Delft University of Technology +Eindhoven University of Technology +Leiden University +Radboud University Nijmegen +University of Amsterdam: +Institute for Logic, Language and Computation +Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics +University of Groningen +Utrecht University +Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"KWG". wiskgenoot.nl Official website. Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap. 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b3be5491 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:42.894881+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh was a learned society based in Edinburgh, Scotland "for the cultivation of the physical sciences". +The society was founded in 1771 as the Physico-Chirurgical Society but soon after changed its name to the Physical Society. After being granted a Royal Charter in 1778 it became the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. +It absorbed a number of other societies over the next fifty years, including the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1782 (not to be confused with the extant Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, founded in 1821), the American Physical Society in 1796 (not to be confused with the extant American Physical Society, founded in 1899), the Hibernian Medical Society in 1799, the Chemical Society in 1803, the Natural History Society in 1812 and the Didactic Society in 1813. +The society occupied a lecture hall in Nicholson Street, Edinburgh, complete with library. From 1854 to 1965, it published the journal Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, devoted to articles on experimental biology and natural history. +Members of the society were known as Fellows and permitted to use the post-nominal letters FRPSE. Presidents were elected at intervals, sometimes more than one for each year. +Some of the records of the Society, for the period 1828–1884, are maintained by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. + + +== Presidents of the Society == +Source: + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fb9e6f4b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Scottish Forestry Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:44.018515+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Scottish Forestry Society was founded in 1854 as the Scottish Arboricultural Society. In 1869, the society received the patronage of Queen Victoria and the "Royal" prefix was added in 1887. The name changed to the current one in 1930. +In addition to advising the forestry industry, the RSFS manages its own woodland, Cashel Forest at Cashel, near Milarrochy Bay on the east shore of Loch Lomond. The RSFS purchased the site in 1996 and since then has been establishing a native woodland to demonstrate best practice in woodland management and growing timber. +The RSFS publishes a journal, Scottish Forestry. +Among its past presidents was the Scottish botanist Dr. Hugh Cleghorn. + + +== See also == + +The Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society 1888-1926". in the Biodiversity Heritage Library. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db4f30c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:47.582287+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation (SCOT), was established in 1985 by the Government of Saudi Arabia. It was formerly known as the National Kidney Foundation (Saudi), until it was renamed in 1993, and is a centre for the transplantation of organs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its Director General is Talal Algoufi. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..665e1ae59 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Schimmel-Conrades Science Center" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:48.812793+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Schimmel-Conrades Science Center is a science building at Ohio Wesleyan University. +The Science Center involved the renovation of 100,000 square feet (9,290 m²) of indoor space, including physically connecting the two old science facilities, constructing 52,000 square feet (4,830 m²) of additional space, and creating an expanded and integrated science library, amphitheatre, and three-story atrium. +The Science Center includes a cafe and vending machines. The floorspace is used for events ranging from the annual President's Ball to regular poster sessions. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Schimmel-Conrades Science Center Site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d552188 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Science Oxford" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:49.990648+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science Oxford is part of a charitable organisation called The Oxford Trust, based in Oxford, England. Science Oxford is the trust's education and public engagement branch. The Oxford Trust was founded in 1985 by Sir Martin and Lady Audrey Wood. Science Oxford was founded in 2006. Science Oxford operates the Science Oxford Centre, a science discovery centre located in Headington, and educational programmes. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Science Oxford website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..729e79581 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Scientific Analysis Group" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:51.701399+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Scientific Analysis Group (SAG) is a laboratory of the Indian Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located in Delhi its primary function is to evolve new scientific methods for design and analysis of communication systems + + +== References == + + +== External links == +DRDO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..792c5b27e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:52.858646+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory was founded in Nicolson Street, Edinburgh in 1906, by William Speirs Bruce, who had travelled widely in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and had led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE) 1902–04. Bruce had originally studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but had transferred his studies to the natural sciences and, through his varied experiences, had established a reputation as a polar scientist. He had also collected a large number of botanical, biological, zoological and geological specimens, together with vast amounts of meteorological and magnetic data. The laboratory, established in Edinburgh at premises in Nicolson Street, provided a place to examine, store or display these materials, an office from which Bruce could work on the SNAE scientific reports, and a base from which further expeditions could be planned. +It was Bruce's ambition that the laboratory should develop into a Scottish National Oceanographical Institute. A meeting to discuss this possibility was held in May 1914, and the proposal gained significant support from leading Scottish scientists. An organising committee was established, but the matter was shelved on the outbreak of war in August 1914 and was not revived. In 1919 lack of funding, combined with his failing health, forced Bruce to close the laboratory, donating the various specimens, books and other materials to the University of Edinburgh, the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and the Royal Scottish Museum. His illness ended with his death in 1921. + + +== References == + + +== Sources == +Speak, Peter: William Speirs Bruce, Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh 2003 ISBN 1-901663-71-X \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder-0.md index 02d8e517c..a295ceb6c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:58:21.714760+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:05.863188+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..054ed8a52 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:54.031242+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SBRAS) was established by the Decree of the Government of the USSR which was based on the proposal of Mikhail Lavrentyev, Sergei Sobolev and Sergey Khristianovich in 1957 as a regional division of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, replacing a previous small branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Novosibirsk State University was founded to serve as a staff base for the Siberian Branch. +Lavrentyev was also the founding chairman of the branch. + + +== History == +During the war, hundreds of scientists were evacuated to Siberia, and in 1943 the West Siberian Branch (WSF) of the Soviet Union Academy of Sciences was created. Initially, the WSF allowed scientists to work in various cities. But since 1948, most scientists have been working in Novosibirsk. +Formed in May 1957 on the initiative of academicians Mikhail Lavrentyev, Sergei Sobolev, and Sergey Khristianovich. When the department was organized, it included scientific institutions of the West Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (formed in 1943), East Siberian Branch of the Soviet Union Academy of Sciences (formed in 1949), Yakut Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (formed in 1949), the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formed in 1932), as well as the Sakhalin Complex Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Krasnoyarsk. +In 1982, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated May 4, he was awarded the Order of Lenin. +In 1999 he was awarded the Order of the Polar Star. +Official names: + +1957 - Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (SBAS USSR) +1991 - Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SBRAS) +Chairmen of the Siberian branch: + +1957 - Mikhail Lavrentyev +1975 - Gury Marchuk +1980 - Valentin Koptyug +1997 - Nikolay Leontievich Dobretsov +2008 - Alexander Leonidovich Aseev +2017 - Valentin Parmon + + +== International collaboration == +The institution is a member of the University of the Arctic. UArctic is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of more than 200 universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region. The collaboration has been paused after the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022. + + +== Publications == +The Siberian branch publishes two journals — Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia and Geography and Natural Resource — in association with Elsevier. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbc2d3ba6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Silesian Institute in Katowice" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:55.229997+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Silesian Institute in Katowice (Polish: Instytut Śląski w Katowicach) was a regional scientific organization collecting local information about the region of Silesia, working in Katowice from 1934 to 1939 and 1945 to 1949, and during the Nazi occupation of Poland during World War II (1939 to 1945) as an underground movement in Warschau, Krakau and Lemburg. +Between 1945 and 1948, the Silesian Institute founded branches in Wrocław and Kłodzko and also the Jerzy Bandtkie Library in Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój. During reorganization in 1948, the Silesian Institute became part of the Western Institute in Poznań. +The works and tradition of the Silesian Institute are continued by the Silesian Institute in Opole (Instytut Śląski w Opolu) established in 1957 and the Silesian Scientific Institute in Katowice (Śląski Instutut Naukowy w Katowicach) established in 1958. Designed by Stanislaw Kwasniewicz, the Silesian Scientific Institute building located at 32 Graniczna Street was representative of an architectural style known as Katowice brutalism. It was demolished in 2022. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27ac5cc60 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Sirris" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:56.405217+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sirris is a non-profit scientific organisation in Belgium. It is an important collaborative centre for the Belgian technology industry. Until 2007, Sirris was known as CRIF-WTCM, which was founded in 1949 by Fabrimetal (now known as Agoria, the Belgian federation of technology industries). + + +== Mission == +The mission of Sirris is to support its members and clients in order to increase their competitive position on the international market through technological innovation. The organization carries out applied research and development in close cooperation with industry. Sirris participates in development projects at different levels, from European Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development to regional ones. + + +== COPTURN == +One of the biggest achievements of Sirris so far is the Cutting Optimisation Program, or COPTURN for short. It is a software package that is used to calculate the optimal cutting conditions, the program then calculates the job time and cost. + + +== Development fields == + + +=== Additive manufacturing === +Sirris performs researches on mains additive manufacturing technologies such as selective laser melting, 3D printing, laser cladding, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, Aero Jet Printing and paste polymerization (ceramic + polymer). +All these technologies start from a CAD file to build it in metal, polymer or ceramic. In November 2019, Sirris inaugurates an additive production line demonstrator combining design and production processes by additive manufacturing and principles and processes 4.0. + + +=== Product Development Hub === +In 2018, Sirris invested 850,000 euros in a new infrastructure focused on three areas: light products, miniaturisation and product connectivity in order to enable companies to enable prototyping quickly for industrialization. + + +== See also == +Agoria +National Fund for Scientific Research + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..602fccde6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Skochinsky Institute of Mining" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:57.581359+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Skochinsky Institute of Mining (full name: National Mining Research Center – A.A. Skochinsky Institute of Mining; Russian: Институт горного дела им. А. А. Скочинского) is an institute of mining located in Lyubertsy, Russia. It was established in 1927 as the All-Union Institute of Coal. In 1959, it merged with the Institute of Mining of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, established in 1938. In 1962, it was named after academician Alexander Skochinsky. In 1968, a branch of the Skochinsky Institute of Mining was established in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia, which researched oil shale mining. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..840163ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:59.167010+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Center for Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located near Manali, Himachal Pradesh its primary function is research in the field of snow and avalanches to provide avalanche control measures and forecasting support to Indian Armed Forces. In 2020, Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) was merged with Snow and Avalanche Studies Establishment which is renamed into Defence Geoinformatics Research Establishment (DGRE). + + +== See also == +List of DRDO laboratories +Aeronautical Development Agency +Bharat Electronics Limited +Defence Institute of Advanced Technology +Hindustan Aeronautics Limited +Ordnance Factories Board + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36f5ee282 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Society and Technology Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:02.711972+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society and Technology Institute (Dutch: Instituut Samenleving en Technologie) was from 2000 until 2013 a Flemish institute. The institute was associated with the Flemish Parliament, for which it provided advice on complex issues involving society and technology. +Until 2008 it was called the Flemish Institute for Scientific and Technological Aspect research (Dutch: Vlaams Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk en Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek, viWTA). +The Flemish Parliament abolished the institute per 1 January 2013. The technology assessment function and several employees were transferred to the Flemish Institute for Technological Research. + + +== See also == +Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences +Flemish Council for Science and Innovation (VRWI) +Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) +Science and technology in Flanders + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4d0d0dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Society for Biomolecular Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:03.919681+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for Biomolecular Sciences (SBS) was an international learned society, originally established as the Society for Biomolecular Screening in 1994, for scientists and technologists in academia, government and industry, headquartered in Danbury, CT, US. Its focus was education and information exchange among professionals in the chemical, pharmaceutical, biotech, and agrochemical industries in the field of drug discovery and technologies. It was the publisher of the peer-reviewed scientific journal, Journal of Biomolecular Screening. In 2010, it merged with the Association for Laboratory Automation to form the Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening. +SBS has created, in collaboration with ANSI, dimensional standards for microplates used in screening. Originally, recognized as the ANSI/SBS standard, it is now as the ANSI/SLAS standard. + + +== External links == +Society for Biomolecular Sciences, described by its successor organization, SLAS +Journal of Biomolecular Screening web site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca41995cb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +--- +title: "Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:05.078267+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB) is a nonprofit, international association dedicated to the advancement of microbiological sciences, especially as they apply to industrial products, biotechnology, materials, and processes. SIMB promotes the exchange of scientific information through its meetings and publications, and serves as liaison among the specialized fields of microbiology. SIMB was established in 1949 as the Society for Industrial Microbiology (SIM) by Walter Ezekiel, Charles Thom, and Charles L. Porter. + + +== Governance == +The SIMB is governed by a constitution and bylaws. The membership of SIMB elects a Board of Directors that consists of a President, President-Elect, Past-President, Secretary, Treasurer, and four Directors. + + +== Publications == +SIMB has two publications, the Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology and SIMB News. + + +== Scientific Meetings == + + +=== SIMB Annual Meeting === +Source: + + +=== Symposium on Biomaterials, Fuels and Chemicals (SBFC) === +Source: +The first Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was held in 1978 and hosted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN). It was the first technical meeting focusing exclusively on the biotechnologically-‐mediated conversion of renewable feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic plant biomass, to fuels and chemicals. This annual meeting soon became large enough to be co-‐hosted by the predecessor of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) and the Symposium's location alternated yearly between Tennessee and Colorado. In 2008, SIMB began handling the logistics of the meeting and locations were expanded to include other states, with the Symposium being held in alternate years in the eastern or western United States. + + +=== Recent Advances in Fermentation Technology (RAFT) === +Source: + + +=== Industrial Microbiology Meets Microbiome (IMMM) === +Source: + + +=== Natural Products === +Source: +Although there has been a steady decline in natural product discovery efforts in the pharmaceutical industry over the last three decades, natural product chemical scaffolds have continued to yield important human antimicrobial agents, immunomodulators, and antitumor agents, as well as plant crop protectants. Natural product discovery is currently undergoing a renaissance based to a large extent on the observations from microbial genome sequencing projects indicating that only a fraction of the potential microbial secondary metabolites from actinomycetes, other eubacteria, and fungi have been discovered so far, and that most secondary metabolite pathways are not expressed under normal laboratory growth conditions. However, the new discipline of “genome mining” has been exploring ways to activate the expression of these “cryptic pathways.” + + +== Past Presidents == +1949–51 Charles Thom (2 terms) +1951–52 Benjamin Duggar +1952–53 Kenneth B. Raper +1953–54 James Horsfall +1954–56 Boyd Woodruff (2 terms) +1956–57 J.M. McGuire +1957–58 C.W. Hesseltine +1958–59 Charles Porter +1959–60 Charles C. Yeager +1960–61 Arthur M. Kaplan +1961–62 Frederick Kavanagh +1962–63 Eugene L. Dulaney +1963–64 Brinton Miller +1964–65 Gaylen Bradley +1965–66 John N. Porter +1966–67 Saul Rich +1967–68 Leland A. Underkofler +1968–69 Robert W. Squires +1969–70 Morris R. Rogers +1970–71 John H. Litchfield +1971–72 Donal C. Wehner +1972–73 Michael A. Pisano +1973–74 Richard P. Elander +1974–75 William W. Leathen +1975–76 W. Max Stark +1976–77 Edward O. Stapley +1977–78 Robert L. Huddleston +1978–79 Allen I. Laskin +1979–80 Paul A. Lemke +1980–81 Raymond T. Testa +1981–82 Bernard J. Abbott +1982–83 Donald G. Ahearn +1983–84 C. Herb Ward +1984–85 Claude H. Nash +1985–86 George A. Somkuti +1986–87 Robert F. Acker +1987–88 Robert T. Belly +1988–89 C. George Hollis +1989–90 Paula Myers–Keith +1990–91 Arnold L. Demain +1991–92 Robert D. Schwartz +1992–93 Joseph J. Cooney +1993–94 Jennie C. Hunter–Cevera +1994–95 Edward J. Arcuri +1995–96 Steve Orndorff +1996–97 Harold Rossmoore +1997–98 Linda Lasure +1998–99 LaVerne Boeck +1999–00 Vincent Gullo +2000–01 Kristien Mortelmans +2001–02 Joan W. Bennett +2002–03 Ann C. Horan +2003–04 Douglas Jaeger +2004–05 Richard Baltz +2005–06 Jeffrey Schwartz +2006–07 Paul Cino +2007–08 Carol D. Litchfield +2008–09 George Pierce +2009–10 Susan T. Bagley +2010–11 Badal Saha +2011–12 Neal Connors +2012–13 Thomas Jeffries +2013–14 Leonard Katz +2014–15 E. Timothy Davies +2015–16 Scott Baker +2016–17 George Garrity +2017–18 Debbie Yaver +2018–19 Steve Van Dien +2019–20 Janet Westpheling +2020-21 Steve Decker + + +== Awards == +SIMB's awards include the following: + +SIMB Industry Award +Charles Thom Award +Charles Porter Award +Waksman Outstanding Teaching Award +Fellowship Status +Young Investigator Award +Carol D. Litchfield Best Student Oral Presentation Award +Carol D. Litchfield Best Student Poster Presentation Award +Diversity Travel Awards + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Society for Industrial Microbiology records, 1949-2001 at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37afa6faa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:06.216621+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR) was founded in 1974 as an interdisciplinary network for trainers and researchers in the area of intercultural and cross-cultural communication. +As of 2004, SIETAR had a network of national and regional professional networks with more than 3,000 members worldwide. It holds NGO status with the United Nations. Kathryn Sorrells states that it "played a central role in facilitating collaboration among intercultural practitioners". For a time, SIETAR was the publisher of the International Journal of Intercultural Relations before the publication was taken over by the International Academy of Intercultural Research. +SIETAR has many different bodies, like Argentina, Austria, Brazil, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Europe, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USA, and Young Sietar. + + +== Foundation == +L. Robert Kohls is a founding member. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website (Sietar USA) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7d71c360 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Society for Prevention Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:07.419748+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for Prevention Research (SPR) is an American non-profit learned society dedicated to prevention science. + + +== History == +The Society for Prevention Research was established in 1991 at a meeting of National Institute on Drug Abuse staff and prevention research center directors held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. By the following spring, it was incorporated as a non-profit organization in New York. Steven P. Schinke served as the Society's first president from 1993 to 1995. In 2000, its official journal, Prevention Science, was established. + + +== Presidents == +The president of the Society for Prevention Research is Guillermo "Willy" Prado. The following is a partial list of the Society's past presidents: + +1993–1995: Steven P. Schinke +1995–1997: Richard Clayton +1997–1998: Karol Kumpfer +1998 (interim): Richard Clayton +1998–2001: Sheppard Kellam +2001–2003: Gilbert Botvin +2003–2005: J. David Hawkins +2005–2007: Anthony Biglan +2007–2009: Zili Sloboda +2009–2011: Linda Collins +2011–2013: Deborah Gorman-Smith +2013–2015: Felipe Gonzalez Castro + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology-0.md index e5d54aa24..27bca9293 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:03:20.474390+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:08.642688+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8aa7b80 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Society for the Scientific Study of Religion" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:09.834333+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (was founded at Harvard University in 1949) was formed to advance research in the social scientific perspective on religious institutions and experiences. The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion is published by the society to provide a forum for empirical papers in the topic area. On the society's home page, it is clear that they promote interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration - with organizations etc. - carried out by prominent members. (See Hoesly and nondenominationals, for example, as gleaned from the references — one of Hoesly's texts: “‘Need a Minister? [...]"). + + +== Presidents == + + +== See also == + +American Academy of Religion +Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry +Association for the Sociology of Religion +Canadian Society for the Study of Religion +Psychology of religion +Religious Research Association +Religious studies +Sociology of religion + + +== References == + + +=== Footnotes === + + +=== Bibliography === + + +== Further reading == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57133a8f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Society for the Social History of Medicine" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:11.022084+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM) was established in 1970. It is known for its peer-reviewed journal Social History of Medicine (since 1988) and the three book series it has sponsored, Studies in the Social History of Medicine (1989-2009), Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine, and Social Histories of Medicine. Its first meeting and inaugural lecture was in May 1970. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e361f6e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Society for the Study of Human Development" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:12.195994+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for the Study of Human Development (SSHD) is a professional society formed by a group of scholars from multiple disciplines (e.g., medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, economics, and history). The central focus of SSHD is to provide an organization that moves beyond age-segmented scholarly organizations to take an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to ages/stages across the life span, generational and ecological contexts of human development, and research and applications to human development policies and programs. It was founded in 1998 when a group of scholars met at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Its first meeting was held in November 1999. The current president of the society is Carolyn Aldwin (Oregon State University), and the president-elect is Lynn S. Liben (The Pennsylvania State University). The society's official journal is Research in Human Development. + + +== Past presidents == +Former presidents of the SSHD include: + +David Henry Feldman (Tufts University) +Kristine Ajrouch (Eastern Michigan University) +Willis Overton (Temple University) +Cynthia García Coll (Brown University/University of Puerto Rico) +Lawrence Schiamberg (Michigan State University) +Toni Antonucci (University of Michigan) +Susan Whitbourne (University of Massachusetts) +Jacquelyn James (Boston College) +Richard M. Lerner (Tufts University) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5967aaad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Society of Economic Geologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:13.335314+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) is a scientific organization that promotes the study of geology as it relates to mining, mineral exploration, mineral resource classification and mineral extraction. The society's Publication Board publishes the scientific journal Economic Geology. The society serves 7,000+ members worldwide with research, publications, courses, and field trips. + + +== History == +SEG began in 1919 with a group of Geological Society of America (GSA) with an interest in economic geology. December 28, 1920, 60 distinguished professionals met and established the organization. + + +== Notable economic geologists == +Pavel Pavlovich Goudkoff (Gudkov) (1921). He was the organizer of the journal "Economic Geology" also. +Josiah E. Spurr (1923-1924) +C.K. Leith (1925-1926) +William E. Wrather (1934-1935) +William O. Hotchkiss, President (1946-1947) +Anthony J. Naldrett, President (1991-1992) + + +== See also == +List of geoscience organizations + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9336459e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Society of Friends of Science in Wilno" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:14.513616+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Society of Friends of Science in Wilno (Polish: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie) was a Polish scientific society which functioned in Wilno (since 1945 Vilnius) from 1906 to 1939. The Society was involved with the reopening of the Stefan Batory University in Wilno. One of its presidents was Marian Zdziechowski, a popular figure in the pre-World War II Wilno. +The Society was destroyed during World War II by the occupying authorities. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society-0.md index 91f172ca6..de4b617f2 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:33:55.937794+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:15.739957+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8628adcf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Société Royale Belge de Géographie" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:01.502902+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Société Royale Belge de Géographie (In English, the Royal Belgian Geographical Society) or SRBG, is a Belgian learned society which works to promote geographical sciences. + + +== History == +The Société was founded on 27 August 1876 as the Belgian Society of Geography a few days before the opening of the Brussels Geographic Conference to promote the exploration of various parts of the world. It was initially involved with commercial investment in Belgian colonies. In 1882 King Leopold II authorised the society to use the prefix "Royal". Although it was later funded privately Adrien de Gerlache first unveiled his plans for the Belgian Antarctic Expedition to the society in 1894. +In 1900 the society had more than one thousand members including several explorers such as the American, Richard Mohun. By the middle of the twentieth century the society had changed its objectives from exploration to scientific research and study. The SRBG represents Belgium in the European Society of Geography and publishes the Belgian Journal of Geography, now branded as Belgeo (ISSN 2294-9135). The SRBG awards a gold medal to noted geographers and explorers. + + +== Presidents == +Count Hippolyte d'Ursel. + + +== See also == +Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp + + +== References == + + +== Bibliography == +issued by the society +Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géographie, 1876-1881 +Bulletin de la Société Royale Belge de Géographie, 1882-1961 +Revue belge de géographie, 1962-1999 +about the society +Modern Geography: An Encylopaedic Survey. 1991. [1] +Barrett-Gaines, Kathryn (1997), "Travel Writing, Experiences, and Silences: What Is Left out of European Travelers' Accounts: The Case of Richard D. Mohun", History in Africa, 24, African Studies Association: 53–70, doi:10.2307/3172018, JSTOR 3172018, S2CID 164350271 +Riffenburgh, Beau (2007), Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-415-97024-2 + + +== External links == +Official homepage (in French) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7639336d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Société d'Encouragement au Progrès" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:00.344198+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Société d'Encouragement au Progrès is a NGO fighting for initiative, responsibility and progress headquartered in Paris (France). It publishes a quarterly review called La Tribune du Progrès. +In 2009, the article "Cancer: curing is good, preventing is better" awarded André Gernez. + + +== Founders == +Albert Lebrun +Paul Painlevé +Louis Cailletet +Lumière brothers +Édouard Belin +Edouard Branly + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == +Albert Masri presentation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed416f939 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "South Australian Science Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:16.909661+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The South Australian Science Council is a body which provides high level, independent science policy advice to the Government of South Australia and to the Chief Scientist of South Australia. It also oversees the implementation of the state's Investing in Science action plan. Prior to June 2015 the council was known as the Premier's Science and Industry Council, and prior to that, the Premier's Science and Research Council. The council was established during the first term of the Rann government in June 2002 "to advise the government on strategies for boosting local science and research capabilities and improving levels of innovation." +In 2011, the council re-examined its priorities, and focused on the development of the State's science and research capabilities "in the critical area of adaptation to industry." Minister Tom Kenyon said the shift of focus was "in line with the recommendations to revitalise manufacturing as proposed by the ‘Thinker in Residence’, Professor Göran Roos and in the establishment of the Department of Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy." + + +== Membership == + +Members of the council are recommended by the Chief Scientist then approved by the Minister for Science and Information Economy. As of October 2016, membership of the council includes: + +Dr Leanna Read (chair) +Dr Drew Evans +Professor Geoffrey Fincher +Dr Carolin Plewa +Professor Karen Reynolds +Mr Kim Scott +Dr Meera Verma +Professor Martin Westwell +Former members include: + +Dr Nasir Ahmed +Professor Richard Blandy +Professor Barry Brook +Professor Neil Bryans +Dr Ian Chessell (Chair) +Professor Edwina Cornish +Professor Lynne Cobiac +Dr Patricia Crook +Professor Ian Davey +Professor Tim Flannery (Co-Chair) +Dr Ian Gould +Lloyd Groves +Professor Richard Head +Mike Heard +Professor Peter Langridge +Dr Rob Lewis +Professor Angel Lopez +Professor Chris Marlin +Professor Neville Marsh +Professor Suzanne Millar +Professor Tanya Monro +Dr Craig Priest +Professor Don Roberton +Paul Sandercock +Andrew Stock +Professor Phyllis Tharenou +Dr Gabrielle Todd +Dennis Mutton + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a584643b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Southeastern Universities Research Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:18.056682+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. (SURA) is a non-profit association with member universities from the United States and Canada. SURA is focused on advancing science, research, and educational discovery. +SURA is the parent company of Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (JSA), which is the Management and Operations (M&O) contractor for Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Virginia. In addition to Jefferson Lab, SURA supports space science and technology, information technology, and coastal and environmental research. +SURA was founded in May 1980 at a meeting at The College of William & Mary, in which a group of research physicists from various universities recognized the opportunity to create a consortium to promote the expansion of nuclear physics in southeastern United States. Harry Holmgren, of the University of Maryland, was the first elected president of SURA, with Jim McCarthy of the University of Virginia as the Vice President. SURA was initially formed in response to the science community’s desire to build an electron macerator to explore the role of quarks in nuclear structure. This CEBAF is now known as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). + + +== Organization == +As a consortium of 57 advanced research institutions, SURA collaborates with its members to bring expertise to support the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Department of Defense in addition to other federal and commercial industry research and development programs. + +SURA currently collaborates with NASA on the (CRESST II) program and the Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research (GESTAR II) program. + + +== SURAnet == + +The goal of SURA was the development of a particle accelerator for research in nuclear physics; this facility is now known as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. By the mid-1980s it was clear that access to high-capacity computer resources would be needed to facilitate collaboration among the SURA member institutions. A high-performance network to provide this access was essential, but no single institution could afford to develop such a system. SURA itself stepped up to the challenge and, with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and SURA universities, “SURAnet” was up and running in 1987, and was part of the first phase of National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) funding as the agency built a network to facilitate scientific collaboration. + + +== Member institutions == +Member Institutions: + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..808a010b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Statistics Without Borders" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:19.233755+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Statistics Without Borders (SWB) is an organization of volunteers that provide pro bono statistical consulting and assistance to organizations or governments to help deal with health issues. SWB is sponsored by the American Statistical Association. Their goal is to help international health initiatives and projects be delivered more effectively through better use of statistics. +Some of the past and present projects include design and analysis about a survey about a public health intervention project in Sierra Leone, and another in Haiti, a survey of the economic impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, reviewing food security survey projects for the Food and Nutritional Technical Assistance II (FANTA-2) project at the Academy for Educational Development, and helping to prepare a proposal to survey households in Mexico about their use of bottled water. + + +== Projects == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Statistics Without Borders homepage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1aa7dcfb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:20.408523+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative (SSETI) is a unique project put into execution by students from different universities spread over European countries. In collaboration with space industry they aim to build microsatellites together. +Most universities do not have capabilities to build their own complete satellite. The SSETI aims to combine different academic capabilities to realise pan-European student missions. Space projects, which are beyond the local existing capabilities, will be made possible through the fragmentation and redistribution of many small, locally achievable tasks. Ambitious projects, such as a lunar lander, may be realised by this distributed development. + + +== SWARM == +SWARM is the youngest project in line. SWARM will be developed consisting by a nanosatellite releasing femtosatellites into low Earth orbit from where scientific and/or technical experiments will be conducted. + + +== ESEO == +The ESEO (European Student Earth Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who ran the project independently from SSETI. ESEO was launched from Vandenberg AFB on 3 December 2018 as a part of Spaceflight's SmallSat Express and was expected to function for 6 to 18 months. +The Mission Control Center was located in Forlì (Italy). +The ESEO project concluded in December 2020, after operating for two years. + + +== ESMO == + +The ESMO (European Student Moon Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who now run the project independently from SSETI. + + +== SSETI Express == + + +== See also == +Mozhayets-5 +ESA +SSETI Express Satellite +SEDS + + +== References == + + +== External links == +SSETI Website +A3E Website (SPAIN/Catalan Division) +Viktoria Schöneich "No, we are not calling E.T., we're going to the Moon! (YouTube Video) SpaceUp Stuttgart 2012 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01300ecf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Sunshine Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:21.564708+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Sunshine Project was an international NGO dedicated to upholding prohibitions against biological warfare and, particularly, to preventing military abuse of biotechnology. It was directed by Edward Hammond. +With offices in Austin, Texas, and Hamburg, Germany, the Sunshine Project worked by exposing research on biological and chemical weapons. Typically, it accessed documents under the Freedom of Information Act and other open records laws, publishing reports and encouraging action to reduce the risk of biological warfare. It tracked the construction of high containment laboratory facilities and the dual-use activities of the U.S. biodefense program. Another focus was on documenting government-sponsored research and development of incapacitating "non-lethal" weapons, such as the chemical used by Russia to end the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002. The Sunshine Project was also active in meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention, the main international treaty prohibiting biological warfare. +An announcement was posted on The Sunshine Project website, "As of 1 February 2008, the Sunshine Project is suspending its operations", due to a lack of funding. Its website remained online for some time after this date and could be used as an archive of its activities and publications from 2000 through 2008. However, as of October 2013, the Sunshine Project website was offline. The domain for the website was then reappropriated by a Thai reforestation volunteer organization until September 2023. It now redirects to the internet pornography website 33porn. + + +== Biological weapons safety == +The Sunshine Project +Biosafety Bites (v.2) #14 6 June 2006 + + +== External links == +[1] The Sun Sets on the Sunshine Project + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7aa9c6f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Swiss Association of Scientific Zoos" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:22.722115+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Swiss Association of Scientific Zoos, or zooschweiz/zoosuisse, is the zoological association responsible for the operation of zoos in Switzerland. +The full name is: zooschweiz - Verein wissenschaftlich geleiteter zoologischer Gärten der Schweiz / zoosuisse - Association des parcs zoologiques suisses gérés de façon scientifique ((German)Zooschweiz/(French)Zoosuisse - Association of scientifically managed swiss zoological parks). +Zooschweiz/zoosuisse is a member of Verband der Zoologischen Gärten, which is in turn affiliate to WAZA. +The mission of the association is to make a contribution to the biodiversity of the Earth, through the conservation of animal species and their habitats. +The association currently handles the management of nine zoos: + +Basel Zoo +Tierpark Bern +Nature and Animal Park Goldau +Knie's Kinderzoo +La Garenne +Papiliorama in Kerzers +Zurich Zoo +Wildnispark Zurich, Langenberg +Walter Zoo, Gossau + + +== See also == +List of zoo associations + + +== External links == +"(official website of) zooschweiz/zoosuisse". Archived from the original on 2025-08-20. Retrieved 2025-09-06. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6c0e7030 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Switch Laboratory" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:23.919645+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The VIB Switch laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven is a department of VIB located at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Leuven, Belgium. The laboratory is headed by Frederic Rousseau and Joost Schymkowitz. +Its research focuses on functional regulation of cellular processes, which are governed by protein conformational switches that have to be actively controlled to ensure cell viability. The laboratory combines in vitro biophysical techniques and computational structural biology methods with advanced cell biological studies. + + +== References == +Fernandez-Escamilla AM, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Serrano L., Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Oct;22(10):1302-6, Prediction of sequence-dependent and mutational effects on the aggregation of peptides and proteins. + + +== Sources == +J. Comijn, P. Raeymaekers, A. Van Gysel, M. Veugelers, Today = Tomorrow : a tribute to life sciences research and innovation : 10 years of VIB, Snoeck, 2006, ISBN 978-90-5349-630-5 +Switch laboratory (VIB) +Switch laboratory (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ec56bac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Sydney Nanoscience Hub" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:25.087060+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Sydney Nanoscience Hub is a nanoscience facility of The University of Sydney Nano Institute (formerly the Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology) at the University of Sydney in Camperdown, Sydney, Australia. The laboratories in the building are isolated from outside influences such as vibration, electromagnetic fluctuations, temperature and atmospheric pressure variation, the air in the laboratories is also filtered to be free of dust. + + +== History == +The facility opened in April 2016. Construction cost AU$150 million; the Australian federal government's Commonwealth Education Infrastructure Fund contributed AU$40 million. Microsoft has invested in a quantum computing research facility. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +University of Sydney Nano Institute +Sydney Nanoscience Hub \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a4238cc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Tekla Labs" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:27.406359+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tekla Labs (TeklaLabs.org) is a non-profit organization of researchers, educators and hobbyists committed to developing do it yourself (DIY) science infrastructure. Tekla Labs objective is to "enable scientists to construct their own high quality lab equipment using readily available, off the shelf items." Tekla Labs has been featured in numerous publications, including in MAKE, TechHive, Nature.com Blogs, New Scientist, and SciDev.Net. + + +== History == +The organization was founded in 2010 in Berkeley, California by postdoctoral and graduate student researchers at UC Berkeley and UCSF. +One of the founders, Lina Nilsson, cofounded Tekla Labs to develop high quality, open-source lab equipment that scientists could build themselves. She drew on her experiences visiting biology labs in Asia and South America, where she saw researchers hindered by lack of access to proper laboratory equipment. + + +== See also == +Open Source Lab (book) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af8f99ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Thailand National Metal and Materials Technology Center" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:28.598951+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) is one of Thailand's National Research Centers. It is directed by the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), which belongs to Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. A publicly funded governmental organization, MTEC enjoys more freedom in its operation than government-only bodies. MTEC aims to promote, support and coordinate research and development in polymers, metals, ceramics, and related materials, and to encourage collaborations among research, education and technology organizations. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +2015 MTEC review: Niranatlumpong, P.; Ramangul, N.; Dulyaprapan, P.; Nivitchanyong, S.; Udomkitdecha, W. (2015). "Material research for environmental sustainability in Thailand: Current trends". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (3) 034601. Bibcode:2015STAdM..16c4601N. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/034601. PMC 5099825. PMID 27877788. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..284207f61 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Thailand National Nanotechnology Center" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:29.786010+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) is one of Thailand's National Research Centers, directed by National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. + + +== See also == +Nanotechnology +National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78aa836ca --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "The Regenerative Medicine Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:40:36.985639+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), was established in 2003 as a Centre for Science, Technology & Engineering in collaboration with National University of Ireland, Galway. It obtained an award of €14.9 million from Science Foundation Ireland over five years. +It conducts basic research and applied research in regenerative medicine, an emerging field that combines the technologies of gene therapy and adult stem cell therapy. The goal is to use cells and genes to regenerate healthy tissues that can be used to repair or replace other tissues and organs in a minimally invasive approach. +Centres for Science, Engineering & Technology help link scientists and engineers in partnerships across academia and industry to address crucial research questions, foster the development of new and existing Irish-based technology companies, attract industry that could make an important contribution to Ireland and its economy, and expand educational and career opportunities in Ireland in science and engineering. CSETs must exhibit outstanding research quality, intellectual breadth, active collaboration, flexibility in responding to new research opportunities, and integration of research and education in the fields that SFI supports. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) +Science Foundation Ireland +National University of Ireland, Galway \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74a1a3e6a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "The SyncML Initiative" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:26.258118+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The SyncML Initiative, Ltd. was a non-profit corporation formed by a group of companies who co-operated to produce an open standard for data synchronization and device management. + +Prior to SyncML, data synchronization and device management had been based on a set of different, proprietary protocols, each functioning only with a limited number of devices, systems and data types. +The SyncML Initiative, Ltd. consolidated into the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) in 2002, contributing their technical work to the OMA technical Working Groups: Device Management Working Group and Data Synchronization Working Group. The SyncML legacy specifications were converted to the OMA format with the 1.2.2 versions of OMA SyncML, OMA Data Synchronization and OMA Device Management specifications. + + +== References == +Recent documents +OMA SyncML Section (old site) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc49854ee --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Thomas Young Centre" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:30.966675+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Thomas Young Centre (TYC) is an alliance of London research groups working on the theory and simulation of +materials (TSM). + It is named after the scientist and polymath Thomas Young (1773–1829), who lived and worked in London and is known in the world of science for a number of important discoveries concerning the wave nature of light, the theory of vision, the elastic properties of solids, and the theory of surface tension. The participating research groups are based mainly at Imperial College London, King's College London, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) and University College London (UCL), but there are also members at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington. The aims of the TYC are to foster collaboration between TSM research groups in London, to provide a world-class source of graduate education in the field, and to address problems of major importance to industry and society. The current (2009) membership of TYC numbers about 80 research groups, of which six are led by Fellows of the Royal Society. + + +== Participating academic departments == +The breadth of scientific expertise offered by TYC can be inferred from the range of home academic departments of TYC research groups at the three main London Colleges: + +Imperial College: +Aeronautical Engineering +Chemical Engineering +Chemistry +Materials +Mechanical Engineering +Physics +King's College London: +Biomedical and Health Sciences +Physics +University College London: +Chemical Engineering +Chemistry +Civil, Geomatic and Environmental Engineering +Earth Sciences +Electronic and Electrical Engineering +Physics and Astronomy +Surgical and Interventional Science +Several TYC groups also belong to the London Centre for Nanotechnology, a joint enterprise between Imperial College and UCL. The range of research work done by TYC groups is correspondingly broad, and includes topics such as the interaction of water with minerals, materials for the nuclear industry, the design of semiconductor materials for device applications, biomaterials, and many others. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official Site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7915f4e85 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Thomson Scientific" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:32.158246+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Thomson Scientific was one of the six (later five) strategic business units of The Thomson Corporation, beginning in 2007, after being separated from Thomson Scientific & Healthcare. Following the merger of Thomson with Reuters Group to form Thomson Reuters in 2008, it became the "Scientific" business unit of the new company. In 2009, the unit came together with the Healthcare division of Thomson Reuters to form the Healthcare & Science division. The healthcare business was sold in 2012 to become Truven Health Analytics. The Science unit of Thomson Reuters provided information services for the academic, business, and R&D communities. It had headquarters in Philadelphia, London, Singapore and Tokyo with about 2,400 staff in more than 20 countries. Its products were Aureka, Delphion, Cortellis, Derwent World Patents Index (DWPI), EndNote, Horizon Global, Horizon Sourcing, IDdb, IDRAC, IP Management Services, ISI Web of Knowledge, MicroPatent PatentWeb, Techstreet Industry Standards, ThomsonPharma, GeneGo, IDDB, Thomson Regulatory Solutions, and Web of Science. +In late 2011, Thomson Reuters announced a new organizational structure, with one of its divisions being Intellectual Property & Science. This science unit of Thomson Reuters (known as IP & Science unit) was sold in 2016 to Onex and Baring Private Equity Asia for $3.5 billion. The newly independent company was named Clarivate Analytics. + + +== See also == +Institute for Scientific Information + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ead91f5f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Tocklai Tea Research Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:33.372312+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Tocklai Tea Research Institute (formerly Tocklai Experimental Station) of Tea Research Association (TRA) is an Indian tea research institute for the development of tea and its agricultural practices located in Jorhat, Assam, India. Founded in 1911, it is the world's oldest tea research institute. + + +== See also == +History of tea in India +Assam tea + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Tocklai Tea Research Institute website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f84d951f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:34.501126+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology of Turkey (Turkish: Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü), shortly UEKAE, is a national scientific organization with the aim of developing advanced technologies for information security. UEKAE is the most prominent and also the founder (first) institute of the TÜBİTAK. +The institute was founded by Yılmaz Tokad, professor at ITU (Istanbul Technical University), and four researchers under his supervision in the building of engineering at METU (Middle East Technical University)in 1972, with the name Electronic Research Unit. In 1995 the institute's name has become National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology and moved to Gebze, Kocaeli. + + +== Affiliates and facilities == +It is affiliated with the TÜBİTAK Informatics and Information Security Research Center (BİLGEM), which is bound to Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK). The institute was later reorganized as the prime institute of the BİLGEM in the Gebze, Kocaeli Province campus of TÜBİTAK. +The institute consists of facilities on fields and for products as follows: + +Semiconductor Technologies Research Laboratory (YITAL) +Cryptanalysis Center +EMC/Tempest Test Center +Speech and Language Technologies +Software Development +Surveillance Systems +Communication and Information Security +Electro-Optics Laboratory +Spectrum Analysis and Management +Open Source Software +Government Cerficiation Authority (KSM) +NATO Certified Products + + +== See also == +TÜBİTAK Informatics and Information Security Research Center (TÜBİTAK BİLGEM) +Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) +Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) +Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) +Pardus, a Linux distribution + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website of the institute (in Turkish and English) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1f0a4262 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Turkish State Meteorological Service" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:35.692515+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Turkish State Meteorological Service (Turkish: Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü or MGM) is the Turkish government bureau commissioned with producing the meteorological and climatic data pertaining to Turkey. It is responsible to the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change. + + +== History == +Efforts to conduct meteorological services in Turkey through a single and organized channel were addressed within the year 1936. The commission formed for the establishment of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs submitted a legislative proposal to the Council of Ministers on February 11, 1936. The justifications for the establishment of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs were discussed and accepted by the Council of Ministers under the chairmanship of Prime Minister İsmet İnönü and were submitted to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on November 30, 1936, with letter number 6/3727 from the Prime Ministry Directorate of Resolutions. +The following justifications were included in the bill regarding the creation of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs: "Prior to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, there was no organization in the country working with various station networks dealing with atmospheric phenomena. Within the last ten years, the need for weather and climate information in our country has made itself felt so strongly that, first in 1925, the Ministries of Agriculture and National Defense began by establishing climate and observation organizations. The reason why each of the technical and administrative units of the Republic of Turkey feels a strong need for weather and climate information stems from the fact that the Republic is advancing with the clearest steps in all the technical works the country requires, and its belief in the necessity of relying on the firmest technical foundations while taking these steps. The execution of all state affairs in contemporary and modern forms, and the ability of the state to obtain the highest efficiency from the money and labor it spends, depends on knowing the relationship of the work to the weather and climate according to its content, and on taking into account the effects and results of the weather on the work. For this reason, the Republic of Turkey's need for a weather observation organization has become an explicit necessity. Since the personnel and materials of the observation stations established by various ministries until now are very deficient for the reasons mentioned above, and since their training and the meeting of their needs depend on money and possibilities, it has been deemed appropriate to prepare a three-year program for the newly created institution to become fully operational." +The Agriculture Commission of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey submitted its report to the Presidency of the TBMM with decision number 8 on December 28, 1936; the National Defense Commission with decision number 15 on January 5, 1937; and the Budget Commission with decision number 52 on January 8, 1937. The Establishment Law of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs, consisting of 27 articles and 10 provisional articles, was accepted on February 10, 1937, as Law No. 3127. After Law No. 3127 was accepted, the TBMM Presidency sent it to the Office of the President for approval on February 11, 1937, with memorandum number 1/649/2077. The great leader Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk signed the Establishment Law of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs on February 19, 1937, and sent it to the Directorate of Publications to be published. +World War II broke out two and a half years after the establishment of the General Directorate of Meteorology. This caused a large portion of Turkey's economic and human resources to be allocated to defense. During the war, the General Directorate of Meteorology came under the command of the Armed Forces and carried out its work accordingly. World War II was also a great experience for the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs, which was still a fairly new organization. After the end of World War II, a rapid development occurred in meteorological services as well. As a result of increased international cooperation, the General Directorate of Meteorology became a member of the World Meteorological Organization on May 31, 1949. +The General Directorate of Meteorology, which served under the Prime Ministry, was attached to the Ministry of Agriculture on May 15, 1957, by Law No. 6967. On January 5, 1978, it was re-attached to the Prime Ministry. The establishment law (No. 3127) of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs, which is the only organization responsible for carrying out meteorological services in Turkey today, was changed in 1986 by Law No. 3254; its establishment, duties, powers, and responsibilities were redefined. The General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs, which was attached to the Ministry of Environment by a Statutory Decree issued in 1991, was once again made an organization attached to the Prime Ministry as of July 1992 by Law No. 3812 and a Presidential memorandum dated February 28, 1992. The products of the meteorological services provided by the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs were priced with the Revolving Fund Management Regulation published in the Official Gazette on November 3, 1994. Its name was changed to the Turkish State Meteorological Service by Statutory Decree No. 657, published in the Official Gazette dated November 02, 2011, and numbered 28103. + + +== External links == +Official website of the Service + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b08ae0d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "U.S. National Ice Center" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:36.927748+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The U.S. National Ice Center (USNIC) is a tri-agency operational center and echelon V command of the Fleet Weather Center - Norfolk (FWC-N), whose mission is to provide worldwide navigational ice analyses for the armed forces of the United States, allied nations, and U.S. government agencies. +It is represented by the United States Navy (Department of Defense); the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Department of Commerce); and the United States Coast Guard (Department of Homeland Security). The U.S. National Ice Center is a subordinate command of the Fleet Weather Center - Norfolk (FWC-N). Originally known as the Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center, which was established on December 15, 1976 in a memorandum of agreement between the U.S. Navy and NOAA, the National Ice Center was formed in 1995 when the U.S. Coast Guard became a partner. The U.S. National Ice Center produces global sea ice charts and various cryospheric GIS products. They also name and track Antarctic icebergs if greater than 10 nautical miles (20 km) on its longest axis. +Icebergs must be a minimum of 19 kilometers in length to be tracked by the USNIC. + + +== See also == + +International Ice Charting Working Group +International Ice Patrol + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f89e807bd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "UK National Tide Gauge Network" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:38.107928+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The UK National Tide Gauge Network is part of the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility. It was set up in 1953 to record sea levels around the coast of the UK, after the east coast of England was affected by severe floods. +Gauges positioned at 43 locations around the UK coast record data which is archived at the British Oceanographic Data Centre in Liverpool. Once quality controlled, this data is made available for scientific use. + + +== External links == +National Tidal & Sea Level Facility +Tide Gauge data from the British Oceanographic Data Centre Archived 2006-06-23 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b48e26862 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "USB Flash Drive Alliance" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:45.189877+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The USB Flash Drive Alliance, founded in December 2003 by +Samsung, Lexar Media, Kingston Technology and others, is a group of companies promoting the use of USB flash drives (also called "keydrives" and a variety of other names). +In 2003, according to the alliance, 50 million USB flash drives were sold in the US alone. + + +== Alliance members == +Buffalo Technology +Corsair Gaming +Crucial Technology +Infineon Technologies +Kingston Technology +Lexar Media +Microsoft +Phison +PNY Technologies +Samsung +SimpleTech + + +== See also == +USB +USB flash drive +U3 USB "smart" drives + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c3c34091 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Ungdommens Naturvidenskabelige Forening" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:39.249407+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ungdommens Naturvidenskabelige Forening (UNF) (English: The Danish Youth Association of Science) is an association for young Danish people interested in science. It was founded in 1944 by interested high school teachers who were members of the society for the spreading of knowledge of the natural sciences (Danish: Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse, SNU). The primary purpose of the association is to promote science to youth and give the already interested youth the possibility to gain a deeper insight in science. +The national association, UNF Danmark, has five local chapters in the major cities; Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Lyngby, and Aalborg. + + +== ScienceCamps == +Every year during the school summer holidays (July–August), UNF organises the so-called ScienceCamps. The aim of these ScienceCamps is to give young people an opportunity to meet others with similar interests and to spread interest in specific science subjects. +Over the years, UNF has organised ScienceCamps in the fields of Mathematics, Computer Science, Biotechnology, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Environmental Technology, ScienceShow, Game Development, Health Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Software Development. + + +== Published material == +A series of teaching material and a children's book have been published by the organization and is available on Danish libraries. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The official homepage (English) +The official homepage (Danish) +UNF København (Danish) +UNF Aarhus (Danish) +UNF Odense (Danish) +UNF Aalborg (Danish) +UNF Lyngby (Danish) +UNF Slagelse (Danish) +UNF Esbjerg Archived 2022-01-16 at the Wayback Machine +UNF Roskilde Archived 2018-03-25 at the Wayback Machine +UNF Vestsjælland Archived 2017-10-29 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..597444574 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Unione Zoologica Italiana" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:40.444280+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Unione Zoologica Italiana is an Italian scientific society devoted to Zoology especially that of Italy. +The Society was founded in 1900. +Publications include (from 2006) The Italian Journal of Zoology previously (from 1930), published under the name of Il Bollettino di Zoologia.Archivio zoologico italiano : pubblicato sotto gli auspicii della unione zoologica precedes this (from 1902) [1],[2] which replaced Monitore zoologico italiano[3] reflecting the loose associations of zoologists and anatomists also using the title Unione Zoologica Italiana prior to the formal grouping of 1900. +The Society collaborates with La Società Entomologica Italiana, the Italian Entomological Society in maintaining a website listing the Italian Fauna FaunaItalia. +The endemic Spectacled Salamander is the emblem of the Society. + + +== See also == +Ethology Ecology & Evolution + + +== External links == +Official Site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7320cbd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "University Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:41.627784+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Belgian University Foundation (French: Fondation Universitaire; Dutch: Universitaire Stichting) was founded in 1920. The goal of the Foundation, as was put forward by Emile Francqui, is to promote scientific activity at Belgian universities. + + +== Goals == +To provide grants and study loans to students from less privileged families. +To help university research centres and laboratories to attract young researchers. +To stimulate contacts and collaboration between the different Belgian research institutions by supporting scientific publications. +To organize a Club Universitaire as a meeting place for Belgian and foreign academics. + + +== History == +The money for the foundation came from the remaining funds from the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) and the National Committee for Help and Food. The help to the Belgian people during World War I had been organized by Herbert Hoover and Emile Francqui +On 28 August 1919, Herbert Hoover proposed to Emile Francqui, President of the National Committee for Help and Food, and to Léon Delacroix, Prime Minister of Belgium, to use the funds, roughly 150 million Belgian francs, to support university education. The Belgian government decided to give twenty million to each of the four universities, and to use 55 million francs to establish the University Foundation. The remaining funds were used to set up the Belgian American Educational Foundation (BAEF). The first president of the Foundation was Emile Francqui. + + +== Building == +The building is located in Brussels (Rue d'Egmont 11). It was designed by the architect Ernest Jaspar and includes a club, a hotel and a restaurant. There are other institutions located on the premises of the University Foundation like the Belgian American Educational Foundation (BAEF), the Olivaint Conference of Belgium, the Coimbra Group, UNICA, the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes (OECI), and the European Nuclear Education Network. + + +== See also == +Science and technology in Belgium +Francqui Foundation +Academia Belgica +Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences +National Fund for Scientific Research +List of universities in Belgium +List of Belgian Nobel laureates + + +=== Other Belgian clubs === +Cercle Royal du Parc +Cercle de Lorraine +De Warande + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34f3c2c07 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "University of Toronto Space Design Contest" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:42.805454+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The University of Toronto Space Design Contest, or UTSDC is an annual contest for high school students founded in 2003. Teams work together to develop a solution for a design challenge, set every year. The contest was founded to promote awareness of space exploration and development, as well as to excite students about new, creative applications of science, technology and engineering. The contest runs year long and ends in a Design Fair and Conference held on the University of Toronto's St. George Campus in mid May. + + +== History == +The inaugural UTSDC 2004-2005 had 30 teams signing up, most of these teams are based in Toronto, some teams in other regions of Ontario. However, only 15 of these teams official participated in the contest and the Design Fair and Conference. +The Space Design contest continues to grow, attracting participants from a wider geographic area, such as Waterloo, Ottawa, Florida and recently India. + + +== External links == +Official University of Toronto Space Design Contest website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1cf4536f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Urania (Berlin)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:43.968173+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Urania is a science centre and scientific society in Berlin, Germany. +Urania was founded in Berlin in 1888, following an idea of Alexander von Humboldt, by Max Wilhelm Meyer and Wilhelm Foerster. Its aim is to communicate the most recent scientific findings to the broad public. With its 2000 members, Urania organises more than 1000 events per year, attracting about 130,000 visitors. +Since its centenary in 1988, the society has awarded the Urania Medaille annually to individuals who have supported significantly the implementation of its aims. Recipients are Nobel laureates in natural science as well as social scientists, artists, and politicians. +The Berlin International Film Festival uses the centre's 866-seat theatre to host film premieres in the Generation section. + + +== See also == +List of science centers + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Max Wilhelm Meyer: Die Urania nach ihrer Fertigstellung. In: Himmel und Erde 2/1890. Teil 1, Teil 2 +Max Wilhelm Meyer (ed.): Illustrirter Leitfaden der Astronomie, Physik und Mikroskopie in Form eines Führers durch die Urania zu Berlin. 1892. +Denkschrift zum 25jährigen Bestehen der Gesellschaft Urania (1888–1913) 1913. +Jutta Aschenbrenner. "Bildung und die Muse der Sternenkunde". Berlinische Monatsschrift. 7/1998. Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein: 38–44. Retrieved 21 February 2010. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..037d6bd10 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Vertebrate Genomes Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:46.354039+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) is a project which aims to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes of all 66,000 vertebrate species. It is an international cooperation project with members from more than 50 separate institutions and was launched in February 2017. +In October 2021, VGP partnered with Colossal Biosciences to sequence and assemble elephant genomes for preservation purposes. +In April 2022, VGP partnered with the Human Genome Project and the African BioGenome Project for sequencing research. +In July 2022, VGP and Colossal Biosciences announced that they successfully sequenced the entire Asian elephant genome; this is the first time that mammalian genetic code has been fully sequenced to this degree since the Human Genome Project was completed in the early 2000s. +In November 2022, VGP successfully sequenced the Nile Rat genome in order to facilitate research on type 2 diabetes and the health effects of circadian rhythm disruption. Not only did researchers sequence an individual rat, but they also sequenced both its parents, allowing them to separate the original rat’s alleles by parental haplotype. The resulting sequence showed that the vast majority of expected protein-coding genes were accounted for. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Vertebrate Genomes Project \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d74ec7dfd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Veterinary Laboratories Agency" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:47.511981+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) was an executive agency of the UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). It carried out animal disease surveillance, diagnostic services and veterinary scientific research for government and commercial organisations. It was based in New Haw, though had offices and laboratories around the country, such as in Sutton Bonington. +It was both an International Reference Laboratory and the EU Community Reference Laboratory for avian influenza. + + +== History == +1894 – The Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) is established in a small basement room in Whitehall, London to deal with a swine fever epidemic. +1917 – The Laboratory moves to its current location in Weybridge. +The site is still known as Weybridge today, although the postal address is now Addlestone. + + +== Merger with Animal Health == +On 29 June 2010 DEFRA announced that the VLA would be merged with Animal Health. The merger was completed on 1 April 2011, forming the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Veterinary Laboratories Agency +Avian Influenza - Reference Laboratory \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72b558a69 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:48.668948+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator, VERA, is a particle accelerator. It is operated by the University of Vienna and is dedicated to Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). It started operation in 1995. +The system is a 3-MV Pelletron type tandem accelerator, designed to accelerate protons or heavy ions. + + +== See also == +Accelerator mass spectrometry +List of accelerator mass spectrometry facilities + + +== External links == +The VERA accelerator home page. +The Fakultät für Physik (Faculty of Physics) at the ... +Universität Wien (University of Vienna). + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35062ef6f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Virginia Academy of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:49.817415+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Virginia Academy of Science is a non-profit organization established to promote science and scientific research in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Academy was first established in 1920 in Richmond, Virginia, by a group of nine biologists. + + +== Affiliations == +The Virginia Academy of Science is affiliated with + +The American Association for the Advancement of Science +The National Association of Academies of Science +The American Junior Academy of Sciences + + +== Actions == +Publishes The Virginia Journal of Science +Established the Virginia State Park Service +Established the Virginia Institute for Scientific Research, regarded by many as a precursor to the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology +The Science Museum of Virginia was founded due to their effort to establish a statewide network of science museums + + +== Notable alumni == +Jesse Beams was a president and fellow of Virginia Academy of Science. +Lloyd C. Bird was a fellow of Virginia Academy of Science. +Lena Clemmons Artz was an elected an Honorary Life Member of Virginia Academy of Science. + + +== Virginia Junior Academy of Science == +The Virginia Junior Academy of Science (VJAS) was founded in 1941. It was named a National Model and ranked among the Top 3 Junior Academies in the U.S. for over 25 Years by the American Junior Academy of Science. The VJAS serves over 40,000 Junior and Senior High School students every year. The VJAS also presents over $75,000 in rewards every year. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Virginia Academy of Science webpage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a7362872 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "WIYN Consortium" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:54.566984+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +WIYN Consortium founding members were the University of Wisconsin–Madison (W), Indiana University (I), Yale University (Y), and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories (N). Yale University withdrew from the WIYN consortium on April 1, 2014, and was replaced by the University of Missouri in the fall of that year. In 2015, a NASA-NSF partnership called NN-EXPLORE effectively took over NOAO's share, although NOAO still manages the operations. Purdue University joined in 2017 for a three-year period. +The consortium operates two telescopes of 3.5 m and 0.9 m diameters. +The universities financed the construction of the WIYN Observatory at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) in 1994. +In 2001, the WIYN Consortium took over control of the KPNO 36-inch (910 mm) telescope, built in 1960, and rechristened it as the WIYN 0.9 m Telescope. This small but popular telescope was in danger of being mothballed for budgetary reasons. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +WIYN Consortium - official site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08ee42239 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Walter Schottky Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:51.007569+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Walter Schottky Institute (WSI) (German: Walter-Schottky-Institut) is a research center at the Technical University of Munich, dedicated to the physics of semiconductors. Established in 1988, it is located on its Garching campus. It is named after physicist Walter H. Schottky. + + +== History == +The idea for an interdisciplinary research facility that would bridge the gap between fundamental physics and applied semiconductor electronics emerged in the early 1980s. In February 1985, Gerhard Abstreiter, professor at the Technical University of Munich, wrote a memorandum about the establishment of a research institute, with specific focus on semiconductor research and device development. After Klaus von Klitzing, who had been working at the physics department of the TU Munich until shortly before the announcement, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1985, the idea, which was already supported by the research board of Siemens, received great approval. +Thus, as early as December 1985, the general conditions for founding the research institute as a collaborative project between the Technical University of Munich and Siemens were discussed with Bavarian state government. The construction costs were paid jointly by Siemens and the Bavarian state. After two years of construction, the Walter Schottky Institute was officially inaugurated on 14 July 1988. The university took over the institute completely in 1992. + + +== Facilities == + +The institute building covers an area of 2400 m2 and provides space for laboratories and offices of eight research groups in four chairs with a total of over 150 employees. Of this, 250 m2 is available as a cleanroom. The equipment includes several molecular-beam epitaxy systems, which are used to fabricate nanoelectronic structures. The institute is considered one of the world's leading research facilities for the fabrication and characterization of semiconductor heterostructures. +In July 2010, an extension building, the Center for Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, was opened in the immediate vicinity. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1a5871ae --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Warsaw Scientific Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:52.205023+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Warsaw Scientific Society (Polish: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie; TNW) is a Polish scientific society based in Warsaw. It was established in 1907 as a continuation of the Society of Friends of Science to advance the sciences and arts and to publish scientific papers. + + +== Members == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Warsaw Scientific Society homepage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..793c556fd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Warwick Anderson" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:04.631860+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Warwick Hugh Anderson (born 10 December 1958), medical doctor, poet, and historian, is Janet Dora Hine Professor of Politics, Governance and Ethics in the Discipline of Anthropology, School of Social and Political Sciences, and in the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, where he was previously an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow (2012–17). He is also honorary professor in the School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences and the Royal Society of New South Wales, from which he received the History and Philosophy of Science Medal in 2015. For the 2018–19 academic year, Anderson was the Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser Chair of Australian Studies at Harvard University, based in the History of Science Department. +As a historian of science and medicine, Anderson focuses on the biomedical dimensions of racial thought, especially in colonial settings; the globalisation of medicine and science; theories of immunity and self; disease ecology and planetary health; and Covid-19. He has introduced anthropological insights and themes to the history of medicine and science; developed innovative frameworks for the analysis of science and globalisation; and conducted historical research into the material cultures of scientific exchange. His influential formulation of the postcolonial studies of science and medicine has generated a new style of inquiry within science and technology studies. +In 2023, he was awarded the John Desmond Bernal Prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science, for lifetime achievement in Science and Technology Studies. + +== Early life and education == +Anderson was born and educated in Melbourne, Australia, where he attended the University High School. His father, Hugh McDonald Anderson (1927–2017), was a leading folklorist and historian of Australian popular and literary culture, with more than forty books to his credit; his mother, Dawn Anderson, has written books on drama education and creativity. +Anderson graduated from the University of Melbourne Medical School with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1983. During the medical course he conducted neurophysiology research, supervised by Ian Darian-Smith, which earned him a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (1980). He was an intern at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, and had paediatric training at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, and the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. In the 1986 season he was the assistant doctor for the Footscray Football Club (now the AFL Bulldogs). From 1987, he worked in general practice in the inner west of Melbourne, which he continued intermittently until 1999. +Anderson ("Dr. Androgen") was a co-presenter on the award-winning radio program "Spoonful of Medicine" (3RRR) from 1987–88. + +== Poetry == +As a medical student, Anderson began writing and publishing poetry. More than forty poems have appeared in a range of leading journals in Australia and the US. His poetry collection, Hard Cases, Brief Lives (Adelaide: Ginninderra, 2011) was short-listed in 2012 for the Mary Gilmore Award of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature (ASAL). + +== History of medicine and science == +Anderson completed a Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of the History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1992. His dissertation was on US colonial medicine and public health in the Philippines, and his advisor was Charles E. Rosenberg. Before moving to Sydney, Anderson held appointments at Harvard University (1992–95); the University of Melbourne (1995–2000); University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley (2000–2003); and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (2003–07). At Melbourne, he founded the Centre for Health and Society (1997), and helped to establish the Onemda VicHealth Koori Health Unit (1998). At Madison, he was chair of the Department of Medical History and Bioethics and served on the executive committees of the History of Science Department, the Holtz Center for Science and Technology Studies, and the Center for Southeast Asian Studies. +Anderson was the founding editor of Health and History (1998), and served as associate editor for the East Asian STS Journal and Postcolonial Studies. He served on the councils of the American Association of the History of Medicine (AAHM), the Australian and New Zealand Society for the History of Medicine, the Australian Society of Health, Law and Ethics, History of Medicine in Southeast Asia (HOMSEA), the Institute of Postcolonial Studies (Melbourne), and the Pacific Circle, of which he was president 2017–20. +Anderson was awarded a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation (2007–08), and he was a Frederick Burkhardt Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies (2005–06), which he held at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. In 2013 he was a Whitney J. Oates Fellow at the Humanities Council, Princeton University and a John Hope Franklin Fellow at Duke University. +Among Anderson's key publications are: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d26366808 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "Warwick Anderson" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:04.631860+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health, and Racial Destiny in Australia (MUP 2002 & 2005, Basic 2003, Duke 2006). Awarded the W.K. Hancock Prize of the Australian Historical Association (2004) and the Basic Books Prize in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology (2001). The research for this book was recognised in the award of the M.D. degree (by thesis) from the University of Melbourne (2002). +Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Duke 2006 & 2008, Ateneo de Manila 2007). Awarded the Social Science Prize (2008) of the Philippines National Book Awards. +The Collectors of Lost Souls: Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen (Johns Hopkins 2008 & 2019). Awarded the NSW Premier’s General History Prize (2009), William H. Welch Medal of the AAHM (2010) and the Ludwik Fleck Award of the Society for Social Studies of Science (2010). +Intolerant Bodies: A Short History of Autoimmunity, with Ian R. Mackay (Johns Hopkins 2014). Awarded the NSW Premier's General History Prize (2015). +Spectacles of Waste (Polity, 2024) +Unconscious Dominions: Psychoanalysis, Colonial Trauma, and Global Sovereignties (Duke 2011), edited with Deborah Jenson and Richard C. Keller. +Pacific Futures: Past and Present (University of Hawai'i Press, 2018), edited with Miranda Johnson and Barbara Brookes +Luso-Tropicalism and its Discontents: The Making and Unmaking of Racial Exceptionalism (Berghahn, 2019), edited with Ricardo Rocque and Ricardo Venture Santos +Imagined Racial Laboratories: Colonial and National Racialisations in Southeast Asia (Brill, 2023) +Additionally he is the author of more than 100 articles and book chapters. + +== Postcolonial studies of science and medicine == +Anderson has published a number of manifestos for postcolonial approaches to explaining the globalisation of science and medicine, including: + +Where is the postcolonial history of medicine? Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1998; 72: 522–30 +Postcolonial technoscience. Social Studies of Science. 2002; 32: 643–58 +Postcolonial histories of medicine. In: Medical History: The Stories and Their Meanings, 285–307. Ed. John Harley Warner and Frank Huisman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2004 +(With Vincanne Adams) Pramoedya’s chickens: postcolonial studies of technoscience. In: The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3rd ed., 181–204. Ed. Edward J. Hackett, Olga Amsterdamska, Michael Lynch, and Judy Wajcman. Cambridge MA: MIT Press; 2007 +From subjugated knowledge to conjugated subjects: science and globalisation, or postcolonial studies of science? Postcolonial Studies. 2009; 12: 389–400 +Asia as method in science and technology studies. East Asian Science, Technology and Society Journal. 2012; 6: 445–51 +Postcolonial Specters of STS, East Asian Science, Technology and Society 11, no. 2 (2017): 229-223. +Remembering the spread of Western science. Historical Records of Australian Science 29, no. 2 (2018): 73-81. +Finding Decolonial Metaphors In Postcolonial Histories. History and Theory. 2020; 59(3): 430-438. +Islands and Beaches in Science and Technology Studies. Science, Technology and Human Values. 2024. + +== Race and ethnicity in the global south == +In 2011, the Australian Research Council (ARC) awarded Anderson a Laureate Fellowship, making him the first historian to receive this award and the only applicant from the humanities to receive a fellowship in that round. The fellowship supported comparative, transnational research in the history of ideas of race and human difference in the Global South. These studies involved collaborators from Brazil, New Zealand, and South Africa, and over the course of the fellowship supported six post-doctoral fellows. + +== Disease ecology and planetary health == +With the support of an Australian Research Council Discovery Project grant, Anderson has worked on the conceptual development and ethics of planetary health and the health aspects of climate change, extending his earlier studies of disease ecology. His articles on the subject include: + +James H. Dunk, David S. Jones, Anthony Capon, and Warwick H. Anderson, Human Health on an Ailing Planet — Historical Perspectives on Our Future, New England Journal of Medicine 381, no. 8 (2019):778–82. +Warwick Anderson & James Dunk, Planetary Health Histories: Toward New Ecologies of Epidemiology? Isis. 2022; 113(4): 767–788. +Warwick Anderson, Toward Planetary Health Ethics? Refiguring Bios. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2023; 20(4): 695-702. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b86fc2d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:53.386821+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research at the University of Manchester pursues research into extracellular matrix (ECM) biology and its contribution to human diseases. The Centre was established in 1995 by Mike Grant and is funded by the Wellcome Trust. +The Centre set out with the long-term aims of elucidating the structure and function of extracellular matrices and cell-matrix adhesions, defining the contributions of cell-matrix interactions to human diseases, and developing approaches for preventing and treating these diseases. + + +== Research == +The Centre focuses on cellular matrix microenvironment, matrix immunobiology, and mechanobiology of the matrix. +As of 2016 principal investigators in the centre include Judi Allen, Clair Baldock, Christoph Ballestrem, Ray Boot-Handford, Pat Caswell, Tony Day, Andrew Gilmore, Richard Grencis, Tim Hardingham, Martin Humphries, Karl Kadler, Rachel Lennon, Qing-Jun Meng, Chris Miller, Martin Schwartz, Charles Streuli, Joe Swift, Dave Thornton, Mark Travis, Sarah Woolner, Ceri Harrop, Thomas Jowitt, David Knight, Toby Starborg and Egor Zindy. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)-0.md index 2769bce59..355c165d6 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:10:10.687334+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:55.750896+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a153451 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Wool Industries Research Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:56.948558+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Wool Industries Research Association was an industrial research organization in the United Kingdom. It later became the Wira Technology Group before being merged with the Shirley Institute in the 1989 to form the British Textile Technology Group. +It was funded by a levy raised under powers from the Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 through the Wool Textile Research Council, established in 1950. + + +== Notable employees == +Richard Laurence Millington Synge +Jim Marshall (UK politician) +David Cox (statistician) +Archer J.P. Martin + + +=== Martin and Synge === +Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge worked together at the Wool Industries Research Association in Leeds. In 1941 they published a paper entitled ‘A New Form of Chromatogram Employing Two Liquid Phases’ in the Biochemical Journal. Martin and Synge described how they had used columns of silica with water, used as the stationary phase, whilst a second, non-miscible liquid, flowed down the column. The second liquid was the organic solvent chloroform, and they separated acetamino-acids from protein hydrolysates. The components of the mixture separated were distributed between the two phases, depending on their relative affinity for each of the phases. As the components spread, they became separated from each other, and could be collected as they left the column. This is how ‘partition chromatography’ came to be known as a new form of chromatography due to the way that the sample ‘partitioned’ itself between the two liquid phases. Their paper was important because it laid the foundations of all the future work in the field of chromatography. In the first part of the paper they presented the first ever theory of chromatography that attempted to explain the concentration of the solute at any point in the column and also how the resolution of the column was affected by various factors including the column's length. Looking at the figures they present for resolution in terms of Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP), underlying the importance of their work at that time. The HETP is a measure of the resolution that can be obtained by the column. There are several factors that affect HETP. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690f3e23a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:58.136938+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders, also known as WASOG is an organisation of physicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis and related conditions. It was co-founded by D. Geraint James, who had set up the first international conference on sarcoidosis almost 30 years earlier at the Brompton Hospital. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists-0.md index e00f04fc8..ba29d5bd8 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:26:43.664448+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:41:59.443858+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c3a0cdde --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Zimbabwe Geological Survey" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:42:00.606814+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Zimbabwe Geological Survey, founded in 1910, is Zimbabwe's premier geological research organization. +The survey is overseen by Zimbabwe's Ministry of Mines and Mining Development. The Geological Survey is charged with collecting and archiving information relating to the natural resources present within Zimbabwe. In the past, it has cooperated with the British Geological Survey on geological mapping and geochemical exploration initiatives, but due to economic issues and a loss of funding, it has been unable to continue mapping. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file