Scrape wikipedia-science: 570 new, 880 updated, 1492 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becquerel_family-0.md

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+---
+title: "Becquerel family"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becquerel_family"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:18.478954+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Becquerel family is a family of French scientists.
+The most notable members of them include:
+
+Antoine César Becquerel (1788–1878), pioneer in the study of electric and luminescent phenomena, father of Edmond
+Louis Alfred Becquerel (1814-1862), French physician and medical researcher, son of Antoine Cesar, brother of Edmond
+Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (known as Edmond, 1820-1891), studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity, and optics. Discovered photovoltaic effect. Son of Antoine Cesar, father of Henri.
+Henri Becquerel (1852-1908), discoverer of radioactivity, son of Edmond, father of Jean
+Jean Becquerel (1878-1953), worked on the optical and magnetic properties of crystals, son of Henri
+
+
+== See also ==
+Becquerel (disambiguation)
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_family-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bernoulli family"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_family"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:19.585318+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Bernoulli family ( bur-NOO-lee; German: [bɛʁˈnʊli]; Swiss Standard German: [bɛrˈnʊli]) of Basel was a patrician family, notable for having produced  eight mathematically gifted academics who, among them, contributed substantially to the development of mathematics and physics during the early modern period.
+
+
+== History ==
+
+Originally from Antwerp, a branch of the family relocated to Basel in 1620.
+While their origin in Antwerp is certain, proposed earlier connections with the Dutch family of Italian ancestry called Bornouilla (Bernoullie), or with the Castilian family de Bernuy (Bernoille, Bernouille), are uncertain.
+The first known member of the family was Leon Bernoulli (d. 1561),  a doctor in Antwerp, at that time part of the Spanish Netherlands. His son, Jacob, emigrated to Frankfurt am Main in 1570 to escape from the Spanish persecution of the Protestants. Jacob's grandson, a spice trader, also named Jacob, moved to Basel, Switzerland in 1620, and was granted citizenship in 1622. His son, Niklaus Bernoulli (Nicolaus, 1623–1708), Leon's great-great-grandson, married Margarethe Schönauer.
+
+
+=== Notable academic members ===
+Margarethe and Niklaus had four sons, of whom Johann and Hieronymus became the progenitors of the "greater" and the "lesser" branches of the family, respectively. The four sons of Margarethe and Niklaus were:
+
+Jacob Bernoulli (1654–1705; also known as James or Jacques), mathematician after whom Bernoulli numbers are named, and author of the early probability text Ars Conjectandi
+Nicolaus Bernoulli (1662–1716), painter and alderman of Basel
+Johann Bernoulli (1667–1748; also known as Jean), mathematician and early adopter of infinitesimal calculus
+Hieronymus Bernoulli (1669–1760), m.  Catharina Ebneter
+In addition to Jacob and Johann, the Bernoulli family of mathematicians is generally taken to include:
+
+Nicolaus I Bernoulli (1687–1759), son of Nicolaus, mathematician, worked on curves, differential equations, and probability; originator of the St. Petersburg paradox
+Nicolaus II Bernoulli (1695–1726), son of Johann
+Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), son of Johann, developer of Bernoulli's principle and originator of the concept of expected utility for resolving the St. Petersburg paradox
+Johann II Bernoulli (1710–1790; also known as Jean), son of Johann, mathematician and physicist
+Johann III Bernoulli (1744–1807; also known as Jean), son of Johann II, astronomer, geographer and mathematician
+Jakob II Bernoulli (1759–1789; also known as Jacques), son of Johann II, physicist and mathematician
+Several more recent prominent scholars are also descended from the family, including:
+
+Johann Jakob Bernoulli (1831–1913), art historian and archaeologist; noted for his Römische Ikonographie (1882 onwards) on Roman Imperial portraits
+Ludwig Bernoully (1873–1928), German architect in Frankfurt
+Hans Bernoulli (1876–1959), architect and designer of the Bernoullihäuser in Zurich and Grenchen SO
+Elisabeth Bernoulli (1873–1935), suffragette and campaigner against alcoholism
+The surname survives in Switzerland, with 11 entries in the white pages for the city of Basel as of 2024.
+
+
+== Family tree of the Basler Bernoullis ==
+
+
+== Named for members of the family ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of second-generation physicists
+List of second-generation mathematicians
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Family tree at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
+David Darling Encyclopedia of Science Bernoulli family Archived 2014-01-13 at the Wayback Machine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_family-0.md

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+---
+title: "Chandrasekhar family"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_family"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:20.694991+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Chandrasekhar family is a distinguished Indian intellectual family, several of whose members achieved eminence, notably in the field of physics. Two members of the family, Sir C. V. Raman and his nephew, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, were Nobel laureates in physics.
+For many members of the Chandrasekhar family there are multiple possible spellings in use for names. This includes R. Chandrasekhara Iyer; he was named Chandrasekharan (with an "n") but later became known as Chandrasekhara Aiyar (without the "n"). Furthermore, the family caste name "Aiyar" is sometimes spelled "Iyer" or "Ayyar".
+
+
+== Family tree ==
+
+
+== First generation ==
+Chandrasekhara Venkata (C. V.) Raman FNA, FASc, FRS, was a distinguished physicist whose achievements in the field of light scattering earned him the 1930 Nobel Prize for Physics. He discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the wavelengths of some of the deflected light change. This phenomenon, now known as Raman scattering, results from the eponymous effect.
+Chandrasekhara Ramaswamy FASc (brother of C. V. Raman) was a noted meteorologist who served as Director-General of the Indian Meteorological Department (1965–1967). He conducted research into the regional and global effects of Indian monsoonal patterns.
+
+
+== Second generation ==
+
+Venkatraman Radhakrishnan FASc (son of C. V. Raman) was a distinguished astrophysicist credited with expanding the field of radio astronomy and for research in pulsars, interstellar clouds and various celestial bodies.
+Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar FNA, FASc, FRS (nephew of C. V. Raman) was an Indian American astrophysicist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the best current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive star and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him.
+Sivaraj Ramaseshan FNA, FASc (nephew of C. V. Raman) was a distinguished crystallographer and successively Director of the Indian Institute of Science (1981-1984) and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences (1983-1985)
+Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FNA, FASc, FRS (nephew of C. V. Raman) was a distinguished physicist and pioneer in the field of liquid crystal technology who served as founder-president of the International Liquid Crystal Society. His efforts helped to establish the indigenous manufacture of liquid crystal displays in India. In 1977, he and his co-workers discovered the columnar phase of liquid crystals.
+Shivaramakrishnan Pancharatnam FASc (nephew of C. V. Raman) was a distinguished optical physicist who, in 1956, discovered the properties of what is now known as the geometric phase (sometimes known as the Pancharatnam phase) for polarized beams passing through crystals.
+Chidambara Chandrasekaran FASc (nephew of C. V. Raman) was an accomplished demographer and biostatistician. In 1949, together with W. Edwards Deming, he devised the Chandra-Deming formula to estimate numbers of vital events by comparing results from two different systems. He was Director of the Demographic Training and Research Centre, Mumbai (later renamed as the International Institute of Population Sciences) from 1959 to 1964, and conducted several landmark demographic studies for the Indian government, the World Bank and the United Nations. He was President of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) from 1969 to 1973.
+Vidya Shankar (niece of C. V. Raman) was a distinguished musicologist and vainika (veena musician) who received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2007.
+
+
+== Third generation ==
+V. Shanta (great-niece of C. V. Raman, niece of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar) was a prominent oncologist and researcher. In 2005, she received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service.
+Uma Parameswaran (great-niece of C. V. Raman, niece of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar) is a noted Indo-Canadian author of South Asian literature and a biographer of her great-uncle C. V. Raman.
+
+
+== Sources ==
+Parameswaran, Uma (2011). C. V. Raman: a biography. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143066897
+Wali, Kameshwar C. (1991). Chandra: a biography of S. Chandrasekhar. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-87054-5.
+
+
+== Footnotes ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+EntiTree link for Chandrasekhar family: a visualization of the family tree based on Wikidata entries

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conant_family-0.md

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+---
+title: "Conant family"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conant_family"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:21.992963+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Conant family is a distinguished aristocratic family of English origin.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Conant surname is thought to be of Celtic, possibly Breton origin. The earliest known member of the most prominent line of the family was John Conant, a yeoman of East Budleigh, Devon. His son Richard (1548–1630), had eight children including his second son Robert (c. 1583–1638) and his youngest child Roger (c. 1592–1679).
+Robert Conant's eldest son the Rev. John Conant (1608–1694) was a noted theologian who was Regius Professor of Divinity and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University. John Conant's great-grandson Nathaniel (1745–1822) served as Chief Magistrate of the Bow Street Magistrates' Court and was knighted in 1813, when he was granted official sanction to use his claimed ancestral arms by virtue of a new grant, as the College of Arms had been unable to establish the family's right to them through its records. In 1862, Nathaniel's grandson Edward Nathaniel Conant (1820–1901) inherited his maternal uncle's estate and family seat at Lyndon Hall in the county of Rutland, where the family continues to reside. Edward's grandson Sir Roger Conant, 1st Baronet (1899–1973) was a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) who served as Comptroller of the Household from 1951 to 1954 and was created a baronet in 1954.
+Roger Conant, the youngest child of Richard, emigrated to the Plymouth Colony in 1624, establishing the North American line of the Conant family. Disliking the increasingly repressive government at Plymouth, he soon left and was appointed the first governor of an English settlement on Cape Ann, subsequently founding the town of Salem, Massachusetts. There are numerous notable descendants of Roger.
+The following genealogical tree illustrates the links among the notable family members:
+
+
+== Family tree ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Conant baronets
+Conant
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_family-0.md

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+---
+title: "Curie family"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_family"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:23.324570+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Curie family is a French family from which hailed a number of distinguished scientists. Polish-born Marie Skłodowska-Curie, her French husband Pierre Curie, their daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, and son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, are its most prominent members. Five members of the family in total were awarded a Nobel Prize, with Marie winning twice.
+Marie and Pierre shared a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and Marie was awarded a second one in chemistry in 1911, making her the first person in history to win a Nobel Prize in two scientific disciplines. To date, only Linus Pauling has followed her in winning prizes in multiple categories, in chemistry and peace. Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. Henry Richardson Labouisse, Jr., the spouse of Irène's younger sister, Ève Curie, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965. 
+The chemical element curium (number 96) is named after Marie and Pierre.
+While Pierre Curie died at age 46 from an accident, Marie, Irène and Frédéric died from diseases likely caused by their exposure to radiation during their scientific experiments.
+
+
+== Family tree ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Skłodowski family
+Bernoulli family
+Langevin family
+List of second-generation physicists
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Günther_Laukien_Prize-0.md

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+---
+title: "Günther Laukien Prize"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Günther_Laukien_Prize"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:11.414232+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Günther Laukien Prize is a prize presented at the Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference "to recognize recent cutting-edge experimental NMR research with a high probability of enabling beneficial new applications". The prize was established in 1999 in memoriam to Günther Laukien, who was a pioneer in NMR research. The prize money of $20,000 is financed by Bruker, the company founded by Laukien. 
+
+
+== Winners ==
+The recipients of the Günther Laukien Prize have been:
+
+2026: Ago Samoson and Guido Pintacuda
+2025: Zhehong Gan
+2024: Hashim Al-Hashimi
+2023 Lyndon Emsley and Anne Lesage
+2022 Michael Garwood
+2021 Gareth Morris
+2020 Simon Duckett, Konstantin Ivanov, and Warren S. Warren
+2019 Geoffrey Bodenhausen, and Christian Griesinger
+2018 Gerhard Wagner
+2017 Kurt Zilm and Bernd Reif
+2016 Robert S. Balaban and Peter van Zijl
+2015 Arthur Palmer III
+2014 Marc Baldus, Mei Hong, Ann McDermott, Beat H. Meier, Hartmut Oschkinat, and Robert Tycko
+2013 Clare Grey
+2012 Klaes Golman and Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
+2011 Daniel Rugar, John Mamin, and John Sidles
+2010 Paul Callaghan
+2009 Daniel Weitekamp
+2008 Malcolm Levitt
+2007 Robert G. Griffin
+2006 Thomas Szyperski, Eriks Kupce, Ray Freeman, and Rafael Bruschweiler
+2005 Stephan Grzesiek
+2004 Lewis E. Kay
+2003 Jacob Schaefer
+2002 Ad Bax, Aksel Bothner-By and James Prestegard
+2001 Peter Boesiger, Klaas Prüßmann and Markus Weiger
+2000 Lucio Frydman
+1999 Konstantin Pervushin, Roland Riek, Gerhard Wider, and Kurt Wuthrich
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of physics awards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+European Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killam_Prize-0.md

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+---
+title: "Killam Prize"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killam_Prize"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:13.882131+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Killam Prize (previously the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Prize) was established according to the will of Dorothy J. Killam to honour the memory of her husband Izaak Walton Killam.
+Five Killam Prizes, each having a value of $100,000, were awarded annually by the Canada Council for the Arts to eminent Canadian researchers who distinguish themselves in the fields of social sciences, humanities, natural sciences, health sciences, or engineering.
+In August 2021, the Canada Council announced it would transition the administration of the Killam program to the National Research Council Canada (NRC) by March 2022. 
+The restructured Killam Program was officially launched under the administration of the NRC in April 2022. It is now called the National Killam Program and consists of the Killam Prizes, the Dorothy Killam Fellowships and the Killam NRC Paul Corkum Fellowships.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of medicine awards
+List of social sciences awards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Killam Laureates website
+Canada Council for the Arts Killam Prizes webpage
+Transition to the National Research Council of Canada from the Canada Council for the Arts

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of Ig Nobel Prize winners"
+chunk: 1/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:15.055148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A parody of the Nobel Prizes, the Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded each year in mid-September, around the time the recipients of the genuine Nobel Prizes are announced, for ten achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think". Commenting on the 2006 awards, Marc Abrahams, editor of Annals of Improbable Research and co-sponsor of the awards, said that "[t]he prizes are intended to celebrate the unusual, honor the imaginative, and spur people's interest in science, medicine, and technology". All prizes are awarded for real achievements, except for three in 1991 and one in 1994, due to an erroneous press release.
+
+== 1991 ==
+The awards were presented on October 3. Each winner received a medal shaped like a frying pan that made a screaming noise when shaken and Cambridge parking passes that were valid from 3 a.m. – 4 a.m. the day after Christmas.
+
+Biology: Robert Klark Graham for his development of the Repository for Germinal Choice, a sperm bank that accepts donations only from Nobel laureates and Olympians.
+Chemistry: Jacques Benveniste, prolific proselytizer and dedicated correspondent of Nature, for his persistent "discovery" that water, H2O, is an intelligent liquid, and for demonstrating to his satisfaction that water is able to remember events long after all traces of those events have vanished (see water memory, his proposed explanation for homeopathy).
+Economics: Michael Milken, father of the junk bond.
+Education: US vice president at the time Dan Quayle, "consumer of time and occupier of space" for demonstrating, better than anyone else, the need for science education.
+Literature: Erich von Däniken, visionary raconteur and author of Chariots of the Gods?, for explaining how human civilization was influenced by ancient astronauts from outer space.
+Medicine: Alan Kligerman, "deviser of digestive deliverance, vanquisher of vapor", and inventor of Beano, for his pioneering work with anti-gas liquids that prevent bloat, gassiness, discomfort, and embarrassment.
+Peace: Edward Teller, father of the hydrogen bomb and first champion of the Star Wars weapons system, "for his lifelong efforts to change the meaning of peace as we know it".
+Chance: John Cage, popularized chance music and became well renowned for his work on it.
+
+=== Apocryphal achievements ===
+The first nomination also featured three fictional recipients for fictional achievements.
+
+Interdisciplinary Research: Josiah S. Carberry of Brown University for his work in psychoceramics, the study of "cracked pots".
+Pedestrian Technology: Paul DeFanti, "wizard of structures and crusader for public safety, for his invention of the Buckybonnet, a geodesic fashion structure that pedestrians wear to protect their heads and preserve their composure".
+Physics: Thomas Kyle, for his discovery of "the heaviest element in the universe, Administratium".
+
+== 1992 ==
+Archaeology: Éclaireurs de France (a French Scouting organization), removers of graffiti, for damaging the prehistoric paintings of two bisons in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel.
+Art: Presented jointly to Jim Knowlton for his anatomy poster "Penises of the Animal Kingdom," and to the U.S. National Endowment for the Arts for encouraging Mr. Knowlton to extend his work in the form of a pop-up book.
+Biology: Dr Cecil Jacobson, relentlessly generous sperm donor and prolific patriarch of sperm banking, for devising a simple, single-handed method of "quality control".
+Chemistry: Ivette Bassa, constructor of colourful colloids, for her role in the crowning achievement of 20th century chemistry, the synthesis of bright blue Jell-O.
+Economics: The investors of Lloyd's of London, heirs to 300 years of dull prudent management, for their bold attempt to ensure disaster by refusing to pay for their company's losses.
+Literature: Yuri Struchkov, unstoppable author from the Institute of Organoelement Compounds in Moscow, for the 948 scientific papers he published between the years 1981 and 1990, averaging more than one every 3.9 days.
+Medicine: F. Kanda, E. Yagi, M. Fukuda, K. Nakajima, T. Ohta, and O. Nakata of the Shiseido Research Center in Yokohama, for their pioneering research study "Elucidation of Chemical Compounds Responsible for Foot Malodour," especially for their conclusion that people who think they have foot odor do, and those who don't, don't.
+Nutrition: The utilizers of SPAM, "courageous consumers of canned comestibles", for 54 years of undiscriminating digestion.
+Peace: Daryl Gates, former police chief of the City of Los Angeles, for his uniquely compelling methods of "bringing people together".
+Physics: David Chorley and Doug Bower, "lions of low-energy physics", for their circular contributions to field theory based on the geometrical destruction of English crops.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners-1.md

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+---
+title: "List of Ig Nobel Prize winners"
+chunk: 2/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:15.055148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== 1993 ==
+Biology: Presented jointly to Paul Williams Jr. of the Oregon State Health Division and Kenneth W. Newel of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, "bold biological detectives", for their pioneering study, "Salmonella Excretion in Joy-Riding Pigs".
+Chemistry: Presented jointly to James and Gaines Campbell of Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, "dedicated deliverers of fragrance", for inventing scent strips, the odious method by which perfume is applied to magazine pages.
+Consumer Engineering: Presented to Ron Popeil, incessant inventor and perpetual pitchman of late night television, for redefining the industrial revolution with such devices as the Veg-O-Matic, the Pocket Fisherman, Mr. Microphone, and the Inside-the-Shell Egg Scrambler.
+Economics: Presented to Ravi Batra of Southern Methodist University, shrewd economist and best-selling author of The Great Depression of 1990 (ISBN 978-0-440-20168-7) and Surviving the Great Depression of 1990, (ISBN 978-0-671-66324-7) for selling enough copies of his books to single-handedly prevent worldwide economic collapse.
+Literature: Presented to T. Morrison, E. Topol, R. Califf, F. Van de Werf, P. W. Armstrong, and their 972 co-authors, for publishing a medical research paper which has one hundred times as many authors as pages. The authors are from the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
+Mathematics: Presented to Robert W. Faid of Greenville, South Carolina, "farsighted and faithful seer of statistics", for calculating the exact odds (710,609,175,188,282,000 to 1) that Mikhail Gorbachev is the Antichrist.
+Medicine: Presented to James F. Nolan, Thomas J. Stillwell, and John P. Sands, Jr., "medical men of mercy", for their painstaking research report, "Acute Management of the Zipper-Entrapped Penis".
+Peace: The Pepsi-Cola Company of the Philippines, for sponsoring a contest to create a millionaire, and then announcing the wrong winning number, thereby inciting and uniting 800,000 riotously expectant winners, and bringing many warring factions together for the first time in their nation's history.
+Physics: Presented to Corentin Louis Kervran of France, "ardent admirer of alchemy", for his conclusion that the calcium in chickens' eggshells is created by a process of cold fusion.
+Psychology: Presented jointly to John E. Mack of Harvard Medical School and David M. Jacobs of Temple University, for their conclusion that people who believe they were kidnapped by aliens from outer space probably were—and especially for their conclusion, "the focus of the abduction is the production of children".
+Visionary Technology: Presented jointly to Jay Schiffman of Farmington Hills, Michigan, crack inventor of AutoVision, an image projection device that makes it possible to drive a car and watch television at the same time, and to the Michigan State Legislature, for making it legal to do so.
+
+== 1994 ==
+Biology: Presented to W. Brian Sweeney, Brian Krafte-Jacobs, Jeffrey W. Britton, and Wayne Hansen, for their breakthrough study, "The Constipated Serviceman: Prevalence Among Deployed US Troops," and especially for their numerical analysis of bowel movement frequency.
+Chemistry: Presented to Texas State Senator Bob Glasgow, writer of logical legislation, for sponsoring the 1989 drug control law which makes it illegal to purchase beakers, flasks, test tubes, or other laboratory glassware without a permit.
+Economics: Presented to Juan Pablo Dávila of Chile, "tireless trader of financial futures" and former employee of the state-owned company Codelco, for accidentally instructing his computer to "buy" when he meant "sell". He subsequently attempted to recoup his losses by making increasingly unprofitable trades that ultimately lost 0.5 percent of Chile's gross national product. Davila's relentless achievement inspired his countrymen to coin a new verb, "davilar", meaning "to botch things up royally".
+Entomology: Presented to Robert A. Lopez of Westport, NY, "valiant veterinarian and friend of all creatures great and small", for his series of experiments in obtaining ear mites from cats, inserting them into his own ear, and carefully observing and analyzing the results.
+Literature: Presented to L. Ron Hubbard, ardent author of science fiction and founding father of Scientology, for his crackling Good Book, Dianetics, which is highly profitable to humankind, or to a portion thereof.
+Mathematics: Presented to The Southern Baptist Church of Alabama, mathematical measurers of morality, for their county-by-county estimate of how many Alabama citizens will go to Hell if they don't repent.
+Medicine: Two prizes. First, to Patient X, formerly of the US Marine Corps, valiant victim of a venomous bite from his pet rattlesnake, for his determined use of electroshock therapy. At his own insistence, automobile spark plug wires were attached to his lip, and the car engine revved to 3,000 rpm for five minutes. Second, to Dr. Richard C. Dart of the Rocky Mountain Poison Center and Dr. Richard A. Gustafson of the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, who referenced Patient X in their well-grounded medical report, "Failure of Electric Shock Treatment for Rattlesnake Envenomation."
+Peace: Presented to John Hagelin of Maharishi University and The Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, for his experimental conclusion that 4,000 trained meditators caused a 24 percent decrease in violent crime in Washington, D.C.
+Psychology: Presented to Lee Kuan Yew, former Prime Minister of Singapore, for his thirty-year study of the effects of punishing three million citizens of Singapore whenever they spat, chewed gum, or fed pigeons.
+
+=== No longer officially listed ===
+Physics: Presented to the Japanese Meteorological Agency, for its seven-year study of whether earthquakes are caused by catfish wiggling their tails. This winner is not officially listed, as it was based on what turned out to be erroneous press accounts.
+
+== 1995 ==
+The ceremony took place on 6 October 1995.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners-2.md

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+---
+title: "List of Ig Nobel Prize winners"
+chunk: 3/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:15.055148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Chemistry: Presented to Bijan Pakzad of Beverly Hills, for creating DNA Cologne and DNA Perfume, neither of which contain deoxyribonucleic acid, and both of which come in a triple helix bottle.
+Dentistry: Presented to Robert H. Beaumont, of Shoreview, Minnesota, for his incisive study "Patient Preference for Waxed or Unwaxed Dental Floss".
+Economics: Presented jointly to Nick Leeson and his superiors at Barings Bank and to Robert Citron of Orange County, California for using the calculus of derivatives to demonstrate that every financial institution has its limits.
+Literature: Presented to David B. Busch and James R. Starling, of Madison, Wisconsin, for their research report, "Rectal Foreign Bodies: Case Reports and a Comprehensive Review of the World's Literature." The citations include reports of, among other items: seven light bulbs; a knife sharpener; two flashlights; a wire spring; a snuff box; an oil can with potato stopper; eleven different forms of fruits, vegetables and other foodstuffs; a jeweler's saw; a frozen pig's tail; a tin cup; a beer glass; and one patient's remarkable ensemble collection consisting of spectacles, a suitcase key, a tobacco pouch and a magazine.
+Medicine: Presented to Marcia E. Buebel, David S. Shannahoff-Khalsa, and Michael R. Boyle, for their study entitled "The Effects of Unilateral Forced Nostril Breathing on Cognition."
+Nutrition: Presented to John Martinez of J. Martinez & Company in Atlanta, for luak coffee, the world's most expensive coffee, which is made from coffee beans ingested and excreted by the luak, a raccoon-like animal native to Indonesia.
+Peace: Presented to the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan, for demonstrating that "politicians gain more by punching, kicking and gouging each other than by waging war against other nations".
+Physics: Presented to Dominique M.R. Georget, R. Parker, and Andrew C. Smith of Norwich, England, for their rigorous analysis of soggy breakfast cereal. It was published in the report entitled "A Study of the Effects of Water Content on the Compaction Behaviour of Breakfast Cereal Flakes."
+Psychology: Presented to Shigeru Watanabe, Junko Sakamoto, and Masumi Wakita, of Keio University, for their success in training pigeons to discriminate between the paintings of Picasso and those of Monet.
+Public Health: Presented to Martha Kold Bakkevig of Sintef Unimed in Trondheim, Norway, and Ruth Nielsen of the Technical University of Denmark, for their exhaustive study, "Impact of Wet Underwear on Thermoregulatory Responses and Thermal Comfort in the Cold."
+
+== 1996 ==
+
+The ceremony took place on 3 October 1996.
+
+Art: Presented to Don Featherstone of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, for his ornamentally evolutionary invention, the plastic pink flamingo. Featherstone was the first Ig Nobel Prize winner to appear in person at the awards ceremony to accept the award.
+Biodiversity: Presented to Chonosuke Okamura of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory in Nagoya, Japan, for discovering the fossils of dinosaurs, horses, dragons, and more than one thousand other extinct "mini-species", each of which is less than 0.25 mm in length.
+Biology: Presented jointly to Anders Bærheim and Hogne Sandvik of the University of Bergen, Norway, for their report, "Effect of Ale, Garlic, and Soured Cream on the Appetite of Leeches."
+Chemistry: Presented to George Goble of Purdue University, for his blistering world record time for igniting a barbecue grill: three seconds, using charcoal and liquid oxygen.
+Economics: Presented to Dr. Robert J. Genco of the University at Buffalo for his discovery that "financial strain is a risk indicator for destructive periodontal disease".
+Literature: Presented to the editors of the journal Social Text for publishing a paper composed under deceptive pretenses that couched an absurd but theoretically specialized argument about the nature of gravity in a mire of academic buzzwords associated with humanities departments. (See Sokal Affair for details).
+Medicine: Presented to James Johnston of R.J. Reynolds, Joseph Taddeo of U.S. Tobacco, Andrew Tisch of Lorillard, William Campbell of Philip Morris, Edward A. Horrigan of Liggett Group, Donald S. Johnston of American Tobacco Company, and Thomas E. Sandefur, Jr., chairman of Brown and Williamson Tobacco Company, for their unshakable discovery, as testified to the U.S. Congress, that nicotine is not addictive.
+Peace: Presented to Jacques Chirac, President of France, for commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Hiroshima with atomic bomb tests in the Pacific.
+Physics: Presented to Robert Matthews of Aston University, England, for his demonstration that the buttered toast phenomenon is ultimately based in the fundamental physical constants.
+Public Health: Presented to Ellen Kleist of Nuuk, Greenland and Harald Moi of Oslo, Norway, for their cautionary medical report "Transmission of Gonorrhea Through an Inflatable Doll."
+
+== 1997 ==
+The ceremony took place on 9 October 1997.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners-3.md

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+---
+title: "List of Ig Nobel Prize winners"
+chunk: 4/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:15.055148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Astronomy: Presented to Richard C. Hoagland of New Jersey, for identifying artificial features on the Moon and on Mars, including a human face on Mars and ten-mile high buildings on the far side of the Moon.
+Biology: Presented to T. Yagyu and his colleagues from the University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland, the Kansai Medical University in Osaka, Japan, and the Neuroscience Technology Research in Prague, Czech Republic, for measuring people's brainwave patterns while they chewed different flavors of gum.
+Communications: Presented to Sanford Wallace, president of Cyber Promotions of Philadelphia. Nothing has stopped this self-appointed courier from delivering electronic junk mail to all the world.
+Economics: Presented to Akihiro Yokoi of Wiz Company in Chiba, Japan, and Aki Maita of Bandai Company in Tokyo, for diverting millions of man-hours of work into the husbandry of virtual pets.
+Entomology: Presented to Mark Hostetler of the University of Florida, for his book, That Gunk on Your Car, (ISBN 978-0-89815-961-5) which identifies the insect splats that appear on automobile windows.
+Literature: Presented to Doron Witztum, Eliyahu Rips, and Yoav Rosenberg of Israel, and to Michael Drosnin of the United States, for their claimed statistical discovery of a hidden code in the Bible.
+Medicine: Presented to Carl J. Charnetski and Francis X. Brennan, Jr. of Wilkes University, and James F. Harrison of Muzak Ltd. in Seattle, Washington, for their discovery that listening to Muzak stimulates the immune system and thus may help prevent the common cold.
+Meteorology: Presented to Bernard Vonnegut of the State University of New York at Albany, for his report, "Chicken Plucking as Measure of Tornado Wind Speed."
+Peace: Presented to Harold Hillman of the University of Surrey, England, for his report "The Possible Pain Experienced During Execution by Different Methods."
+Physics: Presented to John Bockris of Texas A&M University, for his achievements in cold fusion, in the transmutation of base elements into gold, and in the electrochemical incineration of domestic rubbish.
+
+== 1998 ==
+The ceremony took place on 8 October 1998.
+
+Chemistry: Presented to Jacques Benveniste of France, for his homeopathic "discovery" that not only does water have memory, but that the information can be transmitted over telephone lines and the Internet.
+Biology: Presented to Peter Fong of Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, for contributing to the happiness of clams by giving them Prozac.
+Economics: Presented to Richard Seed of Chicago for his efforts to stoke up the world economy by cloning himself and other human beings.
+Literature: Presented to Dr. Mara Sidoli of Washington, D.C., for her illuminating report, "Farting as a Defence Against Unspeakable Dread".
+Medicine: Presented to Patient Y and to his doctors, Caroline Mills, Meirion Llewelyn, David Kelly, and Peter Holt, of Royal Gwent Hospital, in Newport for the cautionary medical report, "A Man Who Pricked His Finger and Smelled Putrid for 5 Years."
+Peace: Presented to Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, for their aggressively peaceful detonations of atomic bombs.
+Physics: Presented to Deepak Chopra of The Chopra Center for Well Being, La Jolla, California, for his unique interpretation of quantum physics as it applies to life, liberty, and the pursuit of economic happiness.
+Safety Engineering: Presented to Troy Hurtubise, of North Bay, Ontario, for developing and personally testing a suit of armor that is impervious to grizzly bears.
+Science Education: Presented to Dolores Krieger, professor emerita, New York University, for demonstrating the merits of therapeutic touch, a method by which nurses manipulate the energy fields of ailing patients by carefully avoiding physical contact with those patients.
+Statistics: Presented to Jerald Bain of Mt. Sinai Hospital in Toronto and Kerry Siminoski of the University of Alberta, for their carefully measured report, "The Relationship Among Height, Penile Length, and Foot Size".
+
+== 1999 ==
+The ceremony took place on 30 September 1999.
+
+Biology: Presented to Dr. Paul Bosland, director of The Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, for breeding a spiceless jalapeño chili pepper.
+Chemistry: Presented to Takeshi Makino, president of The Safety Detective Agency in Osaka, Japan, for his involvement with S-Check, an infidelity detection spray that wives can apply to their husbands' underwear.
+Environmental Protection: Presented to Hyuk-ho Kwon of Kolon Company of Seoul, South Korea, for inventing the self-perfuming business suit.
+Literature: Presented to the British Standards Institution for its six-page specification (BS 6008) of the proper way to make a cup of tea.
+Managed Health Care: Presented to George and Charlotte Blonsky of New York City and San Jose, California, for inventing an Apparatus for facilitating the birth of a child by centrifugal force (U.S. patent 3,216,423) to aid women in giving birth: the woman is strapped onto a circular table, and the table is then rotated at high speed.
+Medicine: Presented to Arvid Vatle of Stord, Norway, for carefully collecting, classifying, and contemplating which kinds of containers his patients chose when submitting urine samples.
+Peace: Presented to Charl Fourie and Michelle Wong of Johannesburg, South Africa, for inventing the Blaster, a foot-pedal activated flamethrower that motorists can use against carjackers.
+Physics: Presented to Dr. Len Fisher of Bristol, England and Sydney, Australia for calculating the optimal way to dunk a biscuit (cookie). Also, to Professor Jean-Marc Vanden-Broeck of the University of East Anglia, England, and Belgium, and Joseph Keller of the U.S. for calculating how to make a teapot spout that does not drip.
+Science Education: Presented to the Kansas State Board of Education and the Colorado State Board of Education, for mandating that children should not believe in Darwin's theory of evolution any more than they believe in Newton's theory of gravitation, Faraday's and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, or Pasteur's theory that germs cause disease.
+Sociology: Presented to Steve Penfold, of York University in Toronto, for doing his PhD thesis on the history of Canadian doughnut shops.
+
+== 2000 ==
+The ceremony took place on 5 October 2000.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners-4.md

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+---
+title: "List of Ig Nobel Prize winners"
+chunk: 5/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:15.055148+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Biology: Presented to Richard Wassersug of Dalhousie University, for his firsthand report, "On the Comparative Palatability of Some Dry-Season Tadpoles from Costa Rica".
+Chemistry: Presented to Donatella Marazziti, Alessandra Rossi, and Giovanni B. Cassano of the University of Pisa, Italy, and Hagop S. Akiskal of the University of California, San Diego, for their discovery that, biochemically, romantic love may be indistinguishable from having severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.
+Computer Science: Presented to Chris Niswander of Tucson, Arizona, for inventing PawSense, software that detects when a cat is walking across your computer keyboard.
+Economics: Presented to The Reverend Sun Myung Moon, for bringing efficiency and steady growth to the mass marriage industry, with, according to his reports, a 36-couple wedding in 1960, a 430-couple wedding in 1968, an 1,800-couple wedding in 1975, a 6,000-couple wedding in 1982, a 30,000-couple wedding in 1992, a 360,000-couple wedding in 1995, and a 36,000,000-couple wedding in 1997.
+Literature: Presented to Jasmuheen (formerly known as Ellen Greve) of Australia, first lady of Breatharianism, for her book Living on Light, (ISBN 978-3-929512-35-9) which explains that although some people do eat food, they don't ever really need to.
+Medicine: Presented to Willibrord Weijmar Schultz, Pek van Andel, and Eduard Mooyaart of Groningen, the Netherlands, and Ida Sabelis of Amsterdam, for their illuminating report "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Male and Female Genitals During Coitus and Female Sexual Arousal."
+Peace: Presented to the Royal Navy, for ordering its sailors to stop using live cannon shells, and to instead just shout "Bang!"
+Physics: Presented to Andre Geim of the University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and Michael Berry of Bristol University, England, for using magnets to levitate a frog. Geim later shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics for his research on graphene, the first time anyone has been awarded both the Ig Nobel and (real) Nobel Prizes. By 2022, their magnetic levitation of a frog was reportedly part of the inspiration for China's lunar gravity research facility.
+Psychology: Presented to David Dunning of Cornell University and Justin Kruger of the University of Illinois, for their modest report, "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments".
+Public Health: Presented to Jonathan Wyatt, Gordon McNaughton, and William Tullett of Glasgow, for their alarming report, "The Collapse of Toilets in Glasgow".
+
+== 2001 ==
+The ceremony took place on 4 October 2001.
+
+== 2002 ==
+The ceremony took place on 3 October 2002.
+
+== 2003 ==
+The ceremony took place on 2 October 2003.
+
+== 2004 ==
+The ceremony took place on 30 September 2004.
+
+== 2005 ==
+The ceremony took place on 6 October 2005.
+
+== 2006 ==
+The ceremony took place on 5 October 2006.
+
+== 2007 ==
+The ceremony took place on 4 October 2007.
+
+== 2008 ==
+The ceremony took place on 2 October 2008.
+
+== 2009 ==
+The ceremony took place on 1 October 2009.
+
+== 2010 ==
+The ceremony took place on 30 September 2010.
+
+== 2011 ==
+The ceremony took place on 29 September 2011.
+
+== 2012 ==
+The ceremony took place on 20 September 2012.
+
+== 2013 ==
+The ceremony took place on 12 September 2013.
+
+== 2014 ==
+The ceremony took place on 18 September 2014.
+
+== 2015 ==
+The 25th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony took place on 17 September 2015 and was held at the Harvard's Sanders Theatre.
+
+== 2016 ==
+The ceremony took place on 22 September 2016.
+
+== 2017 ==
+The ceremony took place on 14 September 2017.
+
+== 2018 ==
+The ceremony took place on 13 September 2018.
+
+== 2019 ==
+
+The ceremony took place on 12 September 2019.
+
+== 2020 ==
+The ceremony took place on 17 September 2020 and was webcast.
+
+== 2021 ==
+The 31st First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony took place on Thursday, 9 September 2021 and was webcast.
+
+== 2022 ==
+The 32nd First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony took place on Thursday, 15 September 2022, and was presented in a webcast format.
+
+== 2023 ==
+The 33rd First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony took place on Thursday, 14 September 2023, and was presented in webcast.
+
+== 2024 ==
+The 34th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony took place on Thursday, 12 September 2024, and was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+
+== 2025 ==
+The 35th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony took place on Thursday, 18 September 2025, and was held at Boston University.
+
+== People who received multiple Ig Nobel Prizes ==
+Jacques Benveniste, 1991 and 1998 Chemistry
+Joseph Keller, 1999 and 2012 Physics
+Toshiyuki Nakagaki and Atsushi Tero, 2008 Cognitive Science and 2010 Transportation Planning
+Alessandro Pluchino and Andrea Rapisarda, 2010 Management and 2022 Economics
+Alexander Lukashenko, 2013 Peace and 2020 Medical Education
+David Hu and Patricia Yang, 2015 and 2019 Physics
+
+== Ig Nobel Prize winners who also received the Nobel Prize ==
+Andre Geim, 2000 Ig Nobel Prize in Physics and 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics.
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Ig Nobel Prize Winner List (public domain)
+Gold, Jon (13 September 2013). "2013 Ig Nobel Prize winners: from opera-loving mice to stargazing dung beetles". Network World. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Society_for_Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine_gold_medal_winners-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine gold medal winners"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Society_for_Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine_gold_medal_winners"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:12.559961+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The ISMRM Gold Medal is the highest honor awarded by the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, recognizing individuals who have made major contributions to the development of magnetic resonance techniques in medicine and biology. Recipients are selected by a committee of peers based on the originality and impact of their work in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS). Past awardees include Robert S. Balaban (1994), Peter J. Basser (2008), Zaver M. Bhujwalla (2019), and Peter A. Bandettini (2020).
+
+✰ – 1991 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
+★ – 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
+
+
+== See also ==
+Günther Laukien Prize, presented at the Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference "to recognize recent cutting-edge experimental NMR research with a high probability of enabling beneficial new applications."
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Gold Medal, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_Mérite_for_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_Mérite_for_Sciences_and_Arts"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:05:16.312103+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts (German: Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste), a German and formerly Prussian honor given since 1842 for achievement in the humanities, sciences, or arts.
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). "VII Friedensklasse 1842–1913". Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. pp. 575–598.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website (in German)