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The Association for Computing Machinery's Council on Women in Computing (ACM-W) supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in all aspects of the computing field, providing a wide range of programs and services to ACM members and working in the larger community to advance the contributions of technical women. ACM-W is an active organization with over 36,000 members.
== Celebrations of Women in Computing ==
ACM-W sponsors annual celebrations focused on women in computing. ACM-W provides up to $3,000 seed funding for each celebration, and also raises and disburses corporate sponsorship. Each celebration organizing committee is responsible for additional fundraising within their conference area. ACM-W supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in all aspects of the computing field, providing a wide range of programs and services to Association for Computing Machinery members and working in the larger community to advance the contributions of technical women.
ACM-W Celebrations are regional conferences with global participants from industry, academia, and government. Celebration participation is growing and these events represent some of the largest gatherings of women in technology.
The original Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing was recognized by the US White House on their page "The Untold History of Women in Science and Technology" in the entry for United States Navy Rear Admiral Grace Hopper. In addition to this noteworthy beginning, the conferences have attracted the participation of technology notables including Anita Hill, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative co-founder Priscilla Chan, and Justine Cassell of Carnegie Mellon University, one of the top universities in Computer Science. The list describes the expansion of celebrations globally to include the largest gathering of women in computing in India.
== Chapters ==
ACM-W has nearly 200 active professional, virtual and student chapters globally. The professional chapters serve to enhance communications networks thereby providing resources and support for women in the workforce. The student chapters serve to increase recruitment and retention of women in computing fields at the university level and offer student activities and projects that aim to improve the working and learning environments for women in computing.
== Awards ==
Starting in 2006, ACM-W has offered an annual Athena Lecturer Award to honor outstanding women researchers who have made fundamental contributions to computer science:
2006–2007: Deborah Estrin of UCLA
2007–2008: Karen Spärck Jones of University of Cambridge
2008–2009: Shafi Goldwasser of MIT and the Weitzmann Institute of Science
2009–2010: Susan J. Eggers of the University of Washington
2010–2011: Mary Jane Irwin of the Pennsylvania State University
2011–2012: Judith S. Olson of the University of California, Irvine
2012–2013: Nancy Lynch of MIT
2013–2014: Katherine Yelick of LBNL
2014–2015: Susan Dumais of Microsoft Research
2015–2016: Jennifer Widom of Stanford University
2016–2017: Jennifer Rexford of Princeton University
2017–2018: Lydia Kavraki of Rice University
2018–2019: Andrea Goldsmith of Princeton University
2019–2020: Elisa Bertino of Purdue University
2020–2021: Sarit Kraus of Bar-Ilan University
2021–2022: Ayanna Howard of Ohio State University
2022–2023: Éva Tardos of Cornell University
ACM-W also offers an ACM-W Networking Award for active student chapters.
== Scholarships ==
ACM-W provides support for women undergraduate and graduate students in Computer Science and related programs to attend research conferences. The ACM-W scholarships are offered for both intra-continental conference travel, and intercontinental conference travel. Scholarship applications are evaluated in six groups each year, to distribute awards across a range of conferences, including many annual ACM special interest group conferences such as SIGACCESS, SIGACT, SIGAI, SIGARCH, SIGCOMM, SIGCHI, SIGCSE, SIGDA, SIGECOM, SIGEVO, SIGGRAPH, SIGHPC, SIGIR, SIGITE, SIGMM, SIGMOBILE, SIGOPS, SIGPLAN, and SIGSOFT.
== Sponsors ==
Past sponsors of ACM-W services such as scholarships and regional celebrations include:
Google
Microsoft Research
Oracle Academy
Two Sigma
== Newsletter ==
ACM-W publishes a monthly newsletter that highlights people, opportunities, accomplishments, and current issues associated with women in computing. The network wide newsletter was started in 2008 with regional newsletters also provided.
== Officers ==
ACM-W officers include:
Ruth G. Lennon, Chair
Reyyan Ayfer, Vice Chair
Melanie Wu, Treasurer
Amelia Cole, Treasurer
Arati Dixit, Standing Committee Chair
Bushra Anjum, Standing Committee Chair
Bettina Bair, Communications Committee Chair
Sarah McRoberts, Communications Committee Chair
Valerie Barr, Past Chair
ACM-W regions and chairs are:
Rukiye Altin, Europe Chair
Heena Timani, India Chair
Monica McGill, North America
Jacqueline Tate, Asia Pacific
Hong Gao, China
ACM-W Standing Committees and Special Projects include:
Viviana Bono, ACM-W Scholarships
Pamela Wisniewski, ACM / ACM-W Awards Rising Star
Rachelle Hippler, Professional Chapters
Priya Chawla, Next Gen
ACM-W Communications Committee members:
Jennifer Goodall, ACM-W Connections Newsletter Editor
== See also ==
Association for Computing Machinery
CRA-W: Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research
List of organizations for women in science
National Center for Women & Information Technology
Women in computing
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Celebrations of Women in Computing
Women in Computing Oral History Collection
Anita Borg Institute

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The Ada Initiative was a non-profit organization that sought to increase women's participation in the free culture movement, open-source technology and open culture. The organization was founded in 2011 by Linux kernel developer and open source advocate Valerie Aurora and open source developer and advocate Mary Gardiner (the founder of AussieChix, the largest organization for women in open source in Australia). It was named after Ada Lovelace, one of the world's first computer programmers, as is the Ada programming language. In August 2015, the Ada Initiative board announced that the organization would shut down in October 2015. According to the announcement, the Initiative's executive leadership decided to step down, and the organization was unable to find acceptable replacement leaders.
== History ==
Valerie Aurora, already an activist for women in open source, joined Mary Gardiner and members of Geek Feminism to develop anti-harassment policies for conferences after Noirin Shirley was sexually assaulted at ApacheCon 2010. Together with Gardiner, she founded the Ada Initiative in February 2011.
In 2014, Valerie Aurora announced her intent to step down as executive director of the Ada Initiative, and an executive search committee was formed to find her replacement. Mary Gardiner, deputy executive director, chose not to be a candidate. The committee, headed by Sumana Harihareswara and Mary Gardiner, announced in March 2015 that the Ada Initiative had hired Crystal Huff as the new executive director. Huff, formerly of Luminoso in Boston, continued to work from Massachusetts in her new role.
In August 2015, the Ada Initiative announced that the organization would close in mid-October, 2015. The announcement described the leadership challenge facing the Initiative: neither co-founder intended to continue as executive director. According to the post on the Ada Initiative website: We felt the likelihood of finding a new ED who could effectively fit into Valerie’s shoes was low. We also considered several other options for continuing the organization, including changing its programs, or becoming volunteer-only. After much deliberation, the board decided to do an orderly shutdown of the Ada Initiative, in which the organization would open source all of our remaining knowledge and expertise in freely reusable and modifiable form. We don’t feel like non-profits need to exist forever. The Ada Initiative did a lot of great work, and we are happy about it. The previous hire of Crystal Huff, announced several months earlier, was not mentioned other than to note "that hire didn't work out."
== Administration ==
All services provided by the Ada Initiative were pro bono, and the organization was supported by member donations. In the summer of 2011, the Ada Initiative launched a campaign to raise start-up funds with a goal of contributions from 100 funders. The campaign wrapped up six days before its planned deadline. The organization's first major sponsor was Linux Australia, who provided support alongside Puppet Labs, DreamHost, The Mail Archive and Google. Aurora and Gardiner were the only staff members, serving full-time roles in the organization.
=== Board and advisory board ===
The Ada Initiative was governed by a seven-person board of directors, who oversaw its management. The board included co-founder Mary Gardiner, Sue Gardner, Amelia Greenhall, Rachel Chalmers, Alicia Gibb, Andrea Horbinski and Marina Zhurakhinskaya. An advisory board of about 30 members provided input about ideas and projects.
== Initiatives ==
In collaboration with members of LinuxChix, Geek Feminism and other groups, the Ada Initiative developed anti-harassment policies for conferences. The Ada Initiative also worked with open source conference organizers to adopt, create and communicate policies to make conferences safer and more inviting for all attendees, particularly women. Conferences such as Ubuntu Developer Summits and all Linux Foundation events, including LinuxCon, have adopted policies based on the Ada Initiative's work.
The Ada Initiative developed policy framework for creating a Women in Open Source Scholarship and programming guides for outreach projects and events. The organization also hosted workshops and training. These workshops and programs consisted of Allies Workshops for male and institutional supporters and "First Patch Week" programs, which encourages women's participation in Free and open source software (FOSS) through mentoring. The workshop framework is freely available, although the Ada Initiative also offered facilitators to conduct the workshops in person.
By encouraging women's participation in open-source culture, the Ada Initiative encouraged women to engage in open source professionally and full-time- not just as volunteers. The organization also researched women's roles and experiences in open source, focusing on bringing research up to date; the last survey done of the gender balance in open source had been completed in 2006. Research methodology and a new survey were produced in 2011. A repeat of the survey took place in 2013, with hopes to provide a standard resource for the industry. The 2011 survey invited participants of any gender and inquired about subjects regarding open source and free software, hardware, open mapping, and other related open source areas, as well as free culture such as Creative Commons, online activism, mashup, maker, hacker spaces and related communities.
The Ada Initiative was the organizer of AdaCamp, an unconference "dedicated to increasing women’s participation in open technology and culture." Seven AdaCamps were held between 2012 and 2015.
== Violet Blue's security presentation ==
In February 2013, the organizers of the Security B-Sides San Francisco conference canceled speaker Violet Blue's talk, sex +/- drugs: known vulns and exploits, due to concerns raised by the Ada Initiative that it contained rape triggers, as well as the Ada Initiative's consideration of the subject as off-topic for a security conference. The abrupt cancellation provoked intense discussion in the information security industry. Since the event at B-Sides SF, lead organizer Ian Fung has outlined his account of the interactions between Blue, Aurora, and the Ada Initiative on the B-Sides SF front page, contradicting some of the claims made by both the Ada Initiative and Blue.
== See also ==
Ada Project, The
Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology
Contributor Covenant
Discrimination
Sexism in the technology industry
Women in computing
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Census, March 2011: Demographic breakdown of responses Archived 2012-04-03 at the Wayback Machine from the Ada Initiative.
Ada Initiative Census Results Part 2 Archived 2021-02-19 at the Wayback Machine

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The African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology is an international summit organized by the World Wide Web Foundation and the Alliance for Affordable Internet in collaboration with other international organizations and ministries. It is a gathering of digital equality advocates who are mostly women and the main focus of discussion is bridging the digital gender gap.
== Agenda ==
The summit focuses on exploring how technology policies could further the rights and interest of women in Africa and how these policies could work to help bridge the digital gender gap.
=== Topics ===
Affordable Broadband
Women’s rights online
Digital education and skills
Digital Entrepreneurship
== 2016 - First African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology ==
The First Edition of the African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology was held on the 13 to the 14 of September 2016 in Accra, with about 150 digital equality advocates in attendance. It was a collaboration between Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI), the World Wide Web Foundation, UN Women, the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Center of Excellence in ICT (AITI-KACE), and the African Development Bank.
== 2018 - Second African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology ==
The second edition of the summit was held from the 9th – 11 October 2018 in Accra with over 250 participants in attendance. The 2018 summit is a collaboration between the World Wide Web Foundation, Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI), African Development Bank, Internet Society, Ministry of Communications, Ghana, Open Society Initiative for West Africa, UN Women, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development Germany, Google, Facebook and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. The three day summit includes lightning talks, panel discussions and workshops.
=== Participants ===
The 2018 edition of the summit was attended by the following dignitaries.
== References ==

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The African Women in Mathematics Association (AWMA) is a professional society whose mission is to promote mathematics to African women and girls, to support women's careers in mathematics, to create equal opportunity and equal treatment in the African mathematical community, and to create a meeting place for mathematical African women. The AWMA was founded in 2013. AWMA has approximately 300 members from over 30 countries and from all regions of Africa. It hosts events to encourage African girls' participation in mathematics.
== History ==
In 1986, the African Mathematical Union founded the commission on women and mathematics (AMUCWMA). At the AMUCWMA's 2012 conference in Ouagadougou, which drew over 70 attendees, a panel on the state on women in mathematics in Africa was held. The panel's primary recommendation was to create an association for African female mathematicians. The AWUCWMA held another conference soon after in July 2013 in Cape Town. One of the primary objectives of the conference was to form an association for African women in mathematics. On July 19, 2013 at the conference, the African Women in Mathematics Association was officially formed. The primary objective was "the promotion of female mathematicians in Africa and the promotion of mathematics among girls and women in Africa".
The first AWMA conference was held in July 2015 in Naivasha, Kenya. The topic of the conference was Women in Mathematics for Social Change and Sustainable Livelihoods. Starting in October 2020, the association has hosted virtual seminars due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The first of these seminars was hosted by Aissa Wade on complex contact structures and Jacobi manifolds.
The AWMA has collaborated with the African Mathematical Union, Centre International de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, and European Women in Mathematics. They created their website in 2015, with assistance from the Women in Mathematics committee of the International Mathematical Union.
In coordination with other women's mathematics organizations, the AWMA celebrates women in mathematics during the May 12 Initiative. The date was chosen for Maryam Mirzakhani's birthday.
== Organization ==
At the organization's formation, Marie Françoise Ouedraogo was elected president, Joséphine Guidy Wandja the vice president of Western Africa, Rebecca Walo Omana the Vice President of Central Africa, Schehrazad Selmane the Vice President of Northern Africa, Yirgalem Tsegaye the Vice President of Eastern Africa, and Sibusiso Moyo the Vice President of Southern Africa. The group is a nonprofit organization. Decisions are made by simple majority, and constitutional changes are made by 2/3 majority. A general meeting is held at least once every two years.
The organization lists its purpose as:
To encourage African women to take up and continue their studies in mathematics and to promote mathematics among women.
To support African women with or desiring careers in research in mathematics or Mathematics related fields.
To provide a meeting place for these women.
To foster international scientific communications among African women within and across fields in mathematics.
To promote equal opportunity and equal treatment of women and men in the African Mathematical community.
To increase access of African women to socio-economic benefits of mathematics.
To increase access of African women to grants.
To provide mentorship of African female students in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions both at the undergraduate and post graduate levels.
To promote participation of AWMA in the development of Africa.
To cooperate with groups and organizations with similar goals.
To promote cooperation and exchange of ideas in mathematics research and teaching of mathematics.
To stimulate communication between women in mathematics in Africa.
To organize research seminars and colloquia in mathematics in Africa.
To promote visits to Africa of eminent women and men in mathematics from other continents and organize inter-departmental visits and exchange visits.
To promote visits to African countries of eminent women and men in mathematics from Africa and African diaspora.
To seek and maintain contacts with other mathematics associations within and outside the Africa, provided that the objectives and purposes of such other associations are consistent with the objectives and purposes of the association.
To produce a research and information publication and any other publications deemed to be of value in the promotion of the above objectives.
To endow prizes and awards in mathematics.
To carry out any, do or transact any act, scheme or enterprise calculated to further the objectives of the Association.
== See also ==
African Mathematical Union
History of mathematics in Africa
List of women in mathematics
Marie Françoise Ouedraogo
== References ==
== External links ==
African Women in Mathematics Association article in November 2020: European Women in Mathematics newsletter about the impact of COVID-19 on women mathematicians in Africa

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The American Association for Women in Radiology (or AAWR) is a professional association founded in 1981 as a resource for "professional socialization" for women in a male-dominated field of radiology.
AAWR's role model is Marie Curie.
The main goals of the association were to provide a forum for issues unique to women in radiology, radiation oncology and related professions, to sponsor programs that promote opportunities for women, and to facilitate networking among women radiologists.
== References ==

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The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is a United States–based international nonprofit with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity. AAAS was the first permanent organization established to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields. It is the world's largest general scientific society, with over 120,000 members, and is the publisher of the well-known scientific journal Science.
== History ==
=== Creation ===
The American Association for the Advancement of Science was created on September 20, 1848, at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was a reformation of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists with the broadened mission to be the first permanent organization to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields The society chose William Charles Redfield as their first president because he had proposed the most comprehensive plans for the organization. According to the first constitution which was agreed to at the September 20 meeting, the goal of the society was to promote scientific dialogue in order to allow for greater scientific collaboration. By doing so, the association aimed to use resources to conduct science with increased efficiency and allow for scientific progress at a greater rate. The association also sought to increase the resources available to the scientific community through active advocacy of science. There were only 78 members when the AAAS was formed. As a member of the new scientific body, Matthew Fontaine Maury, USN was one of those who attended the first 1848 meeting.
At a meeting held on Friday afternoon, September 22, 1848, Redfield presided, and Matthew Fontaine Maury gave a full scientific report on his Wind and Current Charts. Maury stated that hundreds of ship navigators were now sending abstract logs of their voyages to the United States Naval Observatory. He added, "Never before was such a corps of observers known." But, he pointed out to his fellow scientists, his critical need was for more "simultaneous observations". "The work," Maury stated, "is not exclusively for the benefit of any nation or age". The minutes of the AAAS meeting reveal that because of the universality of this "view on the subject, it was suggested whether the states of Christendom might not be induced to cooperate with their Navies in the undertaking; at least so far as to cause abstracts of their log-books and sea journals to be furnished to Matthew F. Maury, USN, at the Naval Observatory at Washington."
William Barton Rogers, professor at the University of Virginia and later founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offered a resolution: "Resolved that a Committee of five be appointed to address a memorial to the Secretary of the Navy, requesting his further aid in procuring for Matthew Maury the use of the observations of European and other foreign navigators, for the extension and perfecting of his charts of winds and currents." The resolution was adopted and, in addition to Rogers, the following members of the association were appointed to the committee: Professor Joseph Henry of Washington; Professor Benjamin Peirce of Cambridge, Massachusetts; Professor James H. Coffin of Easton, Pennsylvania, and Professor Stephen Alexander of Princeton, New Jersey. This was scientific cooperation, and Maury went back to Washington with great hopes for the future.
In 1850, the first female members were accepted: astronomer Maria Mitchell and entomologist Margaretta Morris. Science educator Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps was elected in 1859.
=== Early growth and post-Civil War dormancy ===
By 1860, membership increased to over 2,000. Although the AAAS became dormant during the American Civil War (their August 1861 meeting in Nashville, Tennessee, was postponed indefinitely after the outbreak of the first major engagement of the war at Bull Run), the association recovered after the end of the hostilities.
In 1866, Frederick Barnard presided over the first meeting of the resurrected AAAS at a meeting in New York City. Following the revival of the AAAS, the group had considerable growth. The AAAS permitted all people, regardless of scientific credentials, to join. The AAAS did, however, institute a policy of granting the title of "Fellow of the AAAS" to well-respected scientists within the organization.
At the same time, the recovered AAAS faced competition from several newly established learned societies, such as National Academy of Sciences (founded in 1863), the American Chemical Society (1876), Archaeological Institute of America (1879), Modern Language Association (1883), American Historical Association (1884), Geological Society of America (1888), National Geographic Society (1888), American Physical Society (1899), which drew away some of AAAS members. Also, the reputation of the AAAS was somewhat tarnished, because its 3rd president Alexander Dallas Bache used the Society as a lobbying tool for his agency, the US Coast Survey. Several prominent scientists lost interest in the AAAS, and the society's influence declined.
=== Twentieth century ===
The next turning point in the AAS history was the partnership with journal Science, which became the society's official publication in 1900, and provided the AAAS with some revenue through subscription and advertising. The AAAS become the sole owner of Science in 1946. The post–World War II big science, driven by major scientific and technical breakthroughs (such as space flight, nuclear power and the discovery of DNA) brought in an increased public interest in science in the USA, and thus growing sales of the journal, which were further multiplied by shrewd businesses decisions by its editors Dael Wolfle (1954-1970) and William D. Carey (1974-1985). Another important event for the society was the establishment of its Congressional Fellowship program in 1973, which was kick-started by a US$10,000 donation from William T. Golden.

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=== Advocacy ===
Alan I. Leshner, AAAS CEO from 2001 until 2015, published many op-ed articles discussing how many people integrate science and religion in their lives. He has opposed the insertion of non-scientific content, such as creationism or intelligent design, into the scientific curriculum of schools.
In December 2006, the AAAS adopted an official statement on climate change, in which they stated, "The scientific evidence is clear: global climate change caused by human activities is occurring now, and it is a growing threat to society....The pace of change and the evidence of harm have increased markedly over the last five years. The time to control greenhouse gas emissions is now."
In February 2007, the AAAS used satellite images to document human rights abuses in Burma. The next year, AAAS launched the Center for Science Diplomacy to advance both science and the broader relationships among partner countries, by promoting science diplomacy and international scientific cooperation.
In 2012, AAAS published op-eds, held events on Capitol Hill and released analyses of the U.S. federal research-and-development budget, to warn that a budget sequestration would have severe consequences for scientific progress.
== Sciences ==
AAAS covers various areas of sciences and engineering. It has 24 sections, each with a committee and its chair. These committees are also entrusted with the annual evaluation and selection of Fellows. The sections are:
Agriculture, Food & Renewable Resources
Anthropology
Astronomy
Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences
Biological Sciences
Chemistry
Dentistry and Oral Health Sciences
Education
Engineering
General Interest in Science and Engineering
Geology and Geography
History and Philosophy of Science
Industrial Science and Technology
Information, Computing, and Communication
Linguistics and Language Sciences
Mathematics
Medical Sciences
Neuroscience
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Physics
Psychology
Social, Economic, and Political Sciences
Societal Impacts of Science and Engineering
Statistics
== Governance ==
The most recent Constitution of the AAAS, enacted on January 1, 1973, establishes that the governance of the AAAS is accomplished through four entities: a President, a group of administrative officers, a Council, and a board of directors.
=== Presidents ===
Individuals elected to the presidency of the AAAS hold a three-year term in a unique way. The first year is spent as president-elect, the second as president and the third as chairperson of the board of directors. In accordance with the convention followed by the AAAS, presidents are referenced by the year in which they left office.
Geraldine Richmond is the president of AAAS for 2015–16; Phillip Sharp is the board chair; and Barbara A. Schaal is the president-elect. Each took office on the last day of the 2015 AAAS Annual Meeting in February 2015. On the last day of the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting, February 15, 2016, Richmond will become the chair, Schaal will become the president, and a new president-elect will take office.
Past presidents of AAAS have included some of the most important scientific figures of their time. Among them: explorer and geologist John Wesley Powell (1888); astronomer and physicist Edward Charles Pickering (1912); anthropologist Margaret Mead (1975); and biologist Stephen Jay Gould (2000).
Notable presidents of the AAAS, 1848–2005
=== Administrative officers ===
There are three classifications of high-level administrative officials that execute the basic, daily functions of the AAAS. These are the executive officer, the treasurer and then each of the AAAS's section secretaries. The current CEO of AAAS and executive publisher of Science magazine is Sudip Parikh. The current Editor in Chief of Science magazine is Holden Thorp.
==== Sections of the AAAS ====
The AAAS has 24 "sections" with each section being responsible for a particular concern of the AAAS. There are sections for agriculture, anthropology, astronomy, atmospheric science, biological science, chemistry, dentistry, education, engineering, general interest in science and engineering, geology and geography, the history and philosophy of science, technology, computer science, linguistics, mathematics, medical science, neuroscience, pharmaceutical science, physics, psychology, science and human rights, social and political science, the social impact of science and engineering, and statistics.
==== Affiliates ====
AAAS affiliates include 262 societies and academies of science, serving more than 10 million members, from the Acoustical Society of America to the Wildlife Society, as well as non-mainstream groups like the Parapsychological Association.
=== The Council ===
The council is composed of the members of the Board of Directors, the retiring section chairmen, elected delegates and affiliated foreign council members. Among the elected delegates there are always at least two members from the National Academy of Sciences and one from each region of the country. The President of the AAAS serves as the Chairperson of the council. Members serve the council for a term of three years.
The council meets annually to discuss matters of importance to the AAAS. They have the power to review all activities of the Association, elect new fellows, adopt resolutions, propose amendments to the Association's constitution and bylaws, create new scientific sections, and organize and aid local chapters of the AAAS. The Council recently has new additions to it from different sections which include many youngsters as well. John Kerry of Chicago is the youngest American in the council and Akhil Ennamsetty of India is the youngest foreign council member.

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=== Board of directors ===
The board of directors is composed of a chairperson, the president, and the president-elect along with eight elected directors, the executive officer of the association and up to two additional directors appointed by elected officers. Members serve a four-year term except for directors appointed by elected officers, who serve three-year terms.
The current chairman is Gerald Fink, Margaret and Herman Sokol Professor at Whitehead Institute, MIT. Fink will serve in the post until the end of the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting, 15 February 2016. (The chairperson is always the immediate past-president of AAAS.)
The board of directors has a variety of powers and responsibilities. It is charged with the administration of all association funds, publication of a budget, appointment of administrators, proposition of amendments, and determining the time and place of meetings of the national association. The board may also speak publicly on behalf of the association. The board must also regularly correspond with the council to discuss their actions.
== AAAS Fellows ==
The AAAS council elects every year, its members who are distinguished scientifically, to the grade of fellow (FAAAS). Election to AAAS is an honor bestowed by their peers and elected fellows are presented with a certificate and rosette pin. To limit the effects and tolerance of sexual harassment in the sciences, starting 15 October 2018, a Fellow's status can be revoked "in cases of proven scientific misconduct, serious breaches of professional ethics, or when the Fellow in the view of the AAAS otherwise no longer merits the status of Fellow."
== Meetings ==
Formal meetings of the AAAS are numbered consecutively, starting with the first meeting in 1848. Meetings were not held 1861–1865 during the American Civil War, and also 1942–1943 during World War II. Since 1946, one meeting has occurred annually, now customarily in February.
== Awards and Policy Fellowships ==
Each year, the AAAS gives out a number of honorary awards, most of which focus on science communication, journalism, and outreach – sometimes in partnership with other organizations. The awards recognize "scientists, journalists, and public servants for significant contributions to science and to the public's understanding of science". The awards are presented each year at the association's annual meeting.
In addition to the aforementioned Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science program, AAAS offers a similarly-sounding but completely unrelated AAAS Policy Fellowship Programs, which provide Ph.D. scientists and M.S. engineers with opportunities to serve in the federal government. These policy fellows spend one or two years working for the executive (130 positions), legislative (5 positions) or judicial (1 position) branches.
=== Currently active awards include ===
Award for Science and Diplomacy
ASU–Science Prize for Transformational Impact
Early Career Award for Public Engagement with Science
The Eppendorf & Science Prize for Neurobiology
Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Children's Science News
Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Magazine
Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Newspapers (< 100,000 daily circulation)
Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Newspapers (> 100,000 daily circulation)
Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Online
Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Radio
Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Television
Leadership in Science Education Prize for High School Teachers
Marion Milligan Mason Award: Women in the Chemical Sciences
Mani L. Bhaumik Award for Public Engagement with Science (previously AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology, established 1987)
Mentor Award
Mentor Award for Lifetime Achievement
Newcomb Cleveland Prize
Philip Hauge Abelson Prize
Public Engagement with Science Award
Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award
John McGovern Lecture
William D. Carey Lecture
Golden Goose Award
=== Inactive Awards ===
AAAS/Subaru Prize for Excellence in Science Books (inactive as of 2024)
== Publications ==
The society's flagship publication is Science, a weekly interdisciplinary scientific journal.
Other peer-reviewed journals published by the AAAS in the "Science family of journals" are Science Signaling, Science Translational Medicine, Science Immunology, Science Robotics and the interdisciplinary Science Advances.
They also publish the non-peer-reviewed Science & Diplomacy.
The society previously published the review journal Science Books & Films (SB&F).
AAAS also publishes on behalf of other organizations through the Science Partner Journals (SPJ) program, with a focus on online-only open access journals.
== SciLine ==
SciLine is a philanthropically funded and editorially independent service for journalists and scientists. Its launch was announced in an October 27, 2017 article in Science by founding director Rick Weiss, former communications chief at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and science reporter at the Washington Post. Its stated mission is to increase the amount and quality of research-backed evidence in news stories by connecting U.S. journalists to scientists and to validated scientific information.
Reporters in the United States can access SciLine's services, which include expert-matching, general media briefings, expert quote sheets, and quick fact sheets. As of July 2021, SciLine had fulfilled approximately 2,000 requests from 650 journalists through its expert-matching service.
SciLine's financial supporters include the Quadrivium Foundation, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, the Rita Allen Foundation, and the Heinz Endowments. AAAS provides in-kind support.
== EurekAlert! ==
In 1996, AAAS launched the EurekAlert! website, an editorially independent nonprofit news release distribution service covering all areas of science, medicine and technology. EurekAlert! provides news in English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Japanese, and, from 2007, in Chinese.
Working staff journalists and freelancers who meet eligibility guidelines can access the latest studies before publication and obtain embargoed information in compliance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Regulation Fair Disclosure policy. By early 2018, more than 14,000 reporters from more than 90 countries have registered for free access to embargoed materials. More than 5,000 active public information officers from 2,300 universities, academic journals, government agencies, and medical centers are credentialed to provide new releases to reporters and the public through the system.
In 1998, European science organizations countered Eurekalert! with a press release distribution service AlphaGalileo.
EurekAlert! has fallen under criticism for lack of press release standards and for generating churnalism.
== See also ==
AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility
British Association for the Advancement of Science
EuroScience, the European equivalent of the AAAS
National Postdoctoral Association
National Science Foundation
Renaissance, sculpture outside the AAAS headquarters.
SAGE KE, Science of Aging Knowledge Environment, provided by AAAS
Science's STKE, Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment, provided by AAAS
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
EurekAlert!
SciLine

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The American Association of University Women (AAUW) is an American non-profit organization that advances equity for women and girls through advocacy, education, and research. The organization has a nationwide network of 170,000 members and supporters, 1,000 local branches, and 800 college and university partners. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C. AAUW's CEO is Gloria L. Blackwell.
== History ==
=== 19th century ===
In 1881, Emily Fairbanks Talbot, Marion Talbot and Ellen Swallow Richards invited 15 alumnae from 8 colleges to a meeting in Boston, Massachusetts. The purpose of this meeting was to create an organization of women college graduates that would assist women in finding greater opportunities to use their education, as well as promoting and assisting other women's college attendance. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae or ACA (AAUW's predecessor organization) was officially founded on January 14, 1882. The ACA also worked to improve standards of education for women so that men and women's higher education was more equal in scope and difficulty.
At the beginning of 1884, the ACA had been meeting only in Boston. However, as more women across the country became interested in its work, the Association saw that expansion into branches was necessary to carry on its work. Washington, D.C., was the first branch to be created in 1884, and New York, Pacific (San Francisco), Philadelphia, and Boston branches followed in 1886.
In 1885, the organization took on one of its first major projects: they essentially had to justify their right to exist. A common belief held at the time that a college education would harm a woman's health and result in infertility. This myth was supported by Harvard-educated Boston physician Dr. Edward H. Clarke. An ACA committee led by Annie Howes created a series of questions that were sent to 1,290 ACA members; 705 replies were received. After the results were tabulated, the data demonstrated that higher education did not harm women's health. The report, "Health Statistics of Female College Graduates", was published in 1885 in conjunction with the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. This first research report is one of many conducted by AAUW during its history.
In 1887, a fellowship program for women was established. Supporting the education of women through fellowships would continually remain a critical part of AAUW's mission.
Back in 1883, a similar group of college women had considered forming a Chicago, Illinois branch of the ACA; however, they had reconsidered and formed their own independent organization. They formed the Western Association of Collegiate Alumnae (WACA) with Jane M. Bancroft as its first president. WACA was broad in purpose and consisted of five committees: fine arts, outdoor occupations, domestic professions, press and journalism, and higher education of women in the West. In 1888, WACA awarded its first fellowship of $350 to Ida Street, a Vassar College graduate, to conduct research at the University of Michigan. In 1889, WACA merged with the ACA, further expanding the groups' capacity.
=== 20th century ===
In 1919, the ACA participated in a larger effort led by a group of American women which ultimately raised $156,413 to purchase a gram of radium for Marie Curie for her experiments.
In 1921, the ACA merged with the Southern Association of College Women to create the AAUW, although local branches continued to be the backbone of AAUW. The policy of expansion greatly increased both the size and the impact of the Association, from a small, local organization to a nationwide network of college educated women, and by 1929, there were 31,647 members and 475 branches.
During World War II, AAUW officially began raising money to assist female scholars displaced by the Nazi led occupation who were unable to continue their work. The War Relief Fund received numerous pleas for help and worked tirelessly to find teaching and other positions for refugee women at American schools and universities and in other countries. Individual branch members of AAUW also participated by signing immigration affidavits of support. During 1940, its inaugural year, the War Relief Committee raised $29,950 for distribution with 350 branches contributing.
The organization was "largely apolitical" until the 1960s. On the other hand, women in the workforce had increased to the extent that they made up 38% of workers by the end of the 1960s. Women graduating from college were looking for good employment. Membership in 1960 was at 147,920 women, most of them middle class.

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== Activities ==
AAUW is one of the world's largest sources of funding exclusively for women who have graduated from college. In 2025-26, AAUW will award $5.3 million in fellowships, grants, and awards for women and for community action projects. The Foundation also funds pioneering research on women, girls, and education. The organization funds studies germane to the education of women.
The AAUW Legal Advocacy Fund (LAF), a program of the Foundation, is the United States' largest legal fund focused solely on sex discrimination against women in higher education. LAF provides funds and a support system for women seeking judicial redress for sex discrimination in higher education. Since 1981, LAF has helped female students, faculty, and administrators challenge sex discrimination, including sexual harassment, pay inequity, denial of tenure and promotion, and inequality in women's athletics programs.
AAUW sponsors grassroots and advocacy efforts, research, and Campus Action Projects and other educational programs in conjunction with its ongoing programmatic theme, Education as the Gateway to Women's Economic Security. Along with three other organizations, it founded the CTM Madison Family Theatre in 1965. AAUW joined forces with other women's organizations in August 2011 to launch HERVotes to mobilize women voters in 2012 on preserving health and economic rights. In 2011, the AAUW Action Fund launched an initiative to encourage women to vote in the 2012 election. The campaign was aimed to increase the number of votes by women and to advance initiatives supporting education and equity for women and girls.
AAUW's 2011 research report addresses sexual harassment in grades seven through 12.
AAUW's national convention is held biennially. AAUW sponsors a student leadership conference, called the National Conference of College Women Student Leaders (NCCWSL) designed to help women college students access the resources, skills, and networks they need to lead change on campuses and in communities nationwide. The student leadership conference is held annually in Washington, D.C.
Local chapters frequently host speakers who highlight a variety of topics related to women such as Molly Murphy MacGregor, a co-founder of the National Women's History Alliance.
A statement by 16 women's rights organizations including the American Association of University Women, the National Women's Law Center, the National Women's Political Caucus, Girls, Inc., Legal Momentum, End Rape on Campus, Equal Rights Advocates and the Women's Sports Foundation said that, "as organizations that fight every day for equal opportunities for all women and girls, we speak from experience and expertise when we say that nondiscrimination protections for transgender people—including women and girls who are transgender—are not at odds with women's equality or well-being, but advance them" and that "we support laws and policies that protect transgender people from discrimination, including in participation in sports, and reject the suggestion that cisgender women and girls benefit from the exclusion of women and girls who happen to be transgender."
On January 28, 2025, AAUW and over 170 other women's rights organizations issued an open letter condemning the persecution of transgender people under the second Trump administration. The letter described Executive Order 14166, which defined legal recognition of women strictly by reproductive biology and sought to restrict transgender rights, as "cruel and lawless." The organizations argued that its true intent was to stigmatize and discriminate against transgender, nonbinary, and intersex people while enforcing gender stereotypes.
== Notable members ==
== See also ==
List of feminist periodicals in the United States
Younger Women's Task Force
Irene Herlocker-Meyer
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The American Geosciences Institute (AGI) is a nonprofit federation of about 50 geoscientific and professional organizations that represents geologists, geophysicists, and other earth scientists. The organization was founded in 1948. The organization's offices are in Alexandria, Virginia. The name of the organization was changed from the American Geological Institute on October 1, 2011.
== History ==
Since 1966, AGI has produced GeoRef, a literature database for those studying the earth sciences. AGI operates the Center for Geosciences and Society.
AGI's monthly magazine Geotimes became EARTH Magazine on September 1, 2008, with an increased focus on public communication of geoscience research. In April 2019, EARTH Magazine suspended publication and was folded into Nautilus Quarterly.
== Activities ==
The stated mission of AGI is to "represent and serve the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people". GeoRef offers a variety of specialized databases for researchers, educators, and students in specific areas of geoscience. AGI offers lessons and curricula designed for teachers of Earth sciences in schools (K-12). These educational resources are created in partnership with geological organizations whose work is related to Earth science concepts. Every year in the second full week of October, AGI runs Earth Science Week, to promote understanding of Earth science and stewardship of the planet.
The Geological Society of America (GSA) and the National Cooperative Geological Mapping Program of the U.S. Geological Survey hold the Annual Best Student Geologic Map Competition to bring together student geologic mappers from around the world.
== See also ==
List of geoscience organizations
Earth magazine from the 1970s
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The American Institute of Physics (AIP) promotes science and the profession of physics, publishes physics journals, and produces publications for scientific and engineering societies. The AIP is made up of various member societies. Its corporate headquarters are at the American Center for Physics in College Park, Maryland, but the institute also has offices in Melville, New York, and Beijing.
== Historical overview ==
The AIP was founded in 1931 as a response to lack of funding for the sciences during the Great Depression. The AIP was founded in 1931 at a joint meeting between four physics societies: the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, the Acoustical Society of America, and the Society of Rheology. These were soon joined by the American Association of Physics Teachers, for a total of five societies. It formally incorporated in 1932 consisting of five original "member societies", and a total of four thousand members. As soon as the AIP was established it began publishing scientific journals. By 1943, the AIP published eight journals: Physical Review, Reviews of Modern Physics, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, American Journal of Physics, Review of Scientific Instruments, Journal of Applied Physics, and Journal of Chemical Physics.
A new set of member societies was added beginning in the mid-1960s.
The organization restructured in 2013, creating a new subsidiary, AIP Publishing LLC, to manage physical publications of its journals with a smaller board.
== Member societies ==
== Affiliated societies ==
== List of publications ==
The AIP has a subsidiary called AIP Publishing (wholly owned non-profit) dedicated to scholarly publishing by the AIP and its member societies, as well on behalf of other partners.
== AIP style ==
AIP created a manual of style first introduced in 1951, called AIP style, which also includes the AIP citation format. It is the most commonly used style and citation format in physics publications.
== See also ==
Institute of Physics
PACS
Science Writing Award
SPIE
Joan Warnow-Blewett
== References ==
== External links ==
AIP website
Member societies of the AIP
AIP journals
AIP Scitation website, which host academic articles of journals published by societies members of AIP, and by societies who decided to host their articles on the platform
American Center for Physics website
=== Archival collections ===
==== Niels Bohr Library & Archives ====
American Center for Physics Board of Directors records of Bernard Khoury, 1990–2005
American Center for Physics Board of Directors records of Bernard Khoury, 2005–2009
AIP News Services Division Discoveries and Breakthroughs Inside Science (DBIS) master tapes [videorecording], 1999–2011
AIP Advertising Division records of Edward P. Tober, 1956–1975
AIP Career Services miscellaneous publications, 1960–1998
AIP Center for History of Physics History of Physicists in Industry records, 2003–2008
AIP Center for History of Physics miscellaneous publications, 1963–2017
AIP Office of the Director Van Zandt Williams records, 1964–1966
AIP Physics Resources Center records of James Stith, 1987–2009
AIP Office of the Director records of Kenneth Ford, 1979–1994
AIP Office of the Director H. William Koch and Kenneth W. Ford records, 1966–1992

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The American Medical Women's Association (AMWA) is a professional advocacy and educational organization of women physicians and medical students.
== History ==
The Woman's Medical Journal began publication in the 1893.
As World War I broke out, medical women, though already 6% of the medical profession, faced severe discrimination, as they were barred from the American Medical Association and from the Army Medical Reserve Corps, effectively barring them from military participation as equals to medical men.
In response, the Medical Women’s National Association was founded in 1915 by Bertha Van Hoosen, MD, with the established journal as its official organ. In 1917, the association formed the War Service Committee, later renamed the American Women’s Hospitals Service (AWHS). It was later renamed the American Medical Women's Association. The AMWA works to advance women in medicine and to serve as a voice for women's health.
The association used to publish the Journal of the American Medical Women's Association; the Journal of Women's Health is now the official journal of the AMWA.
== Honors ==
The AMWA honors women physicians each year with four awards.
The Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, named for Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman awarded an M.D. from an American medical school, is granted to "a woman physician who has made the most outstanding contributions to the cause of women in the field of medicine."
The Bertha Van Hoosen Award, named in honor of the Founder and first President of AMWA, honors "a woman physician who has demonstrated exceptional leadership and service to AMWA."
The Lila A. Wallis Award, named for one of AMWA's Past Presidents, is given to an individual whose lifetime achievements and values reflect those of Wallis.
The Woman in Science Award is given to a woman physician who "has made exceptional contributions to medical science, especially in women’s health."
The AMWA also established the International Women in Medicine Hall of Fame to recognize contributions made by women in the medical profession. The more than two dozen inductees include the first woman physician, Elizabeth Blackwell; and two former Surgeons General of the United States Antonia Novello and Joycelyn Elders. In 2010, the inductees were Linda A. Randolph, president and CEO of the Developing Families Center, an innovative model for healthcare delivery to poor families; and Diana Zuckerman, a health policy expert who is president of the National Research Center for Women & Families. The latter is the first non-physician inducted.
== Publications ==
The AMWA has published a number of books, primarily in the field of women's health.
Dell, Diana L.; Judelson, Debra R. (1998). The Women's Complete wellness Book. New York: Golden Books. ISBN 0-307-44062-1.
American Medical Women's Association (1996). AMWA Guide to Pregnancy and Childbirth. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-22246-X.
American Medical Women's Association (1995). Women's Complete Health Reference. MJF Books. ISBN 1-56731-240-3.
Stewart, Susan; Epps, Roselyn Payne (1997). Guide to Cardiovascular Health. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-22314-8.
American Medical Women's Association (1995). The AMWA Guide to Emotional Health. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-22248-6.
Stewart, Susan; Epps, Roselyn Payne (1997). Guide to Internal Disorders. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-22317-2.
American Medical Women's Association (1995). The AMWA Guide to Nutrition and Wellness. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-22244-3.
American Medical Women's Association (1996). AMWA Guide to Cancer & Pain Management. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-22250-8.
Donna Shelley; American Red Cross Staff; Lenhart, Sharyn A.; Epps, Roselyn Payne (2001). The Complete Family Health Book. Golden Books. ISBN 0-312-25308-7.
Epps, Roselyn Payne; Stewart, Susan (1995). The Women's Complete Healthbook. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-440-50723-5.
== References ==
== External links ==
"The American Medical Women's Association official website". Retrieved 2007-12-27.
"Journal of Women's Health". ISSN 1540-9996. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-07-24.

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AnitaB.org (formerly Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology (ABI), and Institute for Women in Technology) is a global, technical nonprofit organization based in Sacramento, California. Founded by computer scientists Anita Borg and Telle Whitney for technical women, the institute's primary aim is to recruit, retain, and advance women in technology.
The institute's most prominent program is the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference, the world's largest gathering of women in computing. From 2002 to 2017, AnitaB.org was led by Telle Whitney, who co-founded the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing with Anita Borg.
AnitaB.org is currently led by Brenda Darden Wilkerson, the former Director of Computer Science and IT Education for Chicago Public Schools (CPS) and founder of the original “Computer Science for All” initiative.
== History ==
AnitaB.org was founded in 1997 by computer scientists Anita Borg and Telle Whitney as the Institute for Women in Technology. The institute was preceded by two of its current programs: Systers and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference. Systers, the first online community for women in computing, was founded in 1987 by Anita Borg. In 1994, Borg and Whitney organized the first Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing.
Anita Borg served as CEO of the Institute for Women in Technology from 1997 to 2002. In 2002, Whitney became president and CEO, and in 2003, the institute was renamed the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology (ABI). In 2017, Whitney retired and Brenda Darden Wilkerson took over as president and CEO. The organization was also renamed AnitaB.org.
== Activities ==
=== Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference ===
The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference is the world's largest gathering of women in computing. Named in honor of Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, the conference is presented by AnitaB.org and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The conference features technical sessions and career sessions, including keynote speakers, a poster session, career fair, and awards ceremony. The 2022 conference was held in a hybrid fashion - Orlando, Florida and virtual. The 2017 conference was held in Orlando, Florida. The 2018 conference was held in Houston, Texas.
The Technical Executive Forum, held annually at the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing, brings together high-level technology executives to discuss challenges and solutions for recruiting, retaining, and advancing technical women. A two-day workshop for K–12 computer science teachers is also held at the conference, hosted by the Computer Science Teachers Association and the AnitaB.org.
=== Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing India ===
The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing India is the largest conference for technical women in India. Established in 2010, the two-day conference is modeled after the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing and includes multiple tracks with keynote speakers, panels, social networking sessions, and a poster session.
=== Grace Hopper Regional Consortium ===
The Grace Hopper Regional Consortium is an initiative of AnitaB.org, the ACM Council on Women in Computing, and the National Center for Women & Information Technology. Two-day regional conferences attract between 50 and 200 attendees and include keynote speakers, poster sessions, panel discussions, professional development workshops, birds of a feather (Twitter) sessions, and research presentations. There have been 17 regional conferences to date, with 12 upcoming conferences planned.
=== Abie Awards ===
The Abie Awards honor women technologists and those who support women in tech. There are a total of eight Abie Awards: the Technical Leadership Abie Award, Student of Vision Abie Award, Emerging Technologist Abie Award, Educational Abie Award in Honor of A. Richard Newton, Social Impact Abie Award, Technology Entrepreneurship Abie Award, Emerging Leader Abie Award in Honor of Denice Denton, and Change Agent Abie Award.
Previously, AnitaB.org hosted an annual Women of Vision Awards Banquet where three Abie Awards were presented. However, it was decided that it was more fitting to present the Abie Awards at Grace Hopper Celebration (GHC), the world's largest gathering of women technologists. The final Women of Vision Awards Banquet was held in 2016.
Now, five Abie Awards are presented at every GHC (the Technical Leadership Abie Award and Student of Vision Abie Award are awarded every year, while the remaining awards alternate each year). Past Abie Award winners include: Kathy Pham, Noreen Hecmanczuk, Mary Lou Jepsen, Kristina M. Johnson, Mitchell Baker, Helen Greiner, Susan Landau, Justine Cassell, Deborah Estrin, Leah Jamieson, Duy-Loan Le, Radia Perlman, Nimmi Ramanujam, Fei Fei Li, Lisa Su, Rebecca Parsons, Margaret Burnett, and Pamela Samuelson.
The 2022 Abie Award Winners were:
Daphne Koller, Ph.D. (San Francisco, California) - Technical Leadership Award Winner
Kris Dorsey, Ph.D. (Boston, Massachusetts) - Emerging Leader Award in Honor of Denice Denton Award Winner
Katherine Vergara (Santiago, Chile) - Student of Vision Award Winner
Paula Coto (Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina) - Change Agent Award Winner
Neha Narkhede (Menlo Park, California) - Technology Entrepreneurship Award Winner
=== Anita Borg Top Company for Technical Women Award ===
The Anita Borg Top Company for Technical Women Award recognizes companies for their recruitment, retention, and advancement of technical women. The first Anita Borg Top Company for Technical Women Award was awarded to IBM in 2011. Subsequent recipients include:
2012 – American Express
2013 – Intel
2014 – Bank of America
2015 – BNY Mellon
2016 – ThoughtWorks
2020 Small Company - The New York Times Company
2020 Medium Sized Company - UKG
2020 - Large Sized Company - ADP
2022 - Small Technical Workforce (<1,000 employees) was awarded to Dev Technology Group. Medium Technical Workforce (1,000-10,000 employees) was awarded to UKG. Large Technical Workforce (>10,000 employees) was awarded to ADP.

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=== Anita Borg Top Company for Technical Women Workshop ===
The Anita Borg Top Company for Technical Women Workshop provides coverage of best practices for recruiting, retaining, and advancing technical women. Representatives from different companies learn from each other and share practices. Companies participating in the 2011 workshop included CA Technologies, Cisco, Google, IBM, Intel, Intuit, Microsoft Research, SAP, and Symantec.
=== TechWomen ===
TechWomen is a professional mentorship and exchange program funded by the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. The program brings 38 technical women, aged 25–42, from the Middle East and North Africa to the United States for a five-week mentoring program at technology companies in Silicon Valley. The initiative is administered by the Institute of International Education, in partnership with AnitaB.org.
=== Online communities ===
The AnitaB.org runs several email lists and online groups that connect technical women. Systers is the largest email community of technical women in computing in the world and predates AnitaB.org, having been founded in 1987 by Anita Borg. Systers provides a private and gender exclusive space for women in computing to ask personal and technical questions.
=== Local communities ===
The AnitaB.org local Communities usually referred to as ABI.local is a network of locally organized communities that bring women technologists together in cities around the world. These communities organize events and meet up, where women in tech get connected, find new opportunities and meet their career goals. ABI.local has been Featured in various cities across the globe including Chicago, London, Nairobi, Amsterdam, Seattle, Tokyo, Houston, New York, Delhi and more.
=== Research ===
AnitaB.org publishes research about the state of women in technology. Past reports have focused on mid-level technical women, ethnic minorities in computing, senior technical women, and more.
== Corporate partners ==
AnitaB.org is supported by corporate partners within and outside of the technology sector. Current notable partners include:
In 2017, Forbes, Fortune, and other outlets notably reported that the organization severed ties with Uber over its treatment of female employees and lack of engagement.
== See also ==
Ada Initiative
The Ada Project (TAP)
Anita Borg
Sexism in the technology industry
Women in computing
== References ==
== External links ==
AnitaB.org
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing India
TechWomen
Systers
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference

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The Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG) is an international professional organization which promotes the professional development of its members, provides geoscience outreach to girls, and encourages the participation of girls and women in the geosciences. Membership is open to all who support AWG's goals. Members include professional women and men from industry, government, museums and academia, students from a cross-section of colleges and universities, retirees, and others interested in supporting the society's goals.
== History ==
AWG was founded in San Francisco in 1977. The original purpose of the society was to provide encouragement to women in the geosciences, a career choice in which they were largely underrepresented at the time. As of 2006, the purpose remains the same, although some advances have been made, as AWG membership approaches 1200 students and scientists, reflecting the increasing participation of women in the geosciences. AWG is a 501(c)(6) mutual benefit corporation with local chapters in many cities and at-large members throughout the U.S. and around the world. AWG is a member society of the American Geological Institute and the Geological Society of America.
== Notable members ==
Claudia Alexander
Gail Ashley
Denise Cox
Francisca Oboh Ikuenobe
Sharon Mosher
Sarah K. Noble
Sian Proctor
== Activities ==
The society provides and sponsors several programs that strive to achieve the goals of the society:
The Association for Women Geoscientsts Distinguished Lecturer Program is a Speakers Bureau of female geoscientists available to give AWG-funded talks or lectures on their areas of interest
Scholarships
AWG Outstanding Educator Award
GAEA bi-monthly newsletter
Geology field trips
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
AWG San Francisco Bay Area Chapter
AWG Lone Star Chapter
AWG Puget Sound Chapter
AWG Minnesota Chapter

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The Association for Women in Computing (AWC) is a professional organization for women in computing. It was founded in 1978 in Washington, D.C., and is a member of the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals (ICCP).
== Purpose ==
The purpose of AWC is to provide opportunities for professional growth for women in computing through networking, continuing education and mentoring. To accomplish this they promote awareness of issues affecting women in the computing industry, further the professional development and advancement of women in computing, and encourage women to pursue careers in computer science. The AWC is a national, nonprofit, professional organization for women and men with an interest in information technology. It grants the Ada Lovelace Award to individuals who have excelled in either of two areas: outstanding scientific technical achievement and/or extraordinary service to the computing community through accomplishments and contributions on behalf of women in computing.
== History ==
AWC was founded in 1978 as a non-profit organization, originally under the name National Association for Women in Computing. The Puget Sound Chapter was founded in the winter of 1979 by Donnafaye Carroll Finger and Diane Haelsig. These two women read an article about a new association for women in computing and were soon discussing the formation of a Puget Sound Chapter. The Twin Cities Chapter of the AWC first met in December 1979, and became a chartered chapter on 6 May 1981.
== Chapters ==
AWC has chapters in:
Montana State University
New Jersey
Seattle, Washington
Twin Cities, Minnesota
Puget Sound Washington
== See also ==
ACM-W
Ada Lovelace Award
Anita Borg
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
Women in computing
== References ==
== External links ==
Association for Women in Computing - Montana State University
Association for Women in Computing – Northern New Jersey Chapter
Association for Women in Computing – Puget Sound Chapter
Association for Women in Computing – Twin Cities Chapter
Association for Women in Computing (CBI 49), Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Correspondence, minutes, reports, proceedings, audio tapes, and artifacts that document the history and activities of the AWC.
Association for Women in Computing, Twin Cities Chapter (CBI 7), Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Administrative records created by the Twin Cities Chapter of the Association for Women in Computing

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The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) is a professional society whose mission is to encourage women and girls to study and to have active careers in the mathematical sciences, and to promote equal opportunity for and the equal treatment of women and girls in the mathematical sciences. The AWM was founded in 1971 and incorporated in the state of Massachusetts. AWM has approximately 5200 members, including over 250 institutional members, such as colleges, universities, institutes, and mathematical societies. It offers numerous programs and workshops to mentor women and girls in the mathematical sciences. Much of AWM's work is supported through federal grants.
== History ==
The Association was founded in 1971 as the Association of Women Mathematicians, but the name was changed almost immediately. As reported in "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Mathematics: The Presidents' Perspectives", by Lenore Blum:
As Judy Green remembers (and Chandler Davis, early AWM friend, concurs):
The formal idea of women getting together and forming a caucus was first made publicly at a MAG [Mathematics Action Group] meeting in 1971 ... in Atlantic City. Joanne Darken, then an instructor at Temple University and now at the Community College of Philadelphia, stood up at the meeting and suggested that the women present remain and form a caucus. I have been able to document six women who remained: me (I was a graduate student at Maryland at the time), Joanne Darken, Mary Gray (she was already at American University), Diane Laison (then an instructor at Temple), Gloria Olive (a Senior Lecturer at the University of Otago, New Zealand who was visiting the U.S. at the time) and Annie Selden... It's not absolutely clear what happened next, except that I've personally always thought that Mary was responsible for getting the whole thing organized ....
Mary Gray, an early organizer and first president, placed an advertisement in the February 1971 Notices of the AMS, and wrote the first issue of the AWM Newsletter that May. Early goals of the association focused on equal pay for equal work, as well as equal consideration for admission to graduate school and support while there; for faculty appointments at all levels; for promotion and for tenure; for administrative appointments; and for government grants, positions on review and advisory panels and positions in professional organizations. Alice T. Schafer, who succeeded Mary Gray as second president of the AWM, set up an AWM office at Wellesley College. At this point, AWM began to be a recognized established presence in the mathematics scene. In 1973 AWM was legally incorporated, and in 1974 it received tax-exempt status.
The AWM holds an annual meeting at the Joint Mathematics Meetings. In 2011, during its fortieth-anniversary celebration 40 Years and Counting, the association initiated a biennial research symposium.
The Association for Women in Mathematics Newsletter is the member journal of the organization. The first issue was published in May 1971, a few months after AWM was founded. All regular members of AWM can request that hard copies of the newsletter be sent to them. The newsletter is now open access and anyone can read or download a pdf file of recent or past issues from the AWM website.
== Lectures ==
The AWM sponsors three honorary lecture series.
The Noether Lectures – honor women who "have made fundamental and sustained contributions to the mathematical sciences". Presented in association with the American Mathematical Society, the lecture is given at the annual Joint Mathematics Meetings.
The Falconer Lectures – honor women who "have made distinguished contributions to the mathematical sciences or mathematics education. Presented in association with the Mathematical Association of America, the lecture is given at the annual MathFest.
The Kovalevsky Lectures – honor women who have "made distinguished contributions in applied or computational mathematics". Presented in association with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), the lecture is given at the SIAM Annual Meeting. The lecture series is named for the mathematician Sonia Kovalevsky.
== Awards ==
The AWM sponsors several awards and prizes.
Alice T. Schafer Prize – given each year "to an undergraduate woman for excellence in mathematics".
Louise Hay Award – given each year for "outstanding achievements of a woman in mathematics education".
M. Gweneth Humphreys Award – given each year for "outstanding mentorship activities of a woman in the mathematical sciences".
Ruth I. Michler Memorial Prize – given each year to a woman recently tenured in mathematics. The prize funds a semester in residence at Cornell University without teaching obligations.
AWM Service Award - given each year to women helping to promote and support women in mathematics through exceptional voluntary service to the Association for Women in Mathematics.
Three recently created prizes for early-career women are also sponsored by the AWM.
AWM-Birman Research Prize – given every other year beginning in 2015 for "exceptional research in topology/geometry".
AWM-Microsoft Research Prize – given every other year beginning in 2014 for "exceptional research in algebra/number theory".
AWM-Sadosky Research Prize – given every other year beginning in 2014 for "exceptional research in analysis".
The AWM Fellows program, begun in 2018, recognizes "members who have demonstrated a sustained commitment to the support and advancement of women in the mathematical sciences".
== Presidents ==
== See also ==
African Women in Mathematics Association
European Women in Mathematics
Femmes et Mathématiques
List of women in mathematics
Timeline of women in mathematics
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Blum, Leonore (September 1991). "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Mathematics: The Presidents' Perspectives". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 38 (7): 738–774.
Taylor, Jean E.; Sylvia M. Wiegand (January 1999). "AWM in the 1990s: A Recent History of the Association for Women in Mathematics" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 46 (1): 27–38. An expanded version appeared in parts in the AWM Newsletter
"Women in Mathematics Association". Maths History. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. 2018.
== External links ==
Official website
Association for Women in Mathematics records at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections

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The Association for Women in Science (AWIS) was founded in 1971 at the annual Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) meeting. The organization aims to combat job discrimination, lower pay, and professional isolation. The main issue areas that the modern Association addresses are fair compensation, work-life integration, attrition, and professional development.
== History ==
AWIS was founded in 1971 at the annual meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), after a series of champagne brunches organized by an informal women's caucus. After establishing an executive director and an office in Washington, DC, chapters were organized across the country for individual members. Its founding co-presidents were Neena Schwartz and Judith Pool. Along with other women in science associations, an early AWIS action involved initiating a class action lawsuit against the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in response to poor representation on NIH grant review committees. The lawsuit was dropped after representatives of the groups, including Schwartz, met with Robert Marsten, then head of the NIH, who solicited recommendations and committed to appointing more women. Early projects include the creation of the AWIS Educational Foundation (now known as the Educational Awards) to receive donations and award fellowships. In 1997, AWIS won the Presidents Mentoring Award.
== Organization ==
As of 2015, the AWIS executive director was Janet Bandows Koster and the president of the board was Ann Lee-Karlon.
== Activities and publications ==
AWIS activities include public advocacy, news and media distribution, and educational programs such as mentorship programs and scholarship awards. AWIS publishes a variety of materials to inform women about science programs and women's issues, including the quarterly AWIS Magazine and the AWIS in Action! Advocacy and Public Policy Newsletter.
== Charter ==
Representing the 7.4 million women working in STEM, AWIS members are professionals and students in a variety of STEM fields. Over 50% of AWIS members have doctorates in their respective fields.
AWIS has 49 chapters in the United States, which support local networking and mentorship, as well as outreach to young women considering careers in STEM.
== Coalitions and Partner Organizations ==
STEM Education Coalition
National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE)
American Association of University Women (AAUW)
Society of Women Engineers (SWE)
Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE)
== Notable members ==
Carol Greider (Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase")
Phoebe Leboy (President 2008–2009)
Lydia Villa-Komaroff (Molecular and cellular biologist who has been an academic laboratory scientist, a university administrator, and a business woman. She was the third Mexican American woman in the United States to receive a doctorate degree in the sciences (1975) and is a co-founding member of The Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) and an AWIS Fellow, Class of 1998)
Marion Webster, biochemist who served as president of AWIS
== See also ==
List of prizes, medals, and awards for women in science
== References ==
== External links ==
AWIS National

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The Association of Women Surgeons (AWS) is a non-profit educational and professional organization founded in 1981. Now with more than 4,000 members in more than 50 countries, AWS is one of the largest international organizations dedicated to supporting, enhancing the interaction, and facilitating the exchange of information between women surgeons at various stages in their careers, including students and trainees. The organization's mission statement reads: "To inspire, encourage, and enable women surgeons to achieve their personal and professional goals".
== History ==
The AWS was founded in 1981 when Dr. Patricia Numann posted a sign inviting any woman surgeon to a breakfast at the October meeting of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in the San Francisco Hilton Hotel. The breakfast has continued for more than 40 years and grew into the Association of Women Surgeons (AWS). The AWS was incorporated in 1986 and continues to support women surgeons and ensure diversity in the house of surgery.
== Key collaborations and partnerships ==
American College of Surgeons – In addition to having a Governor from the AWS to the ACS Board of Governors, the AWS has a liaison to the ACS Advisory Council on General Surgery, the ACS Women in Surgery Committee, and the ACS Resident and Associate Society Council. The reception prior to the annual AWS Foundation Awards Dinner is co-sponsored by the ACS Women in Surgery Committee.
Association for Academic Surgery – A liaison position exists between the Council of both organizations; this member plans the biennial Women Surgeons luncheon during the Academic Surgical Congress.
Association for Out Surgeons and Allies (AOSA) - A liaison position exists between the council of both organizations; this member organizes a travel award and a sponsored visiting professorship for an AOSA member who also belongs to the Association of Women Surgeons.
International Surgical Society – During the biennial World Congress of Surgery, the AWS works with international women surgeons to develop educational panels and social events.
Society of Black Academic Surgeons (SBAS) - A liaison position exists between the council of both organizations; this member organizes a sponsored travel award and a visiting professorship for an SBAS member who also belongs to the Association of Women Surgeons.
Society of Asian Academic Surgeons (SAAS) - A liaison position exists between the council of both organizations; this member organizes sponsored travel awards and visiting professorship for an SAAS member who also belongs to the Association of Women Surgeons.
Latino Surgical Society (LSS) - A liaison position exists between the council of both organizations; this member organizes a sponsored visiting professorship for an LSS member who also belongs to the Association of Women Surgeons.
WiSA (Women in Surgery Africa) – AWS leaders, particularly Drs. Patricia Numann and Hilary Sanfey, provided guidance for the launch of WiSA in 2015 and have provided mentorship for leaders of WiSA.
== Past presidents ==
1981 – 1988 – Patricia Numann
1988 – 1990 – Tamar Earnest
1990 – 1992 – Mary McCarthy
1992 – 1994 – Linda Phillips
1994 – 1995 – Margaret Dunn
1995 – 1996 – Joyce Majure
1996 – 1997 – M. Margaret Kemeny
1997 – 1998 – Leigh Neumayer
1998 – 1999 – Beth Sutton
1999 – 2000 – Dixie Mills
2000 – 2001 – Kim Ephgrave
2001 – 2002 – Myriam Curet
2002 – 2003 – Susan Kaiser
2003 – 2004 – Vivian Gahtan
2004 – 2005 – Susan Stuart
2005 – 2006 – Hilary Sanfey
2006 – 2007 – Patricia Bergen
2007 – 2008 – Mary Hooks
2008 – 2009 – AJ Copeland
2009 – 2010 – Rosemary Kozar
2010 – 2011 – Marilyn Marx
2011 – 2012 – Betsy Tuttle-Newhall
2012 – 2013 – Susan Pories
2013 – 2014 – Danielle Walsh
2014 – 2015 – Nancy Gantt
2015 – 2016 – Amalia Cochran
2016 – 2017 – Christine Laronga
2017 – 2018 – Celeste Hollands
2018 – 2019 – Sareh Parengi
2019 - 2020 – Sharon Stein
2020 - 2021 – Marie Crandall
2021 - 2022 – Elizabeth Shaughnessy
2022 - 2023 – Marybeth Hughes
2023 - 2024 – Kandace McGuire
2024 - 2025 – Salewa Oseni
== Sponsored awards ==
AWS Fellowship Research Grant – $27,500 unrestricted research grant awarded annually to an AWS member.
Kim Ephgrave Visiting Professor Award – provides academic institutions the opportunity to host leading women surgeons as speakers using funding from the AWS Foundation.
Nina Starr Braunwald Award (1993—present) recognizes a member or nonmember surgeon in recognition of sustained outstanding contributions to the advancement of women in surgery.
Olga Jonasson Distinguished Member Award (1990–present) is given annually to an AWS member who through outstanding mentorship enables and encourages women surgeons to realize their personal and professional goals.
Past Presidents' Honorary Member Award (1990–present) is awarded annually to non-members who are supportive of AWS goals and mission. Of note, many of the recipients of this award have been male surgeons.
Hilary Sanfey Outstanding Woman Resident Award (1999–present) recognizes outstanding women surgical trainees who demonstrate potential as future leaders in surgery.
Patricia Numann Medical Student Award (2003–present) was established to encourage and support female medical students pursuing a career in surgery.
Women Surgeons in Low & Middle Income Countries (2016–present) was established to enable a woman surgeon in a low or middle income country to attend a surgical meeting or to participate in a workshop or other career development/ educational opportunity.
The Dr. Sally Abston AWS Distinguished Member Award is awarded to AWS member who is nationally recognized for clinical expertise and for providing outstanding mentorship.
The Dr. Charles W. Putnam Distinguished Mentor Award is given to an AWS member or non-member who has a sustained record of mentoring women surgeons and is a true agent of change to create an environment in which women surgeons can achieve their personal and professional goals.
== References ==
"History of the Association of Women Surgeons". Retrieved October 9, 2022.
McCarthy MC (1993). "The Association of Women Surgeons: A historical perspective 1981-1992". Arch Surg. 128: 633–636.
== External links ==
Association of Women Surgeons

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BCSWomen is a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society, The Chartered Institute for IT, that provides networking opportunities for all BCS professional women working in IT around the world, as well as mentoring and encouraging girls and women to enter or return to IT as a career. The current Chair of BCSWomen is Andrea Palmer.
== Background ==
Founded by Sue Black, BCSWomen has the aim of supporting women working in and considering a career in Information Technology. The group was founded in 2001. It has more than a thousand members and an active mailing list. Activities include meetings, networking, and mentoring. They also organise the Lovelace Colloquium. Many BCSWomen also participate in the annual London Hopper Colloquium, which showcases exciting work of women in computing research and enables new PhD researchers to meet with each other as well as with senior women computer scientists. Grace Hopper was a pioneering American computer scientist. BCSWomen organise other events for women in computing both technical and social, such as day trips to computer-related sites such as Bletchley Park.
== Lovelace Colloquium ==
The Lovelace Colloquium for undergraduate and post-graduate women and non-binary individuals in digital and computing, is a two-day conference which started in Leeds in 2008. The event is hosted around the UK, at universities and higher education institutions. Named in honour of Ada Lovelace, who is often regarded as the first computer programmer, the colloquium is a showcase for U.K. university women and non-binary students studying computing and related subjects, and focuses on their areas of digital interest. It was started by Hannah Dee, who continues to play a key role in its organisation every year.
== Awards ==
Gillian Arnold, Chair of BCSWomen, was invited to Korea on 27 October 2014 to receive the Gender Equality Main Streaming - Technology (GEM-TECH) award on behalf of the BCS and BCSWomen. This achievement award of the ITU - United Nations Women Joint Award, was for "Promoting Women in ICT Sector" and encouraging women to enter the computing sector and to encourage and support them during their careers.
== Current and past chairs ==
2001–2008 Sue Black
2008–2011 Karen Petrie
2011–2015 Gillian Arnold
2015–2020 Sarah Burnett
2020-2025 Andrea Palmer
2025 – Tristi Tanaka
== See also ==
Women in computing
== References ==
== External links ==
BCSWomen website

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Battelle Memorial Institute (or simply Battelle) is an American private nonprofit applied science and technology development company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio.
== History ==
The institute was founded in 1929 by Gordon Battelle. Originally focusing on contract research and development work in the areas of metals and material science, Battelle is now an international science and technology enterprise that explores emerging areas of science, develops and commercializes technology, and manages laboratories for customers. It has 3,200 employees, and manages another 29,500 in ten United States Department of Energy National Laboratories.
From 1969 to 1975, the institute was involved in a lawsuit over whether it was "neglecting its philanthropic promises" as a nonprofit organization. It reached an $80 million settlement in 1975 (equivalent to $479 million in 2025), used to demolish Union Station, build Battelle Hall at the Columbus Convention Center, refurbish the Ohio Theatre and create Battelle-Darby Creek Metro Park. The institute lost its nonprofit status in the 1990s, though regained it by 2001.
== Operations ==
=== Contract research business ===
Battelle serves the following:
Agribusiness: cannabis research, encapsulation, formulation, environmental fate, spray drift and droplet characterization
Ecology and environment: scientific data packages for researchers, air, water and soil analysis, assessment and remediation
Health: genomics, life sciences research, medical device development, neurotechnology, public health studies
Materials science: analytical chemistry, characterization, coatings, compounds and structures, corrosion studies, nanoparticles and materials
National security: aviation and aerospace technologies, chemical and biological defense systems, cyber innovations, ground tactical systems, maritime technologies
Research infrastructure: Biosafety Laboratory 3 (BSL3) operations, chemical demilitarization facilities, National Ecological Observatory Network, national laboratory management
STEM education: BattelleEd, STEMX, Battelle Arts Grant, STEM Learning Networks
In addition to its Columbus, Ohio headquarters, Battelle has offices in Aberdeen, Maryland; West Jefferson, Ohio; Seattle, Washington; Arlington, Virginia; Norwell, Massachusetts; Charlottesville, Virginia; Baltimore, Maryland; Boulder, Colorado; and Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey.
=== Federal government project management ===
==== National laboratories ====
In addition to operating its own research facilities, as of 2022, Battelle managed or co-managed on behalf of the United States Department of Energy the following national laboratories:
Brookhaven National Laboratory (through Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle and Stony Brook University)
Idaho National Laboratory (through the Battelle Energy Alliance – a collaboration between Battelle, BWX Technologies, Inc., Washington Group International, Electric Power Research Institute and an alliance of universities)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (through Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle, BWX Technologies, Inc., Washington Group International, the University of California, Bechtel National, and The Texas A&M University System)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (through Triad National Security, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle, the University of California, and The Texas A&M University System)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (in partnership with MRIGlobal as part of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (through UT-Battelle, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle and the University of Tennessee)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Savannah River National Laboratory (through the Battelle Savannah River Alliance)
==== Homeland Security ====
On behalf of the Department of Homeland Security:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
==== National Science Foundation projects ====
In March 2016, Battelle was selected to manage the completion of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) for the National Science Foundation.
=== Battelle Center for Science and Technology Policy (OSU/Glenn) ===
Battelle provides funds for a public policy research center at the John Glenn College of Public Affairs of Ohio State University to focus on scholarly questions associated with science and technology policy. The Battelle Center for Science and Technology Policy at Ohio State in July 2011.
== International collaboration ==
Batelle is an active member of the University of the Arctic. UArctic is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of more than 200 universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region.
== Notable projects ==
Notable Battelle projects include:
Armor plating for tanks in World War II.
Correction fluid - Snopake, the first correction fluid, developed in 1955;
COVID rapid test - In April 2020, Battelle Memorial Institute partnered with Ohio State University to distribute rapid tests for COVID-19, with results in less than 5 hours.
Cruise control – for automobiles in 1970;
Digital voting – Battelle was the contractor for a computer system on which the Voter News Service relied for tallying exit polling data in the November 2002 U.S. Congressional and Senate elections; the system failed and results were not reported until ten months after the election. The failure led to the disbanding of the VNS and the formation of its replacement, the National Election Pool.
Dry copying – In the 1940s, Battelle's vice-president of engineering, John Crout made it possible for Battelle researchers, including William Bixby and Paul Andrus, to develop Chester Carlson's concept of dry copying. Carlson had been turned down for funding by more than a dozen agencies including the U.S. Navy. Work led to the first commercial xerographic equipment, and the formation of Xerox corporation.
Fiber optics – In 1987 PIRI, a fiber optics venture with Mitsubishi and NTT, was launched, which resulted in a $1.8 billion market.
Medical advances – Including a 1972 breakthrough development of special tubing to prevent blood clots during surgical procedures, and more recently, the development of reusable insulin injection pen, including dose memory, with Eli Lilly and Company
"No-melt" chocolate – In conjunction with Kevin M. Amula, Battelle Geneva developed "No-melt" chocolate in 1988.
Nuclear fuel rod – Battelle developed the first nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors, including the first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus (SSN-571), as well as numerous advances in metallurgy that helped advance the United States space program
Optical digital recorder – Algorithms and coatings that led to the first optical digital recorder developed by James Russell, which paved the way for the first compact disc, and the first generation jet engines using titanium alloys.
N95 respirator decontamination – On March 29, 2020, Battelle announced that it had received an Emergency Use Authorization to deploy a system to decontaminate N95 respirators for healthcare providers. Battelle received a $400 million contract from the Defense Logistics Agency for the project, known as the Critical Care Decontamination System (CCDS). Following the conclusion of the program in May 2021, Battelle invoiced $155 million, with 5 million masks decontaminated and an average cost of $31 per mask.
Photovoltaic cell – the first all-sputtered photovoltaic cell for solar energy in 1974.
Universal Product Code – Development of the Universal Product Code (UPC) in 1965;
== See also ==
Chester Carlson
John Crout
Raymond Davis, Jr.
Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST)
Top 100 US Federal Contractors
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. OH-65-A, "Battelle Memorial Institute, Xerography, 505 King Avenue, Ohio State University, Columbus, Franklin County, OH", 3 photos, 1 photo caption page
HAER No. OH-65-B, "Battelle Memorial Institute, First Hot Isostatic Pressure Vessel", 8 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
"Battelle Memorial Institute". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.

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Black Girls Code (BGC) is a nonprofit organization that focuses on engaging African-American girls and other youth of color with computer programming education to nurture their careers in tech. The organization offers computer programming and coding, as well as website, robot, and mobile application-building, with the goal of placing one million girls in tech by 2040. Kimberly Bryant, an electrical engineer who had worked in biotech for over 20 years, founded Black Girls Code in 2011 to rectify the underrepresentation of African-American girls and women in tech careers. In October 2023, Cristina Jones became CEO; she was previously an executive at Salesforce.
== Programs ==
Headquartered in Oakland, California, the organization grew to 2,000 participants by August 2013 within the seven established institutions, operating in seven States across the US, as well as in Johannesburg, South Africa. As of December 2019, BGC had 15 chapters.
BGC depends on a volunteer network to design and conduct workshop classes. These IT professionals teach participants skills in web, app, and game development; AI; art and music coding; coding languages (i.e., HTML/CSS, JavaScript, Python); block-based coding; and integrated development environments (i.e., Scratch, p5.js, MIT App Inventor, Repl.it, EarSketch).
In 2023, BGC, in partnership with GoldieBlox, launched CODE Along, a video series of coding tutorials.
== History ==
=== Founding ===
Bryant was inspired to start BGC after her gamer daughter, Kai, attended a computing summer camp and was disappointed in the experience. Her daughter was one in a handful of girls who were at the camp and was the only African American girl present. She also noted that the boys at the camp were given much more attention from the counselors than the few girls there. In an interview with Ebony, Bryant said, "I wanted to find a way to engage and interest my daughter in becoming a digital creative instead of just a consumer, and I did not find other programs that were targeted to girls like her from underrepresented communities."
In 2011, Bryant convinced her colleagues from Genentech to create a six-week coding curriculum for Girls of Color. Her first educational series started in the basement of a college prep institution, and attended by a dozen girls, including her daughter. In January 2012, a tech consultancy company called ThoughtWorks invested in Bryant's initiative, providing access to space and resources.
=== Leadership transition ===
Bryant was removed as head of the organization by the board in 2021 following complaints related to her conduct. The organization then sued Bryant for "hijacking" its website, while she also filed a federal lawsuit accusing board members of defamation, retaliation and wrongful termination from her position as CEO.
In October 2023, the Black Girls Code board appointed former Salesforce executive Cristina Jones as its new CEO.
== Awards and grants ==
BGC received a $50,000 grant from Microsoft's Azure development (AzureDev) community campaign in January 2014. Bryant also received a "Standing O-vation" presented by Oprah Winfrey and Toyota in November 2014.
In August 2015, Bryant turned down a $125,000 grant from ride-sharing app Uber, calling the offer disingenuous and "PR-driven". She also criticized Uber for offering Girls Who Code $1.2 million, an amount nearly ten times larger.
In February 2018, BGC announced a partnership with Uber's competitor, Lyft, as part of their Round Up & Donate program.
== See also ==
Native Girls Code
I Look Like an Engineer
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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BlogHer is an American media company founded by Elisa Camahort Page, Jory des Jardins, and Lisa Stone in 2005. It is an online blogger community and holds a yearly conference for women bloggers. BlogHer is owned by SHE Media which is a division of Penske Media Corporation.
== History ==
BlogHer began as a conference in 2005 in San Jose, California, founded by Elisa Camahort Page, Jory des Jardins, and Lisa Stone. It was originally planned to be a blog, but grew to a 300-person conference on women and blogging once announced. In 2006, BlogHer started a group blog featuring over 60 women blogging on a variety of topics. The second BlogHer conference was held in San Jose and was much larger than the first, with at least 750 attendees.
In 2007, the company expanded to include BlogHers Act, a political blogging network by and for women. Dan Gillmor quoted the site's community guideline "We embrace the spirit of civil disagreement" as an ideal. On July 16, 2008, iVillage, a network of online media outlets owned by NBC Universal, announced that it had reached a partnership with the BlogHer network to provide content for sites across the iVillage network. The same year, BlogHer received $5 million in funding from Peacock Ventures, NBC Universal's venture investment arm. Also in 2008, the BlogHer cofounders were honored with the Social Impact ABIE Award from the Anita Borg Institute.
By 2010, BlogHer had 76,000 registered bloggers and 80 paid contributing editors. It also had 2,500 affiliated bloggers with revenue-sharing agreements, with 20 million unique monthly visitors. On November 3, 2014, BlogHer was purchased by SHE Media. In 2018, SHE Media was purchased by Penske Media Corporation.
== BlogHer conference and online community ==
BlogHer holds annual conferences designed to give women bloggers exposure. Its first conference was held in San Jose, California, in 2005. Its community is described as an "ecosystem of blogs where each feeds off the others." It rotates headlines from all bloggers in the community to allow smaller bloggers to benefit from traffic of a larger website.
== References ==
== External links ==
BlogHer.org blog network (https://web.archive.org/web/20050413024013/http://www.blogher.org/)
"Building Companies the Women's Way", New York Times, 6/28/2007.
Cooper Monroe. BlogHers Act: How 11,000 Women Bloggers are Organizing to Save the World. The Huffington Post.

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The Caucus for Women in Statistics and Data Science (CWS) is a professional society for women in statistics, data science and related fields. It was founded in 1971, following discussions in 1969 and 1970 at the annual meetings of the American Statistical Association, with Donna Brogan as its first president. The Governing Council is the main governing body of CWS. The Council consists of the President, President-Elect, Past President, Past Past President, Executive Director (ex-officio), Treasurer, Secretary, Membership Chair, Program Committee Chair, Communications Committee Chair, Professional Development Committee Chair, Chair of Liaisons with other organizations and the Chair of Country Representatives. The President-Elect, President, Past President, Secretary, Treasurer and Executive Director constitute the Executive Committee of the Governing Council. CWS governance is described in the Constitution and Bylaws.
== Purpose ==
The purpose of the CWS is to assist in teaching, hiring, and advancing the careers of women in statistics, removing barriers to women in statistics, encourage the application of statistics to women's issues, and improve the representation of women in professional organizations for statisticians. CWS envisions a world where women in the profession of statistics have equal opportunity and access to influence policies and decisions in workplaces, governments, and communities. The organization's mission is to advance the careers of women statisticians through advocacy, providing resources and learning opportunities, increasing their professional participation and visibility, and promoting and assessing research that impacts women statisticians.
== Related organizations ==
CWS is an independent society that works with other statistical professional societies, including the American Statistical Association (ASA), the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), Statistical Society of Canada (SSC), and International Statistical Institute (ISI). CWS has a close tie with the ASA and participates in the Joint Statistical Meetings (JSM) which are run by the ASA and cosponsored by IMS, SSC and other professional societies, where it is a sponsor of the Gertrude M. Cox Scholarship. The Caucus is a "sister organization" to the Association for Women in Mathematics, which was founded at the same time as CWS.
== Activities ==
The Caucus has a regular email blast and organizes events at major statistical meetings.
Since 2001, its activities have also included jointly sponsoring the Florence Nightingale David Award with the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies. This is "the only international award in statistical sciences ... that is restricted to women". CWS hosts its own conference every year on the second Tuesday of October, celebrating International Day of Women in Statistics and Data Science (IDWSDS - idwsds.org).
== Leadership ==
The presidents of the Caucus have included:
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Center for Women In Technology (CWIT) was established at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County in July 1998. The center's original name was the "Center for Women and Information Technology", and it was founded to encourage women both as developers of information technology and as users of IT. The original CWIT site included a large number of resources and links and served as a clearinghouse about women and information technology. This work included focusing on K-12 education as well as supporting university students, and workforce advancement and retention. The center has included engineering majors since 2006, and in 2011 its name was changed to the Center for Women In Technology.
== Scholarship programs ==
The Center for Women in Technology Scholars Program is a merit scholarship opportunity for talented undergraduates majoring in computer science, computer engineering, information systems or a related program. It is open to high school seniors planning to major in one of these areas of study. Scholars in the program receive mentoring from university faculty and IT professionals as well as participate in specially designed activities and events.
CWIT and the UMBC Center for Cybersecurity jointly run the UMBC Cyber Scholars Program with the goal of preparing the next generation of cybersecurity professionals. The program is funded by the Northrop Grumman Foundation.
External organizations, such as the TowerCares Foundation, have provided financial support to UMBC cybersecurity students. The funding supports cybersecurity student programs and professional development initiatives at UMBC.
== Programs ==
=== High school students and teachers ===
CWIT Scholars
Cyber Scholars (also open to transfer students and current UMBC students)
Bits & Bytes
BEST of CWIT
=== UMBC students ===
T-SITE Scholars
CWIT Affiliates
Cyber Affiliates
CWIT Peer Mentoring
CWIT Living Learning Community
Parents for Women in Technology (PWIT)
=== Industry professionals ===
Industry Mentor Program
=== Past programs ===
SITE Scholars Program
== References ==
== External links ==
Center for Women In Technology
CWIT Scholars Program

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The Georgetown Center on Privacy and Technology is a think tank at Georgetown University in Washington, DC dedicated to the study of privacy and technology. Established in 2014, it is housed within the Georgetown University Law Center. The goal of the Center is to conduct research and empower legal and legislative advocacy around issues of privacy and surveillance, with a focus on how such issues affect groups of different social class and race. In May 2022, the Center's founding director Alvaro Bedoya was confirmed as a commissioner of the United States Federal Trade Commission.
== Activities ==
=== Surveillance ===
The Center hosts an annual conference titled "The Color of Surveillance" which explored how government and technological surveillance affected different marginalized populations, including Black Americans, immigrants to the United States, religious minorities, and poor and working people.
In May 2022, the Center on Privacy and Technology published American Dragnet: Data-Driven Deportation in the 21st Century, a report detailing how U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has built a far-reaching surveillance system by accessing driver’s license databases, utility records, and purchasing data from commercial brokers, often without judicial oversight. The report found that ICE's surveillance practices affect the majority of adults in the United States. The findings of American Dragnet prompted significant congressional attention. In a House Judiciary Committee hearing titled Digital Dragnets: Examining the Government's Access to Your Personal Data, Representative Zoe Lofgren submitted the American Dragnet report into the hearing record. In September 2022, U.S. Senators Edward Markey and Ron Wyden sent a letter to the Department of Homeland Security urging the agency to cease its use of invasive surveillance technologies, including facial recognition and the purchase of commercial data. The Senators described ICE’s surveillance network as "Orwellian" and raised concerns about its broad civil rights implications.
=== Facial recognition ===
The Center has collaborated with many advocacy organizations, including the ACLU, the Algorithmic Justice League, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, as part of campaigns raising awareness about the use of facial recognition by the government.
In 2016, the Center published a report called The Perpetual Line-Up: Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America which documents the widespread unregulated use of facial recognition by law enforcement across the United States. In 2018, a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit brought by the Center against the New York Police Department revealed that facial recognition scans were being run on mugshots of every arrestee. A subsequent report in 2019, "Garbage In, Garbage Out: Face Recognition on Flawed Data" documented multiple cases of police departments attempting to identify suspects using hand-drawn sketches, highly edited photos, and photos of celebrity lookalikes.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
The Perpetual Line-Up

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The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a South African scientific research and development (R&D) organisation. It was established by an act of parliament in 1945 and is situated on its campus in Pretoria. It is Africa's largest research and development organisation and accounts for about 10% of the entire African R&D budget. It has a staff of approximately 3,000 technical and scientific researchers.
== Overview ==
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a leading scientific and technology research organisation that researches and develops transformative technologies to accelerate socioeconomic prosperity in South Africa. The organisation’s work contributes to industrial development and supports a capable state. The CSIR is an entity of the Department of Science and Innovation.
The organisation plays a key role in supporting the public and private sectors through directed research that is aligned with the country’s priorities, the organisation’s mandate and its science, engineering and technology competences. The nine high-impact sectors identified by the CSIR to achieve its aims are:
Industry advancement clusters
Advanced Agriculture and Food
NextGen Health
Future Production: Chemicals
Future Production: Mining
Future Production: Manufacturing
Defence and Security
Industry and society enabling clusters
Smart Places
Smart Mobility
NextGen Enterprises and Institutions
=== Presidents and chief executive officers ===
== SERA ==
In 1999, a strategic alliance, the Southern Education and Research Alliance (SERA), was formed between the University of Pretoria and the CSIR. SERA collaborates locally and internationally with universities, NGOs, companies, and multinational bodies in various research areas.
== Aircraft ==
CSIR Sara II
== Controversy ==
=== Allegations of political interference ===
In July 2016, the amaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism published an article that alleges that South Africa's Science and Technology Minister Naledi Pandor and Director-General Phil Mjwara were attempting to put undue pressure on the CSIR, at the behest of the African National Congress (ANC) treasurer-general Zweli Mkhize, to favour the Chinese multinational Huawei Technologies in the purchase of a new 116 million South African rand (US$8 million) supercomputer for the institute. This followed the publication of the council's long-time CEO, Sibusiso Sibisi's, open letter of resignation stating that irregularities and political pressure on the awarding of contracts to suppliers were of great concern.
=== Biopiracy case ===
In a case of biopiracy, bioprospectors from CSIR became interested in the Hoodia plant as an appetite suppressant for weight loss after a marketing campaign falsely claimed its efficacy. They patented it without recognising the San people's traditional claims to knowledge of the plant and its uses. The patent was later sold to Unilever, which marketed Hoodia products as diet supplements. In 2003, the South African San Council made an agreement with CSIR in which they would receive from 6 to 8% of the sales revenue of Hoodia gordonii products, money that would be deposited in a fund to purchase land for the San people who had been dispossessed of their lands by migrating tribes.
== References ==
== External links ==
CSIR Website
CSIR Research Space - provides access to some of the research outputs generated by CSIR scientists
Defence Research and Development in South Africa - The Role of the CSIR by Paul Cilliers
Meraka Institute - The African Advanced Institute for Information and Communication Technology Archived 23 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Human Factors and Enterprise Engineering - research group at Meraka Institute [4] Archived 20 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Transport research in the CSIR: [5] Deprecated link archived 21 April 2013 at archive.today
Optronic Sensor Systems Deprecated link archived 21 April 2013 at archive.today
Centre for Mining Innovation Deprecated link archived 21 April 2013 at archive.today

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Debunk.org is an independent technology think tank and non-governmental organisation based in Vilnius, Lithuania. Founded in 2018, the organisation was developed to counter online disinformation and state-sponsored internet propaganda. It researches and analyses disinformation within the Baltic states, Poland, Georgia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and the United States. It also aims to improve societal resilience to disinformation through educational courses and media literacy campaigns.
Its current director is Viktoras Daukšas.
== History ==
Debunk.org was founded by Viktoras Daukšas in 2018 and has its origins in the Demaskuok project. Demaskuok, meaning "debunk" in Lithuanian, was established by Delfi and had Daukšas as its director. It represented a collaboration between media outlets, technology experts, strategic communication departments within government institutions, and an army of volunteers known as "elves." The project sought to analyse thousands of articles per day, searching for pro-Kremlin disinformation targeting the Baltic states.
Debunk.org and Demaskuok became parallel organisations, with the former seeking to expand its reach to new languages and regions. The two initiatives cooperated with each other until 2020.
== Research ==
Debunk.org's research and analysis publications are the product of an analytical team and a consulting group of researchers who collaborate with the organisation's core team. They publish about 10 research reports per month. The topics of the reports include disinformation trends, NATO-related disinformation, political crises, and elections monitoring, as well as other issues.
== Methodology ==
The core methodology adopted by Debunk.org is debunking, which also inspires the organisation's name. Debunking, or the exposing of falsehoods, is a widely accepted counter-disinformation and counter-propaganda method. The process often consists of fact-checking, to establish the elements of falsehood within a problematic narrative, and the dissemination of counternarratives, which involves presenting and explaining those falsehoods.
Debunk.org uses artificial intelligence algorithms to autonomously scan thousands of online news articles, flagging content which may represent the potential spread of disinformation. This approach was adopted by the organisation to increase the efficiency of countering disinformation and change the balance between "cheap disinformation" and "expensive debunking." The algorithms look for key words and more than 600 propaganda and disinformation narratives. According to internal data, Debunk.org monitors more than 2500 web domains, in 26 languages, which have been historically associated with instances of disinformation, from which it processes 30,000 articles per day. Examples of the domains which it tracks include Russian state outlets such as Sputnik and RT as well as lesser known entities like news-front.info, which are sites operated on a "volunteer" basis. Over 15,000 content pieces are manually reviewed each month, including hundreds of public Facebook pages and groups. Articles are tracked based on the narratives that they disseminate, focussing not just on entirely false stories but also those which decontextualize information and publish misleading facts.
The organisation consists of over 50 volunteers, referred to as "elves," who contribute to its disinformation monitoring operations by manually rating the potential threat of the flagged content. The organisation claims that this combination of computer algorithms and manual coding has been capable of identifying and rebutting disinformation in as little as two hours.
DebunkReach is the organisation's proprietary software platform which it uses to assess the impact of disinformation narratives. DebunkReach provides a measure of how widely shared a disinformation website article has become on social media platforms and across the internet. It is calculated for every single article taking into account SimilarWeb traffic, Alexa rating, backlinks and social media interactions (reactions, shares and comments). This allows Debunk.org's analysis team to employ the Breakout Scale, a concept devised by the Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFR)'s Ben Nimmo. The scale divides disinformation operations into categories on a six-point scale: category one (one platform, no breakout), category two (one platform, breakout or many platforms, no breakout), category three (multiple platforms, multiple breakouts), category four (cross-medium breakout), category five (celebrity amplification), category six (policy response or call for violence). The scale allows researchers to comparatively measure the impact of an influence operation and identify whether it is increasing or decreasing in magnitude to aid the prioritisation of resources and coordinate a more efficient response.
Debunk.org also use the Pillars of Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem, developed by the Global Engagement Center of the U.S. Department of State (GEC), to research and monitor Russia's disinformation campaigns. The five pillars are organised on a spectrum ranging from "visible" propaganda messages to those which are "denied" by the Kremlin, and include (from most to least visible): official government communications, state-funded global messaging, cultivation of proxy sources, weaponization of social media and cyber-enabled disinformation.
== Funding ==
Debunk.org receives funding from Delfi, the largest news organisation in the Baltics, and is supported by a €315,000 grant from the Google Digital News Initiative. It also receives research grants from government institutions and partner organisations, including the German Federal Government, the German Marshall Fund, the United Kingdom Foreign Office, and the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defense.
== Volunteer network (elves) ==
One of the core features of the Debunk.org initiative is to expand and coordinate the network of stakeholders in the counter-disinformation sector. Its research and analysis work is underpinned by a network of volunteers, known as Elves, with expertise in foreign affairs, cybersecurity, IT, economics, environmental protection and related fields.
The base of volunteers originally began as an organic, autonomous, community initiative in response to the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, involving clashes between protesters and the security forces of the Russian-backed Ukrainian president, Viktor Yanukovych, in Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Kyiv. The subsequent ousting of President Viktor Yanukovych and the Russian annexation of Crimea was paralleled by an online information war with continuous Russian disinformation attacks and propaganda. The volunteers' aim was to counter pro-Kremlin narratives on social media, forums, and online comments sections.
The network now consists of around 5000 volunteers, at least 50 of which collaborate directly with the Debunk.org analysis team. They verify suspicious content, fact-check and debunk false stories and highlight website and online accounts actively propagating disinformation. They also provide manual content analysis to supplement Debunk.org's automated systems. Debunk.org enables the security and integrity of the network by providing a stringent vetting process for new volunteers joining the organisation. Before joining the project all candidates are screened through an interview process, must sign nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) and complete a disinformation analysis training course developed by Debunk.org.
== References ==

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The Dipterists Society, formerly known as the North American Dipterists Society, is an international society for dipterists, who study flies. The society was informally established in the late 1980s, but incorporated itself in California in 2019, and registered as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. The society took its current name in 2023.
The society is currently directed by Stephen D. Gaimari, Martin Hauser, Christopher J. Borkent, and Jessica Gillung.
== Publications ==
=== Fly Times ===
The society publishes the Fly Times and Fly Times Supplement newsletters.
=== Myia ===
Myia an is irregular book series established in 1979 by Paul H. Arnaud Jr. The first six volumes were produced and distributed by Arnaud, and was sponsored by the California Academy of Sciences. Volumes 7 and 8 are incomplete. From volume 9 onwards, the journal became affiliated with the Dipterist Society.
=== The Tachinid Times ===
The Tachinid Times is hosted on the 'Tachinidae Resources' web pages of the former website of the North American
Dipterists Society (NADS).
== Meetings ==
The society conducts its annual meetings during the Entomological Society of America annual meetings. It also conducts field meetings every two years.
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Stephen D. Gaimari, ed. (November 2018). "Whole issue" (PDF). Fly Times (Supplement 3): 1–193.
== External links ==
Official website
North American Dipterist Society 'old' website

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Edge.org is an online magazine exploring scientific and intellectual ideas. Its chief editor is the publisher John Brockman.
The website was created in 1997 as an online re-branding of The Reality Club.
It is legally established as Edge Foundation, Inc.
In 2019, BuzzFeed News reviewed Edge's IRS filings and reported that Jeffrey Epstein was "by far its largest financial donor", that "his association with Edge gave him access to leading scientists and figures in the tech industry", that he attended at least two Edge dinners in 2011 (two years after he had gone to prison for procuring a minor for prostitution), and that he was not listed by Edge among the attendees of those events.
== The Third Culture ==
Echo markets The Third Culture as a movement towards reintegration of literary and scientific thinking. The name is a nod toward scientist C. P. Snow's concept of the two cultures of science and the humanities. John Brockman published a book of the same name whose themes are continued at the Edge website. Scientists and others are invited to contribute their thoughts in a manner accessible to non-specialist readers.
== Edge Question ==
Edge poses its members an annual question:
1998: "What questions are you asking yourself?"
1999: "What is the most important invention in the past two thousand years?"
2000: "What is today's most important unreported story?"
2001: "What questions have disappeared?" and "What now?" This was the only year with two separate questions.
2002: "What is your question? ... Why?"
2003: "What are the pressing scientific issues for the nation and the world, and what is your advice on how I can begin to deal with them?"
2004: "What's your law?"
2005: "What do you believe is true even though you cannot prove it?" The responses generated were published as a book under the title What We Believe But Cannot Prove: Today's Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Certainty with an introduction by the novelist Ian McEwan.
2006: "What is your dangerous idea"? The responses formed the book What Is Your Dangerous Idea?, which was published with an introduction by Steven Pinker and an afterword by Richard Dawkins.
2007: "What are you optimistic about? Why?", which resulted in a companion publication.
2008: "What have you changed your mind about?" and the corresponding book published shortly thereafter.
2009: "What Will Change Everything? What game-changing scientific ideas and developments do you expect to live to see?" and a book version.
2010: "How has the Internet changed the way you think?" and associated book.
2011: "What Scientific Concept Would Improve Everybody's Cognitive Toolkit?" and associated book.
2012: "What is your favorite deep, elegant, or beautiful explanation?" and associated book.
2013: "What should we be worried about?" and associated book.
2014: "What scientific idea is ready for retirement?" and associated book.
2015: "What Do You Think About Machines that Think" and associated book.
2016: "What Do You Think the Most Interesting Recent [Scientific] News? What makes it Important?" and associated book.
2017: "What scientific term or concept ought to be more widely known?" and associated book.
2018: "What is the last-question?"
== Contributing authors ==
As of 2011, contributors included Anthony Aguirre, Stephon Alexander, John Allen Paulos, Adam Alter, Alun Anderson, Ross Anderson, Scott Atran, Mahzarin Banaji, Thomas Bass, Sue Blackmore, Paul Bloom, Giulio Boccaletti, Stefano Boeri, Josh Bongard, Nick Bostrom, Stewart Brand, David Buss, William Calvin, Nicholas Carr, Sean M. Carroll, Nicholas Christakis, George M. Church, Andy Clark, Gregory Cochran, James Croak, Satyajit Das, Richard Dawkins, Aubrey De Grey, Daniel Dennett, Emanuel Derman, Keith Devlin, Rolf Dobelli, George Dyson, David Eagleman, Brian Eno, Juan Enriquez, Dylan Evans, Christine Finn, Stuart Firestein, Helen Fisher, Susan Fiske, Tecumseh Fitch, Richard Foreman, Howard Gardner, Amanda Gefter, David Gelernter, Neil Gershenfeld, Gerd Gigerenzer, Marcelo Gleiser, Nigel Goldenfeld, Rebecca Goldstein, Daniel Goleman, Alison Gopnik, Joshua Greene, Jonathan Haidt, Diane Halpern, Kevin Hand, Haim Harari, Sam Harris, Marti Hearst, Roger Highfield, W. Daniel Hillis, Donald D. Hoffman, Gerald Holton, Bruce Hood, Nicholas Humphrey, Jennifer Jacquet, Xeni Jardin, Daniel Kahneman, Kevin Kelly, Douglas Kenrick, Christian Keysers, Vinod Khosla, Marcel Kinsbourne, Jon Kleinberg, Brian Knutson, Bart Kosko, Kai Krause, Lawrence Krauss, Rob Kurzban, George Lakoff, Jaron Lanier, Jonah Lehrer, Garrett Lisi, Seth Lloyd, Stephen M. Kosslyn, Gary Marcus, Hazel Rose Markus, John McWhorter, Thomas Metzinger, Geoffrey Miller, Evgeny Morozov, P.Z. Myers, David Myers, Richard Nisbett, Tor Norretranders, Hans-Ulrich Obrist, Gloria Origgi, Neri Oxman, Mark Pagel, Greg Paul, Irene Pepperberg, Clifford Pickover, Steven Pinker, David Pizarro, Ernst Pöppel, V.S. Ramachandran, Lisa Randall, Martin Rees, Andrew Revkin, Matt Ridley, Matthew Ritchie, Jay Rosen, Carlo Rovelli, David Rowan, Rudy Rucker, Douglas Rushkoff, Paul Saffo, Scott D. Sampson, Robert Sapolsky, Dimitar Sasselov, Richard Saul Wurman, Roger Schank, Kathryn Schulz, Gino Segre, Charles Seife, Terrence Sejnowski, Martin Seligman, Michael Shermer, Clay Shirky, Lee Smolin, Dan Sperber, Tom Standage, Victoria Stodden, Linda Stone, Nassim Taleb, Don Tapscott, Max Tegmark, Richard Thaler, John Tooby, Eric Topol, J. Craig Venter, Eric Weinstein, Frank Wilczek, Dave Winer and Milford Wolpoff.
Carl Zimmer was also a former contributor but asked for his content to be removed after learning of the role of Jeffrey Epstein as a supporter of the foundation.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Profile of John Brockman at Guardian Unlimited

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Equate Scotland is a Scottish government-funded national organisation with the strategic objectives of tackling underrepresentation of women and gender inequality in science, technology, engineering, environment (natural and built) and mathematics (STEM). Founded in 2006 as the Scottish Resource Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology; it rebranded in 2014 to Equate Scotland. The programme is hosted by Edinburgh Napier University with the objective of increasing participation and advancement of women in STEM through training, advocacy, partnerships with employers and higher education institutions, active research and building peer to peer networks.
== History ==
=== Origins (2004–2005) ===
Equate Scotland has its origins in the UK Resource Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (UKRC), which was launched in 2004 as one of the key recommendations of the UK Government's 2003 Strategy for Women in SET, following the 2002 SET Fair Report. Funded by the newly created Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), the UKRC was established as the Government’s lead organisation for providing advice, services, and policy consultation on the under-representation of women in science, engineering, and technology. In 2005, the Scottish Resource Centre was established to deliver the UKRC’s mission in Scotland through a partnership between Edinburgh Napier University, the University of Glasgow, and Glasgow Caledonian University.
=== Establishment and Early Years (2006–2011) ===
The Scottish Resource Centre began operating from Edinburgh Napier University in 2006, providing mentoring programmes, return-to-work initiatives, and employer engagement events aimed at improving gender diversity in STEM workplaces. The Centre now received funding from the Scottish Funding Council, the European Social Fund, and other partners.
=== Transition and rebranding (2012–2014) ===
In 2012, following the conclusion of the UKRC’s national contract, the Scottish Government allocated funding directly to the Centre, supporting a uniquely Scottish model of gender equality intervention in STEM higher education and labour market. In 2014, the Centre rebranded to Equate Scotland to enhance visibility and strengthen its identity.
=== Recent developments (2015–present) ===
From 2016 to 2020, with Talat Yaqoob the programme Director, Equate Scotland launched the Equate Career Hub, expanded the Equate Student Network (formerly Interconnect), conducted the first of its kind intersectional analysis of women's representation and experiences in STEM, launched the "I am a STEMinist" campaign, developed a bespoke training and consultancy offer for employers and education institutions, building a pan-European collaboration on tackling gender inequality in STEM within SMEs funded through Erasmus Plus, and led to further national initiatives promoting women’s participation in STEM.
From 2020 to 2022, under Lesley Laird’s Directorship, Equate Scotland underwent a digital transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic and launched new initiatives with a focus on intersectionality.
Since 2022, under the leadership of Programme Director Dilraj Sokhi Watson, Equate Scotland has delivered several key initiatives. These include the research and publication of the experiences of women in STEM in Scotland report, a collaborative partnership with Polibatam Polytechnic in Indonesia on gender inclusion initiatives, and the development of an award-winning, multi-partner employability programme supporting Ukrainian women displaced by the war. In response to the closure of the CareerHub, a new suite of market-responsive activities was launched. One of the key highlights in 2025 was the launch of Equate Scotland’s peer to peer network Friends of Equate. The network was created for women in STEM to help them find community, access peer-to-peer support, and take part in further training opportunities. It also runs in-person and online events throughout the year. Additionally, Equate has undertaken significant policy and development work on the thematic areas of gender, skills and net zero.
== Impact ==
Equate Scotland reports that over 85% of student participants improve their skills and confidence, with many gaining employment or industry placements. The programme contributes to national policy consultations and has influenced equality practices in both education and industry sectors in Scotland.
== Governance and funding ==
Equate Scotland is hosted by Edinburgh Napier University and funded primarily by the Scottish Government. The programme therefore follows the policies and procedures of the university. It has received funding from various sources, including the UKRC, the Scottish Funding Council, the European Social Fund, and the Scottish Government.
Equate Scotland is governed by a steering committee with members from academia, commercial STEM sectors such as construction, engineering and manufacturing, technology, the third sector, and the public sector. The steering committee is responsible for setting and guiding the team on the strategic goals of the programme, through advice and input.
== See also ==
Women in STEM
Gender equality in workplace
Edinburgh Napier University
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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Eudoxa was a Swedish think tank based in Stockholm that was active during the 2000s and early 2010s. Its work focused on science and technology policy, with an emphasis on the societal implications of emerging technologies.
The organization engaged in policy analysis, report publication, and the organization of seminars and conferences. Its activities addressed issues related to biotechnology, health care, intellectual property, digital technologies, and other areas connected to technological innovation.
Eudoxa participated in public debate through publications and events and collaborated with external organizations in Sweden and internationally. As part of its work, it published the book *More Choices, Better Health* in 2008 by Bartley J. Madden, which discusses market-oriented approaches to pharmaceutical development and regulation.
In the 2014 *Global Go To Think Tank Index Report*, published by the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania, Eudoxa was listed among the world’s science and technology think tanks.
The organization ceased operations in 2016.
== References ==
== External links ==
Eudoxa (archived website)

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European Women in Mathematics (EWM) is an international association of women working in the field of mathematics in Europe. The association participates in political and strategic work to promote the role of women in mathematics and offers its members direct support. Its goals include encouraging women to study mathematics and providing visibility to women mathematicians. It is the "first and best known" of several organizations devoted to women in mathematics in Europe.
== Mission ==
European Women in Mathematics aims to encourage women to study mathematics, support women in their careers, provide a meeting place for like-minded people and highlight and make women mathematicians visible. In this way, and by promoting scientific communication and working with groups and organisations with similar goals, they spread their vision of mathematics and science.
=== Mentorship ===
EWM has a mentoring programme which can be joined at any time of the year. EWM brings together a younger and a more experienced member to share different experiences and perspectives for motivation and inspiration.
=== Grants ===
EWM awards travel grants for female mathematicians every year. The travel grants are awarded to EWM members who are at an early stage of their career or work in a developing country and who need financial resources (travel and/or accommodation, up to 400 EUR) to attend and speak at an important conference in their field of expertise.
== Regular Activities ==
Every other year, EWM holds a general meeting and a summer school. A newsletter is published at least twice a year, EWM has a website, a Facebook group and an e-mail network. EWM coordinates a mentoring programme and awards a travel grant twice a year.
=== General Meetings ===
EWM hold a General Meeting every other year in the form of a week-long conference with a scientific program of mini-courses on mathematical topics, discussions on the situation of women in the field and a General Assembly.
General meetings have been held in Paris (1986), Copenhagen (1987), Warwick (1988), Lisbon (1990), Marseilles (1991), Warsaw (1993), Madrid (1995), Trieste ICTP (1997), Hannover (1999), Malta (2001), Luminy (2003), Volgograd (2005), Cambridge (2007), Novi Sad (2009), Barcelona (2011), Bonn (2013), Cortona (2015), and Graz (2018).
=== Activities at international conferences ===
EWM holds satellite conferences to the European Congress in Mathematics and takes part in ICWM International Conference of Women in Mathematics, International Congress of Women Mathematicians and now World Meeting for Women Mathematicians.
== History ==
Although the group that became EWM began holding informal meetings as early as 1974,
EWM was founded as an organization in 1986 by Bodil Branner, Caroline Series, Gudrun Kalmbach, Marie-Françoise Roy, and Dona Strauss, inspired by the activities of the Association for Women in Mathematics in the USA. It was established as an association under Finnish law in 1993 with its seat in Helsinki.
In fact, the basic structure defining the convenor, standing committee and coordinators was established between 1987 and 1991. An EWM email net was set up in 1994 followed by a web page in 1997.
The organization has a Scientific Committee, jointly with the European Mathematical Society and its Committee on Women in Mathematics.
== Convenors and Deputies ==
== Similar Societies ==
There are many similar societies like the "European Women in Mathematics" society that celebrate women in Mathematics. For instance:
=== Women in Mathematics ===
International Mathematical Union (IMU) Committee for Women in Mathematics
EMS Women in Mathematics Committee
EMS/EWM Scientific Committee
Femmes et mathématiques
EWM - The Netherlands
LMS Women in Mathematics Committee
Korea Women in Mathematical Sciences
AWM, Association for Women in Mathematics
Polish Woman in Mathematics
Women in Math Project
AWSE Association of Women in Science and Education in Russian
=== Mathematics ===
The European Mathematical Information Service (EMIS)
The International Mathematical Union (IMU)
Math Archives WWW server
=== European Union Information ===
EMS, European Mathematical Society
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) is an international European scientific organization, formed by the union of a number of national organizations; there are now 57 members from 41 European countries, regular and provisional. Members can apply for fellowships, grants and/or support when organising a meeting. FEMS facilitates exchange of scientific knowledge to all microbiologists in Europe and worldwide by publishing seven microbiology journals and organising a biennial congress for microbiologists around the world. It also initiates campaigns such as the European Academy of Microbiology (EAM).
Since 1977, it has been the sponsor of FEMS Microbiology Letters, a single journal. Now, FEMS publishes seven journals:
FEMS Microbiology Ecology
FEMS Microbiology Reviews
FEMS Microbiology Letters
FEMS Yeast Research
Pathogens and Disease a journal preceded by FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
FEMS Microbes
FEMS microLife
Originally published for the Society by Elsevier, then by Wiley-Blackwell, they are now published by Oxford University Press.
== References ==
== External links ==
Federation website
European Academy of Microbiology website

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L'association femmes et mathématiques (English: Association of Women and Mathematics) is a voluntary association promoting women in scientific studies, research, and mathematics created in 1987. This organization currently has about 200 members, including university professors of math, math teachers, sociologists, philosophers and historians that are interested in the "woman question" in scientific domains.
The Association's primary objectives include encouraging and promoting women in STEM fields, assisting in communication between mathematicians, and promoting equality between genders.
It specifically organizes a forum of young women mathematicians, as well as conferences on different topics related to its objectives. They regularly hold a general assembly, either in Paris or outside of the city, based on various themes. The Association also publishes an academic journal.
The association has its headquarters at the Maison des Mathématiciens at l'Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris. It participates in different initiatives with other scholarly and professional societies, in particular the Société Mathématique de France (Mathematical Society of France), la Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (Society of Applied and Industrial Maths), l'Association des Professeurs de Mathématiques de l'enseignement public (Association of Math Professors and Public Teachers) and l'Union des Professeurs de Spéciales, as well as La Commission Française pour l'enseignement des Mathématiques (the French commission for the teaching of mathematics).
The current president of the Association is Anne Boyé, with Laurence Broze and Lisa Morhaim as the vice presidents
== Notes ==
== Bibliography ==
(in French) Du côté des mathématiciennes, Edited by Annick Boisseau, Véronique Chauveau, Françoise Delon, Gwenola Madec, avec la participation de Marie-Françoise Roy, through l'Association femmes et mathématiques, Aléas, 2002.
(in French) Femmes Et Mathématiques. "Nous Sommes... (We Are...)." Femmes Et Maths. Femmes Et Maths, 30 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
(in French) Rencontres entre artistes et mathématiciennes : Toutes un peu les autres, by T.Chotteau, F.Delmer, P. Jakubowski, S. Paycha, J.Peiffer, Y.Perrin, V. Roca, B. Taquet, through l'Initiative de femmes et mathematiques, Paris : L'Harmattan, 2001.
== External links ==
(in French) Official Website of the Association
(in French) Official About Page of the Association

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The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded by Richard Stallman on October 4, 1985. The organization supports the free software movement, with its preference for software being distributed under copyleft ("share alike") terms, such as with its own GNU General Public License. The FSF was incorporated in Boston where it is also based.
From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project and its employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community. Consistent with its goals, the FSF aims to use only free software on its own computers.
The FSF holds the copyrights on many pieces of the GNU system, such as GNU Compiler Collection. As the holder of these copyrights, it has authority to enforce the copyleft requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL) when copyright infringement occurs. The FSF is also the steward of several free software licenses, meaning it publishes them and has the ability to make revisions as needed.
== History ==
The Free Software Foundation was founded in 1985 as a non-profit corporation supporting free software development. It continued existing GNU projects, such as the sale of manuals and tapes, and employed developers of the free software system. Since then, it has continued these activities, as well as advocating for the free software movement. From 1991 until 2001, General Public License (GPL) enforcement was done informally, usually by Stallman himself, often with assistance from FSF's lawyer, Eben Moglen. Typically, GPL violations during this time were cleared up without much publicity. In late 2001, Bradley M. Kuhn (then executive director), with the assistance of Moglen, David Turner, and Peter T. Brown, formalized these efforts into FSF's GPL Compliance Labs. In the interest of promoting copyleft assertiveness by software companies to the level that the FSF was already doing, supporters like Harald Welte launched gpl-violations.org in 2004.
From 2002 to 2004, high-profile GPL enforcement cases, such as those against Linksys and OpenTV, became frequent. GPL enforcement and educational campaigns on GPL compliance was a major focus of the FSF's efforts during this period. In March 2003, SCO filed suit against IBM alleging that IBM's contributions to various free software, including FSF's GNU, violated SCO's rights. While FSF was never a party to the lawsuit, FSF was subpoenaed on November 5, 2003. During 2003 and 2004, FSF put substantial advocacy effort into responding to the lawsuit and quelling its negative impact on the adoption and promotion of free software. From 2003 to 2005, FSF held legal seminars to explain the GPL and the surrounding law. Usually taught by Bradley M. Kuhn and Daniel Ravicher, these seminars offered CLE credit and were the first effort to give formal legal education on the GPL. In 2007, the FSF published the third version of the GNU General Public License after significant outside input.
In December 2008, FSF filed a lawsuit against Cisco for using GPL-licensed components shipped with Linksys products. Cisco was notified of the licensing issue in 2003 but Cisco repeatedly disregarded its obligations under the GPL. In May 2009, Cisco and FSF reached settlement under which Cisco agreed to make a monetary donation to the FSF and appoint a Free Software Director to conduct continuous reviews of the company's license compliance practices.
In September 2019, Richard Stallman resigned as president of the FSF after pressure from journalists and members of the open source community in response to him making controversial comments in defense of Marvin Minsky on Jeffrey Epstein's sex trafficking scandal. Nevertheless, Stallman remained head of the GNU Project and in 2021, he returned to the FSF board of directors.
== Current and ongoing activities ==
=== The GNU Project ===
The original purpose of the FSF was to promote the ideals of free software. The organization envisaged the GNU operating system as an example of this.
=== GNU licenses ===
The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a widely used license for free software projects. The current version (version 3) was released in June 2007. The FSF has also published the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), the GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL), and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL).
=== GNU Press ===
The FSF's publishing department, responsible for "publishing affordable books on computer science using freely distributable licenses."
=== The Free Software Directory ===
This is a list of software packages that have been verified as free software. Each package entry contains up to 47 pieces of information such as the project's homepage, developers, programming language, etc. The goals are to provide a search engine for free software, and to provide a cross-reference for users to check if a package has been verified as being free software. The FSF has received a small amount of funding from UNESCO for this project.
=== Maintaining the Free Software Definition ===
FSF maintains many of the documents that define the free software movement.
=== Project hosting ===
FSF hosts software development projects on its Savannah website.
=== h-node ===
An abbreviation for "Hardware-Node", the h-node website lists hardware and device drivers that have been verified as compatible with free software. It is user-edited and volunteer supported with hardware entries tested by users before publication.
=== Advocacy ===
FSF sponsors a number of campaigns against what it perceives as dangers to software freedom, including software patents, digital rights management (which the FSF and others have re-termed "digital restrictions management", as part of its effort to highlight technologies that are "designed to take away and limit your rights",) and user interface copyright. Since 2012, Defective by Design is an FSF-initiated campaign against DRM. It also has a campaign to promote Ogg+Vorbis, a free alternative to proprietary formats like AAC and MQA. FSF also sponsors free software projects it deems "high-priority".
=== Annual awards ===

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"Outstanding new Free Software contributor", "Award for the Advancement of Free Software" and "Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit"
=== LibrePlanet wiki ===
The LibrePlanet wiki organizes FSF members into regional groups in order to promote free software activism against digital restrictions management and other issues promoted by the FSF.
== High priority projects ==
The FSF maintains a list of "high-priority projects" to which the Foundation claims that "there is a vital need to draw the free software community's attention". The FSF considers these projects "important because computer users are continually being seduced into using non-free software, because there is no adequate free replacement."
As of 2021, high-priority tasks include reverse engineering proprietary firmware, reversible debugging in GNU Debugger; developing automatic transcription and video editing software, Coreboot, drivers for network routers, a free smartphone operating system and creating replacements for Skype and Siri.
Previous projects highlighted as needing work included the Free Java implementations, GNU Classpath, and GNU Compiler for Java, which ensure compatibility for the Java part of OpenOffice.org, and the GNOME desktop environment (see Java: Licensing).
The effort has been criticized by Michael Larabel for either not instigating active development or for being slow at the work being done, even after certain projects were added to the list.
== Endorsements ==
=== Operating systems ===
The FSF maintains a list of approved Linux operating systems that maintain free software by default:
Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre
dyne:bolic
GNU Guix System
Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre
Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
PureOS
Trisquel
LibreCMC
ProteanOS
The project also maintains a list of operating systems that are not versions of the GNU system:
Replicant
==== Discontinued operating systems ====
The following are previously endorsed operating systems that are no longer actively maintained:
gNewSense
BLAG Linux and GNU
Musix GNU+Linux
Ututo
=== Hardware endorsements (RYF) ===
Since 2012, the FSF maintains a "Respects Your Freedom" (RYF) hardware certification program. To be granted certification, a product must use 100% Free Software, allow user installation of modified software, be free of backdoors and conform with several other requirements.
== Structure ==
=== Board ===
The FSF's board of directors includes professors at leading universities, senior engineers, and founders. Current board members are:
Geoffrey Knauth, senior software engineer at SFA, Inc. (served since October 23, 1997)
Christina Haralanova, founding member of the Free Software Association, Bulgaria. Board member of Koumbit, member of FACIL – for the adoption of free software in Quebec (FACiL, pour l'appropriation collective de l'informatique libre)
Gerald Jay Sussman, professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (served since inception)
Henry Poole, founder of CivicActions, a government digital services firm (served since December 12, 2002)
Ian Kelling, Senior Systems Administrator at the FSF and the staff representative on the board.
John Gilmore, co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and co-designed the DHCP protocol.
Maria Chiara Pievatolo is a professor of political philosophy at the University of Pisa.
Richard Stallman, founder, launched the GNU project, author of the GNU General Public License.
Previous board members include:
Alexander Oliva, Vice President (served since August 28, 2019)
Hal Abelson, founding member, professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (served from inception until March 5, 1998, and rejoined c. 2005)
Robert J. Chassell, founding treasurer, as well as a founding director (served from inception until June 3, 1997)
Miguel de Icaza (served from August 1999 until February 25, 2002)
Benjamin Mako Hill, assistant professor at the University of Washington (served from July 25, 2007, until October 2019)
Matthew Garrett, software developer (served since October 16, 2014)
Bradley Kuhn, executive director of the Software Freedom Conservancy and FSF's former executive director (served from March 25, 2010 to Oct 13, 2019)
Lawrence Lessig, professor of law at Stanford University (served from March 28, 2004, until 2008)
Eben Moglen (served from July 28, 2000 until 2007, left the founation in 2016)
Len Tower Jr., founding member, (served until September 2, 1997)
Kat Walsh is a copyright and technology attorney, free culture and free software advocate, and former chair of the Wikimedia Foundation. She joined the board in 2015. She voted against the readmittance of Richard Stallman to the board and, on March 25, 2021, resigned saying "It's a decision that has been a long time coming for me".
Odile Bénassy, research engineer at the Paris-sud university computer science research
=== Executive directors ===
Executive directors include:
Zoë Kooyman (2025–present)
John Sullivan (2011–2022)
Benson I. Harambe (2005–2010)
Bradley M. Kuhn (2001–2005)
=== Voting ===
The FSF Articles of Organization state that the board of directors are elected.
The bylaws say who can vote for them.
The board can grant powers to the Voting Membership.
=== Employment ===
At any given time, there are usually around a dozen employees. Most, but not all, worked at the FSF headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts until August 2024 when the FSF closed its offices and switched to remote work.
=== Membership ===
On November 25, 2002, the FSF launched the FSF Associate Membership program for individuals. Bradley M. Kuhn (FSF executive director, 2001–2005) launched the program and also signed up as the first Associate Member
Associate members are primarily an honorary and funding support role. In 2023, associate members gained the ability to make board nominations, along with FSF staff and FSF voting members. There is also an annual meeting of FSF members, usually during lunch at LibrePlanet, in which feedback for FSF is solicited.
=== Legal ===
Eben Moglen and Dan Ravicher previously served individually as pro bono legal counsel to the FSF. After forming the Software Freedom Law Center, Eben Moglen continued to serve as the FSF's general counsel until 2016.

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=== Financial ===
Most of the FSF funding comes from patrons and members. Revenue streams also come from free-software-related compliance labs, job postings, published works, and a web store. FSF offers speakers and seminars for pay, and all FSF projects accept donations.
Revenues fund free-software programs and campaigns, while cash is invested conservatively in socially responsible investing. The financial strategy is designed to maintain the Foundation's long-term future through economic stability.
The FSF is a tax-exempt organization and posts annual IRS Form 990 filings online.
=== Postal address and headquarters ===
Through the years the FSF has had its postal address, and until August 31, 2024, when going all remote its physical headquarters, at different locations in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, as indicated in the table below.
As the GNU GPL v2 included the FSF's postal address in one of the first lines of the introduction and the source code license notice template every change of address also caused updates to the license itself.
== Criticism ==
=== Position on DRM ===
Linus Torvalds has criticized FSF for using GPLv3 as a weapon in the fight against DRM. Torvalds argues that the issue of DRM and that of a software license should be treated as two separate issues.
=== Defective by Design campaign ===
On June 16, 2010, Joe Brockmeier, a journalist at Linux Magazine, criticized the Defective by Design campaign by the FSF as "negative" and "juvenile" and failing to provide users with "credible alternatives" to proprietary software. FSF responded to this criticism by saying "that there is a fundamental difference between speaking out against policies or actions and smear campaigns", and "that if one is taking an ethical position, it is justified, and often necessary, to not only speak about the benefits of freedom but against acts of dispossession and disenfranchisement."
=== GNU LibreDWG license controversy ===
In 2009, a license update of LibDWG/LibreDWG to version 3 of the GNU GPL made it impossible for the free software projects LibreCAD and FreeCAD to use LibreDWG legally. Many projects voiced their unhappiness about the GPLv3 license selection for LibreDWG, such as FreeCAD, LibreCAD, Assimp, and Blender. Some suggested the selection of a license with a broader license compatibility, for instance the MIT, BSD, or LGPL 2.1. A request went to the FSF to relicense GNU LibreDWG as GPLv2, which was rejected in 2012.
LibDWG has stalled since 2011 for various reasons, including license issues.
=== Accusations against Richard Stallman ===
Stallman resigned from the board in 2019 after making controversial comments about one of the victims of Jeffrey Epstein, but rejoined the board 18 months later. Several prominent organizations and individuals who develop free software objected to the decision to let him rejoin the board, citing past writings on Stallman's blog which they considered antithetical to promoting a diverse community. As a result of Stallman's reinstatement, prominent members of the Free Software Foundation quit in protest and Red Hat announced that it would stop funding and supporting the Free Software Foundation.
== Recognition ==
Key players and industries that have made honorific mention and awards include:
2001: GNU Project received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award for "the ubiquity, breadth, and quality of its freely available redistributable and modifiable software, which has enabled a generation of research and commercial development".
2005: Prix Ars Electronica Award of Distinction in the category of "Digital Communities"
== See also ==
== Notes ==
== References ==
== External links ==
Free Software Foundation - donations
LibrePlanet

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The GTRI Office of Policy Analysis and Research is a division of the Georgia Tech Research Institute that focuses on policy analysis, particularly in fields where GTRI has science and technology experience. OPAR assists the Georgia General Assembly and publishes briefs on relevant issues, including how other states treat various issues.
In particular, OPAR hosts an annual "Legislative Roundtable" that brings together interested state representatives, prominent members of Georgia industry, and Georgia Tech students and faculty.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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Geochicas is a collective of feminists linked to OpenStreetMap, originally Spanish-speaking, who work for female empowerment and reducing the gender gap in the OpenStreetMap communities and communities associated with the world of free software and open data. Geochicas today has users on at least 3 continents.
The thematic areas of Geochicas are:
The fight against gender violence against women and girls
Women's health care
The visibility of feminist mobilizations
The understanding of leadership mechanisms and their brakes in the collective dimension.
== History ==
Geochicas was born in 2016, days before the annual OpenStreetMap State of the Map LatAm 2016 conference, in São Paulo, Brazil, with the aim of discussing in a panel that would be proposed as a permanent activity, the causes and implications of the low participation of women in the construction of the map. The conclusions of this panel and forum with the total number of attendees allowed us to build the initial agenda of Geochicas, and link the first members.
The idea arose from three participants, Miriam González, Selene Yang and Céline Jacquin, who with this purpose participated in the organization of activities at SOTM in São Paulo. They organized a previous meeting between women attendees to talk about the problems they face as women in their geodate community and find out their interest in forming a network or collective. A panel was held at the close of the conference where the problematic issues of the gender gap in OpenStreetMap were raised, and the mixed group of the community present was discussed about the implications for a map so important for all types of decision-making in the world. The first lines of a work agenda were designed as conclusions of the panel and a communication channel was created integrating the interested women present. The popularity of this event led to the creation in the form of a collective focused on looking at the map of Latin America and the world, through a feminist lens.
== Projects ==
In 2016 and 2017, the Geochicas created maps of both the oncology clinics in Nicaragua and the femicides in that country. During those same years they created visibility campaigns on Twitter with the hashtag "#MujeresMapeandoElMundo", the "International Gender Representation Survey" on OpenStreetMap.
In 2018 they created a virtual map to make visible the lack of representation of women's names on the streets of cities in Latin America and Spain.
A HOTOSM subgrant was obtained to collect field information in the Oaxaca region (Mexico) affected by the 2017 earthquakes through a journey through 20 towns, carrying out photo-mapping with Mapillary and interviewing women.
The horizontal training strategy "Training Spaces" was promoted with a series of community webinars on technology and data science training.
In 2019, an internal working group was started, based in Mexico, on femicidal violence. resulting in a rapprochement with the Geobrujas collective. For International Women's Day, a regional Editathon + Mapathon was promoted to collect data on health infrastructure for women.
A global collaborative map of the performances of "Un Violador En Tu Camino" was made inspired by the initiative of the Las Tesis collective. This proposal was extended in the mapping of mobilizations for International Women's Day in 2020.
== References ==

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Girl Develop It (GDI) is a nonprofit organization devoted to getting women the materials they need to pursue careers in software development. Founded in 2010 in New York City, GDI provides affordable programs for adult women interested in learning web and software development in a judgment-free environment. GDI's mission is to give women of any income level, nationality, education level, and upbringing an environment in which to learn the skills to build websites and learn code to build programs with hands-on classes. Although at one time active in both the United States and Canada, GDI currently maintains active community chapters exclusively in the United States.
In 2018, responding to allegations of racism that had been leveled towards both staff and chapter leaders within the organization, the majority of active chapter leaders, volunteers, and organizers issued a letter to the board demanding a change in leadership and active transparency from the organization.
== History ==
Girl Develop It was started in 2010 by Vanessa Hurst and Sara Chipps in New York City. GDI started with just one class that sold out in one day. In 2017, the organization reported chapters in 53 cities in 33 states and districts in the United States and one in Ottawa, Ontario Canada. In January 2019, following controversies surrounding transparency and efficacy of the GDI staff after allegations of racism, former chapter leaders estimated that only three chapters were actively organizing classes. As of July 2019 GDI lists 55,000 members in 60 chapters in the United States and none in other countries. However, only five of these chapters are actively organizing classes and events.
=== Founders ===
==== Vanessa Hurst ====
Hurst is a computer programmer, social entrepreneur, teacher, and lifetime girl scout, and a co-founder of Girl Develop It. In 2013 she launched the CodeMontage platform. She is also responsible for founding and running Developers For Good and also NYC-based Network of Technologists. She is currently based in Charlottesville. Hurst served on the board of GDI until the 2018 controversy, at which point she resigned her position on the board.
=== Controversies ===
On August 19, 2018, the leadership of a GDI chapter in Minneapolis were accused of discriminating against a woman of color via a Twitter post. In the post, a community member brought allegations to light that indicated two white GDI chapter leaders in Minneapolis had actively excluded another chapter leader in the Minneapolis chapter who is a woman of color. These actions resulted in her stepping down as a chapter leader. As a result of the lack of acknowledgement of this incident by the GDI Executive Director and board members, another chapter leader decided to step down from her position citing "race and feminism and the way organizations deal with being called out" as one of the reasons for leaving.
On December 3, 2018, further allegations of racism towards women of color came to light, this time from a former GDI HQ employee in an episode of the #causeascene podcast. In the episode, the former employee details many ways in which she experienced racism during her time working with GDI leadership, which ultimately led to her resigning from her position.
On December 7, 2018, various Chapter Leaders across the United States released an open letter to GDI HQ and board, demanding change in leadership due to racism allegations. By December 10, 2018, at least two chapters across the United States decided to go on hiatus in protest.
On December 12, 2018, GDI released an official statement of acknowledgement, outlining policy changes to address issues. Founder Vanessa Hurst stepped down from her position as board chair on December 11, 2018. Executive Director Corinne Warnshuis resigned in April 2019.
Former GDI chapter leaders, instructors, and volunteers created the hashtag #gdistrike to share updates and information about the controversy on Twitter. The organizers have also created a detailed timeline of events that is updated periodically with news about active chapters and leadership changes.
=== Staff ===
Katie Franco was selected as the organization's Executive Director in February 2020, ten months after Warnshuis' resignation.
Bindu Jallabah serves as the GDI Operations Director. Prior to joining GDI, Jallabah won awards for her work developing and executing the operational strategy for the Elwyn Baring Street Center. Bindu is also founder and Board Chair of Karanso Africa.
=== Board ===
As of July 2021, the GDI Executive Board includes the following individuals. (March 2020 board members.)
Brenda Jin
Janelle Jolley
Erynn Petersen
Kaya Thomas
Jeseekia Vaughn
Linnea Spampinato
Caity Campos
Rebecca Sadwick Shaddix
Erkeda DeRouen
Liliana Post
Ellen Beardsley
== Activities ==
=== Chapters ===
There are five chapters of GDI, located in Chicago, IL, Washington D.C., Detroit, MI, New York, NY, and San Francisco, CA.
=== Curriculum ===
Girl Develop It (GDI) offers materials on their website that are licensed under a Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license and that provide visitors with tools and resources to develop online. The curriculum is hosted and constructed by the GDI community on the web-based version control repository GitHub and presented in a slide format, divided by topic. On the GitHub curriculum page, materials are broken up in a color coded format that shows whether they have been reviewed by other members of the community or if the topics meet the requirements or recommendations of the curriculum. These materials are used for in-person instruction.
As of July 2019 GDI shares ten course curricula through their GitHub repository. Four courses have been updated in 2019, two were last updated in 2018, one was last updated in 2017, and three were last updated in 2016.
=== Online Learning ===
In March 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, in an email newsletter, GDI announced that all classes would be moved to a virtual platform.
=== Hackathons ===
The organization and local chapters have hosted or participated in hackathons. During the Buffalo chapter's second event in 2016, developers competed to create websites for nonprofit woman- and minority-owned organizations. The organization has also hosted hackathons in Camden, in Wilmington, and in Seattle.
== Supporters ==
GDI lists numerous companies and organizations on their website that have backed, partnered with, or supported them and their cause.
=== Named Partners ===
As of July 2021, GDI does not include any named partners on their website.
== References ==

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Girl Geek Dinners is an informal organisation that promotes women in the information technology industry, with 64 established chapters in 23 countries. The organisation was founded in London, United Kingdom, by software engineer Sarah Lamb (née Blow), who felt women were under-represented at information technology events after attending a geek dinner in 2005.
Chapters organise local events featuring both female and male speakers with mostly female attendees. Events are different from geek dinners in that men can only attend as invited guests of women, ensuring that women will never be outnumbered by men at events.
A typical event is an informal dinner, followed by one or more presentations by featured speakers.
== Chapters ==
Girl Geek Scotland (GGS)
Girl Geek X, formerly known as Bay Area Girl Geek Dinners (San Francisco) (BAGGD)
Girl Geek Dinners Sydney
Reading Girl Geek Dinners (RGGD)
Girl Geekdinners Berlin (ggdb)
Manchester Girl Geeks (mgg)
Girl Geek Dinners Milano (GGD MI)
Girl Geek Dinners Nordest (GGDNE - Italy)
Bath Girl Geek Dinners (UK)
Bristol Girl Geek Dinners (UK)
Girl Geek Dinners Oslo (Norway)
Girl Geek Dinners Bergen (Norway)
Girl Geek Dinners Kristiansand (Norway)
Girl Geek Dinners (Boulder/Denver)
Boston Girl Geek Dinners
Zurich Girl Geek Dinners
Girl Geek Dinners Waterloo Region Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
Girl Geek Dinner NL (Amsterdam)
Austin Girl Geek Dinners
Girl Geek Dinners Cagliari
Belgian Girl Geeks
Seattle Geek Girl Dinners
Girl Geek Dinners Verona (GGD VR - Italy)
== See also ==
Women in computing
Gender disparity in computing
Sexism in the technology industry
Gender digital divide
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Girl Geek Dinners
Short documentary about Girl Geekdinners

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Girl Geek Scotland (GGS) is a Scottish volunteer group that promotes women's engagement in the information technology industry. It was established in 2008 and is part of the Girl Geek Dinners network. GGS held its first Girl Geek Dinner in Dundee in February 2009, with a group being established in Edinburgh shortly after.
GGS has received funding from the UKRC, Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance, and WYLLN, among other groups.
In late 2009, Girl Geek Scotland won funding from Informatic Ventures in Edinburgh, to develop three intensive residential workshops for 2010 on the subjects of 'Creativity into business', 'Developing a Funding Strategy' and 'Negotiation Strategies and Techniques'. The Workshops are for women in pre-start-up business; start-up businesses and existing businesses in the technology sector in Scotland.
In 2010, the Speaker Series was launched in Dundee Contemporary Arts by Silicon Valley entrepreneur Shanna Tellerman, who at the time was the CEO of Wildpockets, a spin-out company from Carnegie Mellon University's Entertainment Technology Center.
== References ==
== External links ==
www.girlgeekscotland.com
Simpson, Morna (24 February 2016). "Why the IT Crowd needs more women". FutureScot. Retrieved 15 July 2024. Girl Geek Scotland aims to draw attention to this issue as a cultural phenomenon and help to rebalance the ecosystem. We are seeking sponsorship to offer scholarships to women from India, to come to Scotland and study Data Engineering or a related subject, with the aim of encouraging a cultural exchange that will banish the myth that computing is a subject for men only. Let's learn from their experiences why a career in computing is such an attractive proposition in India.

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GlobalSecurity.org is an American independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that serves as a think tank, and research and consultancy group.
== Focus ==
The site is focused on national and international security issues; military analysis, systems, and strategies; intelligence matters; and space policy.
== History ==
It was founded in December 2000 by John Pike, who had worked since 1983 with the Federation of American Scientists, where he directed the space policy, cyberstrategy, military analysis, nuclear resource, and intelligence resource projects. GlobalSecurity.org is headquartered in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in Alexandria, Virginia, and Pike remains as its director.
The website's target audience includes journalists, policy-makers, scholars, political scientists, military and defense personnel, and the public. It supplies background information and developing news stories, providing online analysis and articles that analyze what are sometimes little-discussed topics in categories that include WMDs, military and defense, security and cybersecurity, intelligence, and space technology. It also disseminates primary documentation and other original materials, provides detailed, high-resolution satellite images and video footage from war zones, and provides definitions of widely used terms for the public. The organization also serves as a defense, military, foreign policy, and national-security watchdog group.
In part it seeks to find new approaches to international security, and promotes achieving cooperative international security and preventing nuclear proliferation. To this end it seeks to improve intelligence-community capabilities to respond to new threats and to prevent the need for military action, while at the same time enhancing the effectiveness of military forces when needed.
GlobalSecurity.org was listed in the War Intelligence category of Forbes' now-defunct "Best of the Web" directory from 2001 onward; the directory cited its "Depth of military information", and noted its "collection of satellite images and video footage from the war zone". In his 2004 book Plan of Attack, about the behind-the-scenes decision-making that led the Bush administration to invade Iraq, Bob Woodward called the website "an invaluable resource on military, intelligence and national security matters".
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Appearances by John Pike on C-SPAN. Archived 2021-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.

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Global Initiative on Psychiatry (GIP) is an international foundation for mental health reform which took part in the campaign against the political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR. The organization is of NGO type.
Headquartered in Hilversum, GIP has regional centers in Tbilisi, Sofia, and Vilnius, and a country office in Dushanbe.
GIP is a main contributor to improving psychiatric care in countries of the former Soviet Union as well as Central and Eastern Europe. It has expanded its focus and as of 2010 is including projects in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.
GIP also focuses on the political abuse of psychiatry throughout the world and human rights monitoring.
== History ==
20 December 1980 saw the formation in Paris of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry (IAPUP) whose first secretary was Dr Gérard Bles of France. Since the Congress in Honolulu in 1978, he has inspired the movement against the use of psychiatry for political ends. The organization campaigned against the political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union by leading efforts within national and international psychiatric organizations to eradicate this systematic abuse. The IAPUP had no connection with any political group nor with antipsychiatry. The organization brought together and coordinated independent groups dedicated to the struggle against political abuse of psychiatry and composed of psychiatrists and human rights activists from Canada, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and West Germany. During its first two decades IAPUP, investigated the accusations of oppressive exploitation in a number of countries such as Argentina, Bulgaria, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Cuba, Eastern Germany, Hungary, Romania, South Africa, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia. The publication of the IAPUP was Information Bulletin. The IAPUP included the following participating committees:
Working Group on the Internment of Dissenters in Mental Hospitals;
Committee of French Psychiatrists Against the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes;
German Association Against the Political Abuse of Psychiatry;
International Podrabinek Fund;
Swiss Association Against Psychiatric Abuse for Political Purposes.
In 1986, Robert van Voren became General Secretary of the IAPUP. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the financing of the IAPUP headed by Robert van Voren ceased until it adopted program of broad compromises and, correspondingly, the opposite name of The International Association for the Abolition and Prevention of Political Psychiatry, or Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry. In 2005, the organization was renamed Global Initiative on Psychiatry (GIP). From 1995 to 2000, Chair of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry was James Birley.
== Leadership ==
The board is composed of professionals from some twenty countries. Chief Executive of the Global Initiative on Psychiatry is Robert van Voren, an Honorary Fellow of the British Royal College of Psychiatrists and Honorary Member of the Ukrainian Psychiatric Association. In 2005, he was knighted by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands for his work as a human rights activist. He is a professor of Soviet and post-Soviet Studies in the Ilia State University in Tbilisi (Georgia) and in the Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas (Lithuania).
== Approach ==
The Global Initiative on Psychiatry uses a local approach to helping the mentally ill in underprivileged countries around the world. In Robert van Voren's words, their idea is that "mental health services should be locally empowered, locally adapted, community based, user oriented, and focused on keeping people with mental illness in society, instead of taking them out." The organization has been involved in deinstitutionalizing mental health services for children in post-Communist countries. The GIP dedicates itself to promoting the necessary reforms to implement "humane, ethical, and effective mental health care throughout the world." Reports by the Global Initiative on Psychiatry are often comprehensive and consider the treatment options. The organization has campaigned with substantial success against poor mental health practices abroad, especially in China and the former communist states. Robert van Voren's contribution to reform of forensic psychiatry in states of the former Soviet Union is widely recognized.
== References ==
== Sources ==
== Further reading ==
Voren, Robert van (January–March 2015). "Fifty years of political abuse of psychiatry – no end in sight". Ethics, Medicine and Public Health. 1 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2014.12.001.
Voren, Robert van (April 2015). "Ending political abuse of psychiatry: where we are at and what needs to be done". Psychiatric Bulletin. 40 (1): 30–33. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.114.049494. PMC 4768845. PMID 26958357.

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The Hellenic Society for Translation Studies (Greek: Ελληνική Εταιρεία Μεταφρασεολογίας) is a non-profit organization that promotes research on translation, interpreting, and localization.
== History and objectives ==
The Hellenic Society for Translation Studies was founded in 2011 by 21 leading academics, during the 2nd Meeting of Greek-speaking Translation Scholars held at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The Society's official language is Greek.
The aim of the Society is to serve as a forum for the exchange of views and reflections for trainers, researchers, and professionals in the fields of translation, interpreting, and localization in the Greek-speaking world. It also aspires to promote the importance, usefulness, and complexity of translation and its crucial role in contemporary societies. More particularly, the Society aims at promoting scientific research in the fields of translation, interpreting, and localization, facilitating the interaction between professional and academic bodies in the above-mentioned fields, providing consultancy services in matters of translation and interpreting teaching and training, providing information and promoting collaborations at a national and international level on issues relating to translation, interpreting and localization research, as well as the research outputs and applications.
== Activities ==
To achieve the above goals, the Society monitors the work of Greek-speaking TS scholars and gathers the relevant bibliographical references in a database. The Society coordinates the Translation Festival in the framework of the International Book Fair of Thessaloniki and organizes a series of events and actions on relevant topics. In the Book Fair, there is also a stand under the name "The haunt of translators" where universities and professional associations for Greek translators and interpreters have the opportunity to meet and share knowledge and experiences (from May 2016-till now). The Society organizes events, conferences and seminars both online and in person. It organized in collaboration with the Ionian University the 1st Colloquium of Young Researchers entitled "Translation and Translation Studies in the Greek-speaking Area" (Corfu, December 2016), in collaboration with the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and the Ionian University a workshop entitled "Seeking the new through translation: diachronic and synchronic approaches in the Greek-speaking world" (Athens, April 2019), in collaboration with the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the University of Cyprus, and the Translator Training Center meta|φραση, the workshop entitled "Looking to tomorrow: research, applications, tools and practices" (Athens, May 2022).
== References ==
== Sources ==
Official website of the Hellenic Society for Translation Studies Archived 2022-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
Bodosakis Institution - Hellenic Society for Translation Studies
Scientific Journal Syn-Thèses, Introduction: the Greek example in Translation Studies (in Greek)

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The IAQVEC (Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings) is an international scientific organisation whose mission is to provide technical support, guidance and technical publications to industry and research organizations for the optimization of indoor air quality, ventilation technology and energy conservation through annual conferences and workshops. The conferences cover a wide range of key research areas with the goal of simultaneously improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy efficiency enhancing wellbeing and sustainability. The association was established in 1992.
== History ==
Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings (IAQVEC) was founded by Fariborz Haghighat and Francis Allard in 1992. The first IAQVEC conference was held October 7–9, 1992 at the 5th International Jacques Cartier Conference in Montreal, and an annual meeting has been held since 1992.
Past and future IAQVEC conferences include:
== Objectives ==
The objectives of the association are:
To promote scientific, technological and technical advances related to IAQVEC fields at the international level
To develop and disseminate knowledge and information related to IAQVEC
To promote and organize IAQVEC conferences every three years.
== See also ==
Air infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC)
American Society of Heating, Refirigeration, Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA)
International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ)
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) is a U.S. nonprofit public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., focused on public policy surrounding industry and technology. As of 2019, the University of Pennsylvania ranks ITIF as the most authoritative science and technology policy think tank in the world. In its role in developing industrial and technological policies, ITIF has attracted controversy for its affiliations with various technology companies.
== Mission ==
ITIF's stated mission is to promote new ways of thinking about technology-driven productivity, competitiveness and globalization. The newspaper Roll Call described ITIF as trying to "navigate the ideological waters to promote government support for innovation in many forms and with a broad range of ideals." Ars Technica has described ITIF as "one of the leading, and most prolific, tech policy think tanks."
ITIF has called for the United States government to implement a national manufacturing strategy to combat job losses and the trade deficit which they attribute to declining international competitiveness. They have argued that the U.S. government's gross domestic product (GDP) statistics suffer from statistical bias and thus overstate U.S. manufacturing output and productivity growth. They have also criticized the Chinese government for behaviors they label "innovation mercantilism" including standards manipulation and intellectual property theft.
In Internet policy, ITIF supported both the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) and the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) in the U.S. Congress. They oppose applying Title II telephone regulations to broadband, arguing that it would stifle Internet innovation, and instead support net neutrality legislation. ITIF has praised both the U.S. and the European Union "open Internet" rulings. For similar reasons, they have supported legislation aimed at curtailing Internet piracy, stirring some controversy when they argued that data caps on Internet usage would be an effective anti-piracy tool.
Along with the Breakthrough Institute, ITIF has called for increased public funding for clean energy innovation, arguing that the United States is falling behind countries like China, Japan and South Korea.
== Publications ==
In economic policy, ITIF publishes the State New Economy Index, which measures how much U.S. states’ economies are driven by knowledge and innovation. They publish The Atlantic Century, which ranks countries on their competitiveness and innovative capacity. ITIF took over publishing the "B-index", which measures the strength of countries' R&D tax incentive systems, from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2012.
In the life sciences field, ITIF published Leadership in Decline: Assessing U.S. International Competitiveness in Biomedical Research in 2012, which director of the National Institutes of Health and leader of the Human Genome Project Francis S. Collins deemed the "one book" he would require President Barack Obama to read in his second term in office.
ITIF has published several reports advocating greater deployment of information technologies, including Digital Prosperity and Digital Quality of Life. In Digital Prosperity, ITIF found that IT investment delivered three to five times the productivity growth of other types of investments. Commenting on the study, former Dean of Wisconsin School of Business Michael Knetter agreed with the productivity figures, though expressed caution given that some of ITIF's contributors are in the technology industry. ITIF's report Steal These Policies: Strategies for Reducing Digital Piracy provided the foundation for the controversial PROTECT IP and Stop Online Piracy Acts in the U.S. Congress, which the think tank acknowledged were at odds with the positions of many of its supporters.
In 2013, the think tank published a widely cited report which found that the U.S. National Security Agency's PRISM electronic data surveillance program could cost the U.S. economy between $21.5 and $35 billion in lost cloud computing business over three years.
ITIF previously issued an annual Luddite Award for the "Year’s Worst Innovation Killers".
== Leadership ==
Referred to as "scrupulously nonpartisan", the think tank was established in 2006 with two former U.S. Representatives, Republican Jennifer Dunn and Democrat Calvin Dooley, as co-chairs. Republican Philip English and Democrat Vic Fazio, former U.S. Representatives, co-chair ITIF. Senators Chris Coons and Todd Young and Representatives Suzan DelBene and Susan W. Brooks serve as honorary co-chairs. Robert D. Atkinson, former vice-president at the Progressive Policy Institute, is president of ITIF. While leading ITIF, he has authored two books: Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (Yale University Press, 2012), and Big is Beautiful: Debunking the Myth of Small Business (MIT Press, 2018).
=== Board Members ===
As of 2019, the website of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation listed 22 board members.
==== Honorary Co-Chairs ====
==== Board Chairs ====
==== Board Members ====
== Funders ==
ITIF contributors have included the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Atlantic Philanthropies, Cisco, Communications Workers of America, eBay, the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Google, IBM, the Information Technology Industry Council, the Nathan Cummings Foundation, and Bernard L. Schwartz. ITIF's research has also been funded by U.S. government agencies such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In 2010, ITIF received funding from the U.S. Election Assistance Commission to study means for improving voting accessibility for U.S. military service members who have sustained disabling injuries in combat.
== See also ==
Battelle Memorial Institute
Progressive Policy Institute
RAND Corporation
List of think tanks in the United States
== References ==
== External links ==
Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
The Innovation Files (blog)

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The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) is a nonprofit, non-governmental institution to inform the public about "science and policy issues affecting international security".
Founded in 1993, the group is led by founder and former United Nations IAEA nuclear inspector David Albright, and has been described as specializing "in analyzing the findings" of the IAEA. ISIS focuses primarily on nuclear weapons.
== Board and funding ==
ISIS's board consists of the following members:
David Albright - Chairman/President
Michael Rietz - Treasurer, Lawyer, private practice
Houston Wood - University of Virginia
ISIS has been funded by: Ploughshares Fund, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Colombe Foundation, New-Land Foundation, The Prospect Hill Foundation, United States Institute of Peace, The International Atomic Energy Agency, Ford Foundation, The Scherman Foundation, Smith Richardson Foundation, Compton Foundation, The Stanley Foundation, The John Merck Fund, The Rockefeller Foundation, The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, W. Alton Jones Foundation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, United States Department of Energy
== Staff ==
ISIS's staff consists of the following people:
David Albright, President and Founder of ISIS
Sarah Burkhard, Research Associate
Spencer Faragasso, Research Fellow
Houston Wood, Technical Consultant
Frank V. Pabian, Consultant
Ulrike Weinrich, Financial Director
== Focus and analysis ==
The institute regularly publishes technical analyses of nuclear proliferation programs by examining technical data and satellite imagery. ISIS is cited in non-proliferation circles and in international media regarding its analysis. The majority of the current material produced by ISIS is focused on the analysis and monitoring of the nuclear programs of North Korea, Iran, Pakistan, Syria, and cases of worldwide illicit nuclear trade.
=== Iraq ===
In August 1991, David Albright and Mark Hibbs, writing for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists wrote that there were many technological challenges unsolved with Iraq's nuclear program. Albright and Hibbs wrote that Iraq's nuclear program "was so primitive that the international sanctions put in place after the August 2 invasion may have had more substantive effect than the tons of bombs dropped by U.S. and allied planes five months later".
In an October 2002 posting ISIS published a report which said "One of the most significant accomplishments of the intrusive inspections mandated by UN Security Council in 1991 is that Iraq is not believed to have nuclear weapons now. This single accomplishment demonstrates both the power and value of intrusive nuclear inspections in Iraq." The report further argued that "the nuclear inspection process provided a powerful deterrent against Iraq reconstituting its nuclear weapons program until inspectors left in late 1998."
=== Iran ===
ISIS has been following since the 1990s the circumstances surrounding the Iranian nuclear program and has created a website dedicated to informing readers about the history of Iran's nuclear program and facilities, providing IAEA reports, providing information about diplomatic efforts, and providing ISIS technical assessments.
A June 2009 posting on ISIS argued that "we do know that a lasting, military solution to Iran’s nuclear program is not realistic. This leaves diplomacy as the best route to bring about a suspension of Iran’s uranium enrichment program, regardless of who holds Iran’s presidency."
On October 2, 2009 ISIS posted a subject to revision working document by IAEA safeguards experts which it described as an "Internal IAEA Document on Alleged Iranian Nuclear Weaponization". The document led media to report that Iran has tested a two-point implosion design. Gordon Oehler, who ran the CIA’s nonproliferation center and served as deputy director of the presidential commission on weapons of mass destruction, wrote “if someone has a good idea for a missile program, and he has really good connections, he’ll get that program through.. But that doesn’t mean there is a master plan for a nuclear weapon.” Outside experts noted that the parts of the report made public lack many dates associated with Iran's alleged activities. The Washington Post reported that "nowhere are there construction orders, payment invoices, or more than a handful of names and locations possibly connected to the projects." Former IAEA Director Mohamed ElBaradei said the Agency didn't have any information that nuclear material has been used and didn't have any information that any components of nuclear weapons had been manufactured. Iran asserted that the documents were a fabrication, while the IAEA urged Iran to be more cooperative and Member States to provide more information about the allegations to be shared with Iran.
In December 2009, the conservative-leaning The Times, working with ISIS analysis, claimed that a document from an unnamed Asian intelligence agency described the use of a neutron source which has no use other than in a nuclear weapon, and claimed the document appeared to be from an office in Iran's Defense Ministry and may have been from around 2007. The Institute for Science and International Security, said that it “urges caution and further assessment” of the document and noted that "the document does not mention nuclear weapons .. and we have seen no evidence of an Iranian decision to build them.” Western intelligence agencies did not give any authentication to the document, while Russia noted that though the IAEA is in possession of these documents, the IAEA's findings "do not contain any conclusions about the presence of undeclared nuclear activities in Iran." In response to allegations that the document was forged from Iran and some within the United States, Albright said ISIS felt "that this document does need to be authenticated, and we welcome a debate and actually a collecting [of] information from people, people who've done linguistic analysis, inside information".
In March 2024, based on the report of the Institute for Science and International Security, Foreign Policy considers breakout time at zero. Referring to this report, Foreign Policy spoke about the change in American and European policies towards Iran.
Citing examples of oil sales, economic growth, and Iran's military cooperation with other countries, Foreign Policy implicitly talks about the potential possibility of building nuclear weapons and Iran's nuclear deterrent power.

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=== Myanmar ===
In a January 28, 2010 report, ISIS found: "There remain sound reasons to suspect that the military regime in Burma might be pursuing a long-term strategy to make nuclear weapons. Despite the public reports to the contrary, the military junta does not appear to be close to establishing a significant nuclear capability. Information suggesting the construction of major nuclear facilities appears unreliable or inconclusive." During an ASEAN meeting in Thailand in July 2009, US secretary of state Hillary Clinton highlighted concerns of the North Korean link. "We know there are also growing concerns about military cooperation between North Korea and Burma which we take very seriously", Clinton said.
== Reception ==
In a 2004 National Journal profile, Gregg Sangillo and Mark Kukis called Albright a "go-to guy for media people seeking independent analysis on Iraq’s [weapons of mass destruction] programs".
In 2006, David Albright received the Joseph A. Burton Forum Award from the American Physical Society, a professional society of American physicists. He was cited for "his tireless and productive efforts to slow the transfer of nuclear weapons technology. He brings a unique combination of deep understanding, objectivity, and effectiveness to this vexed area."
== See also ==
Arms control
Arms trafficking
Conflict Armament Research – similar UK organisation
== References ==
== External links ==
ISIS website
ISISNuclearIran

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The International Core Academy of Sciences and Humanities known as CORE Academy, headquartered in Hong Kong, is an interdisciplinary, non-governmental, non-profit scientific organization. The organization is committed to recognizing outstanding academic achievements, promoting global academic cooperation, and advancing knowledge for the benefit of humanity.
== Fellowship and Nomination ==
The International Core Academy of Sciences and Humanities follows a merit-based process for the election of Fellows. Nominations may be made by current Fellows or recommended by members of the Academic Committee, and require the support of existing Fellows. Candidates' academic records undergo a preliminary review, followed by evaluation from two Fellows who assess the quality and impact of the work. The Academic Committee then considers the overall scholarly contribution before the final decision is approved by the Board.
Election to the Academy's Fellowship is regarded as an internationally recognized academic honor, reflecting distinction in research, education, or leadership across the sciences and humanities. The process is conducted under confidentiality to ensure impartiality, fairness, and integrity.
== Operations ==
The Academy operates as an independent non-profit organization. Its management and decision-making are guided by principles of academic autonomy and are not associated with private interests or political positions. Financial support is derived from multiple sources, including membership dues, grants from international charitable foundations, funding from academic collaborations, and contributions from professional associations.
== Affiliated Institutions ==
The International Core Academy of Sciences and Humanities (CORE Academy) maintains several affiliated institutions that support its research and international cooperation activities.
Its principal affiliate, the Ke Rui Academy, serves as the Academy's research institute, coordinating interdisciplinary studies and applied research across science, technology, and the humanities. The Academy has also established specialized centers and joint research institutes with partner institutions worldwide, such as the CORE Scientific Center for Artificial Intelligence (AI Institute), which focuses on artificial intelligence research, digital transformation, and computational innovation. These affiliated bodies contribute to the Academy's goal of fostering international research collaboration and advancing knowledge across disciplines.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official Website

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The International Society for Transgenic Technologies (ISTT) is an organization dedicated to advancing research, communication, and technology exchange regarding transgenic technologies.
== Purpose ==
Support for scientific research and education in the field of generating genetically modified model organisms in adherence with the 3Rs principles.
Promotion of science and technology used in the generation and analysis of genetically modified organisms for biomedical research and biotechnological application.
Providing the organizational framework for a scientific community that includes academic and industrial scientists, students and technical assistants, and in general, any individuals with an interest in the generation of and the analysis of genetically modified organisms.
Providing a communication and knowledge sharing platform that brings together scientists from academic research and industry, as well as research technology experts.
Organization of a regular international scientific conference entitled "Transgenic Technology Meeting".
Publication of specialist information in the form of books, protocols, and other specialist texts in the field of transgenic technologies.
Organization and promotion of courses, seminars, and other educational activities for training in transgenic technologies.
Cooperation with other national and international societies with similar aims (e.g., IMGS, AALAS, AAALAC, FELASA).
Providing information to the public about the benefits associated with using and applying transgenic technologies.
Providing local, national and international bodies with expert advice and guidance on scientific, technical or other aspects of generating genetically modified organisms.
== Resources and education ==
Every one and a half years the ISTT organizes an international scientific conference, the Transgenic Technology Meeting, also known as the TT Meeting. To promote communication and technology exchange, the website of the society publishes information and protocols related to transgenic technologies as well as the locations of transgenic service facilities, recognized as a valuable resource in the scientific literature. A collection of ISTT subject-related protocols has been published in the book Advanced Protocols for Animal Transgenesis – an ISTT Manual. The society is also associated with the peer-reviewed scientific journal Transgenic Research, which publishes scientific findings on transgenic and genome-edited higher model organisms. As a platform for the rapid exchange of scientific information, the ISTT hosts two mailing lists, the public transgenic-list (often referred to as tg-l) and the ISTT-list reserved for ISTT members with around 1500 and 700 participants (May 2025).
=== History of Transgenic Technology meetings ===
== Presidents ==
Rebecca Haffner-Krausz (since 2023)
Ernst Martin Füchtbauer (2020-2023)
Wojtek Auerbach (2017–2019)
Jan Parker-Thornburg (2014–2016)
Lluís Montoliu (2006–2014)
== Awards ==
=== ISTT Prize ===
The ISTT Prize recognizes individuals for their outstanding contributions to the field of transgenic technologies and is presented at the Transgenic Technology Meeting. Prominent winners included Ralph Brinster (2011), Janet Rossant (2014), Mario Capecchi (2017) and Rudolf Jaenisch (2025).
=== ISTT Young Investigator Award ===
The ISTT Young Investigator Award recognizes outstanding achievements by young scientists whose work is advancing the field of transgenic technologies with new ideas and who have recently received an academic degree. The ISTT Young Investigator Award is presented at the Transgenic Technology Meetings. Prominent winners included Feng Zhang (2014) and Alexis Komor (2017) for their work on genome editing in model organisms.
=== 3Rs Award ===
The 3Rs Award recognizes outstanding achievements by a researcher or research team that advances the field of transgenic technologies with new methods and improvements in strict accordance with the 3Rs principles for reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals used in research. The prize is awarded during the Transgenic Technology Meetings.
== See also ==
International Mammalian Genome Society
List of genetics research organizations
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website from the International Society for Transgenic Technologies

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The International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS), founded in 1927 as the International Society of Microbiology, is one of 40 member unions and associations of the International Science Council (ISC), and was formerly under ISC's predecessor, the International Council for Science.
The union's objectives are to promote the study of microbiological sciences internationally: initiate, facilitate and coordinate research and other scientific activities which involve international cooperation; ensure the discussion and dissemination of the results of international conferences, symposia and meetings and assist in the publication of their reports; represent microbiological sciences in ISC and maintain contact with other international organizations.
IUMS activities include the classification and nomenclature of bacteria, fungi and viruses, food microbiology, medical microbiology and diagnostics, culture collections, education, and biological standardization.
The president-elect of IUMS is Professor Eliora Ron of Tel Aviv University.
== Organization ==
The IUMS has three divisions:
Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology (BAM)
Mycology
Virology
These divisions each have their own set of officers and objectives. Each division is responsible for the organization of their own International Congresses. They work together toward the goal of furthering microbiology research and communication globally. The IUMS conducts scientific activities through 6 specialist international committees, 9 international commissions, and 2 international federations. Some of these "comcofs" are managed under a division, others through the IUMS directly. The IUMS acts as the umbrella organization for:
ICFMH - International Committee on Food Microbiology & Hygiene
ICSP - International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
ICMSF - International Commission of Microbiological Specifications for Food
ICTF - International Commission on Taxonomy of Fungi
ICY - International Commission on Yeasts
ICFM - International Commission on Food Mycology
ICIF - International Commission on Indoor Fungi
ICPA - International Commission on Penicillium & Aspergillus
ICTV - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
WFCC - World Federation for Culture Collections
ICB - The International Committee on Bionomenclature
IABS - International Association of Biologicals
IUMS Public Policy Committee
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1946 devoted to the advancement of nutrition.
Its mission and objectives are:
To promote advancement in nutrition science, research, and development through international cooperation at the global level.
To encourage communication and collaboration among nutrition scientists as well as to disseminate information in nutritional science through modern communication technology.
Since its 1946 foundation, the membership has grown to include 85 national adhering bodies and 17 affiliations.
== IUNS International Congresses ==
== Governing Council ==
The Council consists of five Officers, the President, President-Elect, Vice-President, Secretary-General, Treasurer, Immediate Past-President, and six Council members.
IUNS's current council consists of the following:
President: Hyun-Sook Kim Korea;
Vice President: Francis Zotor Ghana;
President Elect: Jacques Delarue France;
Secretary General: Edith Feskens Netherlands;
Treasurer: Welma Stonehouse Australia;
Member: Amos Laar Ghana;
Member: Hardinsyah Indonesia;
Member: Zhaoping Li United States;
Member: Gladys Morales Chile;
Member: Ngozi Nnam Nigeria;
Member: Philip Calder UK;
Immediate Past-President: Lynnette M. Neufeld Canada.
== Headquarters ==
IUNS is registered in London, United Kingdom.
== Secretariat ==
IUNS;
The Nutrition Society;
Boyd Orr House, 10 Cambridge Court;
210 Shepherds Bush Road;
London;
UK;
W6 7NJ
== See also ==
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) is a joint institute of the California Institute of Technology and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory established in January 2008 with a $24 million grant from the W. M. Keck Foundation. It is a privately funded think tank focused on space mission concepts and technology.
The 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports annual ranking from the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania have listed KISS in the "Top Science and Technology Policy Think Tanks".
== History ==
Founded in 2008 with funding from the W. M. Keck Foundation and support from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) is housed at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The institute was created to develop new concepts and technology for future space missions, fostering collaboration between researchers at Caltech and JPL. Unlike traditional research centers with fixed memberships, KISS functions as a combination of a think tank and a practical research facility.
KISS's operational model involves two key phases: generating ideas (the "think" phase) and funding promising ideas for further development (the "do" phase). This model, as described by Tom Prince, the director of KISS and a professor of physics at Caltech, is designed to ensure that discussions lead to actionable results. Annually, KISS invites proposals for new workshops on various space-related topics. These workshops are led by teams that typically include members from Caltech, JPL, and external experts. Following these workshops, teams have the opportunity to conduct a two-year study to further explore the ideas generated.
== Notable projects ==
Several significant projects have originated or expanded from KISS workshops, including:
Asteroid Redirect Mission: This concept, proposed in 2010, was later validated and included in NASA's planning.
InSight Mars Lander: The 2010 workshop on planetary seismology influenced the development of this mission.
NASA's Centennial Challenge: A suggestion from a 2013 study led to the formation of this challenge.
Geochronology on Mars: A concept from a 2009 workshop was implemented using the Curiosity rover.
Early Universe Studies: A 2010 workshop resulted in new approaches for studying the universe's first billion years.
== KISS Affiliates program ==
A crucial component of KISS's impact is its Affiliates program. Nominated by Caltech faculty, KISS Affiliates comprise graduate students and postdocs recognized as future leaders in space exploration. The program's design allows these young scientists and engineers to participate in the practicalities and realities of space missions and research, with the intention to bridge the gap between academic study and real-world application. The program offers Affiliates opportunities to engage directly with high-profile figures in the space industry, including CEOs of leading companies, experienced astronauts, mission leaders, senior NASA officials, and world-renowned researchers in space exploration.
== Location ==
The Keck Institute for Space Studies is located in the Keck Center, which includes two buildings: the renovated Tolman/Bacher House and a new structure erected next door. The center, designed by Lehrer Architects, was dedicated on September 15, 2014, to honor the long-term support of Caltech by the W. M. Keck Foundation and its founder William Myron Keck.
The Keck Center was recently given LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certification, the highest level of recognition for sustainability given by the U.S. Green Building Council. The project earned points for stabilizing and restoring the Tolman/Bacher House and for incorporating such details into the new building as abundant natural light, natural ventilation, and the ability to open up the lobby of the new building to take advantage of the complex's indoor and outdoor spaces.
The Tolman/Bacher house has been a home to two Caltech professors - Richard Tolman and Robert Bacher.
== References ==
== External links ==
KISS website

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The Kestrel Institute is a nonprofit computer science research center located in Stanford Research Park in Palo Alto, California, United States. It was founded by Cordell Green in 1981, who served as its Director and Chief Scientist. Its mission is to make it easier to write good, high-quality software and employs computer scientists like Lambert Meertens.
In the 1980s, Kestrel described its research focus as "knowledge-based software environments" to make it easier to write software ("normalize and mechanize the programming process"). In addition, a 2002 MIT Technology Review article described one of Kestrel's projects as a way to "almost force coders to write reliable programs". A 2005 Newsweek article discussed one Kestrel technology that developed software to help the U.S. military schedule cargo deployment by "translating a description of a problem into guidelines a computer can understand".
Nearly all of Kestrel's funding comes from government grants, from organizations such as the U.S. Department of Defense, DARPA, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), AFOSR, Office of Naval Research (ONR), NASA, and the National Science Foundation (NSF). In 2015, it received $4.9 million in grants and contributions, down from the previous year's $6.6 million.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin is a German-speaking association of scientists founded in Berlin in 1993 in the legal form of a registered association. It is dedicated to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary exchange and the discussion of fundamental problems in science and society. In its self-image, it is ‘an association of outstanding natural scientists, scholars in the humanities, social scientists and technicians working according to the classical principle of the European academies’ The association continues the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR with personnel continuity.
== History of origin ==
The Leibniz-Sozietät was constituted in its current legal form on April 15, 1993, as a registered non-profit association.
The Leibniz-Sozietät bears its name in memory of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz as the initiator and first president of the Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences founded in 1700, who developed the learned society in close cooperation with Daniel Ernst Jablonski as vice-president (later president; namesake of a medal of the Leibniz-Sozietät). This society gave rise to the Academy of Sciences in Berlin, which had various names. The best-known include Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres (from 1746), Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (up to 1945), Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (DAW, 1946-1972 and Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (AdW, 1972–1991).
With the Unification Treaty of 1990, the Academy of Sciences of the GDR as a learned society was separated from the research institutes and other institutions and dissolved in 1992. The research institutes and institutions existed as institutions of the federal states until December 31, 1991, unless they had previously been dissolved or converted.
According to the Unification Treaty, the decision as to how the learned society was to be continued was to be made under state law. The Berlin Senate Department for Science and Research decided that the learned society of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR was not to be regarded as the bearer of the tradition of the Berlin Academy, that a future Academy of Sciences in Berlin could not build on this institution and that a new constitution was unavoidable. The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW) was therefore constituted on March 28, 1993. Following the State Treaty on the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities of 1992, this academy took over the assets and infrastructural facilities (library, archive, curatorship) of the scholarly society of the former Academy of Sciences and Humanities of the GDR and continued its long-term and editorial projects.
At the time of German reunification, the Academy of Sciences of the GDR had around 400 members in its learned society. 122 former members of the AdW, who were not accepted by the newly founded BBAW, founded the registered association Leibniz-Sozietät e. V. (from 2007 Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin e. V.) on April 15, 1993. Through the annual election of new members, the number of members has increased to over 300, which has also changed its structure. The association is funded by contributions, donations and grants from its members. It sees itself as a successor organisation to the scholarly society of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR.
There is an ongoing controversy as to whether the Leibniz-Sozietät or the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities should be regarded as the legitimate successor organization to the Societät der Wissenschaften, which was founded in 1700. The Leibniz-Sozietät refers to the continuity of personnel, the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities to the political mandate.
== Purpose ==
The Leibniz-Sozietät is a free association of natural and technical scientists, mathematicians, physicians as well as scholars in humanities and social scientists. It is linked to the Brandenburgische Sozietät der Wissenschaften (Brandenburg Society of Sciences and Humanities) through its members and their scientific work, which has been uninterrupted for centuries. The society builds on the independent research of its members and offers a forum for discussion and publicity. In particular, the members and guests foster interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary discourse as well as the discussion of current fundamental problems of science and society. Through its work, the Society strives to make an appropriate contribution to intellectual life in present times.
The purpose of the Leibniz-Sozietät is to cultivate and promote the sciences in the tradition of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and the public interest. To this end, the Leibniz-Sozietät organises its scientific events to present the scientific results of its members and guests, in particular for interdisciplinary discussion at a high scientific level. All scientific events of the Leibniz-Sozietät are open to the public.
The elected members of the Leibniz-Sozietät also carry out joint research projects with friends and guests of the Leibniz-Sozietät. In this context, graduation theses and other forms of results can be supervised, presented for scientific discussion and published.
Through all its activities, the Leibniz-Sozietät selflessly promotes the general public in the intellectual field. It represents and defends science against all anti-scientific endeavours. The Leibniz-Sozietät reports publicly on its activities on the traditional “Leibniz Day” every year. The Leibniz-Sozietät also publishes two scientific publication series as well as an online journal and online communications.
== Events ==

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The members of the Leibniz-Sozietät gather monthly for public meetings, at which scientific lectures are held and discussed, and they organise the yearly “Leibniz Day” close to the birthday of G. W. Leibniz on 1 July, which had already been established in the academy's statute of 1812 and which also serves as a public accountability event.
The meetings of the Sozietät take place as interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary events in the two classes “Natural and Technical Sciences”, which also includes mathematics and life sciences/medicine, as well as “Social Sciences and Humanities” and in the “Plenum”. In addition, scientific colloquia, conferences and other scientific events with international participation are held.
In ten working groups, the members, together with other specialist colleagues and young scientists, deal with central issues of science and society. The working groups are particularly active in the following areas: History of Science and Academia, Pedagogy, Social Analysis and Classes, Earth, Mining and Environmental, Space and Astro Sciences, Principle of Simplicity, Vormärz and 1848 Revolution Research, Tolerance, Time and Evolution, General Technology and Emergent Systems, Information and Society. The results achieved, together with their public discussion, also provide suggestions for future scientific strategy and for shaping policy and society.
In order to initiate and promote “interdisciplinary or cross-disciplinary projects”, the Leibniz-Sozietät works together with other scientific institutions in Germany and abroad, usually on the basis of agreements of cooperation.
== Publications ==
Since 1994, the Leibniz-Sozietät has published its findings in the Leibniz-Sozietät's meeting reports and, since 1999, also in the Abhandlungen der Leibniz-Sozietät (Mémoires of the Leibniz Society) series; both are published by trafo Wissenschaftsverlag, Berlin.
The proceedings and all issues of Leibniz Online are available for download from the Leibniz-Sozietät website and have a DOI. The volumes of the proceedings are listed and occasionally provided with details of the authors and content. Meetings, colloquia and other events are announced and prepared by the publication of materials and full texts.
== Members ==
In 1993, 122 former members of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR founded the Leibniz-Sozietät e. V. association (since 2007 Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin e. V.). On December 31, 2023, the number of members was 299, 45 of whom were previously members of the GDR Academy. All other members have been elected by co-option since 1994. The Leibniz-Sozietät accepts members from all countries.
== Honorary Members ==
Abdusalam Gusejnow (Moskau)
Sigmund Jähn
Georg Katzer
Hiroshi Kawai (Japan)
Werner Zorn
== Presidium ==
Presidents:
1993–1998 Samuel Mitja Rapoport
1998–2006 Herbert Hörz, seit 2009 Ehrenpräsident
2006–2012 Dieter B. Herrmann
2012–2019 Gerhard Banse
2019–2020 Rainer E. Zimmermann
seit 2021 Gerda Haßler
The Vice Presidents are Wolfgang Methling and Dorothee Röseberg. The secretaries are Jochen Fleischhacker and Gerhard Pfaff. The treasurer is Heinz-Jürgen Rothe, the head of the office is the chemist Klaus Buttker.
== Awards ==
The Leibniz-Sozietät awards the following honors and prizes:
Ehrenmitglied der Leibniz-Sozietät
Ehrenurkunde der Leibniz-Sozietät
Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Medaille
Daniel-Ernst-Jablonski-Medaille
Samuel-Mitja-Rapoport-Kooperationspreis
== Funding ==
The Leibniz-Sozietät is funded by membership fees, a foundation of the Friends of the Leibniz-Sozietät e. V. as well as grants and donations. Since 2004, it has received state funding from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Research.
== Further reading ==
Herbert Wöltge: Die Unausrottbaren? Anmerkungen und Notizen zur Gründung der Leibniz-Sozietät, Sitzungsberichte der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 118 (2014), 149–177 online, pdf
Banse, Gerhard; Kant, Horst; Pfaff, Gerhard; Vogt, Annette (2023). 30 Jahre Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaft zu Berlin: eine Chronik (in German) (1. Auflage ed.). Berlin: Trafo Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 9783864642500.
== External links ==
Web site of the Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
Article on the 30th anniversary of the Society
== References ==

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The Malaysian Industry Group High Technology (MIGHT) is a non-profit technology think tank under the purview of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia). It was established in 1993 to support the Science Advisor to the Prime Minister and leverage multi-disciplinary and inter-ministerial synergies from both industry and government.
MIGHT was tasked to help drive the advancement of high technology competency and capacity in Malaysia. A public-private partnership organization in nature, it provides a consensus building platform for collaboration in developing policies and providing strategic advice to the government.
Through its platform and works, MIGHT gave birth to notable and strategic national initiatives such Malaysian Formula 1 Grand Prix, Kulim High-Tech Park, Malaysian Automotive Institute, Technology Depository Agency and many others.
== History ==
Malaysia's emphasis on development of science and technology is nothing new. The government has long initiated active measures to promote and develop techno-business opportunities by harnessing science and technology. In 1984, under then Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, a Science Advisor's post was created in the Prime Minister's Department to create a conducive ecosystem where science and technology and its uptake could flourish. The move is seen as complementary as well as to provide a second opinion to those of the relevant Ministries. Dr. Omar Abdul Rahman was appointed to the post of Science Advisor to the Prime Minister and held the post until he retired in 2001.
The seed of MIGHT was sown when a Unit under the Office of Science Advisor was created aptly named 'High Technology Special Unit' (Unit Khas Teknologi Tinggi). This unit then grew to become what MIGHT is today.
MIGHT's focus and emphasis has been very dynamic throughout the years but has always been in the areas of high technology and heavy engineering. The focus emphasis was dependent on the maturity of the industry as well as timing of the intervention.
== Board and management ==
=== Joint chairmen ===
MIGHT is chaired jointly by the Science advisor as well as a senior captain of the industry appointed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia.
Since 2011:
Prof. Dr. Zakri Abdul Hamid, Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of Malaysia
Dr. Ir. Ahmad Tajuddin Ali, Chairman of UEM Group, Chairman of SIRIM
=== Board of directors ===
MIGHT's board is represented by both senior government officials and captains of the industry.
==== Government representation ====
Prime Minister's Department
Economic Planning Unit
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
==== Industry representation ====
Petronas - Petroliam Nasional Berhad
TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad
MARA -Majlis Amanah Rakyat
Sime Darby Berhad
BPHB - Bina Puri Holdings Berhad
FSMSB - First Solar Malaysia Sdn Bhd
SCS - System Consultancy Services Sdn Bhd
=== Senior Management ===
MIGHT is helmed by a President and chief executive officer and supported by Senior Vice Presidents and Vice Presidents. The makeup of the senior management changes with the growth of the organization as well as changes in emphasis to reflect the dynamic nature of MIGHT's focus areas.
==== President and CEO ====
Since 2008 - Dr. Yusoff Sulaiman - Website
==== Senior vice presidents ====
Since 2012 - Dr. Raslan Ahmad - Website
Since 2014 - Rushdi Abdul Rahim - Website
==== Vice presidents ====
Since 2009 - Abdul Halim Bisri
Since 2009 - Mohd Zakwan Mohd Zabidi
== Programs and activities ==
=== Foresight and futures thinking ===
Foresight and futures thinking is the core competency and activity of MIGHT. Known as technology prospecting in its early days, MIGHT has been conducting technology foresight and futures studies work to support its other activities though there are evolution and changes to the methods and processes. To expand foresight beyond technology, MIGHT created myForesight - Malaysia Foresight Institute in 2012.
==== myForesight (Malaysian Foresight Institute) ====
myForesight was created in 2012 with the objectives:
To explore of future possibilities for better decision making
To build national capacity in foresight and futures
=== Technology priorities and advancement ===
The outcome of MIGHT's foresight and future studies are used to prioritize technology and industry development in Malaysia. To date, MIGHT has produced more than twenty industry/sector blueprints and road maps. These documents were used as references to chart the development of various industry and technology in Malaysia. Various white papers and proposals by MIGHT are also used for these purposes.
In continuous search of new areas, some of these programs have since been passed to other government agencies or machineries to undertake.
==== Technology and industry plans and reports ====
Malaysian high technology report
Malaysian aerospace industry report
Malaysian shipbuilding and ship repairs industry report
Malaysian solar industry report
==== Technology and industry advancement programs ====
National Offset Program (Now by Technology Depository Agency)
Malaysia Automotive Institute (Now under the purview of Ministry of International Trade and Investment)
Malaysia Microchip Project
Industrialized Building System - IBS
=== Global strategies and outreach ===
Since its inception, MIGHT has actively been leveraging its global network as part of a strategy to build national capacity as well as to disseminate knowledge and expertise. Notable past activities includes Langkawi International Dialogue, various Smart Partnership program with CPTM.
==== Global Science, Innovation and Advisory Council (GSIAC) ====
GSIAC is chaired by the Prime Minister of Malaysia, YAB Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Razak, The secretary is the Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of Malaysia. The council consists of selected Malaysian Ministers, national and global corporate leaders, Nobel Laureates, eminent global academicians and researchers. The council meets once a year to deliberate on strategic and future matters that will benefit Malaysia in the long run

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==== Malaysia - Korea Technology Center (myKOR) ====
myKOR or Malaysia Korea Technology Center was launched by Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi on 20 October 2008. The center purpose is to serve as a gateway for Malaysian organizations and businesses to capitalize and gain access to the pool of Korean IPs and technologies, for the purpose of enhancing and increasing the value of Malaysian made products and services.
=== Enhancing future talents ===
Recognizing that technology and industry development will require the necessary human capital to support them, MIGHT has been involved in various human capital development programs. This is done through partnership with selected educational institutions as well as industry collaborators. These include programs that aims to promote the uptake of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) amongst students as well as industry bridging programs.
==== Kuala Lumpur Engineering Science Fair (KLESF) ====
KLESF is an annual program jointly organized by MIGHT, Akademi Sains Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA and Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. The program objectives is to promote STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) to students, parents, teachers and public alike.
==== Fame Lab Malaysia ====
Fame Lab is a science communication competition co-organized by MIGHT and British Council in search of the best science communicator in the country. In 2016, Dr Abhimanyu Veerakumarasivam, representing Malaysia won the ‘Best Science Communicator award at Fame Lab International 2016. Fame Lab International is the world's biggest science communication competitions organized in the United Kingdom attracting participants from 27 countries.
==== School Lab Malaysia ====
School Lab Malaysia is a science communication competition that aims to help students understand the exciting challenges of science, develop critical and creative thinking skills and, at the same time, gain confidence to present their understanding of scientific concepts.
=== Technopreneurship excellence ===
MIGHT's foray into entrepreneurship is due to its role in encouraging the uptake of technology business. To date MIGHT's venture into this includes technology advice and coaching, market identification and access.
==== Global Cleantech Innovation Program (GCIP) ====
Global Cleantech Innovation Program (GCIP) is a program conducted in collaboration with United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and Cleantech Open to assist Malaysian entrepreneurs in the area of green and clean technology. The program started in 2014 and the winners of the program are given opportunities to pitch in Silicon Valley as well as access to funding provided by Platcom Ventures.
== External links ==
Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology official portal
Official Portal of Prime Minister's Department
Global Science, Innovation and Advisory Council
Global Cleantech Innovation Program
myForesight - Malaysian Foresight Institute
== References ==

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Pakistan Council for Science and Technology (PCST) is a government-owned advisory council responsible for policy making, planning, implementation and carrying out policy studies of science and technology. It is also mandated to advise the federal government on development of fields of science and technology in Pakistan. PCST also acts as the secretariat of National Commission of Science and Technology (NCST), chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Its constitution was approved by National Assembly of Pakistan in an act called, The Pakistan Council for Science and Technology Act, 2016.
== Structure ==
Pakistan Council for Science and Technology usually comprises the following members.
=== President ===
Minister for Science and Technology
=== Vice President ===
Secreretary, Science and Technology Division
=== Members ===
Secretary, Planning and Development Division or his nominee
Secretary, Finance Division or his nominee
Executive Director Higher Educatron Commission
Secretary of the Division controlling subject matter of education and training (or his nominee)
President, Pakistan Academy of Sciences (or his nominee)
Chairman. Pakistan Engineering Council
Chairman, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Chairman, Pakistan Science Foundation
Representatives of provincial governments
Five eminent scientists from academia, one each from four provinces and federal capital
Two eminent industrialists to be nominated by the Federal Government
President, Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries, Islamabad
Dealing officer (not below the rank of Joint Secretary of the Division controlling the subject matter of science and technology)
Two parliamentarians, one each from Senate and National Assembly.
Chairperson, Pakistan Council for Science and Technology
== See also ==
Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR) is an independent federal agency under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) whose mission is to promote Pakistan's innovation, economic uplift, promotion of science, and the industrial competitiveness.
The PCSIR is organized into biological and physical sciences laboratories program that includes research in polymer science, engineering, metallurgy, chemicals, food, petroleum, leather, environmental, and ocean sciences.
== History ==
After the partition of the British India by the United Kingdom in 1947, the Indian government refused the transfer of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research laboratories to Pakistan as many were well established in India. Furthermore, there was a strong lack of education (with widespread illiteracy in the nation), lack of vision about the education, myopic bureaucracy, and the lack scientific awareness during the formative years of Pakistan and its turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced and felt the scientific development of Pakistan at the highest government level. Realizing this prompt reality in 1948, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to write a letter of request to his Indian counterpart, Jawaharlal Nehru, to at least allow the immigration of Indian Muslims scientists to Pakistan.
Among them was Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, a chemist with the PhD from Germany, who was the director of one of Indian CRSI laboratories and emigrated to Pakistan and established the Pakistan Department of Research at the University of Karachi in 1951. In 1953, the department was finally reformulated and established as the "Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research" with S. Siddiqui being its first chief scientist. Originally, it mission was to promote the cause of "Science" and its objectives were codified in Societies Act by the Government of Pakistan.
Establishment of the PCSIR allowed many scientists in the country to permanently seek stable employment with the government. Between 1953–56, the PCSIR expanded its scientific scope by promoting education on science and established its regional head offices with laboratories first in Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, and followed by in East Pakistan, including in Dhaka, Rajshahi, and Chittagong which were later evolved into the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1973.
During its formative years, the PCSIR was strongly encouraged and moved towards advancing the field of organic chemistry and molecular biology for medicinal benefits of the country. In 1965, the PCSIR's mission moved towards offering services in electrical and mechanical engineering disciplines when it found funding and guidance from the Pakistan Armed Forces.
In 1973, the mandate and the agency's mission was codified by the parliamentary legislation and its status granted as independent agency under the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1984.
== Units ==
=== Laboratories complexes ===
The PCSIR has six laboratory complexes in the country who engaged in testing analysis of the structural engineering, ocean sciences, life sciences, healthcare including medical diagnostics, metallurgy, chemicals and their safety, mining, petroleum, food, leather, and environmental science.
In 1953, the PCSIR Karachi Laboratories Complex was established near the University of Karachi that engaged in studying the biological sciences for medicinal benefits, computer and the physical sciences to provide service to the nation.
In 1955, the agency established the PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Peshawar with a view to investigate raw material resources of the region and assist in the industrial development of the country. In 1956, the PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore was established at the vicinity of the University of Punjab whose mission scope is very similar to its sister site in Karachi.
In 1985, the PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Hyderabad was established to provide better research coordination with the University of Sindh, which is in Hyderabad. In 1997, the agency then moved forward towards establishing the PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Skardu to help benefit the local community to impart training to local people in the field of processing and preservation of fruits and vegetables.
In 2004, the PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Quetta was established that currently works on the food technology and reprocessing. In 2022, the PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Islamabad was established to study the microbiology and environmental sciences when the proposal was put forward.
The PCSIR Laboratories Complexes are organized in two category with Karachi, Lahore, Peshwar and Quetta complexes are classified as "Multifunctional Laboratories" while the Islamabad and Skardu complexes are classified as "Monofunctional Laboratories".
=== HRD Centers ===
The PCSIR provides fundings through scholarships in training, education, and subsequently awarding degrees as its wider scope to promote the promotion of science and technology through its HRD Centers, which are thought to be acronym of "Human Resource Development". In 1965, the PCSIR reached out to the Switzerland to help develop the specialized technical degree programs (B.Tech.) in machining and instrumentation, which saw the establishment of the Pak-Swiss Training Centre, Karachi.
Established through the Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation, the Pak-Swiss Training Centres have been established in Quetta, Peshawar, Lahore, and Gwadar, that has been instrumental specially in boosting automotive industry and thus has contributed to national GDP. Furthermore, PCSIR also operates and funds the "Precision Systems Training Centre" in Lahore, Quetta, and Peshawar that has the same educational program while offering with same diplomas, which is seen as critical and practical training vital for technological development, sustained growth of economy and poverty alleviation.
In 1989, the PCSIR in collaboration with Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation established the Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering (IIEE) to provide education, training, and degrees in industrial electronics and industrial computing with a partnership with NED University in Karachi.
In 2005, the PCSIR founded and established the "Cast Metals & Foundry Technology Centre" in Daska in a view of providing the technical manpower and support to nation's all engineering industries especially the casting and metal industry.
== Testing for consumer safety ==
In January 2017, the council conducted tests on 16 brands of packaged milk in the interest of public safety and found that only 6 of 16 brands were safe for public consumption. This report was presented to the National Assembly of Pakistan.
== See also ==
Higher Education Commission of Pakistan
Pakistan Academy of Sciences
Pakistan Educational Research Network
== References ==
== External links ==
Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - official website
The Official Website of PCSIR Karachi Laboratories Complex
The Official website of PCSIR Lahore Laboratories
The Official website of PCSIR Fuel Research Centre Karachi

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Piratbyrån (Swedish: [pɪˈrɑ̂ːtbʏˌroːn] "The Pirate Bureau") was a Swedish think tank established to support the free sharing of information, culture, and intellectual property. Piratbyrån provided a counterpoint to lobby groups such as the Swedish Anti-Piracy Bureau.
In 2005 Piratbyrån released an anthology entitled Copy Me, containing selected texts previously available from its website. Members of Piratbyrån participated in debates on Swedish Radio and Swedish Television and also gave several lectures in other European countries, such as at the 2005 22nd Chaos Communication Congress in Berlin.
Piratbyrån's activities might have changed over the years, partly as a result of the addition of the Pirate Party to the Swedish political scene. During Walpurgis Night 2007, Piratbyrån burned all of their remaining copies of Copy Me in a ritual-like performance, declaring:
The file-sharing debate is hereby buried. When we talk about file-sharing from now on it's as one of many ways to copy. We talk about better and worse ways of indexing, archiving and copying—not whether copying is right or wrong. Winter is pouring down the hillside. Make way for spring!
Jonas Andersson, a Swedish researcher specialized in the politics of file-sharing, gave this brief definition in October 2009:
Piratbyrån is entirely separate from The Pirate Party; it is more of a loosely organised think-tank, a website, a philosophical greenhouse or FAQ guide to digitization.
The MPA-funded Svenska antipiratbyrån (Swedish Anti-Piracy Bureau), an agency devoted to fighting copyright infringement, was formed in 2001, before Piratbyrån. Piratbyrån humorously copied the name of their opponent, removing the "anti".
In June 2010 the group disbanded following the death of co-founder and prominent member Ibrahim Botani, also known as Ibi Kopimi Botani. Several former members of Piratbyrån are now involved in Telecomix. Around the same time, the front page of the website was replaced with the three words Stängt för eftertanke (Swedish for 'Closed for reflection').
== Self-definition ==
In 2008, Piratbyrån published a report titled Piratbyrån – The Bureau of Piracy Activities 2007 which starts with the following description of the organisation:
Piratbyrån (The Bureau of Piracy) is not an organization, at least not primarily. First and foremost, Piratbyrån is since its beginning in 2003 an ongoing conversation. We are reflecting over questions regarding copying, information infrastructure and digital culture. Within the group, using our own different experiences and skills, as in our daily encounters with other people. These conversations often bring about different kinds of activities.
== Definition by Prix Ars Electronica jury ==
As Piratbyrån received an "award of distinction" at Prix Ars Electronica in 2009, the jury statement said:
Piratbyrån is not an organization but an on-going conversation on copyright, file-sharing and digital culture. Over the last six years Piratbyrån has been able to create a discursive space that enables individual and collective actors to be heard, and to significantly expand the range of opinions entering the public debate regarding copyright. To advance this conversation, they have been using a wide range of innovative, experimental, often humorous techniques – as well as traditional means such as public discussions, interviews and publications.
The resulting debate has been multi-layered ranging from the technological (e.g. The Pirate Bay) to the artistic (e.g. a bus tour through Europe to Manifesta 08) to the political (e.g. Pirate Party). With very limited resources, Piratbyrån has been able to galvanize a political movement that has already shaped the development of digital culture and public policy in Sweden and across Europe, pushing the boundaries of the possible.
Piratbyrån aims at nothing less than to fundamentally question the most basic categories – e.g. the distinction between the producer and the consumer – through which we understand culture to investigate if and how these apply to the digital condition.
Piratbyrån does not claim to offer a solution to this extremely complex issue; indeed, it questions the assumption that copyright offers a one-size-fits all solution to cultural production, which now needs to be replaced with another unified solution. All of this has been done with great dedication and under considerable personal risk, yet they never forget that humor and irony are among the strongest weapons available to cultural producers.
== BitTorrent tracker ==
Members of Piratbyrån founded the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay in 2003 as a Swedish language site. The Pirate Bay now operates independently from Piratbyrån, although a number of The Pirate Bay administrators were also active in Piratbyrån.
=== Police raid ===
On the morning of 31 May 2006, the servers of both The Pirate Bay, a popular Swedish BitTorrent tracker, and Piratbyrån were confiscated in a raid by Swedish police. The seizure was part of an investigation into possible illegal activities on the part of The Pirate Bay. Piratbyrån and the Antipiratbyrån set up a temporary news blog during the investigation.

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== Activities in 2007 ==
In Piratbyrån – The Bureau of Piracy Activities 2007, published in 2008, Piratbyrån list its activities for the year 2007. Activities by Piratbyrån members include lectures at universities and conferences, the publication of reports, participation in art projects and research projects, an interview with Vanity Fair in February 2007, participation in the planning of The Oil of the 21st Century conference in Berlin, presentations at a Norwegian computer party (The Gathering), interviews to the media regarding the raid on The Pirate Bay, opening of a webshop to sell Kopimi Klothing, participation in the organisation of protests to mark the one-year anniversary of the police raid on The Pirate Bay, attendance of the BELEF07 festival in Belgrade (Serbia), and participation in the organisation of a one-day art event in Stockholm titled "Who Makes And Owns Your Work".
In March 2007 Piratbyrån members were invited to a meeting with the executive group for the Swedish Film Institute, to share their views about film and copying. According to Piratbyrån "The leadership listens with interest — only to some months later launch new anti-piracy initiatives...". In the same month Piratbyrån collaborates with the Norwegian group Piratgruppen, launching the counter-campaign "Piracy frees music" (promoted via The Pirate Bay), in response to the "Piracy kills music" anti-piracy campaign by the Norwegian record industry.
In 2007 members of Piratbyrån also contributed to the production of the film Steal This Film (Part Two), which features interviews with Piratbyrån members and was released in December 2007.
== Activities in 2009 ==
Piratbyrån organized the "Spectrial", a theatricalizing intervention in The Pirate Bay trial in Stockholm, early in 2009.
Installed the Embassy of Piracy – The Embassy of Piracy, for the First Internet Pavilion at the Venice Biennial
At the Prix Ars Electronica Piratbyrån received an "award of distinction" (including a prize money of 5000 euro) in the category "Digital Communities". The motivation of the jury underlined the Piratbyrån "never forget that humor and irony are among the strongest weapons available to cultural producers."
== Kopimi ==
The Kopimi symbol was conceived in January 2005 by Piratbyrån co-founder Ibrahim Botani. The logo, pronounced "copy me", can be used to specifically request people to copy and distribute a work, for any purpose. Botani intended the logo to be the opposite of copyright, which usually restricts copying a work, and as a unifying symbol of the anti-copyright ideas Piratbyrån stood for. As such, the Kopimi symbol may be considered an anti-copyright notice of sorts.
Later in 2005, the Kopimi logotype was included in the Piratbyrån book Copy Me. In June of that year, the Kopimi symbol was added to the front page of the Pirate Bay. Throughout the next 15 years, three different variants of the logo were used on the front page, until it was removed sometime in March/April 2020.
The history section of the site stated: "Some of you may have noticed that little symbol at the bottom of the page, the pyramid. It's a symbol called Kopimi (Copy Me) which was founded by an old friend of ours, the artist Ibi Botani. It's basically about promoting copying. Using the kopimi symbol on something not only shows that it is ok to copy it, it says it wants to be copied, mixed or manipulated!"
While Kopimi may appear to be a public-domain-equivalent license, no one associated with Piratbyrån ever called Kopimi a license, instead describing it as a symbol of certain ideas. The Open Source Initiative, Free Software Foundation, or any other organisation within the open-source movement, does not list Kopimi as an approved license. Since May 2024, the website of Kopimi explicitly states: "Kopimi is not a copyright license. For best results, release your work under a license like Creative Commons CC0, and use a kopimi badge ... to encourage sharing and remixing".
Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content and a sister site of Wikipedia, allows users to label their files with Kopimi.
=== Kopimism ===
Kopimism and kopimist are terms derived from Botani's symbol. It is unclear who coined them, but they have been used since at least July 2006. In January 2007, the Pirate Bay used the terms when they attempted to buy Sealand, a sea fort off the coast of England and a self-proclaimed country. The Pirate Bay declared: "To make sure the owners will be kopimistic and that the country won't be governed by people that do not care about its future, we have come up with a plan. With the help of all the kopimists on Internets, we want to buy Sealand."
The Missionary Church of Kopimism was founded in 2010 by Isak Gerson, a philosophy student and a member of the Pirate Party of Sweden. After two failed attempts, Kopimism was officially recognized as a religion by the Swedish government in January 2012. The Church considers copying a holy virtue, and uses various Kopimi symbols to present itself.
=== Copie ===
Inspired by Kopimi, the Pirate Party of Brazil created their own version of the concept called "Copie", which plays both on the Portuguese words "copie" (copy) and "co-pie" (tweet together). The Copie logotype shows 5 birds tweeting together.
== Notes ==
== See also ==
Copyleft
Criticism of copyright
Culture vs. Copyright
Internet freedom
Missionary Church of Kopimism
Pirate Party of Sweden (Piratpartiet) (not affiliated with Piratbyrån)
The Pirate Bay – a BitTorrent site
Steal This Film
Telecomix
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website (archived)
Kopimi
Piratgruppen.org – Danish sister organization
Art Liberated – Another project from Piratbyrån, highlighting remix culture and opposing censorship of art.
Slashdot on Piratbyrån's May Day Demonstration 2004
Press release about Piratbyrån's May Day Demonstration 2005
The Grey Commons, strategic considerations in the copyfight Text by Piratbyrån's Palle Torsson and Rasmus Fleischer, presenting the activities of 2005.
The Pirate Bay and Piratbyrån taken down by Police
Between artworks and networks: Navigating through the crisis of copyright Theoretical lecture by Piratbyrån's Rasmus Fleischer.
Presentation of Piratbyrån by Magnus Eriksson, from the Bzoom festival in Brno, October 2006.

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The RAND Corporation, doing business as RAND, is an American nonprofit global policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND engages in research and development (R&D) in several fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the Cold War space race, the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, the U.S.–Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care.
RAND originated as "Project RAND" (from the phrase "research and development") in the post-war period immediately after World War II. The U.S. Army Air Forces established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons. The Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare. Project RAND later evolved into RAND, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs. It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".
RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the U.S. government, private endowments, corporations, universities, charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, international organizations, and to a small extent, foreign governments. In the 2024 fiscal year, the think tank's revenues and other support were $514 million, of which $328 million was provided by the U.S. federal government.
== Overview ==
RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Boston, Massachusetts. The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans, Louisiana. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, United Kingdom; Brussels, Belgium; and The Hague, Netherlands. RAND Australia is located in Canberra, Australia.
RAND is home to the RAND School of Public Policy, one of eight original graduate schools in public policy and the first to offer a PhD. Its selective doctoral program provides an analytically rigorous and applied curriculum through coursework and collaboration with RAND researchers to address real-world policy challenges. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility and is the world's largest institution specializing in graduate-level education in policy analysis.
All PhD students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects.
RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economic sciences. Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.
== History ==
=== Project RAND ===
RAND was created after individuals in the War Department, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions. The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm. Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.
As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, "I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do." With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas, they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm's proposed project.
Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from "research and development". Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself. He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.
On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945. In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released.

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=== RAND ===
By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas.
On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to RAND. Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation.
Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.–Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. In the 1970s, New York City used RAND's computer models to determine which fire stations to close. Most of the closed stations were in relatively poor areas, such as South Bronx or Lower East Side.
RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory. Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn's being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr. Strangelove, in which RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".
Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.
RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a "think tank". Accordingly, RAND served as the "prototype" for the modern definition of that term.
In the early 1990s, RAND established a European branch to serve clients across the public, private, and third sectors, including governments, charities, and corporations. RAND Europe is the European arm of RAND, and like its main branch, it is a nonprofit policy research organization dedicated to improving decision-making through evidence-based research and analysis. RAND Europe's stated mission is to improve policy and decision-making through rigorous, independent research. RAND Europe is incorporated in, and has offices in, Cambridge, The Hague, and Brussels.
== Research ==
The research of RAND stems from its development of systems analysis. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' space program, in computing and in artificial intelligence. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet. RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming.
Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law, civil and criminal justice, education, health (public health and health care), international policy/foreign policy, labor markets, national security, defense policy, infrastructure, energy, environment, business and corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation, population studies, regional studies, comparative studies, science and technology, social policy, welfare, terrorism and counterterrorism, cultural policy, arts policy, and transportation.
=== Defense and national security ===
During the Cold War, RAND researchers contributed to the development of nuclear strategy concepts such as deterrence theory and mutually assured destruction. In recent years, RAND has analyzed military readiness, force modernization, and counterterrorism strategies. For example, one study examined the effectiveness of counterinsurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.
=== Healthcare and public health ===
RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.
In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative, which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020 analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These studies were used to evaluate scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy. The review found supportive evidence that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm self-injuries (including suicides), firearm homicides or assault injuries, and unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among youth. Conversely, it identified that stand-your-ground laws increase firearm homicides and shall-issue concealed carry laws increase total and firearm homicides. RAND also emphasized that the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Both proponents and opponents of various gun control measures have cited the RAND initiative.
Additionally, RAND has researched the opioid epidemic and alcoholism.
=== Education ===
The RAND analysis of the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching, a $575 million initiative from the Gates Foundation to increase teacher effectiveness, found that the interventions had no significant effect on student achievement.

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=== Emerging technologies and innovation ===
RAND has examined the implications of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity threats, and autonomous systems. It was accused of working too closely with Open Philanthropy in its work on AI, at the risk of losing its independence. RAND employees have expressed concerns to Politico about the organization's objectivity after it was revealed that RAND helped draft the Executive Order on AI, following over $15 million in funding from a Facebook founder-backed Open Philanthropy. In December 2023, the House Science Committee sent a bipartisan letter to the National Institute of Standards and Technology raising concerns over RAND's "research that has failed to go through robust review processes, such as academic peer review." On September 13, 2024, the ranking member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation sent a letter to RAND to better understand its "involvement in the AI Executive Order and the administration's other actions related to online speech."
=== Other research areas ===
Auto insurance
City government
Cold War and potential nuclear conflict
Iraq War
National health insurance
Vietnam War
Transparency in government
== Notable participants ==
Henry H. "Hap" Arnold: General of the Air Force, United States Air Force
Kenneth Arrow: economist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics, developed the impossibility theorem in social choice theory
Bruno Augenstein: V.P., physicist, mathematician and space scientist
Robert Aumann: mathematician, game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics.
J. Paul Austin: Chairman of the Board, 1972–1981
Paul Baran: one of the developers of packet switching which was used in ARPANET and later networks like the Internet
Richard Bellman: Mathematician known for his work on dynamic programming
Yoram Ben-Porat: economist and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Barry Boehm: worked in interactive computer graphics with RAND in the 1960s and had helped define the ARPANET in the early phases of that program
Harold L. Brode: physicist, leading nuclear weapons effects expert
Bernard Brodie: Military strategist and nuclear architect
Samuel Cohen: inventor of the neutron bomb in 1958
Franklin R. Collbohm: Aviation engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder and former director and trustee.
Walter Cunningham: astronaut
George Dantzig: mathematician, creator of the simplex algorithm for linear programming
Linda Darling-Hammond: educational researcher, co-director, School Redesign Network
Merton Davies: mathematician, pioneering planetary scientist
Michael H. Decker: Senior International Defense Research Analyst
Stephen H. Dole: Author of the book Habitable Planets for Man and head of Rand's Human Engineering Group
Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.: President, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder
Hubert Dreyfus: philosopher and critic of artificial intelligence
Karen Elliott House: Chairman of the Board, 2009–present, former publisher, The Wall Street Journal; Former Senior Vice President, Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
Daniel Ellsberg: economist and leaker of the Pentagon Papers
Alain Enthoven: economist, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1965, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis from 1965 to 1969
Stephen J. Flanagan, political scientist, National Security Council senior director
Francis Fukuyama: academic and author of The End of History and the Last Man
Horace Rowan Gaither: Chairman of the Board, 1949–1959, 1960–1961; known for the Gaither Report.
David Galula, French officer and scholar
James J. Gillogly: cryptographer and computer scientist
Paul Y. Hammond: political scientist and national security scholar, affiliated 1964–79, program director 1973–76
Anthony C. Hearn: developed the REDUCE computer algebra system, the oldest such system still in active use; co-founded the CSNET computer network
Fred Iklé: US nuclear policy researcher
Brian Michael Jenkins: terrorism expert, Senior Advisor to the President of RAND, and author of Unconquerable Nation
Herman Kahn: theorist on nuclear war and one of the founders of scenario planning and Hudson Institute
Amrom Harry Katz
Konrad Kellen: research analyst and author, co-wrote open letter to U.S. government in 1969 recommending withdrawal from Vietnam war
Zalmay Khalilzad: U.S. ambassador to United Nations
Henry Kissinger: United States Secretary of State (1973–1977); National Security Advisor (1969–1975); Nobel Peace Prize Winner (1973)
Ann McLaughlin Korologos: Chairman of the Board, April 2004 – 2009; Chairman Emeritus, The Aspen Institute
Lewis "Scooter" Libby: United States Vice-president Dick Cheney's former Chief of Staff
Ray Mabus: Former ambassador, governor
Harry Markowitz: economist, greatly advanced financial portfolio theory by devising mean variance analysis, Nobel Prize in Economics
Andrew W. Marshall: military strategist, director of the U.S. DoD Office of Net Assessment
Jason Gaverick Matheny: selected as president and CEO of RAND in 2022
Margaret Mead: U.S. anthropologist
Douglas Merrill: former Google CIO & President of EMI's digital music division
Newton N. Minow: Chairman of the board, 1970–1972
John Milnor: mathematician, known for his work in differential topology
Chuck Missler: Bible teacher, engineer, chairman and CEO of Western Digital
Lloyd Morrisett: Chairman of the board, 1986–1995
John Forbes Nash, Jr.: mathematician, won the Nobel Prize in Economics
John von Neumann: mathematician, pioneer of the modern digital computer
Allen Newell: artificial intelligence
Paul O'Neill: Chairman of the board, 1997–2000
Edmund Phelps: winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics
Arthur E. Raymond: Chief engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder
Condoleezza Rice: former intern, former trustee (1991–1997), and former Secretary of State for the United States
Michael D. Rich: RAND President and chief executive officer, 1 November 2011 – 5 July 2022
Leo Rosten: academic and humorist, helped set up the social sciences division of RAND
Albert S. Ruddy: programmer trainee, Oscar-winning producer of The Godfather and Million Dollar Baby
Donald Rumsfeld: Chairman of board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996 and secretary of defense for the United States from 1975 to 1977 and 2001 to 2006.
Robert M. Salter: advocate of the vactrain maglev train concept
Paul Samuelson: economist, Nobel Prize in Economics
Thomas C. Schelling: economist, won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics
James Schlesinger: former secretary of defense and former secretary of energy
Dov Seidman: lawyer, businessman and CEO of LRN
Norman Shapiro: mathematician, co-author of the Rice–Shapiro theorem, MH Email and RAND-Abel co-designer
Lloyd Shapley: mathematician and game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics
Cliff Shaw: inventor of the linked list and co-author of the first artificial intelligence program
Abram Shulsky: former Director of the Pentagon's Office of Special Plans
Herbert Simon: Political scientist, psychologist, won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Economics
James Steinberg: Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton
Ratan Tata: Chairman Emeritus of Tata Sons
James Thomson: RAND president and CEO, 1989 – 31 October 2011
Willis Ware: JOHNNIAC co-designer, and early computer privacy pioneer
William H. Webster: Chairman of the Board, 1959–1960
Oliver Williamson: economist, won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics
Albert Wohlstetter: mathematician and Cold War strategist
Roberta Wohlstetter: policy analyst and military historian
Ariane Tabatabai: former researcher

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== See also ==
A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates (published by RAND)
Truth Decay (also published by RAND)
Federally funded research and development centers
== References ==
== Further reading ==
=== Books ===
Alex Abella. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt hardcover; ISBN 0-15-101081-1 / 2009, Mariner Books paperback reprint edition; ISBN 0-15-603344-5).
S.M. Amadae. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003, University of Chicago Press paperback; ISBN 0-226-01654-4 / hardcover; ISBN 0-226-01653-6).
Martin J. Collins. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State, 1945–1950 (2002, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series; ISBN 1-58834-086-4)
Joe Flood. The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2010, Riverhead Books, ISBN 1-59448-898-3, 9781594488986—summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32.
Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005, Harvard University Press; ISBN 978-0-674-01714-6)
Agatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes (editors). Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After (2000, The MIT Press hardcover, part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology; ISBN 0-262-08285-3 / 2011, paperback reprint edition; ISBN 0-262-51604-7).
David Jardini. Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945–1975 (2013, Smashwords; Amazon Kindle; ISBN 978-1-301-15851-5).
Fred Kaplan. The Wizards of Armageddon (1983, Simon & Schuster hardcover, first printing; ISBN 0-671-42444-0 / 1991, Stanford University Press paperback, part of the Stanford Nuclear Age Series; ISBN 0-8047-1884-9).
Edward S. Quade and Wayne I. Boucher (editors), Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defense (1968, American Elsevier hardcover).
Bruce L.R. Smith. The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (1966, Harvard University Press / 1969; ISBN 0-674-74850-6).
Marc Trachtenberg. History and Strategy (1991, Princeton University Press paperback; ISBN 0-691-02343-3 / hardcover; ISBN 0-691-07881-5).
Jean Loup Samaan. La Rand Corporation (2013, Cestudec Press)
=== Articles ===
Clifford, Peggy, ed. "RAND and The City". Santa Monica Mirror, 27 October 1999 – 2 November 1999. Five-part series includes: Part 1 at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 August 2005). Additional archives: Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5.
Miller, Arthur Selwyn, reviewer, book review: "Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory," June 1966, Florida Law Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 15.
Specht, R.D. "Rand: A Personal View of Its History," Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1960), pp. 825–839. In JSTOR
=== Documentary films and broadcast programs ===
The RAND Corporation: A Brilliant Madness, historical documentary, American Experience series, PBS-TV—also detailed at "A Brilliant Madness." Archived 3 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
"The RAND Corporation," (program listings), PBS News Hour, PBS-TV
"Daniel Ellsberg: Willing to Risk Prosecution," POV series, PBS-TV - (also trailer)
== External links ==
Official website
"RAND Corporation". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
The Research and Development (RAND) Corporation from the Smithsonian Institution Archives

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The Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE) is an intergovernmental organization with diplomatic status that aims to enable and increase the adoption of renewable energy and energy efficiency practices in the Arab region. RCREEE teams with regional governments and global organizations to initiate and lead clean energy policy dialogues, strategies, technologies and capacity development in order to increase Arab states' share of tomorrow's energy.
Through its solid alliance with the League of Arab States, RCREEE is committed to tackle each country's specific needs and objectives through collaborating with Arab policy makers, businesses, international organizations and academic communities in key work areas: capacity development and learning, policies and regulations, research and statistics, and technical assistance. The center is also involved in various local and regional projects and initiatives that are tailored to specific objectives.
Having today 17 Arab countries among its members (Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania Morocco, Palestine, Somalia Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen), RCREEE strives to lead renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives and expertise in all Arab states based on five core strategic impact areas: facts and figures, policies, people, institutions, and finance.
RCREEE is financed through its member state contributions, government grants provided by Germany through the German Development Cooperation (GIZ) GmbH (link), Denmark through the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) (link), and Egypt through the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) (link). RCREEE is also financed through selected fee-for-service contracts.
History
RCREEE was set up based on Cairo Declaration which was signed in June, 2008 by government representatives from ten Arab countries. The declaration outlined the following two core objectives for establishing the center:
To diffuse the implementation of cost-effective renewable energy and energy efficiency policies, strategies and technologies in the Arab region.
To increase the share of renewable energy and energy efficiency products and services in the Arab region and their share of global market.
RCREEE acquired its legal status in August, 2010 as an independent not-for-profit international organization through a Host Country Agreement with the government of Egypt.
== Center Bodies ==
a. Board of Trustees
RCREEE is governed by a Board of Trustees (BoT) which is responsible for setting the center's strategic direction, approving annual work plans, and evaluating performance. The board consists of governmental representatives from member states.
Members of the Board of the Trustees
b. Executive Committee
In addition, the Board of Trustees has elected the RCREEE Executive Committee. The Executive Committee consists of five members from the governmental and private sectors. Its role is to oversea the implementation of the strategic direction approved by the BoT, oversee and advise the Secretariat in the center's management.
Members of the executive committee
c. National Focal Points
The national focal points assist the Secretariat with the implementation of the work plan at the national level.
National Focal Points
== Partners Network ==
RCREEE is a partner with regional and international bodies focused on international development, sustainable energy, and environmental cooperation. These include the World Bank, (link), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (link), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)(link), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (link), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UN-ESCWA) (link), League of Arab States (link), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (link), and Renewable Energy Solutions for Mediterranean (RES4MED) (link).
== External links ==
Official web site RCREEE
Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
MED-EMIP RCREEE PPT-Presentation
Egyptian Wind Energy Association
MED-ENEC
German Embassy Cairo
The German Government replying to a question of some members of the Bundestag concerning the Mediterranean Solar Plan and Desertec
Auswaertiges Amt
APRUE
== References ==

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A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of knowledge production", along with "intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of doctoral degrees, and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be public or private, and often have well-known brand names.
Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than vocational and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental life skills such as critical thinking. Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly public institutions, while some countries like the United States and Japan also have well-known private research institutions.
Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as liberal arts colleges, instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, whereas research university faculty members, in contrast, are under more pressure to publish or perish.
== History ==
=== 19th century ===
The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of Einheit von Lehre und Forschung (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness.
Roger L. Geiger, "the leading historian of the American research university," has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution (Harvard, Yale, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Columbia); five state universities (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and California); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities (MIT, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Stanford, and Chicago)." The American research university first emerged in the late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model. At Johns Hopkins, president Daniel Coit Gilman led the development of the American research university by setting high standards for recruiting faculty and admitting students, and insisting that faculty members had to commit to both teaching and research.
=== 20th century ===
Research universities were essential to the establishment of American hegemony by the end of the 20th century. Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first nuclear weapons (the Manhattan Project). Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the American film industry (Hollywood), MIT and Stanford were leaders in building the American military–industrial complex and developing artificial intelligence, and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of Silicon Valley. The "most prestigious group of research universities" in the United States is the Association of American Universities.
Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research university system, the University of California, have served as models for research universities around the world. Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of English as a lingua franca) is a badge of "social progress and modernity" for the contemporary nation-state.
=== 21st century ===
The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront the urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities."
During that same timeframe, several wealthy petrostates in the Persian Gulf region subsidized the creation of local branches of American universities.
When that approach proved insufficient to establish indigenous research and startup ecosystems (to support the planned long-term diversification of their economies away from petroleum), they started to build their own research universities from the ground up by recruiting Western-trained faculty and staff.
== Characteristics ==
John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the University of Liverpool, defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as:
"Presence of pure and applied research"
"Delivery of research-led teaching"
"Breadth of academic disciplines"
"High proportion of postgraduate research programmes"
"High levels of external income"
"An international perspective"
Philip Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful:
At the top of the academic hierarchy in a differentiated higher education system and receiving appropriate support
Overwhelmingly public institutions
Little competition from non-university research institutions, unless these have strong connections to the universities
More funding than other universities to attract the best staff and students and support research infrastructure
Adequate and sustained budgets
Potential for income generation from student fees and intellectual property
Suitable facilities
Autonomy
Academic freedom
A 2012 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report defined research universities, in the American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as:

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Being large and comprehensive – Clark Kerr's "multiversity"
Emphasizing the undergraduate residential experience (flagged specifically as distinguishing American research universities from those in continental Europe)
Integrating graduate education with research
Having faculty engaged in research and scholarship
Conducting research at high levels
Having enlightened and bold leadership
Global university rankings use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties (QS World University Rankings), or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1,000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (Times Higher Education World University Rankings).
The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education in the United States designates institutions that spend on average at least $2.5 million on research and development annually as 'research universities and colleges', with further designations of 'research 2: high spending and doctorate production' and 'research 1: very high spending and doctorate production' for institutions spending over $5 million and awarding 20 or more doctorates per year and institutions spending over $50 million and awarding 70 or more doctorates per year respectively. As of 2025, there were 187 R1 universities, 139 R2 universities and 216 other research universities in the US out of 3,941 total institutions classified.
== Worldwide distribution ==
The QS World University Ranking for 2021 included 1,002 research universities. The region with the highest number was Europe, with 39.8%, followed by Asia/Pacific with 26.7%, the US and Canada with 15.6%, Latin America with 10.8%, and the Middle East and Africa with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from East Asia and Eastern Europe, followed by Southern Europe. By individual country, the US had the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51 and Germany with 45. The top 200 showed a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (2015) identified 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013.
The Academic Ranking of World Universities for 2020 showed a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa were represented in the top 100, although the Americas were represented solely by universities from the United States and Canada. In 2025, China had the most universities in the top 500, 113, followed by the US with 111, the UK with 37 and Germany with 35. However, the top 200 shows the different pattern: the US with 58 followed by China with 39 and the UK with 18.
The 2026 Times Higher Education only gave a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again had the US at the top with 55, followed by the UK with 26, Germany with 18 and China with 13. The top 200 featured one university from Africa, the University of Cape Town in South Africa, but none from Latin America. The U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking 2025 gave numbers by country for the 2250 universities ranked from more than 100 countries: China was the top, with 397, followed by the US with 280 and India with 118. However, the U.S. had 115 schools in the top 500, followed by China with 70 schools and the UK with 37. The 2025 CWTS Leiden Ranking included 1,594 universities in the rankings from 77 countries/regions: China topped the list, with 356, followed by the US with 204 and the UK with 61.
== See also ==
History of European research universities
List of research universities in South Korea
List of research universities in Turkey
List of research universities in the United States
== References ==

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Researchers Alliance for Development (RAD) is a World Bank supported action-oriented and multidisciplinary network of researchers. Recognizing the engagement of academia in the global intellectual debate on development cooperation, the RAD aims to strengthen the interaction between the World Bank and the research community worldwide. It is headed by a steering committee of academics and many major universities over the world are its members.
RAD objectives include:
1. Facilitating interaction between the academic community and the World Bank;
2. Mobilizing the academic and student community on development issues and curricula, facilitating mutual flow of knowledge.
Towards these ends, it runs a number of activities including a student essay prize, a post/doctoral workshop on international organisations and development as well as working groups on an ad hoc basis.
== See also ==
Global Development Network
Development studies
United Nations Research Institute For Social Development
== External links ==
RAD's World Bank website Deprecated link archived 2007-06-07 at archive.today
== References ==
Diane Stone and Christopher Wright (eds) The World Bank and Governance: A Decade of Reform and Reaction, Routledge, 2006

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The Society for Clinical Trials (SCT) is an American professional organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania dedicated to advancing the science and practice of clinical trials. Established in 1978, SCT is an international organization with a membership of hundreds of individuals from academia, industry, government, and non-profit organizations. The society promotes the development and dissemination of knowledge related to the design, conduct, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of clinical trials.
The leadership structure of the Society for Clinical Trials comprises a president who holds office for a one-year term. Currently, Dixie Ecklund is serving as the president for the term of 2023-24.
== History ==
The Society for Clinical Trials was formally established in September 1978 with the objective of advancing and facilitating the development and exchange of knowledge pertaining to the design and execution of clinical trials and research utilizing comparable methodologies. Commemorating its 40th anniversary, the society marked this significant milestone during its annual meeting held in New Orleans from May 19 to May 22, 2019.
== David Sackett Trial of the Year Award ==
This award is given out each year to the randomized clinical trial that was published in the previous year and most effectively meets the following criteria: it contributes to the betterment of humanity, serves as the foundation for a significant and positive transformation in healthcare, showcases expertise in the respective subject matter, demonstrates excellence in methodology, prioritizes the well-being of study participants, and successfully overcomes challenges in implementation.
== Presidents ==
Dixie Ecklund (2023-24)
Lehana Thabane (2022-2023)
Mithat Gönen (2021-2022)
Susan Halabi (2020-2021)
Dean Fergusson (2019-2020)
Sumithra Mandrekar (2018-2019)
Ted Karrison (2017-2018)
Domenic Reda (2016-2017)
Wendy Parulekar (2015-2016)
KyungMann Kim (2014-2015)
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (abbreviated SEBM) is a nonprofit scientific society dedicated to promoting research in the biomedical sciences.
== Founding ==
The SEBM was founded in 1903, after Samuel J. Meltzer proposed founding a society dedicated to experimental biology and medicine. Meltzer then teamed up with Graham Lusk to invite eight New York scientists to a conference at Lusk's home, where they discussed the possibility of founding a biomedical society. At the conference, the attendees uniformly agreed to appoint a committee for a permanent society.
== Journal ==
The SEBM's official journal is Experimental Biology and Medicine (EBM), published by Frontiers Media. It was founded in 1904 as the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, and obtained its current name in 2001.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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Swecha is a non-profit organization formerly called Free Software Foundation Andhra Pradesh (FSF-AP). It is a Telugu operating system released in the year 2005, and is a part of Free Software Movement of India (FSMI). The organization is a social movement working towards educating the masses with the essence of Free Software and to provide knowledge to the commoners.
Swecha organizes workshops and seminars in the Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Presently Swecha is active GLUG (GNU/Linux User Group) in many engineering colleges like International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, St. Martin's Engineering College, Sridevi Women's Engineering College, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, SCIENT Institute of Technology, CMR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Jyothishmathi College of Engineering and Technology, MVGR College of Engineering, K L University and Ace Engineering College.
== Objectives ==
The main objectives of the organization are as follows:
To take forward free software and its ideological implications to all corners of India from the developed domains to the underprivileged.
To create awareness among computer users in the use of free software.
To work towards usage of free software in all streams of sciences and research.
To take forward implementation and usage of free software in school education, academics and higher education.
To work towards e-literacy and bridging digital divide based on free software and mobilizing the underprivileged.
To work among developers on solutions catering to societal & national requirements.
To work towards a policy change favoring free software in all walks of life.
== Activities ==
Swecha hosted a National Convention for Academics and Research which was attended by researchers and academicians from different parts of the country. Former President of India Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam while inaugurating the conference and declaring it open has asked everyone to Embrace Free Software and the Philosophy associated with it.
Technology should also be within the reach of everybody. At a time when technology has become all pervasive and people are increasingly dependent on it, transparency in software code is the need of the hour. "One needs to know what is going on in your mobile phone or computer," said D. Bhuvan Krishna, co-convener of Swecha project which code is available for anyone and everyone to modify fills this gap, felt speakers at an event organised to spread the word of Free and open-source software(FOSS) and celebrate the launch of latest web browser from the Mozilla Foundation's stable, Mozilla Firefox 3.5.
Swecha, has organised a 15-day workshop in Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology(CBIT) for budding software engineers from across the country. The idea is to provide students with an opportunity on the importance of students contributing towards the development of free software as it would not only allow students to exercise their creative faculties but also will help society to free itself from the clutches of proprietary software.
Swecha, an organisation floated to promote free software movement in India, has organised a one-day workshop on free software in the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, the students who attended the workshop along with the faculty members joined to formally launch the GNU/Linux User Group(GLUG).
In order to build a mass movement for free software, Swecha organizes Freedom Fest to promoting use of free software, About 1,500 students from 80 colleges from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh converged on the campus to voice their concerns against proprietary software and share their passion for free software.
Swecha hosted A 2 Days International Technical Symposium on Free Internet (DFI) & Free Software in Hyderabad, Gachibowli in the month of 24 January 2014. More than 4700 participants attended including the 20+ delegates from ThoughtWorks & Social Activist across the world.
Swecha organises summer camps every year in which large number of students participate. The camps focus on training students on Free Software Technology and the culture of sharing and collaborative development of free software. In the 2014 itself 15 days camps were conducted for 2000+ students. It is here participants collaboratively engage in the conduct of the Summer Camps.

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== Projects ==
Swecha is a free software project aimed at coming out with a localised version of Linux operating system in Telugu and providing global software solutions to the local people with the Free Software development model by working together with the community of developers and users all over. The prime objective of Swecha OS is to provide a complete computing solution to a population that speaks and understands only Telugu. The target users of the Distro being the entire community that is a prey of the digital divide. This project helps in coming out with a solution for the digital divide and allows the possibility of digital unite becoming a reality. The project aims at bridging the gap between the computer technology that exists predominantly in English and the Telugu-speaking community of India. The project also aims at providing a framework for development and maintenance of Free Software projects taken up by the community.
Bala Swecha is a free software project, initiated by the Swecha for tiny tots, It is a school distro with many of the useful interactive applications for the school goers. Its stack is filled with educational suites for all the standards right from elementary to tenth standards. They cover a wide range of applications which make the student learn Maths, Physics, Geography, Chemistry etc., very easily. Swecha has taken up many activities in training the school teachers, computer instructors of several government schools. The aim of the Distro is to deliver a Free Software-based operating system for the project of "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan" initiated by the government. There isn't such operating system till now which gives full freedom with an educational stack. Swecha has the plans of localizing BalaSwecha for the benefit of Telugu medium students.
E-Swecha is a free software project initiated by the Swecha and is aimed at developing a free operating system, which is not built by a software firm.. neither is it built by a few programmers.. it is a collaborative work of hundreds of Swecha Volunteers/engineering students in and around Hyderabad to, for and by the engineering students.
== Activism ==
Swecha organised a free software workshop and delivered a talk on "The Age of Inequality", Mr. Palagummi Sainath told the gathered engineering students and researchers that half of the country's children suffered from malnourishment and at the same time, the situation was getting worse for farmers and suicides among them were high, Despite a high growth rate, malnourishment of children in the country remained at 46 per cent which was behind countries of Sub-Saharan Africa where these figures stood between 32 per cent to 35 percent
Swecha widespread protests taking place across the country after the arrest of two girls over a Facebook comment, have now reached Hyderabad. On Sunday, a group, consisting mostly of IT professionals, students and academicians, protested at Indira Park against the controversial Section 66 (A) of Information Technology Act
The Swecha was in the forefront of the protests against the inclusion of proprietary software in the representation to All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) against the deal with Microsoft.
Swecha organised a seminar on "Employment opportunities in changing technology landscape", on 23 September at Mahima Gardens, Member of German Hacker Association Chaos Computer Club, Andy Müller-Maguhn, director of Social and Economic Justice at Thoughtworks, Matt Simons and secretary of Free Software Movement of India Y.Kiran Chandra addressed the students and later joined the Free Software Movement started by Richard Stallman.
The seminar was organised by Swecha, on the free software development model, Mr Neville Roy Singham explained that spying or surveillance can be easily done through hardware as well as software, and that no electronic device can be safe from it. The NSA is doing it because it is simply very cheap for them, and that they are taking in literally every piece of information they can get. More than 3,000 students, mainly from the engineering stream attended the seminar, which continued till late evening, as many other speakers like Renata Avila, a human rights lawyer and internet freedom activist from Guatemala, Dmytri Kleiner, Telemiscommunications specialist, and Zack Exley, ex-Chief Revenue Officer, Wikimedia foundation also conducted seminars and interacted with students.
Internet surveillance and digital snooping on the people is the biggest threat to democracy said by the Richard Stallman Internet surveillance and spying is dangerous and threatens the functioning of democracy, Dr. Stallman told students at a seminar on "Free Software and Internet Freedom", organised by Swecha on the Acharya Nagarjuna University campus.
Swecha has demanded that the Central and State governments bring in policy changes on information technology to give fillip to hardware manufacturing, setting up of data centres and software design centres. Mr. Y. Kiranchandra Chairman of Swecha quoted data from the mobile telephony market to augment his demand. "The annual market for mobile telephones in the country is about Rs. 16,000 crore, yet India is yet to have its own mobile manufacturing unit. The mobile handsets designed in China, South Korea and Finland are simply being relabelled and sold in the country".
== See also ==
Free Software Foundation
Free Software Movement
Free Software Foundation Tamil Nadu
Free Software Movement of Karnataka
Software Freedom Law Center
Guifi.net
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Technology Policy Institute is an independent think tank in Washington, DC dedicated to the study of technology policy. Established in 2010, its mission is "to advance knowledge and inform policymakers by producing independent, rigorous research and by sponsoring educational programs and conferences on major issues affecting information technology and communications policy." As of 2019, the University of Pennsylvania ranked Technology Policy Institute among most authoritative science and technology policy think tanks in the world.
== Overview ==
The Technology Policy Institute conducts research and publishes peer-reviewed papers, issues policy briefs, delivers congressional testimony, publishes commentary, hosts events and produces a podcast on a variety of topics related to technology policy. The institute's research has been cited in The Atlantic, Reuters, The Hill and others.
=== Screen time ===
In 2013, Scott Wallsten of the Technology Policy Institute published a study that researched screen time, specifically attempting to quantify how much less time people spend working, sleeping, and socializing at the expense of increased screen time. The study's scope was limited to "online leisure" activity (i.e. non-working screen time) and found that increased time online did equate to less time spent sleeping, studying, and socializing, among other activities.
=== Big Tech ===
In 2021, the institute described how new legislation and increased regulation for social media companies at the state level would potentially lead to increased cost of compliance and reduce overall competition.
== Annual conference ==
Since 2010, Technology Policy Institute has hosted the Aspen Forum, an annual conference in Aspen, Colorado focused on technology policy and regulation.
== Research areas ==
Antitrust and Competition law
Big data
Blockchain
Broadband
Economics of digitization
Evidence-based policy
Information privacy and security
Intellectual property, copyright, music licensing, and patents
Net neutrality
== Board members ==
As of 2022, the website of the Technology Policy Institute listed 10 board members.
=== Board of directors ===
Brian Tramont
Scott Wallsten
Thomas M. Lenard
Madura Wijewardena
Laura Martin
=== Board of Academic Advisors ===
Shane Greenstein
Thomas Hazlett
Roger Noll
Gregory Rosston
Catherine Tucker
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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Thuso Resources was launched on 18 May 2023 by Universities South Africa as an information hub for early career academics, so who wish to advance their research careers The state-sponsored cadre
of emerging scholars could not identify mentors, lacked networks and self-confidenceand so the Advancing Early Career Researchers and Scholars (AECRS) programme was launched by the Department of Science, Technology and Innovation to address these stated needs and provide a national toolbox of help resources.
== Overview ==
The materials on the platform are informed by a Community of Practice for Postgraduate Education and Scholarship. This community have recognised the need to openly share their experiences, resources, and skills with peers.
Thuso Resources is intended for early-career researchers and scholars who may be overwhelmed by the multiple tasks in academia.
Early-career academics have found themselves teaching large numbers of undergraduate students and performing too many responsibilities without adequate guidance.
Most of the resources fall under open access. The few Open Education Resources on Thuso Resources allow emerging scholars to "contribute to the creation, sharing and evaluation of knowledge... through research, learning and teaching."
The above quote is sourced from Education White Paper 3, written in 1997, where transformation was imagined as far more than compliance or adherence to national policy goals. Other key elements of transformation also involved epistemological change and an institutional culture that prioritised true inclusion.
Thuso Resources might have been inspired by DBE's Thuthong an open toolbox and platform that was built by Schoolnet for schools. Some of the shared resources on Thuso Resources are openly licensed, like Schoolnet's Thuthong. Their licence choices permit new forms of knowledge production and capacity-building in higher education institutions.Thuso Resources has had interest from all over the globe.
== External links ==
Thuso Resources
== References ==

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The Universities Research Association (URA) is a non-profit association of more than 90 research universities, primarily but not exclusively in the United States. It has members also in Japan, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1965 at the behest of the President's Science Advisory Committee and the National Academy of Sciences to build and operate Fermilab, a National Accelerator Laboratory.
== History ==
The President's Science Advisory Committee and a sister group of the United States Atomic Energy Commission joined forces in 1962 to "assess the future needs in high-energy accelerator physics." The panel's recommendations, issued in 1963, included the need to immediately commence design and construction on 200 GeV proton accelerators. An additional recommendation called for a new administrative construct.
On January 17, 1965, the National Academy of Sciences addressed the last recommendation by sponsoring a meeting of presidents from 25 research universities to discuss the management of the accelerator facility that would later become the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). The meeting eventually resulted in the decision to form the Universities Research Association, with 34 original members, to build and manage the new accelerator facility. URA filed its articles of incorporation on June 21, 1965. J. C. Warner, president of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, served as URA's first president.
== Projects ==
URA has helped develop the Tevatron at Fermilab. Its early activities are related to the Superconducting Supercollider, the Pierre Auger Observatory, the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF), and the associated Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), and involvement in the Honeywell International-led National Technology and Engineering Solutions at Sandia (NTESS) that manages and operates Sandia National Laboratories. Current major projects of the association include supporting Fermilab through a partnership with the University of Chicago and coordinating U.S. support of the Pierre Auger Cosmic Observatory.
== Members ==
=== United States ===
==== Alabama ====
University of Alabama
==== Arizona ====
Arizona State University
University of Arizona
==== California ====
California Institute of Technology
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, Riverside
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Santa Barbara
Stanford University
==== Colorado ====
Colorado State University
University of Colorado Boulder
==== Connecticut ====
Yale University
==== Florida ====
Florida State University
University of Florida
==== Georgia ====
Georgia Institute of Technology
==== Illinois ====
University of Chicago
Illinois Institute of Technology
University of Illinois at Chicago
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Northern Illinois University
Northwestern University
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
==== Indiana ====
Indiana University
University of Notre Dame
Purdue University
==== Iowa ====
Iowa State University
University of Iowa
==== Kansas ====
Kansas State University
==== Kentucky ====
University of Kentucky
==== Louisiana ====
Louisiana State University
Tulane University
==== Maryland ====
Johns Hopkins University
University of Maryland, College Park
==== Massachusetts ====
Boston University
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Northeastern University
Tufts University
==== Michigan ====
Michigan State University
University of Michigan
Wayne State University
==== Minnesota ====
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
==== Mississippi ====
University of Mississippi
==== Missouri ====
Washington University in St. Louis
==== Nebraska ====
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
==== New Jersey ====
Princeton University
Rutgers University
==== New Mexico ====
New Mexico State University
University of New Mexico
==== New York ====
University at Buffalo
Columbia University
Cornell University
University of Rochester
Rockefeller University
Stony Brook University
Syracuse University
==== North Carolina ====
Duke University
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
==== Ohio ====
Case Western Reserve University
Ohio State University
==== Oklahoma ====
University of Oklahoma
==== Oregon ====
University of Oregon
==== Pennsylvania ====
Carnegie Mellon University
Pennsylvania State University
University of Pennsylvania
University of Pittsburgh
==== Rhode Island ====
Brown University
==== South Carolina ====
University of South Carolina
==== Tennessee ====
University of Tennessee
Vanderbilt University
==== Texas ====
University of Houston
University of North Texas
Rice University
Southern Methodist University
Texas A&M University
Texas Tech University
University of Texas at Arlington
University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas at Dallas
==== Virginia ====
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
University of Virginia
College of William & Mary
==== Washington ====
University of Washington
==== Wisconsin ====
University of Wisconsin-Madison
=== Italy ===
University of Pisa
=== Japan ===
Waseda University
=== United Kingdom ===
University College London
University of Edinburgh
University of Liverpool
University of Manchester
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The Wau Holland Foundation (German: Wau Holland Stiftung; WHS) is a nonprofit foundation based in Hamburg, Germany.
It was established in 2003 in memory of Wau Holland, co-founder of the Chaos Computer Club (CCC). Loosely connected with the Chaos Computer Club, the foundation aims to preserve and further Holland's ideas in fields such as technology assessment, the history of technology and freedom of information. Specifically, it promotes the use of electronic media for educational purposes. The Vice President of the Wau Holland Foundation is Andy Müller-Maguhn, a friend of Julian Assange.
The Foundation organises its charitable activities into multiple project areas, reflecting issues relevant to Holland's ideas and their mission. As of 2025, project areas include "Campaign against voting computers", "Anonymity networks", "Decentralized communication networks", "Enduring freedom of information", "Alpha-BIT-isation" (media and technology education), "Informational Self-Determination", "Moral courage", and "Free software." Supported projects include the "Archive of Contemporary History of Technology (Hacker archive)", which documents the history of the hacker scene.
== Campaign against voting computers ==
In cooperation with the Chaos Computer Club, the foundation initiated an investigation and public campaign against the use of electronic voting machines, in response to the ES3B voting computers from the Dutch company NEDAP during Germany's 16th Bundestag elections on 18 September 2005. As later summarised by data protection researchers, "The NEDAP voting devices were used in almost 2,000 voting districts for the federal election in 2005 which means that between 2 and 2.5 million voters used the machines for voting."
The campaign's concerns mainly focused around "the manipulability of voting computers." According to a security report by Rop Gonggrijp and Willem-Jan Hengeveld, this DRE (Direct Recording Electronic) voting computer "requires ultimate trust, since it produces an official election outcome that cannot be verified independently." Furthermore, "the problems we found stem from the very design philosophy, we see no quick fixes that could make this device sufficiently secure."
Many such voting machines were subsequently de-certified. In 2009, the German Federal Constitutional Court (German: Bundesverfassungsgericht, or BVerfG) ruled that the Federal Electoral Equipment Ordinance (German: Bundeswahlgeräteverordnung), which governed the use of voting computers, was unconstitutional, on the basis that it did not ensure that the public can understand how such machines work "without any specialist knowledge of the subject." Therefore the machines were not in compliance with "the principle of the public nature of elections" and "subject to the possibility of public scrutiny." However the constitutional court's decision still left the door open for voting computers to be used in future elections, "if the constitutionally required possibility of a reliable accuracy control is ensured."
== Campaign on the protection of genetic data ==
As part of their focus on protecting informational self-determination, the foundation sponsored the Berlin-based nonprofit Gen-ethische Netzwerk e.V. (GeN) in the creation of a public advisory brochure on the topic of police access to DNA data during 2019 and 2020. GeN "engage[s] in critical science communication with a focus on the social implications of biotechnological and reproductive technology research." In 2021, GeN investigated the expansion of the police's powers to analyse DNA traces in Switzerland, and the treatment of minorities in forensic DNA databases. GeN supports the conclusion that 'the use of DNA by state authorities.. represents a serious infringement on the fundamental right to informational self-determination of a growing number of people.'
== Education ==
In an effort to prepare children and young people for the impact of technology on society, Wau Holland co-founded and named the CCC youth educational initiative 'Chaos Macht Schule', where activities may be organised by local chapters of the Club. Other topics include training about the dangers of the internet, social networks, copyright, data protection, and more.
The foundation continues to provide funding for this distributed initiative under their 'Alpha-BIT-isation' project area, in addition to soldering workshops and hands-on electronics hacking through the Dresden-based event Datenspuren.
In July 2022, the intersectional feminist hacker group Haecksen announced a beginner course in Python for 'women and intersex, nonbinary, trans, and agender people' that the foundation had sponsored.
== Free software ==
The foundation has funded and/or collected donations on behalf of various free software projects, including the GNOME desktop environment, GnuPG, the p≡p foundation (also known as Sequoia-PGP), the Katzenpost mixnet protocol, and Tor network relay/server operators. They have also sponsored events / gatherings for free software developers to meet and collaborate, such as Decentralized Internet Federation Fusion (DIFF).
== Freedom of information and transparency ==
As part of their focus on moral courage, freedom-of-information and transparency initiatives, the foundation has supported individual "hunted whistle-blowers, journalists and (political) hacktivists." They have criticised the German government's attempts to censor the Open Knowledge Foundation's online platform FragDenStaat (English: Ask the State). The foundation also accepts donations in Europe to support WikiLeaks and previously Julian Assange's defense.
=== Whistleblowing ===
The foundation supports acts of "moral courage" (German: Zivilcourage) in the digital realm, and cooperates with different support funds / networks in this area, especially the Courage Foundation. Since 2024, they are a founding organisation, executive board member, and core funder, along with the Reva and David Logan Foundation and others, of the Berlin-based non-profit Whistleblower Network, which is responsible for overseeing the Ellsberg Whistleblower Award.

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=== Relationship to WikiLeaks ===
The foundation processes donations in Europe to support the WikiLeaks organization and (from his arrest in April 2019 until his release in 2024) Julian Assange's defense, including funds raised through the AssangeDAO in 2022.
Between October 2009 when it began accepting donations on WikiLeaks' behalf and December 2010, the foundation collected over $1.9 million USD. On 4 December 2010, PayPal turned off donations in response to the foundation's connection to WikiLeaks, alleging that the account was being used for "activities that encourage, promote, facilitate or instruct others to engage in illegal activity." On 8 December 2010 the foundation released a press statement, saying it has filed legal action against PayPal for blocking its account and for libel due to PayPal's allegations of "illegal activity."
In October 2022, the foundation sponsored a multi-week exhibition in Berlin, titled "NoisyLeaks! The Art of Exposing Secrets." With international contributions from artists, technologists, journalists, researchers, filmmakers and activists, including Ai Weiwei and !Mediengruppe Bitnik, the event featured a variety of artistic creations, films, presentations, and workshops related to "the historical and cultural heritage of WikiLeaks," as a retrospective on the impact of their releases.
== Finance ==
As of December 2010, their endowment was about 62,000 €. It also owns land (valued at about 1500 €), currently leased to a public institution.
=== Non-profit status ===
In December 2010, the Wau Holland Foundation got in trouble with authorities for not filing its accounts on time. On October 25, 2012, the Hamburg Tax Office retroactively revoked its non-profit status for 2010 because they decided that "the forwarding of donations to WikiLeaks and/or to the individuals behind the organization" meant the Wau Holland Foundation "did not satisfy the condition for the direct pursuit of tax-advantaged purposes". The Hamburg Tax Office rejected a complaint filed by the Wau Holland Foundation about the decision. Its charitable status was reinstated on 12 December 2012, applied retroactively for 2011 and 2012.
In March 2024, the Wau Holland Foundation announced that its non-profit status for 2020 had been revoked in a letter dated February 26, 2024 and that they would appeal the decision. In June 2024, the Wau Holland Foundation announced that its non-profit status for 2020 had been regained.
== References ==
== External links ==
"About the Wau Holland Foundation", Wau Holland Foundation web site.

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The World Heart Federation (WHF) is a non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, formed in 1978. WHF is recognized by the World Health Organization as its leading NGO partner in cardiovascular disease prevention.
== History ==
The World Heart Federation was formed in 1978 by a merger of the International Society of Cardiology and the International Cardiology Federation, under the name of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. In 1998, this body changed its name to the World Heart Federation.
The World Heart Federation represents more than 200 organizations around the world. It works to promote cardiovascular health, and provide information on access to relevant information, care, and treatment.
The World Heart Federation is the cardiovascular disease (CVD) organization in official relations with the World Health Organization.
== Congresses and events ==
The World Heart Federation hosts the World Congress of Cardiology. The first World Congress of Cardiology was convened in Paris in September 1950 under the aegis of the International Society of Cardiology, which had itself been founded four years previously.
In 2000, World Heart Day was founded to inform people that CVD is the world's leading cause of death. World Heart Day is the world's biggest awareness-raising platform for CVD, celebrated every year on 29 September.
In 2016, the World Heart Federation hosted the first Global Summit on Circulatory Health, held in Mexico City. Attendees included ministers of health, public health officials, and industry leaders. In 2021, the Global Summit was renamed the World Heart Summit.
== References ==
== External links ==
World Heart Federation Official Website
World Heart Report 2024
World Heart Report 2023

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The World Medical Association (WMA) is an international and independent confederation of free professional medical associations representing physicians worldwide. WMA was formally established on September 17, 1947 and has grown to 115 national medical associations, as of 2025, with 2494 Associate Members, including Junior Doctors and medical students. and more than 10 million physicians. WMA is in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO) and seeks close collaboration with the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to physical and mental health.
== History ==
The WMA was founded on 17 September 1947, when physicians from 27 countries met at the First General Assembly of the WMA in Paris. This organization was built from an idea born in the House of the British Medical Association in 1945, within a meeting organized in London to initiate plans for an international medical organization to replace l'Association Professionnelle Internationale des Médecins", which had suspended its activities because of World War II.
In order to facilitate financial support from its member associations, in 1948, the executive board, known as the Council, established the Secretariat of the WMA in New York City in order to provide close liaison with the United Nations and its various agencies. The WMA Secretariat remained in New York City until 1974 when for reasons of economy, and in order to operate within the vicinity of Geneva-based international organizations (WHO, ILO, ICN, ISSA, etc.) it was transferred to its present location in Ferney-Voltaire, France.
The WMA members gathered in an annual meeting, which from 1962 was named "World Medical Assembly."
Since its beginning WMA has shown concern over the state of medical ethics in general and over the world, and worked on a modernized wording of the ancient oath of Hippocrates, which was sent for consideration at the II General Assembly in Geneva in 1948. The medical vow was adopted and the Assembly agreed to name it the "Declaration of Geneva."Also in the same II General Assembly a report on "War Crimes and Medicine" was received. This prompted the Council to appoint another Study Committee to prepare an International Code of Medical Ethics, which after an extensive discussion, was adopted in 1949 by the III General Assembly.
== Governance ==
=== General Assembly ===
The main decision-making body of the WMA is the General Assembly, which meets annually and is formed by delegations from the National Member Associations, officers and members of the Council of the WMA, and representatives of the Associate Members (Associate Members are individual physicians who wish to join the WMA).
=== Council ===
The Assembly elects the WMA Council every two years with representatives drawn from each of the six WMA regions, namely Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and the Pacific. It also elects the WMA president annually, who is the Ceremonial Head of the WMA. The President, President Elect and Immediate Past President form the Presidium that is available to speak for the WMA and represent it officially.
Every two years, the WMA Council, excluding the Presidium, elects a Chairperson who is the political head of the organization.
As Chief Executive of the operational units of the WMA, the Secretary-General is in full-time employment at the Secretariat, appointed by the WMA Council.
== Secretariat ==
The WMA Secretariat is situated in Ferney-Voltaire, France, near Geneva. Since 2005, Otmar Kloiber is the
Secretary-General.
== Official languages ==
English, French, and Spanish are the official languages of the association since its creation.
== Membership ==
The WMA has the following classes of membership:
Constituent Membership: Mainly applies for members who are typically National Associations of Physicians from different countries in the world (sometimes these organizations are called National Medical Associations). Such associations are broadly representative of the physicians of their country by virtue of their membership. They range from chambers to orders, from colleges to private associations. Some of these have compulsory membership and some are trade unions.
Associate Membership: Applies for Individual physicians that want to join the WMA and who have voting rights at the Annual Associate Members Meeting and the right to participate in the General Assembly through the chosen representatives of the Associate Members.
Other classes of Membership: can also be established by the Assembly, should it be appropriate and in the best interest of the WMA.
== Controversies ==
During the World Medical Association General Assembly in Reykjavík in early October 2018, members of the Canadian Medical Association stated that parts of the speech by WMA's incoming president Leonid Eidelman had been plagiarized from a speech made in 2014 by Chris Simpson (cardiologist) who was then the president of CMA. The incumbent president Gigi Osler told the group that part of the address was "copied word for word" from Simpson's speech. "Multiple other parts of the speech were also copied from various websites, blogs and news articles, without proper appropriate attribution to the authors", she latter added in a statement. A motion by Canada at the Assembly to call on Eidelman to resign was not successful. On 6 October, the CMA resigned; their press release stated that the decision was made because WMA was not upholding ethical standards.
In an email to The Canadian Press, WMA spokesman Nigel Duncan said that Eidelman's speech had been written by others and that he did not know that it might contain plagiarism. A WMA source also told The Canadian Press that Eidelman apologized at the general assembly, after the Canadian delegates had departed; he "acknowledge[d] that part of his speech was taken from Simpson", and most delegates "accepted his apology" for the mistake.
== See also ==
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)
Declaration of Geneva
Declaration of Helsinki
Declaration of Tokyo. Guidelines for Physicians Concerning Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Relation to Detention and Imprisonment
International Code of Medical Ethics
Standing Committee of European Doctors
World Health Professions Alliance (WHPA)
World Health Organization (WHO)
== References ==
== Further reading ==
"Rede: Generalversammlung des Weltärztebundes". Der Bundespräsident (in German). 22 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
== External links ==
Official website

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