diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 16ab54bd6..d3acef383 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airone-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airone-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c94df1be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airone-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Airone" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airone" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:32.575247+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Airone (English: Heron) is an Italian science magazine devoted to science and technology issues. It is published in Milan, Italy, by Editoriale Giorgio Mondadori (former company, now a division of Cairo Editore, a subsidiary of Cairo Communication). + + +== History and profile == +Airone was founded in 1981 as an ecologist magazine primarily containing articles about animal world, nature, ethnology and geography. The founder and first director was Egidio Gavazzi. It was for years the most widely circulated scientific magazine in Italy, with a peak of average circulation of about 250,000 copies per month. Between 1985 and 1986 it co-produced with RAI the nature documentary series Pan. In 1989 it was launched a spin-off for the younger readers, Airone Junior, renamed Dodo in April 1995. +Airone was described as a "magazine similar to National Geographic, but perhaps more conservation-minded", and it was referred to as "a stunning natural history magazine, the best of several European magazines". In an article about the first ten years of the magazine, the L'Unità journalist Antonio Del Giudice pointed how the magazine was "not just an editorial phenomenon, but also a cultural, political e social phenomenon". +The circulation of Airone was 94,000 copies in 2007. In December 2013 the magazine had a circulation of 83,000 copies per month. + + +== See also == + +List of magazines in Italy + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Airone Official Website (in Italian) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterscape-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterscape-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3e23ea34 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterscape-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Alterscape" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterscape" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:16.263669+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Alterscape is a 2018 science fiction horror film written and directed by the American actor and filmmaker Serge Levin. The film stars Michael Ironside, Charles Baker and Alex Veadov, produced by Jon Keeyes and Matthew Panepinto. +Alterscape had its world premiere at the Philip K. Dick Science Fiction Film Festival on February 23, 2018, in New York, where the film won the Philip K. Dick Best Feature award. Alterscape was produced by Isle Empire Pictures, a subsidiary of Isle Empire Holding. + + +== Synopsis == + +After a suicide attempt, Sam Miller (Charles Baker), coping with loss and depression, submits to a series of trials that fine-tune human emotions, but his unique reaction to the tests send him on a journey that transcends both physical and perceived reality. Under the supervision of Doctor Julian Loro (Michael Ironside), Sam undergoes a series of experiments to scan and alter human emotions. + + +== Cast == +Michael Ironside as Doctor Julian Loro +Charles Baker as Sam Miller +Alex Veadov as Doctor Kaine Egres +Serge Levin as Ray Miller +Todd Lewis as Edward Irving +Debbie Rochon as Nurse Jane Toppan +Alex Lane as Cruz +Mack Kuhr as Devino +Olan Montgomery as The Controller & Trucker +Antonio D. Charity as Gills +Tim Duquette as Dr. Elsi Nivel + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Alterscape at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Scientist-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Scientist-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd2d6562e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Scientist-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "Asian Scientist" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Scientist" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:33.871687+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Asian Scientist is an English language science and technology magazine published in Singapore. + + +== History and profile == +Asian Scientist was launched as a blog in March 2011 by Juliana Chan. The blog's popularity eventually led to a partnership with the publishing house World Scientific Publishing, enabling Chan to turn Asian Scientist into a magazine and serve as its editor-in-chief. +Based in Singapore, Asian Scientist is maintained by a team of professional science and medical journalists, with active contributors from the science, technology and medical communities. +The magazine's launch reflects the growing demographic of scientists, engineers and doctors from Asia, and caters to this community with news stories that are both timely and of interest to them. According to the 2010 U.S. National Science Foundation Key Science and Engineering Indicators report, one-quarter of the world's publications are from Asia and one-third of all scientific researchers worldwide are Asian, representing a shift of the world's scientific center of gravity to Asia. +According to the Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 released by the U.S. National Science Board, the largest global science and technology gains in recent years occurred in the "Asia-10″ – China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. Between 1999 and 2009, for example, the U.S. share of global R&D dropped from 38 to 31 percent, whereas Asia's share grew from 24 to 35 percent during that period. +On April 16, 2013, the company accepted seed funding from international science publisher World Scientific Publishing Company to expand operations at its Singapore headquarters. In January 2014, it launched its flagship print magazine targeted at scientists, healthcare professionals and students. The magazine's inaugural issue focused on the biomedical sciences and was featured by media outlets in Singapore and Malaysia as Asia's first science magazine. +On April 2, 2015, it launched the inaugural Asian Scientist Writing Prize, co-organized with Science Centre Singapore and with prizes sponsored by World Scientific Publishing Company. The competition received close to 400 entries and gave out SGD$21,000 in cash and prizes. The competition returned for its second installment in 2017, this time with Dr. Jorge Cham of Piled Higher and Deeper as its invited guest speaker. +In August 2015, it published a book called Singapore's Scientific Pioneers, with the goal of highlighting the contributions of 25 pioneering scientists from Singapore. The book was made possible by a Singapore50 Celebration Fund grant from the +Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports. +At the start of 2017, the company launched Supercomputing Asia, a new biannual print title dedicated to tracking the latest developments in high performance computing across the region and making supercomputing accessible to the layman. +On May 4, 2018, the company was relaunched as Wildtype Media Group, a STEM-focused media company spanning digital, print, custom publishing and events. It works with academic and industry media partners in Asia on their communication strategies with key stakeholders and the public. + + +== Content == +The magazine covers science, medical and technology news updates from the Asia and Australasia regions. It devotes categories to research and development, health, medicine, new media and education. The site has been indexed by Google News since July 22, 2011. + + +== Notable coverage == +The magazine regularly features peer-reviewed basic and applied research from Asia, and carries out one-on-one interviews with notable Asian scientists. Prominent interviewees include: + +Dr. Kōsuke Morita of the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, who discovered element 113 (nihonium), the first-ever element discovered in Asia to be added to the periodic table. Dr. Morita discussed the process and challenges that led up to this scientific achievement, and shared advice to young scientists in Asia. +Dr. Yongyuth Yuthavong, the deputy prime minister of Thailand. Dr. Yuthavong, who has a PhD in organic chemistry, shared his vision for science in Thailand and the ASEAN region, and the need for scientists to get involved in politics. +Ms. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, who is one of Forbes magazine's 100 most powerful women in the world, and chairman and managing director of Biocon Limited, a billion-dollar Indian biotech company. Ms. Mazumdar-Shaw discussed the challenges to innovation and entrepreneurship that Asia faces. +2012 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, who candidly discussed his early career, what inspires him, and the challenges he faced leading up to the 2012 Nobel Prize. +Former Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) Executive Director Dr. Wang Jun, who explained why the kung fu panda best describes the Chinese world leader in human, plant and animal genetics research. In 2016, Dr. Wang gave a second interview as co-founder of Chinese genomics biotech startup iCarbonX. +Dr. David Ho, CEO of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, who discussed HIV/AIDS research in China. Dr. Ho previously won the U.S. Presidential Citizen's Medal and was TIME magazine's 1996 Person of the Year. +Dr. Zhang Feng, inventor of optogenetics and CRISPR gene editing, and youngest core member at the Broad Institute. +Dr. Sania Nishtar, founder of Pakistan NGO and think-tank, Heartfile, and also Pakistan's first female cardiologist. +Dr. Shuji Nakamura, winner of the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize and co-recipient of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing efficient blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). +Dr. Dennis Lo, inventor of a non-invasive blood test called non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), which detects cell-free placental DNA present in maternal blood. +Ms. Yeo Bee Yin, Malaysia's Minister of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, on her ministry's efforts to stem the deluge of plastic waste entering Malaysia. + + +== Asian Scientist 100 == + +On March 30, 2016, Asian Scientist released the inaugural Asian Scientist 100 list. The Asian Scientist 100 list is an annual handpicked selection of 100 prize-winning Asian researchers, academicians, innovators and business leaders from across the Asia-Pacific region. This list of accomplished personalities included Tu Youyou, Kazutoshi Mori, K. Radhakrishnan and Nancy Ip. The list was subsequently mentioned by the Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily Inquirer, GMA News Online, The Nation, and VietNamNet Bridge. +On May 22, 2019, the Philippine Senate adopted a resolution commending eight Filipino scientists on the Asian Scientist 100 list (2018 edition). The resolution was introduced by Senator Bam Aquino, chair of the Senate committee on science and technology, to congratulate the scientists for "bringing pride and prestige to the country". + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_International-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_International-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c2080ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_International-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Chemistry International" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_International" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:35.132237+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Chemistry International is a news magazine published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). According to its website, it was originally published in editions covering two months at a time. In 2017 the magazine began to be published quarterly, and as of 2022, the print edition was discontinued in favor of freely accessible online editions. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciência_e_Cultura-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciência_e_Cultura-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4addf7910 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciência_e_Cultura-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Ciência e Cultura" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciência_e_Cultura" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:36.362944+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ciência e Cultura is a science magazine published by the Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science (Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência, SBPC). The magazine is published three times a year. + + +== History == +The magazine was established in 1949 by several scientists, including José Reis, the dean of popularization of science in Brazil. He was its editor-in-chief for more than 30 years. +Initially the magazine was conceived to be SBPC's flagship publication of original scientific articles, following the model of Science, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The journal remained faithful to this concept until the 1990s, when it became clear that Brazilian scientists of high rank were not generally favouring the journal as a significant publication vehicle for their original research. Its editorial philosophy was then changed to a magazine of general debate on issues of science and technology. A brief attempt at publishing in English only was foiled and the magazine reverted to Portuguese as its publication language. + + +== Structure and aims == +The journal's stated aims are "To act in the diffusion and scientific spreading and also the scene of the great cultural questions of our time, identifying trends and approaching proper subjects of the knowledge and the dynamics of its cultural, scientific and technological transformations." It is organized into the following sections: Editorial, Trends (Brazil and World), News, Articles, and Culture. Every issue is dedicated to a specific topic or theme. Currently it is published both in printed and on-line forms, the last being in full text and with free access on the Brazilian electronic library SciELO. +Its current editor-in-chief is Marcelo Knobel. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumed_(2015_film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumed_(2015_film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ee302801 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumed_(2015_film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Consumed (2015 film)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumed_(2015_film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:17.429324+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Consumed (also known as Food Movie) is a 2015 American political thriller film by Daryl Wein and starring Zoe Lister-Jones, Beth Grant, Anthony Edwards, Victor Garber, Kunal Nayyar, Danny Glover and Taylor Kinney. + + +== Plot == +In the summer of 2014, Sophie Kessler, a waitress and single mother, who lives with her diabetic mother Kristin and her son Garret in Iowa, discovers that her son is vomiting in his sleep. Fearing that he had developed a new kind of flu, she rushes him to the doctor who reassures her. Garret then develops a rash that neither a pediatrician, dermatologist, or psychologist can diagnose. Sophie theorizes that Garret might have a disease linked to genetically modified organisms. Sophie then goes to a science lab at the university where her mother works as a secretary and meets scientist, Serge Negani. She then meets Peter Landell, who overhears Sophie talking to Serge about her worries for her son, claiming to be a university scientist, claims about files containing the answers to her questions. Sophie leaves Garret with Eddie, a man she met at Garret's school and sneaks into the university with Peter to find the files, using her mother's keys. After discovering that the files are missing, security guards find them and reveal that Peter is really a janitor. +Serge, who has been researching biotech chickens and GMO reactions on rats with fellow scientist Jacob, discovers the chickens to be dead and looks through Jacob's computer for any information. He finds information, exposing the dangers of the project, prints it, puts it into a box, and into the trunk of his car. He calls Sophie to tell her, but she is stressed after finding out that Eddie works as a cop for the GMO corporation, Clonestra, that owns half of Iowa. She refuses to speak with him and hangs up on him. Serge gets into his car and begins to drive to Sophie's house to show her the information. Serge is then pursued by two of Eddie's friends who run him off an interstate, he crashes and is killed upon impact. +After hearing of the accident on the news, Sophie goes to see Serge's widow, who tells her that Serge's grandfather was a farmer in India who was growing GMO corn, with seeds given by Clonestra, which eventually led to the death of their crops which led his grandfather and other farmers to commit suicide in protest. Sophie then goes to a scrap-metal yard, where Serge's car was taken to once it was destroyed, and retrieves the information and takes it to Clonestra with Eddie's help, leading the CEO, Dan Conoway, to resign, after Kristin posts a YouTube video of Sophie explaining to Dan Conoway about the reasons to label genetically modified food. Some time later, Sophie, Garret, Kristin, Eddie, and Eddie's son, Tommy, go to a football game. Sophie then sees numerous people eating food like hot dogs and popcorn and she begins to experience anxiety with her heart pounding rapidly. + + +== Cast == +Zoe Lister-Jones as Sophie Kessler; a waitress and single mother whose son develops a mysterious illness. +Danny Glover as Hal Westbrook; an organic farmer. +Victor Garber as Dan Conway; CEO of Clonestera. +Taylor Kinney as Eddie Taylor; a GMO cop. +Anthony Edwards as Jacob Leifman; scientist at university. +Griffin Dunne as Peter Landell; janitor at university. +Kunal Nayyar as Serge Negani; an Indian scientist who discovers the negative results of GMO foods. +Beth Grant as Kristin Kessler; Sophie's diabetic mother and Garrett's grandmother. +Nick Bonn as Garrett Kessler; Sophie's son and Kristin's grandson who develops a mysterious illness. +Elizabeth Marvel as Connie Conway; Dan Conway's wife. +Mouzam Makkar as Mrs. Negani; Serge's widow. +Lexi DeSollar as Extra + + +== Release == +The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 15, 2015. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Consumed at IMDb +Consumed at Rotten Tomatoes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Australian_magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Australian_magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89cc5efbf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Australian_magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Cosmos (Australian magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Australian_magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:37.554707+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cosmos (subtitled The Science of Everything) is a science magazine published in Adelaide, South Australia, by CSIRO Publishing that covers science globally. It appears four times a year in print as Cosmos Magazine, and the online edition is updated daily with news as well as long features and multi-media content, and includes the print magazine content. Cosmos Weekly is a subscription-based weekly online edition published on Fridays, and a podcast was launched in April 2022. The print version ended in the summer of 2025. + + +== History == +The magazine was established in Sydney in November 2004 by the Sydney magazine publishing executive Kylie Ahern and science journalist Wilson da Silva. with the first issue published in July 2005. +In June 2006, the magazine launched a daily Internet news and features service. +The magazine was the originator of Hello from Earth, a web-based initiative to send messages from the public, each just 160 characters in length, to Gliese 581d, the (then) nearest Earth-like planet outside the Solar System. Created as a science communication exercise for 2009 National Science Week in Australia, it collected nearly 26,000 messages that were beamed by NASA's Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex on 28 August 2009. +In June 2013 the company, then owned by Luna Media, moved to Melbourne following its acquisition in February 2013 by Australia's Chief Scientist, Alan Finkel, and his wife Elizabeth Finkel, a science journalist, who became editor-in-chief. The Finkels were already part-owners, and acquired the remainder from Ahern and Da Silva, who remained on the editorial staff. +On 1 September 2018, custodianship of the magazine was transferred to Royal Institution of Australia, a not-for-profit science media organisation based in Adelaide. +In April 2021 Cosmos Weekly was launched, and exactly a year later, a podcast on the LiSTNR app, featuring science explainers, was launched. +On 14 June 2024, Cosmos, including the quarterly Cosmos Magazine, digital science news service, and the education unit of the Royal Institution of Australia and Scinema was transferred to CSIRO Publishing, the independent publishing arm of the CSIRO, Australia's national science agency. The move was supported by funding from the CSIRO, the Commonwealth, and the South Australian Governments. During the following month, 6 AI generated articles made using GPT-4 were published to its website, garnering criticism from its contributors, who said they had not been informed of the decision, as well as its cofounders. +Writers whose work have featured include Margaret Wertheim, Jared Diamond, Tim Flannery, Richard Dawkins, Edward O. Wilson, Michio Kaku, Susan Greenfield, Steven Pinker, Paul Davies, Simon Singh and Oliver Sacks. + + +== Description == +Cosmos' subtitle and byline is "The Science of Everything". The quarterly print magazine, Cosmos Magazine, is a science magazine published in Adelaide by CSIRO Publishing, covering international developments in science. The online edition is updated daily with news as well as long features and multi-media content. Cosmos Weekly is a subscription-based weekly online edition published on Fridays. +In the 12 months to March 2022, the print readership of Cosmos had increased 115.1% on the previous year, lifting it to 114,000. + + +== People == +Ian Connellan is editor-in-chief of the Royal Institution of Australia, while Gail MacCallum is managing editor of Cosmos Magazine. + + +== Recognition and awards == +Cosmos Magazine won 48 journalism and industry awards under Da Silva's editorship, including Magazine of the Year at the Bell Awards for Publishing Excellence in 2009 and 2006, and Editor of the Year in 2006 and 2005. +It won a Reuters/World Conservation Union Award for Excellence in Environmental Reporting, an Earth Journalism Award and the American Institute of Physics Science Writing Award. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUZ-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUZ-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cfd06a11 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUZ-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "DUZ" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUZ" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:45.850171+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +DUZ is a German-language magazine focusing on science and society. The name is an acronym of Deutsche Universitätszeitung, or "German University Journal" in English. + + +== History == +The magazine originated in 1945 from the University of Göttingen in Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany. Originally called GUZ for Göttinger Universitätszeitung, it was later changed to DUZ in 1949. +The magazine was published by Josef Raabe since 1964 and became part of the Klett Gruppe in 1979. Its readership was mostly researchers and scientists and was estimated at about 20,000. +DUZ was shut down due to insolvency in 2025, but returned to publication in 2026. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danesh_(science_magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danesh_(science_magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cb606362 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danesh_(science_magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Danesh (science magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danesh_(science_magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:38.775544+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Danesh (Persian: دانش; Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft: Daneš; English: "knowledge") is the title of seven different Persian-language magazines published since 1882. This biweekly science magazine was the first one published in Tehran by the University of Dār al-fonūn in 1882. +By order of the Minister of Science 'Alīqolī Khan Moḵber-al-Dawla, who worked under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1264–1313 / 1848–96), a total of 14 issues were edited. +Dānesh was the first free-of-charge magazine in Iran which offered free advertising as well. The magazine probably aimed to close the gap caused by the closure of the well-known science magazine Rūz-nāma -ye'elmī. The leading editor was Moḥammad Kāẓem, a science teacher at Dār al-fonūn, who had studied in Europe. In addition to Kāẓem, other teachers also published articles on scientific and medical topics and their own opinions. Moreover, the magazine was considered to be a mouthpiece of the Ministry of Science. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Danesh in the Encyclopædia Iranica +Online-Version: Dāneš +Digital Collections: Arabische, persische und osmanisch-türkische Periodika \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daneshmand_(magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daneshmand_(magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbd885d0e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daneshmand_(magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Daneshmand (magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daneshmand_(magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:40.675194+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Daneshmand (Persian: دانشمند, lit. 'Scientist') is a Persian-language monthly general science magazine covering recent developments in science and technology for a general Iranian audience. The magazine is published in Tehran, Iran. + + +== History and profile == +Founded in 1963, Daneshmand was published by Daneshmand R&D institute, a subsidiary of Reed Elsevier. Following the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979 the magazine was closed. In 1984 it was restarted under the ownership of the Mostazafen Foundation of Islamic Revolution. +Daneshmand is published on a monthly basis. It has its headquarters in Tehran. As well as covering current events and news from the scientific community, the magazine often features speculative articles, ranging from the technical to the philosophical. It is not a peer-reviewed scientific journal, but it is read by both scientists and non-scientists, as a way of keeping track of developments outside their own fields of study or areas of interest. +Since the beginning of the year 2015, this publication has been edited by Seyed Hamed Asgari, director of the Ministry of Education and Research, Mohammad Javad Torabi, who has served as editor in this publication for less than a year. Currently, Alireza Hatami is the editor in Chief of this magazine, Naser Foroozesh is the Junior Editor of this monthly magazine. There is also a Daneshmand who has set up his own website Archived 7 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website Archived 4 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Life-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Life-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d744adf8e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Life-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Digital Life" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Life" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:43.286365+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Digital Life (previously Unwired) was a monthly lifestyle and consumer technology magazine aimed at South African consumers published by technology media house ITWeb. The magazine was started in 2006 and the first issue appeared in October 2006. The magazine ceased publication with the June/July 2010 issue. + + +== See also == +Digital age + + +== References == + + +== External links == +http://www.digitallife.co.za/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3806585ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Donga Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:44.630933+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Donga Science (Korean: 과학동아) is a monthly magazine about science published in South Korea. It was first published in January 1986 with the motto "the joy of science is a window to the future" (과학을 느끼는 즐거움, 미래를 보는 창). +The magazine contains information about science, including new discoveries and breakthroughs. The company has created a similar math magazine (수학동아) and children's science magazine (어린이 과학동아). + + +== History == +The magazine was first published by the magazine company Donga-Il-bo, but since 2000 it is made by Donga Science, which was separated from the original company. It is the longest-running monthly science magazine in Korea. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dérive_(magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dérive_(magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..955a44f50 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dérive_(magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Dérive (magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dérive_(magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:41.975569+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +dérive – Zeitschrift für Stadtforschung is an Austrian science magazine on urbanism. + + +== History and profile == +dérive is published quarterly since 2000 by the Vienna based Verein für Stadtforschung. +The journal publishes articles from a broad range of urbanism disciplines such as architecture, urban and land-use planning, art, geography, sociology, or philosophy. Articles from urban sociology include contributions from Loïc Wacquant and Saskia Sassen. + + +== Name == +Dérive is a concept of psychogeography that includes unplanned journeys through urban space. The individual travels where the subtle aesthetic contours of the surrounding architecture and geography subconsciously direct them, with the ultimate goal of encountering an entirely new and authentic experience. + + +== Networks == +The magazine is part of the European network of cultural magazines Eurozine. + + +== Urbanize == +The journal also hosts the annual festival urbanize on urban issues. + + +== See also == +List of magazines in Austria + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiter-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiter-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aae29cb64 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiter-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Emiter" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiter" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:47.155930+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Emitter (мак. Емитер) is a Macedonian magazine for the popularization of science. The website of the magazine was launched in 2009. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(Polish_magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(Polish_magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72205c8a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(Polish_magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Focus (Polish magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(Polish_magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:48.358042+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Focus is a Polish popular science monthly magazine which was a print publication between 1995 and 2022. It became online-only publication from February 2022. + + +== History and profile == +Focus was first published in September 1995 by Gruner and Jahr Polska and then was owned by Burda Media Polska. The magazine has its headquarters in Warsaw. +It features stories on health, coaching, space exploration, technology, nature, society and history and produces a number of podcasts ran by the members of the editorial team. + + +== See also == +List of magazines in Poland + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official site (in Polish) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a91074b53 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Frankenweenie (2012 film)" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:18.918163+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Frankenweenie (also known as Tim Burton's Frankenweenie) is a 2012 American stop-motion animated Gothic comedy film directed by Tim Burton, written by John August, and featuring the voices of Catherine O'Hara, Martin Short, Martin Landau, Charlie Tahan, Atticus Shaffer, and Winona Ryder. A co-production between Walt Disney Pictures and Tim Burton Productions, it is a feature-length remake of the 1984 short film. The film follows a boy named Victor Frankenstein who uses the power of electricity to resurrect his dead dog Sparky, but his peers discover what he has done and reanimate their own deceased pets and other creatures, resulting in mayhem. +Frankenweenie initially began development in November 2005, with a script written by Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott. In December 2007, Burton was asked to direct two 3D films for Disney, including a 2010 live-action adaptation of Alice in Wonderland. Filming began at 3 Mills Studios in July 2010. The tongue-in-cheek film contains numerous references to and parodies of Frankenstein and past film versions of it, other literary classics, various horror and science-fiction films, and other films which Burton has directed or produced. +Frankenweenie premiered at Fantastic Fest on September 20, 2012, and was released in the United States on October 5, to generally positive reviews for its visuals and story. It was a moderate box office success, grossing $82 million against a $39 million budget. It won the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film, and was nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, and an Annie Award for Best Animated Film. + +== Plot == +Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist and amateur filmmaker, lives with his parents, Susan and Edward, and his beloved bull terrier, Sparky, in the quiet town of New Holland. He does not interact much with his classmates, who include his somber next-door neighbor Elsa Van Helsing, the mischievous Edgar "E" Gore, the naive Bob, the pretentious Toshiaki, the sinister Nassor, and an eccentric "Weird Girl". Concerned with Victor’s isolation, Edward encourages him to take up baseball. When Victor hits a home run at his first game, Sparky chases the ball, but is struck and killed by a car, leaving Victor despondent. +Inspired by his science teacher Mr. Rzykruski's demonstration of the effect of electricity on dead frogs, Victor digs up Sparky, brings him to a makeshift laboratory in his attic, and reanimates him with a bolt of lightning. Victor is elated by Sparky's revival, but keeps him hidden in the attic. While Victor is at school the next day, Sparky escapes the attic to chase the Weird Girl's cat, Mr. Whiskers, and explore the neighborhood. He is recognized by Edgar, who blackmails Victor into teaching him how to raise the dead. Together, the two resurrect a dead goldfish, which inexplicably becomes invisible. Edgar brags about the fish to his classmates, but the fish disappears when he tries to show it to a skeptical Nassor. +Fearful of losing the upcoming science fair, Toshiaki and Bob create a jetpack from soda bottles, but their test ends with Bob falling off his roof and breaking his arm. The townsfolk blame Mr. Rzykruski for the incident, accusing him of negatively influencing their children. When Susan and Edward call upon Mr. Rzykruski to speak in his defense, he gives a tactlessly insulting and threatening speech which results in his dismissal, and the gym teacher replaces him. Before Mr. Rzykruski leaves the school, Victor learns from him that the differing outcomes of his experiment were influenced by his emotional attachment. Edgar accidentally reveals Victor's role in reviving the fish and Sparky to Toshiaki, Nassor, and Bob, inspiring them to conduct their own reanimation experiments. +Victor's parents are shocked to discover Sparky in the attic, causing the dog to flee. Although upset by the gravity of Victor's actions, they set out with him to find Sparky. When the family leaves, Victor's classmates invade the lab and discover Victor's reanimation research. When they perform their experiments separately, their competitive sentiment turns each of their dead animals into a monster: Mr. Whiskers holds a dead bat while he is electrocuted, resulting in both animals being fused into a vampiric feline; a dead rat Edgar found in the garbage turns into a wererat; Nassor's mummified hamster Colossus comes back to life; Toshiaki's turtle Shelley is covered in Miracle-Gro and becomes a kaiju; and Bob's expired Sea-Monkeys grow into amphibious humanoids similar to Gremlins. The monsters converge on the town fair and wreak havoc. +After finding Sparky at the town's pet cemetery, Victor is alerted to the monster attacks and goes to help his classmates: the Sea-Monkeys explode after eating salted popcorn, Colossus is stepped on by Shelley, and the wererat and Shelley both return to their original, deceased forms after getting electrocuted. During the chaos, Persephone, Elsa's pet poodle, is grabbed by Mr. Whiskers and carried to the town windmill, with Elsa and Victor giving pursuit. The townsfolk blame Sparky for Elsa's disappearance and chase him to the windmill, which Elsa's uncle accidentally ignites with his torch. Victor and Sparky enter the burning windmill and rescue Elsa and Persephone. However, Victor ends up being trapped inside. Sparky rescues Victor, only to be dragged back inside by Mr. Whiskers, who is fatally impaled by a flaming piece of wood just before the windmill collapses, killing Sparky again. +The townsfolk, moved by Sparky's heroism, gather and revive Sparky with their car batteries. Persephone runs to Sparky and they touch noses, producing a spark. + +== Voice cast == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d972c1ef1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Frankenweenie (2012 film)" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:18.918163+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Charlie Tahan as Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who brings his dog, Sparky, back to life. +Catherine O'Hara as: +Susan Frankenstein, Victor's mother. +Weird Girl, Victor's unnamed eccentric classmate who is obsessed with the psychic predictions of her cat Mr. Whiskers. +The Gym Teacher who replaces Mr. Rzykruski as science teacher when he gets fired and has no knowledge of science. +Martin Short as: +Edward Frankenstein, Victor's father. +Mr. Burgermeister, the grumpy Mayor of New Holland who is the Frankenstein family's next-door neighbor and Elsa's uncle. Burgermeister is an homage to the villainous Burgermeister Meisterburger from the 1970 Rankin/Bass television special Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town. +Nassor, Victor's classmate who was the owner of Colossus the hamster. Nassor has a flat head inspired by Frankenstein's monster and his voice and face resemble that of Boris Karloff, who played Frankenstein in the 1931 Frankenstein film. +Martin Landau as Mr. Rzykruski, the eccentric, but wise, science teacher at Victor's school who has a thick Eastern European accent. His teachings inspire Victor's effort to resurrect Sparky and he acts as a mentor to Victor. Rzykruski was inspired by Burton's childhood icon Vincent Price. +Atticus Shaffer as Edgar "E" Gore, Victor's hunch-backed classmate who is the first to discover Victor brought Sparky back to life. Edgar was inspired by the Igor stock character. +Winona Ryder as Elsa Van Helsing, Victor's kind classmate and next-door neighbor, Burgermeister's niece, and Persephone's owner. +Robert Capron as Bob, Victor's overweight classmate and Toshiaki's science fair partner. +James Hiroyuki Liao as Toshiaki, Victor's most competitive classmate, Bob's science fair partner, and the former owner of Shelly the turtle. +Conchata Ferrell as Bob's Mom, an overweight and stereotypical suburban housewife who dotes upon her son. She believes in the status quo and that her misguided actions are in Bob's best interest. +Tom Kenny as the New Holland Towns Folk, the ones that speak are the fire chief, a soldier, and a man in the crowd during Mayor Burgermeister's town meeting revolving around Mr. Rzykrusi's teachings. +Actor Christopher Lee, who had worked with Tim Burton on five earlier films, makes an appearance via the inclusion of a live-action clip from his 1958 film Dracula. + +== Production == + +=== Development === +Although Tim Burton signed with Walt Disney Pictures to direct two films in Disney Digital 3-D (2010's Alice in Wonderland and this film), development of a full-length stop motion Frankenweenie dates as far back as November 2005, when scripts had been written by Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott. John August was approached to do a rewrite in 2006, but was not hired until January 2009. +Like the original short film, this feature version was shot in black-and-white. Many of the animation artists and crew from Corpse Bride (2005) were involved in the production of the film. Burton borrowed heavily from his design for the titular character of Family Dog (1993) for Sparky. + +=== Filming === +Filming began at 3 Mills Studios in July 2010. The crew created three giant sound stages, including Victor's cluttered family attic, a cemetery exterior, and a school interior. The sound stages were then divided into 30 separate areas to deal with the handcrafted, frame-by-frame style of filmmaking. Compared to other stop-motion animation sets, Frankenweenie's set was much larger. +As IGN noted, the main character Sparky had to be "'dog-size' compared to the other human characters, but also large enough to house all the elements of the mechanical skeleton secreted within his various foam and silicon-based incarnation". The mechanics were small and delicate, and in some instances the filmmakers had to have Swiss watchmakers create the tiny nuts and bolts. Around 200 separate puppets were used in the film, with roughly 18 different versions of Victor. The puppets had human hair, with 40–45 joints for the human characters and about 300 parts for Sparky. + +=== Music === + +In early 2011, it was announced that Danny Elfman would score Frankenweenie, with work already started on pre-production music. +Prior to the film's release, both an "inspired by" soundtrack album, Frankenweenie: Unleashed!, and Elfman's Frankenweenie: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack were released by Walt Disney Records on September 25, 2012. The download of Frankenweenie: Unleashed! contained bonus content, including a custom icon and an app that loaded a menu to view more bonus content, provide input, or buy more music from Disney Music Group. + +== Release == + +=== Marketing === +In the lead-up to the film's release in October 2012, there was a traveling art exhibition detailing the work that went into creating the film. During the exhibition, it was possible to see sets and characters that were used for this stop motion feature film. +From September 14 to November 5, 2012, Disney California Adventure offered exclusive scenes from the film during nighttime operating hours of Muppet*Vision 3D. +At Disneyland, Sparky's tombstone was added to the pet cemetery outside of Haunted Mansion Holiday, a seasonal attraction that features characters from Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas. +The free version of Where's My Water? received a level pack called 10 Days of Frankenweenie. It was only available for a limited time, from September 27 to October 6, 2012 +Victor's mad scientist outfit and some clothes with designs inspired by the film were added to the Xbox 360 Avatar store along with an interactable Sparky prop. + +=== Premiere and theatrical release === +The film’s world premiere took place on September 20, 2012, on the opening night of Fantastic Fest, an annual film festival in Austin, Texas. It also opened the 56th BFI London Film Festival, on October 10, 2012. +Initially set for theatrical release in November 2011, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures moved the film twice, first to March 9, 2012, and then, in January 2011, to October 5, 2012, with John Carter taking the March 9 release date. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad2974e20 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Frankenweenie (2012 film)" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:18.918163+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Home media === +The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on January 15, 2013. The Blu-ray releases included the original live-action Frankenweenie short and a new two-minute animated short, titled Captain Sparky vs the Flying Saucers, as bonus features. + +== Reception == + +=== Box office === +Frankenweenie grossed $35,291,068 in North America and $46,200,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $81,491,068. In North America, it earned $11,412,213 its opening weekend, finishing fifth at the box office (behind Taken 2, Hotel Transylvania, Pitch Perfect, and Looper). Its second weekend, the film dropped to seventh place, grossing an additional $7,054,334. Its third weekend, it dropped to ninth place, grossing $4,329,358, and its fourth weekend, it dropped to twelfth place, grossing $2,456,350. + +=== Critical response === +The film received generally positive reviews from critics. Based on 222 reviews, it holds an approval rating of 87% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.5/10; the website's critical consensus reads: "Frankenweenie is an energetic stop-motion horror movie spoof with lovingly crafted visuals and a heartfelt, oddball story." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, it has a score of 74, based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. +Justin Chang of Variety reacted positively to the film, saying that it "evinces a level of discipline and artistic coherence missing from the director's recent live-action efforts". Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a mediocre review, explaining that, while the various creative elements "pay homage to a beloved old filmmaking style", the film mostly feels "like second-generation photocopies of things Burton has done before". Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, writing that it is "not one of Burton's best, but it has zealous energy" and "the charm of a boy and his dog retains its appeal". Chris Packham of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying: "Frankenweenie, scripted by John August, and based on a screenplay by Lenny Ripps from Burton's original story, is tight and brief, hitting all the marks you'd expect from an animated kid's film, and enlivened by Burton's visual style. The man should make more small movies like this one." Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "Revisiting the past - his own, and that of the masters who came before him - seems to have brought this filmmaker's boyish enthusiasm back to life, as well." Kerry Lengel of The Arizona Republic gave the film three out of five stars, saying: "It's all perfectly entertaining, but never really reaches the heights of hilarity, perhaps because everything about the plot is underdeveloped." Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A−, saying: "The resulting homage to Frankenstein in particular and horror movies in general is exquisite, macabre mayhem and a kind of reanimation all its own." +Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying: "The monster-movie component of Frankenweenie stomps all over the appeal of the original 30-minute version." Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "High-concept and stylish, Frankenweenie is a playlist of films and characters from Burton's movie-loving childhood." James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "Even as the narrative becomes progressively more ghoulish and a Godzilla wannabe shows up, Frankenweenie never loses its heart." Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "Some audiences might feel that Frankenweenie is creaky, but those on the same wavelength as Burton will gratefully declare it's alive." Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review, saying: "Fans of Tim Burton 1.0, rejoice: Frankenweenie hearkens back to the director's salad days and, in turn, to the old-school horror classics that inspired him in the first place." Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying: "Frankenweenie is enlivened with beguiling visuals and captivating action sequences. The science is murky at best, but the underlying themes are profound, and the story is equal parts funny and poignant. It's Burton's most moving film." Rafer Guzmán of Newsday gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying: "It's a quintessential Burton film, but also more Disney than a lot of Disney films." Amy Biancolli of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars, saying: "The overall effect is great cinema, good fun, a visual feast for pie-eyed Burton fans - and a terrifically warped reminder of just how freaky a PG film can be." +Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying: "Burton's extraordinary powers of imagination are in dazzling bloom, from the gorgeous stop-motion animation to the goofy, homemade horror movies the children direct." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying: "Only Tim Burton could envision this Frankenstein-inspired tale, and it's a honey, a dark and dazzling spellbinder that scares up laughs and surprising emotion." Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film four out of four stars, saying: "The story brims with self-parody, social satire, horror, nostalgia, wit and emotional insight, with Burton keeping all the plates spinning." David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two out of four stars, saying: "Frankenweenie is the apotheosis of goth director Tim Burton's oeuvre: artistic yet sterile, incredibly meticulous and totally misbegotten." Stephanie Zacharek of NPR gave the film a negative review, saying: "Burton half succeeds in making this revamped Frankenweenie its own distinctive creature, pieced together from the essential bits of the 29-minute original. But he just doesn't know when to stop, and his overgrown creation gets the better of him." Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film three out of five stars, saying: "There are so many horror auteurs Burton wants to thank that the film is absolutely bursting at the seams with knowing nods." A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film three out of five stars, saying: "While Frankenweenie is fun, it is not nearly strange or original enough to join the undead, monstrous ranks of the classics it adores." +Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film four out of four stars, saying: "Frankenweenie is a mere 87 minutes long, which turns out to be just the right length; there's not enough time for Burton to go off the rails as he does in so many of his films." Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B+, saying: "Frankenweenie may just be a wacky horror cartoon, but it's an awfully good wacky horror cartoon. Frighteningly good, you might say." Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review, saying: "This 3-D, black-and-white 'family' comedy is the year's most inventive, endearing animated feature." Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film four out of four stars, saying: "The stop-motion animation - a favorite tool of Burton's - is given loving attention, and the character design is full of terrific touches, such as the hulking flat-topped schoolmate who looks a bit like a certain man-made monster." Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "Designed to appeal to both discriminating adults and older kids, the gorgeous, black-and-white stop-motion film is a fresh, clever and affectionate love letter to classic horror movies." Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "Older kids, horror-movie buffs and Burton fans will likely enjoy this oddly gentle tale of a boy and his dog." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee696a448 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Frankenweenie (2012 film)" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:18.918163+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Awards and nominations === + +== See also == + +List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster +List of black-and-white films produced since 1966 + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +Frankenweenie at IMDb +Frankenweenie at the TCM Movie Database (archived) +Frankenweenie at Box Office Mojo +Frankenweenie at Rotten Tomatoes +Frankenweenie at Metacritic \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_(magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_(magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23909c8d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_(magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Geo (magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_(magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:49.664552+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +GEO is a family of educational monthly magazines similar to the National Geographic magazine. It is known for its detailed reports and pictures. + + +== History and profile == +The first edition appeared in Germany in 1976. Since then, the magazine has been published in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France (first international edition), Greece, Hungary, India (publication ceased in 2013), Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Russia (publication ceased in 2018), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey. The current circulation figure in France and Germany is over 500,000. +GEO is published by Gruner + Jahr, a publishing house owned by Bertelsmann. +The French edition was launched in 1979 and is published monthly by Prisma Presse. The German version has several special editions (line extensions): GEO Saison, a multi thematic magazine dedicated to tourism, GEO Special a mono thematic magazine about individual countries or cities, GEO Wissen and GEO Kompakt mono thematic magazines focused on science issues, GEO Epoche about history and GEOlino for children. The Russian edition features GEOTraveller, GEOFocus on science and history, GEOлёнок for children and The Best of GEO. Vivendi acquired Prisma Media from Bertelsmann in 2020 and later the company spun-out its publishing operation (including Prisma Media and the French license for GEO) into Louis Hachette Group in 2024. +Besides the magazines, GEO's portfolio consists of merchandising products like GEO illustrated books, a GEO encyclopedia, GEO calendars and others. +On 26 July 2013, Outlook Group announced that GEO, along with People and Marie Claire, would cease publication in India and the license would not be renewed. + + +== Geo Television == +The magazine has its own television channel called Geo Television, operated in the DACH region. + + +== References == + + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographers_on_Film-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographers_on_Film-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7184cb2e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographers_on_Film-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Geographers on Film" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographers_on_Film" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:13.414058+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Geographers on Film is an archival collection and series of more than 550 filmed interviews with experts of the geographic scholar community. This is a 40 year long initiative. + + +== Production == +The series was created as an historical and educational resource by geographer and professor emeritus Maynard Weston Dow (1929 - 2011) of Plymouth State University, and his wife, Nancy Freeman Dow. The series was supported in part by the American Association of Geographers, the National Science Foundation, Plymouth State University, and the Marion and Jasper Whiting Foundation, of Boston. It has been ongoing or 40 years. + + +== Synopsis == +The series "highlights leading voices that transformed the discipline of cartography and geography in the 20th century in America." + +A prếcis of the collection's point was penned by Maynard Weston Dow:"August 1970 marked the origin of Geographers on Film (GOF). Participants speak for the record (varying from ten to eighty-nine minutes) that samples of the geographical experience are maintained on video; the ultimate concomitant goal is full transcription. The project resulted from teaching thought and methodology courses; students therein would pore over the writings of cognoscenti to acquire an appreciation for the genesis and development of geography as a field of learning. After considering the advantage of having Aristotle on film it was decided to secure in a permanent medium something of the more fertile minds of modern geography. In the beginning concentration was on elder statespersons, thus coverage spans much of 20th Century geography." +The Library of Congress and the American Association of Geographers hold the films in their collections and have both preserved and digitized them. Initial work for digitization of the films and hosting them on a publicly accessible website was undertaken by a student at Plymouth State College in 1997 as part of her senior project in her Computer Science degree program, on which she collaborated with Dr. Dow. "Geographers on Film are a collection of recorded interviews conducted with hundreds of geographers from August 1970 until the mid-1980s." The National Gallery of the Spoken Word at Michigan State University has a copy, at least some of which is available on line. +As a complement to Geographers on Film, "sixteen thematic video presentations have evolved" which include compilations from the larger oeuvre. + + +== 25 Archival Gems == +Short clips from 25 of the interviews are available as a 35-minute, streaming video via the AAG website and YouTube. Geographers featured in this video include, in order of appearance: + + +== References == + + +=== Notes === + + +=== Citations === + + +=== Bibliography === +Boyle, Mark (March 29, 2021). Human Geography: An Essential Introduction (ebook). Wiley. pp. xxxiii, 55, 130, 166, 102, 176. ISBN 9781119374725. +DeVivo, Michael S. (November 14, 2014). Leadership in American Academic Geography: The Twentieth Century (ebook). Lexington Books. p. 196. ISBN 9780739199138. +Johnston, Ron; Sidaway, James D. (December 22, 2015). Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945 (ebook). Taylor & Francis. pp. XXI, 456, 511. ISBN 9781134065875. +Mannix, Mary K.; Burchsted, Fred (January 14, 2015). Guide to Reference in Genealogy and Biography. American Library Association. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8389-1295-9. + + +== External links == +Association of American Geographers website Archived 2015-03-06 at the Wayback Machine +"25 Archival Gems of the First 25 Years of Geographers on Film," YouTube.com \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(online_magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(online_magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1858b35e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(online_magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Horizon (online magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(online_magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:50.909956+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Horizon is an online-only, open-access magazine covering research and innovation, published in Brussels since 2013 by the European Commission. It covers a wide range of topics, including agriculture, energy, environment, frontier research, health, ICT, industry, policy, science in society, security, social sciences, space and transport. +Horizon publishes two to three articles per week, mainly in English, and normally covers research and innovation projects which were funded by the European Union (EU) through its Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, such as FP7 and Horizon 2020, and through the European Research Council. Occasionally, Horizon also publishes policy announcements from the European Commission's Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. +Articles from Horizon Magazine can be republished under a license which requires simple attribution. Horizon articles have been shared or re-published, among others, by the European Space Agency, by the University of Oxford, by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by the University of Trento and by the Welfare State Futures Coordination Office at Humboldt University of Berlin and by the BBC's The Naked Scientists podcast. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Horizon official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc38899fb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Horror High" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:20.143999+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Horror High (also known as Twisted Brain and Kiss the Teacher...Goodbye!) is a 1973 American horror movie directed by Larry N. Stouffer, written by J.D. Feigelson, and featuring Pat Cardi, Austin Stoker, Rosie Holotik, John Niland, Joye Hash, Jeff Alexander and Mike McHenry. The plot concerns a shy, yet exceptionally smart biology student who uses a new physically body-altering drug he has invented to wreak havoc on those at his school who have wronged him. + +== Plot == +Vernon Potts is a shy yet clever high school student who frequently experiences bullying and other cruel behaviour at the hands of the bullies and teachers at his school. Despite this, he develops a friendship with his classmate Robin Jones, much to the disapproval of her boyfriend, a high school football player named Roger Davis. +Late one night after school, Vernon sneaks into the science classroom to feed the class guinea pig Mr. Mumps, whom he has also used as a test subject for a new drug he has created as part of his biology project. However, he discovers that the drug has turned Mr. Mumps into a small, snarling beast, which has killed a cat owned by the school's creepy janitor, Mr. Griggs. Vernon tries to dispose of the cat's body, but Griggs catches him in the act, and, thinking Vernon responsible, beats him in a fit of rage, before beating Mr. Mumps to death with a pestle. After eyeing a batch of the drug used on Mr. Mumps, Griggs threatens Vernon into drinking it. Upon doing so, Vernon convulses, becomes violent, and kills Mr. Griggs by dunking him into a barrel of sulphuric acid. +Despite Vernon's efforts to dispose of the evidence, Griggs's dissolved remains are found during science class the next day. A detective, Lieutenant Bozeman, is brought in to investigate, and briefly talks with Vernon to see if he knows anything, but Vernon stays silent about the murder, and so, due to a lack of evidence, Bozeman leaves. +After an English test, Vernon is called over by his wicked English teacher, Mrs. Grindstaff, who tells him that due to his struggling performance in English in comparison to his biology efforts, he will have to attend every literature club meeting for the rest of the semester in order for him to earn a credit high enough for him to be able to graduate. Despite Vernon's protests, since the club meetings coincide with his weekly library visits, Grindstaff ultimately gets him to do so. Since the literature club is happening that night, Vernon goes, but instead spends the meeting's duration in the science classroom, as he brews another batch of the drug he used on Mr. Mumps and drinks it as the meeting comes to an end. Once everyone else has left, Vernon transforms, and after chasing and terrorizing Grindstaff, ultimately kills her by cutting off her fingers and then decapitating her with a paper guillotine. +Grindstaff's body is discovered the next morning, and Lieutenant Bozeman is once again brought in. Vernon admits to Robin that Mr. Mumps is dead and tells her that he is abandoning the biology experiment. She then offers Vernon an opportunity to work on her biology project instead, which Vernon agrees to. +During a meeting with Coach McCall in the locker room, McCall reprimands Vernon for skipping P.E. and valuing chemistry and biology more than the gym. However, he offers him an opportunity for him to be able to skip P.E. for the rest of year; since a student football player of his is struggling with chemistry and needs to pass all his subjects in order to be eligible to play football, McCall offers Vernon the opportunity to help them. Vernon agrees, but is dismayed to learn that the student is none other than his bully Roger, and that he will have to let Roger cheat the exam since it is the next day. In response, McCall tells Vernon to give him a telephone call at 10:00pm that night at the school after he has time to consider it, and tells him to keep their plan a secret. +That night, whilst waiting in the school for Vernon's response, McCall suddenly encounters Bozeman and his police squad, who quickly start to suspect him of the murders, but McCall is able to talk himself out of getting arrested. Soon after Bozeman leaves, McCall encounters Vernon, who has already consumed another batch of the drug. Vernon kills McCall by lacerating his chest with track spikes, and his screams attract the attention of Bozeman's police squad, who quickly find the body, and arrest Roger when they find him wandering around outside the building. +The next morning, Robin expresses distress over Roger's arrest, but Vernon calms her, and arranges a date with her at the park for 7:30 that night. That night, however, Vernon receives a telephone call from Roger, who tells him that the police have released him due to a lack of evidence. Roger then tells Vernon that he saw Vernon sneaking into the chemistry lab the night of his arrest, and threatens to report him unless he meets with him at the school in an hour. Vernon reluctantly agrees. +Upon arriving at the school, Vernon brews yet another batch of the drug, and drinks it, only to be scared off by the sound of someone at the classroom window. Believing it to be Roger, Vernon flees, only to run into Robin, who warns him about Roger since she thinks he plans to kill Vernon. However, Vernon then reveals that he was the murderer, and apologises to Robin, only to once again transform and chase her throughout the school. He eventually catches her, but rather than killing her, breaks down into tears. However, Bozeman and his police squad then arrive and start firing at Vernon, who flees and jumps out the window. Outside, he encounters Roger, whom he starts beating, only for the police squad to find them and shoot Vernon to death. The movie ends with Robin mourning over Vernon's body. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc272fa20 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Horror High" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_High" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:20.143999+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Cast == +Pat Cardi as Vernon Potts +Austin Stoker as Lieutenant Bozeman +Rosie Holotik as Robin Jones +John Niland as Coach McCall +Joye Hash as Mrs. Grindstaff +Jeff Alexander as Mr. Griggs +Mike McHenry as Roger Davis +Nick Felix as Mr. Henshaw +Michelle Falerne as Girl Student +The police officers seen during the movie's climax are also played by members of the Dallas Cowboys football team, including Billy Truax, D.D. Lewis, Craig Morton and Calvin Hill, all of whom were brought in by Niland. + +== Production == +Screenwriter J.D. Feigelson says he got the idea for the movie after wondering what it would be like if the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde were set in a high school. The movie was filmed during the course of two weeks in Irving, Texas. + +== Release == +The movie was first released on 20 September 1973 in Irving, Texas, and was later given a wider release in the United States in March 1974. The movie was originally rated X by the Motion Picture Association, and so, after it was sold to Crown International Pictures, the movie's kill sequences were reduced to get a rating of PG. Crown International's then-president Mark Tenser also had approximately 8 minutes of additional footage be filmed to increase the runtime and compensate for the lost duration. This new footage had Tenser himself playing the role of Vernon's father, and has little association with the rest of the film. The PG version of the movie (retitled "Twisted Brain") was broadcast frequently for WPIX's "Chiller Theatre" series. + +=== Home media === +The movie had its first DVD release in 2004 when Rhino Entertainment released it as part of the boxset Horrible Horrors Collection Vol 1, alongside The Hearse, Prime Evil, Terror, Lurkers, Fleshburn, Satan's Slave, and Point of Terror. However, this release was sourced from a low-quality VHS transfer of the Twisted Brain television version. The R-rated version of the movie was restored and released for the first time on DVD by Code Red on August 10, 2010. The movie was also released as part of Mill Creek Entertainment's 200 Film Set Drive-In Cult Classics Collection. On July 26, 2022, independent home video distributor Vinegar Syndrome released the movie in its original and uncut form on Blu-ray for the first time in a combo-pack with the 1972 movie Stanley. This release, sourced from "the only known and fully-uncut 16mm lab print", features exclusive interviews with screenwriter Fiegelson and actors Cardi, Niland and Falerne, as well as a commentary track by Cardi. + +== References == + +== External links == +Horror High at IMDb +Horror High at AllMovie +Alternative beginning for the movie, with its "Twisted Brain" title \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..742c792ef --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Human Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:52.092609+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Human Technology is an open-access, peer-reviewed, academic journal focusing on the interaction between people and technology. As of September 2021, the journal is published by the Centre of Sociological Research in Szczecin, Poland. Previously, the journal was co-published by the Agora Center and the University of Jyväskylä (2005-2016), and then by the Open Science Centre and the University of Jyväskylä (2017-2021). Initially, the journal published biannually; it has been published three times a year since 2018. + + +== Editors == +Kristiina Korjonen-Kuusipeura (current) +Adam Wojciechowski (current) +Jukka Jouhki (2018-2021) +Pertti Hurme (2015-2017) +Päivi Häkkinen (2012-2014) +Pertti Saariluoma (2005-2011), founding editor + + +== Indexing == +Human Technology is listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund University Libraries), and is cited and/or abstracted in various databases, including: Scopus, PsycINFO (American Psychological Association), Ebsco, and ProQuest. + + +== See also == +Affective computing +Technology and society +Educational technology +Learning platform + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWeek-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWeek-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3578f7b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWeek-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "IWeek" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWeek" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:54.774577+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +iWeek is a biweekly trade publication for the South African technology sector published by technology media house ITWeb. The magazine was started in 2005. Sipho Memela is the founding editor of iWeek. In 2010 Martin Czernowalow became the editor of the magazine. The magazine was formerly published on a weekly basis. The circulation of iWeek was 9,300 copies. Sister magazine of iWeek is Brainstorm. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +http://www.iweek.co.za Archived 2008-09-17 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_Exame-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_Exame-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd78e6a3f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_Exame-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +--- +title: "Info Exame" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_Exame" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:53.387588+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Info Exame (or simply Info, stylized as INFO) was a high-popular Brazilian technology magazine. Its name was Exame Informática initially, a reference to its creation as the technology supplement for Exame, a business magazine. It was popular with technology non-experts because of its simple-language approach to IT-related topics. The headquarters was in São Paulo. +Besides the magazine, the INFO brand was a reference in digital tendencies, sciences, culture and entrepreneurism. It is the inspiration for those who want to understand – in an instigating and good-humored way – the impact innovations have on our lives and our business. +The magazine ceased its publication in August 2015, becoming again a supplement in the Exame magazine. Its website now redirects to Exame website technology section. + + +== Main Topics == +Enter: Opening section of the magazine that combines notes, short interviews, curiosities and in vogue services on the Internet, while also presenting innovative profiles and people.; +Ideias: A section opinions from our three renowned columnists. Besides them, every month INFO magazine brings a special guest to be part of this section.; +Inovação: The section that presents the magazine's biggest stories, with reports on the most-varied subjects, such as entrepreneurism, behavior, tendencies in digital culture and new technologies.; +Tests: Section dedicated to products tested by INFOlab. With a technical evaluation of its operation, the magazine evaluates and scores products in relation to cost / benefit. From smartphones to ultrabooks, and including refrigerators, TV, sound and even bicycles and soccer boots.; +Ctrl+Z: The magazine closes by going back in time, showing cool products published in INFO. CTRL-Z takes the reader back to a remarkable past.; + + +== INFOlab == +Is a special magazine's team destined to test the last-generation products bought by the magazine before their market release. + + +=== Grade System === +It is a system used by the laboratory's team to classify the products reviewed. This grade system was announced in 2002 and it was the official grade system until the end of the magazine: + +"IMPECCABLE" (10): it's the highest level possible, but it has never been reached by any product in the magazine's history; +"Excellent" (9 - 9.9); +"Very Good" (8 - 8.9); +"Good" (7 - 7.9); +"Intermediate" (6 - 6.9); +"Regular" (5 - 5.9); +"Weak" (4 - 4.9); +"Very Weak" (3 - 3.9); +"Terrible" (2 - 2.9); +"Bomb" (1 - 1.9); +"JUNK" (0): it's the worst level that any product can reach. Fortunately, this level has never been reached before. + + +=== Yearly Review === +On December of every year the magazine makes a special edition with 30 pages or more only with reviews about the products that will be released in the following year. + + +=== Historical Products === +Here is a list of the worldly best-selling products that passed through Info Laboratory before getting huge fame: + +Palm III: the first palmtop to sell more than 3 million of units, it was fifth creation from Palm, Inc; +iMac: the most powerful and well-succeeded computer's line from Apple Inc; +Treo 600: it was the first generation of the Treo smartphone's line. It was created by "Palm, Inc"; +BlackBerry: the most popular smartphone in the world got a good general review (7.5/10), but failed in the graphics review (4/10) because of his low-resolution; +iPod: it was the first generation of the iPod's Classic Line, with only 5GB; +iPod Touch: the iPod's last generation reached third best review of the magazine ("VERY GOOD") in the general review (8.5/10); +iPhone: Apple's mobile-phone reached the same level ("VERY GOOD") of its "iPod brother", the iPod Touch, with the grade 8/10. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Info Exame's Official Website (redirects to Exame magazine technology section) +Editora Abril's Official Website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos._Problemy_Nauk_Biologicznych-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos._Problemy_Nauk_Biologicznych-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c1ba7c20 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos._Problemy_Nauk_Biologicznych-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Kosmos. Problemy Nauk Biologicznych" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos._Problemy_Nauk_Biologicznych" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:57.276813+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Kosmos. Problemy Nauk Biologicznych (eng. Cosmos. Problems of Biological Sciences) is the scientific journal of the Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists published from 1876 initially in Lviv, then in Warsaw. Current numbers are available in the online edition. + + +== See also == +Cosmos (disambiguation)#Journals +Wszechświat (eng. The Universe) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_(magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_(magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7454317b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_(magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Kosmos (magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_(magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:56.087837+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Kosmos was a Lithuanian-language magazine published from 1920 to 1940 in Kaunas. Published and edited by Pranas Dovydaitis, it was the first Lithuanian periodical devoted to natural sciences. + + +== History == +The first issue was published on 20 October 1920. Most of the articles in the first issue were written by the chief editor Pranas Dovydaitis. He published the first three issues at his own expense. It was later supported by the Society of Saint Casimir and the Ministry of Education. However, after the coup d'état in December 1926, it lost government support and struggled financially. +Kosmos was published irregularly until 1925, and monthly in 1926–1929. In 1930, seven issues were published. In 1931–1940, the magazine published three or four issues per year. In total, 97 issues were published. +It also published a youth supplement Gamtos draugas from 1929 to 1937. The journal was printed by the Šviesa printing house. The magazine was discontinued after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940. + + +== Content == +Articles in Kosmos covered a wide range of science fields – astronomy, botany, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, climatology, mathematics, and others. Additionally, the publication provided a chronicle of global scientific discoveries and news, book reviews, and bibliographies. The journal popularized natural sciences, contributed to their development, and sought to emulate similar Western periodicals. The quality of articles steadily improved. It started publishing informational and translated articles, and later grew to publish mainly original studies. +Several issues were devoted to a single topic, such as microbiologist Louis Pasteur (November–December 1926), evolution (October–November 1929), hydrology and the 10th anniversary of the Lithuanian Hydrometric Bureau (July and December 1932). + + +== Contributors == +Nearly all professors of the Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty of the Vytautas Magnus University contributed articles to the magazine. Article authors included Konradas Aleksa, Petras Avižonis, Pranciškus Būčys, Vincas Čepinskis, Jurgis Elisonas, Tadas Ivanauskas, Antanas Juška, Bernardas Kodatis, Steponas Kolupaila, Povilas Matulionis, Antanas Minkevičius, Kazys Pakštas, Česlovas Pakuckas, Aleksandras Račkus, Paulius Slavėnas, Kazys Sleževičius, Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis, and Genrikas Zimanas. +The magazine published several theses, including the 1939 dissertation on the histological study of the regeneration of Planaria lugubris by Antanina Prielgauskienė, the first woman to receive a doctorate at Vytautas Magnus University. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Scienze-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Scienze-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36cb47ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Scienze-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Le Scienze" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Scienze" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:17.209979+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Le Scienze (The Sciences) is an Italian monthly science magazine, It is the Italian edition of Scientific American. + + +== History and profile == +Published monthly since 1968, Le Scienze was founded by industrial Alberto Mondadori and scientist Felice Ippolito. The magazine is part of Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso and is published on a monthly basis. +Le Scienze covers both high-rank American scientific results as well as Italian (and sometimes European) contributions to research. Among regular contributors to the magazine are Piergiorgio Odifreddi and Tullio Regge. The current director is Marco Cattaneo. +In 2007, the circulation of Le Scienze was 62,950 copies. It was 66,000 copies in 2010. + + +== See also == +List of magazines published in Italy + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website (in Italian) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Story_(film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Story_(film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9f387b84 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Story_(film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Life Story (film)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Story_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:37.077338+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Life Story (known in a much-shortened version in the United States as The Race for the Double Helix) is a 1987 television historical drama which depicts the progress toward, and the competition for, the discovery of the structure of DNA in the early 1950s. It was directed by Mick Jackson for the BBC's Horizon science series, and stars Jeff Goldblum, Tim Pigott-Smith, Juliet Stevenson, and Alan Howard. It won several awards in the UK and U.S., including the 1988 BAFTA TV Award for Best Single Drama. + + +== Summary == +The film dramatises the rivalries of the two teams of scientists attempting to discover the structure of DNA: Francis Crick and James D. Watson at Cambridge University; and Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King's College London. They are also competing with other scientists in the UK, and with international scientists such as American Linus Pauling. +The film manages to convey the loneliness and competitiveness of scientific research but also educates the viewer about how DNA's structure was discovered. It explores the tension between the patient, dedicated laboratory work of Franklin and the sometimes uninformed intuitive leaps of Watson and Crick, against a background of institutional turf wars, personality conflicts, and sexism. +The film also highlights many examples of social injustice such as exemplifying gender binary system that supports male norming. The film shows many instances in which they highlight that due to a male built society James Watson and Francis Crick were able to pull ahead in the discovery. +In the film, Watson, extolling the path of intuition, says: "Blessed are they who believed before there was any evidence." It also shows how Watson and Crick made their discovery, overtaking their competitors in part by reasoning from genetic function to predict chemical structure, helping to establish the field of molecular biology. + + +== Cast == +Jeff Goldblum as James Watson +Tim Pigott-Smith as Francis Crick +Juliet Stevenson as Rosalind Franklin +Alan Howard as Maurice Wilkins +Nicholas Fry as Raymond Gosling +John Moreno as Vittorio Luzzati +Geoffrey Chater as Lawrence Bragg +Lyndon Brook as Erwin Chargaff +Betsy Brantley as Elizabeth Watson (James Watson's sister) +Anthony Benson as J. T. Randall +Vincent Marzello as Peter Pauling (Linus Pauling's son) + + +== Production == +The film script was written by William Nicholson, based on James Watson's 1968 memoir The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. It was produced and directed by Mick Jackson for Horizon, the long-running British documentary television series on BBC Two that covers science and philosophy. The film was produced by the BBC in association with the American A&E network +Original music was composed for the film by Peter Howell of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. The main music theme is the Le Grand Choral by Georges Delerue, first used in the 1973 French film Day for Night directed by Truffaut. +Detailed 1950s-style molecular models were recreated for the film. + + +== Accuracy == +In his book What Mad Pursuit, Francis Crick wrote that there were a few inaccuracies, such as portraying Watson as too manic and as always chewing gum, but wrote that overall "it tells a good story at a good pace so that people from all walks of life can enjoy it and absorb some of its lessons. All in all, Life Story must be considered a success. In other hands it could easily have been nothing quite as good." + + +== Video recordings == +The film has had a number of VHS and DVD releases, but most have been exclusively for institutional educational use and are held by the libraries of colleges and universities. A VHS in PAL format, with the title Life Story, was produced for the educational market. A shortened 90-minute VHS in NTSC format was produced in 1993 by EDDE Entertainment under the title The Race for the Double Helix. In the 2000s, Films for the Humanities & Sciences produced a full-length DVD exclusively for the institutional and educational market, under the title Double Helix. +In December 2024, the film was made available on the BBC iPlayer in a new HD transfer. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Life Story at IMDb +Life Story at the BFI \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mystery_Diagnosis_episodes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mystery_Diagnosis_episodes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95c753655 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mystery_Diagnosis_episodes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "List of Mystery Diagnosis episodes" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mystery_Diagnosis_episodes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:43.258057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The following is an episode list of the Discovery Health Channel, and later OWN, series, Mystery Diagnosis. + + +== Series overview == + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Season 1 (2005) === + + +=== Season 2 (2006) === + + +=== Season 3 (2007) === + + +=== Season 4 (2007) === + + +=== Season 5 (2008) === + + +=== Season 6 (2008–09) === + + +=== Season 7 (2009) === + + +=== Season 8 (2010) === + + +=== Season 9 (2010) === + + +=== Season 10 (2011) === + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Mystery Diagnosis at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_magazines-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_magazines-0.md index 9cad393de..78f2e3d80 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_magazines-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_magazines-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_magazines" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:15:39.086236+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:31.317356+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_skepticism_magazines-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_skepticism_magazines-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9623eecf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_skepticism_magazines-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "List of scientific skepticism magazines" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_skepticism_magazines" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:22.469181+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of notable magazines that promote or practice scientific skepticism. + + +== See also == +Humanism +Lists about skepticism +List of books about skepticism +List of skeptical conferences +List of skeptical organizations +List of skeptical podcasts +List of notable skeptics +Rationalism + + +== Notes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Tudomány-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Tudomány-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18be16592 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Tudomány-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Magyar Tudomány" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Tudomány" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:58.511101+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Magyar Tudomány (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲ], Hungarian: Hungarian Science) is the official monthly science magazine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. It publishes short articles on various new scientific developments as well as on problems of scientific life. Most articles are written by members of the academy. It has appeared continuously since 1840, under various names: Académiai Értesítő (1840—1859), Magyar Akadémiai Értesítő (1860—1867), A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia értesítője (1867—1889), Akadémiai Értesítő (1890—1955), Magyar Tudomány (since 1956). The editor-in-chief is Enikő Bollobás. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_Threshold_(film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_Threshold_(film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1dca439e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_Threshold_(film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +--- +title: "Masking Threshold (film)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_Threshold_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:21.549971+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Masking Threshold is a 2021 English-language Austrian horror film directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner, and produced by art group monochrom. +Sound plays an essential role in the film. Grenzfurthner says that Masking Threshold forms a trilogy with Razzennest and Solvent. + + +== Premise == +An IT worker tries to cure his harrowing hearing impairment by conducting a series of experiments in his makeshift home lab. + + +== Style == +The film combines the style of a chamber play, a scientific procedural and the aesthetic of unboxing or DIY YouTube videos, with body horror elements and techniques known from experimental film. Grenzfurthner sees the film in the tradition of extreme cinema, but presents elements of psychological horror. +In an interview with Thomas Kaestle, Grenzfurthner talks about his motivation. + +Masking Threshold is a film about a suffering but stubborn and willful person whose perspective of the world and whose beliefs are turned upside down, whose dogmas are turned against the world and against himself. My protagonist is queer, so you want to understand the societal pressures on him, you want to understand the trauma he's been through and the burden of his terrible illness. But there comes a point when sympathy for him turns to horror. [...] There have been a few excellent attempts to bring Cosmicism to the screen, but most of the time it seems cheap. The wonderful thing about weird fiction is that we can't really imagine the horror, that the transdimensional evil just isn't the tentacle monster that looks ridiculous as an FX puppet or as a rendered CGI representation. I've never wanted to show what my protagonist is actually talking about and what the danger looks like. But I did want to show what it drives him to do. + + +== Cast == +Ethan Haslam as the protagonist (voice) +Johannes Grenzfurthner as the protagonist (corporeal) +Katharina Rose as Dana +All other cast members are but images on the protagonist's cellphone or on photographs and printouts. + + +== Production == +The film was shot in the fall of 2019 on a microbudget of 25,000 euros in Grenzfurthner’s apartment in Vienna. + + +== Release == +Masking Threshold premiered at Fantastic Fest 2021 in Austin, Texas. Programming director Annick Mahnert published her decision:Once in a while as a programmer, you come across a movie that is so special and different from anything you've seen that it sticks with you. Masking Threshold has been haunting me since I saw it, and for a long time I wondered if you, dear Fantastic Fest audience, were ready for it. But isn't it the role of a programmer to take chances and be bold? You may want to burn me at the stake for programming Masking Threshold, but I'll gladly hand you the gasoline and the matches to light the pyre. +Other festivals, including Molins Horror (2021), A Night of Horror (2021), Nightmares (2021), Feratum (2021), South African Horrorfest (2021), Cucalorus, Saskatoon, Slick 'n' Wrong, Shockfest, Sicilia Queer Film Fest [1], Film Maudit 2.0, Central Florida, Unnamed Footage in San Francisco, Offscreen in Brussels, Diagonale 2022 in Graz, Panic Fest 2022, and Fantaspoa 2022 screened the film. + + +=== Distribution === +Drafthouse Films is distributing the film in the United States. It had a limited theatrical release in October 2022, and was released digitally on 7 October 2022. + + +== Reception == + + +=== Critical response === +Critical response has been positive. The film holds a 100% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with a weighted average of 8.2/10. Jen Yamato of the Los Angeles Times writes: "Utilizing macro photography and ASMR-esque sound design, the immersive, experimental horror Masking Threshold pulls you down a rabbit hole where Reddit theorizing meets Lovecraftian fixation, paranoia bubbling over into a disturbing sensory experience." Erik Piepenburg of The New York Times says: "2022 was a stellar year for experimental horror. I'm adding Johannes Grenzfurthner's brazen and deeply disturbing film to the year's best formbusters." Horror Movies Uncut (5/5) concludes: "Each decade must have one film that truly disturbs even the most avid horror watcher and Masking Threshold may just be that film." Bradley Gibson of Film Threat (9/10) says that "it will test your sanity. [...] Despite, or perhaps because of, the graphic imagery, this feature is a brilliant look at obsession and the possible grisly endpoint of reductio ad absurdum." UK Film Review (5/5) describes it as "a claustrophobic, harrowing horror which is likely to make even the most strong willed viewer squeamish." iHorror says: "Masking Threshold is unlike anything you have seen before. It’s a dose of pure insanity that is constantly brought home by macro focus and audio that pushes you all of the damn place. It is never insanity without a multilayered source. The entirety feels dangerous and a lot like riding in a race car with no seatbelt of framework." Brian Collins of What To Watch (4/5) states: "For me, I can't even think of another moviegoing experience like it. Grenzfurthner deserves some kind of award for how well he fully committed to what seems like a nightmarish set of limitations for a filmmaker and used them to his advantage." Andrew Stover of Film Inquiry summarizes: "The warped, claustrophobic horror of Masking Threshold is wholly original, making it one of the best horror films of the year. Grenzfurthner’s grim, artsy horror film is unforgettable." KPFK's Film Club calls it "brilliantly nightmarish." Film critic Brandon Judell praises the film's screenplay as one of best of recent years: "With the superb cinematography of Florian Hofer, and the awe-inducing editing by both Grenzfurthner and Hofer, Masking Threshold is a wry, dissective look at modern society's derangement." + + +=== Awards === +The Film from Hell - Best of the Festival at Nightmares Film Festival 2021 (Columbus, Ohio) +Best Screenplay at A Night of Horror International Film Festival 2021 (Sydney) (for Johannes Grenzfurthner and Samantha Lienhard) +Being Different Award at Terror Molins 2021 (Spain) +Golden Stake Award at Shockfest 2021 +Best International Science Fiction and Fantasy Feature at Feratum Film Fest (Mexico) +Best Screenplay at South African Horrorfest 2021 (for Johannes Grenzfurthner and Samantha Lienhard) +Best Cinematography at South African Horrorfest 2021 (for Florian Hofer) +Best Editing at South African Horrorfest 2021 (for Johannes Grenzfurthner and Florian Hofer) +Best Feature Film at the British Horror Film Festival 2021 +Best Trailer at Indie House 2022 +Best Feature Film at Film Maudit 2.0 2022 (Los Angeles) +Best Editing of the Festival at Unnamed Footage Festival 2022 (San Francisco) + + +== See also == +Art horror +Horror-of-personality +Social thriller +Cosmicism + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Masking Threshold at IMDb +Masking Threshold at Letterboxd +Interview with Grenzfurthner in Film Threat +Interview with Grenzfurthner in Zebrabutter (German) +Interview with Grenzfurthner in PopHorror \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy_Analysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy_Analysis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a5584495 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy_Analysis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Metallurgy Analysis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy_Analysis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:59.813328+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Metallurgical analysis (冶金分析, in Chinese) is a monthly science magazine based in Beijing, China. The magazine was founded in 1981. It is owned by Central Research Institute of Iron and Steel of China (中国钢铁研究总院). The publisher is the metallurgical analysis editorial department. The magazine mostly features articles on the chemical analysis. + + +== Topics covered == +Detecting and monitoring techniques for production process control +Sampling and sample preparation +On-line analysis and control +Surface and coating analysis +Health and environmental analysis +Quality control and laboratory management +Advanced reviews on different fields of material analysis & testing techniques +Standardization, certification, accreditation and verification. +In determining the suitability of submitted articles for publication, particular scrutiny will be placed on the degree of novelty and significance of the research and the extent to which it adds to existing knowledge in material analysis. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +ISSN 1000-7571 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Men-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Men-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28f40d97d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Men-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- +title: "Micro Men" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Men" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:39.524190+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Micro Men is a 2009 one-off BBC drama television programme set in the late 1970s and the early-mid 1980s, about the rise of the British home computer market and the early fortunes of Sinclair and Acorn Computers. It focuses on the rivalry between Sir Clive Sinclair (played by Alexander Armstrong), who developed the ZX Spectrum, and Chris Curry (played by Martin Freeman), the man behind the BBC Micro. + + +== Plot == +The drama is centred on two of the leading players and their respective companies in the home computer market of the late 1970s and early 1980s focusing on the race to win a grant from the BBC to become the provider of a home computer for the BBC's programming for schools. Certain parts of the drama are based on historical fact while others are a dramatisation. +The main characters are ZX Spectrum creator Clive Sinclair and BBC Micro creators Chris Curry, Sophie Wilson, Steve Furber and Hermann Hauser. The real-life Wilson also makes a brief cameo as a barmaid. + + +== Cast == +Alexander Armstrong as Clive Sinclair +Martin Freeman as Chris Curry +Edward Baker-Duly as Hermann Hauser +Sam Phillips as Steve Furber +Stefan Butler as Roger Wilson +Colin Michael Carmichael as Jim Westwood +Derek Riddell as Nigel Searle +Peter Davison as Bank Manager + + +=== Cameo === +Sophie Wilson plays a pub landlady. +Chris Serle and Ian McNaught-Davis also appear through the incorporation of stock footage from The Computer Programme, during the scenes when Steve Furber is desperately trying to keep the demonstration BBC Micros running behind the studio set. +Jim Westwood appears in the background of a scene set in the computer department of a WH Smith store. + + +== Production == + + +=== Development === +The programme was created by independent production company Darlow Smithson and was written by Tony Saint, directed by Saul Metzstein and produced by Andrea Cornwell. It was produced as a BBC Drama, shot in the UK, with some scenes shot in and around the colleges of Cambridge on 15 July 2009. Computers were supplied by The Centre for Computing History, then in Haverhill. They also supplied other technical props, including the Sinclair C5, and Jason Fitzpatrick, director of the museum, played the part of David Johnson-Davies. +The programme's titles use green lettering similar to that produced by the 1980s monitors to which BBC Microcomputers would have typically been connected. + + +=== Soundtrack === +The soundtrack uses a number of early 1980s electronica tracks: Though not all tracks are limited to that decade. + +"Paranoid" by Black Sabbath +"Layla" by Eric Clapton +"A Fifth of Beethoven" by Walter Murphy +"Pulstar" by Vangelis +"Zoolookologie" by Jean Michel Jarre +"Oxygène (Part IV)" by Jean Michel Jarre +"Two Tribes" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood +"99 Red Balloons" by Nena +"Pipes of Peace" by Paul McCartney +"Another Brick in the Wall" by Pink Floyd +"Title" from The Carpetbaggers by Jimmy Smith +"Computer World 2" by Kraftwerk +"Wouldn't It Be Good" by Nik Kershaw +"Planet Earth" by Duran Duran + + +== Release == +It was first shown on BBC Four on 8 October 2009. + + +== Reaction == +When asked about the programme in an interview for The Independent — despite being involved in the production — Sinclair himself stated: "It was a travesty of the truth. It just had no bearing on the truth. It was terrible." + + +== See also == +Micro Live + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Micro Men at BBC Online +Micro Men on the British Comedy Guide +Micro Men at IMDb +The Guardian: Battle between ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro to be BBC4 comedy drama +TechRadar article +BitterWallet blog entry by Andy Dawson (09.10.2009, just a day after Micro Men was broadcast first) +The Jitty: Interview with the British IBM \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_(magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_(magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ff47e121 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_(magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Micron (magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_(magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:01.090642+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Micron is an Italian language free magazine, which covers articles about ecology, science and knowledge. + + +== History and profile == +Micron was started in 2004. The magazine is published by the Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) in the Umbria region. The magazine is distributed free of charge. It features articles concerning the relationships between economy, ecology, development, growth, environment and health. The goal of the magazine is to improve awareness about significant environmental issues. It has several supplements, one of which targets children and youth, Micron Junior, which was established in 2013 and is published annually. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshot_(2009_film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshot_(2009_film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..616ea84c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshot_(2009_film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Moonshot (2009 film)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshot_(2009_film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:40.719017+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Moonshot is a 2009 television film depicting the story leading up to the landing of Apollo 11's Lunar Module Eagle on the surface of the Moon on 20 July 1969. + + +== Cast == +James Marsters as Buzz Aldrin +Andrew Lincoln as Michael Collins +Ursula Burton as Marilyn Lovell +Daniel Lapaine as Neil Armstrong +William Hope as Psychologist +Anna Maxwell Martin as Janet Armstrong +Colin Stinton as Bob Gilruth +Michael J. Reynolds as Gene Aldrin +Nigel Whitmey as Deke Slayton +Richard Dillane as Tom Stafford +Ian Porter as Bill Anders + + +== Production == +The film utilizes actual footage taken during the time period known as the Space Race. + + +== Reception == +Mike Hale of The New York Times opined that it was "better than average" for a television film and that it featured "sensible" dialogue and "adequate" performances while mostly avoiding "opportunities for cheap emotion". Jason Bailey of DVD Talk rated the film 3/5 stars, opining that it "ingeniously intermingl[es] drama and documentary to tell a truly fascinating story with skill, if not a tremendous amount of depth." Michele Hewitson of The New Zealand Herald called the film an "uneasy mix of fact and licence" and a "competent but hardly inspiring retelling of that amazing story." + + +== See also == +Apollo 11 in popular culture + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Moonshot at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9266d46a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "My Love Affair with Marriage" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:24.041972+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +My Love Affair with Marriage is a 2022 semi-autobiographical adult animated musical comedy-drama film animated, written and directed by Signe Baumane, her second feature following Rocks in My Pockets (2014). The story follows a young woman, Zelma, on her 23-year quest for perfect love and lasting marriage, set against a backdrop of historic events in Eastern Europe. Pressured by Mythology Sirens to be the ideal woman and is unable to free herself from the biology of her own brain, Zelma finds love and loses it multiple times before discovering who she really is. Told from a female point of view, this is a coming-of-age story of love, gender, marriage, abuse, hopes, fantasies, and ultimately, finding a better place for women in society. +An international co-production of companies in Latvia, the United States and Luxembourg, the film took seven years to complete. Kristian Sensini of Italy composed 24 songs and wrote the score. Yajun Shi of China animated the Biology sections. Dagmara Dominczyk voices Zelma, with executive producer Matthew Modine as being one of Zelma's husbands. +My Love Affair with Marriage had its world premiere at Tribeca Festival on June 11, 2022 and went on to screen at many other international festivals. It won a Jury Distinction for a Feature Film award at Annecy International Animation Film Festival, an Excellence in Narrative Directing award at Woodstock Film Festival, Best Feature Film awards at both Viborg Animation Festival and Fredrikstad Animation Festival and was nominated for a European Film Academy Award, the first Latvian film to do so. Huffington Post named it as "one of the best movies of 2022." + +== Plot == +Hungry for love and acceptance, young Zelma feels incomplete. Hounded by three singing Mythology Sirens, she sets out on a 23-year quest for perfect love and lasting marriage. She is unaware, however, that her own Biology is a powerful force to be reckoned with. +More than anything, 8-year-old Zelma wants love. Only love will make her complete, the Mythology Sirens insist. But love is elusive when you are an outcast at school and a loner at home. Guided by the Mythology Siren's hypnotic songs, Zelma tries to change herself into the kind of girl that boys like – cute, weak, demure. +But there are consequences, counters Biology. Zelma has DNA, millions of neural pathways, and a vast array of chemical reactions inside her brain that make up her personality. Zelma has no choice but to be a battleground of conflicts between the Mythology Sirens and Biology as she struggles to find her own ground. +Coming of age brings blood and creepy compliments. Her early sexual encounters confound her, and, tragically, her best friend Darya dies in childbirth. Zelma is comforted by marriage to Sergei, but it soon veers into domestic abuse. A second, gender-bending marriage to Bo, though brief, deepens her understanding of herself and her place in the world. + +== Voice cast == +Dagmara Dominczyk as Zelma +Michele Pawk as Biology +Trio Limonāde (Iluta Alsberga, Ieva Katkovska, Kristīne Pastare) as the Mythology Sirens +Cameron Monaghan as Sergei (Zelma's first husband) +Matthew Modine as Bo (Zelma's second husband) +Stephen Lang as Jonas (the older artist) +Storm Large as End-credits Singer +Erica Schroeder as Elita (the singing perfect girl) +Florencia Lozano as Zelma's Mother +Emma Kenney as Sarma (Zelma's sister) +Carolyn Baeumler as Darya (Zelma's college friend) +Christina Pumariega as Darya's Mother +Tracy Thorne as Master of Ceremonies (funeral) +Laila Robins as Master of Ceremonies (wedding) +Anna O'Donoghue as Teacher 1 +Tanya Franks as Teacher 2 +Clyde Baldo as Eduards (school bully) +Najla Said as New Girl +Dan Domingues as Lauris (the kissing high school senior) +Keith Randolph Smith as Man on Train +Ruby Modine as Nina (Sergei's Mother) +Cindy Cheung as Velta (Gallery owner) +Brian Dykstra as Estonian 1 +Andrew Garman as Estonian 2 +Dale Soules as Latvian Official +Michael Laurence as Big Man +Sturgis Warner as Big Man's Friend +Jennifer Dorr White as Swedish Pastor + +== Development == + +=== Writing === +Baumane began the script in 2015. She set out to write about her second marriage to a self-described gender-bending man from Sweden, but soon expanded the story to explore what made them want to get married in the first place. From there, a story of a young woman's search for love, purpose and meaning emerged. Baumane asked herself where do young women get the idea that they have to marry to be a complete person and have a worthy life? Where does it start? Also, what is love? What's the basis of it? What happens neurologically when people fall in and out of love? +Over the next year Baumane researched the biology of love and consulted periodically with NYU professor Pascal Wallisch, PhD for scientific accuracy. She wrote 24 drafts of the script weaving into her story the ways body chemistry dictates many of the decisions humans make and the feelings they feel. For this she created a neuron-like character, Biology. She also researched the anthropology and culture of love and created three singing, shape-shifting characters, the Mythology Sirens, who try to influence Zelma through pop songs. Composer Kristian Sensini wrote the music to Baumane's lyrics. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d690e0ef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "My Love Affair with Marriage" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:24.041972+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Casting and recording === +Baumane and casting director Sturgis Warner looked to cast actors with extensive theater credits and excellent language skills. They signed a Theatrical Contract with SAG-AFTRA and began making offers. Dagmara Dominczyk played Zelma from ages 7 to 29 and narrated the film from an older age. Michele Pawk voiced the second narrator, Biology. The Latvian singing group Trio Limonāde recorded the Mythology Sirens both in English and Latvian (for the Latvian language version). Matthew Modine came on board to voice Bo, Zelma's second husband, and with him brought three actors from Shameless: Cameron Monaghan to voice Sergei, Zelma's first husband, Emma Kenney and Ruby Modine. +in 2017, Baumane and Warner recorded 29 actors and singers in New York City, Los Angeles and Riga, Latvia. Arjun G. Sheth, the New York Recording engineer, edited the recordings into a working vocal track. +In 2021, Storm Large recorded Lion / My Love Affair with Marriage, the end-credit song with music by Sensini and lyrics by Baumane. + +=== Production === +In Brooklyn, the production process began with the construction of background sets, approximately 65 of them for the 145 scenes in the film. Warner built each set out of wood creating 3-D environments into which Baumane animated her 2-D characters. When finished, he would pass the set on to the art department where the team would cover it with papier-mâché, paint an undercoat of black, then four more coats, darkest colors to lightest, to create textured looks on the surfaces of the set. +Warner, also lighting designer, then lit the set and Baumane, the Cinematographer, photographed it using an array of stop-motion techniques to create zooms, pans and other camera movements. Once a set was photographed, Baumane imported the shots into Premiere Pro to see how the images fit with the vocal track. She would print out the chosen images and using a light box to precisely line up fresh pieces of paper, she would animate 2-D characters, pencil on paper, into the photographed scene. The team scanned the drawings, organized them, and sent them to the Latvian team working at Studio Locomotive in Riga led by Producer Roberts Vinovskis. The Latvian team colored the drawings in Photoshop and composited the characters into the photographs using After Effects. Finally, they would create QuickTime movies to send back to Brooklyn for editing. + +=== Animation === +Baumane animated all the characters in My Love Affair with Marriage with the exception of Biology. She worked in the traditional animation style, pencil on paper, using 662 pencils in all. Baumane explained, "I like animating on paper because the pencil becomes an extension of my hand, and the impulse goes from my gut into my heart, through my shoulder into my fingertips and when I draw the line, I become one with the line, I become one with the pencil and that is an expression of what I feel and who I am. And so, pencil and paper inspire me the way that no software, no computer program can inspire me." +Yajun Shi animated the Biology sections, thirteen minutes altogether. Baumane wanted a different animator for those sections, but one with a style that would complement her own. Shi animated on a tablet directly in Photoshop and moved back and forth between Photoshop and After Effects to create her unique style. +My Love Affair with Marriage has four different styles of animation representing four distinct worlds. + +The world in which Zelma's life unfolds is represented by practical 3-D sets, photographed in stop motion with 2-D animated characters on top, with sketched-in shadows. +The world of Zelma's imagination is depicted by flat drawings and flat, colorful backgrounds. This world helps Zelma process the events around her. +The world of Biology, omnipresent and powerful, not visible to the naked human eye. +The political world, the Maps, are animated in an app called OpenStreetMap. It shows the arc of Zelma's understanding of the world and how it is relates to her inner experiences." + +=== Post-production === +Baumane and Warner edited the final picture. Post-production sound was created at Philophon Studios in Luxembourg, produced by Raoul Nadalet of Antevita Films and financed by FilmFund Luxembourg. + +Christophe Burdet was the foley artist, the creator of sound effects. As animation, My Love Affair with Marriage had no incidental sounds other than vocal track of the actors. Burdet had to created them from scratch. +Pierre Vedovato, the sound designer, also created different aural atmospheric environments for the film's 145 scenes and arranged them with the Foleys, the actors' voices, the songs, and musical scoring. +Loïc Collignon, the re-recording mixer, took over 1,000 tracks of sound and orchestrated them into a 7.1 surround sound mix, the current standard for cinema viewing. +In Riga, the team at Studio Locomotive executed final mastering and color correction, and prepared all the deliverables – the various formats a feature film needs for widespread distribution. + +=== Financing === +My Love Affair with Marriage is an independent production funded over a six-year period by 1,685 individual backers and grants from a variety of institutions and foundations. + +From Latvia: National Film Centre of Latvia, Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia, BB PostHouse +From Luxembourg: FilmFund Luxembourg +From Europe: Creative Europe MEDIA +From the United States: New York State Film Tax Credit Program, New York State Council on the Arts, The NYC Women's Fund for Media, Music and Theatre by the City of New York Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment in association with The New York Foundation for the Arts, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, H. O. Peet Foundation, The Ravenal Foundation Grant of New York Women in Film & Television, Kickstarter and 1,685 individual backers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe245e1b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "My Love Affair with Marriage" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Affair_with_Marriage" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:24.041972+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Release == +New Europe Film Sales is the international sales agent for the film. +My Love Affair with Marriage had three premieres over a five-day period: the World Premiere at Tribeca Festival in New York City on June 11, 2022, the European Premiere at Annecy International Animation Film Festival in France June 15, 2022, and the Latin American Premiere at Guadalajara International Film Festival in Mexico June 15, 2022. It has gone on to screen at over 90 other international film festivals winning multiple awards along the way. + +Tamasa Distribution released My Love Affair with Marriage in France June 7, 2023. +Filmin released My Love Affair With Marriage in Spain in 2023. +In 2023 HBO Central Europe will release My Love Affair With Marriage in 13 Central European countries: Albania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Moldova, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Bulgaria. +Mans laulību projekts (My Marriage Project), a Latvian language version of My Love Affair with Marriage voiced by 14 Latvian actors, premiered at Riga International Film Festival October 13, 2022 and screened in Latvian cinemas throughout the rest of 2022. +My Love Affair With Marriage will have its North American theatrical release through 8 Above beginning October 6, 2023 in New York City. + +== Reception == +"Latvian filmmaker Signe Baumane quietly delivered one of the best female resistance films of the year — and it's animated. It's a wonderful surprise in a movie already filled to the brim with them. It's a sprawling story that follows the life of Zelma (voiced by Dagmara Domińczyk), a girl who is destined to walk down the much-tread path of her ancestors to be married to a man and taken care of. But the more she grows up and experiences new things, including bullies at school and terrible boyfriends, the more she realizes that what's destined for her may not be for her. Her body even resists the thought of such conformity. My Love Affair With Marriage is an exuberant and complex movie about the journey to female rebellion." — Candice Frederick, HuffPost +"Funny, moving, and visually stunning throughout, it's easily one of the most distinct animated films I've seen in quite a while and it serves as a needed reminder that animation is an art form that can be used for more than family-oriented narratives." – Peter Sobczynski, RogerEbert.com +"A joyfully exuberant piece of work that manages to conduct some serious examination of human behavior whilst always being nothing less than gloriously entertaining. Many of its themes of gender, identity and conformity also seem incredibly timely." – Laurence Boyce, Cineuropa +"This film is something special. It's unafraid to reveal our innermost thoughts, fears, hopes, regrets, mistakes, and dreams. It celebrates unfiltered authenticity with clever writing and delightful visuals. It's an outstanding feminist film that will undoubtedly win over audiences everywhere." – Liz Whittemore, ReelNewsDaily +"For those who have more contained ideas about animated films, My Love Affair with Marriage will doubtless make them think twice about the medium's endless possibilities. This is a deeply funny, socially conscious sharp satire with heart." – Josh Batchelder, Josh at the Movies +"Right from the start, Signe Baumane's animation proves it has earned a place in the hallowed halls of raw storytelling. Rough, storybook-sketched 2D characters are layered on top of highly texturized stop-motion backgrounds, detailing every paint stroke, scrape, sometimes even mold spore. And the imagery is just the start." – Victoria Davis, Animation World Network + +=== Accolades === + +== References == + +== External links == +Official Website with trailer +My Love Affair with Marriage at IMDb +My Love Affair With Marriage at Facebook \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Diagnosis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Diagnosis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e0c7ce3f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Diagnosis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Mystery Diagnosis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Diagnosis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:41.956421+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Mystery Diagnosis is a television docudrama series that aired on Discovery Health Channel and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. Each episode focuses on two or more individuals who have struggled with obscure medical ailments, and their quest for a diagnosis. The program details the patients' and doctors' difficulty in pinpointing a diagnosis; often due to nonspecific symptoms, masquerading syndromes, the rarity of the condition or disease, or the patient's case being an unusual manifestation of said condition or disease. +The series debuted on Discovery Health Channel in 2005, and was continued when the Oprah Winfrey Network replaced Discovery Health on January 1, 2011. The last season premiered January 5, 2011. + + +== Description == +Each episode tells the stories of two patients who experienced difficult to diagnose medical conditions. Each segment generally begins with a short description of the patient's life before they fell ill (or in the case of a young child, the parents' life before the child was born). The symptoms that the person experienced are described from their onset, usually becoming progressively worse; the progression is often re-enacted by actors while the original patient narrates. The show chronicles the patient's visits from doctor to doctor, where they may receive misdiagnoses or be told that the doctors have found nothing wrong. After continuing to experience symptoms for an extended period of time, the person discovers a doctor who is able to solve their case. The doctor reviews the patient's medical records, notices a symptom that his or her colleagues overlooked, performing tests, and finally reaching the correct diagnosis and giving the proper treatment. However, some episodes occasionally make inaccurate statements about the lack of treatment for certain conditions. This is due to the show's focus on showcasing unusual or rare conditions and the narrative structure, which prioritizes the medical mystery aspect rather than precise medical details. The series may also oversimplify complex medical situations to fit the dramatic format, leading to highlighting less typical presentations or outcomes for dramatic impact, potentially creating a skewed perception of medical realities, as well as inaccuracies and oversimplification of conditions or treatments, potentially sacrificing some accuracy, such as in the case of Prader-Willi syndrome in the episode "The Boy Who Couldn't Stop Eating", which is incorrectly said that there is no treatment as well as omitting the loss of function of genes on the chromosome 15 from the father, even though the patient Conor Heybach went through therapy. This narrative structure may lead to certain details being emphasized or downplayed to enhance the dramatic arc, rather than providing a perfectly balanced and objective medical account. This is followed by a brief explanation of why the disorder was so difficult to diagnose, and a description of what the person's life is like today, and some have died after the episode's release. +The series has no regular cast except for its narrator, David Guion (2005–2009) and David Scott (2009–2011), who describes the patients' lives and the destruction their illnesses bring. The patients along with their friends and family help to narrate their stories. +While the majority of the conditions examined in the series are unusual or rare conditions (such as cryoglobulinemia) or genetic disorders, well-known conditions such as epilepsy, Myasthenia gravis, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, heart disease, Crohn's disease, pulmonary hypertension, Lyme disease, endocarditis and cancer have featured on the show. A significant number of episodes revolve around autoimmune disorders, ranging from Pyoderma gangrenosum to Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Other activities == +In 2009, Mystery Diagnosis was named the program partner in organizing Rare Disease Day, an observance intended to raise awareness of rare diseases among the general public and policy-makers. Mystery Diagnosis worked with the United States coordinator, National Organization for Rare Disorders, to organize events across the country for observing Rare Disease Day at the end of February. +All episodes formerly premiered on Discovery Health channel, The Learning Channel (TLC), and sometimes on the Discovery Channel. As of January 2011, new episodes were aired on OWN. The show later re-aired on Discovery Life. +The show is not currently on Discovery+, the streaming service offered by Discovery. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Mystery Diagnosis at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Arabic_Edition-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Arabic_Edition-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc3c8bfd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Arabic_Edition-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Nature Arabic Edition" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Arabic_Edition" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:04.679367+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nature Arabic Edition is an online publication by Springer Nature (SN) in partnership with the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. The magazine was started in 2012. It contains high-quality science news from the original Nature journal. The content of this journal is available online for free. + + +== See also == +List of magazines in Saudi Arabia +Nature Research + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Nature Arabic Edition website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetGuide-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetGuide-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2823d71f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetGuide-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "NetGuide" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetGuide" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:05.862632+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +NetGuide is a live news website with weekly email newsletters dedicated to New Zealand consumers, covering technology news, product reviews and buying advice. Netguide.co is the largest site in the Techday network. + + +== History and profile == +NetGuide was launched in September 1996 by an independent Auckland-based publisher, then owned by Australian Consolidated Press (ACP) 2003 to 2008, then shifted to Action Media. It is now owned exclusively by Techday Ltd. Originally entirely internet focused, it developed to cover wider computer, telecommunications, and technology issues. The magazine competed with IDG's New Zealand PC World and ran the annual NetGuide Web Awards. +In early 2014, NetGuide and the entire Techday network discontinued all print publications and moved to exclusively online content. +In April 2017, NetGuide was renamed as FutureFive NZ. + + +== Australian edition == +The magazine launched a version for the Australian market, Australian NetGuide, which ran 1996–2009. It competed with NineMSN's apc and IDG's Australian PC World. Now, Australian news is integrated into Netguide's New Zealand website, or published under one of Techday's Australian brands: IT Brief Australia, SecurityBrief Australia, or ChannelLife Australia. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nise b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nise new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d94fd5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Nuclear Secrets" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:46.972057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nuclear Secrets, aka Spies, Lies and the Superbomb, is a 2007 BBC Television docudrama series which looks at the race for nuclear supremacy from the Manhattan Project through to Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme. + +== Production == +The series was produced by the BBC in co-production with National Geographic Society and NDR (Norddeutscher Rundfunk). + +== Episodes == + +=== Episode one: The Spy From Moscow === +"Soviet Colonel Oleg Penkosky spied in the build-up to the gravest nuclear crisis of all time, when the world came close to annihilation." +In 1960, Soviet Military Intelligence Officer Oleg Penkovsky passes a letter offering to share secrets with the U.S. Government to American students visiting Moscow, but Washington fails to respond. +Penkovsky later passes a letter to British Trade Delegation representative Greville Wynne warning that Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev was planning an all-out nuclear attack. Penkovsky meets with MI6 officer Harry Shergold and Central Intelligence Agency agent Joe Bulik a short time later on a trip to London and warns that the Soviets have been arming Cuba. Penkovsky is instructed to gather info on missile strategy and is given British industrial secrets to help maintain his cover upon his return to Moscow. +Chief Marshall Sergei Varentsov tells Penkovsky of plans to deploy battlefield nuclear weapons in Berlin. Penkovsky passes this along with other secrets that hardens U.S. President John F. Kennedy's stance against Khrushchev. KGB Lt-Gen Gribanov begins a surveillance sweep of Western embassy staff in Moscow, including Penkovsky's contact Janet Chisholm. Wynne returns to Moscow to make contact and Penkovsky requests that he and his family are pulled out. CIA Chief John McCone agrees but needs info on Cuba first. +Penkovsky learns of the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba but he is hospitalised before he can pass on the info. US surveillance photos reveal the build-up of missiles in Cuba that are identified from the materials previously supplied by Penkovsky. Penkovsky is arrested and confesses to Gribanov before signalling the Americans of an imminent Soviet attack in what Bulik suspects is an attempt to initiate a U.S. strike on Moscow. Penkovsky is convicted of spying and executed. +At about 36:17 a map of Europe and the USSR is presented, which incorrectly shows Russia at its post-1991 borders instead of the Soviet Union in 1962. + +==== Cast ==== + +=== Episode two: Superspy === +"1945, America prepares to unleash the most destructive weapon ever seen... a weapon of mass murder created by men of genius, but one is a communist spy." +In 1944, Prof. Rudolf Peierls and his assistant Klaus Fuchs are summoned to Los Alamos National Laboratory to work on the Manhattan Project. Fuchs was a German refugee who had joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1932 to oppose the rise of Adolf Hitler and was now a Soviet spy. +Project mastermind Robert Oppenheimer only had enough uranium 235 for one bomb and Peierls and Fuchs were brought in to work on weaponising plutonium. Cut off from his Soviet handlers Fuchs throws himself into his work until he is allowed to visit his sister, Kristel, in Cambridge, Massachusetts where he re-establishes contact. The Soviet head of atomic research Igor Kurchatov monitors the American progress through Fuchs. Following Nazi surrender Fuchs fears the weapon will be used against the USSR. +Fuchs passes the details of the plutonium bomb, Fat Man, to his Soviet contact, Raymond. The project's tests are successful and the uranium bomb, Little Boy, is dropped on Hiroshima while Piles and Fuchs's Fatman is dropped on Nagasaki. In the aftermath Soviet premier Joseph Stalin orders Lavrentiy Beria to construct a Soviet plutonium bomb based on the Fatman plans supplied by Fuchs. Recalled to England, his adopted home, Fuchs returns with the nuclear secrets the U.S. is no longer willing to share. Fuchs passes the American secrets to the British as well. +Fuchs begins to doubt Stalin's actions and decides to stop spying for Soviets, but it is too late as the Soviet Union detonates Joe 1. FBI agent Robert Lamphere identifies Fuchs from decoded Soviet signals and MI5 commence surveillance. British security officer Henry Arnold coaxes a confession out of Fuchs who admits to having spied for the Soviets since 1941. Fuchs was convicted of espionage and sentenced to 14 years in prison. + +==== Cast ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b0f5f06a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Nuclear Secrets" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:46.972057+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Episode three: Superbomb === +"After the Second World War, America was looking forward to a bright Atomic future. As the only country with the atom bomb it felt secure. 29th of August 1949, the Soviets stun the world by exploding their own atom bomb. Suddenly the West itself was under threat. Edward Teller, a leading physicist from Hungary, believed the only way to save the world from Soviet Communism was to build an even bigger bomb, the hydrogen bomb, or Super." +In 1950, Edward Teller briefs the team at Los Alamos National Laboratory about plans to construct a hydrogen bomb but U.S. Presidential Advisor Robert Oppenheimer opposes him. Oppenheimer is summoned to the White House to discuss whether Soviet spy Klaus Fuchs passed on info about the Super. Soviet Chairman Stalin instructs Andrei Sakharov to work under Beria on the Soviet hydrogen bomb project. U.S. Atomic Energy Commissioner Lewis Strauss supports Teller and U.S. President Harry S. Truman commissions the project. +Kitty Oppenheimer fears her communist connections may compromise her husband and his moral objections to the project. Sakharov reviews Fuchs' info on Teller's Super but has his own plans for a simpler but less powerful bomb. Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Robert Lamphere gets Fuchs to confirm his contact was Harry Gold and this leads to the arrest of the Rosenbergs. Teller and Stanislaw Ulam find an ingenious solution to the problems with their design, which is successfully tested following Teller's resignation from the project. +A power struggle in the USSR following the death of Stalin results in the downfall of Beria shortly before the testing of the Soviet H-bomb. Strauss orders the FBI to revoke Oppenheimer's security clearance under suspicion of spying for the Soviets. When U.S. testing runs out of control the American public are alerted to the power of this new weapon. Teller testifies against Oppenheimer at a security hearing and Strauss's objections are upheld. Sakharov becomes a leading dissident after civilians are killed in a Soviet bomb test. + +==== Cast ==== + +=== Episode four: Vanunu and the Bomb === +"This is the first man to tell the world nuclear weapons have arrived in the most troubled region on the Earth, the Middle East. In doing so he's exposed the West's opposition to nuclear proliferation as little more than a sham. Vanunu is banned from talking to foreign media, based on eyewitness testimony, this film is his story." +February 1977 Nuclear Technician Mordechai Vanunu is assigned to work at the top secret Dimona facility. In 1986 he reveals to journalists Oscar Guerrero and Peter Hounam the presence of an underground plutonium plant there. Former Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion had commissioned construction of the plant in 1958. Vanunu had made the discovery after 7-years at the plant and had photos to prove his story. Hounam takes Vanunu to The Sunday Times in London, where Nuclear Physicist Frank Barnaby confirms the data, but the Mossad is tailing them. +Guerrero arrives in London and tries to sell the story to rival paper The Sunday Mirror. France, Britain and the U.S. had been complicit in the construction under a secret agreement between U.S. President Richard Nixon and Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. The lonely Vanunu befriends intern Wendy Robbins but she insists that they remain just friends. The discredited story in the Mirror causes the Times to delay their publication. Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres forbids the Mossad from kidnapping Vanunu on British soil so they spring a honey trap to lure him to Rome. +In Italy Vanunu is abducted and shipped back to Israel but the Times decides to publish in the hopes of protecting his life. The Western powers that had professed a stance of non-nuclear proliferation while collaborating in the construction of Dimona were exposed as hypocrites and yet the press in those countries remained curiously silent on the subject. The Israelis confirm that they have Vanunu in detention but refuses to explain how. Convicted of treason Vanunu was sentenced to 18 years in prison. + +=== Episode five: The Terror Trader === +"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan: brilliant scientist, trusted colleague, nuclear spy. Khan's master plan: to bring technology from Europe, build an atomic bomb for Pakistan, and set up a network to sell technology to Middle Eastern states from Libya to Iran." +Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan started working for URENCO in The Netherlands in 1972. working for the Pakistani Government, Khan gained access to technology due to lax security methods. Returning to Pakistan with his family in 1975. +Khan's family had left for Pakistan following the end of 1971 Indo-Pakistan War. Khan had become a fierce nationalist. Pakistan's President Bhutto supported Khan and he constructed a nuclear plant in the foothills of the Himalayas. Dutch enquiries in the 1980s finally revealed what Khan was doing but he gets off on a technicality. The U.S. overlooks Khan's program in order to gain Pakistani support against the USSR in Afghanistan. Khan acquires missile technology from China and extends his network into the Middle East. +UN Weapons Inspectors in Iraq uncover documents implicating Khan in nuclear trading but the West fails to act. Khan continues his trade amassing a huge personal fortune and becomes a hero following the detonation of Pakistan's first bomb. A joint CIA/MI6 task force uncovers Khan's dealings with Libya but are unable to move as Pakistani support is again needed in the post-9/11 Invasion of Afghanistan. UN Weapons Inspectors in Iran uncover further evidence implicating Khan, which the Iranians confirm. +The task force targets Khan's network with a double agent and intercept a shipment of centrifuges to Libya. Muammar al-Gaddafi agrees to cooperate with UN Weapons Inspectors and the full extent of Khan's capabilities are revealed. Khan's deputy Tehir is arrested and interrogated in Malaysia and confesses. Pakistani authorities deny any knowledge of Khan's network and he is arrested and forced to confess on live television. Khan remains under house arrest in Pakistan where his secrets are protected. + +== External links == +Nuclear Secrets at BBC Online +Nuclear Secrets at IMDb +Region 2 dvd release \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OYLA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OYLA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67b66eb15 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OYLA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "OYLA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OYLA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:07.257760+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +OYLA (from Kazakh ойла! [ojˈlɑ], meaning ‘think!’’) is a monthly science magazine for children and young readers ages 12 and over. Founded on the principle of fostering curiosity, OYLA's mission is to simplify complex STEM topics through visually engaging designs, interactive infographics, and interdisciplinary content. Published in multiple countries, including the USA, UK, Australia, and China, the magazine combines science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and humanities with the goal of making learning accessible and exciting for young minds worldwide. The magazine is available in both print and digital format. +The first issue of OYLA was published on September 1, 2015 by founders Yerdos Tulegenov and Gamzat Biyarov in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Each edition features articles on various scientific topics, ranging from basic questions (Why is Milk White?) to recent discoveries (Ocean Exploration Technology). The magazine also produces a weekly English-language podcast featuring discussions about topics from the current month’s edition. +The magazine is subscription-based and advertisement-free, and each edition is available in print or online. Each article features 100 “beautifully illustrated pages and easy-to-understand explanations”. Thus far, the magazine is available in sixteen countries, including Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea, China, the US, the UK, and Australia (soon to be released in Germany and India), with circulation in 6 languages including Kazakh, Russian, Chinese and English. + + +== History == +OYLA first launched in Kazakhstan in 2015. Since April 2017, the OYLA Youth Science magazine has been published monthly in Australia and New Zealand. Since June 2018, CHIP Wissen has been published bi-monthly in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland in German. Since November 2018 OYLA has been published bi-monthly in India in English. Since September 2019, the magazine comes out monthly in Russia under the name DUMAI. In December 2020, the magazine launched in the United Kingdom. The magazine comes out in France under the name À nous la Science. The first issue of the US edition of OYLA was published in December 2020. In January 2024, the magazine launched in the People’s Republic of China. On October 4, 2023, Oyla began an English-language podcast, which is ranked 36 in the all time top 100 educational podcasts for kids. + + +== OYLA Junior == + +In May 2025, OYLA launched second publication titled “OYLA Junior”. Aimed at readers aged 8 to 11, the magazine features approximately 48 pages of illustrated science content, hands-on activities, and puzzles. Like its parent publication, OYLA Junior is ad-free and focuses on fostering curiosity in STEM topics through visual storytelling and age-appropriate explanations. As of its launch, the magazine is available in print format, with a digital edition planned for future release. + + +== OYLA Podcast == +On October 4, 2023, OYLA launched the “OYLA Podcast”, a weekly educational series designed for curious young listeners and families. Each episode runs approximately 6–12 minutes and explores engaging science, history, or math topics. Initial episodes included titles such as “Why is it dark at night?” and “Who taught doctors to wash their hands?” The podcast is available on major platforms, including Apple Podcasts, Goodpods, and Spotify. +In late 2023, the OYLA Podcast was ranked #36 in the all-time Top 100 Educational Podcasts for Kids."Top 100 Educational Podcasts for Kids". Goodpods. + + +== Language Editions == + + +== Awards and recognition == +OYLA is a highly rated children’s magazine, having been included in the list of The New York Times favorite kids magazines. In 2023 chief editor Gamzat Biyarov and art director Alexander Fisher were recognized by the British Society of Magazine Editors on the short lists in their respective categories. In 2024 chief editor Gamzat Biyarov was again recognized for in the category of children’s magazine editors. The magazine has also collaborated with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ocean Exploration to produce a series of articles on maritime exploration. + + +== Gallery == + + +== External links == +OYLA's channel on YouTube +OYLA Magazine on Facebook +OYLA Junior on Facebook +OYLA USA on Facebook +OYLA Australia on Facebook +OYLA India on Facebook +OYLA UK on Facebook +OYLA USA on Instagram +OYLA Australia on Instagram +OYLA UK on Instagram +OYLA India on Instagram +OYLA EU on Instagram + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Swallow b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Swallow new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0171d2a7a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "Oppenheimer (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:49.442407+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Oppenheimer is a seven-part biographical drama based on the life and career of American theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. Written by Peter Prince and directed by Barry Davis, the series is a co-production between the BBC and WGBH. It stars Sam Waterston in the title role, with Jana Shelden, Christopher Muncke, Edward Hardwicke, and David Suchet in supporting roles, and is narrated by John Carson. +Oppenheimer premiered in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 29 October 1980, and concluded on 10 December 1980, consisting of seven episodes. The series won three BAFTA TV Awards, including Best Drama Series or Serial, from seven nominations. It received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Limited Series and Outstanding Writing in a Limited Series or a Special for Prince. For his portrayal of Oppenheimer, Waterston was nominated for a BAFTA TV Award and a Golden Globe Award. + + +== Plot synopsis == +The series depicts Oppenheimer's wartime role as head of the weapons laboratory of the Manhattan Project, during which he was under constant surveillance by the US federal government because of his association with communists. It culminates in a U.S. Atomic Energy Commission hearing in 1954, in which Oppenheimer is stripped of his security clearance; largely because of the Chevalier Incident. + + +== Cast == + + +== Production == +Oppenheimer is a co-production between the BBC and Boston's WGBH, which contributed 15 percent of the project's $1.5 million costs. The series was executive produced by the BBC's Peter Goodchild, who conceived the idea in 1975. After producing a series on physicist and chemist Marie Curie, he set his sights on Oppenheimer. + + +== Release == +Oppenheimer was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two from 29 October to 10 December 1980, and in the United States on PBS from 11 May to 22 June 1982, as episodes of the first season of American Playhouse. More than 40 years after its release, the series became available on BBC iPlayer following the success of Christopher Nolan's 2023 film of the same name, which also chronicles the career of Oppenheimer. + + +== Reception == + + +=== Critical response === +John J. O'Connor of The New York Times wrote that J. Robert Oppenheimer was "persuasively" played by Sam Waterston and the series "is primarily interested in telling, quite absorbingly, one of the more puzzling and indeed astonishing stories of contemporary American history". Bill Carter of The Baltimore Sun called it "never less than a fascinating portrait of a truly fascinating man" while criticizing a "choppy production technique that makes much of the film seem rather raw". +Major General Kenneth Nichols disputed his portrayal in the series, saying that it "portrayed me serving as a personal aide to Groves on frequent visits to Los Alamos", when he did so only once. +Edward Teller wrote in 1982 of the recent BBC production that "However, General Groves in this television drama is rather inadequately represented. (Even his girth was underestimated). Obviously no one with so little intelligence as the General Groves presented by the BBC, could have met the massive responsibilities of providing shelter, equipment, and materials with so little delay and impediment to the project." + + +=== Accolades === + + +== See also == +Oppenheimer (film) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Oppenheimer at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acabf7d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +--- +title: "Project Blue Book (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:50.837446+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Project Blue Book is an American historical drama television series that premiered on History on January 8, 2019. The main role of Dr. J. Allen Hynek is played by Aidan Gillen, and the first season consisted of ten episodes. The series is based on the real-life Project Blue Book, a series of studies on unidentified flying objects conducted by the United States Air Force. On February 10, 2019, History renewed the series for a 10-episode second season which premiered on January 21, 2020. In May 2020, it was announced that the series had been canceled. + + +== Premise == +The series revolves around the real-life Project Blue Book, a secret series of investigations into supposed UFO encounters and unexplained phenomena undertaken by the United States Air Force with skeptical astrophysics professor — and eventual ufologist — Dr. J. Allen Hynek in the 1950s and 1960s. With his partner, Air Force veteran Captain Michael Quinn, they investigate sightings across the U.S., and Dr. Hynek discovers that not everything can be explained by science. + + +== Cast and characters == + + +=== Main === +Aidan Gillen as Dr. J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer, astrophysicist, professor, and UFOlogist working on Project Blue Book. Skeptical about the existence of alien life and UFOs in the beginning, Hynek attempts to explain the cases using his analytical and scientific mind. +Michael Malarkey as Captain Michael Quinn, a decorated veteran who served with the United States Army Air Force as a pilot during World War II, and working with Dr. Hynek on Project Blue Book. The character is inspired by USAF Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, the first director of the real-life Project Blue Book. +Laura Mennell as Mimi Hynek, Allen Hynek's wife. +Ksenia Solo as Susie Miller, a friend and neighbour of Mimi Hynek, also a KGB agent. +Michael Harney as General Hugh Valentine, a high-ranking military official, and founder of Project Blue Book. The character is inspired by USAF Major General Charles P. Cabell, the founder of the real-life Project Blue Book. +Neal McDonough as General James Harding, a high-ranking military official and a co-founder of Project Blue Book. The character is inspired by USAF Brigadier General William Garland, a member of General Charles P. Cabell staff during the time period of the real-life Project Blue Book. + + +=== Recurring === +Robert John Burke as William Fairchild, United States Secretary of Defense. +Ian Tracey as "The Fixer" a.k.a. "The Man in the Hat" (later revealed to be one of the Men In Black), a mysterious man who follows Dr. Hynek. The character is partly inspired by Ingo Swann, allegedly involved in the Stargate Project. +Matt O'Leary as Lieutenant Henry Fuller, a USAF pilot whom Hynek and Quinn meet on their first case. +Nicholas Holmes as Joel Hynek, Mimi and Allen's son. +Currie Graham as Susie’s Associate, also a KGB agent. +Jill Morrison as Faye, a member of the Air Force and Captain Quinn's secretary at Wright Patterson Air Force Base. +Michael Imperioli as Edward Rizzuto, an American/Russian double agent. + + +=== Historical figures === +Adam Greydon Reid as Donald Keyhoe (spelled in the credits as "Kehoe"), an American writer and UFO researcher. Keyhoe was widely regarded as the leader in the field of UFOlogy in the 1950s and early to mid-1960s, appearing in the episode entitled "The Lubbock Lights". +Thomas Kretschmann as Wernher von Braun, a German-American aerospace engineer. Von Braun was the leading figure in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany, before coming to the U.S. to develop rockets for NASA, appearing in "Operation Paperclip". +Bob Gunton as President Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States, appearing in "The Washington Merry-Go Round". +Caspar Phillipson as Senator John F. Kennedy, appearing in Season 2. Phillipson reprises his role from the 2016 biographical drama film Jackie and its 2017 spin-off short film The Speech JFK Never Gave, later reprising the role again in the 2022 biographical fiction film Blonde, in which he had portrayed an older Kennedy as the President of the United States. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Season 1 (2019) === + + +=== Season 2 (2020) === + + +== Production == +The series was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was co-produced by the History Channel and A&E Studios. Filming on the second season began on July 15, 2019, and was expected to conclude on November 13, 2019. + + +== Reception == + + +=== Critical reception === +On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 65% based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 6.65/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Project Blue Book will likely intrigue fans of the paranormal with its loose adaptation of historically unexplained phenomena, but this buttoned-down series lacks the narrative verve to appeal beyond the true believers." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 56 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". +Paranormal investigator and skeptic Robert Sheaffer, reviewing the first four episodes, argued there are historical inaccuracies which extend beyond the claim of being based on real events. + + +=== Ratings === + + +==== Season 1 ==== + + +==== Season 2 ==== + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Project Blue Book at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTD_info-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTD_info-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe3ab174c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTD_info-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "RTD info" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTD_info" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:08.570329+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +RTD info was a quarterly magazine published by the European Commission presenting a mix of research results and debate on scientific subjects of interest to a wide, non-specialised readership. In 2007 the decision was made to change the name to research*eu. It lasted 63 issues, which are still available as pdf files. The common theme was Europe. +RTD info was published by the Communication Unit of the Research DG on paper in English, French (RDT info) and German (FTE info), and on the internet in these languages plus Spanish (I+DT info). When the name was changed to research*eu, a Spanish translation was also printed. The magazine had its headquarters in Brussels. Michel Claessens served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_for_the_Bomb-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_for_the_Bomb-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faa799056 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_for_the_Bomb-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Race for the Bomb" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_for_the_Bomb" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:52.072942+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Race for the Bomb (French: La Course à la bombe) is a 1987 three-part television miniseries about the Manhattan Project, starting from the initial stages of scientific discovery that led to the creation of the atomic bomb, discovery of the Ulam-Teller thermonuclear weapons design and ending with the beginning of the arms race. The series was directed by Allan Eastman and Jean-François Delassus. +The production was a joint production of a Canadian firm, Ronald Cohen Productions, a French firm, Société Philippe Dussart and Jadran Film of Zagreb (former Yugoslavia). In Canada the series aired on both CBC Television in English and Télévision de Radio-Canada in French, while in France it aired on TF1. +A lot of collateral roles have been performed by actors from the former Yugoslavia. +The series covers the development of many aspects related to the origin of the bomb, such as scientific, political, and personal. It stars Tom Rack as Robert Oppenheimer, Maury Chaykin as Leslie Groves, Miki Manojlović as Edward Teller, Jean-Paul Muel as Leo Szilard, Michael Ironside as Werner Heisenberg, Géza Kovács as Otto Frisch, Jean-Claude Deret as Niels Bohr, Denis Forest as Klaus Fuchs, Peter Dvorsky as Ernest Lawrence, Leslie Nielsen as Lewis Strauss and Barry Morse as Secretary of State Henry Stimson. +Muel received a Gemini Award nomination for Best Actor in a Drama Program at the 2nd Gemini Awards, and the French version was a Prix Gémeaux nominee for Best Miniseries. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Race for the Bomb at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciTech_(magazine)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciTech_(magazine)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af785e9b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciTech_(magazine)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "SciTech (magazine)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciTech_(magazine)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:18.401964+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SciTechDaily is a popular science website, containing sections on space, physics, biology, technology and chemistry. It was founded in 1998 by Vicki Hyde, originally as Sci Tech Daily Review, a companion site to Arts & Letters Daily. It became popular as a news aggregation site for science and technology content, featuring curated links with brief summaries to third-party sites such as NOVA: Science in the news; magazines such as The Discovery Channel, Scientific American, Popular Science; niche sites such as The Apothecary's Drawer, Brain.com, and the Glossary of Mathematical Mistakes; as well as international newspapers. +Since 2011, SciTechDaily has changed its format to publish articles directly on its site, rather than providing a daily digest of links. According to the publisher, its content is republished on sites such as Yahoo!News, Ars Technica, and Futurism, and many others. + + +== History == +SciTech Daily Review was launched in 1998, as a companion site to Arts & Letters Daily, with the encouragement of Denis Dutton. Managing editor Hyde, a member of The Skeptics Society, worked on the website with a business partner out of Christchurch, New Zealand, during her spare time as a mother. In December 1998, an article in The New York Times characterized Sci Tech Daily Review and Arts & Letters Daily as "portholes" rather than portals, because they offered "narrower windows" to view an "expansive sea of on-line information".In 2002, SciTech Daily Review was selected as one of five final nominations in the Science Category for a Webby Award. +In April 2011, SciTech Daily recovered from a six-week hiatus, following the Christchurch earthquake in February. Later that year, the website transitioned to new management and overhauled its format and design to publish articles directly rather than providing links and digests. As of May 2022, it is estimated that SciTech has 8.7 million monthly readers, and is a top 30 science and education website by traffic worldwide. + + +== Reviews == +In November 1999, a review of popular science websites in the Independent rated Sci Tech Daily as "the best science news site" at the time, with the caveat that it had a "perfunctory design"; the article described it as a links page that "culled the best science features, news stories and book reviews from dozens of science magazines, journals and newspapers." +A June 2000 review in Design News described www.scitechdaily.com as "a potpourri of links and information" with "news from around the world, a comprehensive listing of technology publications, plus a nice choice of a variety of 'techie' sites". A 2002 review in Industrial Engineer: IE found the content "riveting", covering topics such as the half-life of a teaspoon; why emotions and rational thought are similar; and why drug companies won't fund certain studies. +An in-depth review which appeared in Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries in 2015 noted that "SciTechDaily appears to edit sources more heavily for readability and publishes fewer articles overall and so may be preferred by those who find ScienceDaily overwhelming". + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceAlert-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceAlert-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52d92e665 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceAlert-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "ScienceAlert" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceAlert" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:14.710275+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ScienceAlert is an independently run online publication and news source that publishes articles featuring scientific research, discoveries, and outcomes. The site was founded in 2004 by Julian Cribb, a science writer, to aggregate research findings from Australian universities, and it expanded in 2006 when ex-Microsoft programmer Chris Cassella took on the project of developing the website. It has readership that ranges from 11.5m to 26.5m per month. Kate Mallord has been CEO since 2024. In March 2024 the site was listed by Press Gazette as one of the fastest growing news sites globally. + + +== History == +Science communicator Julian Cribb founded ScienceAlert in 2004. The website was born out of his "concern at the lack of information available about what Australians and New Zealanders achieve in science". Chris Cassella, a former programmer for Microsoft, joined the site in order to develop new web tools. He took on this work as part of a master's degree thesis in science communication at Australia National University, where Cribb was a professor. Initially, the focus of ScienceAlert was twofold: "to both publicise Australasian scientific outcomes more widely and to encourage Australasian research institutions and funding agencies to share more of their achievements by providing a free outlet for them to do so". Cassella is credited with bringing the site to social media, starting the ScienceAlert Facebook page in 2007. By 2011, the page had attracted a significant following among young people, reaching one million followers by 2012. By 2020, the page had slightly more than nine million followers. +In 2012, ScienceAlert received a grant from Inspiring Australia, a government initiative aimed at engaging "people who may not have had previous access to or interest in science-communication activities". Although the website began as a project to aggregate research findings and outcomes from Australian universities, by 2019 the focus of the site had shifted toward presenting popular science to a wider audience. The shift toward mass appeal news on social media has met with some criticism. (See Controversy and criticism section, below) +In July 2019, reinforcing the site's commitment to fact-checking, ScienceAlert announced a joint partnership with Metafact. ScienceAlert republishes selected expert answers from the Metafact community across the site's multiple digital channels. ScienceAlert is owned by ScienceAlert Pty Ltd., a privately held company owned by Chris Cassella. +According to its site, ScienceAlert does not run sponsored articles nor is it affiliated with other companies or institutions. As of 2025, ScienceAlert engages more than 25 million readers per month. + + +== Editorial staff == +In addition to Cassella and Mallord, ScienceAlert's editorial staff is headed by Peter Dockrill, who now manages more than half a dozen contributing science journalists to produce the site's news. Cribb concluded his role as editor at ScienceAlert in 2015. From 2017-2024, Fiona MacDonald was CEO of ScienceAlert, with Cassella acting as COO/CFO. Prior to this role, MacDonald had worked with the news site for more than a decade as an editor and then the director of content. She's now listed as a co-founder of the site. In 2024, Kate Mallord, formerly of Meta and LinkedIn, was named CEO. According to The Brilliant, the editorial team has doubled since 2017. + + +== Format == +As of August 2023, ScienceAlert had the following sections: Space, Environment, Tech, Physics, Opinion, Health, Humans, Nature and Society. Readers could read the trending news or the latest news from the homepage. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4878bd547 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Science & Vie" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:09.706948+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science & Vie (French pronunciation: [sjɑ̃seˈvi]; Science and Life) is a monthly science magazine published in France. Its headquarters is in Paris. + + +== History and profile == +The magazine was started in 1913 with the name La Science et la Vie. In 1982, a spinoff computer magazine, Science et Vie micro (SVM) was launched. The first magazine was published at the end of 1983 and was such a success that the number of copies were insufficient on the market. Another spinoff for teenagers, Science & Vie Junior was started in 1986. It was first published by Excelsior Publications until the latter was bought by Emap Plc in 2003. In June 2006 the magazine became part of Mondadori France. In July 2019, the magazine was sold to Reworld Media. +Science & Vie was divided in three sections, Science (Sciences), Technologie (Technology), Vie Pratique (Daily life). While the Science section reported on recent scientific progress, the Technology section would report on recent technical advances. Science & Vie covered technical advances in industry, but also in military technology. In particular, it featured articles on explosives, firearms, chemical weapons and nuclear weapons. The Vie Pratique section was concerned with technology in daily life. It included articles on photography, personal computers, video recording equipment or television. Besides these three sections, Science & Vie contained a section on amateur electronics by Henri-Pierre Penel, a section on amateur astronomy La Calculette de l'Astronome, and two sections on computer programming in BASIC, one on video games (first for the Sinclair ZX81, and then the ZX Spectrum) and another of elementary numerical analysis, Le Micro de l'Ingénieur (with listings for the Apple II). This made Science & Vie a more popular magazine (both in terms of circulation and +in terms of the level of education of its readers) than La Recherche or Pour la Science which are only concerned with science, or Industries & Techniques which only deals with applications of technology in industry. +Another important distinctive feature of Science & Vie was its willingness to tackle the issue of pseudoscience. The magazine was very critical of astrology, homeopathy, and pseudoscience. With the help of magician Gérard Majax, it has exposed the tricks used by Uri Geller to bend spoons and make small objects fly. In 1989, it strongly criticized the claims of Jacques Benveniste of having observed water memory. The magazine also uncovered the fabrication of the autopsy of an alien body supposedly discovered in Roswell, New Mexico. The magazine was also very supportive of Henri Broch's debunking of paranormal claims. In general, articles on paranormal topics were marked as Blurgs, an acronym for Balivernes lamentables à l'usage réservé des gogos ("deplorable nonsense reserved for use by the gullible"). Since being bought by Mondadori, the magazine has adopted a less skeptical line. +In 2004 Science & Vie sold 361,273 copies. In 2010 the circulation of the magazine was 281,000 copies. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Science & Vie website (in French) +Science & Vie Micro website (in French) +Science & Vie Junior website (in French) +Index of past issues of Science & Vie (in French) +Index of past issues of Science & Vie Micro (in French) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie_Junior-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie_Junior-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a48b3bec1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie_Junior-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Science & Vie Junior" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Vie_Junior" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:10.913450+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science & Vie Junior is a French science magazine targeting children. The magazine is published by Mondadori France, a subsidiary of the Italian media company Mondadori. The headquarters of the magazine is in Paris. + + +== History == +Science & Vie Junior was started in 1989. The magazine is published on a monthly basis. The magazine is a spin-off of Science & Vie made for teenagers. In 2010, it won the Grand prix des Médias. In 2012 the circulation of the monthly was 166,451 copies. + + +== Sections of Science & Vie Junior == +The magazine has three main parts. + +L'actu +100% Science +MySVJ + + +=== L'actu === +L'actu is the first section of the magazine. The main part of this section is news. + + +==== Cucaracha ==== +Cucaracha is a comic in the L'actu section of the magazine. It is the first part of the section. It is about lives of cockroaches in human society. It was made by Marino Degano, and Laurent Salles. +Cucaracha cockroach is endowed with reason. With his small telescope, she is passionate about the sky and stars. But sometimes strange shadows infest his field of vision; these are Zoms who are struggling with frenzy. So rather than wait for the view emerges the heroine begins to watch them with a look relevant and sometimes critical. +The moral of this story... cockroaches need only be patient. One day the other, and will destroy the Zoms that day, they become "masters of the world". +Cucaracha is published monthly since November 2001 on the first page in Science et Vie Junior. The website presents a small selection of these stories. + + +==== Tout en images ==== +Tout en images (All in images) is a part of L'actu. It compiles many pictures of an event. Then there are captions of one medium-sized paragraph. Tout en images takes seven pages most of the time. + + +==== Others ==== +Another section explains news of different sciences. It also has one citation from a person, and a piece of statistics. That is called "Le nombre" (The number). There is also a place called textos with no images. Just text. Also, there is a fake interview that has as example anti-hydrogen. + + +=== 100% Sciences === +100% Sciences is another section of the magazine. It has what is similar to the "Tout en images" but with less images. After, there are many long articles with one comic, experiments, technology tips, and math magic. + + +=== MySVJ === +This section that means "My Science & Vie Junior". In this section, there is: + +Articles +Reviews +An invention +Questions +comics + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Illustrated-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Illustrated-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0cba2dc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Illustrated-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Science Illustrated" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Illustrated" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:13.468763+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science Illustrated is a multilingual popular science magazine published by the Swedish publisher Bonnier Publications International A/S. + + +== History and profile == +Science Illustrated was launched simultaneously in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 1984. The Finnish version was started in Helsinki, Finland in 1986. The Norwegian version is based in Oslo. +According to official websites, the magazine – with a total circulation of 370,000 copies – is the biggest in the Nordic countries with a focus on nature, technology, medicine and culture. + + +=== Editions === + + +== See also == +List of Norwegian magazines +List of magazines in Denmark + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Website of Australian Science Illustrated \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_et_pseudo-sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_et_pseudo-sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de74e217c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_et_pseudo-sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Science et pseudo-sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_et_pseudo-sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:12.165742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science et pseudo-sciences is a quarterly science magazine issued in France since 1968, it is the press organ of the Association française pour l'information scientifique. It was created by the journalist Michel Rouzé. +According to the association, the magazine had 1400–1500 subscribers and a readership of 1400–2800 per issue in 2010. In 2010, the sale of the magazine delivered a revenue of €82,232 for production costs and €60,125 for postage costs. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Science et pseudo-sciences website (in French) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientriffic-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientriffic-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dec12682 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientriffic-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Scientriffic" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientriffic" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:15.993645+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Scientriffic was a bi-monthly kids science magazine published by CSIRO Publishing. It was established in 1999 as a sister publication to The Helix, CSIRO Publishing's magazine for teens. Scientriffic targeted kids aged 7 and older. +The magazine was usually 40 pages long and trimmed to quarto paper size. It typically contained feature articles about science and mathematics of interest to kids. +The magazine was relaunched in July 2015 as Double Helix, combining both Scientriffic and The Helix into one magazine, starting from Issue 1, with 8 issues per year. + + +== Editors == +The final editor-in-chief was Sarah Kellett. Previous editors included Bianca Nogrady, Heather Catchpole, Cristy Burne, Tanya Patrick and Jasmine Fellows. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Industrial_World-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Industrial_World-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f354be08 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Industrial_World-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +--- +title: "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Industrial_World" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:57.195169+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Seven Wonders of the Industrial World is a 7-part British docudrama television miniseries that originally aired from 4 September 2003 (2003-09-04) to 16 October 2003 (2003-10-16) on BBC and was later released on DVD. The programme examines seven engineering feats that occurred since the Industrial Revolution. The same feats are covered in a companion book of the same name by producer Deborah Cadbury. + + +== Production == +The programmes were dramatised versions of actual events: actors played the various figures involved, reciting monologues and dialogue based on their letters and writings. It cost approximately £1 million to create the 7-part documentary. A book of the same name was released by producer Deborah Cadbury, exploring the same feats. + + +== Awards == +2004 British Academy Television Awards +Nominated: Huw Wheldon Award for Factual Series or Strand +2004 British Academy Television Craft Awards +Nominated: Best Photography (Factual): Mike Spragg +RTS Television Awards 2004 +Nominated: Best Production Design (Entertainment & Non Drama) +Nominated: Best Science & Natural History + + +== The list == + + +== Episodes == + + +=== The Great Ship === +This episode focuses on the construction of the SS Great Eastern, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel to be both the first ship entirely made out of iron and the most luxurious vessel of the day. However, while the ship itself was a marvel of shipbuilding, its construction was marred by accidents, scandal and misfortune, including a fire that practically destroyed the shipbuilder's yard, problems with the launch and financial scandals, all of which contributed towards Brunel's deteriorating health and comparatively early demise in 1859 and the popular belief that the ship was jinxed (a rumour leading to the legend of two bodies being found trapped in the hull upon its dismantling). + + +=== The Brooklyn Bridge === +Focusing on the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, the episode examines the family that built it—John Augustus Roebling, who designed the bridge; his son, Washington Roebling, who took over construction following his father's death shortly after the project was announced; and Washington's wife Emily Roebling, who taught herself engineering principles and took on the burden of her husband's work after his health was destroyed by the decompression sickness he suffered, owing to the length of time he spent working and overseeing matters in the pressured atmosphere of the underwater caissons used to build the bridge. + + +=== Bell Rock Lighthouse === +This episode tells the story of the construction in the early 19th century of the offshore lighthouse on Bell Rock, by the Scottish engineer Robert Stevenson. Bell or Inchcape Rock was underwater except for a couple of hours at low tide each day. It had claimed the lives of sailors and sunk ships for hundreds of years, but its situation caused difficulties in producing a design that would stand up to the storms and waves that ravaged the area while simultaneously housing the builders who worked on it during the few months of fair weather available each year. + + +=== The Sewer King === +Set in London during the 1850s, this episode focusses on the construction of the London sewerage system, built to replace the antiquated medieval system that was overworked and inadequate for the needs of the then-largest metropolis in the world, causing epidemics of disease and a permanent foul stench to fill the air also known as the Great Stink. The episode follows the efforts and work of Joseph Bazalgette, the brilliant engineer who designed the influential and modern sewer system that would purify the city, transform the streets above and would result in the end of the epidemics of cholera and typhoid that had ravaged the population—although, ironically not for the reasons that he initially thought. (This episode was written by Gregory Evans and directed and produced by Bazalgette's great-great-grandson, Edward Bazalgette) + + +=== The Panama Canal === +This episode presents the French and American efforts to build a canal through Panama to link the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The first attempt to construct the canal by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal, was abandoned because of tropical diseases (which killed over 22,000 men) and the difficulty of constructing a sea-level canal through the mountains. The resulting financial scandals not only ruined de Lesseps and many investors, it also brought down the French government. The episode then takes up the story seventeen years later when the United States took up the challenge. A concentrated effort succeeded in eradicating the causes of the tropical diseases, but the attempt to build a sea-level canal once again failed. Instead the canal was built with locks. + + +=== The Line === +The episode follows the construction of the First transcontinental railroad, the first transcontinental rail system, which would unite the eastern and western seaboards of the United States. Started in Sacramento by a consortium of local shopkeepers with no experience in building a railroad, the episode follows their efforts to build from west to east through the forbidding Sierra Nevada mountains with the help of Chinese labourers whilst simultaneously following the efforts of the workers of the Union Pacific to build from east to west, and their problems in dealing with the lawless nature of the Wild West, attacks by hostile Indians, and financial corruption and scandal. + + +=== The Hoover Dam === +The final episode focuses on the construction of the Hoover Dam during the Great Depression of the 1930s, focusing in particular on the ruthless pace set by Frank Crowe, the builder, whose eagerness to complete the project well before schedule and subsequent exploitation of the workforce (who were desperate for any employment and were forced to accept conditions of extreme hardship in the process) resulted in many deaths and the eventual construction of a new city to house the workers. + + +== Media information == + + +=== DVD release === + + +=== Companion book === +Cadbury, Deborah (26 August 2003). Seven Wonders of the Industrial World. Fourth Estate (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-00-716304-5. +Cadbury, Deborah (5 July 2004). Seven Wonders of the Industrial World. HarperPerennial (paperback). ISBN 978-0-00-716305-2. + + +== See also == +Wonders of the World + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Seven Wonders of the Industrial World at BBC Online +Seven Wonders of the Industrial World at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Chip-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Chip-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36de2580a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Chip-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Silicon Chip" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Chip" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:21.133996+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Silicon Chip is an Australian electronics magazine. It was started in November, 1987 by Leo Simpson. Following the demise of Electronics Australia in 2000 and Diyode in 2024, it is the only hobbyist related electronics magazine remaining in Australia. + + +== Magazine == +The magazine has features such as + +Projects to build +Serviceman's Log +Computer Features +Vintage Radio +Product Showcase +Mailbag/Ask Silicon Chip +Circuit Notebook (reader contributions) +The print version of Silicon Chip is produced and printed in Australia by Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd. The magazine is published monthly on the last Thursday of the month prior to the cover date. +Some time after Electronics Australia closed its doors, Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd purchased the titles Electronics Australia, Electronics Today (International), Radio, TV & Hobbies, Radio & Hobbies and Wireless Weekly, along with the copyright to original (non-submitted) material published in those magazines. The copyright of some submitted projects and articles for those old magazines technically still remains with the original authors. This is why Silicon Chip have not released Electronics Australia back-issues on CD, as they did with the older Radio TV & Hobbies. However they can provide an electronic copy of any Electronics Australia article for a price, which invalidates the previous reasoning. Except that copies are not provided in cases of articles where there is a question over the ownership of copyright. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_2002-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_2002-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96203eee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_2002-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Smallpox 2002" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_2002" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:58.459297+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Smallpox 2002: Silent Weapon is a fictional docudrama produced by Wall to Wall, showing how a single act of bioterrorism leads to terrifying consequences globally. + + +== Background == +The premise of it was one man who, in 2002, creates the smallpox virus himself, infects himself, and touches ten people in New York City. This eventually leads to a pandemic across the world that is later defeated, but not before 60 million people are killed. +The film was commissioned before the September 11 attacks and is presented in the form of a fictional documentary, including false interviews and stock footage. The tagline for the movie was, "Drama, until it happens". + + +== Reception == +Newspaper reviews of the documentary were mixed, varying from "a sick stunt" to "extraordinarily good". The docudrama proved very popular with viewers, attracting 3.4m viewers, 15% of the audience, to a 9:00pm slot on BBC2 according to overnight returns. + + +== Notes == +The film was renamed Smallpox when it aired on FX on 2 January 2005. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Smallpox 2002: Silent Weapon at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d41c76179 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "Space Race (TV series)" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:59.711316+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Space Race is a BBC docudrama series first shown in Britain on BBC2 between 14 September and 5 October 2005, chronicling the major events and characters in the American/Soviet space race up to the first landing of a man on the Moon. It focuses on Sergei Korolev, the Soviet chief rocket designer, and Wernher von Braun, his American counterpart. The series was a joint effort between British, German, American and Russian production teams. + +== Reception == + +=== Awards === +Royal Television Society 2006 +Nominated: RTS Television Award for Best Production Design (Drama): Alan Spalding +Sir Arthur Clarke Award 2006 +Won: Sir Arthur Clarke Award for Best Presentation (TV & Radio) + +== Episodes == + +=== Episode 1: "Race For Rockets" (1944–1949) === +The results of Wernher von Braun's work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and Peenemünde is shown, and his final activities within Germany during the last years of the Second World War, as both American and Soviet forces race to capture German rocket technology. However, when the Americans gain the upper hand by recovering von Braun and most of his senior staff, along with all their technical documents and much other materiel. Sergei Korolev's is released from the Gulag to act as the Soviets' rocketry expert alongside former colleague Valentin Glushko, and how he is set to work bringing Soviet rocket technology up to date with that of von Braun, working with what material and personnel are left after von Braun's escape to the US. + +=== Episode 2: "Race For Satellites" (1953–1958) === +As the Cold War intensifies, Korolev is asked to build a rocket capable of carrying a five-ton warhead to America; he designs and constructs the R-7 Semyorka, the first ICBM, and is later allowed to use it to launch the first satellite, Sputnik 1, quickly following up with the rushed Sputnik 2. Meanwhile, von Braun struggles to persuade the US government to allow him to launch his own satellite; after Sputnik's launch and the failure of the US Navy to launch a Vanguard satellite, he is finally allowed to launch the first American satellite, Explorer 1. Korolev announces that the Americans have evened the score and that they are in a space race, which they intend to win. At the end of the episode, two men are shown walking down a corridor, one of them wearing a spacesuit. + +=== Episode 3: "Race For Survival" (1959–1961) === +Both the Americans and Soviets are planning crewed space flights, and we see both sides preparing to do so with the development of the Vostok programme (USSR) and Project Mercury (USA). As well as basic details about the capsules and their delivery vehicles, we also see some of the selection and training of the Russian cosmonauts, and rather less of that of their counterparts in the US. After difficulties and failures on both sides, including a side story about a catastrophic failure of one of the first Russian ballistic missiles, the Soviets succeed in putting Yuri Gagarin into space first, with the Americans putting Alan Shepard up shortly afterwards. + +=== Episode 4: "Race for the Moon" (1964–1969) === +Both countries now plan to put a man on the Moon; the Americans pull ahead in the space race with Project Gemini, but then suffer a disaster with the Apollo 1 fire. Meanwhile, despite a notable successes such as the first space walk by Alexei Leonov, the Soviet space programme struggles to keep up amid internal strife. Glushko and Korolev permanently fall out in an argument about fuel; Korolev turns to Nikolai Kuznetsov to develop engines instead. Kuznetsov delivers the NK-33, very efficient but much less powerful than the Americans' F-1. The Soviet program suffers further blows when Korolev dies during surgery, Gagarin dies in a jet crash, Soyuz 1 crashes and kills Vladimir Komarov, and the prototype booster for the Moon shot, the N-1 rocket, fails to successfully launch. In America, von Braun has continuing difficulties with the Saturn V, especially combustion instability in the large F-1 engine, but these are ultimately overcome almost by brute force at great expense, and the rocket successfully launches the first crewed lunar mission, Apollo 8, and the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11. The final episode finishes with brief text summaries of the remaining careers of the various people involved. + +== Production details == +The BBC filmed Space Race in and around the town of Sibiu, Transylvania in Romania. Romania has signed the EU co-production treaty which allows for EU co-productions. Compared to other locations, Romania attracted the BBC with unspoiled natural locations, experienced crews and moderately priced production facilities. +The series was filmed with the Panasonic SDX 900 DVCPro50 professional camcorder. This allowed keeping to the speedy shooting schedule and provided the 'gritty' look appropriate to the time period. Shot in widescreen 25fps progressive mode, the series deliver rich, filmic feel, which compares favourably with high definition. + +=== Cast === +Richard Dillane – Wernher von Braun +Steve Nicolson – Sergei Korolev +John Warnaby – Vasily Mishin +Ravil Isyanov – Valentin Glushko +Rupert Wickham – Kurt H. Debus +Tim Woodward – Marshal Mitrofan Nedelin +Eric Loren – Castenholz +Chris Robson – Dieter Huzel +Mark Dexter – Staver +Oliver de la Fosse – Staver's Lieutenant +Vitalie Ursu – Yuri Gagarin +Oleg Stefan – Alexei Leonov +Mariya Mironova – Nina +Jeffry Wickham – Nikolai Kuznetsov +Robert Jezek – Robert R. Gilruth +Robert Lindsay – Narrator +Stuart Bunce – Lev Gaidukov +David Barrass – Helmut Gröttrup +Constantine Gregory – Nikita Khrushchev +Simon Day – Kammler +Nicholas Rowe – R. V. Jones +Mikhail Gorevoy – Ivan Serov +Stephen Greif – Colonel Holger Toftoy +Anna Barkan – Ksenia Koroleva +Max Bollinger – Russian cosmonaut (VO) +Todd Boyce – Alan Shepard +Emil Măndănac – Viacheslav Lapo, Russian sound technician +Mihai Dinvale – German Scientist +Anthony Edridge – Chris Kraft \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72501d0a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Space Race (TV series)" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:59.711316+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Inaccuracies and errors == +Most of the historical and technological data presented in the series are heavily simplified, and sometimes contain outright untruths or errors. The series would best be described and interpreted as giving a general impression of the subject matter, rather than rigorous factual account. + +=== Factual errors === +An early scene shows Serov executing Polish resistance fighters who discovered a V-2. This did not happen. A team of British and Polish soldiers and scientists formed a mission to retrieve a fallen V-2 near the Blizna V-2 missile launch site in Poland. +Footage showing early rocket club activity of von Braun actually shows Reinhold Tiling's rockets, a rival to the VfR club that von Braun belonged to. The VfR rockets were crude engines attached to sticks. +Key figures are missing from the presented history. Andrei Tupolev, Vladimir Chelomei and Mikhail Yangel are also conspicuously absent, for example, even in the sequence depicting the disastrous explosion of Yangel's prototype R-16 ICBM. In the series, Glushko is generally identified with all rocket projects competing with Korolev within the USSR, even those for which he had only partial responsibility or was a subcontractor. +The narrator said twice that the Mercury-Redstone could put an astronaut into orbit. In reality, the best the Redstone rocket could do was put an astronaut into a 15-minute "suborbital" ballistic trajectory, which peaked out around 120 miles up. The first orbital flight of an American astronaut did not occur until 20 February 1962, when the Mercury capsule was put into orbit with a more powerful Atlas rocket. Indeed, NASA report TMX-53107 called Mercury-Redstone "a prelude to an orbital flight program" (pg 1–2). However, Episode 3, "Race for Survival", is at pains to disclaim orbital capability. The narrator says (from 8'46" to 8' 51") only that the V-derived Redstone "has only a tenth of the power of Korolev's rocket. Barely enough to put a man into space." This of course is why Freedom 7, Alan Shepard's Redstone-launched capsule, was suborbital. +The narrator states that Gagarin flies "over a sleeping America" even though Vostok's flightpath did not take the craft anywhere near North America, except the Aleutian Islands. Gagarin did say "I'm over America", though. America includes South America and Vostok 1's flight path did just touch America in that sense. Gagarin spoke at night, while still over the Pacific, but only three minutes from the Straits of Magellan; a little earlier he was near Hawaii, which had become one of the US less than two years earlier. +Episode 1 features a map of Europe with wrongly indicated countries. Switzerland is labeled Austria, Austria is labelled Yugoslavia and the Czech Republic is labelled Hungary. +Episode 1 features the surrender of Wernher von Braun to the Americans; at that time, he had a badly fractured arm, which was not mentioned in the series. +In Episode 2 the narrator states twice that the R-7 rocket has 32 engines. This is not entirely correct. The R-7 and its successors have four side boosters and a core booster. Each side booster has a single rocket engine with four combustion chambers, two vernier combustion chambers, and one set of turbopumps. The central core has a similar engine but with four vernier combustion chambers instead of two. This makes total of 32 chambers, not engines. In the scene where Glushko is supposedly testing the clustering scheme, only one engine is shown. +One of the cosmonauts, after seeing the Vostok's cockpit for the first time (Episode 3), asks where the controls are. Also the Gagarin flight scene indicates that there were no controls inside. In fact controls were present on board the Vostoks, but they were blocked to prevent the cosmonauts from manipulating them. A set of codes was placed aboard, so that the cosmonaut could unlock the controls if necessary. +When the Mission Control is shown for the first time in Episode 3 it shows that all the flight controllers have a TV screen showing the launch pad. In reality only the flight director had a TV screen. The other consoles had only meters to measure the various systems. +In Episode 4 the narrator states that "if they (Apollo 8) fail to lock into the Moon's orbit they will fly on, forever lost in space". In fact, Apollo 8 used a free return trajectory that would have taken them back to Earth had the engine performing lunar orbit injection failed. + +=== Unconfirmed statements === +The series repeats the claim Korolev was denounced by Glushko several times. There are no known documents substantiating this statement. Glushko had been imprisoned himself before Korolev was arrested and had been sentenced to eight years in a prison camp "for participating in sabotage organization". He was retained to work for the NKVD to develop aircraft jet boosters. In 1942, at Glushko's request, NKVD transferred Korolev from another prison to Glushko's OKB. + +=== Filming inaccuracies === +American soldier who meet Von Braun carry a SKS carbine instead of the standard US M1 Rifle or M1 Carbine. +Usage of period footage is inconsistent, in particular with regard to the R-7 and its variants. +The scene that depicts transporting a V-2 missile to firing position uses a different missile pulled by the Soviet ZIL-157 truck. +In the sequence with the train leaving the German station with scientists one can read "CFR" on the locomotive, which stands for Căile Ferate Române (Romanian Railways). +The scene depicting a launch from Kapustin Yar, which is dated by 1948, includes vehicles that were not produced at that time, in particular the ZIL-157 (1958), the ZIL-131 (1967) and the UAZ-469 (1971). + +=== Notes === +While Korolev's last name often appears to be mispronounced as "Korolyov" in the film, this is closer to its pronunciation in the Russian language. +While both Glushko and Korolev were civilian engineers, they were correctly depicted as wearing military uniform during their stay in Germany, as both had been given commissions in the Red Army. + +== Companion book == +A companion book to the series was written by Deborah Cadbury. + +=== Selected editions === +Cadbury, Deborah (5 September 2005). Space Race. Fourth Estate (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-00-720995-8. +Cadbury, Deborah (7 August 2006). The Space Race: The Battle to Rule the Heavens. HarperPerennial (paperback). ISBN 978-0-00-720994-1. + +== Notes == +The National Geographic Channel broadcast the series as a two-part mini-series in 2006. + +== See also == + +From the Earth to the Moon +When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions +Apollo 11 in popular culture + +== References == + +== External links == +Space Race at BBC Online +Space Race at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Flu b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Flu new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano_(film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano_(film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e6c48312 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano_(film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "Supervolcano (film)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:02.368027+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Supervolcano is a 2005 disaster drama television film directed by Tony Mitchell and written by Edward Canfor-Dumas. It is based on the speculated and potential eruption of the volcanic Yellowstone Caldera, located in Yellowstone National Park. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Michael Riley, Gary Lewis, Shaun Johnston, Adrian Holmes, Jennifer Copping, Rebecca Jenkins, Tom McBeath, Robert Wisden, Susan Duerden, Jane McLean, Sam Charles, and Kevin McNulty. +Supervolcano premiered on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 13 March 2005, before airing on Discovery Channel in Canada and the United States on 10 April 2005. The film was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a BAFTA Award for its visual effects. + + +== Plot == +Richard Lieberman, the scientist in charge at Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, gives a press conference with his colleagues Jock Galvin, Dave, Matt and Nancy, and their boss, Michael Eldridge, to present their new virtual imagery simulator VIRGIL, which Eldridge claims will greatly aid in their research. Reporter Maggie Chin asks about the possibility of an eruption, which Rick dismisses as a remote possibility. +After an earthquake triggers a tsunami on one of the park's lakes, Maggie interviews Kenneth "Ken" Wylie on TV about his new book on volcanoes. Rick and Ken are brothers-in-law. The two later argue, with Rick accusing Ken of creating a mass panic to sell his book. +The undersecretary of FEMA, Wendy Reiss, eventually asks Rick about the worst-case scenario if Yellowstone does release a "super eruption". He shows her a simulation, revealing the devastating results of an ashfall across the US if the volcano were to ever erupt. +After a hydrothermal event at the Norris Geyser Basin and more questions from the press, Rick's team runs a simulation of possible eruptions on VIRGIL. They learn that even a moderate eruption could potentially destabilize the rest of the magma chamber under Yellowstone and trigger a super eruption. +After more seismic events, the park is closed. Maggie comes to Yellowstone anyway, and Rick sends Matt to give her a tour of the park. They discover a harmonic tremor near Norris, indicating that an eruption of unknown scale is imminent. +An email about the expected eruption leaks to the press, causing a national panic. FEMA schedules a press conference in Washington, DC, at which Rick is pressured into saying that the eruption will not be large. +While Rick is flying back from the conference, his colleagues in the field office finish plugging in the latest data for the eruption. They discover that the top of the magma chamber alone has more than enough eruptible magma to destabilize the chamber and trigger a super eruption. As they realize this, the volcano erupts, severely damaging their field office and injuring Jock. Matt investigates the eruption and contacts Dave about it to inform Rick. A pyroclastic flow forces the team to abandon the main USGS office and flee; Jock flees in the helicopter while Nancy and Matt use their truck, but the flow outpaces and kills them both. +Rick contacts Dave, another team member who left before the eruption to set up a backup office in a hotel in Bozeman. Meanwhile, the vent is blowing ash east across the US and across major commercial air routes, prompting FEMA to clear American airspace and take other protective measures. Rick's plane flies into the ash cloud, damaging the engines, and they make an emergency landing in Cheyenne. Rick and Ken decide to go to the FEMA office in Denver but are caught under the ashfall and decide to look for a nearby military installation instead. +The motel roof collapses due to heavy ashfall after more caldera vents open, destroying the backup office and killing Dave. Rick and Ken reach the military installation safely. Weathering the eruption inside the installation, Rick contacts FEMA and determines that the vents will merge into one massive caldera in an eruption on the scale of the Huckleberry Ridge Eruption, the largest in Yellowstone's history. +Government officials try to design a plan to save the 25 million people trapped by the ashfall, but Rick convinces them that they cannot possibly hope to do so; the ash will make it impossible for planes to safely evacuate people or drop supplies. Instead, following his advice, FEMA creates the "Walk to Life" program, telling people to walk through the ash to safety. +One week after the eruption starts, the ground above the magma chamber begins to fall into the empty space left by the ejected magma, signalling the end of the eruption. However, the damage has been done; the lingering atmospheric effects causes a volcanic winter to occur. Much of the US is rendered uninhabitable, some are liquidated by the eruption without the possibility of restoration. The Walk to Life program saves 7.3 million of the 25 million people trapped by the ash, including Rick and Ken. + + +== Cast == +Michael Riley as Rick Lieberman +Gary Lewis as Jock Galvin +Shaun Johnston as Matt +Adrian Holmes as Dave Price +Jane McLean as Maggie Chin +Jennifer Copping as Nancy +Rebecca Jenkins as Wendy Reiss +Tom McBeath as Michael Eldridge +Robert Wisden as Kenneth Wylie +Susan Duerden as Fiona Lieberman +Emy Aneke as Sergeant Jeffrey Johnson +Garry Chalk as Billy Marshall +Garwin Sanford as Bob Mann +Sam Charles as William Lieberman +Kevin McNulty as Joe Foster +Shelagh Mitchell as Fiona's Mother +Jay Hernandez as USAF Airman +Leslie Reyes as Rachel +Joanna Gosling as Herself +Chris Lowe as Himself +Anna Jones as Herself + + +== Production == +Supervolcano, which cost £2.8 million, is one of the most expensive programmes the BBC has ever made. It was funded by the BBC along with television stations in the United States, Germany, France, and Japan. + + +== Reception == + + +=== Critical response === +Brian Lowry of Variety wrote: "As disaster pics that make you want to play hooky from work go, Supervolcano has its unsettling moments." He also stated: "The biggest problem, actually, is that there's no action to be taken in response to this "What if Yellowstone National Park goes kablooey?" threat, except perhaps to get the hell out of North America." + + +=== Accolades === + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Supervolcano at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving_Disaster-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving_Disaster-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19744cbe8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving_Disaster-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Surviving Disaster" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving_Disaster" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:04.122504+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Surviving Disaster is a 2006 BBC, Discovery Channel, and ProSieben co-production documentary-drama series about disasters in the 20th century, starring people who survived them. It was produced in association with France 5. +It is narrated by Bernard Hill. + + +== Episodes == +"Munich Air Crash" – 1958 Munich air disaster +"Eruption at Mount St. Helens" – 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens +"Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster" – 1986 Chernobyl disaster +"San Francisco Earthquake" – 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake +"Fastnet Yacht Race" – 1979 Fastnet race +"Iran Hostage Rescue" – 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis +"The Sinking of the Estonia" – 1994 sinking of the Estonia + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Surviving Disaster at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Revue-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Revue-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c58bf3ea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Revue-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Technische Revue" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Revue" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:24.915865+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TR (Technische Revue), since renamed IEN D-A-CH, is a German magazine created in 1982 primarily for manufacturing industry professionals. It is published eight times a year by TIMGlobal Media. + + +== Awards == +The Technical Review/TR-online was awarded the 2006 LOF Innovation Prize at the annual conference of the Trade and Science Publishers Network (UVW) on January 12, 2006. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Thomas Industrial Media's website +Thomas Publishing Co's website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikan_Maailma-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikan_Maailma-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60058a9cb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikan_Maailma-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Tekniikan Maailma" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikan_Maailma" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:26.159091+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tekniikan Maailma, abbreviation TM, (English: World of Technology) is one of the leading automobile magazines in published in Helsinki, Finland. + + +== History and profile == +Tekniikan Maailma started in 1953. The magazine is based in Helsinki. It is owned by Otavamedia and is published monthly by Yhtyneet Kuvalehdet Oy. +Tekniikan Maailma covers all kinds of technology but around half of its content is related to automobiles. + + +== Circulation == +In 2002 Tekniikan Maailma had a circulation of 140,838 copies. The circulation of the magazine was 145,900 copies in 2006 and 150,800 copies in 2007. +In 2009 Tekniikan Maailma was 148,000 copies. In 2010 its circulation fell to 93,747 copies, but it grew to 102,947 copies in 2011. In 2012 the circulation of the magazine rose to 103,914 copies and to 109,490 copies in 2013. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Tekniikan Maailma official site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikka&Talous-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikka&Talous-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ab402d92 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikka&Talous-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Tekniikka&Talous" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekniikka&Talous" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:27.332060+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tekniikka&Talous (Technology&Economy in English) is a Finnish language web service and news magazine published in Helsinki, Finland, which focuses on technology and innovations. +The average number of readers for the print edition is 80,400 and the magazine's total reach was 546,800 readers (2024). Tekniikka&Talous is the largest technology magazine in Finland. +A famous columnist for the publication is a pseudonymous writer known as "Perusinsinööri Veijo Miettinen," whose true identity has been the subject of speculation over the years. + + +== History and profile == +Tekniikka&Talous is published by media house Alma Media Oyj. Tekniikka&Talous covers local and global news on business, innovation, science and technology. The print version of the magazine brings out 41 issues per year in tabloid format. The magazine targets decision makers in the fields of innovation, R&D and management as well as marketing and sales. +Tekniikka&Talous was previously published by Talentum. The magazine became part of new business unit Alma Talent, when Alma Media acquired Talentum in September 2015. Other well known brands of Alma Talent are Kauppalehti, Talouselämä, Uusi Suomi and Tivi. +Tekniikka&Talous is distributed to the members of Tekniikan Akateemiset, Academic Engineers and Architects in Finland. +The editor-in-chief of Tekniikka&Talous is Mikko Virta, who succeeded Harri Junttila in November 2024. + + +== Circulation == +The print version of Tekniikka&Talous had 80,400 weekly readers in 2024. The web service reaches more than 500,000 weekly readers. + + +== See also == +List of magazines in Finland + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_Tidskrift-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_Tidskrift-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7daafc097 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_Tidskrift-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Teknisk Tidskrift" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_Tidskrift" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:28.659035+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Teknisk Tidskrift (1871 – March 1872 Illustrerad Teknisk Tidning) was founded in 1871 by Swedish marine engineer Wilhelm Hoffstedt (1841–1907). A forerunner to Ny Teknik, it has since its establishment been considered one of the leading journals in Sweden for the publication of findings in technology and engineering. It was first published in Norrköping and then in Stockholm until 1977 when it folded. +The journal was divided into a general part and various specialized sections on mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemistry and mining engineering (including metallurgy), shipbuilding, architecture and civil engineering. These specialized sections representing the various departments of the Swedish Teknologföreningen reflected the educational structure of the Royal Institute of Technology. A supplement on Arkitektur och dekorativ konst (architecture and decorative arts, 1901-1922) developed into an independent journal Arkitektur. Teknisk Tidskrift's general edition was published once a week and the specialized editions once a month. In the autumn of 1967, the name of the weekly edition was changed to Ny Teknik which had a more popular scientific format. +In 1967, the publishing house Teknisk Tidskrifts förlag changed its name to Ingenjörsförlaget and in 1990 to E + T Förlag (Ekonomi & Teknik Förlag AB), after a merger with Affärsvärlden. In October 2005, E + T Förlag was sold to the Finnish Talentum Oy, publisher of the business magazine Talouselämä. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Teknisk Tidskrift, digitized volumes at Project Runeberg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Built-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Built-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8898576a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Built-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "That Built" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Built" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:06.446531+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +That Built is an American television franchise a docudrama broadcast on The History Channel that covers various historic subjects and the notable people involved roughly spanning the Industrial Revolution of the 1860s to the present. The series started with the miniseries The Men Who Built America in 2012. +To date, the longest running of these series is The Food That Built America, which premiered on August 11, 2019. The sixth season premiered on February 23, 2025. + + +== List == +The Men Who Built America (2012) +The Cars That Made America (2017) +The Men Who Built America: Frontiersmen (2018) +The Food That Built America (2019–) +The Cars That Built the World (2021) +The Titans That Built America (2021) +The Machines That Built America (2021) +The Engineering That Built the World (2021) +The Toys That Built America (2021–2023) +The Booze, Bets and Sex That Built America(2022) +The Mega-Brands That Built America(2023) +How Disney Built America (2024) +The Icons That Built America (2024) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_Who_Built_America-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_Who_Built_America-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0cf79c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_Who_Built_America-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "The Men Who Built America" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_Who_Built_America" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:38.312359+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Men Who Built America (also known as The Innovators: The Men Who Built America in some international markets) is an eight-hour, four-part miniseries docudrama by the History Channel. It is the first installment of the That Built franchise. + + +== Overview == +The series focuses on the lives of Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford. It tells how their industrial innovations and business empires revolutionized modern society. The series is directed by Patrick Reams and Ruán Magan and is narrated by Campbell Scott. It averaged 2.6 million total viewers (1.2 million adults 25–54 and 1 million adults 18–49) across four nights. + + +== Cast == +Additional narration was provided by H. W. Brands, Mark Cuban, Donny Deutsch, Donald Trump, Jim Cramer, and Steve Case. + +William Jennings Bryan – James Kidd +Andrew Carnegie – (The Elder) – Adam Jonas Segaller +Andrew Carnegie – (The Younger) – AJ Achinger +Thomas Edison – Justin Morck +James Fisk – Kenneth Cavett +Henry Ford – Cary Donaldson +Henry Clay Frick – John C. Bailey +Jay Gould – Cameron McNary +William McKinley – Dan Odell +J. P. Morgan – (The Elder) – Ray Reynolds +J. P. Morgan – (The Younger) – Eric Rolland +Junius Spencer Morgan – Daniel Berkey +John D. Rockefeller – Tim Getman +Theodore Roosevelt – Joseph Wiegand +Charles M. Schwab – John Keabler +Thomas A. Scott – Don Meehan +Nikola Tesla – Alex Falberg +Cornelius Vanderbilt – David Donahoe +William Henry Vanderbilt – Michael Chmiel +George Westinghouse – Einar Gunn + + +== Episodes == + +Note: The series consists of eight one-hour episodes; for TV they were combined into four two-hour episodes. + + +== Release == +It was originally broadcast on the History Channel in autumn 2012, and on the History Channel UK in fall 2013. + + +== Reception == + + +=== Critical response === +On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 62% of 13 critics' reviews are positive. On Metacritic the series has a score of 60 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". +Neil Genzlinger from The New York Times observed that the series did not contain startling revelations about its principal subjects, although certainly gave them a modern-day relevance. Linda Holmes writing for NPR ridiculed the series for dull presentation, corny re-enactments and ineffective narration. She criticized the production for feeling "a lot like a tricked-out version of an elementary school filmstrip" and suggested that the series might be popular among those who accepted Donald Trump as one of the experts. +Geoff Berkshire from Variety criticized the series for "overblown recreations backed by bombastic music, combined with tepid performances by the re-enactors and rudimentary writing". Mentioning the series' "ostentatious style [that] begins to grate within the first 30 minutes", he scorned "the talking heads [that] simply feel like filler" and the particular style of padding out the runtime when "the viewers are subjected to the customary recap of the previous segment after every ad break." He concluded that unlike the game-changing icons it intended to celebrate, the series failed to leave its mark. Verne Gay from Newsday gave the series "C" grade for "self-serving, obvious or of the fortune cookie variety" tips dispensed by the guests and for the lack of subtlety and historic context. On another hand, he praised the well-produced, although often static, recreations. + + +== Home media == +The miniseries has been released by The History Channel on January 22, 2013, in a three-disc set in both DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Men Who Built America at the History Channel official website +The Men Who Built America at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06eb62ade --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "The Most Unknown (film)" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:22.745519+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Most Unknown is a 2018 documentary film, directed by Ian Cheney, that introduces nine researchers from diverse scientific backgrounds to areas of scientific field work new to them. The film has had mixed reviews, with some reviewers focussed on the participants' contagious fascination with research on life's biggest mysteries ("the most unknown"), while other reviewers criticised the film's coverage of difficult technical concepts as lacking depth. + +== Description == +The film presents interviews with nine scientists, each conducted by a scientist in another discipline—"a geobiologist, molecular biologist, various physicists studying space and time, cognitive psychologists, and a neuroscientist—who take turns visiting one another to get a cursory taste of the other's field", according to The Village Voice. Film Journal International said, "In each of the nine segments, one scientist travels to meet another scientist of a different discipline to learn about the research they're doing. Then the scientist whose research has just been discussed heads off to a new location (usually remote, always beautifully lensed) where somebody from a separate school of study tells them about what they're up to. And so on." +Reviewers described the interviews variously as "a La Ronde of intellectuals", "nine scientists... who visit one another blind-date style", "a round-robin of wonder", "a daisy chain of nine curious scientific minds... a scientific game of tag", "global game of tag with experts", "beads on a chain of discovery", "a daisy chain of one-on-one interviews / lab tours", "an intellectual relay race or high-IQ speed dating", and "a global relay of encounters in an effort to find commonality of language and purpose as life's big questions are explored". + +=== Cast and crew === +Scientists who interviewed each other included microbiologist Jennifer Macalady, physicist Davide D'Angelo, psychologist Axel Cleeremans, astrobiologist Luke McKay, astrophysicist Rachel Smith, geobiologist Victoria Orphan, physicist Jun Ye, neuroscientist Anil Seth, and cognitive psychologist Laurie R. Santos. +The documentary was directed by Ian Cheney, with advisor Werner Herzog, and was supported by a grant from Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative "dedicated to engaging everyone with the process of science". + +=== Distribution === +Motherboard Tech by Vice Media used a "multimodal release strategy", premiering the film at the Copenhagen International Film Festival on March 16, 2018; it was released in theaters on May 18, 2018. In the summer it began streaming on Netflix, which had global rights and made it available in 25 languages. Finally it was posted as nine individual episodes on YouTube. + +== Critical response == +Daphne Howland of The Village Voice praised the concept of the film as raising "some of the grandest, if also the most basic, mysteries — like our perception of time or whether there's life on other planets". Howland also commented on the film's beautiful settings as "photogenic", criticizing that the science was not "deeply explained". Ken Jaworowski's The New York Times review agreed, saying the documentary "extols the wonders of science and of all that's yet to discover", but a drawback is that with 10 minute episodes, it is difficult to grasp the concepts, and the scientists are less skilled as interviewers. +Jaworowski said the film "works best as inspiration to delve deeper into these disciplines, and as a celebration of science". The New Yorker's Sara Larson said director Cheney's "goal isn't so much to inform as to inspire, and it's vicariously exciting to watch his subjects step out of their own research and into that of their peers." +Film Journal International said, + +Cheney places viewers in each setting with sweeping, sparkling vistas of strange beauty that would make David Attenborough weep. As different as their backgrounds are, the scientists chosen by Cheney are a uniformly cheerful and eager-to-pitch-in bunch who are more excited than daunted by the odds stacked against their various projects. As observational astronomer Rachel Smith describes her work at one point, "You've got a puzzle with a million, or billion pieces. We've got one piece." +Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times identifies two disarming motifs expressed in the film: "a thirst for knowledge and a belief that there's so much more to learn about what makes us and our world", and "The collegial awe that accompanies a proud nerd's introduction to another's elaborate measuring machines". +The film review site "100 Films in a Year", says: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b493ed8db --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "The Most Unknown (film)" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Unknown_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:22.745519+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In this documentary, nine scientists working on some of the hardest problems across all fields (the "most unknowns") meet each other... It not only touches on the basics of what the unknowns they're investigating are, but also how they go about investigating or discovering these things — the day-to-day realities of actually "doing" Science. Alongside that, it reveals the scientific mindset; what motivates them. The nine individuals are very different people working on very different problems in very different fields, but the film draws out the similarities in their natures that drive them to explore the unknown... Plus, as a film, it's beautifully shot. A lot of this science is taking place in extreme locations, which bring with them a beauty and wonder of their own. +Movie Nation's reviewer Roger Moore writes, "The Most Unknown mashes up scientists from widely divergent fields for intellectual, scientific, social and even comic effect... They talk of how no one genius making a breakthrough alters human knowledge, but of scientific scholarship, building on tradition, earlier proofs, a wall of What We Know built one brick at a time." Moore also says the film "...humanizes a class of people being demonized in America's virulent outbreak of Know-Nothingism. These are smart, funny and charming worker bees with limits to their knowledge, just like the rest of us... this class of open-minded thinkers should be celebrated, emulated and above all else, funded." +Indira Arriago of Anchorage Express writes, "The interactions between the scientists are eye-opening for them and for the viewers and reminds one of the importance of curiosity as integral to living a meaningful life." Arriago also says, "If there are a couple of shortfalls, they are, one, the film is too short and not deep enough, but 88 minutes only go so far; and two, it doesn't explore the precipice on which science meets poetry, and while it addresses the explorations into 'how' things work and the interrelationships, it falls shy of exploring 'why' things are." +That analysis is echoed by other reviews. The Hollywood Reporter says although the film "seeks intellectual common ground between researchers in a slew of scientific fields", it "goes in rather the opposite direction: diving into the mysteries of the cosmos, but finding itself stuck in the shallow end of the pool". +Similarly, Anupam Kant Verma of Firstpost.com writes, "The Most Unknown, Netflix's latest documentary, is a scientific adventure that never really launches into infinity and beyond... while it occasionally provides glimpses of the possibilities that keep emerging before the human race, perhaps bogged down by its short runtime and format, it fails to elicit the sense of wonder that keeps our mouths open." Verma says the film "traipses across the razor's edge of understanding, too little for those with an interest in the subjects and sometimes way too much jargon for those unaware of the disciplines... the massive amounts of information that needs to be condensed to sustain the narrative often strips it of its wonderment." +Verma writes of the scientists, "Their awareness of the boundlessness that confronts them is staggering. It is only matched by their firm belief in the resilience of the human spirit to explore new worlds. A deep sense of optimism underpins the film." + +== References == + +== External links == +The Most Unknown at IMDb +The Most Unknown Netflix +The Most Unknown (Official Documentary Trailer) on YouTube (video, 1:56 minutes) +This Cave Slime Could Be a Clue to the Origins of Life on YouTube (video, 10:21 minutes) +The New Hunt for Dark Matter on YouTube (video, 8:41 minutes) +Decoding the Human Brain With Robotic Limbs on YouTube (video, 9:47 minutes) +Searching For Alien Life in the Hot Springs of Nevada on YouTube (video, 11:17 minutes) +Looking Into the Center of the Galaxy on YouTube (video,10:16 minutes) +The Invisible Creatures at the Bottom of the Sea on YouTube (video, 9:45 minutes) +Inside The Most Precise Atomic Clock in the World on YouTube (video, 7:34 minutes) +Inside the Shared Hallucinations of Our Conscious Reality on YouTube (video, 10:51 minutes) +Studying Monkeys to See What Makes Humans Special on YouTube (video, 11:03 minutes) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Matter-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Matter-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9a2a4c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Matter-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "The Mystery of Matter" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Matter" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:44.459671+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements is a 2014 American documentary miniseries, which premiered nationwide on August 19, 2015. The PBS documentary, in three-episodes of one hour each, was directed by Stephen Lyons and Muffie Meyer. +The series, which took ten years to make, describes the search for the basic chemical elements that form matter by focusing on the lives and times of seven scientific visionaries. Hosted by actor Michael Emerson, the series depicts the creative process of the scientists, with actors describing the process of discovery in the scientists' own words and reenacting their major discoveries using replicas of their original laboratory equipment. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Participants == +The documentary is narrated by Michael Emerson and includes the following participants (alphabetized by last name): + + +== Gallery == + + +=== The seven featured scientists === + + +=== Cast and advisors === + + +== Reviews and criticism == +According to Carman Drahl of Forbes magazine, "Chemists will quickly recognize the life stories of giants in their field. This show wasn’t designed just for chemists, however. The target audience includes teachers, students, and curious TV viewers." The series, based on a National Science Foundation project description, tells "a 'detective story' of chemistry, stretching from the ancient alchemists to today's efforts to find stable new forms of matter". Mark Dawidziak, of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, quotes the historical advisor, Alan Rocke: "[The series] portrays science as [a] very human process. People see it is a very mechanical process. A great humanity is revealed by these stories, but also the unfolding process of how science actually comes to these understandings of nature." Erica K. Jacobsen, of the Chemical Education Division of the American Chemical Society, found the series to be "an excellent tool for bringing students a different view of the periodic table and those involved in its history". + + +== See also == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Mystery of Matter at the PBS WebSite/1. +The Mystery of Matter (videos) at the PBS WebSite/2. +The Mystery of Matter official website +The Mystery of Matter official blog on Blogger +The Mystery of Matter at IMDb +The Mystery of Matter at Amazon.com +The Mystery of Matter - Trailer (05:18) on YouTube +The Mystery of Matter – video search on YouTube +The Mystery of Matter – video search on Dailymotion \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a4a7bed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +--- +title: "The Right Stuff (TV series)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:54.673669+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Right Stuff is an American historical drama limited television series, loosely based on the 1979 book of the same name by Tom Wolfe and its 1983 film adaptation, that premiered on October 9, 2020, on Disney+. It is the third installment in the titular franchise. It explores the origins and growth of the United States' space program. On April 3, 2021, Disney+ canceled the series due to a redesign in the NatGeo channel's focus. Show financier Warner Bros. Television is looking to shop the series to other networks. +The series was removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, amidst the Disney+ and Hulu purge. + + +== Premise == +The Right Stuff takes a "gritty, anti-nostalgic look at what would become America's first reality show as the obsessive original Mercury Seven astronauts and their families become instant celebrities in a competition that will either kill them or make them immortal. The eight-part, one-hour-per-episode drama will follow the protagonists from the Mojave Desert to the edges of space, with future seasons carrying through to humankind’s greatest achievement: the moon landing." + + +== Cast and characters == + + +=== Main === +Jake McDorman as Alan Shepard +Patrick J. Adams as John Glenn +Colin O'Donoghue as Gordon Cooper +James Lafferty as Scott Carpenter +Aaron Staton as Wally Schirra +Michael Trotter as Gus Grissom +Micah Stock as Deke Slayton +Eric Ladin as Chris Kraft +Patrick Fischler as Bob Gilruth +Nora Zehetner as Annie Glenn +Eloise Mumford as Trudy Cooper +Jackson Pace as Glynn Lunney +Shannon Lucio as Louise Shepard + + +=== Recurring === +Sacha Seberg as Wernher von Braun +Jordan Woods-Robinson as Mike Turley +Rachel Burttram as Betty Grissom +Jade Albany Pietrantonio as Rene Carpenter +Laura Ault as Jo Schirra +Chandler Head as Cam Cooper +Lucy Capri as Janita Cooper +Taegan Burns as Laura Shepard +Avery Burns as Julie Shepard +Kyra Johnson as Lyn Glenn +David Bolinger as David Glenn +Victoria White as Marge Slayton +Christopher Cassarino as Henri Landwirth +Mamie Gummer as Jerrie Cobb +Kaley Ronayne as Dee O'Hara +Josh Cooke as Loudon Wainwright Jr. +Danny Strong as John A. Powers +Jordan Blair Mangold Brown as Eunice +Elizabeth D'Onofrio as Doris + + +== Episodes == + + +== Production == +On July 25, 2017, it was announced that National Geographic was partnering with Appian Way Productions and Warner Horizon Television to option the screen rights to Tom Wolfe's 1979 novel The Right Stuff. The series was set to be written by Will Staples who was also expected to executive produce alongside Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Davisson. +On February 10, 2019, it was announced during the Television Critics Association's annual winter press tour that National Geographic had given the production a series order. David Nutter was expected to direct the premiere episode. Additional executive producers were set to include Mark Lafferty and Lizzie Mickery with Lafferty also serving as showrunner. +The series premiered on October 9, 2020. On November 20, 2020, the series was granted a tax credit to film a second season in San Diego. The show had yet to be officially renewed at the time. However, on April 3, 2021, it was announced that Disney+ had canceled the series due to a change in NatGeo's programming focus. Show financier Warner Bros. Television is looking to shop the series to other networks such as TNT and HBO Max. + + +=== Casting === +On May 31, 2019, Patrick J. Adams had been cast in the series lead role of John Glenn. On June 14, 2019, Jake McDorman and Colin O'Donoghue were cast as Alan Shepard and Gordon Cooper, respectively. On June 21, 2019, Eric Ladin, Patrick Fischler, Nora Zehetner, Eloise Mumford, Shannon Lucio, and Josh Cooke joined the cast. On August 19, 2019, Danny Strong was cast as NASA Spokesman John A. "Shorty" Powers. On November 29, 2019, Mamie Gummer was cast as "Mercury 13" astronaut hopeful, Jerrie Cobb. + + +== Reception == + + +=== Critical response === +On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 55% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 7.21/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "The Right Stuff contains some grace notes in its depiction of America's first slate of astronauts, but this tired retread of Tom Wolfe's famed book mostly makes the wrong moves in revitalizing space race history for the modern era." On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". +Richard Roeper of The Chicago Sun-Times praised the show as "a visually striking, well-acted period piece that plays like 'Mad Men: The Flyboys Edition." Writing for Rolling Stone, Alan Sepinwall called the show "a dutiful, mostly competent, infrequently lively historical workplace drama" and "almost defiantly generic in every way." Wall Street Journal reviewer John Anderson described the show as "a perfectly serviceable drama about a rococo period of American history." Lucy Mangan of The Guardian rated the show 4 out of 5 stars and claimed that "The Right Stuff doesn’t reach for the stars, but looks back to the Earth from which the phenomenon of astronauts and space travel, the glamour and the myths grew, along with the appetites they fed, and is all the more interesting for that." Matt Cabral of Common Sense Media rated the series 3 out of 5 stars and called it a "space drama" that is "serviceable but doesn't reach the stars." +In Caroline Framke's review for Variety, she criticized the show as "familiar" and said it "never met a space story cliché it didn't embrace with open arms." In a review for The Dispatch, Alec Dent criticized the show's choice to leave out Chuck Yeager, saying his absence "embodies the central problem of the show: those behind it don't seem to understand what the right stuff is, at least not well enough to portray it on TV." + + +=== Accolades === + + +== See also == +The Right Stuff, 1983 film + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Right Stuff on Disney+ +The Right Stuff at IMDb +The Right Stuff at Rotten Tomatoes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ead94912 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "The Right Stuff (film)" +chunk: 1/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:53.383426+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Right Stuff is a 1983 American epic historical drama film written and directed by Philip Kaufman and based on the 1979 book of the same name by Tom Wolfe. The film follows the Navy, Marine, and Air Force test pilots who were involved in aeronautical research at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as well as the Mercury Seven, the seven military pilots who were selected to be the astronauts for Project Mercury, the first human spaceflight by the United States. The film stars Sam Shepard, Ed Harris, Scott Glenn, Fred Ward, Dennis Quaid, Barbara Hershey and Kim Stanley (in her final film); Levon Helm narrates and plays Air Force test pilot Jack Ridley. +The Right Stuff was a box-office bomb, grossing about $21 million (domestically) against a $27 million budget. However, it received widespread critical acclaim and was nominated for eight Oscars at the 56th Academy Awards, four of which it won. The film was a huge success on the home video market. In 2013, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." The film was ranked #19 on the American Film Institute's most inspiring movies. +The film was later expanded into its titular franchise, including a television series and a documentary film. + +== Plot == +In 1947, over the Muroc Army Air Field in California, a number of test pilots are killed while flying high-speed aircraft such as the rocket-powered Bell X-1. After another pilot, Slick Goodlin, demands $150,000 (equivalent to $2,163,000 in 2025) to attempt to break the sound barrier, war hero Captain Chuck Yeager receives the chance to fly the X-1. Yeager becomes the first person to fly at supersonic speed, defeating the "demon in the sky." +Six years later, Muroc, now Edwards Air Force Base, still attracts the best test pilots. Yeager (now a major) and friendly rival Scott Crossfield repeatedly break each other's speed records. They often visit the Happy Bottom Riding Club run by Pancho Barnes, who classifies the pilots at Edwards as either "prime" (such as Yeager and Crossfield) that fly the best equipment or newer "pudknockers" who only dream about it. Gordon "Gordo" Cooper, Virgil "Gus" Grissom and Donald "Deke" Slayton, captains of the United States Air Force, are among the "pudknockers" who hope to also prove that they have "the Right Stuff." The tests are no longer secret, as the military soon recognizes that it needs good publicity for funding. Cooper's wife, Trudy, and other wives are afraid of becoming widows but cannot change their husbands' ambitions and desire for success and fame. +In 1957, the launch of the Soviet Sputnik satellite alarms the United States government. Politicians such as Senator Lyndon B. Johnson and military leaders demand that NASA help America defeat the Soviets in the new Space Race. The search for the first Americans in space excludes Yeager because he lacks a college degree. Grueling physical and mental tests select the Mercury Seven astronauts, including John Glenn of the United States Marine Corps, Alan Shepard, Walter Schirra and Scott Carpenter of the United States Navy, as well as Cooper, Grissom and Slayton; they immediately become national heroes. Although many early NASA rockets explode during launch, the ambitious astronauts all hope to be the first in space as part of Project Mercury. Although engineers see the men as passengers, the pilots insist for the Mercury spacecraft to have a window, a hatch with explosive bolts, and pitch-yaw-roll controls. However, the Soviet Union beats them into space on April 12, 1961, with the launch of Vostok 1 carrying Yuri Gagarin. The seven astronauts are determined to match and to surpass the Soviets. +Shepard is the first American to reach space on the 15-minute sub-orbital flight of Mercury-Redstone 3 on May 5. After Grissom's similar flight of Mercury-Redstone 4 on July 21, the capsule's hatch blows open and quickly fills with water. Grissom escapes, but the spacecraft, overweight with seawater, sinks. Many criticize Grissom for possibly panicking and opening the hatch prematurely. Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth on Mercury-Atlas 6 on February 20, 1962; he survives a possibly loose heat shield and receives a ticker-tape parade. He, his colleagues, and their families become celebrities, including a gigantic celebration in the Sam Houston Coliseum to announce the opening of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, despite the fear of Glenn's wife, Annie, of public speaking because of a stutter. +Although test pilots at Edwards mock the Mercury program for sending "spam in a can" into space, they recognize that they are no longer the fastest men on Earth, and Yeager states that "it takes a special kind of man to volunteer for a suicide mission, especially when it's on national TV." While testing the new Lockheed NF-104A, Yeager attempts to set a new altitude record at the edge of space but is nearly killed in a high-speed ejection when his engine fails. Though seriously burned after reaching the ground, Yeager gathers up his parachute and walks to the ambulance, which proves his worth. +On May 15, 1963, Cooper has a successful launch on Mercury-Atlas 9, which ends the Mercury program. As the last American to fly into space alone, he "went higher, farther, and faster than any other American ... for a brief moment, Gordo Cooper became the greatest pilot anyone had ever seen." + +== Cast == + +The following appeared as themselves in archive footage: Ed Sullivan with Bill Dana (in character as José Jiménez); Yuri Gagarin and Nikita Khrushchev embracing at a review, joined by Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin, Kliment Voroshilov, and Anastas Mikoyan; Lyndon B. Johnson; John F. Kennedy; Alan Shepard (in Kennedy footage); and James E. Webb, director of NASA during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. + +== Production == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e18c30c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "The Right Stuff (film)" +chunk: 2/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:53.383426+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Development === +In 1979, independent producers Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler outbid Universal Pictures for the movie rights to Tom Wolfe's book, paying $350,000. They hired William Goldman to write the screenplay. Goldman wrote in his memoirs that his adaptation focused on the astronauts, and he entirely ignored Chuck Yeager. Goldman was inspired to accept the job because he wanted to say something patriotic about America in the wake of the Iran hostage crisis. Winkler writes in his memoirs that he was disappointed that Goldman's adaptation ignored Yeager. +In June 1980, United Artists agreed to finance the film up to $20 million, and the producers began looking for a director. Michael Ritchie was originally attached but fell through; so did John Avildsen who, four years prior, had won an Oscar for his work under Winkler and Chartoff on the original Rocky. (The Right Stuff would have reunited Avildsen with both producers and also with a fourth Rocky veteran, composer Bill Conti.) +Ultimately, Chartoff and Winkler approached director Philip Kaufman, who agreed to make the film but did not like Goldman's script. Kaufman disliked the emphasis on patriotism and wanted Yeager put back in the film. Eventually, Goldman quit the project in August 1980, and United Artists pulled out. +When Wolfe showed no interest in adapting his own book, Kaufman wrote a draft in eight weeks. His draft restored Yeager to the story, because "if you're tracing how the future began, the future in space travel, it began really with Yeager and the world of the test pilots. The astronauts descended from them." +After the financial failure of Heaven's Gate, the studio put The Right Stuff in turnaround. Then, The Ladd Company stepped in with an estimated $17 million. + +=== Casting === +Actor Ed Harris auditioned twice in 1981 for the role of John Glenn. Originally, Kaufman wanted to use a troupe of contortionists to portray the press corps, but he settled on the improvisational comedy troupe Fratelli Bologna, known for its sponsorship of "St. Stupid's Day" in San Francisco. The director created a locust-like chatter to accompany the press corps whenever they appear, which was achieved through a sound combination of (among other things) motorized Nikon cameras and clicking beetles. +Professional American football player Anthony Muñoz has a minor role in the film as a hospital orderly named Gonzales; the soft-spoken Muñoz was asked to lip sync his lines, and a "deeper, gruffer voice" was dubbed over him in post-production. + +=== Filming === +Most of the film was shot in and around San Francisco between March and October 1982, with additional filming continuing into January 1983. A waterfront warehouse there was transformed into a studio. Location shooting took place primarily at the abandoned Hamilton Air Force Base, north of San Francisco, which was converted into a sound stage for the numerous interior sets. No location could substitute for the distinctive Edwards Air Force Base landscape and so the entire production crew moved to the Mojave Desert to shoot the opening sequences that framed the story of the test pilots at Muroc Army Air Field, later Edwards AFB. Additional shooting took place in California City in early 1983. During the filming of a sequence portraying Chuck Yeager's ejection from an NF-104, stuntman Joseph Svec, a former Green Beret, was killed when he failed to open his parachute because he may have been unconscious from smoke. +In 1982, the scene of the wives of the astronauts watching the television broadcast was filmed on military housing in Novato, California. +Yeager was hired as a technical consultant on the film. He took the actors flying, studied the storyboards and special effects, and pointed out the errors. To prepare for their roles, Kaufman gave the actors playing the seven astronauts an extensive videotape collection to study. +The effort to make an authentic feature led to the use of many full-size aircraft, scale models and special effects to replicate the scenes at Edwards Air Force Base and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Special visual effects supervisor Gary Gutierrez said the first special effects were too clean for the desired "dirty, funky, early NASA look." That made Gutierrez and his team start from scratch and employ unconventional techniques like going up a hill with model airplanes on wires and fog machines to create clouds or shooting model F-104s from a crossbow device and capturing their flight with up to four cameras. Avant-garde filmmaker Jordan Belson created the background of the Earth as seen from high-flying planes and from orbiting spacecraft. +Kaufman gave his five editors a list of documentary images that he needed, and he sent them off to search for film from NASA, the Air Force and Bell Aircraft vaults. They also discovered Russian stock footage not viewed in 30 years. During production, Kaufman met with resistance from the Ladd Company and threatened to quit several times. In December 1982, one reel of cut workprint of the film that included portions of John Glenn's flight disappeared from Kaufman's editing facility in San Francisco's Dogpatch neighborhood. The missing reel of cut workprint was never found but was reconstructed by using a black-and-white duplicate copy of the reel as a guide and by reprinting new workprint from the original negative, which was always safely in storage at the film lab. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9160fac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "The Right Stuff (film)" +chunk: 3/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:53.383426+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Historical accuracy === +Although The Right Stuff was based on historic events and real people, as previously interpreted by Tom Wolfe in his book, some substantial dramatic liberties were taken. Neither Yeager's flight in the X-1 to break the sound barrier early in the film or his later nearly-fatal flight in the NF-104A was spur-of-moment capriciously decided event, as the film seems to imply. Both were actually part of the routine testing program for both aircraft. Yeager had already test-flown both aircraft a number of times and was very familiar with them. +Jack Ridley had actually died in 1957, even though his character appears in several key scenes taking place after that, most notably including Yeager's 1963 flight of the NF-104A. +Other notable inaccuracies include the early termination of Glenn's flight after three orbits, instead of seven, when the flight was scheduled for at most three orbits, and the engineers who built the Mercury craft portrayed as Germans though they were mostly Americans. +The Right Stuff depicts Cooper arriving at Edwards in 1953, reminiscing with Grissom there about the two of them having supposedly flown together at the Langley Air Force Base, and then hanging out with Grissom and Slayton, including all three supposedly being present at Edwards when Scott Crossfield flew at Mach 2 in November 1953. The film shows the three of them being recruited together there for the astronaut program in late 1957, with Grissom supposedly expressing keen interest in becoming a "star-voyager". According to their respective NASA biographies, none of the three was posted to Edwards before 1955 (Slayton in 1955 and Grissom and Cooper in 1956,) and neither of the last two had trained at Langley. When astronaut recruitment began in late 1957, after the Soviets had orbited Sputnik, Grissom had already left Edwards and returned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, where he had served and was happy with his new assignment there. Grissom did not even know that he was under consideration for the astronaut program until he received mysterious orders "out of the blue" to report to Washington in civilian clothing for what turned out to be a recruitment session for NASA. +The film drew heaviest criticism for its portrayal of Gus Grissom during the splashdown of Liberty Bell 7, which left readers and viewers with the impression that Grissom panicked and blew the hatch bolts, whereas the book stated that only some people considered that he may have done so. Most historians, as well as engineers working for or with NASA and many of the related contractor agencies within the aerospace industry, are now convinced that the premature detonation of the spacecraft hatch's explosive bolts was caused by mechanical failure that was not associated with direct human error or deliberate detonation by Grissom. That determination had been made long before the film was completed. Many astronauts, including Schirra, Cooper and Shepard, were critical of The Right Stuff for its treatment of Grissom, who had been killed in the Apollo 1 launch pad fire in January 1967 and thus unable to defend himself when the film was being made. + +=== Film models === + +A large number of film models were assembled for the production; for the more than 80 aircraft appearing in the film, static mock-ups and models were used as well as authentic aircraft of the period. Lieutenant Colonel Duncan Wilmore, USAF (Ret) acted as the United States Air Force liaison to the production, beginning his role as a technical consultant in 1980 when the pre-production planning had begun. The first draft of the script in 1980 had concentrated only on the Mercury 7, but as subsequent revisions developed to the treatment into more of the original story that Wolfe had envisioned, the aircraft of the late-1940s that would have been seen at Edwards AFB were required. Wilmore gathered World War II era "prop" aircraft such as the following: + +Douglas A-26 Invader +North American P-51 Mustang +North American T-6 Texan and +Boeing B-29 Superfortress +The first group were mainly "set dressing" on the ramp while the Confederate Air Force (now renamed to the Commemorative Air Force) B-29 "Fifi" was modified to act as the B-29 "mothership" to carry the Bell X-1 and X-1A rocket-powered record-breakers. +Other "real" aircraft included the early jet fighters and trainers as well as current USAF and United States Navy examples. These flying aircraft and helicopters included: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f70045f3a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "The Right Stuff (film)" +chunk: 4/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:53.383426+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Douglas A-4 Skyhawk +LTV A-7 Corsair II +North American F-86 Sabre +Convair F-106 Delta Dart +McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II +Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw +Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King +Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star +Northrop T-38 Talon +A number of aircraft significant to the story had to be recreated. The first was an essentially static X-1 that had to at least roll along the ground and realistically "belch flame" by a simulated rocket blast from the exhaust pipes. A series of wooden mock-up X-1s were used to depict interior shots of the cockpit, the mating up of the X-1 to a modified B-29 fuselage and bomb bay and ultimately to recreate flight in a combination of model work and live-action photography. The "follow-up" X-1A was also an all-wooden model. +The U.S. Navy's Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket that Crossfield duelled with Yeager's X-1 and X-1A was recreated from a modified Hawker Hunter jet fighter. The climactic flight of Yeager in a Lockheed NF-104A was originally to be made with a modified Lockheed F-104 Starfighter but ultimately, Wilmore decided that the production had to make do with a repainted Luftwaffe F-104G, which lacks the rocket engine of the NF-104. +Wooden mock-ups of the Mercury space capsules also realistically depicted the NASA spacecraft and were built from the original mold. +For many of the flying sequences, scale models were produced by USFX Studios and filmed outdoors in natural sunlight against the sky. Even off-the-shelf plastic scale models were used for aerial scenes. The X-1, F-104 and B-29 models were built in large numbers as a number of the more than 40 scale models were destroyed in the process of filming. The blending together of miniatures, full-scale mock-ups, and actual aircraft was seamlessly integrated into the live-action footage. The addition of original newsreel footage was used sparingly but to effect and provided another layer of authenticity. + +== Reception and legacy == + +=== Box office === +The Right Stuff had its world premiere on October 16, 1983, at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., to benefit the American Film Institute. It was given a limited release on October 21, 1983, in 229 theaters, grossing a disappointing $1.6 million on its opening weekend. It went into wide release on February 17, 1984, in 627 theaters, where it grossed an additional $1.6 million on that weekend. The movie went on to gross only $21.1 million in the United States and Canada. The failure of the film and Twice Upon a Time caused The Ladd Company to shut down. +As part of the promotion for the film, Veronica Cartwright, Chuck Yeager, Gordon Cooper, Scott Glenn and Dennis Quaid appeared in 1983 at ConStellation, the 41st World Science Fiction Convention in Baltimore. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1fbe04a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "The Right Stuff (film)" +chunk: 5/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:53.383426+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Reviews === +The Right Stuff received overwhelming acclaim from critics. The film holds a 96% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 52 reviews, with an average score of 8.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "The Right Stuff packs a lot of movie into its hefty running time, spinning a colorful, fact-based story out of consistently engaging characters in the midst of epochal events." On Metacritic — which assigns a weighted mean score — the film has a score of 91 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". +Roger Ebert named The Right Stuff best film of 1983 and wrote: "There was a lot going on, and there's a lot going on in the movie, too. The Right Stuff is an adventure film, a special effects film, a social commentary and a satire... it joins a short list of recent American movies that might be called experimental epics: movies that have an ambitious reach through time and subject matter, that spend freely for locations or special effects, but that consider each scene as intently as an art film.... It's a great film." He later named it one of the best films of the decade, and wrote: "The Right Stuff is a greater film because it is not a straightforward historical account but pulls back to chronicle the transition from Yeager and other test pilots to a mighty public relations enterprise". He later put it at #2 on his 10 best of the 1980s, behind Martin Scorsese's Raging Bull. +Gene Siskel, Ebert's co-host of At the Movies, also named The Right Stuff the best film of 1983 and said: "It's a great film, and I hope everyone sees it." Siskel also went on to include The Right Stuff at #3 on his list of the best films of the 1980s, behind Shoah and Raging Bull. +In his review for Newsweek, David Ansen wrote: "When The Right Stuff takes to the skies, it can't be compared with any other movie, old or new: it's simply the most thrilling flight footage ever put on film". Gary Arnold in his review for The Washington Post, wrote: "The movie is obviously so solid and appealing that it's bound to go through the roof commercially and keep on soaring for the next year or so". In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby praised Shepard's performance: "Both as the character he plays and as an iconic screen presence, Mr. Shepard gives the film much well-needed heft. He is the center of gravity". +Colin Greenland reviewed The Right Stuff for Imagine and stated: "It is the film's willingness to question [...] idealism, while laying down some very fine footage of things that are moving very fast, which makes The Right Stuff thoroughly absorbing for nearly three and a quarter hours." +Tom Wolfe made no secret of his dislike for the film, especially because of changes from his original book. William Goldman also disliked the choices made by Kaufman and wrote in his 1983 book Adventures in the Screen Trade: "Phil [Kaufman]'s heart was with Yeager. And not only that, he felt the astronauts, rather than being heroic, were really minor leaguers, mechanical men of no particular quality, not great pilots at all, simply the product of hype." +The Mercury Seven astronauts were mostly negative about the film. In an early interview, Deke Slayton said that none of the film "was all that accurate, but it was well done." However, in his memoirs, Slayton described the film as being "as bad as the book was good, just a joke". Wally Schirra liked the book a lot, but expressed disappointment and dislike for the movie, and he never forgave the producers for portraying Gus Grissom as a "bungling sort of coward", which was totally untrue. In an interview, Schirra said: "It was the best book on space, but the movie was distorted and warped... All the astronauts hated [the movie]. We called it Animal House in Space." In another interview, Schirra said: "They insulted the lovely people who talked us through the program - the NASA engineers. They made them like bumbling Germans". Scott Carpenter said that it was a "great movie in all regards". Alan Shepard harshly criticized both the movie and the book: "Neither Tom Wolfe nor [Philip Kaufman] had talked to any of the original seven guys, at any time... The Right Stuff [both the film and the book] is fiction... The movie assumed that Grissom had panicked, which wasn't true at all. The movie made him look like a bad guy for the whole movie. They were very hard on John Glenn's wife, who had a mild speech problem. They made Lyndon Johnson look like a clown. It was just totally fiction." +Chuck Yeager said of his characterization: "Sam [Shepard] is not a real flamboyant actor, and I'm not a real flamboyant-type individual ... he played his role the way I fly airplanes". +Robert Osborne, who introduced showings of the film on Turner Classic Movies, was quite enthusiastic about the film. The cameo appearance by the real Chuck Yeager in the film was a particular "treat", which Osborne cited. The recounting of many of the legendary aspects of Yeager's life was left in place, including the naming of the X-1, "Glamorous Glennis" after his wife and his superstitious preflight ritual of asking for a stick of Beemans chewing gum from his best friend, Jack Ridley. +The February 2020 issue of New York magazine lists The Right Stuff among "The Best Movies That Lost Best Picture at the Oscars." + +=== Awards and nominations === + +American Film Institute + +AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers – #19 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3e7af989 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "The Right Stuff (film)" +chunk: 6/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:53.383426+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Home media == +On June 23, 2003, Warner Home Video released a two-disc DVD Special Edition that featured scene-specific commentaries with key cast and crew members, deleted scenes, three documentaries on the making of The Right Stuff including interviews with Mercury astronauts and Chuck Yeager, and a feature-length PBS documentary, John Glenn: American Hero. The extras are also included in the November 5, 2013 release of the 30th Anniversary edition, which also includes a 40-page book binding case, with the film in Blu-ray format. The extras are in standard DVD format. +In addition, the British Film Institute published a book on The Right Stuff by Tom Charity in October 1997 that offered a detailed analysis and behind-the-scenes anecdotes. + +== Soundtrack == +Although an album mix had been prepared by Bill Conti in 1983, and the poster indeed contains the credit "Original Soundtrack Available On Geffen Records"), the soundtrack album release was canceled following the film's disappointing box office. In 1986, Conti conducted a re-recording of selections from the score and from his music for North and South, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and released by Varèse Sarabande The original soundtrack was released by Varèse Sarabande on September 20, 2013, prepared from the 1983 album mix (as the original masters of the complete score were lost). + +== See also == + +1983 in film +Ed Harris filmography +Flight airspeed record +History of post-WWII aviation +Philip Kaufman filmography +Sam Shepard filmography +The Right Stuff (TV series) + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== Bibliography == + +== External links == + +The Right Stuff at IMDb +The Right Stuff at the TCM Movie Database (archived) +The Right Stuff at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films +The Right Stuff at Box Office Mojo +The Right Stuff at Rotten Tomatoes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salisbury_Poisonings-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salisbury_Poisonings-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c4a2f3dc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salisbury_Poisonings-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "The Salisbury Poisonings" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salisbury_Poisonings" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:38:55.990853+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Salisbury Poisonings is a fact-based drama television series, starring Anne-Marie Duff, Rafe Spall and Annabel Scholey which portrays the 2018 Novichok poisonings and decontamination crisis in Salisbury, England, and the subsequent Amesbury poisonings. The series was broadcast in three parts on BBC One in June 2020, and has been shown in four parts elsewhere. It was created by Adam Patterson and Declan Lawn for Dancing Ledge Productions. + + +== Synopsis == +On 4 March 2018, emergency services receive a call to attend to Sergei and Yulia Skripal who have been found unconscious on a park bench in Salisbury city centre. Medical practitioners are initially puzzled by their illness, and police and the local public health department become involved. A national emergency is precipitated when it is learned that Skripal is a former Russian military intelligence officer who acted as a double agent for the UK's intelligence services during the 1990s and early 2000s. It emerges that he and his daughter were poisoned with a highly potent Novichok agent which was smeared on the front-door handle of their residence. The docudrama also deals with the incidental exposure of several other persons, including a police officer and an uninvolved couple who found a perfume bottle containing the nerve agent which they administered to themselves. At the end of the series, the real-life people involved in the story are pictured returning to the scene, and some film is shown of Dawn Sturgess, the only person to die from their exposure to the Novichok. + + +== Cast == +Anne-Marie Duff as Tracy Daszkiewicz +William Houston as Ted Daszkiewicz +Rafe Spall as DS Nick Bailey +Annabel Scholey as Sarah Bailey +Darren Boyd as Supt Dave Minty +Nigel Lindsay as DCC Paul Mills +Amber Agar as DI Lata Mishra +Wayne Swann as Sergei Skripal +Jill Winternitz as Yulia Skripal +Johnny Harris as Charlie Rowley +Barry Aird as Matthew Rowley +MyAnna Buring as Dawn Sturgess +Stella Gonet as Caroline Sturgess +Melanie Gutteridge as Claire Sturgess +Ron Cook as Stan Sturgess +Mark Addy as Ross Cassidy +Clare Burt as Mo Cassidy +Duncan Pow as Dr. James Haslam +Emma Stansfield as Nurse Emma Black +Shereen Martin as Dr. Rebecca Jenner +Jonathan Slinger as Prof. Tim Atkins +Andrew Brooke as Alistair Cunningham +Chris Wilson as Police Officer +Kimberley Nixon as Hannah Mitchell +Michael Shaeffer as Stephen Kemp +Remy Beasley as Georgia +Sophia Ally as Gracie Sturgess +Judah Cousin as Toby Daszkiewicz +Stephanie Gil as Ellie Bailey +Kiera Thompson as Annie Bailey + + +== Episodes == + + +== Reception == +Writing in The Guardian, Lucy Mangan praised the show's script and direction as being "admirably restrained", and compared the calm actions of its characters facing a "new normal" to the reactions of the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. + + +== Release and distribution == +Worldwide distribution is handled by Fremantle. In June 2020 it was announced that AMC signed an agreement with Fremantle to exclusively broadcast the show in the United States. The AMC broadcast is slated to premiere 25 January 2021. +The series was shown over four nights on SBS TV in Australia from 24 August 2020. +In December 2021 the series was re-released on Netflix and Disney Plus. + + +== See also == +Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Salisbury Poisonings at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Moon-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Moon-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfa5af0bc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Moon-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "The Secret History of the Moon" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Moon" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:25.295623+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Secret History of the Moon is a 2020 short speculative animated documentary film created by astronomy-themed musician and filmmaker John D. Boswell. It explores the proposed explanations on how the Moon was formed, using rocks collected by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during the 1969 Apollo 11 mission. The film was released on Boswell's YouTube channel Melodysheep on April 30. + + +== Summary == +After the Apollo 11 mission ended, geochemists discovered that the chemical signatures, specifically the elemental isotopes, of the Earth and the Moon are identical; as well as that volatile elements have been somehow vaporized away. This leads to several proposed explanations on how the Moon might have formed and how it might have become the one as of present date: + +Giant Impact Hypothesis: The Moon formed from the ejecta of a collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized proto-planet, named Theia, approximately 4.5 billion years ago, in the Hadean eon (about 20 to 100 million years after the Solar System coalesced). However, planetary scientist Dr. Sarah T. Stewart later says that the Earth and the Moon are made from the same materials, while the collision would have had the Moon formed almost from Theia's debris. Hence, this theory may not be correct. +Georeactor Hypothesis: Radioactive elements such as uranium, that could have become very concentrated under Earth's surface due to centrifugal force, formed an "underground" nuclear explosion, resulting in a very huge quantity of rock blasting off of Earth. Materials ejected slowly coalesced into the Moon. Skepticism is also shown, leaning towards uranium and its capability of making such explosion. Although it is not mentioned, the centrifugal force would have had actually a lower intensity than the one necessary to produce such nuclear explosion. +Synestia Hypothesis: Re-examination of the Giant Impact Hypothesis. The Earth was hit by Theia so hard that it became a torus of liquid-vaporized rock, a synestia. As it was hit, all the gases, including elements that could explain the identical isotopes, were mixed in just a few hours. The Moon grew from the magma rain that condensed from the rock vapor. The Moon secretly orbited the synestia, Earth, for years, before it was revealed as the environment cooled down and shrunk. This theory was approved by Dr. Stewart. Although still unproven, this is the newest theory and can explain more accurately than ever the similarities between the Earth and Moon. +The film then looks at the possibility of the Moon once having liquid water and life of its own, with evidence being lunar volcanism bursting water vapor. It also looks at the possibility of microorganisms arriving from Earth via asteroid impact, and living under Moon waters, although, as the film declared, "if there was ever life on the Moon, it was not to last." But the Moon may have played a fundamental role in the history of life: it may also be possible that life on Earth exists thanks to the Moon at all, due to it stabilizing Earth's tilt, protecting life from extreme swings in climate. +The film then ended with suggestions that humans should go to explore the Moon again to learn more about its "secrets." Quoting the film, "whether we do it or not, the Moon will wait for us, like it always had, since its birth". +After the credits, a text reads, "For Zelda." + + +== Reception == +Aeon says that the film is "a stylish, speculative lunar history that might inspire a renewed sense of awe for our closest celestial companion". Digital publication The Awesomer says that it is "captivating", while blogger Clo Willaerts states that it is an "impressive short film about the Moon's amazing backstory". + + +== Soundtrack == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Secret History of the Moon on YouTube +The Secret History of the Moon on Vimeo +The Secret History of the Moon at IMDb +The Secret History of the Moon soundtrack on Melodysheep's Bandcamp \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tesla_Files-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tesla_Files-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e191c525 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tesla_Files-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "The Tesla Files" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tesla_Files" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:05.255589+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Tesla Files is a dramatized documentary series, broadcast in 2018 on the History Channel, based on mysteries surrounding the legacy of inventor Nikola Tesla. + + +== Overview == +A team investigates mysteries involving the work of Nikola Tesla. Shortly before his death in 1943, Tesla claimed to have had 80 trunks containing details of his work, but much fewer were ever found: in the first episode, the team investigates whether there was a cover-up to suppress his work. The team also performs experiments in an attempt to validate some of Tesla's claims. + + +== Episodes == +The show lasted one season consisting of five episodes on The History Channel. + + +=== Season 1 === + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +The Tesla Files at IMDb +Tesla Files on TVGuide \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Titans_That_Built_America-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Titans_That_Built_America-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dc42ca12 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Titans_That_Built_America-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "The Titans That Built America" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Titans_That_Built_America" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:07.699725+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Titans That Built America is a six-hour, three-part miniseries docudrama which was originally broadcast on the History Channel on May 31, 2021. The series focuses on the lives of Pierre S. du Pont, Walter Chrysler, JP Morgan Jr., William Boeing, Henry Kaiser, Charles Lindbergh, William S. Knudsen, John Raskob, Edsel Ford, and Henry Ford. It serves as a sequel to The Men Who Built America. +The series won the 2022 Realscreen award for Best History & Biography Program. +It is the sixth installment of the That Built franchise. + + +== Cast == +Gerald Kyd as Pierre S. du Pont +Grant Masters as Henry Ford +Cillian O'Gairbhi as Walter Chrysler +Peter O'Meara as J. P. Morgan Jr. +David Crowley as Edsel Ford +Ian Toner as William Boeing +Peter Gaynor as Henry J. Kaiser +Charlie Maher as Charles Lindbergh +Aidan O'Hare as William S. Knudsen +Jonathan Delaney Tynan as John J. Raskob +Graham Wilkinson as Franklin D. Roosevelt +Vincent Tsang as Wong Tsu + + +== Episodes == +Note: The series consists of three two-hour episodes. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Titans That Built America at IMDb +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toys_That_Built_America-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toys_That_Built_America-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ad8631c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toys_That_Built_America-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "The Toys That Built America" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toys_That_Built_America" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:09.004780+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Toys That Built America is an American nonfiction docudrama series that premiered on the History Channel on November 28, 2021. Each episode outlines the development of a popular toy, invention, or company in the United States, typically focusing on their rise and any rivals or struggles. Historical events in the relevant timelines are re-enacted for dramatic effect and interspersed with commentary by toy historians, business experts, and toy enthusiasts. +It is the ninth installment of the That Built franchise. + + +== Episodes == + + +=== Series overview === + + +=== Season 1 (2021) === + + +=== Season 2 (2022) === + + +=== Season 3 (2023) === + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +The Toys That Built America at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Entire_Universe-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Entire_Universe-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ee1be869 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Entire_Universe-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "Timelapse of the Entire Universe" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Entire_Universe" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:26.885643+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Timelapse of the Entire Universe is a 2018 short epic animated pseudo-documentary web film created by American astronomy-themed musician and filmmaker John D. Boswell. Inspired by the Cosmic Calendar, the 10-minute film is a hyperlapse of the universe from its start to current humanity, with every second representing 22 million years, with the entire humanity represented in a short time, using current knowledge. The film was originally released on Boswell's YouTube channel Melodysheep on March 7, but it was eventually taken down due to a copyright infringement regarding Morgan Freeman's voice. A revised version was uploaded 3 days later, on March 10, 2018. A year and 10 days later, a follow-up, Timelapse of the Future, was released. + + +== Plot == + +The Big Bang occurs, and the first stars are formed after the mixture of elements. Gravity then expands the universe to seemingly infinite proportions, and galaxies begin to form. Some galaxies form so close together that they are attracted to each other by gravity and collide, fusing together. However, despite its wondrous creation, gravity also creates mayhem in the form of a supermassive or stellar mass black hole, a region where not even light can escape its attraction, making its gravitational singularity invisible to outsiders. +Throughout the universe, conflicts between energy and gravity repeat every time, making a star die as a supernova when it runs out of fuel, causing new stars to be born. A particular protoplanetary dust cloud collapses, causing the birth of the Sun 5,264 mya (5.264 bya). The Solar System is then formed; among its planets is the Earth. A protoplanet, Theia, collides with Earth, forming the Moon. +Earth is initially in the Hadean and Archean Eons, during which it is covered in lava and ravaged by volcanoes. However, microorganisms still manage to form below the ocean. Although still not known, the latest theories suggest that chemicals from submarine volcanoes make the right recipe to create life. 2,490 mya (2.49 bya), the oxygenation of the atmosphere begins, allowing animals to arise. The Proterozoic Eon begins 1,402 mya (1.402 bya), but its benefits are delayed by the Snowball Earth, the biggest ice age in the planet's history. After the ice age ends, the benefits of the eon come to life; animals start to literally be born. More advanced plants start to evolve, followed by dinosaurs in the Triassic Period, which then go extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. More plants evolve rapidly, followed by the rise of the mammals, especially primates such as Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Homo sapiens, and Novus homo. A human eye, representing the entirety of humanity, is shown in just a fraction (1/24) of a second. + + +== Production == + +In 2012, a short, one-and-a-half-minute film by Boswell, Our Story in 1 Minute, is published. It is a shorter version of Timelapse of the Entire Universe, specifically in one minute and 29 seconds, and used closed captions to evoke reflection on humanity. It also used imageries from this film. +Boswell stated that the film "shows how young we really are and how ancient and vast our universe is." The film was inspired by the Cosmic Calendar by Carl Sagan, in which Boswell later implemented it by creating a stripe similar to of the Cosmic Calendar. Research for the creation of the film was started on the Wikipedia article "Geologic time scale." Every second represents 22 million years in the film. +Boswell is supported by computer scientist Juan Benet, which makes his company Protocol Labs, an open-source R&D lab, credited. + + +== Release == +Announcement of the film was posted on Boswell's Twitter on February 9, 2018. The film was originally published on Boswell's channel Melodysheep on March 7, but is taken down by YouTube due to copyright infringement. A revised version was published on March 10, with the voice of Morgan Freeman removed. + + +== Reception == +The film received generally positive reviews. Writer Alex Shoolman said that it "gives an amazing overview of how our universe formed, the stars, galaxies, simple and complex life." César Noragueda of publication Hipertextual said that "There is no doubt that our long-awaited Carl Sagan [...] would love John Boswell's new video on the history of the universe." Laughing Squid said, "Against this stunning visual, Boswell provided a mesmerizing soundtrack, which included a seamless mashup of four iconic narrators – Morgan Freeman, Brian Cox, Carl Sagan and Sir David Attenborough – calmly explaining how [the universe] all came into place." The International Business Times and Cadena SER also gave it a positive review. + + +== Soundtrack == + + +== Sequel == + +A follow-up, Timelapse of the Future, was posted a year and 10 days after Timelapse of the Entire Universe's revised release. It is a hyperlapse of the possible timeline of the far future, with the lapse doubling every five seconds instead of being consistent. + + +== See also == +Psychedelia +Chronology of the universe +Timeline of cosmological epochs +Timeline of natural history +List of unsolved problems in geoscience + + +=== Film assets === +Voyage of Time +Cosmic Voyage +Wonders of the Universe + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Timelapse of the Entire Universe on YouTube +Timelapse of the Entire Universe at IMDb +Timelapse of the Entire Universe on Melodysheep official website +Continuum on Melodysheep's Bandcamp +Our Story single on iTunes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ab3324d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Timelapse of the Future" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:28.204668+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Timelapse of the Future: A Journey to the End of Time is a 2019 short epic documentary film created by American astronomy-themed musician and filmmaker John D. Boswell, made as a follow-up to his other short film Timelapse of the Entire Universe. Running at 29 minutes, it is a flowmotion—a combination of a hyper-lapse, time-lapse, and regular shots—of the universe from 2019 to the end of time, with the lapse rate doubling every five seconds. The film consists of self-made and fair use footage from films, the Internet, and speeches by scientists, using current knowledge and combining different hypotheses. +Boswell spent six months on production, beginning in mid-2018, with several months of research prior. It was initially conceived as an art installation without dialogue, but later changed due to the weight of the subject matter. The film's soundtrack combines original music with stock audio; the former was later released in an album titled The Arrow of Time. +Timelapse of the Future was released on Boswell's YouTube channel melodysheep and screened on several venues; it also won the 2020 Webby Awards. The film became viral, garnering millions of views and received positive reviews for its audiovisual craft, though some of the plot points were noted as mere speculations. The film inspired a song and music video by Noah Cyrus. + +== Plot == +The film opens and closes with a quote by Helen Keller: "Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence. And I learn, whatever state I may be in, therein to be content." +The Anthropocene era begins. Following natural events, humans land on Mars, and Earth's magnetic field flips. Comet Hale-Bopp returns in the year 4385, followed by extreme sea-level rise, an asteroid impact, and Antares going supernova. The Sahara becomes tropical in the 15th millennium, constellations begin to wander, Voyager 1 passes Gliese 445 in the 39th millennium, and the Interglacial Period ends. The Yellowstone supervolcano erupts within 100,000 years, followed by the Apollo 11 footprints fading within a million years, Betelgeuse going supernova, and stone monuments eroding. Next, a gamma-ray burst occurs, Phobos becomes a ring system, and Saturn's rings disappear. Antarctica melts within 50 million years, followed by a significant asteroid impact by the year 70 million (7 × 107), and the formation of a supercontinent by the year 150 million (1.5 × 108). The Sun's luminosity increases 300 million years later, causing plants to die 400 million more years down the line, followed by life as a whole in the year 3 billion (3 × 109) as oceans evaporate. The Sun then expands and becomes a red giant — destroying Earth in the process — before dying as a white dwarf in the year 7.65 billion. Other stars then slowly die, making the universe end in a whimper. The last red dwarfs die in the year 100 trillion (1014). +With stars having completely run out of fuel, the Degenerate Era begins. The universe contains pulsars, black holes, and brown dwarfs, barely lit up by white dwarfs. Over time, gravity ejects most cosmic remnants into the freezing interstellar space. Notably, neutron stars may collide and make superluminous supernovae. Extraterrestrial life might live around aging white dwarfs, which someday die and become black dwarfs. At some point, the supermassive black hole at the center of each galaxy will suck up all degenerate matter that fails to escape it, a similar process to the fate of the Sun. +Theories predict that civilizations could utilize black holes as a source of power and slow down their time to survive the end of the universe. However, if protons are unstable, they begin to decay, and atoms disintegrate, erasing all the remaining degenerate matter in the universe. +With protons having completely decayed, the Black Hole Era begins. The universe contains "zombie galaxies" of black holes and light particles lounging around. Finally, binary black holes might come to life, releasing massive amounts of energy as gravitational waves when merging. In the year 159 novemdecillion (159 × 1060), Hawking radiation finally makes the first black holes die. As they explode, they light back interstellar darkness. The universe then expands further by dark energy, which, if it persists at that time as it is now, will cause the universe to expand forever, making it colder, darker, and emptier. +Theories predict that civilizations, including humans, could create virtual or real-life universes of their own, looking at the possibility of a multiverse and evolution between universes. However, if escaping the universe is impossible, entropy will destroy the remaining black holes. The last black hole evaporates in the year 15 untrigintillion (15 × 1096), making the universe become "nothing but a sea of photons gradually tending towards the same temperature as the expansion of the universe cools them towards absolute zero" according to Brian Cox. During this time, everything in the universe decays to nothing, making the universe end in the year one googol (10100). When this happens, time no longer has any value (it "becomes meaningless"). + +After the short credits, a text appears that says "For Ash," the name of Boswell's son, who was born on January 1, 2019. + +== Production == + +=== Film === +Production of the film started in mid-2018. On October 9, 2018, Boswell posted on his Twitter account an image of an early experiment of the film: a picture of an animated black hole. The screenshot differs from the final result absolutely: extremely huge year numbers were expressed with powers, there was no moving counter, and text was placed directly on the frame instead of on the lower hard matte. Not much has been stated about the production of the film, other than that "Creating it required months of research into physical cosmology, where speculations about the ultimate fate of the universe are legion, and often contradictory." Boswell stated that he was inspired, "years ago," by the idea of the Sun nearing its death in five billion years, asking: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..334029952 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Timelapse of the Future" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:28.204668+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +What happens after that? What happens not in 5 billion years, but 5 trillion? The answers are out there, but they are piecemeal and not strung together in a compelling way. So I took the opportunity to create something unique that highlights our collective predictions about the future, both short-term and long-term. +Writing the concept first involved research and then constructing the timeline, which is "the scaffolding around which the visuals and music would be built." After writing, he then broke down the timeline to several, appropriate sequences. +Via the Long Now Foundation, he further explained: + +My original plan was to make something more like an art installation piece where there wouldn't be so much talking and facts; it would basically just be the timeline and some chill music and meditative imagery of black holes that would just span for like 10 minutes at a time, and you'd get this abstract impression of how long the future is going to be, and how much emptiness there is. But the more I dug into it, the more I found there's so much to talk about, and so much to say, that it would be foolish to waste this opportunity. I had a draft of this [in summer 2018], and felt it needed to be taken to the next level. So I spent another six months really digging into the VFX of it all, and the research, and figuring out how to build the flow of it and the structure and how to make it work. And I am glad I did. There's just so much to say, and so much I had to leave out. But it came together really well and I am pretty stoked about how it turned out. +Like his other films, animating and editing uses Cinema 4D, Octane Render, and Adobe After Effects. Closed captioning is made by volunteers from Amara and YouTube. +Boswell, like several of his films, was supported by computer scientist Juan Benet, thus having his company Protocol Labs, an open-source R&D lab, credited. +He also clarified that the film is in no way entirely and meant to be scientifically accurate, and that "It's guaranteed you're going to have to do a lot of speculation anyway, so I'm not too concerned about scientific accuracy when it's impossible to predict the future." In the film, he also disclosed, "We may not know [the future] for certain." + +=== Sound and music === + +Boswell stated to have used several stock audio on Spitfire Audio, Komplete, 8dio, and Omnisphere as well rather than solely original soundtrack composed using Ableton Live; synths played using the Yamaha CS-80 and Moog Sub 37. Piano tunes were played by a Gulbransen upright, an instrument he repeatedly uses. He considers the album/LP, The Arrow of Time, to be his album with "unique sonic and musical challenges." He stated that the idea behind the theme is to "feel huge, open, at times lonely and eerie — in short, to reflect the future of the universe itself," and that he "also wanted to convey some sense of melancholy, as this story foretells the fate of our species in a pretty somber way." The soundtrack's first track, "Sun Mother," uses a 120 beats per minute rhythm, increasing as the time evolves to "highlight the accelerating rate of [the time-lapse]." The music's timing is also taken into consideration, saying that "It was important to me to have moments where the music, visuals, and sound effects could breathe, and the viewer could take in what they have seen."The line between sound design and music is blurred throughout the experience. From the onset, the [year] counter [in the video] acts as a metronome driving the first piece of music. In many places, the deep rumbles of black holes take the place of synth bass lines, creating a symbiotic bond between the music and the visuals. I often didn't distinguish between whether I was sound designing or composing; it all came from the same place — the need to create a mood, a sense of being present at an alien time and place. [...] The intensity and variety of the events, the interplay with the music all combined made it difficult to not get muddied into a sonic mess. It took very careful tweaking and sound selection to make it work[,] I recall spending a couple days just on a 10-second span of sound and music. + +=== Methodology === + +The method of time in the film is "a lot more thought and trickery" from the predecessor Timelapse of the Entire Universe, where every second is 22 million years, and that every frame is approximately 958,000 years, thus having 13.8 billion years in nearly 10 minutes. Boswell chose a different methodology in Timelapse of the Future, saying that:It could have been every three seconds, and the video would have been over in fifteen minutes. But then you're really cramming a ton of stuff into the first few minutes. Everything from the present day to the death of the earth would've occurred in one minute instead of three to four. That would've made it really hard to breathe. But then you have to apply that same rule to the rest of the video, and ensure you've got enough stuff in there to fill the time. It's a balance.In Timelapse of the Future, the time per frame reduces to approximately 0.5 months per frame (film is 24 fps) at the beginning, increasing as it evolves. It uses the calculation: 12/24 = 0.5, in which: 12 = months, 24 = frames rate, and 0.5 = months. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78ff3daf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Timelapse of the Future" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:28.204668+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Release == +The first known tweet regarding the film was a tweet on July 21, 2018, about Pangea Ultima, an event featured on the film. The first tweet explicitly mentioning the production of the film was posted on October 10, as well as another tweet indirectly mentioning the film's ending eight days later. The first teaser was posted on Boswell's Patreon and Vimeo on February 1, 2019, followed by an announcement on his Patreon, mentioning the film "my most ambitious release yet." A photo of a scene in the film was leaked on Boswell's Twitter on March 15, followed by a 70-second teaser the next day. +The film was released on Boswell's YouTube channel Melodysheep on March 20, 17:15 UTC, with the premiere being a paid ad-free viewing available on his Patreon nine hours earlier. The film screened at event venue 393, New York City on May 2, using the multi-monitor format but the year counter invisible; his Patrons offered free tickets. Another screening in the Exploratorium, San Francisco, on July 25 at 9:30 pm PT took place, with the last screening in dubbing by Atomic Studio project with voice-over of Andrey Lysenko taking place in the historic Rodina Film Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, on November 3 on 6:30 pm MSK, participating in The World of Knowledge International Film Festival. A hosted presentation at the Treefort Music Fest— specifically at its sister event Hackfort Fest— was supposed to take place on March 28, 2020, but was postponed to either September 23 or 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. +The soundtrack was mainly released on Boswell's Bandcamp (as it is his hub), but also on Amazon for sale, Last.fm, SoundCloud (select tracks), Google Play Music, Spotify, etc. A hidden track was published only for his Patrons. + +== Reception == +The film received generally positive reviews online, by regular viewers, YouTubers, experts, and critics. Analytics company Social Blade reported high rise in viewership and subscription as the video was released, and is thus also categorized as viral. The film reached 10 thousand views on March 29, and the 10 million views point on May 21 as reported by Boswell. As of December 29, 2022, the film has 88,054,235 views, with 2.8 million likes. Based on the number of views the film has received, Social Blade estimated revenues of US$40,600 to US$324,500. +Aeon says that the film "impressively translat[es] theoretical physics and astronomically vast scales of time and space into 29 breathtaking minutes, [...] tak[ing] us [...] into the sublime of the unimaginable, with all the wonder and terror that might provoke." The Long Now Foundation writer Ahmed Kabil says that "The effect of [the Sun's] demise coming so early in the video is unsettling, akin to Hitchcock killing off Janet Leigh's character less than a third of the way through Psycho." Filmmaker Eugene Lee Yang said that it is "a breathtakingly brilliant education video that has rendered my perpetual existential crisis shook to its core." A writer from the Miami Herald referenced The Guerilla Film Makers Pocketbook by Chris Jones on the film. Michael Nielsen said: on Twitter "Gorgeous. We're in a golden age of explanation," adding "I always find this... odd, and must admit anticipation of that reaction is making me increasingly hesitant to post things like this." It has also been featured on futuretimeline.net. Psychedelia magazine Psysociety recommends it, leaning towards visuals and sound design. Publication La Boite Verte said that the music "complements [the breathtaking visuals] for a grandiose cosmic power." +Kevin Pang on G/O Media's digital publication The Takeout says, "I found the existential questions conjured frightening, but also sobering and breathtaking and beautiful. It has the ability to make viewers hold two opposing thoughts simultaneously—that everything is beautiful and none of it means a damn thing." The film has also been similarized with the novel Evolution by Stephen Baxter, as well as the novels of the Xeelee Sequence, with the comment: "All these works repeatedly lead readers to the limits of imagination – how one can imagine that superstrings or entire galaxies are used as weapons? And that's exactly how I feel about this video." +Scientists think that "the [film] is well done and sends a message 'very powerful about the humble role of humanity in the history of the universe,'" however, it is also criticized by IAC researcher Jonay González Hernández via El País for taking the confusing phrase by Sean Carroll "universes that have no intelligent life are infertile," in which Hernández states that "A universe in which there would be life of any of these types would be a fertile universe. But if we [look at the context], in the part where we talk about the creation of baby universes, it is logical to think that a fertile universe would be one in which there was a civilization intelligent enough or advanced enough to be able to create a new universe to escape from and, in that case, the phrase would make sense." + +=== Inspiration === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78e556886 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "Timelapse of the Future" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:28.204668+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Singer and actress Noah Cyrus released the music video for the song The End of Everything in collaboration with Boswell on May 19, 2020, in which she states that it is inspired by Timelapse of the Future. The music video is a refreshed art installation-like version of Timelapse of the Future, similar to the draft version tweeted by Boswell in 2018, with some points omitted to fit the song's duration, and with some points shuffled to fit the lyrics. Some of the videos on the other songs on the EP of the same name also used imageries from Boswell. Via her Instagram account, she states: "I had the pleasure of working with him on this as well. I've never been more inspired to go and write a song based on a visual." In an interview with NPR, she said:Th[e film] hit my heart so heav[ily]. My mom is my best friend and I immediately started thinking about her when I watched this. My time with her and my family is so limited — and with everybody on this earth. The mountains that I look at outside of my window from my view, they're going to explode and obliterate and there's not going to be a me or a you or my mom or my dad. And there's something really terrifying, but also comforting about that, when you think about how much fear and how much hatred there is in the world, and that will also end.For me, it really put into perspective how shortly lived our moments here as humans are. Situations from when I was younger started entering my head that I wanted to apologize for. There were people I wanted to reach out to that I hadn't checked in on in a while. There were wrongs that I felt needed to be made right. I realized I needed to appreciate the current moment more, and to let the ones I love know I love them. The message that what we have right now is what matters. Nothing else.Boswell, who became the director of the music video, went to his Instagram account, saying: "She captured this subject more elegantly in 3 minutes than I could in 30. We worked together on creating a custom short-form version of my original piece to fit the song, which is hauntingly beautiful, as is the rest of her EP of the same name. Thanks to Noah and her team for making me a part of this." + +== Accolades == +Timelapse of the Future won the 2020 Webby Awards as the People's of Voice winner and Webby winner in the 'Science & Education General Video' category, with the 5-word speech being "Thanks a million, billion, trillion," making it his second and third Webby Award since his first for remixing quotes from Fred Rogers on PBS. + +== Spin-off == + +On August 31, 2019, Boswell released a teaser for his next project, web series Life Beyond, which discovers extraterrestrial life and human's location in the universe, in a slowburn and nonlinear narrative technique, filled with science-fictitious imageries while holding its scientific genre. Its first episode, "The Dawn," was released on November 21, 17:00 UTC, with Boswell's Patrons getting an early look nine hours earlier. It was then revealed that the web series is a spin-off to Timelapse of the Future, in which Boswell described it as "a more optimistic perspective of human life and our place in the history of the universe." Boswell's Patrons also get to view a making-of of the film, as well as a bonus track. It gets generally positive reviews by viewers, and is promoted by the SETI Institute. Its second episode, "The Museum of Alien Life," was released on October 7, 2020. The theme is said to revolve around "mak[ing] contact with intelligent life, surviving the end of the universe, the physics of alien life, and more."30:15 In the third episode, "In Search of Giants," it will deal with "making contact with intelligent life, intergalactic civilizations, and surviving the end of the universe." + +== In Internet culture == +The film has caused several parody or similar videos/films to be posted on YouTube. One of the tracks in the soundtrack, "Ether," is used in Kevin James's satirical comedy short film CouchX. The title of a science fiction video game, Out There: Oceans of Time, was inspired by one of the soundtrack's songs, "Oceans of Time". + +== Soundtrack == + +The title of the soundtrack album, The Arrow of Time, is taken from a narration in the film by Brian Cox: + +The arrow of time creates a bright window in the universe's adolescence, during which life is possible. But its a window that doesn't stay open for long. As a fraction of the lifespan of the universe, as measured from its beginning to the evaporation of the last black hole, life, as we know it, is only possible for one thousandth of a billion billion billionth billion billion billionth billion billion billionth of a percent. +This track list still does not include the hidden track posted on Boswell's Patreon. + +== See also == +Future of Earth +Global catastrophic risk +Human extinction +Big Crunch +List of unsolved problems in astronomy +Ultimate fate of the universe + +=== Film assets === +2012 (film) +Geostorm +Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking +A Brief History of Time (film) +Journey to the Edge of the Universe +How the Universe Works +Noah (2014 film) +Deep Impact (film) +Wonders of the Universe +Voyage of Time + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Nevres, M. Özgür (April 27, 2019). "Timelapse of the future: an amazing video". Our Planet. Detailed scientific plot cited with sources, as well as necessary points dismissed in the film. Istanbul, Turkey. Retrieved July 31, 2020. +Merali, Zeeya (October 20, 2017). "Scientists Want to Create a Universe in a Lab, And They Actually Could". Aeon. Retrieved July 31, 2020 – via Futurism, Singularity University. +Francis, Matthew R. (September 22, 2015). "Do protons decay?". Symmetry Magazine. Retrieved July 31, 2020. +Jones, Chris; Jolliffe, Genevieve; Zinnes, Andrew (October 22, 2015). The Guerilla Film Makers Pocketbook: The Ultimate Guide to Digital Film Making. A work referenced on the film's success. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-4705-9. Retrieved August 4, 2020. +Cain, Fraser (April 3, 2015). "How Do Black Holes Evaporate?". Universe Today. Retrieved July 31, 2020. + +== External links == + +Timelapse of the Future on YouTube +Timelapse of the Future statement and complete asset list on Melodysheep's official website +Timelapse of the Future at IMDb +The Arrow of Time on Melodysheep's Bandcamp +The Arrow of Time publishing catalog at MusicBrainz +Protocol Labs official website +Amber Mountain Studios official subpage at Melodysheep's official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tähdet_ja_avaruus-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tähdet_ja_avaruus-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cecd7817 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tähdet_ja_avaruus-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Tähdet ja avaruus" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tähdet_ja_avaruus" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:40:23.742191+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tähdet ja avaruus (Finnish: Stars and space) is a Finnish science magazine which publishes recent developments, news and interviews in astronomy, space technology, cosmology and amateur astronomy. It is the largest circulation astronomy magazine in northern Europe. +Tähdet ja avaruus is a member magazine of the Ursa Astronomical Association and it can also be subscribed without a membership. Ursa Astronomical Association is a non profit organization which promotes astronomy and related sciences and astronomy school education. +The editor in chief of the magazine is Marko Pekkola, editor is Laura Koponen, staff science writers are Elina Nieppola and Sakari Nummila. Layout is by Heikki Laurila. A group of free science journalists assist the magazine. Many Finnish astronomers answer the readers questions in the questions and answers column. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Boom-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Boom-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30e304c3f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Boom-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "Valley of the Boom" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Boom" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:10.295812+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Valley of the Boom (stylized as Valley_of_the_BOOM) is an American docudrama television miniseries created by Matthew Carnahan that premiered on January 13, 2019, on National Geographic. The series centers on the 1990s tech boom and bust in Silicon Valley and it stars Bradley Whitford, Steve Zahn, Lamorne Morris, John Karna, Dakota Shapiro, Oliver Cooper, and John Murphy. + + +== Premise == +Valley of the Boom takes a close look at "the culture of speculation, innovation and debauchery that led to the rapid inflation and burst of the 1990s tech bubble. As with its hybrid series Mars, Nat Geo [uses] select doc elements to support the scripted drama to tell the true inside story of the dramatic early days of Silicon Valley." +The series features interviews with many of the people depicted in the dramatized portions of the production in addition to other Internet personalities such as Mark Cuban and Arianna Huffington. Notably absent from these interviews are Netscape co-founder and former vice president of technology Marc Andreessen, who declined to be interviewed, and Jamie Zawinski. +Although the program is primarily focused on the quick rise and fall of three influential technology companies, namely Netscape, theGlobe.com, and Pixelon, the program also highlights smaller companies of that era, such as sfGirl.com. + + +== Cast and characters == + + +=== Main === + + +=== Recurring === + + +=== Guest === + + +== Episodes == + + +== Production == + + +=== Development === +On November 15, 2017, it was announced that National Geographic had given the production a series order consisting of six episodes. Executive producers included Matthew Carnahan, Arianna Huffington, Jason Goldberg, Brant Pinvidic, and David Walpert. Carnahan acted as showrunner for the series and directed as well. David Newsom was co-executive producer and led the non-scripted unit of the production. Joel Ehninger acted in the role of producer. Production companies involved with the series included STXtelevision and Matthew Carnahan Circus Products. On September 24, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on January 13, 2019. + + +=== Casting === +On March 16, 2018, it was announced that Bradley Whitford, Steve Zahn, Lamorne Morris, John Karna, Dakota Shapiro, and Oliver Cooper had joined the series' main cast. + + +=== Filming === +Principal photography for the series began on March 26, 2018 in Vancouver, Canada and was expected to conclude by May 28, 2018. + + +== Release == + + +=== Marketing === +On July 24, 2018, the first trailer for the series was released. + + +=== Premiere === +On September 21, 2018, the series held its world premiere during the second annual Tribeca TV Festival in New York City. Following a screening, a conversation took place featuring members of the cast and crew including creator Matthew Carnahan, actors Bradley Whitford, Steve Zahn, Lamorne Morris, and real-life subject Stephan Paternot, founder of theGlobe.com. + + +=== Distribution === +The series premiered globally on National Geographic in 171 countries and 45 languages. STXtelevision distributes the series in China. + + +== Reception == +The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 72% approval rating with an average rating of 5.90 out of 10 based on 18 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "A visual collage of dot com history, Valley of Boom [sic] proves to be just as sprawling and ramshackle as the docuseries' subject." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 58 out of 100 based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Valley of the Boom at IMDb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Chamber_(film)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Chamber_(film)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33d256039 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Chamber_(film)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "White Chamber (film)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Chamber_(film)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:29.469765+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +White Chamber is a 2018 British science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul Raschid. It stars Shauna Macdonald and Oded Fehr. The film is about a woman, Dr. Elle Chrysler (Macdonald), who wakes up to find herself in a white chamber, where she is tortured for information that she claims to not have. +White Chamber premiered on 5 April 2018 at the Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival, and later at the 2018 Edinburgh Film Festival. The film was released for streaming on 29 March 2019 by Netflix. The film received mixed reviews, and Macdonald's performance received praise. She won the Scottish BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her performance. + + +== Premise == +Dr. Elle Chrysler wakes up to find herself in a white chamber, where she is tortured for information that she claims to not have. + + +== Cast == +Shauna Macdonald as Dr. Elle Chrysler +Oded Fehr as Daran / Narek Zakarian +Amrita Acharia as Ruth +Sharon Maughan as Sandra +Nicholas Farrell as Dr. Edgar Chrysler +Candis Nergaard as Anya + + +== Reception == +On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 43%, based on seven reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 2 critics, indicating "mixed reviews". + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +White Chamber at IMDb +White Chamber on Netflix \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormwood_(miniseries)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormwood_(miniseries)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26f76f279 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormwood_(miniseries)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Wormwood (miniseries)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormwood_(miniseries)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:39:11.608781+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Wormwood (styled as 'WORMWO0D') is a 2017 American six-part docudrama miniseries directed by Errol Morris and released on Netflix on December 15, 2017. The series is based on the life of a scientist, Frank Olson, who worked for a secret government biological warfare program (the USBWL) at Fort Detrick, Maryland. It focuses on the events leading up to and following his controversial death, which the US government originally claimed was a tragic accident, but later admitted was likely a suicide, caused by a mental breakdown brought on after being unknowingly dosed with LSD, while at a meeting with colleagues from the CIA who were involved in Project MKUltra. It also follows Frank Olson's son in the present day, and discusses his belief that his father may have been murdered due to being perceived as a potential security risk. Interspersed between interviews and archival footage, are live action reenactments of the final days of Frank Olson's life and the various theories involving his death. + + +== Synopsis == +Wormwood is told through Eric Olson, the son of Frank Olson, an American biological warfare scientist and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, who died under mysterious circumstances in 1953. +Nine days after Olson was covertly dosed with LSD by CIA's Sidney Gottlieb, head of Project MKUltra, he plunged to his death from the window of a hotel room in New York City. His death was initially regarded as a suicide, but subsequent investigations have raised questions of a coverup of an alleged murder. +The title Wormwood is a double literary allusion: first to the Bible verse about a star that infects one-third of Earth's waters and makes them bitter and poisonous, a reference to biological weapons (in particular, allegations of American biological warfare in the Korean War), and the 'bitter' effect on Eric Olson of his 60-year search for a resolution regarding the death of his father; secondly, to a line in Shakespeare's Hamlet (whose story arc the documentary suggests parallels Eric's own life), when Hamlet whispers, "Wormwood, Wormwood", at the moment its play-within-a-play implies evidentially that his father was, in fact, assassinated. The documentary ends with Eric Olson describing the quest for the truth about his father's death as "Wormwood", having consumed his whole life and with no possibility that any closure, positive or negative, would have released him from the bitterness of the loss anyway. Director Errol Morris said that "What Wormwood tries to do is tell a story about how we know what we know and how reliable is that knowledge." +A key piece of evidence the film relies on is a CIA assassination manual from 1953, which instructs agents, "The most efficient accident, in simple assassination, is a fall of 75 feet or more onto a hard surface." + + +== Cast == + + +=== Interviews === +Eric Olson +David Rudovsky, family attorney +Seymour Hersh +Stephen Saracco + + +=== Reenactments === +Peter Sarsgaard as Frank Olson – Biochemist +Molly Parker as Alice Olson – Wife +Christian Camargo as Dr. Robert Lashbrook – CIA +Scott Shepherd as Lt. Col. Vincent Ruwet +Tim Blake Nelson as Sidney Gottlieb +Jimmi Simpson as CIA agent +Michael Chernus as Mal +Bob Balaban as Dr. Harold A. Abramson – Allergist +Stephen DeRosa as Armond Pastore - Hotel Night Manager +Chance Kelly as Wet Works #2 + + +== Production == +In order to be eligible for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 90th Academy Awards, the series was recut into a continuous feature after the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) ruled that multi-part documentary series (such as 2017 winner O.J.: Made in America) were ineligible. However, the series was rejected from consideration by AMPAS for the documentary feature category, although it remains eligible in all other categories. + + +== Episodes == + + +== Release == +The series was first screened at the 74th Venice International Film Festival and Telluride Film Festival in September 2017. + + +== Reception == +The New York Times awarded it a NYT Critic's Pick with reviewer A. O. Scott saying "Mr. Morris presents a powerful historical argument in the guise of a beguiling work of cinematic art — and vice versa." Matt Zoller Seitz, writing for Vulture.com, "The filmmaking gathers all the bits and pieces of the story together and arranges them in ways that are clever, surprising, and so aggressively (and deliberately) self-conscious that there are times when the whole thing gets close to turning into an intellectualized formal exercise...there’s never a moment where Olson or Morris fail to fascinate." Vanity Fair called it "one of the most original things you’ll see all year." +On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 90% based on 52 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Wormwood at IMDb \ No newline at end of file