Scrape wikipedia-science: 192 new, 858 updated, 1082 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_gap_map-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+---
+title: "Evidence gap map"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_gap_map"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:47.716732+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+An evidence gap map (EGM) is a systematic display of the evidence for a domain which highlights the lack of evidence in particular areas.  The evidence gaps typically appear as holes in a matrix of cross-referenced results.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_(website)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+title: "Experiment (website)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_(website)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:48.933373+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Experiment, formerly called Microryza, is a US website for crowdfunding science-based research projects. Researchers can post their research projects to solicit pledges. Experiment works on the all-or-nothing funding model. The backers are only charged if the research projects reach their funding target during a set time frame. In February 2014, the site changed its name from Microryza to Experiment.com.
+
+
+== History ==
+It was founded in 2012 by Denny Luan and Cindy Wu, former University of Washington students. The former name Microryza is inspired by Mycorrhizae and symbiotic fungi that lives in the roots of plants.
+Unlike the popular crowdfunding site Kickstarter, backers of Experiment projects do not get tangible rewards for backing. Researchers share the scientific process directly with the backers and become a part of the project.Additionally, all proposals are subject to review and approval by the site's staff, and any work involving human or animal subjects must by supported by an institutional review board.
+Experiment charges 11-13% in fees (8% for platform fees and 3-5% for payment processing) only if the campaign is successful. If the campaign does not reach the funding goal, no one is charged.
+As of Aug 7, 2015, more than 5,000 projects were launched and 336 of them were funded.
+As of Nov 20, 2019, more than 760 project were funded, raising nearly $8 million in pledges from more than 41,000 backers.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Comparison of crowd funding services
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_elicitation-0.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_elicitation"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:43:44.433509+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:50.238114+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_cross-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Extinction cross"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_cross"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:51.553356+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The extinction cross is an optical phenomenon that is seen when trying to extinguish a laser beam or non-planar white light using crossed polarizers. Ideally, crossed (90° rotated) polarizers block all light, because light that is polarized along the polarization axis of the first polarizer is perpendicular to the polarization axis of the second. When the beam is not perfectly collimated, however, a characteristic fringing pattern is produced.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Polarization (waves)
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Mineralogy notes 6 See "6.3.5. Review of Uniaxial Optical Properties"
+Nikon MicroscopyU See Figure 1a

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_convection_in_porous_media-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+---
+title: "Forced convection in porous media"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_convection_in_porous_media"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:52.743751+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Forced convection is type of heat transport in which fluid motion is generated by an external source like a (pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Heat transfer through porus media is very effective and efficiently. Forced convection heat transfer in a confined porous medium has been a subject of intensive studies during the last decades because of its wide applications.
+The basic problem in heat convection through porous media consists of predicting the heat transfer rate between a deferentially heated, solid impermeable surface and a fluid-saturated porous medium. Beginning with constant wall temperature.
+In 2D steady state system
+
+  
+    
+      
+        ∂
+        u
+        
+          /
+        
+        ∂
+        x
+        +
+        ∂
+        v
+        
+          /
+        
+        ∂
+        y
+        =
+        0
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \partial u/\partial x+\partial v/\partial y=0}
+  
+
+According to Darcy's law
+
+  
+    
+      
+        u
+        =
+        −
+        (
+        K
+        
+          /
+        
+        μ
+        )
+        ∂
+        P
+        
+          /
+        
+        ∂
+        x
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle u=-(K/\mu )\partial P/\partial x}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        v
+        =
+        −
+        (
+        K
+        
+          /
+        
+        μ
+        )
+        ∂
+        P
+        
+          /
+        
+        ∂
+        y
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle v=-(K/\mu )\partial P/\partial y}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        u
+        ∂
+        T
+        
+          /
+        
+        ∂
+        x
+        +
+        v
+        ∂
+        T
+        
+          /
+        
+        ∂
+        y
+        =
+        
+          α
+        
+        
+          
+            
+              ∂
+              
+                2
+              
+            
+            
+              ∂
+              
+                x
+                
+                  2
+                
+              
+            
+          
+        
+        T
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle u\partial T/\partial x+v\partial T/\partial y={\boldsymbol {\alpha }}{\partial ^{2} \over \partial x^{2}}T}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        u
+        =
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle u=}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          U
+          
+            ∞
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle U_{\infty }}
+  
+                             
+  
+    
+      
+        v
+        =
+        0
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle v=0}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        P
+        (
+        x
+        )
+        =
+        −
+        (
+        μ
+        
+          /
+        
+        K
+        )
+        U
+        ∞
+        x
+        +
+        c
+        o
+        n
+        s
+        t
+        a
+        n
+        t
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P(x)=-(\mu /K)U\infty x+constant}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          δ
+          
+            t
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \delta _{t}}
+  
+ is the thickness of the slender layer of length x that affects the temperature transition from 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          T
+          
+            0
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle T_{0}}
+  
+  to 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          T
+          
+            ∞
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle T_{\infty }}
+  
+.
+Balancing the energy equation between enthalpy flow in the x direction and thermal diffusion in the y direction
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          U
+          
+            ∞
+          
+        
+        ∂
+        T
+        
+          /
+        
+        ∂
+        x
+        ∼
+        α
+        Δ
+        T
+        
+          /
+        
+        
+          δ
+          
+            t
+          
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle U_{\infty }\partial T/\partial x\sim \alpha \Delta T/\delta _{t}^{2}}
+  
+
+boundary is slender so     
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          δ
+          
+            t
+          
+        
+        <<
+        x
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \delta _{t}<<x}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          δ
+          
+            t
+          
+        
+        
+          /
+        
+        x
+        ∼
+        P
+        
+          e
+          
+            x
+          
+          
+            −
+          
+        
+        .5
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \delta _{t}/x\sim Pe_{x}^{-}.5}
+  
+
+  
+    
+      
+        N
+        u
+        =
+        h
+        x
+        
+          /
+        
+        K
+        ∼
+        x
+        
+          /
+        
+        
+          δ
+          
+            t
+          
+        
+        ∼
+        P
+        
+          e
+          
+            x
+          
+          
+            0
+          
+        
+        .5
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle Nu=hx/K\sim x/\delta _{t}\sim Pe_{x}^{0}.5}
+  
+
+The Peclet number is a dimensionless number used in calculations involving convective heat transfer. It is the ratio of the thermal energy convected to the fluid to the thermal energy conducted within the fluid.
+
+  
+    
+      
+        P
+        
+          e
+          
+            x
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle Pe_{x}}
+  
+ 
+  
+    
+      
+        =
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle =}
+  
+    Advective transport rate 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          /
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle /}
+  
+ Diffusive transport rate
+
+  
+    
+      
+        P
+        
+          e
+          
+            x
+          
+        
+        =
+        
+          U
+          
+            ∞
+          
+        
+        x
+        
+          /
+        
+        α
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle Pe_{x}=U_{\infty }x/\alpha }
+  
+
+
+== See also ==
+Darcy's law
+Nusselt Number
+Porous media
+Convective heat transfer
+Heat transfer coefficient
+Porous media
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+https://web.archive.org/web/20091211060057/http://www.me.ust.hk/~mezhao/pdf/20.PDF

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall_machine-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+title: "Free fall machine"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall_machine"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:53.947295+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A free fall machine (FFM) is a mechanism designed to permit the development of small biological samples, such as cell cultures, with a simulated effect of micro-gravity under free fall conditions.
+
+
+== Description ==
+The free fall machine (FFM) addresses some of the problems of the simple horizontal clinostat or random positioning machines (RPM). In a typical machine samples are allowed to cycle between free fall for about a metre down a column (micro-gravity simulation, near "0 g") and a "bounce" back to the top of the column that is intended to be so fast (c. 20 g for 20 ms) that it is undetected by the biological sample. The sample therefore experiences an average gravity of near 0 g.
+Long duration of hyper-gravity is often simulated by machines such as the large diameter centrifuge (LDC) at ESA. To simulate partial-gravity (between simulated 0 and Earth's gravity, 1, such as Mars or Moon gravitational strengths) conditions, an RPM can also be used.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Clinostat
+Gravitropism
+Large Diameter Centrifuge
+Random Positioning Machine
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ETH Space Biology Free Fall Machine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_News_Network-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+title: "Genome News Network"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_News_Network"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:55.107652+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Genome News Network (abbreviated GNN) is an online magazine that publishes news articles and educational resources about genomics and medicine. It was founded in 1999, with Barbara Culliton as the founding editor-in-chief. It was originally published by Celera Genomics. In 2001, the Institute for Genomic Research became the magazine's new publisher. An article published in the Lancet Oncology that year stated that the magazine "...offers news, original articles, the online reference book, What’s a genome?, and primers on sequencing and assembling the genome – all well  written and illustrated". As of 2010, new issues of the magazine were published biweekly.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GikII-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "GikII"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GikII"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:56.238713+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+GikII is a series of European conferences on the intersections between law, technology and popular culture.  It is hosted at a different institution every year. The first conference was in 2006 and was held in Edinburgh, and was organised by Lilian Edwards and Andres Guadamuz.
+The conference has been held in several European universities and institutions, including University College London, University of Oxford, University of Edinburgh, University of Amsterdam, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, University of Vienna and University of Sussex. Spin-off workshops are regularly held in addition to the main yearly conference in other parts of the world or as tracks in other conferences, such as at TILTing 2019 at Tilburg University and SoGikII 2009 at the University of New South Wales.
+The conference deals with what the organisers describe as "geek law", studying the intersection of law, regulation, popular culture and technology. The covered topics include artificial intelligence, cryptocurrencies, virtual worlds, games, tattoos, 3D printing, fan fiction, digital privacy, avatar rights, augmented reality, and robots.
+
+
+== Name ==
+The Call for Papers of the first workshop gave the following explanation:
+
+Geeks are the people who contribute to this knowledge: fellow travellers on the digital omnibus, who delight in finding, publishing, inventing and sharing nuggets of joyful knowledge and innovation from the worlds of technology, science, popular culture, and technotrivia. LIIs are Legal Information Institutes: invaluable on-line temples of legal knowledge. The patriarch of the field is AustLII, but the concept has spread through the world bringing us BAILII, PacLII, CommonLII, and no doubt, many more bad puns to come.
+GikII proposes to be the place where these worlds, institutions and players will come together for the first time at a major law and technology conference.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+GikII website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_technology-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "Gustatory technology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_technology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:57.467269+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Gustatory technology is the engineering discipline dealing with gustatory representation.
+
+
+== Description ==
+Virtual taste refers to a taste experience generated by a digital taste simulator. Electrodes are used to simulate the taste and feel of real food in the mouth.  In 2012, Dr. Nimesha Ranasinghe and a team of researchers at the National University of Singapore developed the digital lollipop, an electronic device capable of transmitting four major taste sensations (salty, sour, sweet and bitter) to the tongue. In 2016 the same team created a square with thermoelectric elements to simulate the sensation of sweetness through changes in temperature. If this system is implemented in mugs or drinking glasses, it could make low-sugar drinks taste sweeter helping people reduce sugar intake. 
+A team from the University of Tokyo created a device that simulates the different textures of food through electricity. The device uses electrodes place on the masseter muscle (a jaw muscle used for chewing) and simulates the texture by changing this muscle frequency. For example, a higher frequency gives the food a harder texture.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HamSCI-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+---
+title: "HamSCI"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HamSCI"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:58.627019+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Amateur Radio Science Citizen Investigation (HamSCI) is an initiative to connect amateur radio operators with scientific researchers, and to use amateur radio as a citizen science tool to collect scientific data, particularly in geospace science.  HamSCI holds annual workshops each year. Most HamSCI projects focus on the ionosphere. The central initiative of HamSCI is the Personal Space Weather Station, a project to conduct distributed sensing of space weather by developing modular hardware similar to traditional weather stations.
+
+
+== References ==