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It funded 75 projects across UK universities investigating various aspects of the complex relationships between religion and society, both historical and contemporary. + + +== Research == +Research supported includes the website "British Religion in Numbers", providing statistics on religion in Britain led by Professor David Voas at Manchester University. Other work includes Professor Kim Knott at Leeds University's restudy of British media coverage of religion and spirituality and an investigation of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh shrine practices across the Punjab led by Dr Tej Purewal, also at Manchester. Phase 2 of the Programme focused on Youth and Religion specifically, supporting projects like Dr Basia Spalek at Birmingham University's research into police partnerships with young Muslims. +The Religion and Society Programme is hosted at Lancaster University, and directed by Professor Linda Woodhead helped by Dr Rebecca Catto (Research Associate) and Peta Ainsworth (Administrator). The Programme helps to organize various events such as a day at the British Library asking â€Where next for religion in the public sphere?’ in July 2010 and a closed seminar asking â€Child abuse in the Catholic Church – what can be learned?’ at Heythrop College London in November 2010. + + +== References == + + +== Sources == +Giovanni, G. D. (2003). Faith without religion, religion without faith: Kant and hegel on religion. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 41(3), 365. +Gruber, J., & Hungerman, D. M. (2008). The church versus the mall: What happens when religion faces increased secular competition? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2), 831. +Kaelber, L. (2004). Sociology of religion: A historical Introduction/Religion in society: A sociology of Religion/Religion: The social Context/Religion in sociological Perspective/Invitation to the sociology of religion. Teaching Sociology, 32(3), 329–332. +Kaelber, L. (2002). Sociology of religion: Theoretical and comparative perspectives / sociology of religion: Contemporary developments / A comparative sociology of world religions: Virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. Teaching Sociology, 30(4), 496. +Trundle, R. C. (2012). AMERICA'S RELIGION VERSUS RELIGION IN AMERICA: A PHILOSOPHIC PROFILE. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 11(33), 3-20. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche-0.md index 594e0af89..49517d07b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:06:18.701595+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:13.514185+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ce84d2a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Agricultural and Food Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:45.391868+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) was a British Research Council responsible for funding and managing scientific and technological developments in farming and horticulture. + + +== History == +The AFRC was formed in 1983 from its predecessor, the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). It was replaced by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) as a result of government reorganisation in 1994. At that time, Sir William Henderson who was secretary to the AFRC claimed that "agriculture was a success story" hence the AFRC could be closed and a new vision for research was envisaged in the creation of the BBSRC. With this shift in emphasis, there also followed the closure of several educational and research organisations as for example the internationally renowned Wye College. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e124fda94 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Alexander von Humboldt Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:14.725078+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (German: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung) is a foundation that promotes international academic cooperation between scientists and scholars from Germany and abroad. Established by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, it is funded by the Federal Foreign Office, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and other national and international partners. + + +== Description == +Annually, the Foundation grants over 700 competitive research fellowships and awards, primarily to academics in the natural sciences, mathematics and the humanities. These enable scientists and scholars from around the world to conduct research in Germany, collaborating with a host and partner of their choosing. In addition, the Foundation funds German scholars through the Feodor Lynen Fellowships, allowing them to pursue research projects worldwide with a host and partner who must have previously held an Alexander von Humboldt fellowship. The fellowships and awards include significant prizes, such as the Alexander von Humboldt Professorship and Sofia Kovalevskaya Awards. Fellowships and awards from the Foundation are considered among the most prestigious and generous in Germany. Its alumni network, comprising over 26,000 Humboldtians in more than 140 countries, including 57 Nobel laureates, is the foundation's greatest asset. + + +== History == +The Foundation was initially established in Berlin in 1860 to support German scientists conducting research abroad. It was named after the polymath Alexander von Humboldt. In 1923, during the hyperinflation, the Foundation ceased operations due to capital constraints. It was re-established in 1925 with a new goal: to attract talented, pro-German students from other countries to study and research in Germany. Following the fall of Germany in 1945, the Foundation closed for a second time. It was re-established in Bonn-Bad Godesberg on December 10, 1953, under the leadership of physicist Werner Heisenberg, with a new mission: "to grant fellowships to academics of foreign nationality, without regard to gender, race, religion, or ideology, to enable them to continue their academic training by a study-visit to Germany". In 2016, the Foundation helped establish the German Section of the Scholars at Risk (SAR) network, a group of research institutions, universities, and science organizations committed to supporting at-risk academics and promoting academic freedom. + + +== Prizes and scholarships == +Alexander von Humboldt Professorship, the most valuable research award in Germany (3.5/5 million Euros) +Humboldt grants for researchers to work in Germany +Feodor Lynen grants for researchers from Germany to work abroad +Humboldt Prize (Humboldt Research Award) +Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award, awarded jointly with the Max-Planck Society to a researcher from outside Germany +Sofia Kovalevskaya Award, given from 2002 to 2020. +Anneliese Maier research prize for humanities and social sciences from outside Germany +Georg Forster research prize for researchers from developing countries +Gay-Lussac–Humboldt research prize to French scientists, awarded with the French Ministry for Education +Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel research prize (since 2001) + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website +Sofia Kovalevskaya Award \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04e01518c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "All Species Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:15.901853+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The All Species Foundation (stylized as ALL Species Foundation) was an organization aiming to catalog all species on Earth by 2025 through their All Species Inventory initiative. The project was launched in 2000 by Kevin Kelly, Stewart Brand and Ryan Phelan. Along with other similar efforts, the All Species Foundation was promoted as an important step forward in expanding, modernizing and digitizing the field of taxonomy. The Foundation started with a large grant from the Schlinger Foundation but had difficulty finding continued funding. In 2007 the project ceased activity and "[handed] off [its] mission to the Encyclopedia of Life". +The All Species Foundation received some critique for its approach to defining and identifying species. An open letter expressed concern over the species problem, a fundamental issue in taxonomy of what exactly defines a species. The letter argued that failing to acknowledge and account for this fundamental issue could undermine the use of the database for conservation and biodiversity preservation. + + +== See also == +Catalogue of Life +Encyclopedia of Life +Earth BioGenome Project +Open Tree of Life +Tree of Life Web Project +Wikispecies + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Study_Registry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Study_Registry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2e7e61e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Study_Registry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Animal Study Registry" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Study_Registry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:55.393990+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Animal Study Registry is an online registry for the preregistration of research studies involving animals. Animal Study Registry was launched in January 2019 and can be used by scientists worldwide. + + +== History == +The reproducibility of animal test results in biomedical research has been questioned repeatedly in the past. Discussions about this replication crisis have already reached the public. In clinical research, the call for transparency led to the introduction of clinical trial registries that disclose the experimental design of clinical trials before the study is conducted. In order to increase the transparency and the quality in the field of preclinical and basic research, the establishment of so-called centralized animal study registries was suggested. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), as a scientifically independent research institution, has decided to provide an international freely accessible platform for the pre-registration of studies involving animal experiments. + + +== Goal == +The causes for the replication crisis in biomedical research are being intensively discussed within the scientific community. The publication bias was identified as one main reason for the lack of reproducibility of research results. This means, only significant and novel results are published while null results are never revealed, which leads to a distorted view of the state of research. Furthermore, poor study design, poor statistical planning and incomplete method description were, among others, identified as further reasons for non-reproducibility. +The purpose of Animal Study Registry is to register animal experiments with detailed information on methods, working hypotheses and biometric planning prior to the start of the study. Registration of the study plan could reduce the publication bias and prevent practices like data dredging. Indeed, Scientists would have to justify in the future why they differed from the original project planning or why some results were not published. The detailed query of the methods as well as the statistical planning supports the scientists in the study preparation and can thus increase the quality of as well as the reproducibility of the animal experiments. Results from animal experiments that are not published or whose informative value is impaired due to poor study quality can lead to animal experiments being unnecessarily repeated. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baaf70650 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:56.557126+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) is an intergovernmental network that promotes policy-oriented research and capacity-building activities related to global change in the region. APN receives financial contribution from the governments of the United States, Japan, Republic of Korea and New Zealand, with in-kind contribution from all it 22 member countries. The APN Secretariat is based in Kobe, Japan, hosted by the Hyogo Prefectural Government. + + +== History == +The history of APN dates back to the 1990 White House Conference on Science and Economics Research Related to Global Change, 17–18 April 1990, at which then US President George Bush invited countries of the world to join the United States in creating regional networks for north–south scientific cooperation at the intergovernmental level to deal with global environmental change research. Later in 1992, President Bush and then Prime Minister of Japan Kiichi Miyazawa signed the 1992 US-Japan Global Partnership Agreement, which, among other things, reaffirmed and strengthened Japan-US commitment to global change research. +Discussions along these lines ultimately resulted in the establishment of three global change research networks: ENRICH for Europe and Africa, APN for Asia and the Pacific, and IAI for the Americas. +APN was formally launched in 1996 at its first intergovernmental meeting held at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In 1997, a competitive process was in place, open to funding applications for scientific research projects relating to global environmental change. + + +== Membership == +Starting from 12 countries in 1996, APN membership has grown to 22 as of April 2013. In addition to the 22 full members, institutions and individuals from a number of “approved countries” are eligible for APN funding. + + +=== APN member countries === + + +=== APN approved countries === +Maldives +Myanmar +Singapore +Pacific Island Countries + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a41906569 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Association for Research into Crimes against Art" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:57.789272+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA) is a non-governmental civil society organisation (CSO) that conducts scholarly research and training in the field of combating cultural property crime. Established in 2009, ARCA was created to address gaps in the international legal framework related to art and antiquities crimes. It was founded by Noah Charney, an art historian, art crime expert, and published author. +Internationally recognized for its work in the specialized field of art crime research, ARCA's affiliate researchers are frequently interviewed by the press and invited to provide commentary on criminal incidents impacting the art market. They also offer insights on cases where art crimes intersect with other forms of criminality, such as money laundering, organized crime, and terrorist financing. +The Association's work has been recognized by both governmental and non-governmental institutions as a valuable resource for understanding and interpreting art crimes. To support this mission, ARCA maintains collaborative relationships with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations through cooperation agreements with international bodies, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), and the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Observatory of Illicit Traffic. + +== History and activities == +ARCA was established in 2009 to address gaps in the international legal framework concerning art and antiquities crimes. It was founded by Dr. Noah Charney, an art historian, art crime expert, and author. +As one of the earliest volunteer-driven forums of its kind, the Association focuses on uniting experts from diverse fields, including art, archaeology, criminal justice, and law, to collaborate and share knowledge, research, and resources. Its aim is to better analyze and address the complexities of cultural property crimes more effectively. The Association’s goals include raising awareness and fostering dialogue about the intricacies of transnational cultural property-related crimes, including their causes, prevention, and control. It also seeks to highlight how stolen art and looted cultural items can serve as sources of profit that fuel other criminal activities. + +=== International advisory === +In March 2018, ARCA was invited to participate in UNESCO's Category 6 expert committee meeting and conference at its Paris headquarters. The event focused on engaging the European art market and sensitizing relevant stakeholders to the implications of illicit cultural property trafficking, including its impact on cultural heritage protection, terrorism financing, and money laundering. +In 2023, ARCA addressed an audience of diplomats, policymakers, and stakeholders at a United Nations event organized by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED). The organization spoke about emerging trends in the destruction of cultural heritage, the illicit trade of cultural property, and their connections to terrorism. + +=== Criminal justice advisory === +ARCA's research has been recognized for supporting law enforcement and public prosecutors in protecting cultural heritage and upholding the rule of law. In one notable case, the Association's contributions were acknowledged by the Manhattan District Attorney's Office in New York for assisting in the Grand Jury investigation into private antiquities collector Michael Steinhardt. The investigation focused on his acquisition, possession, and sale of antiquities that were determined to be stolen property under New York law. This acknowledgment is a matter of public record and is accessible through the New York Courts. +ARCA also serves as an advisory body for Operation Pandora, an annual European police operation conducted within the framework of the European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threats (EMPACT). Launched in 2016, the operation targets the illicit trafficking of looted or stolen cultural goods circulating in the European market. This multi-country initiative is coordinated by Europol, Interpol, and the World Customs Organization and involves experts in art crime research, including ARCA's forensic analysts. These specialists assist law enforcement agencies by facilitating the identification of illicitly trafficked art. +In line with its outreach goals, researchers supported by ARCA have identified numerous looted or stolen cultural properties circulating within the legitimate art market. They have also exposed fraudulent art schemes involving U.S. dealers who falsify provenance records to launder illicit antiquities. + +=== Training === +Since 2009, the Association has offered a professional development Postgraduate Certificate Program in Art Crime and Cultural Heritage Protection. This program consists of eleven courses held annually during the summer in Amelia, Italy. +In 2017, the Association launched a second in-person initiative, offering advanced and introductory provenance research training courses in partnership with the Holocaust Art Restitution Project. +During the stringent COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy, ARCA developed a series of online training courses to comply with health and safety regulations aimed at reducing virus transmission. During this period, the Association's online courses were highlighted by The International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH) as providing "useful, accurate, and up-to-date topics on the subject of art crime and cultural heritage protection." +ARCA has also provided tailored training in partnership with UNESCO through the agency's Heritage Emergency Fund. In 2018, this training took place in Beirut, Lebanon. From 15 to 18 March 2021, ARCA delivered training modules for twenty-four customs officers from Eastern and Central Europe who participated in a virtual specialized PITCH (Preventing Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Heritage) training. This training was organized jointly by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d36d0f94e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Association for Research into Crimes against Art" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:57.789272+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Sponsorship and outreach === +When funding allows, ARCA has sponsored the documentation and exploration of new methodologies, approaches, and interactions focused on art and antiquities crime, as well as efforts toward its mitigation. In 2012, the Association awarded its Writer's Residency to Dr. Laurie Rush, a U.S.-based archaeologist and Cultural Resource Manager at Fort Drum. Dr. Rush advocates for Cultural Property Protection as a force multiplier in stability operations within the military. During her summer residency with ARCA, she was introduced to officers from Italy's Carabinieri art crime police unit, who, in turn, authorized the first English-language book highlighting the work of the Italian military's Carabinieri Command for the Protection of Cultural Property. +Since 2010, the Association has hosted its eponymous international art crime conference in Amelia, Italy. This event is designed for academic researchers, provenance researchers, law enforcement officials, museum professionals, legal experts, and public prosecutors who are addressing the ethical and legal complexities of art and antiquities crime and cultural property protection. +In 2016, a weekend-long conference forum focused on the concept of Cultural Rights and Value Education. In 2018, the event emphasized art crimes committed during incidents of asymmetrical warfare in the Middle East and featured presentations from archaeologists working in the conflict zones of Syria and Iraq. More recently, in 2023, an ARCA-affiliated forensic researcher was appointed to serve on the international panel of experts assisting with the British Museum's recovery project, aimed at recovering artifacts stolen from the museum. + +== Publications == +Since 2009, ARCA has published the peer-reviewed Journal of Art Crime (JAC) on a biannual basis. The journal focuses on interdisciplinary academic articles related to art and antiquities crimes, their investigation, and their long-term repercussions. Some articles in the JAC represent the first publication of forensic work conducted by leading art crime-focused archaeologists, who track and identify looted antiquities circulating in the art market. +The JAC also features "cold cases," shedding light on lesser-known work by law enforcement investigators, who are often restricted from commenting on cases until long after the investigations have been closed. +The Journal of Art Crime (JAC) is available to subscribers in both print and ePaper formats. It is also accessible through university digital research lending platforms, including the HeinOnline Law Journal Library. Additionally, the JAC can be accessed via the Metropolitan Museum of Art's library collection and the regional interlibrary loan system known as UBorrow. +ARCA also maintains an art crime blog that provides free, open-access resources for scholars, law enforcement professionals, museum curators, and the general public. The blog addresses issues related to cultural property crime and the organization's activities, offering insights into the complexities of art crime and its broader societal implications. Since 2009, the Association has published more than 2,000 articles covering topics such as provenance, looting, illicit trafficking, forgery, vandalism, and iconoclasm. + +== In the media == +In 2021, ARCA's work was featured in two film documentaries, one originating in the United States and the other in the UK. +The first, Lot 448, directed by Bella Monticelli, premiered at the 2021 Tribeca Film Festival as part of the festival's Female Trailblazers film series. Focused on showcasing women working in traditionally male-dominated fields, the film highlighted the efforts of one of ARCA's forensic researchers. The researcher gathered evidence in an attempt to stop the auction of a looted Etruscan antefix and worked to return the artifact to its country of origin. +The second documentary, titled Art Traffickers – Treasures Stolen From the Tombs, was produced by TIWI for Sky Arts. This film features commentary from an ARCA researcher discussing the historic looting and plunder carried out by some of Italy's most notorious antiquities trafficking networks. + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f50bcfeb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Bertarelli Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:17.077206+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Bertarelli Foundation is a private foundation founded by the Bertarelli family; brother and sister Ernesto and Dona Bertarelli, who are co-Chairs of the Foundation, and their mother, Maria Iris Bertarelli. It was established in 1998 in memory of Fabio Bertarelli and is based in Gstaad, Switzerland. For ten years, the Bertarelli Foundation focused on promoting an understanding of infertility, especially multiple gestations. This reflected the work of the family’s business, Ares-Serono, in the field, including its development of influential infertility treatment Pergonal. Following the sale of Serono, the Bertarelli Foundation refocused its activities onto the fields of marine conservation and neuroscience research, as well as projects in their local communities. The Foundation has a sister organisation in Italy, the Fondazione Bertarelli, which promotes cultural activities in Tuscany, where the family’s Collemassari wine estate is located. + + +== Activities == + + +=== Marine conservation === +The Bertarelli Foundation is active in the creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), both in terms of providing material support and in terms of advocacy. In 2010 it worked with the British Government to provide the financial backing to enable the designation of the Chagos Marine Protected Area in the British Indian Ocean Territory. +In 2012, the Foundation provided the funding and practical support to advance the designation of a marine reserve centred on the Turneffe Atoll in Belize, which is part of the largest and most biodiverse coral reef system in the western hemisphere. +In 2015, it again partnered with the British Government and also with the Pew Charitable Trusts for the creation of a marine reserve around the Pitcairn Islands. In 2017, a 740,000 km² MPA was created off the coast of Easter Island. The Bertarelli Foundation, in partnership with Pew Charitable Trusts, supported the campaign for the MPA’s creation as part of a developing partnership which has now become the Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, and is led by Dona Bertarelli. The Pew Bertarelli project was also involved in the campaign to create the Revillagigedo Archipelago National Park which was announced by Mexico President Enrique Peña Nieto in November 2017. The Foundation and Pew are also advocating for the creation of a marine park around the South Sandwich Islands on the edge of the Antarctic. +As well as its work to create and advocate for the creation of marine protected areas, the foundation established the Bertarelli Programme in Marine Science in 2017, partnering with universities from around the world to advance ocean science in the Indian Ocean. Several expeditions to the territory have already taken place, with reports published on the British Government’s BIOT website. + + +=== Neuroscience research === +In 2010, the Bertarelli Foundation entered into a partnership with Harvard Medical School and the Ecole Polytechnique FĂ©dĂ©rale de Lausanne (EPFL) to a joint neuroengineering programme, the Bertarelli Program in Translational Neuroscience and Neuroengineering. The aim of the programme is to foster collaboration in neuroscience between the two institutions. The partnership also endowed a Bertarelli Chair at Harvard Medical School and there is an annual symposium held at which findings from the programme are discussed. In 2014, the partnership was renewed, with funding of $3.6m provided to five projects of three-year duration between scientists at Harvard Medical School and bioengineers at EPFL. Three of these projects focus on new methods to diagnose and treat deafness; the fourth on cell transplantation strategies to reverse blindness; and the fifth on dealing with difficulties in diagnosing children with autism. The programme also sponsors an exchange programme for students at the two institutions. In 2018, the Bertarelli Foundation donated $6.35m to Harvard Medical School for research in sensory disorders. +The foundation also sponsors four chairs at EPFL’s Center for Neuroprosthetics, which is now located at Campus Biotech in Geneva, the former Serono headquarters bought back by a consortium led by Ernesto Bertarelli to be a life sciences hub for the region. They are Professor Olaf Blanke, Professor StĂ©phanie P. Lacour, Professor Mackenzie Weygandt Mathis and Professor Silvestro Micera. +In 2017, the Bertarelli Foundation gave a further 10 million Swiss francs to EPFL to further develop research into neurological disorders. Half of the donation will fund a new gene therapy platform at Campus Biotech in Geneva; the other half will create a new catalyst fund to further collaboration at the same institution. + + +=== Other activities === +In 2008 the Bertarelli Foundation funded a new classroom and a medical centre at Henna Pre-School in South Africa having visited the school during a family holiday. +In 2014, it partnered with Harvard Business School to establish the Bertarelli Foundation Health & Life Sciences Entrepreneurship Fund. A separate gift of $3 million created the Bertarelli Catalyst Fund for the Dean of HMS. As part of the funding, a Bertarelli Prize is awarded to a winning team from the Harvard i-Lab for those students “pursuing innovative solutions to improve healthcare and patients’ lives”. +In 2014, the Bertarelli Foundation donated $3 million to Babson College to create a new faculty chair, the Bertarelli Foundation Distinguished Professor of Family Entrepreneurship. In 2017, Babson named William B. Gartner to the post. +In Stoke-on-Trent, Kirsty Bertarelli, the former wife of Ernesto Bertarelli and a former trustee of the Bertarelli Foundation, has launched projects supporting YMCA North Staffordshire and the Stoke-on-Trent Literary Festival, which takes place annually at the Emma Bridgwater factory in the city and which was established by former MP for Stoke-on-Trent Central, Tristram Hunt. + + +== References == + + +== See also == +Fondazione Bertarelli Concert Hall + + +== External links == +Official website +Fondazione Bertarelli +Bertarelli Program in Translational Neuroscience and Neuroengineering +Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project +British Indian Ocean Territory +Stoke Literary Festival \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md index 0740d58b2..8babc8baa 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:43:17.052106+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:59.041227+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbe3dab08 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "British Colonial Research Committee" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:47.750966+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Colonial Research Committee (or the Colonial Research Council after 1947) was an advisory organisation of the British state which existed between 1942 and 1959. 16 volumes consisting of the archives of this body are kept at The National Archive. It was established under Lord Hailey. +The Committee was established in June 1942 to offer advice on how the Secretary of State for the Colonies should spend funds allocated by the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940. Its role was to co-ordinate research of various sub-committees and cover any areas which came to light beyond the purview of these sub-committees. It was also inspired by the Institut Francais de l'Afrique Noire to establish regional research institutes located in colonial countries. After February 1948 This work was taken over by the Colonial Research Council. This in turn was dissolved in 1959 and replaced by the Overseas Research Council, who advised the Committee of the Privy Council on Overseas Research. +The Committee established a series of more focused committees: + +Colonial Social Science Research Council (1944) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIREQ-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIREQ-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a9ca91d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIREQ-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "CIREQ" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIREQ" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:20.665868+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Économie Quantitative (CIREQ; French for "Center for Interuniversity Research in Quantitative Economics") is a research center devoted to economics and quantitative analysis. CIREQ is financed by the Fonds quĂ©bĂ©cois de la recherche sur la sociĂ©tĂ© et la culture (FQRSC) and by the UniversitĂ© de MontrĂ©al, McGill University, and Concordia University. The Center organizes conferences, workshops, and seminars. It also hosts, via visiting scholar programs, international researchers every year, for periods from one to several weeks. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1144ab44 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "CRS4" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:22.962472+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +CRS4, also known as Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (Italian: Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna), is an interdisciplinary research center, founded by the Sardinia Autonomous Region on November 30, 1990. Since 2003, the center is located in the Technology Park of Sardinia, in the Comune of Pula. Several companies and research groups have chosen to establish their activities on this campus, giving rise to a thriving R&D community. +CRS4 is a private research center, but its shareholder is a regional agency: Sardegna Ricerche. +The center, initially headed by the Nobel Prize in Physics Carlo Rubbia (1990 to 1999), has had the following Presidents: Nicola Cabibbo (2000 to 2003), Carlo Rubbia (2003 to 2006), Paolo Zanella (2006 to 2014), Luigi Filippini (2014 to 2017), Annalisa Bonfiglio (2017 to 2020). Giacomo Cao, Sole Administrator (2020). +A young graduate student, Antonio Ticca, during his stage at CRS4 made the first Italian Website (www.crs4.it) in August 1993 (this is the real date, not the one cited in the press article), and with Francesco Ruggiero collaborated to the creation of the first European web newspaper in 1994 (L'Unione Sarda) and to one of the first and largest internet providers (Video On Line). In this sense CRS4 has been crucial for the development of the Internet and Web in Sardinia and Italy. +Today about 150 researchers are working at CRS4 and the 6 main strategic research sectors are: + +Biosciences Archived 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine +Computational Infrastructure and Smart Projects +Digital Technologies for Aerospace +HPC for Energy and Environment +ICT - Information Society +Visual and Data-Intensive Computing +CRS4 is one of the major Italian Computing Centers and is equipped with the first Genotyping and massive DNA Sequencing Platform in Italy + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == +Sardegna Ricerche (in English) +CRS4 (in English and Italian) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8abc2290a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Campus TEC Guatemala" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:41.591459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Campus TEC Guatemala is a technology park located in Guatemala City. It is the first technology park in the Central American region. The Park is located in the center of the city in zone 4 in area known as "Cuatro Grados Norte" that is part of the technology corridor the local government is implementing in the city. +It currently includes over 100 high-tech local companies that mostly have been doing business overseas mainly in the United States, Europe and other countries in Latin America. Campus TEC is also endorsed by the government by collaborating with the Competitivity agenda for the Guatemalan government. + + +== Incubator and business accelerator == + +The incubator aims at enterprises interested in an export oriented scheme for undertaking Software Development /Information Technology enabled services including data communication links or in the form of physical exports, services and rendering consultancy services and software development. It also includes an area allocated for companies interested in manufacturing electronic hardware equipment/components or any other activity within the ICT sector. +The services offered by Campus TEC include: + +Project outsourcing +Software development +System integration, consulting and implementation +Software reengineering and maintenance +Translation, draw back and implementation of software products +Internet product and services development +Training (in situ and via Internet) +Technical management +Project management +R&D for projects + + +== See also == +Bandung Techno Park +IT Park Uzbekistan + + +== References == +Campus TEC – Guatemala +Campus TEC – Guatemala +New York Times \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75158b039 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Centre for Chronic Disease Control" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:48.964293+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC) is a non-profit organization recognized by the Government of India, established in 2000, working to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in India and low- and middle-income countries. It is a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for surveillance, capacity building, and translational research in cardio-metabolic diseases and an Indian Council of Medical Research collaborating centre for excellence in recognition of commendable achievements in biomedical research. + + +== Collaborations == +CCDC has collaborated with many national and international organizations, some of them are as follows: + +World Health Organization +All India Institutes of Medical Sciences +Indian Council for Medical Research +Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health +London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine +Imperial College, London +Emory University +India Health Fund +Ashoka University + + +== Work and Impact == +CCDC has conducted over 100 research projects, 15 clinical trials, published more than 1000 works, and impacted over 1 million people. It has trained a vast range of specialists over the years. CCDC has been actively identifying and developing innovative solutions to ensure equity in digital healthcare. It is improving the quality and access to specialist healthcare for marginalized populations living in remote areas, employing innovative digital solutions. It is improving the quality and access to specialist healthcare for marginalized populations living in remote areas, employing innovative digital solutions. + + +== Awards and Achievements == +Awarded Grant from Indian Council for Medical Research to establish Centre For Advanced Research. +Commendable Faculty Award to Prof. D. Prabhakaran (Executive Director CCDC) by Career 360. +Claude Lenfant Excellence Award to Prof. D. Prabhakaran (Executive Director CCDC) by the World Hypertension League. +Recognised as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organization by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research +Recognised as a Centre of Excellence in Clinical Research by the Clinical Development Service Agency, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India + + +== Notable people == +Dorairaj Prabhakaran, scientist, cardiologist, author, researcher and Executive Director of CCDC + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25d39c7ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Centre for High North Logistics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:18.223720+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Centre for High North Logistics (CHNL, Norwegian: Senter for nordomrĂĄdelogistikk) is a Norwegian foundation which works to investigate ways to develop logistics solutions in the Arctic region. +Among the aims of the centre is that of collecting information to facilitate an opening up of the Northern Sea Route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The administration of the center is located in Kirkenes on the north-eastern Barents Sea coast of Norway. + + +== Organization == +The Centre for High North Logistics was founded on 27 May 2009, subsuming its precursor organization which was established in 2008 and administered by Bodø University College. +The leadership of the foundation includes Felix Tschudi (Tschudi Shipping Company) as chairman of the board and Tom Tjomsland (Norwegian Shipowners' Association), Frode Mellemvik (Bodø University College) and Jon Rysst (Det Norske Veritas) as board members. Tschudi's board membership is guaranteed by the foundation's establishing charter. The foreign ministry has a permanent seat on the board as observer. These four organizations also constitute the founders of the Centre for High North Logistics. +The foundation is organized as a 5-year project scheduled to end by 2013. In January 2011 the status of the foundation was changed from an ordinary foundation to a business foundation. In the application Felix Tschudi, as chairman of the board, wrote to Stiftelsestilsynet, the Norwegian inspection agency for foundations, that "The foundation will conduct business in the form of advisory activities [...]. The advisory enterprise may consist of payable platform of knowhow, and in the form of being an information and agency bureau". Notwithstanding, three months later the foreign ministry made the payment of the last NOK 1,500,000 (approx. US$250,000 as of April 2012) to the foundation. + + +== Funding == +The funding for the foundation's work was decided before its germinal startup in 2008 to require about NOK 20,000,000 (approx. US$3,000,000 as of April 2012). 6 million has been received as a grant from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and following revelations in the Norwegian media in the spring of 2012 has caused intense scrutiny of the case proceedings and widespread and severe criticism of foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre on grounds of conflict of interest. The issue at hand hinges on the close personal relationship between Støre and Felix Tschudi and Støre not acknowledging, or even calling for an assessment of, a possible impartiality issue existing. Another 6 million was provided by Tschudi Shipping Company. +In April 2012 the foundation announced that it would be running out of money in December 2013. This was said during a visit to the center from the Ministry of Trade and Industry, however the ministry representative emphasized that the center has been supported by the foreign ministry, and that that ministry would support the center until 2013. + + +=== Founding Partner program === +In October 2009 the board decided to employ a strategy of attracting funds by awarding companies that would contribute a substantial amount (preferably NOK 1,200,000 (approx. US$210,000 as of April 2012)) annually over a five-year period the status of "Founding Partner". This would also entitle these companies to several privileges, such as "access to an international political network at a high level". Other rights that would be afforded to Founding Partners would be: + +Board membership +Opportunity to influence strategy and fiscal priorities +Opportunity to define concrete knowhow and research projects +Early access to information within the foundation's network +Companies that were intended as Founding Partners included Wilh. Wilhelmsen and Leif Höegh & Co. +Although this is documented in the protocol from this board meeting, which was also sent to the foreign ministry, Felix Tschudi has denied that this strategy was ever implemented. He explained that this meeting took place six months following the foundation's establishment and that the board at that time was working to attract more financial contributors to what was in fact a new type of public–private partnership. Tschudi maintained that the protocol from one meeting has been taken out of context, and that this was merely a sketch for how the center could become a permanent organization after the first five years as a project organization. He said that in 2009/2010 there were still few companies with sufficient interests in the North to join in with large sums and the board therefore decided to put the "Founding Partners" program on ice and instead focus on activities and projects that could visualize the possibilities and the needs for logistics in the North. The disclosure about the Founding Partners program was given in an article in the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet on April 14, 2012. In it the newspaper also refers to a PowerPoint presentation from February 2010 where both Tschudi Shipping Company and Det Norske Veritas were named as "Founding Partners". + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official web – Centre for High North Logistics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3eacf87f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Ciberobn" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:19.473151+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (Centro de InvestigaciĂłn BiomĂ©dica en Red de FisiopatologĂ­a de la Obesidad y NutriciĂłn: CIBERObn) is a public research consortium which was founded on November 28, 2006 financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciĂłn (MICINN). +The CIBERObn gathers 31 investigation groups from different Spanish Hospitals, Universities and Research Centres. Its mission is to promote a better knowledge about the mechanisms contributing to obesity development in order to reduce its incidence and prevalence, as well as its complications, in addition to nutrition-related diseases. +The CIBERObn is structured into 8 scientific programs intended to increase the collaboration between researchers, to strengthen synergies and to boost new research lines. Programs are as follows: + +Nutrition: effects of different types of diet and nutrients on human health. +Adipobiology: identification of new signals released by the adipose tissue which are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. +Obesity and Cancer: role of those proteins associated with cell cycle on metabolic control and obesity development. +Obesity and Cardiovascular risk: hemodynamic, metabolic and inflammatory factors associated to cardiac and vascular diseases in obesity. +Neurocognitive and Environmental Factors: environmental and emotional factors in nutrition and obesity disorders. +Obesity in Childhood-Adolescence Period: biochemical, hormonal, metabolic, genetic, proteomic and body-composition study in children and adolescents. +Biomarkers: new strategies, therapeutic and prevention technologies, biomarkers of obesity. +Biological Models and Therapeutic Targets: development and validation of experimental models and therapeutic targets in case of obesity. +Additionally, CIBERObn lays a particular emphasis on translational research, specially focusing on research transfer to clinical applications and practices. To this end, two cross-cutting programs have been created: + +Staff Training and Recruitment, which is intended to train our staff according to our research lines and priorities +“Fat Bank” Structural Program: biobank infrastructure connecting the above-mentioned programs in a cross way by contributing with common solutions. +The Fat Bank is a strategic platform of the CIBERObn which offers the Scientific Community different kinds of biological material which are associated to thorough metabolic phenotyping. This information is entered by means of a tailor-made individualised software. This fat-bank- launched in 2009- currently contains 3000 samples of biologic material from more than 300 individuals. +In 2009, 287 indexed articles were published. Their average impact factor is 4.05, which is very high for this subject area. Of them, 67 (23%) belong to the first decile and 105 more (total 172 papers, 60%) belong to the first quartile of the subject area of indexed journals. They accumulate a total impact factor of 1,165. Provisional data of 2010 show an increase of 10%, highly improving the international visibility of the consortium. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +CIBEROBN website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md index ff29d32e3..d43184423 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:58.178184+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:50.220200+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_TecnologĂ­as-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_TecnologĂ­as-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfcca9458 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_TecnologĂ­as-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y TecnologĂ­as" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_TecnologĂ­as" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:21.781025+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias, y TecnologĂ­as (Spanish for National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies; abbreviated CONAHCYT) was Mexico's entity in charge for the promotion of science and technology from 1970 to 2024. As a federal agency of Mexico, it was responsible for setting government policies on research and technological development, establishing public research centers, and funding scientific laboratories, research projects and postgraduate studies. In 2025, President Claudia Sheinbaum promoted the agency to the level of secretariat (i.e. ministry or department): the SecretarĂ­a de Ciencia, Humanidades, TecnologĂ­a e InnovaciĂłn. + + +== Programs == +CONAHCYT granted scholarships for graduate studies (masters and doctoral) in Mexico for programs that have been recognized by CONAHCYT in the Registry of Quality Graduate Programs (abbreviated PNPC in Spanish). CONAHCYT also granted scholarships for Mexican nationals to pursue graduate studies in foreign countries. CONAHCYT also provided funding for postdoctoral positions and sabbatical leaves. +CONAHCYT also administered the National System of Researchers (abbreviated as SNI, in Spanish), a national network promoting high quality scientific research. Membership to the system and the level assigned (candidate, I, II, III, emeritus) dependents on scientific productivity and is evaluated by peer committees. Members of SNI, both Mexican and foreign, receive a monthly stipend directly from CONAHCYT only if they work in institutions or universities located in Mexico. The specific amount of the monetary stipend increases depending on the membership level. Mexican nationals working full time on research-related activities but ascribed to institutions located outside Mexico are eligible for membership but not for the stipend. In these cases, the appointment is considered a distinction. + + +== Research centers == +CONAHCYT also managed programs to encourage industry and private sector involvement in science and technology R&D through the RENIECYT (National Registry of Institutions and Businesses in Science and Technology) to offer financing to technical and technological development projects. +CONAHCYT also managed 26 public research centers (CPI) located in several parts of Mexico and dedicated usually to a narrow field of science. Some of the best known are: + +CIDE (Center for Research and Teaching in Economics) +COLMEX (College of Mexico) +CIMAT (Center for Research in Mathematics) +INAOE (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics) +CICESE (Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education) +INFOTEC (Center for Research and Innovation in Information Technology and Communications) +CIDETEQ (Center for Innovation and Technological Development in Electrochemistry) +CIO (Center for Research in Optics) +CentroGeo (Center for Research in Geography and Geomatics) +COMIMSA (Mexican Coorportaion of Materials Research) +CIDESI (Center for Engineering and Industry Development) + + +== General directors == +The head of CONAHCYT was appointed directly by the President of Mexico. Since CONAHCYT was founded it has been led by: + +Eugenio MĂ©ndez Docurro M.Sc. in engineering (1971–1972) +Gerardo Bueno ZiriĂłn, Ph.D. (1973–1976) +Edmundo Flores Flores, Ph.D. (1977–1982) +HĂ©ctor Mayagoitia DomĂ­nguez, Ph.D. (1983–1988) +JosĂ© Gerstl Valenzuela, Ph.D. (1988) +Manuel V. Ortega Ortega, Ph.D. (1989–1990) +Fausto Alzati, Ph.D. (1991–1994) +Carlos Bazdresch Parada, Ph.D. (1995–2000) +Jaime Parada Ăvila, Ph.D. (2001–2005) +Gustavo Chapela Castañares, Ph.D. (2005–2006) +Juan Carlos Romero Hicks, M.A. (2007 to 2011) +JosĂ© Enrique Villa Rivera, Ph.D. (2011 to 2012) +Enrique Cabrero Mendoza, Ph.D. (2012 to 2018) +MarĂ­a Elena Ălvarez-Buylla Roces, Ph.D. (2018 to 2024) + + +== Press agency == +CONAHCYT had its own press agency to cover topics of science and technology in Mexico. + + +== Controversies == +In 2006 the director of CONAHCYT named new general directors of two Public Research Centers (IPICYT and CIMAT). This was criticized, because it was seen as the director overstepping his authority and even violating the Constitution as it denied the autonomous nature granted to Mexican CPIs. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +CONACYT website +Sciences +PNPC +SNI +RENIECYT +CPI +CIO +CIMAT \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cce65039 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:52.430192+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) was a UK government body that carried out civil research in science and engineering. +On 1 April 2007 CCLRC merged with PPARC to form the Science and Technology Facilities Council. + + +== Activities == +The CCLRC was created on 1 April 1995 as a non-departmental public body from the laboratories of the previous Science and Engineering Research Council including 1942 staff and an annual turnover of ÂŁ106 million which had temporarily been controlled by the EPSRC. It operated at three locations: + +Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near Didcot in Oxfordshire, incorporating the ISIS neutron source +Daresbury Laboratory. at Daresbury in Cheshire +Chilbolton Observatory, near Stockbridge in Hampshire +The Diamond Light Source, was developed by the CCLRC at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and established as an independent company. +The CCLRC was established: +a) to promote high quality scientific and engineering research by providing facilities and technical expertise in support of basic, strategic and applied research programmes; +b) to support the advancement of knowledge and technology, thereby contributing to the economic competitiveness of Our United Kingdom and the quality of life; +c) to provide advice, disseminate knowledge, and promote public understanding in the fields of science, engineering and technology. +Which in practice meant that it administered the UK's large scale facilities for materials and biomolecular research, laser and space science and alternative energy exploration on behalf of the government, the other UK research funding bodies, universities, and corporate research and development. +Over eighty per cent of the funding for the programmes carried out by the CCLRC came through partnership with other UK Research Councils, whilst the remaining twenty per cent came through partnership with industrial and overseas organisations. Some 10,000 researchers are estimated to have used CLRC's facilities and services each year - usually working in close collaboration with CLRC's support scientists and engineers to get the best from the facilities and expertise available. +As well as operating as a single entity, the Council (CCLRC) also operated its own wholly owned trading +subsidiary, Central Laboratory Innovation and Knowledge Transfer Limited (CLIK). +By 2006 annual expenditure had nearly doubled since CCLRC's foundation to ÂŁ199.8 million as the Council's international role expanded to include the payment of the UK's subscriptions to facilities at the ILL and ESRF. +On 1 April 2007 CCLRC merged with PPARC to form the Science and Technology Facilities Council so that a single organisation was responsible for providing UK scientists with access to large scientific facilities in the UK and elsewhere in the world, including CERN, ESA and ESO. + + +== Branding == +Given the wide breadth of its mission there was plenty of room for the CCLRC staff to promote different activities of the Council. Consequently its branding was always a problem. +Between 1994 and 1995 while the laboratories were temporarily operated by the EPSRC, the abbreviation "DRAL" was used to brand them as distinct from the funding Council. When the CCLRC was first established in 1995 the Director General of Research Councils did not want it to be confused with the funding Councils, so he did not want the abbreviation to include the letters "RC" at the end, but to be simply "CCL" - Council of the Central Laboratories. This only lasted for a few months when the accepted abbreviation became "CLRC" - Central Laboratory of the Research Councils. Since the full name included an extra word a confusion was created as to why the abbreviation appeared to be that of a different name than the actual one. To end this confusion, in 2002 the abbreviation was changed to the complete acronym of "CCLRC". + + +== Chief Executives == +1995–1998 Dr Paul Williams +1998–2000 Dr Albert R C Westwood +2000–2001 Dr T G Walker OBE +2001–2007 Prof John Wood + + +== See also == +Cosener's House, a conference centre run by CCLRC in Abingdon + + +== References == + + +== External links == +CCLRC at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2002-11-25) +Diamond +ISIS at the Wayback Machine (archived 1998-12-05) +Research Councils UK \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation-0.md index a1c727437..012e33b51 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:06:23.641166+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:53.768574+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7af3ee869 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Dieter Schwarz Foundation" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:24.147115+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Dieter Schwarz Stiftung is a non-profit limited liability company (gemeinnĂĽtzige GmbH) that is financed, through Schwarz Beteiligungs GmbH, from distributions of the two companies Lidl Stiftung and Kaufland Stiftung (both part of the Schwarz Group). The registered office of the companies of the Schwarz Group is in Neckarsulm. The main focus of the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung's activities is in neighboring Heilbronn. The management of the gGmbH consists of the former President of the Baden-WĂĽrttemberg Cooperative State University Reinhold R. Geilsdörfer (chairman), Gunther Friedl and Bärbel G. Renner. Chairman of the shareholders’ meeting is the former Rector of the University of Mannheim and former Minister of Science of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg Peter Frankenberg. + +== History == +In November 1999, Dieter Schwarz founded the foundation named after him, among other things to promote education, science, research and entrepreneurship. +On 1 July 2002, the “Akademie fĂĽr Information und Management Heilbronn-Franken” (aim) was established from the IHK continuing education center under managing director Harald Augenstein, based in Ferdinand-Braun-StraĂźe in Heilbronn. Its goals were to improve young people's ability to train and study and to facilitate and support parents re-entering the workforce after a family phase. From the outset, aim has been supported by the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung, so that these measures could be offered largely free of charge. In 2003, the foundation's assets were estimated at three million euros, and in 2005 donations of five million euros annually were reported. The purpose of the foundation is “to promote education and upbringing, in particular through training and continuing education programs for daycare centers and schools, the promotion of new teaching and learning methods, and by inspiring young people for technology and the natural sciences.” Furthermore, the organization supports “the promotion of science and research at universities, in particular through endowed professorships and the financing of a private university for business administration.” + +Initially, nine endowed professorships were established in Heilbronn, Reutlingen, Mannheim, Bruchsal, Halle (Saale) and Leipzig in the fields of electronic commerce and e-government as well as business ethics. With a donation of 510,000 euros, the foundation contributed one third of the renovation costs of Heilbronn's landmark, the tower of the Kilianskirche. +In the state of Brandenburg, the foundation supported a project from April 2005 to March 2008 called ZACK (Zukunft-Ausbildung-Competenz-Karriere), in which several regional educational providers worked toward integrating young people into primarily company-based vocational training. +In October 2011, the Bildungscampus Heilbronn, financed by the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung, was opened. At that time, it housed the German Graduate School of Management and Law, a branch campus of the Baden-WĂĽrttemberg Cooperative State University Mosbach and the Akademie fĂĽr Innovative Bildung und Management (aim). Less than a year after its opening, extensive expansion plans—largely financed by the foundation—were presented to accommodate the BWL-Food Management degree program, previously located in Bad Mergentheim, during 2013. Within ten years, the Bildungscampus has grown steadily and is now home to research institutions, universities and various opportunities for professional continuing education. The science center experimenta was expanded in 2019 with a new building funded by the foundation and, since 2024, has offered an AI pavilion inviting visitors to try out AI applications and learn about the opportunities and risks of the technology. +In October 2012, the course was set for the expansion of the Bildungscampus in two construction phases. On 1 July 2014, the Mosbach branch campus of DHBW became the independent DHBW Heilbronn location and the youngest member under the umbrella of the DHBW sites. In October 2014, the Center for Advanced Studies (CAS), an institution of DHBW bundling master's programs, was launched. On 30 September 2015, Bildungscampus II with two new buildings was inaugurated. On 25 October 2016, the third construction phase of the Bildungscampus was opened. +In June 2017, the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung announced the decision to establish a campus of the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and its TUM School of Management in Heilbronn. The first two degree programs started a year later, in October 2018. Since early 2018, the Josef-Schwarz-Schule has been part of the foundation's funding portfolio. In April 2021, the Josef-Schwarz-Schule opened another location in Heilbronn. On 25 September 2018, the entrepreneurship and innovation center Campus Founders gGmbH was founded by the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung. Campus Founders gGmbH aims primarily to inspire students toward entrepreneurial thinking and to spark interest in founding their own businesses. In autumn 2019, a modern, practice-oriented and internationally focused institution began its training program on the Bildungscampus – the Erzieherakademie Heilbronn. With the establishment of the Fachschule fĂĽr Sozialpädagogik, a new program for prospective early childhood educators was created. In October 2019, Bildungscampus Nord was officially inaugurated, housing two new buildings for Heilbronn University, a joint library for all universities and a new underground cafeteria. +Since July 2020, the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung has participated institutionally in the basic funding of the foundation “Haus der kleinen Forscher” (now the foundation “Kinder forschen”) and supports the strategic development of its programs. The programming school 42 opened its first German location in Heilbronn in June 2021 with support from the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung. In cooperation with the city of Heilbronn, the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung won the site competition for the Innovation Park Artificial Intelligence (IPAI) in July 2021. +In July 2022, the foundation announced the expansion of the Bildungscampus in Heilbronn. Groundbreaking on the new site took place on 5 May 2025. + +== Activities == + +=== Current === +Bildungscampus Heilbronn: +Akademie fĂĽr Innovative Bildung und Management Heilbronn-Franken gemeinnĂĽtzige GmbH (aim) +Heilbronn University Campus +Baden-WĂĽrttemberg Cooperative State University Heilbronn +TUM (TU Munich) Campus Heilbronn (32 endowed professorships in Heilbronn, 9 in Munich) +Erzieherakademie +Programming school 42 +Campus Founders +Ferdinand-Steinbeis-Institut FSTI +Fraunhofer IAO and Fraunhofer ISI +Innovation Park Artificial Intelligence (IPAI) +Experimenta Heilbronn +Professorships at ETH Zurich \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c0b8c225 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Dieter Schwarz Foundation" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:24.147115+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Former === +Dieter Schwarz Endowed Chair for General Business Administration, E-Business and E-Government – University of Mannheim +Endowed Visiting Professorship Dieter Schwarz Foundation Visiting professor of International Retail Management – University of Mannheim +Endowed Professorship for Distribution Logistics and Merchandise Management – Baden-WĂĽrttemberg Cooperative State University Mosbach +Endowed Professorship for Retail and Leadership – Baden-WĂĽrttemberg Cooperative State University Mosbach +Endowed Chair for Design Engineering – Heilbronn University +Endowed Professorship for International Trade and E-Commerce – Reutlingen University +Chair of Business Informatics of E-Business – Leipzig Graduate School of Management +Chair of Business Ethics – Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg +International University in Germany, Bruchsal (university closed due to insolvency) +German Graduate School of Management and Law + +== Criticism == +The foundation's engagement in higher education has also been viewed critically with regard to possible influence on higher education policy in the state of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg. The planned establishment of a branch campus of the Bavarian TU Munich in Heilbronn, Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, was also the subject of political discussions in the Baden-WĂĽrttemberg state parliament. +The managing director Reinhold Geilsdörfer has also been controversial: while serving as acting president of DHBW, he was already active for the organization. In connection with the establishment of DHBW in Heilbronn, Geilsdörfer also had to face allegations of accepting advantages in favor of Dieter Schwarz Stiftung GmbH. These allegations were completely rejected by the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office after they had already been fully refuted by the Stuttgart public prosecutor's office. Geilsdörfer reserved the right to take legal action against the complainant. +The Bildungscampus is private property owned by the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung. Due to its largely public accessibility, the exercise of private property rights (house rules) is the subject of public discussion. The house rules prohibit, among other things, the consumption of alcohol as well as ball games and inline skating. + +== External links == + +Official website +Article about the activities of the foundation on Bloomberg L.P., 23 October 2012 (English) + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91ad25b92 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Emerge85" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:00.208254+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Emerge85, originally known as The Johns Hopkins SAIS-Delma Institute Partnership on Geo-Economic Multiplicity, is a research partnership between the Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and the UAE-based Delma Institute. The partnership is co-located in Washington, D.C., and Abu Dhabi. +Its stated purpose is to explore change and the rising importance of emerging markets, with emphasis on stories that challenge the economic status quo and reshape the global landscape. Recurring themes include urbanization, increased connectivity, and the global middle class. +The partnership derives its name from the 85% of the world's population living in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. + + +== History == +emerge85 was founded in April 2016 and launched to the public at an event hosted by Vali Nasr, the dean of SAIS, on October 4, 2016. A year later in October 2017, emerge85 was an official partner at the fourth ALN Annual International Conference in Dubai, which explored economic opportunities between Africa and the Persian Gulf region. It also partnered with The Milken Institute for its 2018 MENA Summit in Abu Dhabi in February 2018, where Al Gergawi moderated a panel discussion on food security in the Middle East, and spoke on another panel about China's One Belt One Road Initiative. + + +== Leadership == +emerge85 is co-directed by Afshin Molavi and Mishaal Al Gergawi. Molavi is an author and senior fellow at Johns Hopkins SAIS and the New America Foundation. Al Gergawi is the managing director of The Delma Institute, a risk advisory firm located in Abu Dhabi. Both Molavi and Al Gergawi regularly comment on emerging market affairs, appearing in the US media for The Atlantic, Foreign Policy, The Hill, Politico, and others. + + +== Publications == +The partnership regularly publishes original articles and podcasts on its website. In October 2017, emerge85 published two reports, the first discussing how to bridge the Persian Gulf and Africa, and the second, looking at the energy ramifications of China's One Belt One Road Initiative. + + +=== Podcast === +emerge85's podcast, "The 85%", was launched on August 7, 2017. The fortnightly show is hosted by Afshin Molavi. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +emerge85 Lab official website +About emerge85 Lab Initiative \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b7ad0863 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Equality Labs" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:01.397516+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Equality Labs is a South-Asian Ambedkarite organisation co-founded by Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Aruna Sanghapali and Valli Karunakaran in 2015. The organisation focuses on addressing caste discrimination within the South Asian diaspora and has conducted significant research on the issue. They released a groundbreaking report in 2016, presenting the first-ever survey on caste and caste discrimination in the US. Equality Labs has actively advocated for marginalized communities, shedding light on pervasive caste discrimination experienced by Dalits and other marginalized groups, including on college campuses. Additionally, they have conducted research on hate speech and disinformation on platforms like Facebook India, calling for stronger content moderation policies to address targeted hate speech against marginalized communities. + + +== Background == +In 2016, Equality Labs conducted the first survey on caste discrimination in the United States, exposing the extent to which the South Asian diaspora in America is affected by this issue. According to the report, a considerable number of Dalits (those who are deemed "untouchable" in the caste system) face prejudice and violence as a result of their caste, both at employment and in K-12 school. In partnership with Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal's office, Equality Labs and its partners arranged the first congressional briefing on caste discrimination in 2019. The purpose of the briefing was to educate politicians about the incidence and impact of caste discrimination in the United States, as well as to push for policies and legislation that address this issue. During the briefing, the panelists shed light on the ubiquitous nature of caste prejudice and the need for a better understanding of how caste functions among the South Asian diaspora in the United States throughout the briefing. Equality Labs has performed hate speech and misinformation research on Facebook India, discovering that Islamophobic content was the most prominent type of hate speech, followed by casteist hate speech, fake news, and gender/sexuality-related hate speech. +In addition, Equality Labs has highlighted the prevalence of disinformation in Asian American and Pacific-Islander communities. A report it published in 2022 discusses how false information is used to pit underprivileged groups against one another, perpetuate tensions within communities, and contribute to the maintenance of white supremacy. The report cites examples of disinformation, such as the Men's Rights Asians movement and Hindu nationalism in India. +In 2023, Equality Labs was part of a coalition introduced by Kshama Sawant testifying in support of an ordinance in Seattle to ban caste-based discrimination and add caste as a protected category to the Seattle Equal Rights law. A similar bill introduced by Aisha Wahab based on the report by Equality Labs has passed the Senate Judiciary Committee to add caste as a protected category in the Unruh Civil Rights Act. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cd0f82d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "EuroCRIS" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:02.608384+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +euroCRIS is an international not-for-profit association founded in 2002 in order to bring together experts on research information management and research information management systems (CRIS). The euroCRIS Office is located in Nijmegen (Netherlands). +euroCRIS maintains the CERIF standard (for Common European Research Information Format) to enable CRIS system interoperability. CERIF is endorsed by the European Commission and is developed and maintained by the CERIF Task Group of euroCRIS. +The mission of euroCRIS is to foster cooperation and knowledge-sharing across the worldwide research information community and to promote interoperability of research information through the CERIF standard. Additional areas of activity also include – among others – the uptake of CRIS systems by various stakeholders, research information infrastructures on an institutional, regional, national and international level, best practices in system interoperability and the use and implementation of standards in CRIS such as identifiers, formats, semantics, (controlled) vocabularies, etc. +A key instrument for the community-driven information exchange are the international events regularly organised by euroCRIS. These include the biennial CRIS Conferences and the biannual Membership Meetings. The outputs arising from all these events are systematically archived in the euroCRIS open access repository based on a DSpace-CRIS software platform. In 2020 the organization took over the Fairfax, Virginia operation of Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information. The most recent euroCRIS event after a two-and-a-half-year hiatus due to the Covid-19 pandemic was the CRIS2022 Conference held May 12-14, 2022 in Dubrovnik (Croatia). + + +== The euroCRIS DRIS == +One of the main areas of activity of euroCRIS involves maintaining the Directory of Research Information Systems (DRIS). The DRIS is an international directory of CRIS systems currently displaying (as of June 2022) close to 1,200 entries. The vast majority of DRIS records describe institutional CRISs, but there is also a good number of instances for regional and national CRISs, disciplinary and research funder CRISs. Details for new DRIS entries are usually provided by institutions or CRIS vendors, so the DRIS remains work in progress at this stage: while it already provides a comprehensive snapshot of the available CRIS infrastructure worldwide, it is far from being complete yet. + + +== See also == +Current research information system +Comparison of research networking tools and research profiling systems + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf717cde4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:03.912849+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI) was founded at Leuven University (Belgium) in 1985 to support research in the field of learning and instruction. The association's main activities include a Biennial, international Conference, support of research groups such as SIGs, E-CER and EFGs and journal outlets for educational researchers in Europe. This non-profit membership association has about 2,500 members from over 60 countries, both European and beyond. The five best represented countries within EARLI's membership are Germany, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States and Finland. +Researchers can join the association through annual membership. On top of their general membership, EARLI supports several Special Interest Groups (SIG). These SIGs allow a smaller group of EARLI members to discuss specific educational themes. The main goal of the SIGs is to improve communication between researchers active in a similar field. Each SIG is governed by two coordinators who are assisted by a Junior Coordinator. Since the foundation of EARLI in 1985, 27 SIGs have been formed, covering a wide range of educational topics. +EARLI's sister organisation EAPRIL was formally founded in 2009 to "make practice and research in lifelong learning interact, collaborate and benefit from each other's strength." + + +== History == + +Since its foundation in 1985 EARLI has organised Biennial Conferences throughout Europe. The first EARLI conference took place in 1985 in Leuven, Belgium, from June 10–13. +The first EARLI President was Erik De Corte, who also was among the founders of the association. European professors in the field of learning and instruction, including Heinz Mandl, Erik De Corte, Erno Lehtinen, Neville Bennett, Pierro Boscolo and Roger Säljö, met often at the meetings of the American Educational Research Association which is where the first foundations for a European association were laid. Some 140 researchers attended the first EARLI conference, including scientists such as Dick Snow, Robert Glaser, Lauren Resnick and Bill Mc Keachie. +In 1999, a network of Junior Researchers (JURE) was established in order "to represent and support research students", and to further "learning and interaction among junior and senior researchers". Annual events organised for the JURE community are supported by the EARLI Office. + + +== Structure == +EARLI is governed by an Executive Committee (EC) which is elected during a general assembly to take place at the Biennial EARLI Conferences. A President is chosen from within the EC and serves a two-year term. Previous EARLI Presidents include notable researchers such as Stella Vosniadou (1995–97), Monique Boekaerts (1999–2001) and Roger Säljö (2005 - 2007). +A permanent EARLI office was founded in 1997 in order to assist the growing membership and facilitate the organisation of Conferences and other events hosted by EARLI. The office is located in Leuven and currently employs five people. Patrick Belpaire acts as the Managing Director. + + +== Biennial conference == +Since its foundation, EARLI has organised over 17 international conferences, in as many European countries. The aim of the Biennial EARLI Conference is to allow researchers in education, learning and instruction to meet face to face and discuss a wide variety of topics. The first Biennual EARLI Conference took place in Leuven, Belgium, where the association was founded. + + +== Journals == +EARLI publishes several journals: + +Frontline Learning Research (FLR) +Learning and Instruction +Educational Research Review +New Perspectives on Learning and Instruction +In addition, the journal Learning, Culture and Social Interaction is affiliated to EARLI. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4b5d3ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "European Research Council" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:54.992830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The European Research Council (ERC) is a public body for funding of scientific and technological research conducted within the European Union (EU). Established by the European Commission in 2007, the ERC is composed of an independent Scientific Council, its governing body consisting of distinguished researchers, and an Executive Agency, in charge of the implementation. It forms part of the framework programme of the union dedicated to research and innovation, Horizon 2020, preceded by the Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7). The ERC budget is over €13 billion from 2014 – 2020 and comes from the Horizon 2020 programme, a part of the European Union's budget. Under Horizon 2020 it is estimated that around 7,000 ERC grantees will be funded and 42,000 team members supported, including 11,000 doctoral students and almost 16,000 post-doctoral researchers. The ERC awards to individuals are widely considered to be either among the most, or else the most prestigious grant for academics in Europe. +Researchers from any field can compete for the grants that support pioneering projects. The ERC competitions are open to top researchers also from outside the union. The average success rate is about 12%. Five ERC grantees have won Nobel Prizes. Grant applications are assessed by qualified experts. Excellence is the sole criterion for selection; there are neither thematic priorities, nor geographical quotas for funding. The aim is to recognise the best ideas, and confer status and visibility to the best research in Europe, while also attracting talent from abroad. +Along with national funding bodies, the ERC aims to improve the climate for European frontier research. The Scientific Council has been keen to learn from the ERC's peers in national research councils (European and overseas) and to engage in dialogue and appropriate collaboration. + +== Background == +The idea of having a pan-European funding mechanism for basic research has been discussed and supported for a long time. However, its realisation was held back at the political level because the founding treaties of the European Union was interpreted as allowing union funding only to strengthen the scientific and technological base of European industry – that is, only funding for applied research rather than basic research. In conjunction with the Lisbon declaration in 2000, leaders of the EU, in particular the European Commissioner for Research at the time, Philippe Busquin, realised that the European Treaty had to be reinterpreted; a transformation of European economy from traditional manufacturing to a knowledge-based economy has to involve the enhanced support at the European level for science of all kinds, including both fundamental and applied research. +In 2003, a report from the ERC Expert Group (ERCEG), chaired by Professor Federico Mayor, described how the ERC could take shape. In 2004, a high-level expert group was commissioned to further explore the possibilities of creating a European Research Council. This group concluded that the EU should establish an institution to support frontier research. A number of other expert groups, such as one commissioned by the European Science Foundation, another charged with the task of analysing the economic implications of the Lisbon declaration and a high level group commissioned by the European Commission, also arrived at a similar conclusion and boosted the idea. With the ice broken, scientists and politicians have since strongly supported the establishment of an ERC. In 2006, the European Parliament and EU Council of Ministers accepted the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for the European Union's support for research, of which the ERC was a flagship component. In the ERC kick-off conference in Berlin, various speakers talked of 'an idea whose time has come', 'a European factory of ideas', 'a champions' league', 'a great day for Europe and a great day for science', and the beginning of a 'snowball effect'. + +== Organisation == + +=== Scientific Council === +The ERC is governed by the Scientific Council (ScC), consisting of 22 eminent European scientists and scholars (including Nobel prize laureates), and supported operationally by the European Research Council Executive Agency (ERCEA), based in Brussels. The ScC acts on behalf of the scientific community in Europe to promote creativity and innovative research. It is responsible for setting the ERC's scientific strategy, including establishing the annual Work Programmes, designing the peer review systems, identifying the peer review experts, and communicating with the scientific community. The first Scientific Council members were nominated by Commissioner PotoÄŤnik in July 2005 and worked intensively to define the key principles and scientific operating practices of the ERC in preparation for the start-up. +The members of the Scientific Council are selected by an Identification Committee, consisting of highly respected personalities in European research, and appointed by the European Commission. The ScC members term of office lasts four years. + +==== President ==== + +Following its formal establishment, the Scientific Council reaffirmed the election of its chair and ERC president, Professor Fotis Kafatos, and the two vice-chairs and ERC vice-presidents, Professor Helga Nowotny and Daniel Estève. After the highly successful presidency of Fotis Kafatos, Helga Nowotny took over as president in March 2010 with Carl-Henrik Heldin and Pavel Exner as vice-presidents. In January 2014, after the end of Helga Nowotny's term of office, Professor Jean-Pierre Bourguignon became ERC president. Since then, the ERC also has a third vice-president, Professor Nuria Sebastian Galles, alongside the two vice-presidents already in office (each of them in charge of one of the ERC scientific domains). In May 2019, internationally recognized nanomedicine scientist Mauro Ferrari was named the next president of the European Research Council. 30 June 2021, Professor Maria Leptin was named president of the ERC from 1 October 2021. + +==== Standing committees ==== +The ERC Scientific Council has established two Standing Committees: one deals with conflict of interest issues, the other oversees the selection of reviewers and panel lists. + +=== Executive Agency === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e33acfa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +--- +title: "European Research Council" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:54.992830+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Scientific Council is supported operationally by the European Research Council Executive Agency (ERCEA), based in Brussels. The implementing pillar of the ERC, the ERC Executive Agency (ERCEA), is responsible for supporting the peer review process, implementing the ERC strategy as set by the ScC, executing all financial operations and communicating about the ERC. The ERCEA is currently headed by the Director, Laurence MOREAU. It employs some 500 staff of which more than 50 hold PhDs. +The fact that most Scientific staff hold a PhD, have done post-docs and/or have been academics reinforces the feeling among panellists and the Scientific Community as a whole that ERC Schemes are implemented by scientists understanding the pitfalls and hurdles of Research and who are constantly working to better their procedures in order to simplify the application as well as the granting processes, hand in hand with their colleagues from financial units. + +==== Steering Committee ==== +There is also a five-member ERCEA Steering Committee, chaired by the European Commission's Director-General for Research and Innovation, two ScC members, and two Commission officials. + +=== Measures to ensure an integrated institution === +To create an integrated institution consisting of the ScC and the ERCEA, two integrative mechanisms were initially put in place: + +The Secretary General (SG), selected by the ScC, was located in Brussels with the goal of interacting closely with the ERCEA. This post no longer exists. The first SG was Professor Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker (2007–2009), who had already initiated the EURYI Award, the precursor of the ERC scheme, in 2003. The second SG was Professor Andreu Mas-Colell (2009–2010). The third and the last SG was Professor Donald Bruce Dingwell (2010–2013). The Secretaries General have been instrumental in the successful setting-up of the ERC, and have worked closely and fruitfully together with the two consecutive Directors ad interim of the ERCEA, Jack Metthey and thereafter Pablo Amor. During the first half of 2011, a Task Force chaired by the European Commission's Research Director-General, Robert-Jan Smits, decided to give further suggestions regarding the governance structure of the ERC in the European Commission's Framework Programme (Horizon 2020), 2014 – 2020. It inter alia suggested to merge the positions of the President and of the Secretary General into a full-time President based in Brussels. This recommendation was implemented as of January 2014; since then, the ERC President is permanently based in Brussels and there is no Secretary General. +The ERC Board currently consists of the ERC President, the three vice-presidents, and the Director of the ERCEA. + +=== Budget and peer review === +Under the EU's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 the ERC has a budget of €13.1 billion for the period 2014 – 2020. That is a substantial increase from its initial seven-year budget under the EU's seventh Research Framework Programme (2007–2013), when the total allocated to the ERC was €7.5 billion. The ERC budget is supported by the European Commission and is supplemented by contributions from the EU associated countries. Together, the 27 EU member states and the associated countries comprise the European Research Area (ERA). +The ERC's peer-review evaluation process must command the confidence of the research community and is central to the achievement of the ERC's objectives. The ERC Scientific Council divided the full range of scientific disciplines into three major domains, with budgets allotted as follows. The peer review in the three domains is carried out by a total of 25 panels led by Panel Chairs whose scientific status gives credibility to the selection process. The peer review experts come from all over the world, which makes the ERC peer review process one of the most international of its kind on this scale. There are currently about 900 ERC panel members; together with the 2000 external reviewers, they constitute the backbone of the ERC evaluation structure. + +The ScC encourages interdisciplinary proposals. + +== Grants offered == + +=== Principles === +The two founding principles of the ERC regarding grants are: + +Research grant applications should be judged using the sole criterion of peer-reviewed excellence, independent of political, geographic or economic considerations. All ERC competitions for funding are open to top researchers from any country in the world, as long as they are committed to work at least half of their time in Europe. The quality and originality of the research project and the qualifications of the applicant (as shown, for example, by their publication record) are the only evaluation criteria. This means that there will be no juste retour, in other words there are no guarantees that the individual countries contributing to the programme will receive any part of the funding. +Frontier research should be targeted by encouraging high-risk, high-reward proposals that may revolutionise science and potentially lead to innovation if successful. With its bottom-up approach, the Scientific Council does not pre-determine thematic priorities, but challenges applicants to identify them themselves. Funding is provided for individual projects initiated in an investigator-driven, 'bottom‑up' process. Although collaborations within a project are welcome, there is no formal demand to collaborate. +The ERC asks researchers to think big, and provides generous support for ambitious projects. It does not want its carefully selected grantees to waste their time by taking on numerous peripheral projects, or constantly having to seek additional money to fund their research. The grants are flexible, so that all costs for a specific project can be covered, and portable, meaning that if grant holders move to another university or institute, the grant moves with them. +The applicant can be of any nationality and age, and needs to demonstrate an excellent track record and present a ground-breaking research proposal. The research must be conducted in a Host Institution located within the European Union or an associated country. + +=== Schemes === +The council offers the following grant schemes, with funding for up to five years: + +=== Annual applications === +The following charts present annual success rates. + +==== Starting Grants ==== + +==== Consolidator Grants ==== + +==== Advanced Grants ==== + +=== Availability of publications and results === +The Scientific Council has adopted an 'open access' policy with regard to the access and availability of publications and research results. This requires all peer-reviewed publications from ERC-funded research projects to be deposited in the appropriate Internet-accessible libraries within six months of publication. + +== See also == + +Directorate-General for Research +Directorate-General of the Joint Research Centre (European Commission) +European Innovation Council (EIC) +European Institute of Technology (EIT) +European Research Advisory Board (EURAB) +European Research Area (ERA) +Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development +European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering (Euro-CASE) +Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) +European Defence Fund +Lisbon Strategy + +== References == + +== Sources == +December 2003, Report from Expert Group The European Research Council A Cornerstone in the European Research Area +Frontier Research: The European Challenge, High Level Expert Group Report, February 2005 +BBC News story of ERC launch – Feb 2007 +Webpage of the Scientific Council of the European Research Council +EU press release IP/05/956, Scientific Council of the European Research Council announced, released 18 July 2005. +CORDIS – FP7 (Ideas) + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bdb650f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Fondazione Sigma-Tau" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:25.307384+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fondazione Sigma-Tau is an institution that aims to promote and share scientific knowledge and interdisciplinary dialogue between branches of learning. It was created as a charitable organization and is recognized by law with Presidential Decree No. 648 of 4 August 1986. Chaired by Silvia Cavazza, Sigma-Tau acts as a national and international point of reference for research development and cultural debate. The foundation also promotes the since the progress of science by introducing the concepts of globality and complexity of the human science. +Fondazione Sigma-Tau fosters outreach and development activities, such as seminars, conferences, lectures, round tables and events, in collaboration with universities, research institutes, and the world of culture and science. + + +== Projects == +Since 1989, Fondazione Sigma-Tau has launched important projects and many conferences and meetings from which a vast number of publications have arisen, such as the volumes published by Bari based Editore Laterza, from the Lezioni Italiane (Italian Lessons) cycle, and the proceedings from SpoletoScienza in particular. +Founded in 1989 by Claudio Cavazza, SpoletoScienza is the scientific section of the Festival dei Due Mondi. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8f26edbc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Foundation for Polish Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:26.462280+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Foundation For Polish Science (Polish: Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP) is an independent, non-profit organisation which aims to improve research opportunities in Poland, and to provide assistance and support to the scientific community there. It was established in 1990 and registered in 1991. The FNP supports research groups as well as individual scientists by awarding grants, and scholarships, and prizes such as the Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science. The FNP's efforts are widely regarded as crucial in transforming Polish science after 1989. + + +== Programs == +The FNP offers scholarships and grants for outstanding researchers in various career stages, regardless of citizenship. These programs include the following: + +The Prize of the Foundation, also known as The Polish Nobel Prize – the most important scientific prize in Poland, which is awarded in four fields: Life sciences, Chemistry and material science, Mathematics, physics and engineering, as well as humanities and social sciences. Each recipient gets 200,000 zĹ‚ (about $65,000). +The Polish-American Scientific Award – a common undertaking between the Foundation for Polish Science and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. +The Polish-German scientific award Copernicus - offered jointly by FNP and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. +Mistrz +Homing Plus - a program designed to encourage Polish scientists who have emigrated to return home. +Stypendia START + + +== Architecture == +The new FNP Headquarters are located in Wierzbno, Warsaw. The building survived World War II. The building has recently been renovated and the facade is now covered in greenery. The living wall is the first in Poland and apart from the environmental benefits it helps blend the building with the green surroundings. + + +== See also == +Timeline of Polish science and technology +Polish Children's Fund +The National Science Centre + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Foundation For Polish Science +Foundation for Polish Science Headquarters design by FAAB Architektura \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74f6b00cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:28.506702+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS) is a nonprofit scientific research institute in Zurich, Switzerland, established in 1999. +IT'IS has links to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich) and the global wireless communications industry (e.g., the Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF) and GSMA), and has received research support from Swiss, European, and U.S. funding agencies. +IT'IS participates in working groups of international standards organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA), contributes to the formulation of safety standards for wireless industries, and advises regulatory agencies regarding the biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) energy. +Researchers at the IT'IS Foundation use computational life sciences to study applications of EM energy in wireless information technologies and medicine. IT'IS develops tools and methods used by medical-technical industries and manufacturers of wireless devices to assess the absorption of EM fields by living tissue. +IT'IS employs 52 people and shares facilities in Zurich with other members of the Zurich43 (Z43) alliance, which includes the commercial R&D units Schmidt & Partner Engineering AG (SPEAG), Zurich MedTech AG (ZMT), and TI Solutions AG. + +== History == +The IT'IS Foundation was established on November 22, 1999, with the mission to engineer accurate EM measurement methods and to provide science-based regulatory advice regarding interactions of EM fields with living tissues. The first foundation board consisted of ETH Zurich professors Ralf HĂĽtter, Albert KĂĽndig, Wolfgang Fichtner, and Niels Kuster, as well as Alexander BorbĂ©ly (University of Zurich, CH), Masao Taki (Tokyo Metropolitan University, JP), Mirjana Moser (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, CH), Quirino Balzano (Motorola Inc., USA), Michael Burkhart (Sunrise Communication AG, CH), Michael Milligan (Mobile Manufacturers Forum, BE), and Christophe Grangeat (Alcatel, FR). + +=== 2000â’2009 === +During the first decade, IT'IS researchers focused on creating the scientific knowledge base and tools to assess potential health hazards of exposure to EM fields, developing experimental and computational methods, as well as instrumentation and procedures to reliably assess the specific absorption rate (SAR) of EM fields induced in humans associated with the use of wireless communication devices. IT'IS researchers have worked with engineering partner SPEAG and international research organizations to develop and fabricate exposure systems as well as dosimetry and quality assurance (QA) methods, and have collaborated on national and international research programs to investigate potential adverse biological effects of EM field exposure. The exposure setups used in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) study funded by the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) on the carcinogenicity due to exposure to the EM radiation emitted by mobile phone signals were designed and fabricated by the IT'IS Foundation. IT'IS collaborated with the sleep laboratory of the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University of Zurich on how radiofrequency (RF) exposure affects the sleep and the awake electroencephalogram (EEG). IT'IS worked with the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) to develop a group of anatomically detailed 3D human computational phantoms — the Virtual Family models, consisting of an adult male, adult female, and two children — based on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of healthy volunteers. +In 2006, the commercial firm ZMT Zurich MedTech was founded as a spin-off of the IT'IS Foundation. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45c1349ef --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:28.506702+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 2010â’2019 === +In 2010, the IT'IS Foundation was featured in Technoscope, the "technical magazine for youth and the youthful" of The Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW), an independent organization for the promotion of the engineering sciences. A 2010 IT'IS publication on human exposure to EM fields from energy saving light bulbs was part of a report on the safety of fluorescent bulbs aired by the Canadian investigative newsmagazine television program 16:9 The Bigger Picture. +The IT'IS Foundation added a group of child anatomical computational phantoms, called the Virtual Classroom, to the Virtual Family in 2010. The library of computational phantoms was extended by the addition of Glenn (an elderly male model) and Fats (an obese male model) and was renamed the Virtual Population (ViP). The FDA and IT'IS developed a multimodal imaging-based detailed anatomical (MIDA) model of the human head and neck, which includes representations of eyes, ears, and deep brain structures, as well as several muscles, bones and skull layers, arteries and veins, cranial nerves, and salivary glands. The models are freely available for use in non-commercial projects by research groups around the world. +IT'IS uses computational physics in precision medicine applications, and was funded in 2010 by Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI; now Innosuisse) to develop the Sim4Life computational platform, which was later commercialized by partner ZMT. The project Sim4Life CAPITALIS was funded in 2013 and was nominated for the CTI Swiss Medtech Award in 2015. +IT'IS co-organized the 2015 meeting of the European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology (ESHO2015) on hyperthermia research. The IT'IS Foundation – together with the Competence Center for Personalized Medicine in Zurich – organized the Latsis Foundation Symposium in 2016, with the title "Personalized Medicine: Challenges and Opportunities" and with additional funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation. +In 2017, the IT'IS Foundation was selected by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to develop the online simulation platform o2S2PARC – Open Online Simulations for Stimulating Peripheral Activity to Relieve Conditions, a project funded through the NIH Common Fund's SPARC program to establish a Modeling and Simulation (SIM-) Core within the SPARC Data and Resource Center. +The NTP study on the risks of exposure to wireless devices published in 2018 was carried out with exposure systems designed, produced, and maintained by IT'IS, and IT'IS representatives participated in the peer review of the resulting technical reports. IT'IS investigations on 5G exposure have contributed to the development of novel measurement instrumentation and phase reconstruction algorithms to analyze the power density in the very close near-field of transmitters. IT'IS Foundation research on exposure to 5G wireless devices and the absorption of millimeter-waves by the skin and the resulting temperature increase draws attention to potential hazards. +IT'IS also performs research in the area of MRI technology to analyze the risks of RF exposure, especially in the context of medical implant safety. In 2017, the researchers of IT'IS, together with their colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard Medical School, and Imperial College London, established the concept of deep brain stimulations with temporal interference (TI). The spin-off company, TI Solutions AG, was founded in 2019 to support TI research through development of flexible TI stimulation devices and corresponding planning tools as well as to advance the translation of this research into clinical therapies. + +=== 2020â’ === +With NIH funding, IT'IS continues to develop the o2S2PARC platform as part of the SPARC Portal. The computational modeling pipeline developed by IT'IS was used in a clinical study to apply spinal cord neuromodulation to restore trunk and leg motor function in patients after complete paralysis. IT'IS researchers developed new hardware concepts for precise TI stimulation, EEG and MRI filters for closed-loop TI protocols in experimental and clinical studies, and the Temporal Interference Planning (TIP) tool, which is used for optimized electrode placement for targeted TI stimulation. TI stimulation has been applied in a series of studies performed in collaboration with the Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille (INSERM) and the Imperial College London, the École Polytechnique FĂ©dĂ©rale de Lausanne (EPFL), and the UK Dementia Research Institute. +In 2022, the IT'IS Foundation established the Katja Poković Research Fund (KPRF) to honor the memory of Katja Poković, PhD (1968–2021), who had been the Director of Laboratory and Customer Services of SPEAG from 1999 to 2021. The KPRF offers research fellowships specifically for female applicants as well as funding support for research projects internal to the IT'IS Foundation. + +== Major projects == +Seed funding for the IT'IS Foundation was provided in part by SPEAG and the MMF; SPEAG and ZMT remain reliable sources of funding. Other major funding has been obtained through competitive applications to Swiss (CH), European Union (EU), and international funding instruments. Selected major research projects are listed below. + +== The REFLEX project controversy == +The aim of the EU FP5 REFLEX project — Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive In Vitro Methods — was to apply advanced methods and procedures developed in toxicology and molecular biology to investigate the basic mechanisms of cellular and sub-cellular responses to exposure to EM energy. The coordinator of the REFLEX consortium was Prof. Franz Adlkofer of the VERUM Foundation; there were 8 biological laboratory partners to perform in vitro experiments, for which the IT'IS Foundation developed the exposure systems. Soon after publication of findings from the REFLEX study, allegations of data falsification, data fabrication, and general scientific misconduct were made against project participants, including the IT'IS Foundation. The assertions, which persisted for more than a decade, were laid to rest by a German court of appeals, whereby the author of the unfounded allegations was ordered to cease and desist his attacks on the REFLEX findings. + +== References == + +== External links == +The IT'IS Foundation website +Schmidt & Partner Engineering AG website +Zurich MedTech AG website +TI Solutions AG website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38cc72ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Foundation for the Study of Cycles" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:29.674011+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Foundation for the Study of Cycles (FSC) is an international nonprofit organization that fosters, promotes, and conducts scientific research in respect to rhythmic and periodic fluctuations in any branch of science. It was incorporated on January 10, 1941 by Edward R. Dewey. It is currently under the directorship of Dr. Richard Smith. FSC published the Cycles Magazine from 1950 until 1997. In 2020, FSC relaunched the magazine as a quarterly publication. All FSC members are provided access to Cycles App, which according to the foundation, is "a tool that can decode cycles and apply cyclic analysis to detect dominant cycles in any dataset." +The FSC has been backed over the years by notable investors, like W. Clement Stone, Fidelity Investments, Coleman Co., and Paul Tudor Jones. + + +== See also == + + +== Footnotes == + + +== References == +Huntington, Ellsworth (1943). "The Foundation for the Study of Cycles". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 36 (2): 335–336. doi:10.1093/aesa/36.2.335. +Sollberger, Arne (1978). "In memoriam Edward Russell Dewey (1895–1978)". Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research. 9 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1080/09291017809359618 – via Taylor & Francis Online. +Tromp, Solco W. (1978). "In memoriam Professor Edward R. Dewey 1895–1978". International Journal of Biometeorology. 22 (3): 161–162. Bibcode:1978IJBm...22..161T. doi:10.1007/BF01555394. S2CID 84019537 – via SpringerLink. +Bouma, Janneke J. S. H. J. W. (1983). "In memoriam solco W. Tromp". Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research. 14 (4): 241–243. doi:10.1080/09291018309359818 – via Taylor & Francis Online. + + +== Further reading == +"The Foundation for the Study of Cycles". Science. 100 (2606): 514–515. 1944. doi:10.1126/science.100.2606.514.c. +Von Thienen, Lars. The Cycle Scanner Algorithm (PDF) (Technical report). Foundation for the Study of Cycles. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47a0c44c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom House" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Freedom House is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights. Freedom House was founded in October 1941, with Wendell Willkie and Eleanor Roosevelt serving as its first honorary chairpersons. Most of the organization's funding comes from the U.S. State Department and other government grants. It also receives funds from various semi-public and private foundations, as well as individual contributions. +The organization's annual Freedom in the World report assesses each country's degree of political freedoms and civil liberties. Another key annual report, Freedom on the Net, is Freedom House's annual survey and analysis of internet freedom around the world. While often cited by political scientists, journalists, and policymakers, the organization's democracy indices have received criticism. +Between the 1970s and 2000s, critics predominately alleged that the organization was biased towards American interests due to government funding; others criticized the organization's reliance on democratic indices created near-exclusively by Raymond Gastil. In 2018, the rankings were criticized by National Review, a conservative magazine, for its perceptions of the NGO being "anti-conservative". + +== History == +Freedom House was incorporated October 31, 1941. Among its founders were Eleanor Roosevelt, Wendell Willkie, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, Elizabeth Cutter Morrow, Dorothy Thompson, George Field, Herbert Agar, Herbert Bayard Swope, Ralph Bunche, Father George B. Ford, Roscoe Drummond and Rex Stout. Thompson and Dr. Frank Kingdon were co-chairs. George Field (1904–2006) was executive director of the organization until his retirement in 1967. +According to its website, Freedom House was founded in 1941. Several groups were aggressively supporting U.S. entry into World War II and in early autumn 1941, when various group activities began to overlap, the Fight for Freedom Committee began exploring a mass merger. George Field then conceived the idea of all of the groups maintaining their separate identities under one roof—Freedom House—to promote the concrete application of the principles of freedom. +Freedom House had physical form in a New York City building that represented the organization's goals. A converted residence at 32 East 51st Street opened January 22, 1942, as a centre "where all who love liberty may meet, plan their programs and encourage one another". Furnished as a gift of the Allies, the 19-room building included a broadcasting facility. In January 1944, Freedom House moved to 5 West 54th Street, a former residence that Robert Lehman lent to the organization. +Freedom House sponsored influential radio programs including The Voice of Freedom (1942–43) and Our Secret Weapon (1942–43), a CBS radio series created to counter Axis shortwave radio propaganda broadcasts. Rex Stout, chairman of the Writers' War Board and representative of Freedom House, would rebut the most entertaining lies of the week. The series was produced by Paul White, founder of CBS News. +By November 1944, Freedom House was planning to raise money to acquire a building to be named after the recently deceased Wendell L. Willkie. In 1945 an elegant building at 20 West 40th Street was purchased to house the organization. It was named the Willkie Memorial Building. +After the war, as its website states, "Freedom House took up the struggle against the other twentieth century totalitarian threat, Communism ... The organization's leadership was convinced that the spread of democracy would be the best weapon against totalitarian ideologies." Freedom House supported the Marshall Plan and the establishment of NATO. Freedom House also supported the Johnson Administration's Vietnam War policies. +Freedom House was highly critical of McCarthyism. During the 1950s and 1960s, it supported the Civil Rights Movement in the United States and its leadership included several prominent civil rights activists – though it was sometimes critical of civil rights leaders for their anti-war activism, Freedom House awarded Martin Luther King Jr. and Medgar Evers its annual Freedom Award in 1963. It supported Andrei Sakharov, other Soviet dissidents, and the Solidarity movement in Poland. Freedom House assisted the post-Communist societies in the establishment of independent media, non-governmental think tanks, and the core institutions of electoral politics. +The organization describes itself currently as a clear voice for democracy and freedom around the world. Freedom House states that it: + +has vigorously opposed dictatorships in Central America and Chile, apartheid in South Africa, the suppression of the Prague Spring, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, genocide in Bosnia and Rwanda, and the brutal violation of human rights in Cuba, Burma, the People's Republic of China, and Iraq. It has championed the rights of democratic activists, religious believers, trade unionists, journalists, and proponents of free markets. +In 1967, Freedom House absorbed Books USA, which had been created several years earlier by Edward R. Murrow, as a joint venture between the Peace Corps and the United States Information Service. +Since 2001, Freedom House has supported citizens involved in challenges to the existing regimes in Serbia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Egypt, Tunisia and elsewhere. The organization states, "From South Africa to Jordan, Kyrgyzstan to Indonesia, Freedom House has partnered with regional activists in bolstering civil society; worked to support women's rights; sought justice for victims of torture; defended journalists and free expression advocates; and assisted those struggling to promote human rights in challenging political environments." However, alternative classifications have produced significantly different results from those of the FH for Latin American countries. +In 2025, the incoming Trump administration's foreign aid freeze under executive Order 14169 resulted in Freedom House terminating over 80% of its global programs. The organization was also forced "to lay off a large portion of its staff", and divert funds away from projects such as Freedom in the World to cover other expenses. Freedom House continues to operate, with a greater reliance on private donations. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2581a87c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom House" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Organization == +Freedom House is a nonprofit organization with approximately 300 staff members worldwide. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., it has field offices in about a dozen countries, including Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Jordan, Mexico, and also countries in Central Asia. +Freedom House states that its board of trustees is composed of "business and labor leaders, former senior government officials, scholars, writers, and journalists". All board members are current residents of the United States. Past members of the organization's board of directors include Kenneth Adelman, Farooq Kathwari, Azar Nafisi, Mark Palmer, P. J. O'Rourke and Lawrence Lessig, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Samuel Huntington, Mara Liasson, Otto Reich, Donald Rumsfeld, Whitney North Seymour, Paul Wolfowitz, Steve Forbes and Bayard Rustin. + +=== Funding === +According to their 2022 financial statement and independent auditors' report, Freedom House reported $93,705,255 of total revenue: + +Federal grants – $79,606,961 +International public agencies – $1,055,339 ($3,826,812 with donor restrictions) +Corporations and foundations – $1,873,651 ($5,849,073 with donor restrictions) +Individual contributions – $1,487,190 +Net assets released from restrictions – $2,901,964 +Freedom House's total expenses in 2022 were $85,530,680. + +== Reports == + +=== Freedom in the World === + +Since 1973, Freedom House publishes an annual report, Freedom in the World, which it seeks to assess the current state of civil liberties and political rights in 195 countries and 15 territories. +Freedom House's methods (around 1990) and other democracy-researchers were mentioned as examples of an expert-based evaluation by sociologist Kenneth A. Bollen, who is also an applied statistician. Bollen writes that expert-based evaluations are prone to statistical bias of an unknown direction, that is, not known either to agree with U.S. policy or to disagree with U.S. policy: "Regardless of the direction of distortions, it is highly likely that every set of indicators formed by a single author or organization contains systematic measurement error. The origin of this measure lies in the common methodology of forming measures. Selectivity of information and various traits of the judges fuse into a distinct form of bias that is likely to characterize all indicators from a common publication." + +=== Freedom of the Press === + +The Freedom of the Press index was an annual survey of media independence, published between 1980 and 2017. It assessed the degree of print, broadcast, and internet freedom throughout the world, classifying nation-states as "free", "partly-free", and "not-free" as a result. +An independent review of press freedom studies, commissioned by the Knight Foundation in 2006, found that FOP was the best in its class of Press Freedom Indicators. + +=== Freedom on the Net === +The Freedom on the Net reports provide analytical reports and numerical ratings regarding the state of Internet freedom for countries worldwide. +Freedom on the Net's report covers a range of concepts that the other datasets do not, such as new legislation passed, but lacks the country coverage of other datasets. +Expert surveys on the internet by the likes of Freedom House and V-Dem have been found to be more prone to false positives, while the remote sensing research by Access Now and the OpenNet Initiative are more likely to be prone to false negatives. +The Millennium Challenge Corporation used the Key Internet Controls portion of the Freedom on the Net report to inform its country selection process until 2020 when this report was replaced with data on internet shutdowns from Access Now. + +== Criticism == + +=== Relationship with the U.S. government === +In 2006, the Financial Times reported that Freedom House had received funding by the State Department for "clandestine activities" inside Iran. According to the Financial Times, "Some academics, activists and those involved in the growing US business of spreading freedom and democracy are alarmed that such semi-covert activities risk damaging the public and transparent work of other organisations, and will backfire inside Iran." +On December 7, 2004, former U.S. House Representative and Libertarian politician Ron Paul criticized Freedom House for allegedly administering a U.S.-funded program in Ukraine where "much of that money was targeted to assist one particular candidate." Paul said "one part that we do know thus far is that the U.S. government, through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), granted millions of dollars to the Poland-America-Ukraine Cooperation Initiative (PAUCI), which is administered by the U.S.-based Freedom House. PAUCI then sent U.S. Government funds to numerous Ukrainian non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This would be bad enough and would in itself constitute meddling in the internal affairs of a sovereign nation. But, what is worse is that many of these grantee organizations in Ukraine are blatantly in favor of presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko." +Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman have criticized the organization for excessively criticizing states opposed to US interests while being unduly sympathetic to regimes supportive of US interests. Most notably, Freedom House described the 1979 Rhodesian general election as "fair", but described the 1980 Southern Rhodesian general election as "dubious", and found the 1982 Salvadoran presidential election to be "admirable". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5ce81b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom House" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Academic commentary === +According to one study, Freedom House's rankings "overemphasize the more formal aspects of democracy while failing to capture the informal but real power relations and pathways of influence ... and frequently lead to de facto deviations from democracy." States can therefore "look formally liberal-democratic but might be rather illiberal in their actual workings" +Academic Wenfang Tang observes that Freedom House reports use criteria developed by Western elites. +A study comparing Freedom House rankings with the World Values Survey data measuring respondent's perceptions of freedom in their countries found no statistically significant correlation between the Freedom House measures of freedom and subjective feelings of freedom. According to Tang, Freedom House rankings exaggerate the differences between liberal and non-liberal countries, observing for example that Freedom House scores China near zero, but Chinese survey respondents report a higher level of freedom than do survey respondents in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Tang also observes that Freedom House's rating of China as a near zero for human rights conflicts with the seventh wave (2017-2022) World Values survey data indicating that 72% of Chinese are satisfied with the state of human rights in their country. + +=== Cuban, Sudanese, and Chinese criticism === +In May 2001, the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations of the United Nations heard arguments for and against Freedom House. Representatives of Cuba said that the organization is a U.S. foreign policy instrument linked to the CIA and "submitted proof of the politically motivated, interventionist activities the NGO (Freedom House) carried out against their Government". They also claimed a lack of criticism of U.S. human rights violations in the annual reports. Cuba also stated that these violations are well documented by other reports, such as those of Human Rights Watch. Other countries such as China and Sudan also gave criticism. The Russian representative inquired "why this organization, an NGO which defended human rights, was against the creation of the International Criminal Court?" +The U.S. representative stated that alleged links between Freedom House and the CIA were "simply not true". The representative said he agreed that the NGO receives funds from the United States Government, but said this is disclosed in its reports. The representative said the funds were from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which was not a branch of the CIA. The representative said his country had a law prohibiting the government from engaging in the activities of organizations seeking to change public policy, such as Freedom House. The representative said his country was not immune from criticism from Freedom House, which he said was well documented. The U.S. representative further argued that Freedom House was a human rights organization which sought to represent those who did not have a voice. The representative said he would continue to support NGOs who criticized his government and those of others. +In December 2019, Freedom House, together with four other U.S.-based democracy and human rights organizations, was sanctioned by the Chinese government. In August 2020, then Freedom House president Michael Abramowitz, together with the heads of the same four groups and six U.S. Republican lawmakers, were also sanctioned, with the Chinese foreign ministry saying these individuals had "blatantly intervened in Hong Kong affairs, grossly interfered in China's internal affairs, and seriously violated international law and the basic norms of international relations". The leaders of the five organizations saw the sanctioning, whose details were unspecified, as a tit-for-tat measure in response to the earlier sanctioning by the U.S. of 11 Hong Kong officials. The latter step had in turn been a reaction to the enactment of the Hong Kong National Security Law at the end of June. + +=== Russia === +Russia, identified by Freedom House as "Not Free", called Freedom House biased and accused the group of serving U.S. interests. Sergei Markov, an MP from the ruling United Russia party, called Freedom House a "Russophobic" organization, commenting: "You can listen to everything they say, except when it comes to Russia ... There are many Russophobes there." Christopher Walker, director of studies at Freedom House, posited that Freedom House made its evaluations based on objective criteria explained on the organization's website, and denied that it had a pro-U.S. agenda, saying: "If you look closely at the 193 countries that we evaluate, you'll find that we criticize what are often considered strategic allies of the United States." +UCLA political scientist Daniel Treisman has criticized Freedom House's assessment of Russia. Treisman cited that Freedom House ranks Russia's political rights on the same level as the United Arab Emirates, which is a federation of absolute monarchies with no element of democracy within the system. Freedom House also ranks Russia's civil liberties on the same scale as those of Yemen, where criticism of the president was illegal. Treisman contrasts Freedom House's ranking with the Polity IV scale used by academics, in which Russia has a much better score. In 2018, the Polity IV scale scored the United Arab Emirates at -8, Russia at +4, and the United States at +8. +In May 2024, Russian authorities declared Freedom House an "undesirable organization". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69566526c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom House" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Alleged partiality toward Uzbekistan === +Craig Murray, the British ambassador to Uzbekistan from 2002 to 2004, wrote that the executive director of Freedom House told him in 2003 that the group decided to back off from its efforts to spotlight human rights abuses in Uzbekistan, because some Republican board members (in Murray's words) "expressed concern that Freedom House was failing to keep in sight the need to promote freedom in the widest sense, by giving full support to U.S. and coalition forces". Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan at the time included the killing of prisoners by "immersion in boiling liquid", and by strapping on a gas mask and blocking the filters, Murray reported. Jennifer Windsor, the executive director of Freedom House in 2003, replied that Murray's "characterization of our conversation is an inexplicable misrepresentation not only of what was said at that meeting, but of Freedom House's record in Uzbekistan ... Freedom House has been a consistent and harsh critic of the human rights situation in Uzbekistan, as clearly demonstrated in press releases and in our annual assessments of that country". + +=== Criticism from American conservatives === +In the 2010s, a number of American conservative institutions have accused Freedom House of anti-conservative shift in the organization; the organization has been criticized as being biased against conservative governments and the policies they enact, and has also been accused of favoring progressive and left-wing ideas in its ranking system. It has also been criticized for a perceived shift to an activist mindset; a 2018 article in the National Review described it as having "changed dramatically since its anti-Communist days during the Cold War" and having "become simply another progressive, anti-conservative (and overwhelmingly government-dependent) NGO". Another article criticized Freedom House for characterizing differences in policy as anti-democratic and for using what it regarded as partisan rather than objective measures of democracy. + +=== Criticism from Vietnam === +As Vietnam is a one-party socialist state, it is a frequent target for criticism and accusations from Freedom House, resulting in strong responses and criticism made by Vietnamese media against the organization. +The section about Vietnam in Freedom on the Net publication is criticized by Vietnamese state media, as Freedom House accuses Vietnam to not have Internet freedom in this publication. + +== Chronology of systematic evaluations == +From the 1970s until 1990, Raymond Gastil practically produced the reports on his own, though sometimes with help from his wife. Gastil himself described it in 1990 as "a loose, intuitive rating system for levels of freedom or democracy, as defined by the traditional political rights and civil liberties of the Western democracies." Regarding criticisms of his reports, he said: "generally such criticism is based on opinions about Freedom House rather than detailed examination of survey ratings". +In a 1986 report on the methodology used by Gastil and others to create Freedom in the World report, Kenneth A. Bollen noted some bias but found that "no criticisms of which I am aware have demonstrated a systematic bias in all the ratings. Most of the evidence consists of anecdotal evidence of relatively few cases. Whether there is a systematic or sporadic slant in Gastil's ratings is an open question". In a later report by Bollen and Pamela Paxton in 2000, they concluded that from 1972 to 1988 (a specific period they observed), there was "unambiguous evidence of judge-specific measurement errors, which are related to traits of the countries." They estimated that Gastil's method produced a bias of 0.38 standard deviations (s.d.) against Communist countries and a larger bias, 0.5 s.d., favoring Christian countries. +In 2001, a study by Mainwaring, Brink, and Perez-Linanhe found the Freedom Index of Freedom in the World to have a strong positive correlation (at least 80%) with three other democracy indices. Mainwaring et al. wrote that Freedom House's index had "two systematic biases: scores for leftist were tainted by political considerations, and changes in scores are sometimes driven by changes in their criteria rather than changes in real conditions". Nonetheless, when evaluated on Latin American countries yearly, Freedom House's index was positively correlated with the index of Adam Przeworski and with the index of the authors themselves. However, according to Przeworski in 2003, the definition of freedom in Gastil (1982) and Freedom House (1990) emphasized liberties rather than the exercise of freedom. He gave the following example: In the United States, citizens are free to form political parties and to vote, yet even in presidential elections only half of U.S. citizens vote; in the U.S., "the same two parties speak in a commercially sponsored unison". +A 2014 report by comparative politics researcher Nils D. Steiner found "strong and consistent evidence of a substantial bias in the FH ratings" before 1988, with bias being reflected by the relationships between the U.S. and the countries under investigation. He writes that after 1989 the findings were not as strong but still hinted at political bias. In 2017, Sarah Sunn Bush wrote that many critics found the original pre-1990 methodology lacking. While this improved after a team was hired in 1990, she says some criticism remains. As for why the Freedom House index is most often quoted in the United States, she notes that its definition of democracy is closely aligned with US foreign policy. US-allied countries tend to get better scores than in other reports. However, because the report is important to US lawmakers and politicians, weaker states seeking US aid or favor are forced to respond to the reports, giving the Freedom House significant influence in those places. + +== See also == +Democracy indices +Human Development Index +International Republican Institute +List of freedom indices +Negative and positive rights + +== Notes == + +== External links == + +Official website +"Freedom House, Inc". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. +Freedom House Records at Princeton University Library Special Collections +George Field Collection of Freedom House Files at Princeton University Library Special Collections \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9288eb98e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Fyssen Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:30.866355+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Fyssen Foundation (French: Fondation Fyssen) is a French charitable organization that was established in 1979 by HĂ©raclios Fyssen, a wealthy industrialist who endowed his whole fortune to it. The aim of the foundation is to stimulate research into the processes underlying and leading to cognition, including work in such disciplines as ethology, paleontology, archaeology, anthropology, psychology, logic, and neuroscience. To this end, the foundation offers postdoctoral stipends to French scientists wanting to do research abroad and foreign scientists wishing to work in a French laboratory. Reports on this research are published in the foundation's journal, the Annales de la Fondation Fyssen. It also offers research grants. In addition, the foundation regularly organizes symposia and supports the publication in book form of the proceedings thereof. Finally, the foundation yearly awards an International Scientific Prize of €100,000. The topics of this prize rotate among the different fields of interest to the foundation. +As of 2023, the foundation has supported over 1300 scientists with either a stipend or a research grant, awarded 43 International Scientific Prizes, and supported the publication of 45 books. + + +== List of International Scientific Prize awardees == +The following persons have received the International Scientific Prize: + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..535b143c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Galicia Biological Mission" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:06.312335+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Biological Mission of Galicia is a centre of the Higher Council for Scientific Research located in the civil parish of Salcedo in the municipality of Pontevedra in Spain. It is the oldest research institute of the Higher Council for Scientific Research in Galicia and the oldest agricultural research institute in Spain. + + +== History == +The Biological Mission of Galicia was created by the Council for the Extension of Scientific Studies and Research in April 1921. Its first headquarters was the Veterinary School of Santiago de Compostela, directed by Cruz Gallástegui. The mission remained in Santiago de Compostela until 1926, when the veterinary school disappeared. In 1927, the Provincial Council of Pontevedra offered a new location to the Biological Mission, which moved in 1928 first to the La Tablada estate in Campolongo and later to the palace that belonged to Archbishop Malvar in Salcedo, the Pazo de GandarĂłn, where it has remained to this day. +From 1930 onwards, the institution's activities focused on the genetic improvement of maize, the variety of chestnut trees resistant to dyeing and the promotion in Spain of the English Large White pig breed. +Between 1940 and 1950, the Mission consolidated its first lines of research on the genetics and physiology of plants and animals. +Between 1960 and 1973, the research lines were interrupted until 1973, when Armando Ordás took over the maize breeding line and created a seed syndicate. +From 1980 onwards, new research was initiated, based on the cultivation of legumes, Brassicaceae and vines. +Currently, the centre is working on crop improvement to adapt to the consequences of climate change and is engaged in agricultural and forestry research. + + +== Description == +Its facilities consist of three main buildings and several secondary buildings, located on a twelve-hectare site belonging to the Provincial Council of Pontevedra. +In April 2021 it has 12 scientists and 2 postdoctoral researchers on staff. Eight research groups and almost eighty people work in the Biological Mission of Galicia. +The funding of the Biological Mission comes mainly from the general budgets of the State and the Provincial Council of Pontevedra. + + +=== Facilities === +The original building of the estate was the pazo de GandarĂłn, which had a Galician granary, a dovecote, two viewpoints and several barns and small stables. In order to adapt it to its new use, the building was renovated. Warehouses were built for pig breeding, which were later converted into laboratories and offices. + +The estate. It consists of twelve hectares, ten of which are arable. It is divided into lots whose division and naming are in accordance with their original use. In one of them, a native forest is preserved and others are devoted to gardens, in which the camellia collection stands out. There are several buildings on the estate, including a pergola, a pond and various sets of stone tables and benches. There is also a Galician granary and a cider cellar. +Pazo de la Carballeira de GandarĂłn. It was built by Archbishop Sebastián Malvar at the end of the 18th century as a family residence. +Miguel Odriozola Building. It was built in the 1940s for pig breeding, as part of the animal genetics research initiated by Miguel Odriozola in the previous decade. When this research was completed in 1987, it was decided to renovate the building. This renovation was carried out between 2002 and 2003 by the architect Mauro Lomba. +Cruz Gallástegui Building. It was built in the 1960s by the architect Alejandro de la Sota, being the first work by this architect. Its construction was intended to house the offices that were previously located in the palace. The building was occupied in 1969-1970. + +In February 2022, the CSIC integrated the Agrobiological Research Institute of Galicia (based in Santiago de Compostela) into the Biological Mission of Galicia. + + +=== Objectives === +The overall objective of the biological mission is to develop germplasm for agriculture that has lower fertiliser and irrigation requirements, tolerates biotic and abiotic stress and is of higher quality. At the same time, an attempt has been made to gain a deeper understanding of the genetic processes involved in adaptation and evolution, stress resistance and quality of crop species. + + +== References == + + +== See also == +Spanish National Research Council + + +=== External links === +Galicia Biological Mission (in Spanish and English). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efec879b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Google Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:07.576269+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Google Research (also known as Research at Google) is the research division of Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.. According to its official website, Google Research publishes findings, releases open-source software, and applies research results within Google products and services as well as within the wider scientific community. + + +== Notable contributions == +The 2017 landmark paper Attention Is All You Need, which introduced the Transformer architecture, which has subsequently been used to build modern large language models. +Advances in neural machine translation powering Google Translate. +Time series forecasting. +Development of scalable learning systems and infrastructure for large-model training. +Flood forecasting. +Research into computational discovery via Google Accelerated Science including demonstrating the first below-threshold quantum calculations. + + +== See also == +Google AI +Google Brain +Google DeepMind + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Google AI portal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6d907b7f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:08.734808+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities (also called The Guild) is a university network founded in 2016. It currently comprises 23 of Europe's research-intensive universities in 17 countries. +The Guild released a series of position papers as part of the European Commission's consultation for Horizon 2020, Horizon Europe and the next Framework Programme (FP10). +Its current Chair is Anders Hagfeldt, Vice-Chancellor Uppsala University, in Sweden. + + +== Members == +Since 2025, the group is made up of the following universities: + + +== See also == +List of higher education associations and alliances + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2352f807 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +--- +title: "Hasselblad Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:32.130440+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Hasselblad Foundation was established in 1979 at the will of Victor Hasselblad, as a fully independent, not-for-profit foundation based at Götaplatsen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The main aim of the foundation is to promote research and academic teaching in the natural sciences and photography. + + +== History == + +After the death of Victor Hasselblad in August 1978 it was announced by the Swedish government that he had bequeathed part of his fortune "to establish awards similar to Nobel Prizes," with the Erna and Victor Hasselblad Foundation "awarding prizes of around three million Swedish crowns ($700,000) once a year, or twice this sum every two years, to scientists in the natural sciences." At the time the sum corresponded to the annual Nobel prize awards for science and literature. The first grant, 500,000 Swedish Kronor in that instance, went to Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology's Department of Photography, then the country's only scientific research and teaching institution in the field of photography. + + +=== Erna and Victor Hasselblad Photography Center === +In accord with its origin in the manufacture of innovative cameras, the Foundation also conducts its own research into photography at its Hasselblad Center, which opened in 1989, with Rune Hassner as the organisation's first head 1988–94, and it continues to exhibit Swedish and International photography. On Hassner's initiative the Center commenced a collection with a concentration on the work of Nordic photographers, among them Sune Jonsson, Christer Strömholm, Adriana Lestido, PĂĄl-Nils Nilsson. +The Center's purpose is to promote education in photography through research projects, seminars and lectures, and its library and archives for students and researchers. The Hasselblad Foundation's research library opened in 1999, initiated with Hassner's own extensive library which he donated in 1998. +Among these actives American ornithologist-photographer Don Walte in 1988 was granted $21.000 Foundation to photograph birds with a video camera sharing a viewfinder with the Hasselblad camera, opening a new career as a film maker. + + +=== Hasselblad Foundation International Award in Photography === +The Foundation also presents an annual international award in photography to "a photographer recognised for major achievements", exhibiting their work at the Center and publishing monographs on each. +The first prize, 100,000 Swedish kronor and a gold medal, was awarded in November 1980 to Lennart Nilsson for his imagery of medicine and nature. Other winners included Ernst Haas, Édouard Boubat, Manuel Ălvarez Bravo, Robert Häusser, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Hiroshi Hamaya, William Klein, SebastiĂŁo Salgado, Susan Meiselas, and Boris Mikhailov. + + +== Photography stipends == + + +=== The Victor Fellowships === +Awards continuous professional and artistic development outside the Nordic region since 2004. Two stipend winners are announced annually, one from United Kingdom and another one from New York. + + +=== The Grez-sur-Loing stipend === +Awards Scandinavian photographers, or Scandinavians working abroad, with a residency located in Grez-sur-Loing near Fontainebleau, France. The awarded photographer is accommodated at the HĂ´tel Chevillon, restored by the Grez-sur-Loing Foundation. The Grez-sur-Loing stipends have been awarded since 1994. + + +=== The San Michele stipend === +Targeting Swedish photographers, the winner of this stipend will follow in the footsteps of Swedish physician Axel Munthe, awarded with an international stay at Axel Munthe's Villa San Michele located on Capri, an island in the southern part of Italy. + + +=== Stipend in Nature Photography === +A stipend established to encourage Nordic nature photography, based on Victor Hasselblad's own interest in nature. In collaboration with VĂĄrgĂĄrda Photo Club. First to be awarded was Swedish photographer Marcus Elmerstad. + + +=== Postdoctor in photography === +The Hasselblad Foundation offers a postdoctoral position in photography to support advanced research and academic work in the field. The postdoctoral program is designed to strengthen scholarly knowledge in photography and contributes to the Foundation's broader mission of promoting photography as both an art and a scientific discipline. + + +== Science == +In keeping with Victor Hasselblad's bequest, the Foundation also supports research in the natural sciences. These activities are conducted separately from the photography programmes and reflect his wish to create awards comparable to the Nobel Prizes in the sciences. + + +=== Science grants === +The Hasselblad Foundation awards science grants to support research projects in the natural sciences. These grants are intended to fund specific research initiatives and are awarded on a competitive basis to researchers and institutions working in fields aligned with the Foundation's scientific aims. + + +=== Visiting professorship === +The Foundation supports a visiting professorship in the natural sciences, enabling leading researchers from around the world to conduct work in Sweden. The programme is designed to foster international academic exchange and bring expertise to Swedish scientific institutions. + + +=== Science stipends === +The Hasselblad Foundation provides stipends to support scientists working in the natural sciences. These stipends are part of the Foundation's commitment to Victor Hasselblad's original vision of funding scientific excellence, and complement the photography stipends offered under the Foundation's arts programme. + + +== See also == +Hasselblad Masters Award +Hasselblad Award + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9eda11a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "INAPL" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:56.171780+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Institute of Anthropology and Latin American Thought (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂ­a y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, abbrevriated INAPL) is an Argentine government agency dedicated to preserving national cultural and archeological heritage. It is a part of Secretariat of Culture. +The institute has been involved in multiple projects. Among these are the preservation of rock art sites including Cueva de las Manos and the study of HMS Swift, a British ship that sank off the coast of Puerto Deseado in 1770. It also runs the National Museum of Man in Argentina. + + +== Organization == +The INAPL is a government agency of Argentina, and is part of the Argentina's secretariat of culture. + + +== Mission and function == + +The INAPL is dedicated to preserving national cultural and archeological heritage. As such, the primary focus of the institute is the documentation, preservation, and recovery of cultural heritage, be it physical or non-physical. The institute carries out research in the areas of archaeology, anthropology, and folklore. In keeping with their mission, they also give recommendations and alternative proposals on regional economic and socio-cultural development. +One of the programs of the INAPL is to preserve rock art sites and save them from deterioration and destruction. This program has been in place since 1995. Of these sites, Cueva de las Manos has been given top priority. + + +== History == +The INAPL was created on December 20, 1943. It was created at the behest of Juan Alfonso Carrizo, who would become the institute's first director. +The institute has had several names over the course of its existence; the first of these was The National Institute of Tradition assigned at its founding in 1943. In the words of Briones and Guber, the institute was later renamed for political reasons to "the National Institute of Philology and Folklore in 1955, the National Institute of Folkloric Research in 1960, the National Institute of Anthropology in 1964, and [finally] the National Institute of Anthropology and Latin American Thought in 1992." + + +== Current and former projects == + +Among the institute's current and former projects is the study of HMS Swift (1763), a British ship that sank off of the coast of Puerto Deseado in 1770. The discovery and investigation of the ship was one of the first taken on by the INAPL's newly created underwater archaeology program in Argentina, which was formed in 1995. +The INAPL, along with the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), is also a major sponsor of the DocAnt film festival, the oldest currently-running anthropological film festival in Latin America. The INAPL runs the National Museum of Man in Argentina. + + +== Notable members == +Sandra AnalĂ­a Guillermo—recipient of the John L. Cotter Award in Historical Archaeology + + +== See also == +The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)—an Argentine organization that works closely with the INAPL + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7a88eb25 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Institute for Structural Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:33.584810+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Institute for Structural Research (Instytut BadaĹ„ Strukturalnych or IBS) is an independent scientific foundation based in Warsaw, established in 2006. The main aim of this organization is to organize and support the research increasing innovation and competitiveness of economy. The foundation inspires and carries out scientific works in the fields of: + +Economics +Mathematics +Informatics and quantitative methods +Social Sciences + + +== Management of the Institute for Structural Research (IBS) == +Piotr Lewandowski – President of the Board +Iga Magda – Vice President of the Board +Julian Zawistowski – Chairman of the Council +PaweĹ‚ Kowal – Member of the Council + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff68222c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:09.927834+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Institute of Bioinformatics, often referred to as IOB, is an Indian not-for-profit academic research organization based in Bangalore, India. It is involved in research in the fields of bioinformatics, multi-omics, systems biology and neurological disorders. In 2002, the institute was set up by The Genomics Research Trust and the Johns Hopkins University of Baltimore, Maryland. This organization is recognized as a 'Scientific and Industrial Research Organization' (SIRO) of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India. Renowned Proteomicist Akhilesh Pandey, Professor at Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine of Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, USA is the Founding and current Director of IOB, and eminent Proteomicist Ravi Sirdeshmukh, Founder President of the 'Proteomic Society of India' is the current Associate Director of IOB. + + +== Databases developed by IOB == +Human Protein Reference Database (in collaboration with the Pandey Lab, Johns Hopkins University) +Human Proteinpedia +NetPath +India Cancer Research Database +Human Proteome Map +Plasma Proteome Database +Pancreatic Cancer Database +Resource of Asian Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases + + +== Funding Agencies == +IOB receives grants and fundings from various national and international funding agencies. + + +=== National funding agencies === +Council of Scientific and Industrial Research +University Grants Commission (India) +Indian Council of Medical Research +Department of Biotechnology +Department of Science and Technology (India) + + +=== International funding agencies === +Human Proteome Organization + + +=== Others === + Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance + + +== Affiliation == +IOB is affiliated with Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) for the award of Ph.D. degrees. + + +== Achievements and global recognition == +IOB is the first research institute globally which has been successfully able to decipher a nearly complete protein map of human beings. In May 2014, the journal Nature published their volume putting this achievement of IOB with title 'The Human Proteome' in their cover. On February 17, 2016, the Government of India's Department of Science and Technology (DST) released "India's Research Landscape: Output, Collaboration, and Comparative Performance - Bibliometric Studies," which included two reports. The first report, titled "India's Research Output and Collaboration (2005-14): A Bibliometric Study," was compiled by Thomson Reuters, while the second report, titled "International Comparative Performance of India's Research Base (2009-14)," was independently compiled by Elsevier. According to Thomson Reuters, the paper "Human Protein Reference Database," published in 2009, was ranked second among the top 10 Publications with Indian Affiliation in the field of Biology and Biochemistry, and "A draft map of human proteome," featured on the cover of Nature in 2014, was found to be cited more than 400 times in a short period of time and was ranked sixth. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84c46d3a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "International Society for Cultural and Activity Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:11.110763+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Society for Cultural and Activity Research (ISCAR) was founded in 2002 by the merging of the International Society for Cultural Research and Activity Theory and the Conference for Sociocultural Research. It is focused on sociocultural theory, and its application to practice. + + +== External links == +Official Website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dae723444 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "Iran National Science Foundation" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) (Persian: صندŮŮ‚ حمایت از ŮľÚŮهشگران Ú©Ř´Ůر) is an Iranian government agency that supports fundamental research and education in the fields of science, engineering, and medical science. +The current director of INSF is Eaman Eftekhari (as 2019). The first director was Mohammad Farhadi, who served from 2002 to Feb 2011, followed by Nosratoallh Zargham. + +== Introduction == +The fast development in science and technology and role of a knowledge-based economy in global changes caused some to predict that the chief rulers of the world in the future would be nations and governments which have had the greatest contribution in planning, supporting, and financing science, technology and research. As a result of the request of a group of scholars and thinkers of the university and Hozeh (religious academies) on Oct. 7th, 2003, the Supreme Leader of Iran ordered the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution to prepare the grounds for backing production of scientific software, and also to institutionalize scientific space in the country. +The Council of Scientific Researches of Iran ratified the charter of the INSF on its 522nd session, 18 Feb 2003, in order to fulfill the 4th paragraph of the 3rd article of the Constitution, and the 6th paragraph of the act: "The Position, Objectives, and Responsibilities of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution". This foundation was established with the purpose of supplying researchers' welfare, organizing the production of science and technology, preparing executive grounds in the country for directing research and technological proceeds towards people, and permanent development of the country. +INSF is a legally independent governmental institute, which is administered by a board of trustees. It is located in the presidential institute. The assets of this foundation are supplied via governmental aids, bank facilities, investments of its own surplus assets, receiving both financially and non-financially from true or legal persons. President of the foundation has the highest position in INSF. Under the board's approval and the order of the chairman of the board of trustees, the president will preside over the foundation for a four-year period of time. The current president of the foundation is Dr. Mohammad Farhadi. +In Iran, the foundation supports those who have been described in accordance with the countries needs and priorities. A book published by the National Scientific Research council defines these the research priorities. + +== Principal policies, work strategies and priorities == +INSF's board of trustees act on December 10, 2003 +According to article 3, paragraph 4 of the constitution, and based on article 16 of the act "The Positions, Objectives and Responsibilities of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution", Iran National Science Foundation was founded with a primary asset of 20 billion Rials, which had been supplied by governmental aids. + +=== Manifest of INSF's mission === +"Iran National Science Foundation works to prepare the executive grounds for the generation of science and technology and the presentation of material and spiritual supportive aids and services for true or legal researchers, in order for research affairs to flourish and to direct the proceeds of research and technology towards people." +To back this cause the foundation is committed to: + +pave the route for the country to pioneer modern technologies, +prepare special supports for national projects, or the projects which have strategic and international importance for the country, +set spiritual supports for researchers and enhancement of their position in society as its main priorities, +supply welfare and comfort for researchers, +identify research requirements and priorities of the country and support their fulfillment, +direct the proceeds of research projects towards people, +prepare grounds for country's permanent development in technology. + +=== Work Strategies === +According to article 3 of the foundation's statute "activities of this foundation include comprehensive spiritual and financial support for Iranian researchers (both academic and nonacademic) both domestic and overseas, for the purpose of quantitative and qualitative enhancement of science and technology production, preparing the grounds for application of research results and generation of science at national and international levels." In this regard the following strategies are considered: + +the turnover of the foundation and the way it presents facilities must be simple and transparent, +for effective orientation of its activities, the foundation must announce the lists of its subjects and titles of its projects with priority, +for priority assessment of the projects, proper methods must be applied. To improve supportive role of the foundation, it is necessary that instead of direct financial aids, the given facilities be in the form of services, +applicant researchers (true or legal persons) must necessarily have authentic successful scientific research backgrounds relevant to their requested subject, +the foundation must be willing to attract other organizations and encourage people's participation in its plans; researchers (true or legal ones) must participate in investment as far as possible, +the supported plans must prepare the ground for access to modern technologies needed, or they must be economically justified if possible. + +=== Material Supports === +Under article 3, amendment 1 of the foundation's statute "material support includes: financing and facilitating of budget allocation process for researchers' approved plans certified by the foundation, supplying a portion of the expenses for participation in valid international conferences and preparing research equipments and requirements approved by scientific committee of the foundation." In this regard the following general policies are considered: + +the facilities to be presented in the form of service presentations and in an indirect way, as far as possible, +to refuse the payments for equipment and requirements as for as possible, +as far as possible, researchers (true or legal) participate in supplying the expenses, of plans, +the foundation should share in intellectual property and material profits of the plans. + +=== Non-financial Support === +Based on article 3, amendment 2 of the statute, Non-financial spiritual supports include: administrative support, scientific introduction and approval of researchers, preparing conditions for their scientific reverence and awarding them with prizes. In this regard the foundation's general policies are based on the following issues: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94889ee96 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "Iran National Science Foundation" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +arranging opportunities for the appreciation and reverence of selected researchers in accordance with other institutes responsible in this field, +having active connection with relevant organizations to improve researchers' position in the society, +using legal devices and strategies for propagating the culture and spirit of research entrepreneurship. + +=== Intellectual Property === +Intellectual property of the plans supported by the foundation, and their resulting achievements and reports will be defined according to the foundation's supports and the type and subject of plans. In return for financial and spiritual supports, the foundation can hold a portion or the whole intellectual property of the plan's achievements. In this regard, the foundation's general principles are: + +contact with internal or foreign authentic and legal centers in order to cover service needs for patenting of inventions and their intellectual property, +researchers share probable material profits of their idea, as far as possible, +there must be a system for patenting the ideas of those researchers who present their innovative plans to the foundation as well as for protection of their rights, +if ever execution of the plans needs cooperation of several researchers, a necessary network must be established among them, preserving each one's rights. + +=== Supportive Priorities of the Foundation === +Considering the basic function of the foundation, "generation of science and technology, and benefiting the nation from its profits", (based on article 2 of the foundation's statute) the following basic priorities for allocation of finance and non-financial and financial facilities of the foundation are defined: + +according to article 3, amendment 4 of the foundation statute, "for using supports and aids domestic researchers have priority over others," +the plans and requests must necessarily be in the field of modern and advanced sciences and technologies. The foundation's subjective priorities will annually be approved by the scientific committee, +applicant's requested subjects must possess a kind of innovation, creativity and originality. Moreover, the plans should not be step by step repetition of experiences of the developed countries, or translation and duplication of research findings of other countries, +the plans must have distinctive characteristics in comparison to similar domains. In other words, they must not be included in the responsibility domain or work field of other domestic institutes, responsible for supporting researches, +the plans must prepare the ground for the creation of new and specialized job opportunities (especially for the elite), +the plans must have economic and technical justifications, and as far as possible return of the investment, +the plans must show a certain result, if possible, within a short span of time. + +== The Charter for Presentation of Facilities by INSF == +To execute the act of session 522- 29 July 2003 of the Cultural Revolution Supreme Council, regarding the statute of Iran National Science Foundation (here in this charter referred to as "the foundation"), the following executive charter was ratified in the board of trustees' session 1 Dec, 2003. + +=== Objective === +Presentation of services and facilities to those who present research plans regarding the explanation of the proceeding should be in accordance with the objectives of the statute. + +=== Application Scope === +Under article 3 of the statute, supports of the foundation covers all Iranian researchers (both true and legal persons) whether academic or nonacademic, inside or outside the country. Moreover, according to article 3 amendment 4, researchers inside the country have priority over others. + +=== Concepts and Definitions === +Facilities: The foundation's direct material (financial) supports for the applicants +Services: The foundation's indirect material supports for the applicants + +=== Types of Supports === +The foundation's supports are conducted in two different ways as follows: + +a) Material supports +a-1) Facilities (grants or credits/loans), +a-2) Investments (participation in the execution of plans) +b) Services. + +=== Elaborating on the Types of Supports === + +==== Grants ==== +They are granted to those plans which possess the priorities of the foundation, but can not return the facilities in short term. The evaluation committee is responsible to specify and recognize such plans. For the plans covered by this article, possession of a portion of the plan is reserved for the foundation, and if needed or preferred, the foundation can sell or use the practical advantages of it. + +==== Credit Facilities (loans) ==== +This kind of facilities is for those plans which have economic justifications and accord with priority policies of the foundation. The evaluation committee is responsible for the recognition and specifying the above. The time period for this kind of facilities to be returned is three years, and the interest rate and commission for the facilities is max 10%. + +==== Investment (participation in the execution of plans) ==== +For this kind of facilities, besides its economic justifications, the researcher supplies a portion of the needed investment. According to its share, the foundation will also share profits and losses. To participate or not, the right for selection is reserved for the foundation. + +==== Granting Services ==== +A) Reimbursement of the expense to attend international scientific conferences and assemblies. +According to the statute, the foundation undertakes to pay back researchers' expenses for conferences and international scientific assemblies attended. These types of supports are categorized as grants but the foundation has the right to utilize the results of the researcher's reports of attendance in such conferences or assemblies. + +B) Support to hold scientific-research courses + +This kind of supports is with the purpose of more communication and acquaintance and dialogue among researchers, as well as getting familiar with the most recent scientific and research achievements. The expenses for such courses, suggested by the researcher to introduce the selected proposal to other researchers and academic societies, are being paid by the foundation. + +C) Helping invention patent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0575a19a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +--- +title: "Iran National Science Foundation" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +One of the duties for the scientific committee of the foundation is to prepare strategies to facilitate patenting the inventions and discoveries relevant to those plans which have passed their research and executive stages under support of the foundation, inside and outside the country. +Since 2007 until 2018, 1075 Iranians have applied through INSF to file a patent application in USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office). Of this number of applications, 327 cases (30.4%) were approved, 240 were filed and 67 were patented and 139 inventions were obtained. See also: Intellectual property in Iran + +D) Supplying the research equipment needed for the research + +=== Non-financial supports === +These supports include the following: + +A) Introducing the researcher to research and service centers + +According to mutual relations between INSF and other research, higher education centers such as universities, and their agreement to use their facilities and equipment, INSF introduces the researchers to the above centers in order to use the mentioned facilities. + +B) Granting rewards + +On various occasions, some rewards will be granted to the researchers and those who have presented selected proposals. + +C) Scientific confirmation of the researchers + +D) Other administrative supports + +== Research Chair == +In order to implement the policies of the fourth development national program, as well as to strengthen the knowledge-based system and considering the increasing significance of research and technology and in order to improve the capacities for generation and preservation of science and technology, to support outstanding Iranian researchers, to create research capacities at national level and particularly to stop the increasing trend of brain drain and to implement the enactment of INSF board of trustees on 6 July 2005, the temporary charter for research chair was compiled as the following: + +=== Article 1: Objectives === +to help the creation of new research capacities especially for promising, broad-minded and farsighted researchers, +to help to attract Iranian members of scientific boards and researchers residing inside or outside the country, +to help to stop brain drain, +to support promising researches, +to help the creation of dynamic and productive scientific environments, +to support training skillful and specialized forces (like MA and PhD graduates) with the purpose of improving educational quality while taking into account educational factors, +to achieve new scientific findings, +to train skillful and specialized forces, +to increase participation in expansion of science boundaries and strengthening scientific position of the country, +To carry out the needed researches to solve national problems. +In order to execute the enactment of the foundation's board of trustees and to accelerate the allocation of research chairs, this program will be executed in the form of pivotal institution, in the educational year 84-85. + +=== Article 2: Definitions and Concepts === +Researcher: according to article 3, amendment 3 of the statute, researcher refers to true or legal persons who have knowledge experience and scientific degrees as well as research achievements and their scientific qualifications have been approved by the scientific committee of the foundation. +Applicant: refers to true or legal researchers who, according to the articles of the charter, have applied or volunteered for research chairs and have completed the forms related to research chairs of the foundation. + +=== Article 3: Conditions === +To support Iranian researchers, the research seat will be granted to the researchers who are promising and have authentic scientific background, new and promising ideas and innovations and research proposals; they must also have enough understanding of the necessities and needs of the society in regard to researcher's specialized field, or work in institutes with strategic program, according to the following conditions: + +having scientific valid degrees, +having valid authorships and articles relevant to her/his specialty, +having completed research plans (expansion of knowledge boundaries, generation of science, responsiveness to the needs society), +having plans which have reached a semi-industrial level, +having projects which have reached the production level, +having strategic research plans, +having the ability to direct and train skillful and specialized workforce, +having new innovative and farsighted ideas. +Amendment 1 +an institute or institutes, which according to the strategic committee of research seat have strategic research plan or plans, will be selected as pivotal one(s) experimentally in 2005-2006. + +=== Article 4: Strategic Committee of Research Seat === +This committee is established with the purpose of examining the conditions of the qualified applicants for granting research seat and being introduced to the scientific committee for final ratification. This committee is composed of seven members as following: + +Permanent members +executive deputy of the foundation as head of the committee and director of the research seat, +evaluation manager of the foundation plans, +manager of public relations and international affairs of the foundation, +two members of the scientific committee selected by the foundation's president, +one representative from the supreme council of biotechnology, one representative from nanotechnology headquarters and one from the supreme council of information. +Temporary members +two persons from among the outstanding professors and researchers of the country relevant to the specialized field, appointed by the foundation's president. +Amendment 1 +Regarding the subject, the strategic committee can invite legal persons as well (for example, research deputy of the ministry of science, research and technology, research deputy of the ministry of health, treatment and medical education, and ...). +Amendment 2 +This committee is responsible for pursuing the execution and progression of the affairs related to research seat, selection of candidates through investigating the received questionnaires in accordance with the charter. The committee is authorized with a quorum of four members, and its enactments become irrevocable with four favorable votes. + +=== Article 5: Expert Examination === +The strategic committee evaluates the presented information according to the guidelines for the standards of receiving a research seat, and introduces qualified applicants to the scientific committee of the foundation for final decision. + +=== Article 6: The Stages for the Evaluation and Granting of Research chairs to the Researchers === +1- Limited invitation, according to the foundation's research priorities, +2- Completion of the questionnaires for research seat (attached questionnaire), +3- Expert examination, +4- Granting a research seat of 300,000,000 Rls in the year 2005. +Amendment 1: After assignment of the research seat, the activities for fund allocation of each seat and passing executive stages will be carried out by management of financial and support affairs and management of evaluation of plans, and in accordance with the approved charter and guidelines of the foundation. +Amendment 2: The strategic committee of research seat is responsible for the supervision over well implementation of the enactments of this charter. +This charter including 6 articles and 5 amendments was ratified on 23/9/1384. + +== See also == +Science and technology in Iran +Higher education in Iran +International rankings of Iran +Special Headquarters for the Development of Nanotechnology + +== References == + +== External links == +INSF Official Website Archived 2019-11-24 at the Wayback Machine Persian +INSF Official Website English \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f18b2f623 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Israel Science Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:35.932801+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Israel Science Foundation (ISF) is a nonprofit organization that provides monetary grants for scientific research in Israel. It is the Israeli analogue of scientific funding bodies in other countries such as the US National Science Foundation, the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council or the Iran National Science Foundation. It is administered by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. +The foundation was created in 1972 as the Branch for Basic Research and assumed its present name in 1991. The foundation is administered by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The foundation's activities span all fields: exact sciences and technology, life sciences and medicine, and humanities and social sciences. From 2002 to 2009, the foundation was headed by Joseph Klafter. +The annual budget of the science foundation is 142 million USD. The majority of ISF funding comes from the Government of Israel. The Foundation’s research grants are awarded on a competitive basis, based on indicators of scientific excellence, in various areas, and according to need. The Foundation uses a unique evaluation system to determine grant recipients. Israeli researchers from universities, research institutes, other higher education institutions, and hospitals are eligible to apply for grants.Grants are awarded for individual research projects to one or more researchers, to university research centers, to conduct research seminars, and to purchase modern and expensive research equipment. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0d6b8d44 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Joint European Disruptive Initiative" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:57.362450+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Joint  European Disruptive Initiative (JEDI) is a European funding agency aiming at promoting disruptive technologies. It funds innovation in different "missions" (environment and energy, healthcare, education, digital, space, and oceans), with the goal of bringing "Europe in a leadership position in breakthrough technologies". It organizes scientific competitions focused on disruptive technologies. JEDI also makes policy recommendations to strengthen European technology sovereignty. As of 2024, JEDI was funding the projects of over 6,000 researchers in 29 countries across Europe and the world. It is operated independently from any European governments with funding from foundations, companies, individuals and public institutions. +JEDI was inspired by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), the technology research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense. JEDI calls itself a "precursor" to a European advanced research projects agency. + + +== Research on COVID-19 == +The Joint European Disruptive Initiative launched its first "Darpa-type GrandChallenge" on COVID-19 on May 5, 2020. The competition consisted in screening "billions of molecules with blocking interactions on SARS-CoV-2" to develop a drug against the coronavirus — with each participant having to use at least three different calculation methods for the simulations. The foundation claims to have had approximately 54 billions of molecules screened and 878 of them being synthesized. A paper published in Nature showed that the protein PDB 6W9C was one of the most used in silico drug design against COVID-19. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d37cdda15 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "List of R&D laboratories" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:12.304480+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + +== Private research laboratories == + + +== University research laboratories == + + +== Public research laboratories == + + +== See also == +United States Department of Energy National Laboratories +List of United States federal research and development agencies +Federally funded research and development centers +Apple Advanced Technology Group – discontinued in 1997 +Intel Architecture Labs – discontinued in the 2000s +NASA facilities +Intel Research Lablets +Engineering Research Centers +Networking and Information Technology Research and Development +National Nanotechnology Initiative +National Research and Development Agency (Japan) +List of research stations in the Arctic +List of university artificial intelligence research centers +List of software developed at universities +Research stations in Antarctica +UK Research and Innovation +CERN openlab +List of robotics companies +List of United States college laboratories conducting basic defense research + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a00fb25b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Mandat International" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:13.524482+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Mandat International, also known as the International Cooperation Foundation, is an international non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland with consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the UNDPI, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. +Mandat International is established as an independent foundation that aims at promoting international cooperation with a focus on research, international law, and sustainable development. It develops its own projects, while ensuring its complete independence from any religious or political influence. It also supports academic freedom. + + +== History == +Mandat International was established as an organisation in 1995 and developed diverse projects and conferences in relation with the UN. Since then, it has been actively supporting international cooperation and conferences, and has participated in several international research projects. + + +== Description == +Mandat International is a member of the Internet of Things International Forum and supports international conferences such as the IoT Week, Digital Around the World, and the Privacy Symposium. + + +== References == + +[1] + + +== External links == +Official website +International Declaration on the Internet of Things for Sustainable Development, approved June 9, 2017 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9806cf981 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "Microgravity Centre" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:37.193033+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Microgravity Centre (Centro de Microgravidade), colloquially known as the "MicroG", at PUCRS university, Porto Alegre, Brazil, was initially created as a laboratory in 1999 by Thais Russomano, as the first academic and research establishment dedicated to Space Life Sciences in Latin America. It evolved into a fully multidisciplinary centre in 2006, expanding its areas of research beyond aerospace medicine and engineering, to include pharmaceuticals, biomechanics and physiotherapy, among others. +The MicroG is now an internationally recognised and leading research centre in diverse fields of knowledge, producing numerous relevant studies. Russomano remained as Coordinator of the research centre until July 2017. + + +== Structure == +The centre is a multi-disciplinary unit that brings together researchers, professors and students from many different faculties within PUCRS, including medicine, engineering, aeronautical sciences, pharmacy, biosciences, physics, informatics, sports science, odontology, physiotherapy, nursing and nutrition. +The centre comprises eight research laboratories: + +John Ernsting Aerospace Physiology Lab +Joan Vernikos Aerospace Pharmacy Lab +Aerospace Engineering Lab +Aerospace Biomechanics Lab +Aerospace Physiotherapy Lab +Aviation Research Lab +eHealth Lab +Imaging Lab + + +== Projects == +Each laboratory conceives and develops its own research projects in each field of interest. While most of the studies are coordinated and executed by biomedical researchers, the experimental equipment development and assembly falls to the Aerospace Engineering Lab, located within the School of Engineering. Commonplace activities include training Aeronautical Sciences students in aviation medicine, studies to understand how the human body reacts and works in Low-G or Zero-G environments, and engineering and construction of devices and tools to study and improve human activity in space. Some examples of the work of the MicroG include; lower body negative pressure (LBNP) box; lower body positive pressure (LBPP) box; Bárány chair; body suspension device for microgravity and hypogravity simulations; tilt-table for microgravity simulation; small centrifuge to study the effects of hypergravity on plants; small hypobaric chamber; portable dark chambers; pressure measurement system for use during the Valsalva Manoeuvre and the Earlobe Arterial Blood Collector (EABC). +Studies have been conducted in space life sciences, including researches related to: + +The effects of microgravity, hypogravity and hypergravity simulations on human physiology +Analysis of plant germination and growth during hypergravity exposures +Evaluation of new cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques in aerospace environments (Evetts-Russomano method) +Study of spatial disorientation and space motion sickness +Physiological responses to exposure to lower body negative pressure protocols +The effects of pressure changes on medication (in-flight medicines) +Evaluation of medication, enzymes and plants during microgravity simulation inside a 3D clinostat +Human factors in aviation +Psychological performance during microgravity simulation +Effects of medication on physical and mental performance during physiological studies using ground-based simulations +Evaluation of the human walk pattern in reduced gravitational force simulations +Establishment of Telemedicine and eHealth projects in telesurgery, teledermatology, telecardiology, teleeducation, teleodontology, teleradiology and telepathology +Telemedicine and assistance to remote Indian communities, including Amazon missions in 2007 & 2008 + + +== Publications == +Professors, researchers, and students of the Microgravity Centre have produced over 200 academic papers, published in many leading field-specific journals, chapters in books, and full books. + + +== National & international partnerships == +The MicroG has collaborated with several national and international partners around the world, exchanging research, teaching, students and professors. Current and former partners include: + +Brazilian Space Agency +Brazilian Society of Aerospace Medicine +King's College London, UK +Kingston University, London, UK +Johnson Space Center, NASA, US +New York University, US +Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre, Cologne Germany +Greek Aerospace Medical Association, Thessalonik Greece +Medical University of Warsaw, Poland +Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Microgravity Centre +Thais Russomano Website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81bf1f426 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Midwestern Prevention Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:14.748703+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Midwestern Prevention Project was a research project funded in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, and the Lilly Endowment. It evaluated a community-wide effort at preventing alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among adolescents. The program included school, community/policy, parent, and mass media components. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b5e570b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Mitsubishi Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:38.330975+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Mitsubishi Foundation (財団法人三菱財団; Zaidan HĹŤjin Mitsubishi Zaidan) is a Japanese organization providing grants for academic research. + + +== History == +In 1970, the Mitsubishi Group established the Mitsubishi Foundation to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the founding of the first Mitsubishi company. That foundation donates large sums of money annually to support scientific research and public-interest activities. + + +== External links == +Foundation website (in Japanese) +Foundation website (in English) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md index 4cdc294da..d3ec11a83 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md index 7c275c4f7..ba75722bb 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md index 53a39858b..67d4cee57 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md index a66332fd6..7ec054f52 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67aaaf447 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council (Italy)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:59.804443+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Research Council (Italian: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR) is the largest research council in Italy. As a public organisation, its remit is to support scientific and technological research. Its headquarters are in Rome. + + +== History == + +The institution was founded in 1923. The first president was Vito Volterra, succeeded by Guglielmo Marconi. The process of improvement of the national scientific research, through the use of specific laws, (see Law 59/1997), affects many research organisations, and amongst them is CNR, whose "primary function is to carry on, through its own organs, advanced basic and applied research, both to develop and maintain its own scientific competitiveness, and to be ready to take part effectively in a timely manner in the strategic fields defined by the national planning system". +On 23 December 1987, CNR registered the first Italian internet domain: cnr.it + + +== Reorganisation == +With the issuing of the legislative decree of 30 January 1999, n. 19, which defines "The reorganisation of the National Research Council" the central role of CNR in the Italian research system was confirmed. +In particular CNR is defined (see Article 1 of the above-mentioned decree 19/1999) as a "national research organisation, with general scientific competence and with scientific research institutes distributed across Italy, which carries out activities of primary interest for the promotion of science and the progress of the country". +CNR has the legal status of a public organisation, and defines for itself autonomous rules and regulations, in accordance with the existing laws and the Civil Code. + + +== Mission == +The new CNR has the following mission and activities: + +to promote and carry out research activities, in pursuit of excellence and strategic relevance within the national and international ambit, in the frame of European cooperation and integration; in cooperation with academic research and with other private and public organisations, ensuring the dissemination of results inside the country. +to define, manage and coordinate national and international research programs, in the scope of its triennial plan of activity and within the framework of collaboration with universities and other private and public organisations, in addition to supporting scientific and research activities of major relevance to the nation. +to promote the valorisation, the precompetitive development and the technological transfer of research results carried out by its own scientific network and by third parties with whom cooperative relationships have been established. +to promote collaboration in scientific and technological fields, and in the technical regulations field, with organisations and institutions of other Countries, and with supranational organisations in the frame of extra-governmental agreements. +to provide, upon request from government authorities, specific skills for the participation of Italy in organisations or international scientific programs of an inter-governmental nature. +to carry out, through its own program of scholarships and research fellowships, educational and training activities in Ph.D. courses, in advanced post-university specialisation courses, and in programs of continuous or recurring education; CNR can also perform activities of non university related higher education. +to provide supervision over those organisations designated to issue rules and regulations (see Law of 21 June 1986, n. 317), activity of dissemination of technical specifications in the frame of its institutional tasks, and, on demand, activities of certification, test and accreditation for Public Administration. +to provide technical and scientific support to Public Administration upon their request. Within the scope of fulfilling its institutional activities, CNR can provide private law services to third parties. +For the execution of these activities and any other activity related to them, CNR can stipulate agreements and contracts, establish or participate in consortia, foundations or societies with private or public parties, Italian or foreign. +In addition, through agreements or participation, CNR can implement programs, directives and regulations for Regional government or other Public Administration, aimed to disseminate research results into the economic system; it can also contribute to the realisation of the conditions needed for the establishment of highly innovative enterprises. +Finally, CNR can participate in international research centres, in collaboration with analogous scientific institutions in other Countries. + + +== Departments and research institutes == +CNR is organised in seven departments and 106 research institutes: + + +=== Departments === +Biomedical Sciences +Physical sciences and technologies of matter +Earth system science and environmental technologies +Chemical sciences and materials +Engineering, ICT, energy, and transportation technologies +Agricultural and food sciences +Humanities and social sciences, cultural heritage + + +=== Research areas === +The "research areas" of CNR are regional centres aggregating institutions where some services are managed in a centralised manner. Conceived in 1979, the implementation phase began in the mid-eighties with the creation of the first four areas; Montelibretti, Milan, Genoa and Potenza. + + +== Notable members == + + +== See also == +Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione - Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI) +Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante - Institute of Plant Protection +Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website (in English) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3955eb24a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council Canada" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Research Council Canada (NRC; French: Conseil national de recherches Canada) is the primary national agency of the Government of Canada dedicated to science and technology research and development. It is the largest federal research and development organization in Canada. +The Minister of Industry is responsible for the NRC. + +== Mandate == +NRC is an agency of the Government of Canada, and its mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act. +Under the Act, the NRC is responsible for: + +Undertaking, assisting or promoting scientific and industrial research in fields of importance to Canada; +Providing vital scientific and technological services to the research and industrial communities; +Investigating standards and methods of measurement; +Standardization and certification of scientific and technical apparatus and materials; +Operating and administering Canadian astronomical observatories; +Establishing, operating and maintaining a national science library; and +Publishing and distributing scientific and technical information. +Approximately 4200 people across Canada are employed by the NRC. In addition, the NRC also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations. + +== History == + +=== Formation during World War I === +The National Research Council was established as the Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in June 1916, under the pressure of World War I. In both Britain and Canada, the onset of the war had disrupted scientific and industrial supply chains, and drawn political and public attention to a perceived failure of government to coordinate research and development. Following the founding of the British Committee for Scientific and Industrial Research in 1915, the Honorary Council was founded to advise the Canadian government on matters of science and industry. +Within its first years, the Council, chaired by University of Toronto Biochemist Archibald Macallum, focused on scientific solutions to manufacturing, agricultural and energy issues connected to impact of the war. In 1918, The Honorary Council completed a report on the state of Canadian research which criticized the lack of central organization and funding available to Canadian researchers, and proposed a National Research Institute with its own government-run laboratories to conduct research. + +=== Interwar period === +Early on, the Council was commonly referred to as the National Research Council (NRC), and it adopted this as its official name in 1925. Henry Marshall Tory served as the first NRC President from 1928-1935. Early projects for the NRC included research into the fungal grain disease Wheat Rust, the resistance of concrete to deterioration, and the use of lignite coal as a viable fuel source. The Council also provided funding for university scientists conducting research. In 1932, laboratories were built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa and the Medical Research Committee was formed with Dr. Frederick Banting as the inaugural Chair. + +=== World War II === +With the impetus of World War II, the NRC grew rapidly and for all practical purposes, became a military science and weapons research organization. It undertook a number of important projects, which included participation with the United States and United Kingdom, in the development of chemical and germ warfare agents, the explosive RDX, the proximity fuse, radar, and submarine detection techniques. Many inventions and innovations during this period and beyond drew upon the skills of engineer George J. Klein, who is often touted as the most productive inventor in Canada during the 20th century. A special branch, known as the Examination Unit, was involved with cryptology and the interception of enemy radio communications. According to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service website, the NRC headquarters in Ottawa "was a prime espionage target" during the Cold War. The NRC was also engaged in atomic fission research at the Montreal Laboratory, and later the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario. + +=== Post-World War II === +Post-WWII, the NRC reverted to its pre-war civilian role, and a number of wartime activities were spun off to newly formed organizations. Military research continued under a new organization, the Defence Research Board, while inventions with commercial potential were transferred to the newly formed Canadian Patents and Development Limited; and atomic research went to the newly created Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. Foreign signals intelligence gathering officially remained with the agency when, by Order in Council, the Examination Unit became the Communications Branch of the NRC in 1946. The CBNRC was transferred to the Department of National Defence in 1975, and renamed the Communications Security Establishment. During the 1950s, the medical research funding activities of the NRC were handed over to the newly formed Medical Research Council of Canada. +On 1 May 1978, with the rapid post-war growth of Canadian universities, the NRC's role in university research funding in the natural sciences was passed under the GOSA Act to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. +In the 1980s, the NRC was responsible for selecting the first Canadian astronauts. The first Canadian in space, Marc Garneau, flew on the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-41-G in October 1984. The NRC's role in the space program was transferred to the Canadian Space Agency following its foundation in 1989. Budget increases for the NRC were capped at 5%-per year as part of the Expenditure Control Plan of the 1990 federal budget. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2a7a05ab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council Canada" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 21st century === +From 1994 to 2004, the NRC was led by Arthur Carty whose "energetic leadership and clear vision have made the Council a major player in the development and expansion of new frontiers of scientific exploration." In 2004, Carty was chosen by Prime Minister Paul Martin to serve as the first National Science Advisor of Canada. He was succeeded at NRC by Pierre Coulombe. +In April 2010, John McDougal was appointed President of the NRC by the Harper government The tenure of John McDougall was marked by budget cuts and controversies (see "Controversies" below). Under his, and Minister of State (Science and Technology) Gary Goodyear's leadership, the NRC became a "toolbox for industry" with dented basic-research infrastructure, according to a former Clerk of the Privy Council. +In 2015, Kirsty Duncan was installed as Minister of Science in the new Trudeau government. The focus of the NRC shifted toward partnerships with private and public-sector technology companies, both nationally and internationally. John McDougall left suddenly in 2016 and Iain Stewart became the new President of the NRC. +In August 2020 under Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry Navdeep Bains and President Iain Stewart, the NRC announced it was building the Biologics Manufacturing Centre, a facility that can produce vaccines and other biologics. The construction of the facility was started as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and Canada's inability to produce COVID-19 Vaccines. +In September 2020, President Iain Stewart was shuffled to the troubled Public Health Agency of Canada, and in December 2020 Bains named Mitch Davies to fill the vacancy. In October 2021, Iain Stewart returned to his position as President of the National Research Council. In January 2024, Mitch Davies was appointed as President of the National Research Council following the retirement of Iain Stewart. +See also: Complete list of NRC Presidents. + +== Organizational structure == +Divisions of the NRC include: + +Digital Technologies +Emerging Technologies +Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre +Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics +Metrology +Quantum and Nanotechnologies +Engineering +Construction +Energy, Mining and Environment +Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering +Life Sciences +Aquatic and Crop Resource Development +Human Health Therapeutics +Medical Devices +Transportation and Manufacturing +Aerospace +Automotive and Surface Transportation +Design and Fabrication Services +Industrial Research Assistance Program +Secretary General +Corporate Services and Finance + +== Research and collaboration centres == +The NRC highlights 12 research centres and 9 collaboration centres on its website: + +=== Research centres === +Aerospace Research Centre +Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre +Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre +Clean Energy Innovation Research Centre +Construction Research Centre +Digital Technologies Research Centre +Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre +Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre +Medical Devices Research Centre +Metrology Research Centre +Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Research Centre +Quantum and Nanotechnologies Research Centre + +=== Collaboration centres === +Centre for Research and Applications in Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) +NRC-Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity (CIC) Cybersecurity Collaboration Consortium +NRC-Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Collaborative Unit for Translational Research +NRC-Fields Mathematical Sciences Collaboration Centre +NRC-Memorial University Karluk Collaboration Space for Ocean Engineering, Technology, and Science +NRC-University of British Columbia Collaboration Centre for Clean Energy Transition +NRC-University of Toronto Collaboration for Green Energy Materials +NRC-University of Ottawa Joint Centre for Extreme Photonics +NRC-University of Waterloo Collaboration on Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and Cybersecurity + +== Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) == +The NRC Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP) was introduced in 1947 to support product developments in small to medium-sized businesses. The NRC provides grants and financial support to companies looking to bring new and innovative technologies to the market. More than 250 field staff and 130 offices across Canada provide businesses with access to the program. In In 2012, the program became international by joining Eureka, the largest international collaboration network for industrial R&D. +Some of the many innovations by NRC personnel included the artificial pacemaker, development of canola (rapeseed), one of the first electric wheelchairs for quadriplegics, the Crash Position Indicator, and the Cesium Beam atomic clock. For the 75th-year anniversary in 2022, NRC provided a detailed history of IRAP on its website. + +== NRC research and test aircraft == +The current fleet (2025) according to NRC's website is: + +Bell 412 – 4-DOF airborne simulator (helicopter) +Bell 205 – 4-DOF simulator (helicopter) +Bell 206 – Rotary trainer and advanced vision studies (helicopter) +Cessna 337 - Hybrid Electric Aircraft Testbed (HEAT; twin-engine airplane) +Convair 580 – Multi-purpose flying laboratory (twin-engine airplane) +Falcon 20 (Mystère 20) – Aerospace, geoscience testing and micro gravity testing (twin-engine jet) +Harvard (4) – Trainer and experimental platform for avionics research (single-engine propeller airplane) +T-33 - Instrumented research aircraft (vintage fighter jet) +Twin Otter (Series 200) – Atmospheric and biospheric studies, and for flight mechanics and flight systems development (twin-engine turboprop airplane) +Designed and built by NRC + +NRC tailless glider - Two-seat tailless research glider (operated from 1946-1948) + +== Nobel Prizes == +Several Nobel laureates have been associated with the NRC at various points of their careers, including: + +Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson, who spent his time at the NRC in the Montreal and the Chalk River laboratories (1942–1946) +Dudley R. Herschbach, formerly an NRC visiting student, Nobel Prize in Chemistry +John Polanyi, formerly an NRC postdoctoral Fellow, Nobel Prize in Chemistry +Rudolph A. Marcus, formerly an NRC postdoctoral Fellow, Nobel Prize in Chemistry +Sir Harold Kroto, formerly an NRC postdoctoral Fellow, Nobel Prize in Chemistry +Bertram Brockhouse, who conducted atomic research at Chalk River from 1950 to 1952, and worked at the NRC laboratories in Ottawa (1944–1947) +Sir John Pople, Nobel Prize in Chemistry +Sir John Cockcroft, Nobel Prize in Physics +Gerhard Herzberg, formerly a Director of the Division of Pure Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry +Donna Strickland, formerly a Research Associate, Nobel Prize in Physics + +== Controversies == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd233a0dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council Canada" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Harper government budget cuts and muzzling of scientists === +Under the tenure of Prime Minister Stephen Harper from 2006 until 2015, Canadian Government research organizations began to restrict the ability of government scientists to communicate with the public. +In 2010, the Minister of State for Science and Technology Gary Goodyear appointed John McDougall, a former President and CEO of the Alberta Research Council petroleum engineer, as President of the NRC. His appointment was followed by several controversies. +In 2011, McDougall began to oversee a change in research focus away from basic research and towards industry-relevant research. This included the development of multiple programs which shifted the research budget out of existing projects and into a number of focused programs. +In 2012, National Research Council environmental scientists "were barred from discussing their work on snowfall with the media." + +In 2012, the Harper government introduced the budget implementation bill (C-38) entitled "Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act Bill". Environmental groups argued that science was being gutted and silenced to open the way for development in ecologically sensitive areas in the north. In June 2012, the federal opposition made a motion in parliament, That, in the opinion of the House, Canadian scientific and social science expertise is of great value and, therefore, the House calls on the Government to end its muzzling of scientists; to reverse the cuts to research programs at Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Library and Archives Canada, National Research Council Canada, Statistics Canada, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; and to cancel the closures of the National Council of Welfare and the First Nations Statistical Institute. +In October 2012, McDougall and his appointee as VP Business Management, Dr. Ian Potter, served termination notices to all of the NRC's Business Development Officers (BDOs) across Canada, which ultimately impacted the majority of the NRC's intellectual property management, patenting, and business development activities conducted at the various NRC's research centres in Canada. +The transformation of the NRC into a research and technology organization focusing on "business-led research" was part of the Harper government's Economic Action Plan 2013. On 7 May 2013, the NRC launched its new "business approach" in which it offered four business lines: strategic research and development, technical services, management of science and technology infrastructure and the NRC-Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP). With these services, the NRC intended to shorten the gap between early stage research and development and commercialization. + +During McDougall's tenure as president, there was a drop in research publications and new patents from the NRC as the scientific staff was cut significantly. An article published in April 2016 and based on information from the office of the Minister of Science gave the following figures for the period 2011–2015: In the five years from 2011 through 2015, the number of studies in academic journals were 1,889, 1,650, 1,204, 1,017 and 549, respectively. (Figures from 2010 and earlier are generally in the 1,200 to 1,300 range.) The number of patents over the period 2011 to 2014 (with no figure available for 2015) are: 205, 251, 128 and 112, respectively. The years before 2011 averaged 250 to 300 patents per year. +In September 2016, the office of the Minister of Science released figures showing that from 2010 to 2015, the number of research officers at the NRC fell by 26 per cent, and the number of scientists and engineers of all kinds fell by 22 per cent. +In March 2016, John McDougall sent a three-sentence email to NRC employees, announcing that he was going on personal leave. Subsequently, NRC management announced that two major projects he had led would be abandoned: re-branding the NRC as "CNRCSolutions" – though colourful "CNRCSolutions" T-shirts and "branding books" had already been distributed, and re-organizing its three research divisions into five research divisions. Ian Potter abruptly resigned in 2018 after 16 months of private language training in his home town Edmonton. + +=== Mississippi Mills water contamination === +McDougall's tenure as president included the period during which the NRC contaminated the water table in the Eastern Ontario community of Mississippi Mills, without informing its inhabitants. In January 2014, NRC employees at the fire-safety testing facility in Mississippi Mills were told to start drinking bottled water. In December 2015, 23 months later, residents of Mississippi Mills with homes near the facility were warned by the NRC that their well-water was contaminated with toxic chemicals called perfluorinated alkyl substances, often found in firefighting foam. In July 2016, Acting President Maria Aubrey formally acknowledged that the NRC's National Fire Laboratory was the source of the groundwater contamination in Mississippi Mills. In December 2016, it was reported that owners of homes near the lab in Mississippi Mills were launching a multi-million dollar lawsuit against the NRC over water contamination. + +=== China sponsored hacking allegation === +In 2014 the NRC's computer network was the target of a cyber attack by Chinese infiltrators, which resulted in the NRC's IT network being shut down for an extended period of time. + +=== Thirty Meter Telescope === +Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a USA-lead, proposed extremely large telescope (ELT) that has become controversial due to its planned location on Mauna Kea, which is considered sacred land according to the native Hawaiians, on the island of Hawaii in the United States. +On April 6, 2015, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that Canada would commit $243.5 million over a period of 10 years. The telescope's enclosure was designed by Dynamic Structures Ltd. in British Columbia. +The project became subject to blockades and on July 20, 2019, a group of Canadian academics called to divest Canadian funding from the project in an online petition. +As of 2025, Canada did not divest but a new location for the TMT in Las Palmas (Spain) has now been selected. + +== Agencies and organizations with special relationships with the NRC == +Specialized agencies and services which have branched out of the NRC include: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fe8221a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council Canada" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Atomic Energy of Canada Limited +Canadian Institutes of Health Research +Canadian Science Publishing +Canadian Space Agency +Communications Security Establishment +Defence Research and Development Canada +Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council + +== See also == +National Research Council Time Signal +List of aerospace flight test centres +Science and technology in Canada +Herbert Yardley – American cryptologist who help establish the Examination Unit in 1941 +William Arthur Steel – headed radio laboratory at the NRC in the 1930s + +== References == + +=== Citations === + +=== Sources === +Alexander, Jane (24 November 2011), Research Council grants help Uxbridge businesses develop new technologies, The Uxbridge Cosmos +"House of Commons Debates, 41st Parl, 1st Sess, No 134, 5 June 2012 at 8815", Enviro-Hansard, 5 June 2012, archived from the original on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 +"John R. McDougall: Ex-officio Advisor for Genome Canada", Genome Canada, 2014, archived from the original on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 +"Transforming the National Research Council", Government of Canada, n.d., archived from the original on 26 May 2013, retrieved 12 January 2013 +Hoag, Hannah (21 April 2011), "Canadian research shift makes waves", Nature, 472 (7343): 269, Bibcode:2011Natur.472..269H, doi:10.1038/472269a, PMID 21512543 +"Working Together: Innoventures Canada WORKING Annual Report 2008" (PDF), I-CAN, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 +"Canada to improve the yield, sustainability and profitability of Canadian wheat: Canadian Wheat Alliance to support R&D projects to develop new wheat varieties", National Research Council Canada, 16 May 2013, archived from the original on 2014-01-13, retrieved 12 January 2014 +"Canadian Wheat Improvement Flagship", NRC, 19 July 2013, retrieved 12 January 2014 +"Science in retreat:Canada has been scientifically healthy. Not so its government", Nature, Editorial, 452 (7181): 866, 21 February 2008, doi:10.1038/451866a, PMID 18288143 +"Open for business: Refocused NRC will benefit Canadian industries (audio)". NRC (Press release). 7 May 2013a. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 11 January 2014. +Government of Canada investing in technology to reduce GHG emissions in the oil sands: Innovative new technology will convert industrial GHG emissions into commercial products, Calgary, Alberta: National Research Council Canada, 10 May 2013, archived from the original on 2013-12-20, retrieved 11 January 2014 +"About NRC Industrial Research Assistance Program", NRC, archived from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 30 March 2012 +Schneider, Doug (March 2000), A Day at the NRC With Paul Barton of PSB Speakers, SoundStage!, archived from the original on 3 November 2012, retrieved 11 January 2014 +"Another Harper Government Science Appointee Run Amok", Sixth Estate, 14 April 2011, archived from the original on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 +"MPs Discussed Cuts to Science and Research", Environmental Hansard, Ecojustice Clinic at the University of Ottawa, 12 May 2013, retrieved 12 January 2014 + +== External links == + +Official website +Archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49723fb0f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council of Sri Lanka" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Research Council of Sri Lanka (NRC) is a funding agency in Sri Lanka, providing financial assistance to public sector scientists. It was established as a statutory body through an act of parliament in 2016 by the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The NRC aims to foster and facilitate research in the fields of science and technology. The objective of the NRC is to build a strong and dynamic scientific and technological community in Sri Lanka and to support research initiatives in higher education institutions, public sector research institutes, and other government institutes to address national needs. The NRC also seeks to engage the private sector in enhancing research efforts in science and technology. +The National Research Council of Sri Lanka is an institute under the Ministry of Technology. + +== History == +The National Research Council of Sri Lanka (NRC) was established by President Chandrika Kumaratunga on April 20, 1999, with Aries Kovoor appointed as the founding chairman. In July 2007, President Mahinda Rajapaksa formalized the NRC's establishment as a Special Agency through a warrant issued under Article 33 of the Constitution by exercising the powers vested in him, with Eric Karunanayake appointed as chairman. Since its inception, Janaka de Silva has represented the NRC and was appointed chairman by President Mahinda Rajapaksa through a presidential directive on September 9, 2013. Under Janaka de Silva's leadership, the NRC was established as a statutory body through an act of parliament in 2016. + +== Leadership == +The National Research Council is led by the chairman, who serves as the head of the institution and presides over the council's meetings and its overall management. As of February 2023, the Chairman of the National Research Council is Hemantha Dodampahala. Prior to his appointment, the council was chaired by Janaka de Silva, who held the position until January 2020. + +== List of Council Members == +Source: +The Board of Directors, commonly referred to as the "Council," comprises the following individuals: the chairman, ten Council Members, a representative from the Ministry, and a representative from the Treasury. + +Hemantha Dodampahala - Chairman (Since 2020 – Present) +Veranja Karunaratne (Since 2016 – Present) +Chandana Jayarathna (Since 2020 – Present) +K. R. Ranjith Mahanama (Since 2023 – present) +H. A. Dharmagunawardane (Since 2023 – present) +Gotabhaya Ranasinghe (Since 2023 – present) +Manjula Ranagalage (Since 2023 – present) +Niranga Alahacoon (Since 2023 – present) +A. S. Nishshanka (Since 2023 – present) +P. M. Dharmathilake (Since 2021 – present) +M. M. Nawfal (Since 2022 – present) + +== Former Chairmen == +Source: + +Aries Kovoor (1999 – 2005) +E. H. Karunanayake (2005 – 2013) +Janaka de Silva (2013–2019) + +== Former CEOs == +Manisha Rajapakse (2018–2022) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2fad9143 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council of Sri Lanka" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Grants == +Source: +Target Oriented Multidisciplinary Research Grants (TO Grants) +The NRC recognizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing complex problems and advancing the understanding of various fields. In 2013, the NRC, in alignment with the Ministry of Technology & Research, launched a program aimed at promoting such an approach by inviting pre-proposals from public scientific research and development organizations, universities, and other research groups. The Target-Oriented Multi-Disciplinary research grants focus on solving nationally relevant issues related to economic development, social welfare, and environmental sustainability. These projects aim to fill major knowledge gaps and address challenges faced by the nation, with a clear path for translating research outcomes into policy, strategy, product/process development, and uptake. +The NRC has identified ten thrust areas of research and has invited proposals from several priority areas associated with the National Research and Development Policy Report. The value of the grant provided to selected research projects is up to Rs. 50 million over a period of five years. Funding is highly competitive and the NRC will select the most appropriate and capable researchers with the ability to work as a team towards tangible outcomes. +Once the grant is provided, these multi-center projects will be regularly and rigorously monitored, evaluated, and scrutinized to ensure the achievement of stated outcomes. The operation aspects of the grant will be similar to the Investigator Driven Grant, with the appointment of a Principal Investigator and a Deputy Principal Investigator. The NRC is committed to investing a substantial sum of public money in these projects and is confident that the multidisciplinary approach will lead to innovative solutions and significant advancements in various fields. +Investigator Driven Research Grants (ID Grants) +The NRC is dedicated to supporting and fostering research and development (R&D) activities in the country. The majority of R&D activities are conducted by public institutes and universities, and are funded through various sources such as government institutional funds, competitive grants, and research contracts. To streamline the process for scientists to conduct research, the NRC established the Research Grants programme, which provides competitive grants to public institutes for R&D activities. This programme has been refined over time, with a focus on scientific excellence, relevance to national development, and the publication of findings in international journals. +The application process is rigorous and thorough, and the Council carefully evaluates each proposal before deciding on an appropriate allocation of funds. These funds are channeled directly to the Principal Investigator, who is responsible for project implementation, allowing for a high level of flexibility and freedom for the scientist. The Council and the NRC Secretariat monitor the progress of each grant, and the NRC has implemented new regulations and guidelines to ensure the best outcomes. +Over the years, the NRC has diversified the types of grants it provides, funding research in a wide range of areas, including pure science, food, water, environment, energy, national surveillance, irrigation systems, wildlife and ecotourism, speech translations, construction and architecture, railway traffic, sports, and more. The number of applications received by the NRC has increased over time, indicating a growing interest in R&D in Sri Lanka. The NRC will continue to support and encourage research in all areas, to maintain the momentum and success that it has achieved so far. +Public Private Partnership Programme (PPP Programme) +Advancements in Science and Technology (S&T) Research and Development (R&D) hold the potential to spur economic growth by creating value-added products and services that are competitive on the global stage. To realize this goal, it is essential to align R&D activities with the needs of key industries that drive economic growth in Sri Lanka. The Public R&D Private Industry Partnership (PPP) program aims to foster collaboration between various sectors to maximize the impact of R&D efforts and contribute to the country's economic development. +Through this program, the National Research Council (NRC) will act as a facilitator, connecting the government, local institutes, universities, R&D institutes, corporate sector, SME sector, and other key players to address industry R&D needs and provide research-based solutions. The program aims to encourage meaningful partnerships that allow for sharing of research expertise, facilities, and services, as well as reducing the time and cost of R&D activities. +To further incentivize private sector participation in R&D, the government offers tax concessions in relation to R&D expenditure by enterprises in partnership with the public sector. This program aims to support all innovative research, including new or improved products, processes, services, value addition, and technical solutions with commercial potential. The PPP program is an initiative that seeks to leverage the collective strengths of different sectors to advance R&D and spur economic development in Sri Lanka. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7cfc26d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "National Research Council of Sri Lanka" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== President’s Award for Scientific Research (PASR) == +Source: +The National Research Council is empowered to develop and implement a recognition and award system for outstanding research and innovation in the fields of science and technology. To maintain the prestigious nature of these awards, the NRC is required to regularly review and update the selection criteria. +Awards will be granted to published works, rather than individual scientists. All Sri Lankan co-authors affiliated with a Sri Lankan institution will be recognized as award recipients. The journal ranking system used to determine the best published scientific work will be source-normalized and based on weighted citations to eliminate any biases towards particular scientific disciplines. This information will be made publicly available. To emphasize the importance of research conceptualized and performed primarily in Sri Lanka, recognition will be given to research that has a significant contribution from Sri Lankan scientists working in the country. +In addition to awards for published works, awards will also be given for patents based on innovations in science. +Awards will be presented two years after the year of publication or patent granting to allow for adequate time for indexing, documentation, and any necessary retractions. Each year, the top 100 papers published in journals with the highest SCImago Journal Ranking (SJR) in which 20% or more of the authors are Sri Lankan scientists affiliated with a Sri Lankan institution, or each international patent based on an innovation in science awarded to a Sri Lankan scientist affiliated with a Sri Lankan institution, will receive an award. + +== See also == +Janaka de Silva +National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka +Ministry of Science, Technology and Research + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3613debdd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "National Research and Development Agency (Chile)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:39.498341+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Research and Development Agency (ANID, Spanish: Agencia National de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo) is a scientific funding agency of the government of Chile, founded on January 1, 2020. It is a part of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation. + + +== CONICYT == + +CONICYT was founded in 1967 as the Chilean government agency responsible for coordinating, promoting and aiding scientific research in the country. The name is an acronym of ComisiĂłn Nacional de InvestigaciĂłn CientĂ­fica y TecnolĂłgica meaning "National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research". CONICYT was part of the Ministry of Education. +In 2020, it became ANID. + + +== Grant programs == +ANID (or formerly as CONICYT) provides grants through several programs: + +FONDECYT (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development) +FONDEF (Fund for the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Development) +FONDAP (Financing Fund Research Centres in Priority Areas) +National Fund for Research and Development in Health +Regional Fund for Scientific and Technological Development +Explore program + + +== See also == +Science and technology in Chile + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36af8326 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "National Science Foundation" +chunk: 1/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The United States National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about $9.9 billion (fiscal year 2023), the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing. +NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the National Science Board (NSB) do not require U.S. Senate confirmation. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. + +== History == + +=== Founding === +The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare, and to secure the national defense". The NSF's scope has expanded over the years to include many areas that were not in its initial portfolio, including the social and behavioral sciences, engineering, and science and mathematics education. The NSF is the only U.S. federal agency with a mandate to support all non-medical fields of research. + +=== Budget and performance history === +Since the technology boom of the 1980s, the U.S. Congress has generally embraced the premise that government-funded basic research is essential for the nation's economic health and global competitiveness, and for national defense. This support has manifested in an expanding National Science Foundation budget from $1 billion in 1983 to $8.28 billion in 2020. +NSF has published annual reports since 1950, which since the new millennium have been two reports, variously called "Performance Report" and "Accountability Report" or "Performance Highlights" and "Financial Highlights"; the latest available FY 2013 Agency Financial Report was posted December 16, 2013, and the six-page FY 2013 Performance and Financial Highlights was posted March 25, 2013. More recently, the NSF has focused on obtaining high return on investment from their spending on scientific research. +Various bills have sought to direct funds within the NSF. In 1981, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) introduced a proposal to reduce the NSF social sciences directorate's budget by 75%. Economist Robert A. Moffit suggests a connection between this proposal and Democratic senator William Proxmire's Golden Fleece Award series criticizing "frivolous" government spending — Proxmire's first Golden Fleece had been awarded to the NSF in 1975 for granting $84,000 to a social science project investigating why people fall in love. Ultimately, the OMB's 75% reduction proposal failed, but the NSF Economics Program budget did fall 40%. In 2012, political science research was barred from NSF funding by the passage of the Flake Amendment, breaking the precedent of granting the NSF autonomy to determine its own priorities. + +=== Funding profile === +In fiscal year 2020, NSF received 42,400 proposals and awarded 12,100, for a funding rate of 28%. In FY 2021, the estimates are 43,200 and 11,500 respectively, giving a funding rate of 26.6%. According to FY 2020 numbers, the median annualized award size is $153,800 and the average duration of an award is 2.9 years. +In 2022 the NSF has started funding open source software as part of their Pathways to Enable Open-Source Ecosystems (POSE) program. + +=== Timeline === + +==== Pre–World War II ==== +Although the federal government had established nearly 40 scientific organizations between 1910 and 1940, the US relied upon a primarily laissez-faire approach to scientific research and development. Academic research in science and engineering occasionally received federal funding. Within University laboratories, almost all support came from private contributions and charitable foundations. In industrial laboratories, the concentration of workers and funding (some through military and government programs as a result of Roosevelt's New Deal) would eventually raise concern during the wartime period. In particular, concerns were raised that industry laboratories were largely allowed full patent rights of technologies developed with federal funds. These concerns, in part, led to efforts like Senator Harley M. Kilgore's "Science Mobilization Act". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6591db3b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "National Science Foundation" +chunk: 2/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== 1940–1949 ==== +Amidst growing awareness that US military capability depended on strength in science and engineering, Congress considered several proposals to support research in these fields. Separately, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sponsored creation of organizations to coordinate federal funding of science for war, including the National Defense Research Committee and the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) both from 1941 to 1947. Despite broad agreement over the principle of federal support for science, working out a consensus on how to organize and manage it required five years. The five-year political debate over the creation of a national scientific agency has been a topic for academic study, understood from a variety of perspectives. Themes include disagreements over administrative structure, patents and inclusion of social sciences, a populist-versus-scientist dispute, as well as the roles of political parties, Congress, and President Harry S. Truman. +Commonly, this debate is characterized by the conflict between New Deal senator Harley M. Kilgore and OSRD head Vannevar Bush. Narratives about the National Science Foundation prior to the 1970s typically concentrated on Vannevar Bush and his 1945 publication Science—The Endless Frontier. In this report, Vannevar Bush, then head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development which began the Manhattan Project, addressed plans for the postwar years to further foster government commitment to science and technology. Issued to President Harry S. Truman in July 1945, the report made a strong case for federally-funded scientific research, arguing that the nation would reap rich dividends in the form of better health care, a more vigorous economy, and a stronger national defense. It proposed creating a new federal agency, the National Research Foundation. +The NSF first appeared as a comprehensive New Deal Policy proposed by Sen. Harley Kilgore of West Virginia. In 1942, Senator Kilgore introduced the "Science Mobilization Act" (S. 1297), which did not pass. Perceiving organizational chaos, elitism, over-concentration of funds in elite universities, and lack of incentives for socially applicable research, Kilgore envisioned a comprehensive and centralized research body supporting basic and applied research which would be controlled by members of the public and civil servants rather than scientific experts. The public would own the rights to all patents funded by public monies and research monies would be equitably spread across universities. Kilgore's supporters included non-elite universities, small businesses, and the Budget Bureau. His proposals received mixed support. +Vannevar Bush opposed Kilgore, preferring science policy driven by experts and scientists rather than public and civil servants. Bush was concerned that public interests would politicize science, and believed that scientists would be the best judges of the direction and needs of their field. While Bush and Kilgore both agreed on the need for a national science policy, Bush maintained that scientists should continue to own the research results and patents, wanted project selection limited to scientists, and focused support on basic research, not the social sciences, leaving the market to support applied projects. +Sociologist Daniel Kleinman divides the debate into three broad legislative attempts. The first attempt consisted of the 1945 Magnuson bill (S. 1285), the 1945 Science and Technology Mobilization Bill, a 1945 compromise bill (S. 1720), a 1946 compromise bill (S. 1850), and the Mills Bill (H.B. 6448). The Magnuson bill was sponsored by Senator Warren Magnuson and drafted by the OSRD, headed by Vannevar Bush. The Science and Technology Mobilization bill was promoted by Harley Kilgore. The bills called for the creation of a centralized science agency, but differed in governance and research supported. The second attempt, in 1947, included Senator H. Alexander Smith's bill S. 526, and Senator Elbert Thomas's bill S. 525. The Smith bill reflected ideas of Vannevar Bush, while the Thomas bill was identical to the previous year's compromise bill (S. 1850). +After amendments, the Smith bill made it to President Truman's desk, but it was vetoed. Truman wrote that regrettably, the proposed agency would have been "divorced from control by the people to an extent that implies a distinct lack of faith in the democratic process". The third attempt began with the introduction of S. 2385 in 1948. This was a compromise bill cosponsored by Smith and Kilgore, and Bush aide John Teeter had contributed in the drafting process. In 1949, S. 247 was introduced by the same group of senators behind S. 2385, marking the fourth and final effort to establish a national science agency. Essentially identical to S. 2385, S. 247 passed the Senate and the House with a few amendments. It was signed by President Truman on May 10, 1950. Kleinman points out that the final NSF bill closely resembles Vannevar Bush's proposals. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..201cd3670 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "National Science Foundation" +chunk: 3/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== 1950–1959 ==== +In 1950 Harry S. Truman signed Public Law 507, or 42 U.S.C. 16 creating the National Science Foundation. which provided for a National Science Board of twenty-four part-time members. In 1951 Truman nominated Alan T. Waterman, chief scientist at the Office of Naval Research, to become the first Director. +With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million, far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded. +After the 1957 Soviet Union orbited Sputnik 1, the first ever human-made satellite, national self-appraisal questioned American education, scientific, technical and industrial strength and Congress increased the NSF appropriation for 1958 to $40 million. +In 1958 the NSF selected Kitt Peak, near Tucson, Arizona, as the site of the first national observatory, that would give any astronomer unprecedented access to state-of-the-art telescopes; previously major research telescopes were privately funded, available only to astronomers who taught at the universities that ran them. The idea expanded to encompass the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, the National Solar Observatory, the Gemini Observatory and the Arecibo Observatory, all of which are funded in whole or in part by NSF. The NSF's astronomy program forged a close working relationship with NASA, also founded in 1958, in that the NSF provides virtually all the U.S. federal support for ground-based astronomy, while NASA's responsibility is the U.S. effort in space-based astronomy. +In 1959 the U.S. and other nations concluded the Antarctic Treaty reserving Antarctica for peaceful and scientific research, and a presidential directive gave the NSF responsibility for virtually all U.S. Antarctic operations and research in form of the United States Antarctic Program. + +==== 1960–1969 ==== +In 1963, President John F. Kennedy appointed Leland John Haworth as the second director of the NSF. During the 1960s, the impact of the Sputnik Crisis spurred international competition in science and technology and accelerated NSF growth. The NSF initiated a number of programs that support institution-wide research during this decade including the Graduate Science Facilities program (started in 1960), Institutional Grants for Science (started in 1961), and Science Development Grants, better known as Centers of Excellence program (started in 1964). Notable projects conducted during this decade include creation of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (1960), creation of the Division of Environmental Sciences (1965), deep sea exploration endeavors Project Mohole (1961) and the Deep Sea Drilling Project (1968–1983), the Ecosystems Analysis Program (1969), and ownership of the Arecibo Observatory (1969). In 1969, Franklin Long was tentatively selected to take over directorship of the NSF. His nomination caused some controversy due to his opposition to the current administration's antiballistic missile program and was ultimately rejected by President Richard Nixon. William D. McElroy instead took over as the third director of the NSF in 1969. By 1968, the NSF budget had reached nearly $500 million. + +==== 1970–1979 ==== +In 1972 the NSF took over management of twelve interdisciplinary materials research laboratories from the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). These university-based laboratories had taken a more integrated approach than did most academic departments at the time, encouraging physicists, chemists, engineers, and metallurgists to cross departmental boundaries and use systems approaches to attack complex problems of materials synthesis or processing. The NSF expanded these laboratories into a nationwide network of Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers. In 1972 the NSF launched the biennial "Science & Engineering Indicators" report to the US president and Congress, as required by the NSF Act of 1950. In 1977 the first interconnection of unrelated public data networks was developed, run by DARPA. + +==== 1980–1989 ==== +During this decade, increasing NSF involvement lead to a three-tiered system of internetworks managed by a mix of universities, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies. By the mid-1980s, primary financial support for the growing project was assumed by the NSF. In 1983, NSF budget topped $1 billion for the first time. Major increases in the nation's research budget were proposed as "the country recognizes the importance of research in science and technology, and education". The U.S. Antarctic Program was taken out of the NSF appropriation now requiring a separate appropriation. The NSF received more than 27,000 proposals and funded more than 12,000 of them in 1983. In 1985, the NSF delivered ozone sensors, along with balloons and helium, to researchers at the South Pole so they can measure stratospheric ozone loss. This was in response to findings earlier that year, indicating a steep drop in ozone over a period of several years. The Internet project continued, now known as NSFNET. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1782ba4c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "National Science Foundation" +chunk: 4/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== 1990–1999 ==== +In 1990 the NSF's appropriation passed $2 billion for the first time. NSF funded the development of several curricula based on the NCTM standards, devised by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. These standards were widely adopted by school districts during the subsequent decade. However, in what newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal called the "math wars", organizations such as Mathematically Correct complained that some elementary texts based on the standards, including Mathland, had almost entirely abandoned any instruction of traditional arithmetic in favor of cutting, coloring, pasting, and writing. During that debate, NSF was both lauded and criticized for favoring the standards. +In 1991 the NSFNET acceptable use policy was altered to allow commercial traffic. By 1995, with private, commercial market thriving, NSF decommissioned the NSFNET, allowing for public use of the Internet. In 1993 students and staff at the NSF-supported National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, developed Mosaic, the first freely available browser to allow World Wide Web pages that include both graphics and text. Within 18 months, NCSA Mosaic becomes the Web browser of choice for more than a million users, and sets off an exponential growth in the number of Web users. In 1994 NSF, together with DARPA and NASA, launched the Digital Library Initiative. One of the first six grants went to Stanford University, where two graduate students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, began to develop a search engine that used the links between Web pages as a ranking method, which they later commercialized under the name Google. +In 1996 NSF-funded research established beyond doubt that the chemistry of the atmosphere above Antarctica was grossly abnormal and that levels of key chlorine compounds are greatly elevated. During two months of intense work, NSF researchers learned most of what is known about the ozone hole. +In 1998 two independent teams of NSF-supported astronomers discovered that the expansion of the universe was actually speeding up, as if some previously unknown force, now known as dark energy, is driving the galaxies apart at an ever-increasing rate. +Since passage of the Small Business Technology Transfer Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–564, Title II), NSF has been required to reserve 0.3% of its extramural research budget for Small Business Technology Transfer awards, and 2.8% of its R&D budget for small business innovation research. + +==== 2000–2009 ==== +NSF joined with other federal agencies in the National Nanotechnology Initiative, dedicated to the understanding and control of matter at the atomic and molecular scale. NSF's roughly $300 million annual investment in nanotechnology research was still one of the largest in the 23-agency initiative. In 2001, NSF's appropriation passed $4 billion. The NSF's "Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology" revealed that the public had a positive attitude toward science, but a poor understanding of it. During 2004–5 NSF sent "rapid response" research teams to investigate the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster and Hurricane Katrina. An NSF-funded engineering team helped uncover why the levees failed in New Orleans. In 2005, NSF's budget stood at $5.6 billion, in 2006 it stood at $5.91 billion for the 2007 fiscal year (October 1, 2006, through September 30, 2007), and in 2007 NSF requested $6.43 billion for FY 2008. + +==== 2010–2019 ==== +President Obama requested $7.373 billion for fiscal year 2013. Due to the October 1, 2013 shutdown of the Federal Government, and NSF's lapse in funding, their website was down "until further notice", but was brought back online after the US government passed their budget. In 2014, NSF awarded rapid response grants to study a chemical spill that contaminated the drinking water of about 300,000 West Virginia residents. In early 2018, it was announced that Trump would cut NSF Research Funding by 30% but quickly rescinded this due to backlash. As of May 2018, Heather Wilson, the secretary of the Air Force, signed that letter of intent with the director of NSF initiating partnership for the research related to space operations and Geosciences, advanced material sciences, information and data sciences, and workforce and processes. + +==== 2020-Present ==== +On April 28, 2026, President Donald Trump fired all 24 members of the foundation's governing board. + +== Grants and the merit review process == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3e7b4c12 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "National Science Foundation" +chunk: 5/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive, limited-term grants in response to specific proposals from the research community and establishing cooperative agreements with research organizations. It does not operate its own laboratories, unlike other federal research agencies, notable examples being NASA and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NSF uses four main mechanisms to communicate funding opportunities and generate proposals: dear colleague letters, program descriptions, program announcements, and program solicitations. +The NSF receives over 50,000 such proposals each year, and funds about 10,000 of them. Those funded are typically projects that are ranked highest in a 'merit review' process, the current version of which was introduced in 1997. Reviews are carried out by ad hoc reviewers and panels of independent scientists, engineers, and educators who are experts in the relevant fields of study, and who are selected by the NSF with particular attention to avoiding conflicts of interest. For example, reviewers cannot work at the NSF itself, nor for the institution that employs the proposing researchers. All proposal evaluations are confidential: the proposing researchers may see them, but they do not see the names of the reviewers. +The first merit review criterion is 'intellectual merit', the second is that of the 'broader societal impact' of the proposed research; the latter reflects a broader global trend for funding agencies to demand evidence of research 'impact' and has been met with opposition from the scientific and policy communities since its inception in 1997. In June 2010, the National Science Board (NSB), the governing body for NSF and science advisers to both the legislative and executive branches, convened a 'Task Force on Merit Review' to determine "how well the current Merit Review criteria used by the NSF to evaluate all proposals were serving the agency". The task force reinforced its support for both criteria as appropriate for the goals and aims of the agency and published a revised version of the merit review criteria in its 2012 report, to clarify and improve the function of the criteria. However, both criteria already had been mandated for all NSF merit review procedures in the 2010 re-authorization of the America COMPETES Act. The Act also includes an emphasis on promoting potentially transformative research, a phrase which has been included in the most recent incarnation of the 'merit review' criteria. +Most NSF grants go to individuals or small groups of investigators, who carry out research at their home campuses. Other grants provide funding for mid-scale research centers, instruments, and facilities that serve researchers from many institutions. Still, others fund national-scale facilities that are shared by the research community as a whole. Examples of national facilities include the NSF's national observatories, with their giant optical and radio telescopes; its Antarctic research sites; its high-end computer facilities and ultra-high-speed network connections; the ships and submersibles used for ocean research; and its gravitational wave observatories. +In addition to researchers and research facilities, NSF grants also support science, engineering and mathematics education from pre-K through graduate school. Undergraduates can receive funding through Research Experiences for Undergraduates summer programs. Graduate students are supported through Integrative Graduate Education Research Traineeships (IGERT) and Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP) programs and through the Graduate Research Fellowships, NSF-GRF. K–12 and some community college instructors are eligible to participate in compensated Research Experiences for Teachers programs. In addition, an early career-development program (CAREER) supports teacher-scholars that most effectively integrate research and education within the mission of their organization, as a foundation for a lifetime of integrated contributions. + +== Scope and organization == + +The NSF is broadly organized into four offices, seven directorates, and the National Science Board. It employs about 2,100 people in permanent, temporary and contractual positions at its headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. Prior to 2017, its headquarters were located in Arlington, Virginia. +In addition to around 1,400 permanent employees and the staffs of the NSB office and the Office of the Inspector General, NSF's workforce includes some 200 scientists on temporary duty and 450 contract workers. Scientists from research institutions can join the NSF as temporary program directors, called "rotators", overseeing the merit review process and searching for new funding opportunities. These assignments typically last one–two years, but may extend to four. The NSF also offers contracting opportunities. As of May 2018, the NSF has 53 existing contracts. + +=== Offices === +Office of the Director +Office of the Inspector General +Office of Budget, Finance, and Award Management +Office of Information & Resource Management +Office of the Chief Information Officer +The NSF also supports research through several offices within the Office of the Director, including the Office of Integrative Activities, and Office of International Science and Engineering. + +=== Research directorates === +The NSF organizes its research and education support through eight directorates, each encompassing several disciplines: + +Biological Sciences (molecular, cellular, and organismal biology, environmental science) +Computer and Information Science and Engineering (theoretical computer science, fundamental hardware and software, systems and networking, and artificial intelligence) +Engineering (bioengineering, environmental systems, civil and mechanical systems, chemical and transport systems, electrical and communications systems, and design and manufacturing) +Geosciences (geological, atmospheric and ocean sciences) +Mathematical and Physical Sciences (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and materials science) +Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (neuroscience, management, psychology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, science of science policy and economics) +STEM Education and Human Resources (science, technology, engineering and mathematics education at every level) +An eighth directorate, the Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), was created in 2022 to accelerate the transition of basic research into real world impact. It has a primary goal of the support of use-inspired research and the translation of research results to the market and society. + +=== Overseas sites === +Prior to October 2018, NSF maintained three overseas offices to promote collaboration between the science and engineering communities of the United States and other continents' scientific communities: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13bd07f6c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "National Science Foundation" +chunk: 6/6 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + Brussels for Europe, formerly based in Paris (established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015) + Tokyo for East Asia, except China (established 1960) + Beijing for China (established 2006) +All three overseas offices were shut down in October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research and explore collaborations with the institution. + +=== Crosscutting programs === +In addition to the research it funds in specific disciplines, the NSF has launched a number of projects that coordinate the efforts of experts in many disciplines, which often involve collaborations with other U.S. federal agencies. Examples include initiatives in: + +Nanotechnology +The science of learning +Digital libraries +The ecology of infectious diseases +Insect farming + +=== National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics === +NSF's National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) gathers data from surveys and partnerships with other agencies to offer official data on the American science and engineering workforce, graduates of advanced U.S. science and engineering programs, and R&D expenditures by U.S. industry. NCSES is one of the principal U.S. statistical agencies. It is a part of the NSF's Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate (SBE). + +=== Center for Insect Biomanufacturing and Innovation === +The Center for Insect Biomanufacturing and Innovation (CIBI), formerly known as the Center for Environmental Sustainability through Insect Farming (CEIF), is an NSF partnership program that provides funds for research and experimentation on insect as food and feed. CIBI is a partnership between three Universities, Texas A&M, IU Indianapolis, and Mississippi State University, who all do separate areas of insect research to discover its sustainability. It is a part of NSF's Industry-University Cooperative Research Center (IUCRC) program. + +== List of NSF directors == +The following persons had led the National Science Foundation as director since 1950: + +== Criticism == +In May 2011, Republican senator Tom Coburn released a 73-page report, "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope", receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as The New York Times, Fox News, and MSNBC. The report found fault with various research projects and was critical of the social sciences. It started a controversy about political bias and a Congressional Inquiry into federally sponsored research. In 2014, Republicans proposed a bill to limit the NSF Board's authority in grant-writing. +In 2013, the NSF had funded the work of Mark Carey at University of Oregon with a $412,930 grant, which included a study concerning gender in glaciological research. After its January 2016 release, the NSF drew criticism for alleged misuse of funding. +Some historians of science have argued that the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 was an unsatisfactory compromise between too many clashing visions of the purpose and scope of the federal government. The NSF was certainly not the primary government agency for the funding of basic science, as its supporters had originally envisioned in the aftermath of World War II. By 1950, support for major areas of research had already become dominated by specialized agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (medical research) and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (nuclear and particle physics). That pattern would continue after 1957 when U.S. anxiety over the launch of Sputnik led to the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (space science) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (defense-related research). + +== See also == +American Association for the Advancement of Science +C-MORE, the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, an NSF Science and Technology Center +Capital Jury Project +International Council on Nanotechnology +National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program +National Digital Library Program (NDLP) +National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities +Research council +Science and Technology Policy Institute +Scientific literacy +SedDB, online database for sediment geochemistry +U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation +United States National Academy of Sciences +USA.gov +Zodletone Mountain + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Oral history interview with Bruce H. Barnes, 26-Sep-1990 – Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Barnes describes his duties as a program director at NSF. He provides brief overviews and examples of NSF's support of research in theoretical computer science, computer architecture, numerical methods, software engineering, and the development of networking. He describes NSF's support for the development of computing facilities through the 'Coordinated Experimental Research Program'. +Science and Engineering Indicators published biannually since 1972 by the National Science Board, provides quantitative information on the U.S. and international science and engineering enterprise. +Mark Solovey. 2020. Social Science for What?: Battles over Public Funding for the "Other Sciences" at the National Science Foundation. MIT Press. + +== External links == + +Official Website +Brand Identity Portal +NSF Multimedia Gallery +National Science Foundation in the Federal Register +IGERT +TerraFly Autopilot Walk from Metro to NSF offices +Historic technical reports from the National Science Foundation (and other federal agencies) are available in the Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL) +"U.S. lawmakers unveil bold $100 billion plan to remake NSF", Science (May, 26, 2020) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md index 5988f8504..05052922a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:06:45.267832+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:03.594034+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d80ce0d02 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "New York Stem Cell Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:41.917439+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The New York Stem Cell Foundation, or NYSCF, is an American non-profit research institute focused on stem cell research, technology development, and funding researchers. Headquartered on the far west side of Manhattan, New York, NYSCF employs 114 scientists, technicians, engineers, and administrative and other staff, in addition to funding early career investigators and postdoctoral fellows. Since its inception, NYSCF has raised and invested more than $400 million for stem cell research. It was acquired by The Jackson Laboratory in October 2026. + + +== Organization == + + +=== History === +NYSCF was founded in New York City by Susan L. Solomon, a lawyer and entrepreneur, and Mary Elizabeth Bunzel, a former journalist, in 2005 to accelerate stem cell-based approaches to researching and treating type 1 diabetes and in response to the refusal of the administration of President George W. Bush to make a major investment in stem cell research. In 2006, NYSCF opened the NYSCF Research Institute – a 500 square foot, one-room independent laboratory located adjacent to Columbia University – as a safe-haven to conduct somatic cell nuclear transfer research through a collaboration with Columbia University and Harvard University. +In 2015, NYSCF signed a 20-year lease to move its headquarters and NYSCF Research Institute laboratories to a renovated 42,000 square foot space at 619 West 54th Street in the former Warner Brothers 'Movie Lab' building, rebranded as the Hudson Research Center by commercial real estate developer and building owner Taconic. Opened in 2017, the new headquarters includes space for a Good Manufacturing Practice facility to manufacture cells for clinical trials. In 2021, New York City announced it would grant NYSCF $6.5M as one of four applied research and development (R&D) facilities to equip an expansion of its Research Institute. + + +=== Corporate leadership and acquisition === + +Since the 2025 acquisition by JAX and creation of the JAX-NYSCF Collaborative, the organization is currently led by Lon Cardon, President and CEO of The Jackson Laboratory. + + +== Research == + + +=== High-throughput technologies === +In 2015, NYSCF described the development of the NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array, a fully-automated system for high-throughput creation, differentiation, and quality control of stem cell lines. The system saves five to six times the cost of reagents as compared to manual stem cell derivation. The Global Stem Cell Array has been used to conduct research on several patient groups including children with rare diseases, veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, and Parkinson’s patients. + + +=== Stem cell-based research === +NYSCF research resulting in the first human stem cell lines from the cells of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, was named as Time magazine's top medical breakthrough of 2008 and the number one breakthrough of the year by Science magazine. In 2018, a phase 2 clinical trial for Ezogabine, an epilepsy treatment identified as a possible ALS therapy based on this human stem cell model, was shown to reduce motor neuron excitability in ALS patients. +In 2013, NYSCF researchers created the first patient-specific bone from stem cells and successfully transplanted the grafts into mice. +NYSCF researchers created stem cells and derived neurons from a pair of identical twins, one with Parkinson’s disease and one without, finding their neurons differed in how they produce the neurotransmitter dopamine and the enzyme beta-glucocerebrosidase in addition to differing in a molecular signaling pathway. +NYSCF researchers, in collaboration with researchers at New York University, created astrocytes from human stem cells and showed that in disease-like environments these cells can turn into neuron killers. + + +=== Mitochondrial replacement therapy === +NYSCF researchers developed mitochondrial replacement therapy in 2012, or MRT, a technique to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of mitochondrial diseases which is now approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom. + + +=== Artificial intelligence === +With Google Research, NYSCF scientists used the NYSCF Array and artificial intelligence algorithms to identify new cellular features of Parkinson’s disease by analyzing over six million images of skin cells, sampled and expanded from a group of 91 Parkinson’s patients and healthy controls. + + +=== Partnerships === +Organizations NYSCF has or is currently partnering with include: Google; the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, the James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Yale University School of Medicine; Rush University Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Bloomberg Philanthropies; and Columbia University Medical Center and the National Eye Institute. + + +== Activism == +NYSCF started a working group "Initiative on Women in Science and Engineering" (IWISE) to address gender equality in science and STEM fields. The IWISE working group published seven actionable strategies for institutions to promote gender equity in a 2015 Cell Stem Cell paper. One of these steps is an Institutional Report Card for Gender Equality, which NYSCF created and requires every NYSCF grant applicant to fill out. The results of a 5-year analysis of these report card submissions were published in a 2019 Cell Stem Cell paper defining the extent of gender parity issues in the academic pipeline and opportunities for improvement. + + +== Funding == +NYSCF was founded with private philanthropy from individuals and foundations. Notable early funders include former New York City mayor Michael R. Bloomberg; the investor Stanley Druckenmiller and his wife, Fiona; and a foundation founded by the late hedge-fund manager Julian Robertson. +NYSCF hosts an annual fundraising Gala and Science Fair. Past honorees include Janet and Jerry Zucker, Sanjay Gupta, MD; Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil; Irving Weissman, MD; Susan and Stephen Scherr; Victor Garber; Derrick Rossi, PhD; Kizzmekia Corbett, PhD; Barney Graham, MD, PhD; Katalin KarikĂł, PhD; Drew Weissman, MD, PhD; Brooke Ellison; Frank Gehry; and David Rockwell. In 2021 and 2020, NYSCF held virtual Galas both directed by Scott Ellis and hosted by Sanjay Gupta, MD. +In addition to philanthropy, NYSCF also receives funding from grants, partnerships, and collaborations. + + +== Awards == +Several awards are administered by the NYSCF. The Robertson Early Career Investigator Awards are given to scientists who have recently launched their own laboratories and provides unrestricted funding over a five-year period to scientists around the world, funded by the Robertson Foundation since 2010. The Druckenmiller Postdoctoral Fellows Awards provide three years of unrestricted funding to postdoctoral stem cell researchers in the tri-state area of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, and are funded by Stanley and Fiona Druckenmiller. + +Notable recipients of NYSCF awards include Feng Zhang, Edward Boyden, Jayaraj Rajagopal, Paola Arlotta, Valentina Greco Lydia W. S. Finley, Shruti Naik, Lauren Orefice, Lauren O’Connell, Elaine Hsiao, Carolyn (Lindy) McBride, Paul J. Tesar, Vanessa Ruta, Edward Chang, Lisa Giocomo, Kay Tye, Dragana Rogulja, Maria Lehtinen, Claire Wyart, Sergiu P. PaČ™ca, Ilana B. Witten, Franziska Michor, and Amy Wagers. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01cd9166e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Oli Health Magazine Organization" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:43.045764+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Oli Health Magazine Organization (OHMO) is a non-profit scientific research organization founded in 2018. The organization focuses on promoting health education and supporting early-career researchers through training, research initiatives, and international collaboration. OHMO operates across multiple regions, including Africa, Europe, and Asia. +During the COVID-19 pandemic, OHMO worked with students from Harvard Medical School to translate and disseminate public health information on COVID-19 in 26 languages. + + +== History == +OHMO was founded in 2018 by Olivier Uwishema while he was a medical student in Turkey. OHMO was formed as a non-profit organization with the aim of engaging young people in professional health education and scientific research worldwide. According to Forbes, he established the organization using savings from his monthly scholarship stipend, motivated by a lack of research mentorship opportunities for young people in low- and middle-income countries. Early in its development, the initiative faced skepticism from some academics regarding the ability of medical students to contribute to scientific research. + + +== Activities == + + +=== COVID-19 === +During the COVID-19 crisis, OHMO, in collaboration with Harvard Medical students, translated and distributed vital COVID-19 information in 26 international languages, such as English, Turkish, French, Arabic, Mandarin, Russian and Spanish among others. The collaboration was explaining what COVID-19 is, how it was affecting people, and how they could protect themselves in order to cope with COVID-19. In the same period, OHMO's leader, Olivier Uwishema, was featured on the United Nations Youth Envoy’s top 10 list of young people who were fighting COVID-19 across the globe. + + +=== Neurological Diseases Awareness, Neuro-oncological Diseases awareness and Mental Health Diseases Awareness === +In 2022, OHMO partnered with International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) and Dana Foundation to implement neuroscience and mental health awareness programs in Rwanda, targeting secondary school and university students. In 2023, the organization continued these efforts through additional educational initiatives, including programs focused on neurological disorders named Navigating the Brain: An Overview of Neurological Disorders for High School Students. + + +== OHMO Global Research Fellowships == +Since 2018, OHMO has been launching annually the OHMO Global Research Fellowship, a six-month program of research mentorship and training that focus on finding solutions by researching the most pressing health problems and diseases in different communities. The program trained young people in scientific research, helping them engage in research and contributed to the creation of educational medical and health articles. + + +== OHMO congress == +OHMO organized the International Congresses on Neuro-oncology, which brings together students, researchers, and health professionals. The first edition was held in 2019 in Trabzon, Turkey. Subsequent editions have taken place in different locations, including Kigali, Rwanda, where the fourth congress was held in 2023 with a focus on developments in neuroscience and neurology. + + +== Publications == +OHMO- PubMed +OHMO-Articles + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website of the OHMO +Website of the OHMO Global Research Fellowship +OHMO-Facebook +OHMO-LinkedIn +OHMO-Twitter +OHMO-Youtube +OHMO-Instagram \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2973c0f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:04.754377+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) was one of a number of research councils in the United Kingdom. It directed, coordinated and funded research in particle physics and astronomy for the people of the UK. Its head office was at Polaris House in Swindon, Wiltshire, but it also operated three scientific sites: the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) in Edinburgh, the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (ING) in La Palma and the Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC) in Hawaii. It published the Frontiers magazine three times a year, containing news and highlights of the research and outreach programmes it supports. +The PPARC was formed in April 1994 when the Science and Engineering Research Council was split into several organizations; other products of the split included the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). In April 2007, it merged with the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) and the nuclear physics portion of the EPSRC to form the new Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). + + +== Frontiers magazine == + +PPARC previously published a magazine called Frontiers, ISSN 1460-5600. + + +== See also == +List of astronomical societies + + +== References == + + +== External links == +PPARC website archive (2007) +Frontiers magazine website archive (2007) +Research Councils UK \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a92d4eae --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Pearcey Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:44.218327+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Pearcey Foundation is an Australian organisation dedicated to raising the profile of the Australian information technology and telecommunications industry. + + +== History == +The Pearcey Foundation was formed in 1998. It is named after Trevor Pearcey (1919–1998), an Australian engineer who led the team that created CSIRAC, Australia's first and one of the world's earliest digital computers. + + +== Pearcy Awards == +As part of its work, the Pearcey Foundation presents the Pearcey Awards each year. The Foundation awards the Pearcey Medal to the Australian who has made the most outstanding lifetime contribution to the Australian ICT industry, and each state committee makes an annual award to the ICT professional in that state who has made the most outstanding professional, innovative or business achievement in the field of ICT. Exceptional individuals are inducted into the Pearcey Hall of Fame. + + +=== Pearcey Medal === +Winners of the Pearcey Medal include: + +2023: David and Aidan Tudehope, founders of Macquarie Technology Group +2024: Svetha Venkatesh + + +=== Pearcey Hall of Fame === +Inductees into the Pearcey Hall of Fame: + +2023: David and Aidan Tudehope +2023: Jean Armstrong +2023: Richard White +2024: Svetha Venkatesh +2024: Andrew Dzurak +2024: Jan Kornweibel + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dae9c884 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Provincial research organization" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:16.034559+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Provincial research organizations (PROs) are Canadian provincial government initiatives to promote research and development and adoption of technology in their respective provinces. The first PRO in Canada was the Alberta Research Council. Statistics Canada reports on the activities of PROs. +PROs focus on applied research and technical services and generally specialize in industry sectors that are native to their provinces. Because they play an important role in growing and sustaining industry, they are considered a key component of provincial economic development strategies. PROs are also consulted by the government for innovation and economic development policy input. PROs are sustained through the combination of provincial grants and fees for services. +PROs have been established in Canada as follows: + +Alberta Research Council (1921) +Ontario Research Foundation (1928) +British Columbia Research Council (1944) and now the BC Innovation Council +Nova Scotia Research Foundation (1946) +Saskatchewan Research Council (1947) +New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council (1962) +Manitoba Research Council (1963) +Centre de Recherche Industrielle du QuĂ©bec (1969) +In 2009, Newfoundland and Labrador formed the Newfoundland and Labrador Research and Development Council. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Alberta Research Council +BC Innovation Council +Saskatchewan Research Council +New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council +Centre de Researche Industrielle du Quebec +Newfoundland and Labrador Research and Development Council. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aee44c268 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Public Policy Institute for Wales" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:05.940990+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Public Policy Institute for Wales (PPIW) was an independent policy research institution based in Cardiff, Wales. +It was established in January 2014, and was co-funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Welsh Government. Its administrative base was at Cardiff University, Wales. It was a member of the UK’s What Works Network. +The PPIW’s key activities included: + +Stimulating policy-maker demand for evidence by working directly with Ministers to identify their evidence needs and make connections across policy areas. +Improving the supply of evidence by making policy-maker evidence needs know and generating independent authoritative advice and analysis. +Supporting interaction between evidence suppliers and policy-makers by developing networks. +Facilitating knowledge exchange between Wales, the rest of the UK and beyond. +Professor Steve Martin was the Director of the PPIW. The PPIW had an independent Board of Governors, whose role it was to oversee the work of the Institute; safeguarding its independence and ensuring the quality of its work. +In June 2017 the PPIW was awarded ÂŁ6m by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Welsh Government to establish the Wales Centre for Public Policy (WCPP). The WCPP builds on the work of the PPIW, combining it with a broader approach which involves working with public services and as part of the UK-wide What Works initiative. The PPIW was absorbed into the WCPP in October 2017. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d575d461d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Quantum Communications Hub" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:45.396604+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Quantum Communications Hub is a quantum technology research hub established as part of the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme. The hub is a consortium of 8 UK universities and 13 industrial partners, which received funding of ÂŁ24m over a 5-year period. +The hub has established techniques for quantum key distribution (QKD), and in particular the chip-scale integration of QKD, as well as developed the UK's first quantum network. + + +== Organisation == +The hub is led by the University of York and its academic partners are the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, Heriot-Watt University, the University of Leeds, Royal Holloway, University of London, the University of Sheffield and the University of Strathclyde. +The Quantum Communications Hub works with 13 industrial partners including Airbus, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, ID Quantique, the UK National Physical Laboratory, and Toshiba. + + +== Independent Coverage == +Independent media have reported on experimental advances in UK quantum communications infrastructure associated with the Quantum Communications Hub, including long-distance demonstrations of quantum-secure data transmission over deployed optical fibre networks. +This coverage references research activity led by Richard Penty at the University of Cambridge in the context of UK quantum network development, with further technical details documented in institutional reporting on the demonstration. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73de3c7c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +--- +title: "Quatuor Coronati Lodge" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:17.741755+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076 is an UGLE-chartered lodge that meets at Freemasons' Hall, London. Its purpose since its founding in 1886 has been to replace the speculative and romantic histories of Freemasonry with a new standard of evidence-based, academic inquiry. +The lodge publishes an annual journal, ARS Quatuor Coronatorum, and has a global membership group, the Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle (QCCC). + + +== Name and symbolism == +The name Quatuor Coronati is Latin for the "Four Crowned Ones" and refers to the Four Crowned Martyrs (Santi Quattro Coronati). The legend, which exists in several versions, concerns a group of Christian stonemasons during the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian. When commanded to carve a statue of the pagan god Asclepius, they refused on the grounds that their faith forbade the creation of idols. For this act of defiance, they were martyred. Their story is recorded in the Regius Poem (c. 1390), one of the oldest Masonic documents, and they became the traditional patron saints of stonemasons' guilds in medieval Europe. + + +== History == + + +=== The imaginative school === +The impetus for the lodge's formation arose from a deep dissatisfaction with the state of Masonic historiography in the 19th century. The prevailing literature was dominated by what its critics termed the "imaginative school" of Masonic history. Writers such as the Revd. George Oliver and James Anderson had produced histories that traced Freemasonry's origins to biblical figures, ancient mystery schools, and the Knights Templar, often with little or no verifiable evidence. While popular, these romantic accounts were seen by a growing number of Masonic scholars as lacking the critical, evidence-based rigor that had become the standard in other fields of historical study. + + +=== Founding and Consecration === +To correct this, a group of nine eminent Masons petitioned for a new type of lodge dedicated exclusively to scholarly research. A warrant for Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No. 2076, was issued by the United Grand Lodge of England on 28 November 1884. Its formal consecration was delayed for nearly two years, until 12 January 1886. This was due to the absence of its first designated Master, Sir Charles Warren, who was engaged in a significant diplomatic and military mission for the British government in Bechuanaland (modern Botswana). + + +== Work == +The lodge's establishment pioneered a new approach to Masonic history known as the "authentic school". This methodology represented a radical departure from the romantic and allegorical histories that had preceded it. Its core tenets were a strict reliance on verifiable documentary evidence, critical analysis of primary sources, and the rejection of unsubstantiated myths and legends. This evidence-based approach established a new, higher standard for Masonic scholarship, lending the field academic respectability and influencing the formation of other research lodges worldwide. +The authentic school's strict focus on historical positivism has been seen by some as potentially marginalizing the study of Freemasonry's symbolic and philosophical dimensions. Masonic historian David Stevenson notes that this approach can sometimes overlook the "unprovable," which is often central to the Masonic experience. +The primary legacy of Quatuor Coronati Lodge is the professionalization of Masonic studies. Its authentic school of research established a standard for intellectual rigor that has shaped all serious Masonic scholarship for over a century. The lodge remains an active and influential force, hosting international conferences and awarding the Norman B. Spencer Prize for Masonic research. In the 21st century, the lodge has done work curating authentic information and acting as a scholarly authority to counter the widespread misinformation and conspiracy theories about Freemasonry found online. + + +=== Ars Quatuor Coronatorum === +The lodge's most significant output is its annual journal, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum (AQC), Latin for "The Arts of the Four Crowned Ones." Published continuously since 1886, AQC is the world's oldest Masonic research journal. Each volume serves as a formal record of the lodge's scholarly activities for the year, containing the full text of papers delivered at the meetings, a transcription of the questions and discussion that followed, shorter articles, and book reviews. The practice of publishing the subsequent discussion functions as a form of transparent peer review. +The AQC is produced as a blue clothbound hardback book. Due to their quality and the importance of their content, older volumes have become rare collector's items. + + +=== Relationship with United Grand Lodge of England === +Quatuor Coronati Lodge is a regularly constituted lodge under the authority of the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE). It holds a unique position, functioning as the de facto premier research body for the jurisdiction. UGLE's official website describes the lodge's journal as "the most distinguished vehicle for Masonic research in the world." . + + +== Lodge structure and operations == +Quatuor Coronati Lodge operates differently from a typical craft lodge. Its primary purpose is scholarship, not the conferral of Masonic degrees. + + +=== Membership: Inner and Outer Circles === +The lodge has a two-tiered structure. Full membership, known as the "Inner Circle," is limited to 40 individuals by invitation only. Members are typically distinguished Masonic scholars with a proven record of research and publication. This group governs the lodge, edits the AQC, and manages the wider Correspondence Circle. +The second tier is the Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle (QCCC), established in 1887. This was a pioneering concept, creating the world's first Masonic research society and a groundbreaking model for scholarly outreach. Its purpose was to allow a global audience to benefit from the lodge's research. Membership is open to Masons and non-Masons alike. The primary benefit for members is receiving the annual hardback volume of Ars Quatuor Coronatorum. + + +=== Meetings === +The lodge holds five stated meetings per year at Freemasons' Hall, London. Unlike craft lodges, these meetings are not for performing ritual or degree ceremonies. Instead, their central purpose is the delivery of a research paper by a member or invited expert, followed by a period of critical questioning and discussion among the attendees. Attendance is open to any Master Mason in good standing with a UGLE-recognized Grand Lodge. + + +== See also == +Research Lodge +Observant Freemasonry +History of Freemasonry +Masonic manuscripts + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == +The Quatuor Coronati Website +The Quatuor Coronati Website Germany +The Quatuor Coronati Egyptian Lodge Italy Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine +The "Quatuor Coronati" research lodge page on the website of the Grand Lodge of Kazakhstan +Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine + +Leading the way Archived 2007-07-17 at the Wayback Machine - article at Masonic Quarterly magazine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d90503c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Research Council for Complementary Medicine" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:07.101621+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Research Council for Complementary Medicine (RCCM) is a charitable organisation (UK Registered Charity Number 1146724) founded in 1983 to develop and promote good quality research into alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) and enhance evidence-based medicine in this area. +The RCCM works with the complementary therapy professions and CAM researchers to promote safe and effective integrative and personalised medicine, and to promote the development of high quality research and evidence in the UK into complementary and alternative medicine. +As the burden of complex chronic disease increases more people are turning to alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) and need guidance in making their healthcare choices. CAM is used by at least a quarter of the population of the UK. The research evidence base is limited at present. The ever increasing cost of chronic disease will require government and society to make decisions on the cost-effectiveness of the available health care options. Such decisions are best informed by evidence and currently accepted standards of care. +A greater evidence base for CAM should facilitate wider availability of access to safe and effective complementary therapies within the National Health Service and across the UK, in order to help in preventing disease and improvinghealth. +The House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee in 2000 published a report on CAM which emphasised the need for improved regulation and increased research into CAM therapies. While regulation of the main CAM professions has made considerable progress, a paucity of funding has limited the development of CAM research. + + +== History == +The RCCM was co-founded in 1983 by a medical doctor Dr Richard Tonkins MD FRCP and a lay businessman, Mr Harold Wicks. During the 1980s, the focus of RCCM activity was on encouraging and publishing research projects, and on the exploration of appropriate research methodologies. A scientific journal was established, Complementary Medical Research (ISSN 0268-4055). A University Fellowship to explore CAM was established in partnership with the Medical Research Council and the University of Glasgow. A series of annual conferences on research methodology were organised. +During the 1990s, the RCCM focus was on undergraduate medical education and the inclusion of a CAM module as a part of the curricula for medical education; Dr Catherine Zollman was Director of the RCCM's Medical Education Service from 1996 to 1999 and established a register of GPs with an interest in CAM. An RCCM research project was undertaken on the use of CAM by women with breast cancer, commissioned by South Thames Regional Health Authority +After 2000, the RCCM was commissioned to undertake and completed some very large projects in partnership with universities, including the CAMEOL project for the Department of Health to assess CAM interventions in NHS priority areas by detailed review and critical appraisal of published research + + +== Current activity == +The current activities of RCCM are directed towards supporting the CAM professions in research and evidence-based practice, through increasing engagement between the professional bodies, the regulators, and the research community. +The CAM professions in the UK are evolving and maturating. Regulation is well developed, with statutory regulation of osteopathy and chiropractic in place, and herbal medicine, acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine moving towards statutory regulation. Other therapies such as massage and naturopathy have established voluntary regulation under the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC) and others are moving towards this goal. +Doctoral and post-doctoral research within CAM has guidance on methodology from the MRC. Research capacity in terms of on-going PhD/ MPhil research activity in complementary medicine within UK universities is increasing. However, evidence on the safety and effectiveness of CAM remains much needed, and more remains to be done in terms of translation of research into clinical practice +Funding from the government for research to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of CAM, similar to that in the USA where a research funding council NCCAM provides substantial research funding specifically for CAM research, would enable the evidence base for CAM to develop in the UK. +RCCM maintained the Centralised Information Service for Complementary Medicine database. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +• The web site of RCCM +• ISCMR is an international organisation to promote CAM research \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md index 54494f8f7..26beacdda 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:06:47.693488+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:08.310124+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa0918828 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Research Council on Structural Connections" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:18.921205+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) is a research organization focused on bolted structural connections. Their technical standard on this subject is cited in the US steel design code. +Prior to 1980, the organization was known as the Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints (RCRBSJ). It was formed in 1947 to develop specifications for connections with high-strength bolts. At that time, high-strength structural steel rivets were common in buildings and bridges, but bolts were expected to be safer, quicker, and more economical if technical equivalence could be demonstrated. The council's first Specification identified ASTM A325 bolts as one-to-one replacements for ASTM A141 rivets. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeb4427ca --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Research Data Alliance" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:31:20.105333+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Research Data Alliance (RDA) is a global research community-driven organization started in 2013 by the European Commission, the US National Science Foundation and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Australian Department of Innovation. Its mission is to build the social and technical bridges to enable open sharing and re-use of data. The RDA vision is researchers and innovators openly sharing and resuing data across technologies, disciplines, and countries to address the grand challenges of society. In its initial years, the RDA was major recipient of support in the form of grants from its constituent members' governments. Since 2017, the RDA is sustained by its Organisational and Regional members. +As of March 2025, the RDA has over 15,000 individual members from over 150 countries. + + +== Structure == +The RDA's main vehicle for outputs are 18-month long working groups that generate recommendations aimed at the RDA community. In addition to working groups, interest groups with no fixed lifetime can produce either informal or "supported" outputs which carry some degree of RDA endorsement. + + +== Meetings == +The RDA organises two major plenary conferences a year that are often co-located within other international data sharing initiatives such as the 12th RDA plenary being part of "International Data Week, 2018" in Gaborone, co-organised by RDA, the ICSU World Data System (WDS), the ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), University of Botswana (UoB) and the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf). RDA aims to spread the plenary meetings across many of its members' locales with recent plenaries being held in Helsinki, Philadelphia, Berlin, Gaborone, MontrĂ©al, Barcelona, Denver, Tokyo, Paris, San Diego, Amsterdam, Dublin, Washington DC and Gothenburg, Sweden. Edinburgh, Costa Rica and Melbourne have hosted virtual plenaries. + + +== Partnerships == +The RDA partners with data sharing organisations across the globe, such as the Australian National Data Service (ANDS), an "influence over the kinds of data sharing environments that Australian researchers will work with when they collaborate with international colleagues". The RDA is partnered with many major international data initiatives such as DataCite and frequently forms joint working groups with them, such as with the World Data System. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c69eb6246 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Science and Engineering Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:09.457637+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) and its predecessor the Science Research Council (SRC) were the UK agencies in charge of publicly funded scientific and engineering research activities, including astronomy, biotechnology and biological sciences, space research and particle physics, between 1965 and 1994. + + +== History == +The SERC also had oversight of: + +the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO) +the Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE) +the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) +the Daresbury Laboratory +From its formation in 1965 until 1981 it was known as the Science Research Council (SRC). The SRC had been formed in 1965 as a result of the Trend Committee enquiry into the organisation of civil science in the UK. Previously the Minister for Science had been responsible for various research activities in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) and more loosely with a variety of agencies concerned with the formulation of civil scientific policy. One of the main problems addressed by the enquiry was how to decide the priorities for government funding across all areas of scientific research. Previously this task had been the responsibility of the Treasury without direct scientific advice. The other Research Councils formed in 1965 were: + +the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) +the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) +the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) +These bodies joined the Medical Research Council (MRC) which had existed since 1920. In 1981, to reflect the increased emphasis on engineering research, the SRC was renamed the Science and Engineering Research Council. In 1994, the new Director General of Research Councils was charged with reorganization of the four existing research councils, and this resulted in the SERC being split three bodies: + +the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) +the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) +the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) +The two Observatories were moved under the aegis of PPARC, and the Laboratories initially into EPSRC and later into their own organization, the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC). +In 2007 CCLRC and PPARC were merged to form the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), with responsibility for nuclear physics being transferred from EPSRC to STFC. + + +== See also == +ORRF Risk Research Forum +Packet switching § SRCnet/SERCnet + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f90ef75cb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Skolkovo Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:46.601738+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Skolkovo Foundation is the principal agency, as a part of VEB.RF group (ex-Vnesheconombank), responsible for the Russian Skolkovo Innovation Center, a scientific and technological center for the development and commercialization of advanced technologies. It is a non-profit organization founded in 2010 and charged by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev with creating a new science and technology development center in the Moscow suburb of Skolkovo. The Skolkovo innovation system comprises the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) established in partnership with MIT, corporate R&D centers, business incubators, private seed and venture funds, and start-up companies, as well as residential space and social infrastructure. It is a city with over 30,000 residents and employees. +Skolkovo gave a grant of $780,000 to a company called Workle, which is a service that people can use to start their own Internet-based careers, in 2012. As a result, Workle increased its remote workforce by over 500 percent, according to Yekaterinburg News. +The Skolkovo Foundation has offices in the United States, and U.S. allegations have been raised concerning the true intent behind their activities there. In April 2014, FBI Assistant Special Agent Lucia Ziobro wrote an unusual article in The Boston Business Journal which stated that the FBI suspected that Skolkovo "may be a means for the Russian government to access our nation's sensitive or classified research". +In November 2013, criminal charges were filed in Russia alleging embezzlement and misuse of $1.5 million of Skolkovo Foundation money. Over 200 managers and employees were fired after a corruption investigation regarding the foundation's misuse of government funds. +Skolkovo is governed by a special law that gives its resident companies special economic conditions for running their businesses. Over 2,700 companies from Russia and abroad have received Skolkovo resident status. +In September 2021, the Skolkovo Foundation was assigned through 2024 to be the operator of governmental support for testing AI technologies for top-priority economic sectors, within the framework of the federal Artificial Intelligence project, part of the national Digital Economy program. + + +== Resident company examples == +MultiClet Corp. +RRT Global + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Made in Russia:Skolkovo Foundation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdfd24f0c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:49.074054+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner Leipzig / Dresden / Berlin / Stuttgart, in short: Teubner-Stiftung (English: Teubner Foundation), was founded on 21 February 2003 in the Haus des Buches (English: House of the Book) at Gutenbergplatz, Leipzig. + + +== Purpose == +The Teubner foundation aims to keep the memory of the work of the Saxon company founder, publisher, bookseller, book printer, typographer and Leipzig city councilor Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner alive in the public. +The purpose of the foundation is to promote science and research in the sense of B.G. Teubner. + + +== Awards == +Since 2004, the foundation has been awarding the Benedictus-Gotthelf-Teubner-Förderpreis. The winners so far are: + +2004: Albrecht Beutelspacher (Mathematics GieĂźen) +2005: Leipziger SchĂĽlergesellschaft fĂĽr Mathematik (LSGM) (English: Leipzig Student Society for Mathematics) +2009: Mathematische SchĂĽlergesellschaft (MSG) (English: Mathematical Student Society) "Leonhard Euler" at the Humboldt University Berlin +2010: Erlebnisland Mathematik (English: Adventureland Mathematics) (joined project of the Department of Mathematics / TU Dresden with the Technische Sammlungen Dresden) +2011: Adam-Ries-Bund Annaberg-Buchholz +2012: Mathematical journal Die Wurzel in Jena +2015: Urania Berlin e.V. +2018: Gauss-Gesellschaft e.V. Göttingen +On the 200th anniversary of the founding date of the company by BG Teubner in Leipzig on 21 February 1811, the Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner Wissenschaftspreis (English: Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner Science Prize) was awarded to the mathematician Hans Triebel (Friedrich Schiller University Jena). The celebration was held during the annual conference of the Teubner Foundation on 21 February 2011 in the Leibniz lecture hall of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Natural Sciences in Leipzig. +Since 2014, the foundation has been awarding the Wissenschaftspreis der Teubner-Stiftung zur Förderung der Mathematischen Wissenschaften (English: Science Prize of the Teubner Foundation for the Promotion of Mathematical Sciences). Winners: + +2014: Eberhard Zeidler (Leipzig) +2016: Stefan Hildebrandt (1936–2015), posthumously +2018: JĂĽrgen Jost (Leipzig) +2020: Gerhard Huisken (TĂĽbingen / Oberwolfach) + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +"Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner - Leipzig / Dresden / Berlin / Stuttgart GegrĂĽndet am 21.02.2003 in Leipzig. Im Dienste der Wissenschaft" [Foundation Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner Leipzig founded in 2003] (in German). Dresden / Berlin / Stuttgart, Germany. Archived from the original on 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2022-01-16. + + +== External links == +Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner Leipzig / Dresden / Berlin / Stuttgart +Another website of the foundation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md index 75c5b8bdc..c33841bce 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:06:57.628198+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:10.751594+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..512863a43 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Tehnopol" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:42.765617+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tehnopol (also Tallinn Technology Park) is science and business park in Tallinn, Estonia. +Tehnopol is the biggest science park in the Baltic states. One of the main goal for Tehnopol is to help startup and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to grow faster. +Tehnopol's history began in 1998 when Tallinn University of Technology Innovation Centre Foundation was established. The goal of the foundation was to establish Tallinn Technology Park. In 2001, the park was established. +Tehnopol is home for companies like Skype, Cybernetica, Starship Technologies, Ektaco, and SMIT. In total, over 200 companies are located in Tehnopol. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77cede070 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "The Spaceguard Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:47.851377+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Spaceguard Foundation (SGF) is a private organization based in Frascati, Italy, whose purpose is to study, discover and observe near-Earth objects (NEO) and protect the Earth from the possible threat of their collision. The foundation is non-partisan, non-political and non-profit, and acts as the international organization grouping together the spaceguard organizations in various countries, as well as individual astronomers and organizations interested in the foundation's activities. +The foundation was established in Rome in 1996. Since then, it has moved into the ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN) at Frascati. As of 2007, Italian astronomer Andrea Carusi heads the foundation. + + +== The Spaceguard System == +The Spaceguard System is a collection of observatories engaging in near-Earth objects (NEO) observations. The Spaceguard Central Node—the website of the foundation—manages the collection and provides the observatories with services which would optimize the international coordination of NEO followups. The individual observatories in the system participate in these services on a volunteer basis. As of 2007, all the observatories in the system are ground-based. + + +== Related organizations == +Spaceguard Croatia (Croatia) +Spaceguard Foundation e.V. (Germany) +Japan Spaceguard Association (Japan) +Spaceguard UK (United Kingdom) + + +== See also == +B612 Foundation +Chelyabinsk meteor +Tunguska event + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Spaceguard Central Node Archived 2019-11-29 at the Wayback Machine +Mirror site: The Spaceguard Central Node Archived 2019-10-30 at the Wayback Machine +The Spaceguard System +ESA's page on the Spaceguard Central Node \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2cfed680 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "Transportation Research Board" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:11.939785+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Transportation Research Board (TRB) is a division of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). TRB's mission is to mobilize expertise, experience, and knowledge to anticipate and solve complex transportation-related challenges. Committees, researchers, and staff are focused on advancing resilient infrastructure, exploring transformative technologies, and protecting the public’s health and safety. The board publishes research via four cooperative research programs and through consensus studies, which may be requested by the U.S. Congress. +As one of seven major divisions of the NASEM, TRB research is objective and interdisciplinary. TRB hosts nearly 200 standing technical committees that address specific aspects of transportation, and the TRB Annual Meeting attracts thousands of transportation professionals. + + +== History == +The Transportation Research Board was established in 1920 as the "National Advisory Board on Highway Research" and changed its name to the "Highway Research Board" from 1925 until 1974, when it was renamed again as the "Transportation Research Board." It has commissioned ad hoc research since 1950, become more involved in multimodal transport in the 1960s, and continues to research across various transportation modes. + + +== Activities and organization == +TRB's varied activities annually draw on over 8,000 engineers, planners, scientists, academics, and other transportation researchers from the public and private sectors, who volunteer expertise in the public interest by participating on TRB committees, panels, and task forces. +TRB hosts its annual meeting in Washington DC every January, gathering approximately 14,000 transportation professionals from across the United States and around the world. +At the 2025 TRB Annual Meeting, Nuria Fernandez was presented with the Frank Turner Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Transportation. + + +== Publications and databases == +Publications include the Highway Capacity Manual, the Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board (TRR) which publishes peer-reviewed papers, and a bi-monthly magazine called TR News. A history of transportation research and of TRB was published in January 2020 called The Transportation Research Board, 1920–2020: Everyone Interested Is Invited. +Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) offers several databases for researchers: + +The TRID Database is an integrated database that combines the records from TRB's Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) Database and the OECD's Joint Transport Research Centre's International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD) Database. +The Research in Progress (RiP) Database contains transportation research projects, mostly those funded by the modal administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, state DOTs, University Transportation Centers, or by TRB's cooperative research programs. +TRB Technical Activities standing committees identify, develop, and disseminate research need statements (RNS) for use by practitioners, researchers, and others in a Research Needs Statements Database. +The TRB Publications Index (Pubsindex) contains bibliographic information on almost 48,000 papers, articles, and reports published by the Highway Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Strategic Highway Research Program, and the Marine Board. + + +== Funding == +Although many activities are requested and funded by Congress and federal agencies, TRB and the National Academies do not receive direct federal appropriations. Programs receive support from state transportation departments, the various administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other federal agencies, industry associations, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. +The Cooperative Research Programs receive funding. The Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program (BTSCRP) facilitates projects with support from the Governors Highway Safety Association. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) is sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), created in 1962, is sponsored by individual state departments of transportation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and the Federal Highway Administration. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) is sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration and carried out under a three-way agreement among the National Academy of Sciences, the Transit Development Corporation, Inc., and the American Public Transportation Association. +TRB offers selective research funding through the NCHRP, ACRP, and TCRP. Each of these programs has industry leaders who serve as references during the project. + + +== See also == +National Cooperative Highway Research Program +World Conference on Transport Research Society +Transportation safety in the United States + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9098d5706 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:50.381026+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) is a grant-awarding institution that promotes collaborative research in a wide range of basic and applied scientific disciplines, established in 1972 by an agreement between the governments of the United States and Israel. Numerous scientists participating in BSF programs have won prestigious awards such as the Nobel, Lasker and Wolf prizes. The Foundation grant recipients include 43 Nobel Prize laureates, 19 winners of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, and 38 recipients of the Wolf Prize. + + +== Funding and structure == +The BSF's income is derived from interest on an endowment of $100 million which was established in equal parts by the United States and Israeli governments. The organization is governed by a Board of Governors consisting of five American and five Israeli members, appointed by their respective governments. The BSF's base of operations is in Jerusalem. + + +== Grants == +Grants are awarded on a competitive, peer-reviewed basis, a process juried by scientists from the United States, Israel and around the world. To be eligible for consideration, grant requests must be of outstanding scientific quality and demonstrate substantive collaboration between American and Israeli principal investigators. They must be for peaceful purposes and conducted under the aegis of not-for-profit institutions such as universities, research institutes and governmental bodies. + + +== Memorial Awards == +The Bergmann Memorial Award +The award for promising young scientists, established in February 1976, to honor professor E.D. Bergmann ( - 1975), an organic chemistry researcher and one of the leaders who established the BSF. +The Neufeld Memorial Award +The award on new projects in the health sciences, established in 1987, to honor professor Henry Neufeld ( - December 1986), the chief scientist of the Israel Ministry of Health, and the founder and director of the Cardiac Clinic in Sheba Medical Center. +The Pazy Memorial Award +The award on new projects in the mathematical sciences, established in 2007, to honor professor Amnon Pazy ( - August 2006), a mathematician, the presidency of Hebrew University, and the chairperson of the Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education VATAT. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a76782f99 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Volkswagen Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:51.501671+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Volkswagen Foundation (German: VolkswagenStiftung) is the largest German private nonprofit organization involved in the promotion and support of academic research. It is not affiliated to the present company, the Volkswagen Group. +It was established in 1961 as Stiftung Volkswagenwerk with a portion of the confiscated assets of the Volkswagenwerk GmbH. +With a capital of 2.9 billion euros, as of 2016 it is the largest German scientific foundation. Since its founding, it has distributed 4.2 billion Euros in grants for over 30,000 projects, and now funds new projects at the rate of 100 million euros per year. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc432e3b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Zambia Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:30:52.714914+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Zambia Academy of Sciences (ZaAS) is a non-profit organisation that provides perspectives on scientific matters and contributes to the nation's scientific education. It includes 42 members and fellows from various scientific disciplines, including academia, public and private sectors. The academy has a draft constitution and is subject to an Act of Parliament. + + +== History == +The Zambia Academy of Sciences was established at the National Science and Technology Council offices in 2005. An interim governing council was formed and a draft constitution was prepared. The academy was registered as a Society in the same year and joined the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) in 2006. From January 2016, the academy implemented policy documents for nominating and electing members and fellows. + + +== Membership == +As of 2021, ZaAS had 42 members and fellows from fields such as agricultural and animal sciences, biological sciences, chemistry, engineering, food science, medical sciences, mineral sciences, and veterinary science. The membership includes scientists from academia, public and private sectors. The academy conducted its first induction ceremony in September 2017. The academy is in the process of being legislated by an Act of Parliament and aims to provide opinions on scientific matters and contribute to the country's science education. Members of ZaAS include Prof. Kelly Chibale, Prof. Kavwanga Yambayamba, Prof. Imasiku Nyambe, Prof. Phillip Nkunika, and Prof. Stephen Simukanga. + + +== Activities == +The Zambia Academy of Sciences participates in activities such as publishing reports on scientific developments in Zambia and advocating for media coverage of the country's research. The academy organises events related to science and technology, including workshops, seminars, symposia, and conferences. It works with national, regional, and international scientific organisations and networks, including the Network of African Science Academies, the International Science Council, the African Academy of Sciences, and the World Academy of Sciences. The academy also takes part in projects and initiatives that focus on science and technology challenges and opportunities in Zambia and Africa, such as the Science Granting Councils Initiative, the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative, the African Open Science Platform, and the Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file