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The Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology is an annual award that has been given by the American Psychological Association since 1974. It is given to outstanding research psychologists who are in the early stages of their career, defined as the first nine years after they receive their Ph.D. Every year, the award is given to five psychologists, each from one of ten different areas of psychology:
Animal learning and comparative psychology,
Developmental psychology,
Health psychology,
Cognitive psychology,
Psychopathology,
Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience,
Perception and motor control,
Social psychology,
Applied psychology, and
Individual differences.
This means that every two years, one psychologist from each area will receive the award.
== Notable past winners ==
Former winners of the Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology include:
David M. Buss (1989, personality)
Michael S. Fanselow (1985, animal learning and behavior)
Martha Farah (1992, perception/motor performance)
Baruch Fischhoff (1980, methodological)
Angela Grippo (2012, health)
== See also ==
List of psychology awards
== References ==

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The ASAB Medal is a scientific award given by the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB). It is cast in bronze to a design by Jonathan Kingdon, awarded "annually for contributions to the science of animal behaviour - through teaching, writing, broadcasting, research, through fostering any of these activities, or through contributing to the affairs of ASAB itself."
== ASAB Medallists ==
1995 John Maynard Smith
1996 Nicholas B. Davies
1997 Robert A. Hinde
1998 Aubrey W.G. Manning
1999 Peter J.B. Slater
2000 John R. Krebs
2001 P.P.G. Bateson
2002 Geoffrey A. Parker
2003 John C. Wingfield
2004 John Alcock
2005 Linda Partridge
2006 Felicity Huntingford
2007 Robert Elwood
2008 Christopher John Barnard
2009 Marian Stamp Dawkins
2010 Michael Dockery
2011 Alan Grafen
2012 Tim Birkhead
2013 Alasdair Houston and John McNamara
2014 Tim Clutton-Brock
2015 Pat Monaghan
2016 Kate Lessells
2017 Jane Hurst
2018 Innes Cuthill
2019 Alex Kacelnik
2020 Leigh Simmons
2021 Anne Magurran
2022 Nicola Clayton
2023 Ben Hatchwell
2024 Rebecca Kilner
2025 Hanna Kokko
== References ==

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The AWM Service Award is an annual award given by the Association for Women in Mathematics. The AWM depends largely on the work of volunteers. In order to recognize individuals for helping to promote and support women in mathematics through exceptional volunteer service to the association the AWM Executive Committee approved the AWM Service Award in 2012 and it was first awarded in 2013. The recipients of the award are recognized at the annual AWM Reception and Awards Presentation at the Joint Mathematics Meetings and in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society.
== List of Award Winners ==
== See also ==
List of mathematics awards
== References ==
== External links ==
"AWM Service Awards". Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics. 43 (2): 13. March–April 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
"Snider Award Release". Cornell University. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
"Melcher Award Release". University of Virginia. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
"2014 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association for Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
"2015 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association for Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
"2016 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association for Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
"2017 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association of Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
"2018 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association of Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
"2019 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association for Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019.

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The Aberconway Medal is a medal of the Geological Society of London, formerly awarded annually by the Institution of Geologists. Since 1991, when the institution of geologists merged with the society, the medal has been awarded biennally by the Geological Society. The award was established with a gift from English China Clays and its chairman Charles McLaren, 3rd Baron Aberconway.
It is normally awarded to individuals with no more than 25 years full-time equivalent experience to recognise distinction in the practice of applied or economic geology with special reference to work in industry.
== Aberconway Medallists ==
Source: Geological Society
=== Awarded by the Institution of Geologists ===
=== Awarded by the Geological Society ===
== See also ==
List of geology awards
== References ==

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The Aby Warburg Prize (German Aby Warburg-Preis; formerly Aby M. Warburg-Preis) is a science prize of the city of Hamburg. It was established in 1979. Since 1980, it is donated by the senate of the city for excellence in the humanities and social sciences. It is named after the Hamburg-born art historian Aby Warburg. The prize is worth 25,000 Euros and awarded every four years. Young scientists will receive a scholarship of 10,000 euros.
== Award winners ==
1980 Jan Białostocki, art historian
1984 Meyer Schapiro, art historian
1988 Michael Baxandall, art historian
1992 Carlo Ginzburg, historian
1996 Claude Lévi-Strauss, anthropologist and ethnologist
2000 Natalie Zemon Davis, historian
2002 Rüdiger Campe, professor of German literature
2004 Horst Bredekamp, art historian
2008 Werner Hofmann, art historian
2012 Martin Warnke, art historian
2016 Sigrid Weigel, professor of German literature
2020 Georges Didi-Huberman, art historian
2024 Eva Illouz, sociologist
== See also ==
List of social sciences awards
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Kulturpreise: Aby Warburg-Preis

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The African Youth Adaptation Solutions Challenge (YouthADAPT Challenge) is an annual competition and award. It was launched on 6th September 2021 that focuses on youth-led enterprises in Africa working on climate adaptation solutions. It is a collaborative effort between the Global Center on Adaptation, European Union and the Climate Investment Funds under the Africa Adaptation Acceleration Program's YouthADAPT flagship pillar.
The challenge aims to support and highlight innovative ideas and projects developed by young entrepreneurs who addressing climate change challenges and contributing to building resilience in African communities.
In 2021, Akinwumi Adesina, President, African Development Bank presented the awards and it was moderated by Alan Kasujja.
== References ==

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The Aitken Lectureship is awarded by the New Zealand Mathematical Society to a research mathematician from New Zealand. The lectureship is named for New Zealander Professor Alexander Aitken, who was a highly distinguished mathematician who spent most of his career at the University of Edinburgh. The lectureship was funded in 2009 by the London Mathematical Society and the New Zealand Mathematical Society, and is normally awarded every two years, alternating with the Forder Lectureship. Recipients of the lectureship will give a several-week lecturing tour of UK universities and a lecture at the annual meeting of the London society.
== Recipients ==
The recipients of the Aitken Lectureship are:
2011: Geoff Whittle
2013: Robert Mclachlan
2015: Steven Galbraith
2017: Hinke Osinga
2019: Bakh Khoussainov
2022: Lisa Orloff Clark
== See also ==
List of mathematics awards
== References ==

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The Association for Computing Machinery SIGARCH Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award is given for outstanding service in the field of computer architecture and design.
== Recipients ==
Source: ACM
2022 – David A. Wood
2022 – Kathryn S. McKinley
2021 – Per Stenström
2020 – Alvin R. Lebeck
2019 – Margaret Martonosi
2018 – Koen De Bosschere
2016 – Michael Flynn
2014 – Doug DeGroot
2013 – Norman P. Jouppi
2011 – David A. Patterson
2010 – Mary Jane Irwin
2009 – Mark D. Hill
2008 – Alan Berenbaum
== See also ==
ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture
Computer engineering
Computer science
Computing
Service
List of computer-related awards
List of computer science awards
== References ==
== External links ==
ACM SIGARCH Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award

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The Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for outstanding contributions in biophysics". Named in honor of Alexander Hollaender, it has been awarded every three years since 1998.
The award consists of a prize of $20,000, accompanied by a medal and a diploma, and is presented every three years. Notable recipients of the award include Wayne A. Hendrickson (1998) for his pioneering work in X-ray crystallography, and Wolfgang Baumeister (2022) for his fundamental contributions to structural biology through cryo-electron tomography.
== Recipients of Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics ==
Source: National Academy of Sciences
== See also ==
List of biology awards
List of physics awards
Prizes named after people
== References ==

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The Marianne Baudler Prize, known before 2023 as the Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize or Alfred-Stock-Gedächtnispreis, is an award for "an outstanding independent scientific experimental investigation in the field of inorganic chemistry." It is awarded biennially (originally annually) by the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker). The award, consisting of a gold medal and money, was created in 1950 in recognition of the pioneering achievements in inorganic chemistry by the German chemist Alfred Stock. In 2022, the GDCh board decided to change the name of the previous Alfred Stock Memorial Prize. The new name is Marianne Baudler Prize.
== Recipients ==
Source:
== See also ==
List of chemistry awards
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website (in German)

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The Alfredo di Braccio Award is a prestigious prize for young Italian scientists given by the Italian Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
== Award winners ==
Every year a top young chemist or physicist receives this honor for their research.
2008 Chemistry prize was awarded to Lorenzo Malavasi (University of Pavia, Italy)
2009 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Alessandro Mirizzi (University of Bari, Italy) and Alessio Recati (CNR Trento, Italy)
2010 Chemistry prize was awarded to Riccardo Baron (Codoxo, USA)
2011 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Antonio Politano (University of Calabria, Italy) and Alessandro Giuliani (Roma Tre University, Italy)
2012 Chemistry prize was awarded to Tiziano Montini (University of Trieste, Italy)
2013 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Francesco Pellegrino (University of Catania, Italy) and Pasquale Serpico (CNRS, France)
2014 Physics prize was awarded to Stefano Protti (University of Pavia)
2015 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Filippo Caruso (University of Florence, Italy), Michele Cicoli (University of Bologna, Italy), and Alessandro Pitanti (CNR Pisa, Italy)
2016 Chemistry prize was awarded to Francesca Maria Toma (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Italy)
2017 Physics prize was awarded to Marco Genoni (University of Milan, Italy)
2018 Chemistry prize was awarded to Lorenzo Mino (University of Turin, Italy)
2019 Physics prize awarded (ex aequo) to Matteo Lucchini and Andrea Crespi (Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy), and Lorenzo Rovigatti (University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy)
2020 Chemistry prize was awarded to Raffaele Cucciniello (University of Salerno, Italy)
2021 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Eleonora Di Valentino (Durham University, UK) and Sunny Vagnozzi (University of Cambridge, UK)
2022 Chemistry prize was awarded to Gianvito Vilé (Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy)
== See also ==
List of chemistry awards
List of physics awards
== References ==

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The Andronov Prize is a Soviet and Russian mathematics prize, awarded for outstanding works in the classical mechanics and control theory. It is named after the Soviet physicist and member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences
Alexander Alexandrovich Andronov.
Between 1971 and 1990 the prize was awarded by the USSR Academy of Sciences. It was re-established by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993 and was awarded till 2024. It is generally awarded to a single scientist or a team of up to three scientists once every three years. The first prize in 1971 was awarded to Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.V. Petrov for a series of works on control theory and the principles of constructing nonlinear systems and servomechanisms, the last prize in 2024 was awarded to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.V. Kuznetsov for a series of works on the theory of hidden oscillations and stability of control systems. In total, the prize was awarded 17 times (7 times to one laureate and 10 times to groups) and 32 scientists became laureates of the prize. Since 2024, the prize is no longer awarded due to reforms in the Russian Academy of Sciences.
== References ==

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The Anton Tedesko Medal is awarded by the International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineers (IABSE) Foundation to both honour a Laureate and financially support a young engineering Fellow of the Association.
The medal is awarded to a distinguished structural engineer as recognition of his/her life achievements, and includes a grant of 25,000 CHF for study leave for a promising young engineer to gain practical experience in a prestigious engineering firm outside his/her home country.
The medal is named after and honours Anton Tedesko (1903 - 1994) (sometimes written 'Tedesco') who was an outstanding engineer, eminent designer and builder of innovative structures. the award was created in 1998.
Past recipients include:
== See also ==
List of engineering awards
List of prizes named after people
== References ==

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In computer vision, the Azriel Rosenfeld Award, or Azriel Rosenfeld Life Time Achievement Award was established at ICCV 2007 in Rio de Janeiro to honor outstanding researchers who are recognized as making significant contributions to the field of Computer Vision over longtime careers. This award is in memory of the computer scientist and mathematician Prof. Azriel Rosenfeld.
== Recipients ==
The first Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2007 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Takeo Kanade.
The second Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2009 in Kyoto Japan, to Berthold K.P. Horn.
The third Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2011 in Barcelona, Spain, to Thomas Huang.
The fourth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2013 in Sydney, Australia, to Jan Koenderink.
The fifth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2015 in Santiago, Chile, to Olivier Faugeras.
The sixth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2017 in Venice, Italy to Tomaso Poggio.
The seventh Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2019 in Seoul, Korea to Shimon Ullman.
The eighth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented in 2021 at the ICCV (held virtually that year), to Ruzena Bajcsy.
The tenth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2025 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Rama Chellappa.
== See also ==
List of engineering awards
List of computer science awards
== References ==

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The Marilyn and Sturges W. Bailey Distinguished Member Award, is the highest honor of The Clay Minerals Society, based in Virginia, United States. It is awarded solely for scientific eminence in clay mineralogy (in its broadest sense) as evidenced by the publication of outstanding original scientific research and by the impact of this research on the clay sciences. It is endowed by Linda and David Bailey and replaces The Clay Mineral Society's Distinguished Member Award. It is not restricted to members of the CMS.
The award is presented at the CMS annual meeting.
== Recipients ==
1968 – Ralph E. Grim
1969 – C. S. Ross
1970 – Paul F. Kerr
1971 – Walter D. Keller
1972 – G. W. Brindley
1975 – William F. Bradley
1975 – Sturges W. Bailey
1975 – Jose J. Fripiat
1977 – M. L. Jackson
1979 – Toshio Sudo
1980 – Haydn H. Murray
1984 – C. Edmund Marshall
1985 – Charles E. Weaver
1988 – Max M. Mortland
1989 – R. C. Reynolds Jr.
1990 – Joe L. White
1990 – John Hower
1991 – Joe B. Dixon
1992 – Philip F. Low
1993 – Thomas J. Pinnavaia
1995 – W. D. Johns
1996 – Victor A. Drits
1997 – Udo Schwertmann
1998 – Brij L. Sawhney
2000 – Boris B. Zvyagin
2001 – Keith Norrish
2002 – Gerhard Lagaly
2004 – Benny K. G. Theng
2005 – M. Jeff Wilson
2006 – Frederick J. Wicks
2007 – no award made
2008 – Norbert Clauer
2009 – Joseph W Stucki
2010 – J. M. Serratosa
2011 – Sridhar Komarneni
2012 – Akihiko Yamagishi
2013 – Stephen Guggenheim
2014 – no award made
2015 – James Kirkpatrick
2016 – Lisa Heller-Kallai
2018 – Gordon "Jock" Churchman
2019 – Dennis D. Eberl
2020 – Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky
2021 – David L. Bish
2024 - Jan Środon
== See also ==
The Clay Minerals Society
Clay minerals
== References ==
== External links ==
The award's official page at the CMS website

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The M.W. Beijerinck Virology Prize (M.W. Beijerinck Virologie Prijs) is a prize in virology awarded every two years by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW). The prize consists of a medal and a monetary award of €35,000. KNAW's two conditions for the prize nomination are that the nominee must be an internationally recognized researcher who has "made a groundbreaking contribution to research in the field of virology in the broadest sense" and must have an appointment at a university or research institute.
The prize is named in honor of the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Willem Beijerinck. KNAW appoints an advisory committee which gives advice to KNAW concerning the prize nominees. KNAW has regulations for who may submit nominations. Before 2014 the prize was awarded every three years.
== Prize winners ==
1966 Egbertus van Slogteren, Netherlands
1969 R.L. Sinsheimer, United States
1972 W. Berends, Netherlands
1975 E.M.J. Jaspars and A. van Kammen, Netherlands
1978 Lex van der Eb, Netherlands
1983 B.A.M. van der Zeijst, Netherlands
1986 Walter Fiers, Belgium
1989 Jan van der Noordaa, Netherlands
1992 H. zur Hausen, Germany
1996 Marian Horzinek, Netherlands/Germany
1998 A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, Netherlands
2001 R.A. Weiss, United Kingdom
2004 D.C. Baulcombe, United Kingdom
2007 Charles M. Rice, United States
2010 Eckard Wimmer, United States
2013 Félix Augusto Rey, France
2015 Peter Palese, United States
2017 Raul Andino, United States
2019 Eva Harris, United States
2021 Ralf Bartenschlager, Germany
2023 Ron Fouchier, Netherlands
2025 John van der Oost, Netherlands
== References ==
== External links ==
KNAW

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title: "Bingham Medal"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:03.712950+00:00"
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---
The Bingham Medal is an annual award for outstanding contributions to the field of rheology awarded at the Annual Meeting of The Society of Rheology. It was instituted in 1948 by the society to commemorate Eugene C. Bingham (1878–1945).
== List of Award Winners ==
Source : Society of Rheology
== See also ==
List of physics awards
== References ==
Society of Rheology - Bingham Medallists

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title: "Bioinorganic Chemistry Award"
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The Bioinorganic Chemistry Award has been awarded by the Dalton division of the Royal Society of Chemistry every two years since 2009. The winner receives £2000 and undertakes a lecture tour in the UK. The award was discontinued in 2020.
== Winners ==
Source:
== See also ==
List of chemistry awards
== References ==

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The Björkén Prize (Swedish: Björkénska priset) is a scientific award given by Uppsala University. It is awarded for outstanding research in science and the theoretical branches of medicine. The prize was established in 1893 from a donation given by university lecturer John Björkén (1833–1893). Björkén was a physician and medical assistant professor in surgery and obstetrics at Uppsala. The prize was first awarded in 1902 on the day of his death.
The Björkén Prize is alternately awarded for achievement in four different fields:
Botany, zoology, and landscape planning
Chemistry, mineralogy, metallurgy, and geology
Physics, mechanics, and engineering science
Theoretical disciplines of medical sciences
== Winners ==
== References ==
== External links ==
The Björkén Prize webpage

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category: "reference" category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia" tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:47:24.010066+00:00" date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:07.308819+00:00"
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category: "reference" category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia" tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:47:37.388076+00:00" date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:08.523187+00:00"
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title: "Bourke–Liversidge Award"
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The Bourke–Liversidge Award was created in 2020 by the merger of the Bourke Award with the Liversidge Award. The Bourke–Liversidge Award is awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
== Winners ==
As of 2025, there have been 4 winners of the Bourke–Liversidge Award:
== References ==

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title: "Brazilian Mathematical Society Award"
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The Brazilian Mathematical Society Award is the highest award for mathematical expository writing. It consists of a prize of R$20,000 and a certificate, and is awarded biennial by the Brazilian Mathematical Society in recognition of an outstanding expository article on a mathematical topic.
== Winners ==
== See also ==
List of mathematics awards
== External links ==
Brazilian Mathematical Society Award Archived 2022-08-24 at the Wayback Machine.
Regulations Governing the Brazilian Mathematical Society Award.
== References ==

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title: "Bullerwell Lecture"
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The Bullerwell Lecture is an annual award from the British Geophysical Association (BGA) bestowed on an individual for significant contribution to the field of geophysics. Scientists of any nationality but working in an academic institution in the United Kingdom qualify for the award. A scientist must be within 10 years of their PhD. The award is named in honour of William Bullerwell. The first lecture was in 1981 by A. Douglas on a topic rarely associated with "pure" geophysics today: Forensic Seismology.
== Laureates ==
Notable recipients include:
2026 Dr. Ualisson Donardelli Bellon from University of Edinburgh
2025 Dr. Susanna Ebmeier from University of Leeds
2024 Dr. Iraklis Giannakis from University of Aberdeen
2023 Mildon, Z.
2022 Craig, T.
2021 Nagy, L.
2020 Bell, R.
2019 Cottaar, S.
2018 Tom Mitchell from University College London
2017 Biggs, J.
2016 Whitehouse, P.
2015 Wright, T.
2014 Catherine Rychert from University of Southampton
2013 Derek Keir from University of Southampton
2012 King, M.
2011 Muxworthy, A.
2010 Dobson, D.
2009 Rost, S.
2008 Murray, T.
2007 Milne, G.
2006 Jackson, A.
2005 Helffrich, G.
2004 Ebinger, C.
2003 John-Michael Kendall
2002 Sinha, M.
2001 White, N.
2000 James Jackson
1999 England, P.
1998 Woods, A.W.
1997 Main, I.G.
1996 Meju, M
1995 Warner, M.
1994 Lovell, M.
1993 Kathryn Whaler
1992 Bob White
1991 Browitt, C.
1990 Haworth, R.
1989 Christie, P.A.K.
1988 Watts, A.B.
1987 Kusznir, N.J.
1986 Westbrook, G.K.
1985 Shaw, J.
1984 Gubbins, D.A.
1983 Vail, P.R.
1982 McKenzie, D.
1981 Douglas, A.
== See also ==
IAMG Distinguished Lectureship
Georges Matheron Lectureship
List of geophysics awards
== References ==

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The Bundestag Science Prize (in German: Wissenschaftspreis des Deutschen Bundestages) is a German science prize. It awards €10,000 every two years for outstanding work about parliamentarism. The prize donor is the German Bundestag.
== Recipients ==
== References ==

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title: "Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award"
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The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award is a prize for "outstanding achievements" in the field of analytical spectroscopy. It has been awarded since 1990 by the German Working Group for Applied Spectroscopy, and is endowed with €2,500 by PerkinElmer, Germany. The prize is named in honor of chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.
== Prizewinners ==
1990 Günter Snatzke, Germany
1991 Hannes Aiginger, Austria; Peter Wobrauschek, Austria; Joachim Knoth, Germany; Heinrich Schwenke, Germany
1992 Kurt Laqua, Germany; Arnulf Röseler, Germany
1993 Boris L'vov, Russia
1994 D. Bruce Chase, United States; W. J. Orville-Thomas, Great Britain
1995 Paul W.J.M. Boumans, Netherlands
1998 Annemie Bogaerts, Belgium
2000 Dieter Fischer, Germany
2001 John A. McLean, United States
2002 Jürgen Popp, Germany
2003 Sergei Boulyga, Germany
2004 Ewa Bulska, Poland
2005 Nicolas Bings, Germany
2006 Volker Deckert, Germany
2007 Jörg Bettmer, Germany
2008 Sebastian Schlücke, Germany
2009 Joachim Koch, Switzerland
2010 Janina Kneipp, Germany
2011 Daniel Pröfrock, Germany
2012 Christoph Haisch, Germany
2013 Maria Montes-Bayón, Spain
2014 Oliver Reich, Germany
2015 Martín Resano, Spain
2016 Torsten Frosch, Germany
2017 Jacob T. Shelley, United States
2018 Zsuzsanna Heiner, Hungary
2020 Natalia P. Ivleva
2022 Carlos Abad Andrade
2024 Björn Meermann
== In popular culture ==
The Steely Dan song "What a Shame About Me" from the album Two Against Nature mentions that an old acquaintance, "won the Bunsen Prize".
== See also ==
List of chemistry awards
== References ==

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title: "Buys Ballot Medal"
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The Buys Ballot Medal is a prize given out by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. It was instituted in 1888 to honour the achievements of the Dutch meteorologist C.H.D. Buys Ballot. The prize is awarded approximately every ten years to an individual that has made significant contributions to meteorology.
The recipients have been:
1893 – Julius von Hann, Austria
1903 – Richard Assmann and Arthur Berson, Germany
1913 – Hugo Hergesell, Germany
1923 – Sir Napier Shaw, United Kingdom
1933 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norway
1948 – Sverre Petterssen, Norway
1953 – Gustav Swoboda, Czech Republic
1963 – Erik Palmén, Finland
1973 – Joseph Smagorinsky, United States
1982 – Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen, Denmark
1995 – Veerabhadran Ramanathan, United States
2004 – Edward Norton Lorenz, United States
2014 – Sir Brian Hoskins, United Kingdom
2023 – Sandrine Bony, France
== See also ==
List of meteorology awards
== References ==
== External links ==
Description of the prize
KNAW

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The CNRS Silver Medal is a scientific award given every year to about fifteen researchers by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). It is awarded to a researcher for "the originality, quality and importance of their work, recognised on a national and international level".
It is part of the "CNRS Talents" medals, along with the CNRS gold medal, which rewards a whole scientific career, the CNRS bronze medal, which rewards young researchers, the Innovation medal, which honours remarkable work in the technological, therapeutic, economic or societal fields, and the CNRS Crystal medal, which rewards research support staff.
== Notable recipients ==
Gabriel Peyré (mathematics) (2021)
Marie-Hélène Verlhac (biology) (2021)
Claire Mathieu (computer science) (2019)
Margaret Maruani (sociology) (2014)
Marie-Françoise André (2011)
Anca Muscholl (mathematics) (2010)
Edith Heard (biology) (2008)
Marc Fontecave (2004)
Leanne Pitchford (physics) (1999)
Pascale Delecluse (physics) (1999)
Guy Joulin (1996)
== References ==

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title: "Carl Hermann Medal"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:16.840895+00:00"
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The Carl Hermann Medal is the highest award in the field of crystallography from the German Crystallographic Society. It is named after the German physicist and professor of crystallography Carl Hermann, who along with Paul Peter Ewald, created the Strukturbericht designation system for crystallographic prototypes. The medal is awarded annually during the annual meeting of the society
== Carl Hermann Medal recipients ==
== See also ==
Ewald Prize
== References ==
== External links ==
Recipients of the Carl Hermann Medal from the German Crystallographic Society

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title: "Carl Sagan Memorial Award"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:18.040567+00:00"
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The Carl Sagan Memorial Award is an award presented jointly by the American Astronautical Society and The Planetary Society to an individual or group "who has demonstrated leadership in research or policies advancing exploration of the Cosmos." The annual award, first presented in 1997, was created in honor of American astronomer, astrobiologist and science popularizer, Carl Sagan (1934–1996).
== Recipients ==
Source: American Astronautical Society
== See also ==
List of astronomy awards
List of space technology awards
== References ==
== External links ==
Carl Sagan Memorial Award

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title: "Carpenter Medal"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:19.180660+00:00"
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The Carpenter Medal was awarded by the Senate of the University of London once every three years. The recipient was a former student who had submitted a thesis (resulting in the award of a doctorate) of exceptional distinction in statistical, genetic, comparative or experimental psychology during the three-year period. This could include work on the physiology of the central nervous system and "special senses". It was accompanied by a prize of £20.
The medal was named after William Benjamin Carpenter, registrar of the university from 1856 until 1879. The Carpenter Testimonial Committee had allocated money for an annual prize in 1881, but the Carpenter Medal was not instituted until 1910, with the first award for the period ending 31 May 1913. The medal need not be awarded if the Senate did not consider that a sufficiently good thesis had been submitted during the three-year period.
Winners of the prize included
Francis Aveling, 1912
Nellie Carey
== References ==

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title: "Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award"
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The Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award is awarded by the American Astronomical Society for an achievement in astronomical research made by an amateur astronomer resident in North America. The prize is named after Carlson R. Chambliss of Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, who donated the funds to support the prize. The award will consist of a 224-gram (½-lb) silver medal and $1,000 cash.
== Previous winners ==
2006 Brian D. Warner
2007 Ronald H. Bissinger
2008 Steve Mandel
2009 Robert D. Stephens
2010 R. Jay GaBany
2011 Tim Puckett
2012 Kian Jek
2013 No award
2014 Mike Simonsen
2015 No award
2016 Daryll LaCourse
2017 No award
2018 Donald G. Bruns
2019 No award
2020 Dennis Conti
2021 No award
2022 No award
2023 No award
2024 Dan Caselden
2025 Richard Donnerstein
== See also ==
Amateur Achievement Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
List of astronomy awards
List of awards named after people
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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title: "Charles Babbage Premium"
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The Charles Babbage Premium was an annual award "for an outstanding paper on the design or use of electronic computers".
The award was established in 1959. It was initiated by the British Institution of Radio Engineers, which became the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers. In 1988, it merged with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), which later became the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) in 2006. Winners have been announced in journals such as Nuclear Power, Electronic Engineering, British Communications and Electronics, and the Software Engineering Journal.
The Premium was named after the mathematician Charles Babbage FRS (1791–1871), inventor of the Analytical Engine, a design for an early mechanical computer.
The IET now makes separate Premium Awards for papers in each of its journals, named after the journal itself. This includes the IET Software Premium Award, the nearest equivalent to the Charles Babbage Premium Award.
== References ==

22
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title: "Charles Schuchert Award"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:22.771874+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---
The Charles Schuchert Award is presented by the Paleontological Society to a person under 40 whose work reflects excellence and promise in the science of paleontology. The award was made in honor of Charles Schuchert (1858 – 1942), an American invertebrate paleontologist.
== Awardees ==
Source: Paleontological Society Archived 2022-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
== See also ==
List of paleontology awards
== References ==

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title: "Chesney Gold Medal"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:25.108004+00:00"
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The Chesney Gold Medal is an award given by the Royal United Services Institute awarded to "any especially eminent work calculated to advance the military sciences and knowledge".
== List of Medallists ==
The following people have received the Chesney Gold Medal:
1900: Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan USN
1907: Major General Sir John Frederick Maurice
1909: The Hon J.W. Fortescue
1910: Sir John Knox Laughton
1911: Professor C.W.C. Oman
1913: Colonel Sir Lonsdale Augustus Hale
1914: Sir Julian Corbett
1919: Major General E.D. Swinton
1921: Major General Sir Charles Callwell
1924: Professor G.A.R. Callender
1925: Captain Sir George Arthur
1926: Vice Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond
1927: Brigadier-General Sir James E. Edmonds
1928: L.G. Carr-Laughton
1929: Colonel H.C. Wylly
1930: C.E.W. Bean
1931: Commander C.N. Robinson
1932: Colonel C. de W. Crookshank MP
1936: Professor Spenser Wilkinson
1950: The Rt Hon Winston Churchill
1955: Sir Arthur Bryant
1963: Major General J.F.C. Fuller and Captain Basil Liddell Hart
1965: Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Slessor
1968: Professor Arthur J. Marder
1973: Professor Michael Howard
1975: Captain Stephen W. Roskill RN
1981: John Terraine and Ronald Lewin
1985: General Sir John Hackett
1991: Correlli Barnett
1997: Henry Paget, 7th Marquess of Anglesey
2000: Baroness Thatcher
2006: Sir Lawrence Freedman
2013: General David H. Petraeus
== References ==

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title: "Dana Medal"
chunk: 1/1
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Medal"
category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:28.646678+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---
The Dana Medal, established in 1998, is awarded by the Mineralogical Society of America and is named in honor of the contributions made by James Dwight Dana (1813–1895) and Edward Salisbury Dana (1849–1935) to the science of mineralogy. It recognizes outstanding scientific contributions through original research in the mineralogical sciences by an individual in the midst of his or her career.
== Recipients ==
Source:
== See also ==
List of geology awards
== References ==

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title: "David Adler Lectureship Award"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:20:42.183145+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
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The David Adler Lectureship Award in the Field of Materials Physics is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1988. The recipient is chosen for "an outstanding contributor to the field of materials physics, who is noted for the quality of his/her research, review articles and lecturing." The prize is named after physicist David Adler with contributions to the endowment by friends of David Adler and major support from Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., as well as support from the American Physical Society's Division of Materials Physics. The prize includes a $5,000 honorarium.
== Recipients ==
Source: American Physical Society
== See also ==
Leo Szilard Lectureship Award
List of physics awards
== References ==
== External links ==
David Adler Lectureship Award in the Field of Materials Physics, American Physical Society

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title: "Dilys Breese Medal"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:29.864110+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---
The Dilys Breese Medal is a medal awarded by the British Trust for Ornithology to recognise communicators who help to deliver ornithological science to new audiences. It is named in memory of film maker Dilys Breese, who died in 2007, and was inaugurated in 2009, funded by a bequest from Breese. The medal features a design by Robert Gillmor, showing a robin in front of a TV screen.
The inaugural awards were made in November 2009, to six recipients at a ceremony at the House of Lords.
== Dilys Breese Medallists ==
Source: British Trust for Ornithology
2009 (2009): Fiona Barclay of BirdGuides
2009 (2009): Ray Collier
2009 (2009): Stephen Moss
2009 (2009): Tony Soper
2009 (2009): Brett Westwood
2009 (2009): Stuart Winter
2010 (2010): Chris Packham
2011 (2011): Michael McCarthy
2012 (2012): Sheena Harvey
2013 (2013): John Ingham
2014 (2014): Victoria Gill
2015 (2015): Ben Hoare
2016 (2016): Dr Max Whitby
2017 (2017): Mary Colwell
2018 (2018): Martin Hughes-Games
2019 (2019): Lesley Dolphin
2020 (2020): Graham Appleton
2021 (2021): Dominic Couzens
2022 (2022): Kit Jewitt
2023 (2023): Harriet Mead & Jack Baddams
2024: Megan McCubbin
2025: Julian Hughes
== See also ==
List of ornithology awards
== References ==
== External links ==
Past medallists

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title: "Donald T. Campbell Award"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:31.051662+00:00"
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---
The Donald T. Campbell Award is an annual award presented by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, division 8 of the American Psychological Association, since 1980. It recognizes distinguished researchers in the field of social psychology and is named after social scientist and social psychologist Donald T. Campbell.
== Recipients ==
Source: SPSP
1980: Elliot Aronson
1982: Richard Nisbett
1984: Ellen Berscheid
1986: Bibb Latane
1988: Robert Rosenthal
1990: Bernard Weiner
1992: Marilynn Brewer
1993: Alice Eagly
1994: Anthony Greenwald
1995: Shelley Taylor
1996: E. Tory Higgins
1997: Mark Zanna
1998: Arie Kruglanski
1999: Abraham Tesser
2000: Richard E. Petty, John Cacioppo
2001: Claude Steele
2002: Hazel Markus
2003: Robert Cialdini
2004: Mark Snyder
2005: David Kenny
2006: John A. Bargh
2007: Michael Scheier, Charles S. Carver
2008: Carol Dweck
2009: Susan T. Fiske
2010: Russ Fazio
2011: John Dovidio
2012: Daniel Wegner
2013: Timothy Wilson
2014: Norbert Schwarz
2015: Brenda Major and Jennifer Crocker
2016: Mahzarin R. Banaji
2017: Daniel Gilbert
2018: Eliot R. Smith
2019: Thomas Gilovich
2020: Dale Miller
== See also ==
List of psychology awards
== References ==

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The Duncan Davies Medal is a medal of Research and Development Society to "an individual who has made an outstanding contribution toward making the UK the best-performing research and development environment in the world.". The medal is named in honor of Duncan S. Davies (1921–1987), a prominent figure in British science and government.
Recipients of the Duncan Davies Medal are typically invited to give a public lecture or address on a topic related to R&D and innovation in the UK.
== Recipients ==
1990 Robert Malpas – Marketing the Future
1991 Sir Austin Bide – The influence of science and technology on social progress
1992 Brian Newbould – The Birth And Growth Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
1993 Derek Roberts – How To Get The Best Out Of Academic Research
1994 Sir Robin Nicholson – Industrial R&D In The UK: A New Future?
1995 David McMurtry – Cost-Effective R&D In A Small High-Tech Environment
1996 Sir Geoffrey Allen – A Sporting Attitude To R&D
1997 Sir Richard Sykes – Science In The Business Context: Turning Technology Into Health And Wealth
1998 Alan Rudge – Research, Relevance, And The Road To Ruin
1999 Sir Peter Williams – Barriers To Innovation: Myth Or Reality?
2000 Lord Bragg – Enhancing The Level Of Public Debate On Scientific Matters
2001 Philip Ruffles – Linking Research & Development To Corporate Strategy And Growth
2002 Richard Brook – Maecenas And The Multitude: Reflections On Peer Review
2003 Lord Sainsbury – Exploiting R&D At Regional Level
2004 Dame Bridget Ogilvie – The Quixotic Nature Of The Involvement Of The Community In The Development Of New Medical Treatments
2005 Lord Bhattacharya – The Expanding World Of Technology
2006 Sir Tom McKillop – The Challenges of Innovation
2007 Sir Robin Saxby – From start up in a barn in Cambridge to global standard and beyond
2008 Sir David King – The challenges of the 21st century
2009 Dame Wendy Hall – Research 2.0: the Age of Networks
2010 Dame Sue Ion - Fuel for thought – meeting the energy challenges of the 21st Century
== References ==

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title: "ERCIM Cor Baayen Award"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:44.176418+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---
The Cor Baayen Award is an annual award given to a promising young researcher in computer science and applied mathematics.
In 1995, the award was created to honor the first ERCIM (European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics) president.
As a young researcher award, nominees must have obtained their PhD in the three years before the yearly nomination deadline.
A researcher can be nominated for the award only once.
The award is presented as a check for 5000 Euro and a certificate. The awardee is then invited to ERCIM meetings the following autumn.
An article is published in ERCIM news with the name of the winner, and all nominees of the year.
== See also ==
List of computer science awards
List of mathematics awards
== References ==

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The European Young Investigator (EURYI) Awards scheme was a prestigious research award designed to attract outstanding young scientists in all research fields to the European research landscape. It was set up by the European Heads of Research Councils (EuroHORCs) and the European Science Foundation together as a grant scheme for researchers from any country in the world to create their own research teams at research institutions in any country in Europe participating in the scheme. Awards were worth up to 1.25 Million Euros, to be spent over a period of five years. It was meant to attract the strongest scientists, irrespective of age and gender. It had a two-stage selection process. In a first step, the applications were assessed by the participating organisation from the proposed host country. The second selection step was carried out by the European Science Foundation, involving interviews in front of broadly-based international panels, and resulted in the final selection of awardees. The first 25 prizes were awarded on 26 August 2004 as the EURYI Awards 2005 during the EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) in Stockholm by the then president of the EuroHORCs, Professor Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker.
The scheme was born out of the wish to allow the best researchers to build careers in Europe. The co-initiating institution EuroHORCS, founded in 1992 and dissolved in 2011 and succeeded by Science Europe, was an association of 18 research organisations from 15 European countries, all of which being members of the European Union at the time except Switzerland and Turkey. The EURYI Award was the blueprint for the much larger ERC Grant scheme, initiated in 2007 within the Seventh Framework Programme, with Professor Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker, the initiator of the EURYI Award, being the ERC's first Secretary General. The EURYI Award 2007 was the last EURYI award granted, being replaced by the ERC scheme.
== References ==

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The Echegaray Medal (Spanish: La Medalla Echegaray) is the highest scientific award granted by the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences. The award was created by Alfonso XIII at the request of Santiago Ramón y Cajal after the award of the Nobel Prize to José Echegaray and is awarded in recognition of an exceptional scientific career.
The first time it was granted was in 1907 to the eponymous José Echegaray. More than a hundred years after the award was created, the first woman to receive the Echegaray Medal was Margarita Salas in 2016 during a ceremony which was presided over by Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain.
== Past recipients ==
1907 José Echegaray
1910 Eduardo Saavedra
1913 SAS el Príncipe Alberto I de Mónaco
1916 Leonardo Torres Quevedo
1919 Svante Arrhenius
1922 Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1925 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
1928 Ignacio Bolívar
1931 Ernest Rutherford
1934 Joaquín María de Castellarnau
1968 Obdulio Fernández
1975 José María Otero de Navascués
1979 José García Santesmases
1998 Manuel Lora Tamayo
2016 Margarita Salas
2018 Mariano Barbacid
2020 Francisco Guinea
2022 José A. Carrillo
2025 Luis Oro
== References ==

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title: "Eckert–Mauchly Award"
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The Eckert–Mauchly Award recognizes contributions to digital systems and computer architecture. It is known as the computer architecture community’s most prestigious award. First awarded in 1979, it was named for John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, who between 1943 and 1946 collaborated on the design and construction of the first large scale electronic computing machine, known as ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. A certificate and $5,000 are awarded jointly by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the IEEE Computer Society for outstanding contributions to the field of computer and digital systems architecture.
== Recipients ==
== See also ==
ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture
Computer engineering
Computer science
Computing
List of computer science awards
== References ==
ACM-IEEE CS Eckert-Mauchly Award winners
Eckert Mauchly Award

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title: "Edwin Grant Conklin Medal"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:27.419478+00:00"
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The Edwin Grant Conklin Medal was inaugurated in 1995 by the Society for Developmental Biology in honor of the biologist Edwin Conklin. It is awarded annually to recognise a member of the society who has carried out distinguished and sustained research in developmental biology. The recipient delivers a feature lecture at the annual society meeting and is presented with a commemorative plaque.
== List of recipients ==
The following have won the award:
1995 – John Phillip Trinkaus (Yale University)
1996 – John W. Saunders Jr. (State University of New York at Albany)
1997 – Elizabeth D. Hay (Harvard Medical School)
1998 – Thomas C. Kaufman (Indiana University)
1999 – Clement Markert (Yale University)
2000 – Charles B. Kimmel (University of Oregon)
2001 – John B. Gurdon (University of Cambridge)
2002 – Gail R. Martin (University of California, San Francisco)
2003 – Allan C. Spradling (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland)
2004 – Matthew Scott (Stanford University)
2005 – Nicole Marthe Le Douarin (Honoraire at the Collège de France and Secrétaire Perpétuelle of the Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France)
2006 – Trudi Schupbach (Princeton University)
2007 – Janet Rossant (Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada)
2008 – Elizabeth J. Robertson (University of Oxford, United Kingdom)
2009 – David Mark Kingsley (Stanford University)
2010 – Noriyuki Satoh (Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology, Japan)
2011 – Ruth Lehmann (Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
2012 – Clifford Tabin (Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts)
2013 – Marianne Bronner (California Institute of Technology)
2014 – Richard Harland (University of California, Berkeley)
2015 – Michael S. Levine (University of California, Berkeley / Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton)
2016 - Kathryn V. Anderson (Sloan Kettering Institute)
2017 - Philippe M. Soriano (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai)
2018 - Robb Krumlauf (Stowers Institute for Medical Research)
2019 - Eric N. Olson (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center)
2020 - Claude Desplan (New York University)
== See also ==
List of biology awards
List of medicine awards
List of prizes named after people
== References ==

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title: "Edwin H. Sutherland Award"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:35.841236+00:00"
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The Edwin H. Sutherland Award is an annual award that has been given by the American Society of Criminology (ASC) since 1960. Named for the influential American criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland, the award recognizes a scholar who has made distinguished contributions to theory or research in criminology. It is the most important annual award given by the ASC. By celebrating exceptional scholarly achievements in criminology, the award not only honors individual contributions but also fosters continued innovation and excellence within the discipline.
== See also ==
List of social sciences awards
== References ==
== External links ==
List of past winners Archived 2023-11-02 at the Wayback Machine

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title: "Eisenmann Medal"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:37.016796+00:00"
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---
The Eisenmann Medal is awarded by the Linnaean Society of New York (LSNY) in recognition of the recipient's ornithological excellence and encouragement of amateur efforts in ornithology and birding.
The medal commemorates the ornithologist and prominent LSNY member Eugene Eisenmann (1906–1981). It has been awarded since 1983; in some years no medal is awarded.
== Eisenmann medalists ==
Source: Linnaean Society of New York
1983 – Ernst Mayr
1984 – Joseph Hickey
1985 – Olin Sewall Pettingill
1986 – Roger Tory Peterson
1987 – Chandler S. Robbins
1988 – Frank B. Gill
1989 – Helen Hays
1990 – C. Stuart Houston
1991 – David B. Wingate
1993 – G. Stuart Keith
1995 – Guy Tudor
1998 – Dean Amadon
2001 – Robert S. Ridgeley
2002 – William S. Clark
2003 – F. Gary Stiles
2004 – David J.T. Hussell and Erica H. Dunn
2005 – John W. Fitzpatrick
2006 – David A. Sibley
2008 – Malcolm C. Coulter
2009 – Kenneth V. Rosenberg
2011 – Alvaro Jaramillo
2012 – Clive Minton
2013 – Kenn Kaufman
2014 – Sophie Webb
2016 – Tim Birkhead
2017 – Peter Harrison
2018 – John P. O'Neill
2020 – Stephen W. Kress
2021 – Peter and Rosemary Grant
2022 – Jennie Duberstein
2023 – Scott V. Edwards
2024 – George Archibald
2025 – Bryan D. Watts
== See also ==
List of ornithology awards
== References ==

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category: "reference" category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia" tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:15:33.387019+00:00" date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:38.248820+00:00"
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title: "Elizabeth W. Jones Award for Excellence in Education"
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The Elizabeth W. Jones Award for Excellence in Education is awarded annually by the Genetics Society of America to recognize individuals who have made noteworthy contributions to genetics education. It was founded in 2007 as the Genetics Society of America Award for Excellence in Education. Its first recipient was Elizabeth W. Jones, after whom the award was renamed following her death in 2008.
== Recipients ==
Source: Genetics Society of America
2007: Elizabeth W. Jones
2008: R. Scott Hawley
2009: Sarah Elgin
2010: Utpal Banerjee
2011: Peter J. Bruns
2012: David A. Micklos
2013: A. Malcolm Campbell
2014: Robin Wright
2015: Louisa A. Stark
2016: William Wood
2017: Sally G. Hoskins
2018: Steven A. Farber, Carnegie Institute for Science & Jamie Shuda
2019: Bruce Weir
2020: Seth Bordenstein, Vanderbilt University
2021: Edward J. Smith, Virginia Tech
2022: Alana O'Reilly and Dara Ruiz-Whalen, Fox Chase Cancer Center and eCLOSE Institute
== See also ==
List of genetics awards
== References ==

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title: "Emily M. Gray Award"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:41.805958+00:00"
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The Emily M. Gray Award from the Biophysical Society in Rockville, Maryland, is given in recognition of "significant contributions to education in biophysics." The award was established in 1997 and first awarded the year thereafter.
== Award recipients ==
1998: Muriel S. Prouty
1999: Kensal E. van Holde
2000: Charles Cantor and Paul Schimmel
2001: Jane Richardson
2002: Norma Allewell
2003: Michael Summers
2004: Richard D. Ludescher
2005: Barry R. Lentz
2006: Ignacio Tinoco, Jr.
2007: John Steve Olson
2008: David S. Eisenberg and Donald M. Crothers
2009: Philip C. Nelson
2010: Greta Pifat-Mrzljak
2011: Bertil Hille
2012: Kenneth Dill and Sarina Bromberg
2013: Louis de Felice
2014: Alberto Diaspro
2015: Meyer Jackson
2016: Douglas Robinson
2017: Enrique De La Cruz
2018: Madeline Shea
2019: Yves De Koninck
2021: Doug Barrick
== References ==
== External links ==
Emily M. Gray Award page

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title: "Emmy Noether Fellowship"
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The LMS Emmy Noether Fellowship is a fellowship awarded by the London Mathematical Society.
"The fellowships are designed to enhance the mathematical sciences research, broadly construed, of holders either re-establishing their research programme after returning from a major break associated with caring responsibilities or those requiring support to maintain their research programme while dealing with significant ongoing caring responsibilities.
The fellowship is named after the German mathematician Emmy Noether.
== Winners ==
The winners of the LMS Emmy Noether Fellowship have been:
2020 - Dr Milena Hering, University of Edinburgh
2020 - Dr Anne-Sophie Kaloghiros, Brunel University
2020 - Dr Irene Kyza, University of Dundee
2020 - Dr Cristina Manolache, University of Sheffield
== References ==

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title: "Erdős–Rényi Prize"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:45.367373+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
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The Erdős–Rényi Prize of the Network Science Society is named after Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi. This international prize is awarded annually in a special ceremony at the International Conference on Network Science to a selected young scientist (under 40 years old on the day of the nomination deadline) for their research achievements in the area of network science, broadly construed. While the achievements can be both theoretical and experimental, the prize is aimed at emphasizing outstanding contributions relevant to the interdisciplinary progress of network science.
Past recipients are:
2012: Roger Guimera, Rovira i Virgili University, for outstanding work as a young researcher in Network Science for the technical depth and the interdisciplinary values of his scientific contributions to the analysis of network cartography and community identification.
2013: Adilson E. Motter, Northwestern University, for his groundbreaking contributions to the study of synchronization phenomena and the control of cascading failures in complex networks.
2014: Mason A. Porter, University of Oxford, for his fundamental research on the mathematics of networks and his outreach efforts to teach network science to students in schools.
2015: Chaoming Song, University of Miami, for the breadth and depth of his influential work, ranging from network applications of self-similarity and renormalization group theory to the in-depth analysis of big data on human mobility.
2016: Aaron Clauset, University of Colorado Boulder, for his contributions to the study of network structure, including Internet mapping, inference of missing links, and community structure, and for his provocative analyses of human conflicts and social stratification.
2017: Vittoria Colizza, Inserm, for contributions to fundamental and data-driven network-based modeling of epidemic processes, including seminal studies on metapopulation systems, the impact of air transportation, and the predictability of epidemic outbreaks.
2018: Danielle Bassett, University of Pennsylvania, for fundamental contributions to our understanding of the network architecture of the human brain, its evolution over learning and development, and its alteration in neurological disease.
2019: Tiago P. Peixoto, Central European University, for groundbreaking contributions to the statistical analysis and visualization of networks, including efficient and principled inference algorithms based on the stochastic block model, and compression and prediction of richly annotated or hierarchical structures.
2020: Sonia Kéfi, CNRS, for foundational and empirically grounded theoretical research that has advanced network science and its applications in ecology, with a focus on multiple types of interactions among species and the implications for global change, opening the path to new ways to study ecosystems.
2021: Dashun Wang, Northwestern University, for foundational and empirically grounded theoretical research that has advanced network science and its applications in the field of computational social sciences, with a focus on the science of science and on developing methods related to quantifying and improving human achievement and standards-of-living.
2022: Linyuan Lü, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, for groundbreaking contributions to network information filtering, including seminal works on link prediction and detection of influential nodes in networked structures, and their technological applications.
2023: Daniel B. Larremore, University of Colorado Boulder, for socially impactful contributions to network models of human-disease dynamics, with applications to malaria and the COVID-19 pandemic, and for foundational research in the theoretical and practical use of algorithms for community detection.
2024: Antoine Allard, Université Laval, for the breadth and depth of his contributions to modeling complex systems as networks, including the geometry of networks and the role of heterogeneity and superspreading in contemporary diseases and complex contagions.
== See also ==
List of computer science awards
== References ==

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title: "Erwin Marx Award"
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The Erwin Marx Award is an award made every two years, in odd numbered years, jointly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society at the IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. It is awarded to an individual for their contribution over at least ten years in the field of pulsed power technology.
The recipient receives US$2,000 and a plaque, and delivers the Erwin Marx Lecture at conference.
Named after a German electrical engineer, it was awarded for the first time in 1981 at the 3rd IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference.
== References ==

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category: "reference" category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia" tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:36:48.172824+00:00" date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:48.978649+00:00"
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title: "Felix Chayes Prize"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:23.918500+00:00"
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The Felix Chayes Prize is presented in alternate years for Excellence in Research in Mathematical Petrology by the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG). The cash prize, named after American geologist and petrographer Felix Chayes, was established in 1997.
The prize has a strict internal guideline that the recipient must be between 35 and 60 years old.
== Recipients ==
Source:
1997: Committee on Data Bases for Petrology
1999: Hugh R. Rollinson
2001: James Nicholls
2003: Antonella Buccianti
2005: Eric Grunsky
2007: Hilmar von Eynatten
2009: not awarded for this year
2011: Istvan Dunkl
2013: Raimon Tolosana-Delgado
2015: Yongzhang Zhou
2017: Clifford R. Stanley
2019: Peter Filzmoser
2021: Grethe Hystad
2023: Pieter Vermeesch
2025: Dario Grana
== See also ==
List of geology awards
List of geophysics awards
List of mathematics awards
== References ==

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title: "Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:21:51.360315+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
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Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) is an award for medical scientists who are judged by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences for the "excellence of their science, their contribution to medicine and society and the range of their achievements".
== Fellowship ==
Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FMedSci; see Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom) for examples of fellows. Honorary Fellowship is awarded to exceptional individuals who enhance the Academy’s distinction through outstanding contributions to medical science or healthcare, but who do not meet the criteria for Ordinary Fellowship. Honorary Fellows are also entitled to use the post-nominal letters FMedSci.
== References ==

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Fellowship of the British Academy (post-nominal letters FBA) is an award granted by the British Academy to leading academics for their distinction in the humanities and social sciences. The categories are:
Fellows – scholars resident in the United Kingdom
Corresponding Fellows – scholars resident overseas
Honorary Fellows – an honorary academic title (whereby the post-nominal letters "HonFBA" are used)
Deceased Fellows – Past Fellows of the British Academy
The award of fellowship is based on published work and fellows may use the post-nominal letters FBA. Examples of Fellows are Edward Rand; Mary Beard; Roy Porter; Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford; Michael Lobban; M. R. James; Friedrich Hayek; John Maynard Keynes; Lionel Robbins; Rowan Williams; and Margaret Boden.
== See also ==
List of fellows of the British Academy
== References ==

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Fellowship of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), previously Fellowship of the Society of Biology (FSB), is an award and fellowship granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Biology has adjudged to have made a "prominent contribution to the advancement of the biological sciences, and has gained no less than five years of experience in a position of senior responsibility".
== Fellowship ==
Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRSB. As of 2016 examples of fellows include Sir David Attenborough, Martin Hume Johnson, Jasmin Fisher, Sir Tom Blundell and Dame Nancy Rothwell. See the Category: Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology for more examples.
== References ==

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John M. Steane (3 May 1931 – 12 April 2024) was a British headmaster and archaeologist.
== Early life and career ==
John Steane was born in Balham, London on 3 May 1931. He was educated at Dulwich College and then Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied for a degree in Modern History.
From 1964 to 1976, Steane was Headmaster of Kettering Grammar School. He then became County Archaeologist for Oxfordshire during 1976–1990). He was also a consultant archaeologist and part-time tutor at Kellogg College, Oxford, within the Oxford University Department for Continuing Education.
Steane undertook research into various aspects of the historic landscape, such as fishponds, palaces, and parks. He was the author of the following books:
The Northamptonshire Landscape (1974)
Peopling Past Landscapes (with B.F. Dix, 1978)
The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales (1984)
The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy (1993)
Oxfordshire (1996)
The Archaeology of Power (2001)
Traditional Buildings in the Oxford Region c.1300–1840 (2013)
Steane also exhibited watercolours and drawings. Steane was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and a member of the Institute of Field Archaeologists.
== Personal life and death ==
John Steane was married to the painter Nina Carroll (1932–1990) and they had three children together. He died on 12 April 2024, at the age of 92.
== References ==

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The Simu Xin Ding (Chinese: 司母辛鼎) is a ding, or an ancient Chinese vessel used for sacrifices by the Shang dynasty royal family. It was found at Yinxu in the tomb of Fu Hao, a wife of King Wu Ding of the Shang dynasty.
== References ==

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Sins of the Shovel: Looting, Murder, and the Evolution of American Archaeology is a 2023 non-fiction book by American archaeologist and writer Rachel Morgan.
Morgan graduated from University of York and the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Her work appeared in The Collector.
== References ==

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Siutu is a village on the island of Savai'i in Samoa. It is situated on the south coast of the island in the district of Palauli and the electoral district of Palauli 1. The population is 449.
Archaeology in Samoa uncovered pre-historic samples at a midden site in the village.
== References ==

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Small finds is an archaeological term for artifacts discovered on excavations that are considered distinct from the common finds for that type site or type phase on multi phasic sites. The special nature of the find is dictated by research agendas and the information the artifact can provide.
As the name implies, small finds tend to be small artifacts, and generally appear infrequently on sites. Some examples of artifacts classified as small finds include items of personal adornment, clothing, health, or hygiene, hand tools or items used for food preparation, recreation, or crafts like needlework; and personal items like smoking pipes, children's toys, or coins. In particular, coins can be much more specific when it comes to dating evidence.
Small finds are usually treated differently in the recording system; often they are recorded on plan rather than being attributed to a single context like other generic finds.
== Gallery ==
== See also ==
Archaeological field survey
Artifact (archaeology)
Assemblage (archaeology)
Dating methodology (archaeology)
Excavation
Post excavation
== References ==

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Sociopolitical typology refers to four types, or levels, of a political organization: "band", "tribe", "chiefdom", and "state", created by the anthropologist Elman Service.
== Overview ==
Service's work is fundamental to cultural materialism, one among several influential paradigms in modern anthropology. Ethnographic and archaeological studies in hundreds of places have revealed many correlations between economy and social and political organizations. These types correlate with adaptive strategies or economic typology.
Thus, foragers as an economic type tend to have band organization. Similarly, many pastoralists and horticulturalists have lived in tribal societies or, more simply, tribes. While most chiefdoms had farming economies, herding was important in some of the Middle Eastern chiefdoms. The non-industrial states usually had an agricultural base. With food production come the larger, denser populations and more complex economies than are found among foragers. New regulatory problems were created by these features and that gave rise to more complex relations and linkages.
foragers (hunter-gatherer): band society
horticulture: tribe
pastoralism: chiefdom
agriculture: state
There have been many sociopolitical trends reflecting the increased regulatory demands associated with food production. Archaeologists study these trends through time, and cultural anthropologists observe them among contemporary groups.
== References ==
Elman Service, Primitive Social Organization (1962), Profiles in Ethnology (1963), Origins of the State and Civilization (1975)
== External links ==
Anthropology McGraw-Hill Online Learning Center
Non-State and State Societies

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Soil marks are differences in soil colour as a result of underlying archaeological features. They can be seen when a ploughed-out earthwork has left hard dry material of a former bank and damper wetter material from a former ditch. They can also occur when a feature has cut through the top soil to reveal underlying chalk. Soil marks typically become visible in ploughed or harrowed fields, usually where there are restricted periods before the crops grow.
== Appearance ==
The most obvious and occurring trace of soil marks is a difference in color relative to the rest of soil. Depending on the local geology, the soil marks can show up as dark against a light background or vice versa. The color of the soil is very important in determining whether or not organic or burnt deposits happened over the soil, producing a black or red colored soil. This allows archaeologists to understand the purpose of the artefacts found in the vicinity of the soil mark and can indicate whether or not fire was used.
== Occurrence ==
Archaeology that involves plough-damaged field systems, burial mounds, Roman villas or former sites usually produce soil marks. The soil marks gives the archaeologists an idea of where the structures were built or where the soil was damaged and for what reason. For instance, indicating a dried-up river channel (known as a palaeochannel), which may subsequently reveal rich waterlogged archaeological deposits in its lower layers, or an area of slightly higher ground above winter flood level on an alluvial floodplain, which may be very hard to detect from the ground but which has attracted settlement for thousands of years.
== See also ==
Crop mark
== Notes ==

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The Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture was an Early Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Central Danube Carpathian Region.
This culture occurred in parallel with the Makó-Kosihy-Čaka cultural group. The period of its development covers the entire Early Bronze Age, from 2300/2200 BC to 1700/1600 BC (calibrated years). This culture occurs throughout most of Transdanubia, stretching beyond the Sava River in the south, encompassing a large part of Serbia and South Moravia, eastern Bosnia and Montenegro, reaching as far as the Adriatic coast. It was preceded by the Vučedol culture.
The end of this culture is not clear. According to N. Tasic, its decline would fall in the early stage of the development of the Encrusted Pottery culture and the Vatin culture. This is based on the presence of pottery typical of the population of the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture in the inventories of the groups mentioned.
== Genetic profile ==
At Balatonkeresztúr-Réti-dűlő necropolis only one burial can be associated with this archaeological culture according to its 14C date (2560-2290 cal BCE). The individual buried there was lying on his back and with the knees and head on the left side, oriented North/Northeast to South/Southwest. His Y-DNA belonged to halplogroup R-M417. Further examination confirmed negative placement under haplogroup R1a-V2670. The sample now on Y-Full is confirmed basal. His mitochondrial DNA matched haplogroup K1a3a. His autosomal DNA composition was 17% hunter-gatherer, 40% European farmer, and 43% steppe ancestry. Some of his phenotypical traits were blond hair and blue eyes.
== Bibliography ==
A Game of Clans, Carlos Quilles, Academia Prisca, 2019
Kultury z przełomu eneolitu i epoki brązu w strefie karpackiej, Jan Machnik, Zakład narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław 1987
Stary i nowy świat (Od „rewolucji” neolitycznej do podbojów Aleksandra Wielkiego), pod red. Joachima Śliwy, Świat Książki, Fogra Oficyna Wydawnicza, Kraków 2005
Die Vinkovci-Kultur, eine neue Kultur der Frühbronzezeit in Syrmien und Slawonien, N. Tasic, Archeologia Jugoslavica, t IX, 1968
Geschichte der frühen und mittleren Bronzezeit in Ungarn und im mittleren Donauraum, I. Bóna, Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapesteniensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae, Sectio Historica, t. III, Budapest, 1961, s. 3-22
Arheološka iskopavanja na području Vinkovačkog muzeja, rezultati 1957-1965, S. Dimitrijević, Acta Musei, Cibalensis, t. I, Vinkovci 1966
== Further reading ==
Kulcsár, Gabriella (2009). The beginnings of the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin : the Makó-Kosihy-Čaka and the Somogyvár-Vinkovci cultures in Hungary. Budapest: Archaeolingua. ISBN 978-963-7391-95-8. OCLC 630168571.
== References ==
== External links ==

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A sondage is an archaeological process to clarify stratigraphic sequences during preliminary investigations of the terrain prior to an archaeological dig. In a narrower sense it is a "deep trial trench for inspecting stratigraphy".
In doing so, several approximately 1 m2 (11 ft2) test excavations are carried out over the area, as far as possible down to the 'natural soil' level. Clearly recognizable layers of sediment (possibly created by hiatuses or fire horizons) allow an initial overview, and individual finds made in the process can be assigned to a specific layer in suitable cases. In the case of a probe, technical work steps such as the precise measurement of the cut are particularly important.
In a figurative sense, a survey procedure is also called a sondage.
== References ==

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The South Australian Archaeology Society was an avocational archaeology organisation operating in South Australia. It evolved from the Society for Underwater Historical Research which was renamed in March 2012 as part of a plan to create an organisation with a broader community base in archaeological practice.
The Society was de-registered as an incorporated group in September 2024. It continues solely as a Facebook group, along with a privately-owned blog.
== References ==

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In archaeology, a spheroid is a piece of rock that has been shaped into a nearly spherical shape (spheroidal). Spheroids have been found at sites from as long ago as 1.8 million years. It is not known what their purpose was, but it has been speculated that they were used as projectiles in hunting. At one site (Ubeidiya prehistoric site near the Sea of Galilee, 1.4 million years old) around 600 baseball-sized spheroids of limestone, basalt, and flint have been found, and it has been demonstrated that they were not simply hand axes that became spherical through use, but were deliberately made as spheres. Similarly, at Qianshangying (North China), spheroids dating to 429 ka can be quantitatively distinguished from polyhedrons and exhausted cores, showing strong evidence that some were deliberately shaped using a conceptual template, not just byproducts of core reduction.
== References ==

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A squeeze or squeeze paper is a reverse copy of an inscription, made by applying moist filter paper and pushing into the indentations by percussive use of a stiff brush. The paper is allowed to dry and then removed. The image is reversed from the inscription, and protrudes from the squeeze paper.
The use of a squeeze allows more information to be gleaned than examining the original inscription, for example curves inside the cuts can identify the scribe who originally carved the inscription.
Squeezes can also (and some have been since the 1950s) be made by applying layers of liquid latex. This method works best on horizontal surfaces.
Modern digitising methods mean that the image can be restored to its original orientation.
Large collections of squeezes are held by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and other epigraphic collections.
== See also ==
Rubbing (art)
Brass rubbing
== References ==
== External links ==
Squeeze making at the Smithsonian Institution (Archived here)
Squeeze Making in the Athenian Agora
Video showing how squeezes are made: "Wissens | Räume – Antikenforschung in Berlin", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFOsb7QRM2A (last accessed: March 1, 2026).

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A stomion was a deep doorway of post and lintel construction that formed the entrance of Mycenaean megalithic structures particularly on tholoi or beehive tombs. Contrasting with the cyclopean masonry that formed the basis of much of Mycenaean construction, stomioi were formed of large ashlars. The ashlars are typically topped with a large corbelled relieving triangle which in the case of the Lion Gate at Mycenae contains a bas-relief carving. The stomion of a tomb is fronted by a dromos, a narrow passageway dug into the side of a hill.
== References ==

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Stretton-on-Fosse II is an Anglo-Saxon cemetery in Warwickshire which is notable for showing intermarriage between Anglo-Saxon men and Romano-British women. These were uncovered during commercial extraction of sand. These burials were the result of internecine warfare between local tribal factions.
It is located on the western fringes of the early Anglo-Saxon settlement area. the proportion of male adults with weapons is 82%, well above the average in southern England. Cemetery II, the Anglo-Saxon burial site, is immediately adjacent to two Romano-British cemeteries, Stretton-on-Fosse I and III, the latter only 60 metres (200 feet) away from Anglo-Saxon burials.
Continuity of the native female population at this site has been inferred from the continuity of textile techniques (unusual in the transition from the Romano-British to the Anglo-Saxon periods), and by the continuity of epigenetic traits from the Roman to the Anglo-Saxon burials. At the same time, the skeletal evidence demonstrates the appearance in the post-Roman period of a new physical type of males who are more slender and taller than the men in the adjacent Romano-British cemeteries.
Taken together, the observations suggest the influx of a group of males, probably most or all of them Germanic, who took control of the local community and married native women. It is not easy to confirm such cases of 'warband' settlement in the absence of detailed skeletal, and other complementary, information, but assuming that such cases are indicated by very high proportions of weapon burials, this type of settlement was much less frequent than the kin group model.
== References ==

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A superburial is similar to a mass grave, but is a term typically used by archaeologists to denote an area of dense burial activity without the negative connotations often associated with mass graves. A superburial may also span a much longer time period than is typical for a mass grave, such as a cemetery in constant use for centuries.
The term has also been used to describe burials found in good condition and with a number of artifacts.
== List of superburials under current excavation (far from complete) ==
Valley of the Kings
Ban Non Wat
== See also ==
List of archaeological sites sorted by country
== References ==

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The Tabunian is a Palaeolithic stone tool industry that is a Near Eastern variant of the Tayacian and Clactonian of Europe. It was excavated in Israel from layer G at the site of Tabun Cave by Dorothy Garrod and layers E, F and G at Umm Qatafa by R. Neuville and later identified as distinct by Francis Clark Howell. The tools of this culture are characterized by a lack of bifaces and use of Levallois technique is absent.
== References ==

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The Talagi Pictograph Cave is a rock art site on the island of Guam. It is located on property owned by the government of Guam within the bounds of Andersen Air Force Base on the northern part of the island near Tarague Beach. The cave contains thirteen pictographs representing human figures, and a place where limestone mortar was used that is of prehistoric origin. Based on the characteristics of the figures, it is believed that they were probably the work of a single individual. It is one of fewer than ten known rock art sites on the island.
The cave was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
== See also ==
National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam
== References ==

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The Tel Qasile ostraca are two small ostraca (pottery fragments with writing on them) found at Tell Qasile, then part of Mandatory Palestine, in 1945–46. The longer of the two ostraca is known as the Beth-horon sherd, on the basis of a possible reference to the biblical site of Bethoron. The Beth-horon sherd is now at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
== Discovery ==
The two inscribed ostraca were found on the surface of the southwestern slope of the hill, separately by Jacob Kaplan and Robert Hoff, prior to any excavations. The excavations which subsequently took place between 1948 and 1950 on the same site were carried out in a careful stratigraphic sequence, but no further inscriptions were found.
== Inscriptions ==
The ostraca read:
Hiyahu ostracon: "For the king. One thousand and one hundred [log] of oil. Hiyahu" (about 550 litres, or 145 US gallons)
Beth-horon sherd: "Gold of Ophir to Beth Horon 30 Shekels" (about 225 g, or 7.2 troy oz)
== Custody ==
Both ostraca were in private hands for the first few years after their discovery, as neither finder reported them to the Palestine Department of Antiquities. Having put the Beth-Horon sherd up for sale in 1951, Hoff was threatened with a lawsuit by the Israeli government – he subsequently agreed to sell it to them for IL3,000. As of 2001, the Hiyahu ostracon remained in private hands.
== See also ==
Job 22:24
Ophir
== References ==

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Tell Banat is an archaeological site in northern Syria and is considered the world's oldest war memorial.
== History ==
Tell Banat was constructed by an ancient Mesopotamian civilization during the 3rd millennium BC, in the early Bronze Age. The burial findings at the site are considered unique within Upper Mesopotamia. Excavations uncovered two primary mounds—one located within the small settlement of Tal Banat, and the other, known as Tell Banat North, situated outside the settlement boundaries.
Tell Banat North came to be referred to as "The White Monument" due to its coating of lime-rich mud and gypsum. Beneath this outer layer, archaeologists discovered an older and distinctively corrugated construction, unlike any previously found in the region.
== Research ==
Excavations at the site were halted when the area was submerged following the construction of the Tishrin Dam on the Euphrates River in the 1990s. Unfortunately, part of the excavated material was later lost when IS destroyed a storage facility housing some of the finds.
The University of Toronto, which conducted excavations at the site between 1988 and 1999 as part of the Tall Bazi project, reopened its research based on surviving materials dated to around 2450 BC.
== References ==

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Tell Feyda on the right bank of the Khabur River is an archaeological site in northern Syria. The material remains date to the pre-pottery neolithic and the site was excavated in 1990.
== References ==

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Tipu is a Mayan archaeological site in the Maya Mountains near the Belize–Guatemala border. This site is situated near the Macal River. Further downstream is located the Maya site of Chaa Creek. Slightly further downstream is the site of Cahal Pech. In Spanish colonial times, Tipu is thought to have played a major role in delaying the conquest of Peten.
== Notes and references ==
=== Short citations ===
=== Full citations ===

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A tree throw or tree hole is a bowl-shaped cavity or depression created in the subsoil by a tree.
They are formed either by the long-term presence and growth of tree roots or when a large tree is blown over (as a windthrow) or has its stump pulled out which tears out a quantity of soil along with the roots. The resultant hole will often slowly fill with organic material and can be identified during archaeological fieldwork.
The pit left in the ground after a rootwad is removed can be several meters across and 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) deep.
Fresh tree throws also provide a degree of shelter amongst the roots for animals. Some also contain evidence of prehistoric human activity such as flint tools suggesting that they were sometimes used by people in the distant past.
Tree throws expose humus-poor, mineral-rich soil. Over time the hole will fill with rain water, fallen leaves, animal excrement and other organic matter which over time becomes a habitat for decomposers which soon form a community on the thick organic layer and so are able to nurture certain types of organisms.
Tree throws contribute to bedrock weathering and soil formation, and why it is fastest in soils of intermediate thickness. In thin soils, fresh bedrock fragments are a large proportion of the upturned rootwad, but trees are sparse; in deeper soils less rock is upturned, but trees are more common, and in soils deeper than the depth of roots, no bedrock is upturned. The advent of trees roughly 370 million years ago led to dramatic ecosystem changes, as before then bedrock weathering was too slow to maintain thick soils in hilly terrain.
Pits from tree throws, together with mounds from decaying fallen trees, are part of the characteristic pit-and-mound topography of old growth forest.
== See also ==
Nest box
Reverse stratigraphy
Snag
Stonehenge
Tree hollow
== References ==

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Trend surface analysis, also known as trend surface mapping, is a mathematical technique used in archaeology and environmental sciences such as geology and soil science. The method involves using low-order polynomials of spatial coordinates to estimate a regular grid of points from scattered observations such as archeological finds or soil survey results.
== References ==

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Troitsky dugout (Russian: Троицкий раскоп) is a long-running archaeological excavation in Veliky Novgorod, Russia. The site was first laid out in 1973 at the corner of today's Proletarskaya and Meretskov streets and took its name from the Church of the Trinity located 83 meters to the south; the spot was chosen amid planned landscaping for a nearby Victory monument. Fieldwork grew from an initial 320 m2 trench (Troitsky I) into adjacent areas (Troitsky II–V), with more than 1,140 m2 examined by the late 1970s.
Excavations revealed deep urban cultural layers—some of the earliest dating to the 920s–930s—and multi-layered wooden street pavements, which together enabled construction of an absolute dendrochronological timescale for the area. Researchers mapped several medieval homesteads (Estates A, B, and V) and traced the alignments of ancient streets, including Proboynaya (roughly modern Proletarskaya) and the east–west Chernitsyna and Ryaditina. The team also documented heavy disturbances from 16th–17th-century fortification works near the Novinsky bastion and the Okolny Gorod riverside wall, which removed upper horizons and backfilled them with gravel and sand.
Multiple birch bark letters in Old Novgorodian dialect were found at the site.
== References ==
== External links ==
Media related to Troitsky dugout at Wikimedia Commons

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Typometry in archaeology is the measurement and analysis of artifacts by various methods with metric measurements including length, width, surface area, cutting planes, hafting axis and others. Typometric data is taken along with other criteria including typological, functional, and stylistic criteria, in examination of archaeological finds. The use of computers and mathematics in archaeology, and in particular of automated statistical analysis, have participated in the development of this field. In 1953, Albert Spaulding published the first statistical method for typometry.
== References ==

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The site of Ujuxte after the Ramón or Breadnut tree (Brosimum alicastrum)) is the largest Preclassic Maya site to be discovered on the Guatemalan Pacific coast. It is in the Retalhuleu Department, in western Guatemala.
== Site ==
The site includes approximately two hundred earthen mounds spread over some 200 hectares (494 acres) of farmland. Located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, the site is of particular importance because there has been no Preclassic site of comparable size and period of occupation excavated in this region. The site was probably founded about 1200 BC and was occupied until about AD 200, when it was apparently abandoned in favor of Takalik Abaj, to the east.
The two largest mounds are the focus of the central plaza which is oriented to the raising of the sun on the mornings of the spring and fall equinoxes. Mound 1 is 20 metres (66 ft) in height and Mound 2 is 16 metres (52 ft) high. The plaza also consists of an early ballcourt formed by Mounds 3 and 4, each over 7 metres (23 ft) tall. Early occupation of the site was widespread, covering over 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi). Later growth filled in the open spaces, forming the current dense pattern of mounds seen today.
The central plaza appears to have a celestial alignment that coincides with the rise and fall of the Pleiades. Also, on the summer solstice the sun rises from behind the Tajumulco volcano on the eastern horizon, in a line directly over the plaza. The celestial alignment is only maintained in the central plaza, which is most likely the ceremonial center. The outer edges of the site, however, show no alignment, possibly representing a residential area. Several regional sites, contemporaneous and in proximity to Ujuxte, are smaller copies and appear to be secondary centers to Ujuxte, which indicate its importance and domination in the region.
== Study ==
The Ujuxte Archaeological Project was begun, by E. M. Shook and the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, in order to amplify data on the Early and Middle Preclassic periods along the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala and to investigate the key questions of regional prehistory following the collapse of La Blanca. The research at Ujuxte is centered on the study of the growth and collapse of early states in the region. One nearby secondary center, Chiquirines, had a focal grouping of mounds that replicated the principal grouping at Ujuxte.
== See also ==
Mesoamerican chronology
== References ==
Poe, Wm. Clay (2002) History of Archaeological Research at Ujuxte Sonoma State University.
Nance, C. Roger; de Leeuw, Jan (July 2005). "The Obsidian Blade Sequence at El Ujuxte, a Late Preclassic Site on the South Coast of Guatemala". Ancient Mesoamerica. 15 (2): 249–260. doi:10.1017/S0956536105050169. S2CID 55162246.
== External links ==
Ujuxte - description and photos Archived 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
FAMSI - report by Michael Love

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Unchambered long cairns (sometimes also chamberless long cairns) are found in Scotland and Northern England, and form a group of non- or semi-megalithic monuments. There are about 28 long cairns in north Scotland and 21 in south Scotland that show no evidence of internal stone chambers. However, proving the existence of wooden chambers under a cairn is not possible without excavation work. The exact classification of this group of monuments is therefore not easy. Three particularly noteworthy examples of these cairns are:
Dalladies in Kincardineshire, with cup and ring marks
Slewcairn in Kirkcudbrightshire.
Lochhill in Kirkcudbrightshire.
All have narrow rectangular chambers whose positions are marked by wooden posts. The last two are especially interesting, because stone chambers were built into the mound at a later date. These make the connexions and overlaps of ideas clearly visible, something which can otherwise only be imagined from their classification by type.
Although none of the northern cairns has been excavated, their existence is significant for the architectural history of Scotland. The north is a region where passage tombs in circular cairns are especially common (the Orkney-Cromarty type). Sites that span several periods of time, such as Tulach an t'Sionnaich, demonstrate that both forms were used by the same communities. Several round cairns, like those of Camster had long cairns built over them, so that the round mound here retains its older shape. Many chamberless cairns and those with stone chambers have concave forecourts which are reminiscent of those that had been built earlier of wood (Haddenham and Street House) in Yorkshire.
== See also ==
Long barrow
== References ==
== General references ==
Frances Lynch: Megalithic Tombs and Long Barrows in Britain. Shire Publications Ltd. 1997 ISBN 0-7478-0341-2.

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Uyun al-Hammam is a prehistoric burial site in Jordan. It is the earliest known formal burial site in the Middle East, and is possibly the oldest in the world. Remains at the 16,500-year-old burial site, located in Wadi Ziqlab, were first discovered in 2000.
== Discoveries ==
The Natufian culture occupied the Levant, and had interred a red fox together with a human in this site dated 17,700–14,750 YBP. The remains were buried in such a manner as to suggest that prehistoric humans in that locale may have kept foxes as companion animals, in a similar way to dogs. The find provides information on the earliest burial practices of ancient humans.
== References ==

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The Valley of the Tombs (Arabic: وادي القبور, romanized: Wādī al-Qubūr) is a necropolis at the west of Palmyra, Syria. It is one of the three necropoleis present around the ancient city. It is one kilometre long (0.62 mi), and easily recognizable by its tower-tombs, among which the former towers of Atenatan, Kitot, Iamblichus and Elahbel where the earliest finds of silk were made and that were destroyed by ISIS in 2015.
== Tower-tombs ==
=== Tower of Atenatan ===
As worded by Anna Witecka, "The tower-tomb of Atenatan is the earliest dated tomb in the Palmyrene necropolis. The date of the tower, established by an inscription, is 9 B.C. and the date of the fall of Palmyra in 273 A.D. must be accepted as the terminus ante quem. Built of irregular stones, the tower is quadrangular and narrows toward the top." As described by J. M. C. Toynbee, the tomb "has a facade of limestone blocks and a panelled stone door, composed of two wings that turn on pivots, above which is the slab for a bilingual Greek and Palmyrene (Araméenne) inscription."
=== Tower of Kitot ===
The Tower of Kitot dated from 40 AD.
=== Tower of Iamblichus ===
The Tomb of Iamblichus dated to AD 81 It is about 58 feet high.
=== Tower of Elahbel ===
== See also ==
Hypogeum of Yarhai
== References ==
== Sources ==
Henning, Agnes (2013). "The Tower Tombs of Palmyra: Chronology, Architecture and Decoration". Studia Palmyreńskie.
Toynbee, Jocelyn (1996). Death and burial in the Roman World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5507-1. OCLC 35049546.
Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). The Rough Guide to Syria. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-718-8.

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The Vijasan Caves are a series of caves containing Buddhist art located near the village of Vijasan in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India. Some of the caves at Vijasan have been in use since the 1st century AD. The closest nearby city is Bhadravati.
== Description ==
The oldest sites around Vijasan date to the 1st century AD, during the reign of Yajna Sri Satakarni of the Satavahana dynasty. Like similar megalithic caves, the caves at Vijasan were cut into stone foothills with intentionally narrow tunnels to prevent collapse. The main cave at Vijasan extends 71 feet (22 m) into the rock in a straight line, ending in a chamber with a carved Buddha sculpture. The tunnel also contains galleries furnished with wall carvings of religious scenes, though some of these have been damaged. Other, smaller caves and archaeological sites are also present in the area around Vijasan.
By the 19th century, the caves were being used to shelter the village's cattle. The caves were visited by British general Alexander Cunningham, who mentioned them in one of his books. The largest cave has been designated a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.
== References ==

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Wadi Shuʿeib is a Neolithic archaeological site in Wadi Shuʿeib, Jordan. Considered a "mega-site", it consists of the remains of large village occupied through the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Late Neolithic periods.
== References ==

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The Weerdinge Men are a pair of remarkably well preserved Iron Age bog bodies discovered on 29 June 1904 in the southern part of the Bourtange moor near the village of Weerdinge in Drenthe, the Netherlands. Radiocarbon dating places their deaths between about 160 BC and AD 220. The men were originally known as the Weerdinge Couple because one of the bodies was thought to be female, but later examination confirmed that both individuals were adult males. Their preservation, paired deposition, and unusual injuries have made them one of the most studied archaeological finds in the Netherlands.
== Identity and dating ==
Early investigation misidentified the smaller individual as female, based largely on stature and bodily proportions. This interpretation remained common for decades and gave rise to the popular names Weerdinge Couple and Mr. and Mrs. Veenstra, the latter playing on the Dutch word for bog, veen. Closer study eventually revealed beard stubble on the smaller man and well preserved male genitalia on the taller man, confirming that both individuals were adult males. The taller man is estimated to have been between 25 and 35 years old at the time of death; the smaller man was likely in a similar age range.
Radiocarbon analysis suggests that the two men died sometime between about 160 BC and AD 220. This places them in the later Iron Age, a period when small agrarian communities lived throughout the northern Netherlands and maintained intermittent contact with the expanding Roman Empire.
== Life and background ==
No clothing, textiles, tools, jewellery, or personal objects were found with the bodies. The lack of material culture makes it difficult to identify their social background, but their physical condition offers clues. Both men appear to have been well fed, with average body proportions for the Iron Age northern European population. No signs of chronic disease or long term malnutrition have been observed.
The men were discovered lying close together, with the smaller man positioned near the extended arm of the taller man. This arrangement strongly suggests deliberate placement. Whether they were related, members of the same community, or individuals brought to the bog for a ritual purpose remains unknown. Their proximity implies that they died at or near the same time.
== Final days and cause of death ==
The most striking injury is found on the taller man, who had a deep chest wound on the left side. When the body was first examined in 1904, the intestines were visible protruding through the opening. Modern CT scans reveal sharply defined wound margins that indicate a perimortem injury. Guided endoscopy shows that the intestines extend through the wound, across the thoracic cavity, and downward into the abdomen, suggesting that the diaphragm may have been pierced or removed.
Classical writers such as Strabo describe Iron Age rituals in which entrails were examined for divination, but no direct evidence connects this practice to the Weerdinge Men.
The cause of death of the smaller man remains uncertain. His head and cervical vertebrae are missing, but imaging and chemical analysis attribute this to postmortem demineralisation rather than decapitation. No weapon injuries or signs of strangulation have been identified.
== Discovery ==
The two bodies now known as the Weerdinge Men were discovered in 1904 by peat cutters working in the Bourtange moor near the village of Weerdinge in Drenthe. The find was reported to local authorities, and the bodies were removed from the bog shortly after their discovery.
Early descriptions misidentified one of the individuals as female, a misunderstanding that led to their popular nickname "the Weerdinge Couple" or "Mr. and Mrs. Veenstra," veen being the Dutch term for bog and "Veenstra" being a common Dutch surname.
Subsequent examination corrected this and confirmed that both individuals were male.
== See also ==
List of bog bodies
== References ==

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The West Bona Site (also spelled "Bonya") is an archaeological site near Santa Rita on the island of Guam. It encompasses a prehistoric village site consisting of at least seven latte stone house sites. Most of them are not in good condition, although the largest, with twelve stones, is in good condition. Radiocarbon dating places early occupation of the site to between 1285 and 1435, reaching its height around 1500. The site is on the grounds of Naval Station Guam.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
== See also ==
National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam
== References ==

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Wiggle matching, also known as carbon–14 wiggle-match dating (WMD), is a dating method that uses the non-linear relationship between 14C age and calendar age to match the shape of a series of closely sequentially spaced 14C dates with the 14C calibration curve. A numerical approach to WMD allows one to assess the precision of WMD chronologies. The method has both advantages and limitations for the calibration of individual dates. High-precision chronologies are needed for studies of rapid climate changes. Andrew Millard refers to wiggle matching as a way of dealing with the flat portion of the carbon-14 calibration graph that is known as the Hallstatt plateau, named after the Hallstatt culture period in central Europe that it coincides with.
== Methodology ==
Wiggle matching may be used as a complement to ordinary radiocarbon dating in some situations where the latter yields several alternatives. In its simplest form, radiocarbon dating works by taking the logarithm of the proportion of the isotope 14C of the total amount of carbon of both isotopes 12C and 14C in an organic sample. Since 12C is stable, but 14C decays radioactively, the proportion of 14C in a given sample gets smaller with time. There is indeed a linear relationship between that time and the logarithm of the 14C proportion.
Thus, if one knows the 14C proportion that an organic sample contained when it was formed (say, by absorption of atmospheric carbon in photosynthesis), and its lower proportion today, then the precise time since that photosynthesis may be calculated directly (up to measurement errors). However, the 14C proportion in the atmospheric carbon has not been constant. It has varied for several reasons. For instance, 14C is created continuously in the upper atmosphere under the impact of solar energetic particles; and the amount of such particles hitting the Earth varies with the solar cycle. Thus, two samples with the same present 14C proportions may have different ages, since the older one was formed when the 14C proportion happened to be higher.
In fact, the relationship between the present 14C proportion logarithm and the chronological time since the carbon in that sample was bound by photosynthesis does not form a straight line, but a 'wiggling' one. This wiggling often may be observed in some kinds of archaeological finds; in particular, in pieces of wood where a sufficient number of growth rings are discernible. By means of these rings, it may be possible to take a series of samples from one piece of wood, where we know that they were formed with a time distance of (for instance) five years between each sample. In this way, the relative variation of the logarithmic 14C proportion in the years when this piece of wood grew may be determined, sufficiently well to decide which one of a number of possible ages this wood piece has.
== Applications ==
Wiggle matching has a particular use when there are several dates differing by centuries but yielding the same 14C proportions in samples, such as during the Hallstatt plateau.
=== Comparing growth ring series ===
Another application is for matching dendrochronological sequences for different tree species. The growth rings of a tree mostly vary in thickness from year to year. In a 'good' year, the tree grows more and forms a wider growth ring. Dendrochronology is based on the fact that the same years tend to be 'good' or 'bad' for many trees of the same species, especially in not too distant localities. Thus, by comparing growth ring patterns from different trees with overlapping lifetimes, it is possible to form long connected series of growth ring patterns, enabling precise dating of pieces of wood.
However, even in the same forest, 'goodness' and 'badness' may vary with the tree species (and especially for species in different genera). A 'good' year for one species may have been a 'bad' one for another; and another year may have been 'bad' for the first species but 'average' for the second one. Thus, even if it may be possible to form different dendrochronological growth ring series for two different kinds of tree at the same location, these two series cannot be matched directly. This was the situation for growth series for two closely related species of oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) on the one hand and a species of pine (Pinus sylvestris) on the other, both largely from river valleys in Central Europe, together covering the about 12,000 years from the end of the latest glacial period to recent times. In the first one and a half millennium of this time, the climate was too cool for oak; while later it was too warm for pine to be able to compete. Thus, the pine series covered the first two millennia, and the oak series the rest. Thus, the pine series was 'floating'; the distance in years between different growth rings were known, but not quite the absolute years. However, there was an overlap of some centuries; and by means of wiggle matching these two series were robustly joined in 2004, yielding the absolute start year 10641 BC for the pine sequence.
== References ==

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The William and Katherine Estes Award, previously known as the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War is awarded by the US National Academy of Sciences "to recognize basic research in any field of cognitive or behavioral science that has employed rigorous formal or empirical methods, optimally a combination of these, to advance our understanding of problems or issues relating to the risk of nuclear war". It was first awarded in 1990.
== Recipients ==
Source: NAS
2019: No award was given
2020: No award was given
2021: Charles L. Glaser
2022: No award was given
2023: No award was given
Etel Solingen (2018) - For providing the first systematic analysis in contemporary international relations connecting political economy, globalization, and nuclear choices on the one hand with domestic politics and nuclear behavior on the other. Her theoretical and empirical contributions have left an indelible impact on work within the academy and on broader public understanding of nuclear war.
Scott D. Sagan (2015) - For his pioneering theoretical and empirical work addressing the risks of nuclear possession and deployment and the causes of nuclear proliferation.
Robert Powell (2012) - For sophisticated game theoretic models of conflict that illuminate the heart of the strategic dilemmas of nuclear deterrence, including the importance of private information.
Graham Allison (2009) - For illuminating alternative ways of thinking about political decision making with special relevance to crises, including nuclear crises, as demonstrated in his ground-breaking Essence of Decision and subsequent works.
Robert Jervis (2006) - For showing, scientifically and in policy terms, how cognitive psychology, politically contextualized, can illuminate strategies for the avoidance of nuclear war.
Walter Enders and Todd Sandler (2003) - For their joint work on transnational terrorism using game theory and time series analysis to document the cyclic and shifting nature of terrorist attacks in response to defensive counteractions.
Philip E. Tetlock (2000) - For successfully developing a semantic measure of cognitive complexity predictive of foreign policy decisions and for applying psychological analysis and knowledge to nuclear policy problems.
Alexander L. George (1997) - For combining theory with history to elucidate the requirements of deterrence, the limits to coercive diplomacy, and the relationship between force and statecraft.
Thomas C. Schelling (1993) - For his pioneering work on the logic of military strategy, nuclear war, and arms races, which has profoundly influenced our understanding of this crucial subject.
Robert Axelrod (1990) - For his imaginative use of game theory, experimentation, and computer simulation to define and test strategies for confrontation and cooperation and other models of social interaction.
== See also ==
List of Nuclear-Free Future Award recipients
Non-nuclear future
Nuclear Free World Policy
World Uranium Hearing
Anti-nuclear movement
Nuclear disarmament
List of social sciences awards
== References ==

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Yohualichan (Yohualican or House of Night in Nahuatl) is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site located in Cuetzalan del Progreso in the Mexican state of Puebla.
== History ==
Yohualican and the larger nearby city of El Tajín both reached a cultural and political epoch during the Classic period and are both believed to have been constructed and populated by the Totonac people.
With the end of the Classic Period, the nomadic Chichimecas begin migrating into the modern day Valley of Mexico around the year 1200. From then on, Yohualican would come under pressure from these migratory tribes and would begin to fall into a gradual decline.
== References ==

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