Scrape wikipedia-science: 676 new, 884 updated, 1605 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal-0.md

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+---
+title: "Albert Einstein Medal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:58.717573+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Albert Einstein Medal is an award presented by the Albert Einstein Society in Bern. First given in 1979, the award is presented to people for "scientific findings, works, or publications related to Albert Einstein" each year.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+Source: Einstein Society
+
+
+== See also ==
+Albert Einstein Award, Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund
+Albert Einstein World Award of Science, World Cultural Council
+Einstein Prize, American Physical Society
+List of physics awards
+UNESCO Albert Einstein medal, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions-0.md

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+---
+title: "DARPA Prize Competitions"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:52.097603+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Over the years, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has conducted numerous prize competitions to spur innovation. A prize competition allows DARPA to establish an ambitious goal, opening the door to novel approaches from the public that might otherwise appear too risky for experts in a particular field to pursue. 
+
+== Statutory authorities ==
+In 1999, Congress provided prize competition authority to DARPA in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106–65), 10 U.S.C. § 4025, formerly 10 U.S.C. §2374a. DARPA also conducts prize competitions under the America COMPETES Act, 15 U.S.C. § 3719.
+
+== Recent prize competitions ==
+
+DARPA Grand Challenge (2004 and 2005) was a prize competition to spur the development of autonomous vehicle technologies. The $1 million prize went unclaimed as no vehicles could complete the challenging desert route from Barstow, CA, to Primm, NV, on March 13, 2004. A year later, on October 8, 2005, the Stanford Racing Team won the $2 million prize during the second competition of the Grand Challenge in the desert Southwest near the California/Nevada state line.
+DARPA Urban Challenge (2007) required the competitors to build an autonomous vehicle capable of driving in traffic and performing complex maneuvers such as merging, passing, parking, and negotiating intersections. On November 3, 2007, the Carnegie Mellon Team won the $2 million prize, and its vehicle became the first autonomous vehicle that interacted with both manned and unmanned vehicle traffic in an urban environment.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions-1.md

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+---
+title: "DARPA Prize Competitions"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:52.097603+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DARPA Network Challenge (Red Balloon Challenge) (2009) explored the roles that the Internet and social networking play in solving broad-scope, time-critical problems. On December 5, 2009, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology team won $40,000 by locating the ten moored, eight-foot, red weather balloons at ten places in the United States within seven hours. 
+DARPA Digital Manufacturing Analysis, Correlation and Estimation Challenge (DMACE) (2010) was a three-month contest to showcase the potential of digital manufacturing of advanced materials. The University of California at Santa Barbara team won a $50,000 prize for crushing 180 digitally manufactured (DM) titanium mesh spheres with the most accurate predictive model of the components’ properties.
+DARPA Shredder Challenge (2011) was to identify and assess potential capabilities and vulnerabilities to sensitive information in the national security community. Participating teams must download the images of the documents shredded into more than 10,000 pieces from the Challenge website, reconstruct the documents, and solve the five puzzles. Of almost 9,000 teams, the San Francisco-based All Your Shreds Are Belong to U.S team won the $50,000 prize.
+DARPA UAVForge Challenge (2011-2012) aimed to build and test a user-intuitive, backpack-portable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that could quietly fly in and out of critical environments to conduct sustained surveillance for up to three hours. The $100,000 prize was not claimed because none of the 140 teams met the technical matrix.
+DARPA Cash for Locating & Identifying Quick Response Codes (CLIQR) Quest Challenge (2012) explored the role the Internet and social media played in the timely communication, wide-area team-building, and urgent mobilization required to solve broad scope, time-critical problems. The challenge offered $40,000 to the first individual or team that could locate seven posters appearing in U.S. cities bearing the DARPA logo and a quick response code (QR) within 15 days. No team found and submitted all seven codes.
+DARPA Fast Adaptable Next-Generation Ground Vehicle (FANG) Challenge (2012-2013) was to use three competitions for the design of an infantry fighting vehicle, culminating in prototypes. In April 2013, DARPA awarded US$1 million to a three-man team during the first competition. DARPA decided not to proceed with the second and third competitions as originally planned and transitioned the technologies to the defense and commercial industry through the Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute (DMDII).
+DARPA Spectrum Challenge (2013-2014) sought to demonstrate how a software-defined radio can use a given communication channel in the presence of other users and interfering signals. Three teams emerged as the overall winners, winning a total of $150,000 in prizes.
+DARPA Chikungunya (CHIKV) Challenge (2014-2015) was a health-related effort to develop the most accurate predictions of CHIKV cases for all Western Hemisphere countries and territories between September 2014 and March 2015. On May 12, 2015, DARPA awarded $500,000 in prizes to the 11 winners of the competition during a scientific review
+DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) (2013-2015) aimed to develop semi-autonomous ground robots that could do "complex tasks in dangerous, degraded, human-engineered environments." A South Korean team won the first prize of $2 million, and two U.S. teams won $1 million and $500,000 as second and third winners.
+DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC) (2014 - 2016) was to “create automatic defensive systems capable of reasoning about flaws, formulating patches and deploying them on a network in real time.” The top three winners were awarded prizes of $2 million, $1 million, and $750,000, respectively.
+DARPA Spectrum Collaboration Challenge (SC2) (2016-2019) aimed to encourage the development of AI-enabled wireless networks to “ensure that the exponentially growing number of military and civilian wireless devices would have full access to the increasingly crowded electromagnetic spectrum.” A team from the University of Florida won the overall top prize of US$2 million at the final SC2 competition.
+DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge (2017-2021) was to develop robotic technologies to map, navigate, search and exploit complex underground environments. The first-place winners of the system final competition and of the virtual final competition were awarded $2 million and $750,000, respectively, with multiple prizes awarded to the second and third-place winners.
+DARPA Launch Challenge (2018-2020) was a $12 million satellite launch challenge to demonstrate responsive and flexible space launch capabilities from the small launch providers and was to culminate in two separate launch competitions where the competitors must launch a satellite to low Earth orbit (LEO) within days of each other at different locations in the United States. The competition ended without a winner.
+DARPA Forecasting Floats in Turbulence (FFT) Challenge (2021) was to spur technologies that could predict the location of sea drifters or floats within 10 days. DARPA awarded $25,000 for first place, with prizes of $15,000 and $10,000 for second place and third place.
+DARPA Artificial Intelligence Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) (2023–2025) was a two-year challenge and asks competitors to design novel AI systems to secure critical software code on which Americans rely. The total prize money is $29.5 million. In March 2024, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) partnered with DARPA, contributing an additional $20 million to the competition's prize pool to address software vulnerabilities in medical devices, hospital IT, and biotech equipment. AIxCC collaborates with Google, Microsoft, OpenAI, Anthropic, Linux Foundation, Open Source Security Foundation, Black Hat USA, and DEF CON, all of which provide AIxCC with access to large language models. In August 2024, AIxCC held the semifinal at DEF CON in Las Vegas. DARPA and ARPA-H tested all 42 submissions by running them through various open-source coding projects with deliberately injected vulnerabilities and scored the tools based on their effectiveness in identifying and fixing security flaws. Seven teams, each winning $2 million in the semifinals, competed in the final round of the AIxCC at the August 2025 DEF CON conference. Team Atlanta won first place with a $4 million prize for its cyber reasoning systems, which identified and patched vulnerabilities across 54 million lines of code.  
+DARPA Triage Challenge (2023 – 2026) aims to spur the development of novel physiological features for medical triage, with a total prize money of $7 million. In October 2024, Challenge Event 1 was held in Perry, Georgia, featuring to-scale replicas of disaster sites such as an airplane crash and Hurricane Katrina, and teams competed based on how closely their data aligned with the agency’s official data and how quickly and accurately their autonomous systems could identify individuals most urgently in need of medical care. DARPA concluded the second year of competitions and, in November 2025, named the top performers in systems and data categories, which will advance to the final 2026 competition.   
+The DARPA Lift Challenge (2025-2026) is for participants to design unmanned aerial systems capable of carrying up to four times their own weight, with a minimum payload of 110 pounds.  According to DARPA, the current payload-to-weight ratio for most small drones is typically one-to-two or lower. With a prize totaling $6.5 million, there will be $2.5 million for first place, $1.5 million for second, and $1 million for third.  

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions-2.md

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+---
+title: "DARPA Prize Competitions"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:52.097603+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== See also ==
+DARPA
+DARPA Grand Challenge
+Adaptive Vehicle Make
+DARPA Network Challenge (Red Balloon Challenge)
+DARPA Shredder Challenge
+DARPA Spectrum Challenge
+DARPA Robotics Challenge
+DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Federal Prize Competitions by Congressional Research Service (April 6, 2020)
+Challenge.Gov, the official hub for prize competitions of the U.S. government and managed by the General Services Administration
+ This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States government.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_Adrian_Prize-0.md

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+---
+title: "Daiwa Adrian Prize"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_Adrian_Prize"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:49.669213+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This Daiwa Adrian Prize is an award given by The Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation, a UK charity, to scientists who have made significant achievements in science through Anglo-Japanese collaborative research. Prizes are awarded every third year and applications are handled by the foundation with an assessment conducted by a panel of Fellows of The Royal Society. 
+The prize was initiated 1992 by Lord Adrian (2nd Baron Adrian), a former Trustee of the Foundation. The physiologist Richard Adrian was Master of Pembroke College, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and the only son of the Nobel laureate Edgar Adrian (1st Baron Adrian).
+
+
+== Daiwa Adrian Prizes 2013 ==
+The ceremony was held at the Royal Society on 26 November 2013 and was attended by Trustees of the Foundation including the Chairman, Sir Peter Williams, who is former Vice President of the Royal Society. The Prizes were presented by Lord Adrian's wife Lady Adrian.
+Chemonostics: Using chemical receptors in the development of simple diagnostic devices for age-related diseases.
+
+Institutions: University of Bath, University of Birmingham, Kyushu University, Tokyo Metropolitan University and University of Kitakyushu.
+UK Team Leader: Professor Tony James, University of Bath
+Japan Team Leader: Professor Seiji Shinkai, Kyushu University
+
+Circadian regulation of photosynthesis: discovering mechanisms that connect the circadian clock with photosynthesis in chloroplasts in order to understand how circadian and environmental signals optimise photosynthesis and plant productivity.
+
+Institutions: University of Bristol, University of Edinburgh, Chiba University and Tokyo Institute of Technology.
+UK Team Leader: Dr Antony Dodd, University of Bristol
+Japan Team Leader: Dr Mitsumasa Hanaoka, Chiba University
+
+Exploration of active functionality in abundant oxide materials utilising unique nanostructure: discovering novel properties in traditional materials and addressing the limited availability of technologically important elements through curiosity-driven research.
+
+Institutions: University College London and Tokyo Institute of Technology
+UK Team Leader: Professor Alexander Shluger, University College London
+Japan Team Leader: Professor Hideo Hosono, Tokyo Institute of Technology
+
+Extension of terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration curve using annually laminated sediment core from Lake Suigetsu, Japan – establishing a reliable calibration for radiocarbon dates thus considerably improving the accuracy of the age determination.
+
+Institutions: University of Newcastle, University of Oxford, NERC Radiocarbon Facility, Aberystwyth University, Nagoya University, Chiba University of Commerce, Osaka City University and University of Tokyo 
+UK Team Leader: Professor Takeshi Nakagawa, University of Newcastle
+Japan Team Leader: Professor Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Nagoya University
+
+
+== Daiwa Adrian Prizes 2010 ==
+The ceremony was held at the Royal Society on 2 December 2010 and was attended by Trustees of the Foundation including the then Chairman, Sir John Whitehead, and Sir Peter Williams. The Prizes were presented by Lord Adrian's wife Lady Adrian.
+
+Nonlinear dynamics of cortical neurons and gamma oscillations - from cell to network models. Advancement of knowledge of the basic operation of brain networks, contributing to understanding of disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy.
+University of Cambridge/Harvard University/Karolinska Institutet: Hugh Robinson, Nathan Gouwens, Hugo Zeberg, Rita Kalra
+University of Tokyo/Osaka University: Kazuyuki Aihara, Kenji Morita, Kunichika Tsumoto, Takashi Tateno, Kantaro Fujiwara
+
+The evolutionary and spatial dynamics of human viral pathogens. Investigation of the spread of human viruses, particularly HIV and Hepatitis C, why outbreaks begin at certain times and in certain locations, and why virus strains follow particular routes when they disseminate internationally.
+University of Oxford: Oliver Pybus, Samir Bhatt, Peter Markov, Joe Parker, Aris Katzourakis
+National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Yutaka Takebe, Yue Li, Shigeru Kusagawa, Kok Keng Tee, Takayo Tsuchiura
+
+Photonic quantum information science and technology. Development of new technologies based on harnessing quantum mechanics – the fundamental physics theory governing behaviour at the microscopic scale.
+University of Bristol: Jeremy O'Brien
+Hokkaido University/Osaka University: Shigeki Takeuchi
+
+Non-linear cosmological perturbations. Providing theoretical predictions from the very early universe physics for the statistical properties of primordial curvature perturbations.
+University of Portsmouth: David Wands, Marco Bruni, Robert Crittenden, Kazuya Koyama, Roy Maartens, Cyril Pitrou
+Kyoto University: Misao Sasaki, Tetsuya Shiromizu, Jiro Soda, Takahiro Tanaka
+
+Use of genomics to understand plant-pathogen interactions. Understanding plant pathogen interactions to enhance knowledge on plant disease control.
+The Sainsbury Laboratory: Sophien Kamoun, Joe Win, Liliana M. Cano, Angela Chaparro-Garcia, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Sebastian Schornack
+Iwate Biotechnology Research Center: Ryohei Terauchi, Kentaro Yoshida, Hiromasa Saitoh, Koki Fujisaki, Ayako Miya, Muluneh Tamiru
+
+Phase space analysis of partial differential equations. Analysis of a range of properties exhibited by solutions to evolution partial differential equations which are of major importance in many different sciences.
+Imperial College London: Michael Ruzhansky, Jens Wirth, Claudia Garetto, Ilia Kamotski
+Nagoya University/Tokai University/Yamaguchi University/Osaka University: Mitsuru Sugimoto, Tokio Matsuyama, Fumihiko Hirosawa
+
+
+== External links ==
+Daiwa Adrian Prize
+BBSRC researchers rewarded for cross-cultural collaborations with Japan
+Times Higher Education: Daiwa Adrian prizes
+UK Plant Scientist Receives International Award Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_(Göttingen)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Dannie Heineman Prize (Göttingen)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_(Göttingen)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:50.992748+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Dannie Heineman Prize of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities has been awarded biennially since 1961 for excellent recently published publications in a new research field of current interest. It is awarded to younger researchers in natural sciences or mathematics. The prize is named after Dannie Heineman, a Belgian–US philanthropist, engineer and businessman with German roots.
+
+
+== Prizewinners ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of general science and technology awards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Dannie Heineman Preis

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_de_Solla_Price_Memorial_Medal-0.md

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+---
+title: "Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_de_Solla_Price_Memorial_Medal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:54.678268+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Derek de Solla Price Memorial Award, or Price Medal, was conceived to honor Derek J. de Solla Price for his contributions to information science and for his crucial role in developing the field of scientometrics. The award was launched by Tibor Braun, founder  of the international journal Scientometrics, and is periodically awarded by the journal to scientists with outstanding contributions to the fields of quantitative studies of science. The awarding ceremony is part of the annual ISSI conference. The first medal was awarded to Eugene Garfield in 1984. The full list of winners can be found below.
+
+
+== External links ==
+ISSI - Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard_Memorial_Trophy-0.md

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+---
+title: "Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard_Memorial_Trophy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:55.835248+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to an individual or group determined to have made the most impact on space activities over the past year. It is named after Robert Goddard, the father of modern rocketry. It is the primary award of the National Space Club presented during the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C.
+
+
+== List of award winners ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+National Space Club

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rhein_Foundation-0.md

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+---
+title: "Eduard Rhein Foundation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rhein_Foundation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:57.354296+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Eduard Rhein Foundation was founded in 1976 in Hamburg (Germany) by Eduard Rhein. The goal of the foundation is to promote scientific research, learning, arts, and culture. This is done in particular by granting awards for outstanding achievements in research and/or development in the areas of radio, television and information technology.
+
+
+== Awards and honors ==
+The foundation grants the following awards and honors:
+
+Technology Award (30,000 euro)
+Cultural Award (10,000 euro)
+Ring of Honor (moonstone set in gold) for outstanding work which has been accomplished over a long period of time, the number of living bearers of rings is limited to ten
+
+
+== Ring of Honor Recipients ==
+1980 	Vladimir K. Zworykin
+1981 	Walter Bruch
+1982 	Max Grundig
+1983 	Karl Holzamer
+1984 	Herbert von Karajan
+1985 	Hugh Greene
+1986 	Masaru Ibuka
+1987 	Werner Höfer
+1988 	Ray Dolby
+1992 	Rudolf Hell
+1994 	Count Lennart Bernadotte of Wisborg
+1998 	Heinz Zemanek
+1999   Vladimir A. Kotelnikov
+2000 	Heinrich von Pierer
+2001 	Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker
+2002 	Hans-Jürgen Warnecke
+2004 	Hubert S. Markl
+2007 	Valentina Tereshkova
+2008 	Herbert Mataré
+2012 	Michael Sohlman
+2015   Wolfgang Heckl
+2020   Gerd Hirzinger
+
+
+=== Award winners ===
+1979 to 2006 award winners are listed in the German article.
+2007:
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerhard Sessler for the design of electret transducers, the invention of the foil electret microphone (together with James West) and of the silicon condenser microphone (with D. Hohm).
+Cultural Award: Prof. Dr. Paul Dobrinski for the publication of scientific and technical works of young scientists.
+Ring of Honor: Dr. Dr. Valentina Tereshkova for her contributions in the area of crewed space flight.
+2008
+
+Technology Award: Siegfried Dais and Uwe Kiencke for invention, international standardisation and propagation of the "Controller Area Network" (CAN), an open, reliable real-time communication system for embedded devices in automotive, medical and automation applications as well as in consumer goods, which today dominates the world market.
+Cultural Award: Norbert Lossau for brilliantly written science and technology related articles published in the newspaper "Die Welt". Over a sustained period of time his outstanding contributions are received by the readers as splendidly written, comprehensive in scope yet to read sources of information.
+Ring of Honor: Herbert F. Mataré for his invention of the solid state amplifier in 1948, performed independently and parallel to Bell Lab's transistor. Further, in recognition of his important contributions to information technology, solid-state physics and -manufacturing over a period of more than 60 years.
+2009 
+
+Technology Award: Dr. Martin Schadt Electro-optical core technologies for flat panel displays
+2010 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Dr. Jens-Rainer Ohm and Prof. Dr. Thomas Wiegand Contributions to video coding and to the development of the H.264/AVC standard
+2011 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Hilberg 	Invention of the radio clock
+2012 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Dr. Bradford Parkinson Development of the Global Positioning System (GPS)
+Technology Award: Dov Moran for inventing the USB flash drive.
+2013 
+
+Technology Award: Ching W. Tang for inventing the first highly efficient organic light emitting diode and further contributions to the development of organic semiconductor devices.
+2014 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Dr. Dr. Kees Schouhamer Immink for contributions to the theory and practice of channel codes that enable efficient and reliable optical recording, and creative contributions to digital recording technology.
+2015 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. rer. nat. h.c. mult. Karlheinz Brandenburg, Dr.-Ing. Bernhard Grill and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Herre for decisive contributions to the development and practical implementation of the mp3 audio coding technique.
+2016 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Blake S. Wilson,  Prof. Dipl-.Ing. Dr.tech. Erwin Hochmair and Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Dr. med. Ingeborg J. Hochmair-Desoyer for the development and commercialization of the world’s first multi-channel microelectronic cochlear implant.
+2017 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ernst D. Dickmanns for pioneering contributions to autonomic driving.
+2018 
+
+Technology Award: Dr. Rajiv Laroia for pioneering work on Flash OFDM as a Forerunner of Fourth-Generation Mobile Communications (4G).
+2019 
+
+Technology Award: Dr. Franz Laermer and Andrea Urban for the invention of the deep reactive ion etching process (Bosch Process), a key process for manufacturing semiconductor sensors.
+2020 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Neal Koblitz, Ph.D. and Victor S. Miller, Ph.D. for the invention of cryptography based on elliptic curves.
+2021 
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Denis Le Bihan, MD, Ph.D. and Peter J. Basser, Ph.D. for the development of MRI diffusion tensor imaging, which is used for surgery and radiation planning, for research into neurological diseases associated with white matter changes, and for reconstruction of neural pathways in the brain (tractography).
+2022
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Hideo Hosono, Ph.D. for the invention of metal oxide thin film transistors for display applications.
+2023
+
+Technology Award: Prof. Gilles Brassard, Ph.D. and Charles H. Bennett, Ph.D. for the conception of the first key agreement protocol whose security is derived from the validity of quantum physics.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+http://www.eduard-rhein-foundation.de/

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal-0.md

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+---
+title: "Elliott Cresson Medal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:48.362832+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Elliott Cresson Medal, also known as the Elliott Cresson Gold Medal, was the highest award given by the Franklin Institute. The award was established by Elliott Cresson, life member of the Franklin Institute, with $1,000 granted in 1848. The endowed award was to be "for a discovery in the Arts and Sciences, or for the invention or improvement of some useful machine, or for a new process or combination of materials in manufactures, or for ingenuity skill or perfection in workmanship." The medal was first awarded in 1875, 21 years after Cresson's death.
+The Franklin Institute continued awarding the medal on an occasional basis until 1998 when they reorganized their endowed awards under one umbrella, The Benjamin Franklin Awards.
+
+
+== List of recipients ==
+A total of 268 Elliott Cresson Medals were given out during the award's lifetime.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of engineering awards
+List of physics awards
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_Research_Awards-0.md

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+---
+title: "Faculty Research Awards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_Research_Awards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:08:59.963336+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Faculty Research Awards 2018 were awarded to academic researchers across 24 disciplines by the Indian Union Minister of Human Resource Development Prakash Javadekar on 20 March in New Delhi. The awards were hosted by news magazine Careers360. The awards recognize the efforts of those in the field of academic research in India. The award carries a cash prize and a citation.
+The awardees were chosen on the basis of their academic and research output in Scopus indexed journals, citation index and h-index for the period 2015–17.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md

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+---
+title: "Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:09:01.446058+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Fellowship  of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (FAAAS) is an honor accorded by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to distinguished persons who are members of the Association. Fellows are elected annually by the AAAS Council for "efforts on behalf of the advancement of science or its applications [which] are scientifically or socially distinguished".  
+Examples of areas in which nominees may have made significant contributions are research; teaching; technology; services to 
+professional societies; administration in academe, industry, and government; and communicating and interpreting science to the public. The association has awarded fellowships since 1874. AAAS publishes annual update of active Fellows list, which also provides email address to verify status of non-active Fellows. See also Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for more examples.
+
+
+== AAAS Fellows ==
+AAAS Fellows include Nobel Prize winners Michael W. Young and Michael Rosbash, ACM Turing Award winner David Patterson, IEEE Medal of Honor winner Irwin M. Jacobs, American Physical Society Fellow Natalie Roe, cancer researcher Yun Yen, and many more. Maria Elena Zavala, who is a recipient of the  Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring, is also a Fellow. 
+Other fellows includes Jiaxing Huang, and Duan Xiangfeng, a materials scientist who received the Beilby Medal and Prize in 2013.
+
+
+== Revocation for harassment ==
+Starting 15 October 2018, the status of a Fellow can be revoked "in cases of proven scientific misconduct, serious breaches of professional ethics, or when the Fellow in the view of the AAAS otherwise no longer merits the status of Fellow". This is to limit the effects and tolerance of sexual harassment, which Margaret Hamburg, the president of the AAAS said "has no place in science".
+This ruling has allowed AAAS to sanction Francisco Ayala, formerly of University of California, Irvine; Thomas Jessell, formerly of Columbia University; Lawrence Krauss, of Arizona State University, Tempe; and Inder Verma, formerly of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California.
+
+
+== References ==