From 6a453e45602178c5ab0914dbb5dfdd963a34971a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: turtle89431 Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 21:35:24 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Scrape wikipedia-science: 1412 new, 998 updated, 2469 total (kb-cron) --- _index.db | Bin 16912384 -> 16928768 bytes .../wiki/Academic_imperialism-0.md | 50 +++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work-0.md | 40 +++++++ .../wiki/Boundary_object-0.md | 35 ++++++ .../wiki/Empirical_sociology-0.md | 41 +++++++ ...outh_African_Medical_Research_Council-0.md | 17 +++ .../wiki/State_Research_Agency-0.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++ .../wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md | 26 +++++ .../Swiss_National_Science_Foundation-0.md | 49 +++++++++ .../wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation-0.md | 36 +++++++ .../en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-0.md | 53 ++++++++++ .../en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-1.md | 67 ++++++++++++ 12 files changed, 514 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_imperialism-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_object-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Agency-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-1.md diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 90bd626716e7234ce191a05e8889eda36161175a..1dc7a60b3fa69ec0104dd24072d8fc09a1b074d7 100644 GIT binary patch delta 36158 zcmb`wcVJvsnLa$XOu5sGx>c?vTW*p(k}bZ_-NE%6FOEdD!$hO=jqR6l$ z!Nws67P3hQ1VUMyLX=$@;sDEr4Wup0k5Ceak_8eV*|3x)kneflb4Mk~?q6TvBzNvT zy}b2#k8ZyE1FoCz{-Epp4Bwc|7MyLf{<$!>MHzdbfhuL{>q1H%>xdl;^NubQr%`##>GvC+RTT>YqvTK|1CB<)pb~S$Fv#r^{3)W zxN_#jo%Qowc)!xr)~TXn{=+lWqAy&$v;MuRUL;~q_f$IxG(!N>=?! 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z*@RyhdUTcJL6H~WCjtm;WV}$;tiOzA`f+7GmGyU^Az+&D9`nE+h>giyK+$uyq-VE! za>TzPylC+YO8*o3owxYIa6x4tpGCK3WZ(HBh6t+Gp1!@t9Nz$=sj@(u8)h2pc9AoG zxEfvuK0Q3mPDDt$kQAX?QkJhqzNnBN)FX>9(hyqcShqlWkc~t}D79JmHKWJm+9XH= zPplB;(o1!pI}|rC^nv~`L_g}LPB&5}<765dRz<0wQ4Vl(8O$3kkn}q+~jZ-5Zfu7*RI;kPS-+j;SaD`Xa(_!7xJuTv-q* z5y%}YV#IC7ibNbE6pxuz5IA8Z!-wOQkV|35q2J9(ffMT4=K%i#_z~cFzzcvEOX}H| zK00q+9r!7iW>~kGTix*4m#=egJNt60`_8wosVu#C_T@2ybNpo(1#7gsZe;Y&BcmTZHF}=qg6fkjCZD4u#0HT_=}teJUgD0Q z{AR_sbM%vguif_uO!b<^faQXNC<2cmA>#Iq{9i`&N6192}u5Nk2-yVhVE zmzm)}-77wNAnqB|)OyCRGyeD!D&g0LR!Nlbm$`&%@B6ud1T5o!zG#~4G=P2Z`N_P{ mcWT~5cBuFNQDqH#`a$r9@M#4H_9y4gGtH-)&oK6ro&O*I0^*AR diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_imperialism-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_imperialism-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07e058f94 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_imperialism-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Academic imperialism" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_imperialism" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:20.078935+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Academic imperialism is an unequal relationship between groups or disciplines of academic study, such that one dominates others, consuming them or leaving them ignored. Early theories of academic imperialism date to the 1960s. + + +== Definitions == +Academic imperialism has been defined either in the context of certain disciplines or subdisciplines as oppressing others or (more often) as part of political imperialism that has resulted in inequality between academia in the First World (the West) and Third World. + + +=== Within disciplines === +In the intradisciplinary context, an example of imperialistic behavior was the dismissive attitude of the 1920s-1930s adherents of behavioral psychology in the United States towards non-behavioral psychologists. + + +=== Internationally === +In the international context, academic imperialism began in the colonial period when the colonial powers designed and implemented a system of academia in their colonial territories. C. K. Raju claims academic imperialism emerged thanks to racism among native colonial elites. Academic imperialism is blamed for "tutelage, conformity, secondary role of dominated intellectuals and scholars, rationalization of the civilizing mission, and the inferior talent of scholars from the home country specializing in studies of the colony." In the modern postcolonial era, academic imperialism has transformed itself into a more indirect form of control, based on Western monopoly on the flow of information in the world of academia. Syed Farid Alatas calls this "academic neo-colonialism". + + +== Relation to academic dependency == +International academic imperialism generates academic dependency, or the dependency of non-Western scholars on Western academia. In non-Western countries, science is still dependent on institutions and ideas of Western science, which are often transplanted from Western countries. +Syed Farid Alatas lists the following six aspects of academic dependency: + +Dependence on ideas; +Dependence on the media of ideas; +Dependence on the technology of education; +Dependence on aid for research as well as teaching; +Dependence on investment in education; +Dependence of Third World social scientists on demand in the West for their skills. +Specific examples of academic dependency include the fact that most major journals are based in the Western countries and carry works by scholars located at Western universities; and that scholars in the Western countries study the entire world, whereas scholars in the non-Western countries focus on their own societies. Another example is the dominance of English language in the world of international academia. + + +== See also == +Human capital flight + + +== References == + + +=== Notes === + + +=== Bibliography === +Syed Farid Alatas (2003). "Academic Dependency and the Global Division of Labour in the Social Sciences" (PDF). Current Sociology. 51 (6): 599–613. doi:10.1177/00113921030516003. S2CID 143665363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6d4434d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Boundary-work" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:22.504886+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Boundary-work is part of science studies. In boundary-work, boundaries, demarcations, or other divisions between fields of knowledge are created, advocated, attacked, or reinforced. Such delineations often have high stakes for the participants, and carry the implication that such boundaries are flexible and socially constructed. + + +== Thomas F. Gieryn == +The original use of the term "boundary-work" for these sorts of issues has been attributed to Thomas F. Gieryn, a sociologist, who initially used it to discuss the problem of demarcation, the philosophical difficulty of coming up with a rigorous delineation between what is "science" and what is "non-science". +Gieryn defined boundary-work as the "attribution of selected characteristics to [an] institution of science (i.e., to its practitioners, methods, stock of knowledge, values and work organization) for purposes of constructing a social boundary that distinguishes some intellectual activities as [outside that boundary]." Gieryn suggests that Philosophers and sociologists of science, such as Karl Popper and Robert K. Merton, long struggled to come up with a criterion which would distinguish science as unique from other knowledge-generating activities, but never were able to come up with one that was stable, transhistorical, or worked reliably. +Gieryn's 1983 article on boundary-work and demarcation highlighted that the conversations surrounding the distinction between science and non-science were "ideological"; that there were strong stakes for scientists to erect such boundaries both in arguing for their own objectivity and the need for autonomy. +Gieryn looked specifically at instances of boundary-work in 19th-century Britain, in which scientists attempted to characterize the relationship between religion and science as one of sharp distinction, and also looked at instances in which scientists attempted to argue that science and politics and/or ideology were inherently separate as well. Many other works by sociologists and historians have since looked at boundary-work in many other situations, usually focusing on the rhetoric of scientists (or their opponents) and their interpersonal and intersocial interactions. +Studies in boundary-work have also focused on how individual scientific disciplines are created. Following the work of Pierre Bourdieu on the "scientific field", many have looked at ways in which certain "objects" are able to bridge the erected boundaries because they satisfy the needs of multiple social groups (boundary objects). + + +== Applications == +An example of such boundary-work can be found in the study of science and literature. One instance of these studies is Aldous Huxley's book Literature and Science (see also Jennings 1970 and Garvin & Heath 1983). + +Another application of boundary-work is in the field of management and business studies, particularly in the study of the overlaps and demarcations between market categories. A market categorization problem occurs when two or more products or services are perceived to be similar enough as to become substitutes for each other in satisfying market demand. In this case, the notion of boundary work can be used to study market boundaries. Researchers have used the notion of boundary-work to study demarcations among partially-overlapping consumer practices, such as boardsport variations (e.g, surfing, windsurfing, kiteboarding and standup paddleboarding), which started as close variations of each other but that, over time, diverged into distinct markets characterized by their own norms, market actors, rules, and gear. +Another example of boundary-work occurred when individual scientists and scientific institutions published statements responding to the allegations of scientific fraud during the "Climategate" episode. + + +== See also == +Conflict thesis – Concept in history of science +Demarcation problem – Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science +Karl Popper – Austrian–British philosopher of science (1902–1994) +Science wars – 1990s dispute in philosophy of science +Trading zones (metaphor) – Metaphor applied to collaborations in science + + +== Footnotes == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_object-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_object-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1287dc9ae --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_object-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Boundary object" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_object" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:21.317357+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In sociology and science and technology studies, a boundary object is information, such as specimens, field notes, and maps, used in different ways by different communities for collaborative work through scales. Boundary objects are plastic, interpreted differently across communities but with enough immutable content (i.e., common identity across social words and contexts) to maintain integrity. +The concept was introduced by Susan Leigh Star and James R. Griesemer in a 1989 publication (p. 393): + +Boundary objects are objects which are both plastic enough to adapt to local needs and constraints of the several parties employing them, yet robust enough to maintain a common identity across sites. They are weakly structured in common use, and become strongly structured in individual-site use. They may be abstract or concrete. They have different meanings in different social worlds but their structure is common enough to more than one world to make them recognizable, a means of translation. The creation and management of boundary objects is key in developing and maintaining coherence across intersecting social worlds. +In their article, Star and Griesemer describe the importance of boundary objects and methods standardization in the development of the Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Boundary objects can be abstract or concrete (e.g., digital technologies or abstract ideas); so in this case some of the boundary objects that they list include specimens, field notes, and maps of particular territories. These objects interact with members of various social groups (including amateur collectors and museum professionals) but are used to very different ends by each (p. 408). These differing interpretations represent the "interpretive flexibility" of boundary objects. + + +== Applications == +This concept has since been widely cited and the concept of a boundary object has been adopted in computer science (particularly computer supported cooperative work), information science, and management, particularly when considering cross-disciplinary work and collaboration, either within one organization or with the boundary object helping to focus the efforts of multiple organizations. Geoffrey Bowker and Star developed the concept further in the book Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. +Boundary objects are said to allow coordination without consensus as they can allow an actor's local understanding to be reframed in the context of a wider collective activity. Similarly, Etienne Wenger describes boundary objects as entities that can link communities together as they allow different groups to collaborate on a common task. +Charlotte Lee has extended the concept of the boundary object to consider periods of unstandardized and destabilized organization where objects are transient and changing, which she coins as "boundary negotiating artifacts." Similarly, Kertcher and Coslor focused on the early period of boundary objects prior to stabilization using the example of grid computing, finding this early period to be a frustrating time for cross-disciplinary collaborators, in part because it required direct negotiation across disciplinary work boundaries, rather than being able to work separately at the edge of the shared boundary object, a situation that exacerbated cross-disciplinary frictions. +Alex Juhasz and Anne Balsamo evoke the idea of learning objects (drawn from contemporary learning theory) to develop the concept of "boundary objects that learn," or BOTLs. This understanding of boundary objects acknowledges their role in the meaning-making process and in communication across social groups. However, it also emphasizes the fact that human users of boundary objects, especially those with access to digital technologies, can modify those objects to meet their needs. + + +== Political implications == +Kimble, Grenier and Goglio-Primard (2010) criticise the notion of boundary objects that is usually found in the literature as being too mechanical and ignoring the effect of intergroup politics and local conditions. They argue that boundary objects need to be seen in context of the motivations of the people that choose the object as well as their communicative role. +Isto Huvila, using the example of archaeological reports, argues that the creation of boundary objects is always to some degree an expression of hegemony. As such, boundary objects cannot be viewed as politically neutral or necessarily consensual. + + +== See also == +Boundary-work – Study of boundaries between disciplines +Trading zones (metaphor) – Metaphor applied to collaborations in science + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..440ac5b0f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Empirical sociology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:23.723030+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Empirical sociology is the study of sociology based on methodological methods and techniques for collecting, processing, and communicating primary sociological information. Describes the situation of the aspects of social life such as economy, law, family, and politics during the research. Empirical sociology is often concerned with aspects of everyday life with common sense, which it treats as a resource, a form of knowledge. Empirical sociology inductively studies how people appreciate and get along with each other. Empirical sociology is an American tradition with roots in the social reform movements of the Progressive Era. + + +== Definition == +The task of empirical sociology is to conduct inductive research on a particular social phenomenon. The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies defined empirical sociology as the collection of factual information or evidence. Sociologist Morris Janowitz defined empirical sociology as collecting and planning empirical indicators of change. Morris describes the relationship between history and empirical sociology as "At this point, sociology and "history” converge. All empirical sociology is history, but history is not all empirical sociology". + + +== Timeline == +The first stage of empirical sociology was represented by the changes introduced into the scientific procedure by the Chicago school between 1895 and 1929. The American sociologist Barry Smart, in his book "Sociology, phenomenology and Marxian analysis" that empirical sociology is established in Eastern Europe. Polish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz has done sociological research on society and law. Gumplowicz's main contribution to the development of empirical sociology is its focus on groups of people. Austrian philosopher of science and sociologist Otto Neurath was instrumental in the development of empirical sociology. + +Approaches +Empirical sociology, like Parsons's systems theory, is defined and criticized as "positivism". For Adorno, positivism is here characterized by two not necessarily related features. + + +=== Empiricism and positivism === +Empirical and positivist approaches in sociology argue that data collection and analysis are important. Empiricism is the idea that knowledge can only be based on what our senses tell us, rather than our thoughts and feelings. Empirical sociology is therefore the view that sociology should be based on data gathered from our senses rather than abstract object theory. Positivism initially looks like empiricism, but positivism is, at some level, the belief that social issues should be studied using the methods of the physical sciences. + + +=== Notable Studies === +Several landmark studies have shaped empirical sociology: + +Émile Durkheim's Suicide (1897) – Analyzed how social integration and regulation affect suicide rates. +The Hawthorne Studies (1920s-1930s) – Explored workplace productivity and led to insights on social influences in work environments. +Robert K. Merton's work on social structures – Developed theories on deviance and social roles based on empirical research. +Modern Big Data Studies – Utilize computational methods and large datasets to analyze social behavior at scale. + + +== References == +Footnotes + +Works cited \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..956e500e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "South African Medical Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:12.154044+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) is a para-statal medical research organisation in South Africa. The current president is professor Ntobeko Ntusi. The South African Medical Research Council was established in 1969 to act as an independent statutory body to co-ordinate health and medical research activities throughout South Africa. +The SAMRC strives to “advance the nation’s health and quality of life and address inequity by conducting and funding relevant and responsive health research, capacity development, innovation, and research translation”. +Research conducted by the SAMRC is in the fields of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular diseases, non-communicable diseases, gender and health, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse. +It is a member of the Innovative Vector Control Consortium. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Agency-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Agency-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8a29929e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Agency-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +--- +title: "State Research Agency" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Agency" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:13.340145+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The State Research Agency (Spanish: Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI) is the Spanish research funding agency responsible for the promotion of scientific and technical research in all areas of knowledge through the competitive and efficient allocation of public resources, the monitoring of actions financed and their impact, and advice on action planning or initiatives through which the R&D policies of the General State Administration are implemented. +The AEI was created in November 2015, although it came into operation on 20 June 2016 with the first meeting of the Governing Council. The Agency is chaired by the Secretary of State for Science, currently Juan Cruz Cigudosa, and the CEO is José Manuel Fernández Labastida. + + +== Structure == +The structure of the State Research Agency is: + +The President. The President of the Agency is the Secretary of State for Science of the Ministry of Science. +The Governing Council. Collective-decision-making body. +The Director-General. Chief executive of the AEI. +The Secretary-General. Responsible for the day-to-day management of the AEF and its internal services. +The Deputy Directorate for Economic Management of Aids +The Directorate for Scientific and Technological Management. +The Deputy Directorate for Evaluation. +The Deputy Directorate for Thematic Programs. +The Deputy Directorate for Horizontal Programs and Internationalization. +The Directorate for Economic Programming and Monitoring. +The Deputy Directorate for Grant Procedures. +The Deputy Directorate for Economic Monitoring. +The Deputy Directorate for European Funds. +The Support Unit. +The Equality Unit. +The Control Commission. Oversees the agency's work and informs the Governing Council. +The Scientific and technical committee of the Agency. It advises and assists the different bodies of the AEI. + + +== Agency bodies == + + +=== Presidency === +The president of the AEI is also the Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Universities, being the Agency integrated in the Ministry of Science of Spain. The functions of the president are: + +To assure the maximum institutional and legal representation of the Agency, to preside over its Governing Council and to ensure the fulfillment of its object, aims and functions. +To convene the sessions of the Governing Council. +To resolve the tie in the votes of the Council. +To inform all the ministries about the Agency activity. +To conclude collaboration agreements, memoranda of understanding, execution agreements or legal instruments of any other nature that may generate commitments and obligations for the Agency, without prejudice to any delegations that may be established. +To urge the holder of the Ministry of the Treasury to authorize any necessary budget changes. +To propose to the Governing Council the appointment and removal of the director of the Agency. +To propose to the Governing Council the appointment of the members of the Control Committee. +Exercise the other powers and functions attributed to it by the Agency Statute, the Governing Council and the provisions in force. + + +=== Directorate-General === +The director-general of the Agency is a civil servant appointed by the Minister of Science and Innovation. The functions of the director-general are: + +To carry out the ordinary management and management of the Agency, within the framework of the functions assigned in this section or of those that are expressly delegated to it. +To prepare and submit to the Governing Council the proposal of the Management Contract of the Agency. +To prepare and submit to the Governing Council the strategic and operational objectives of the Agency, and the procedures, criteria and indicators for measuring compliance and the degree of efficiency in management. +To prepare and submit to the Governing Council the annual action plan and direct and coordinate the activities that are necessary for the development of the functions of the Agency. +To prepare and submit to the Governing Council the preliminary draft budget of the Agency. +To prepare the agency's annual accounts. +To agree upon the budgetary variations deemed necessary and not to be authorized by the Minister of the Treasury and propose to the President those that require such authorization. +To authorize, for justified reasons, the disposition of expenses, the recognition of obligations and the ordering of the corresponding payments of which it will report to the Governing Council. +To prepare and submit to the Control Committee a monthly report on the status of budget execution. +To propose to the Governing Council the appointment and dismissal of the Agency's management staff. +To appoint or cease collaborators and experts of the Agency. +Any other function attributed to it by the Governing Council. + + +=== General Secretariat === +The Secretary-General, as well as the Director-General, is a civil servant. The SG functions are: The Secretary-General is responsible of the management of the horizontal services of the Agency, specifying in the following areas: + +HM of the Agency. +Legal regime, processing of agreements and attention to the citizen. +General services, purchases and supplies and Administrative contracting. +General Economic Regime, in coordination with the Economic Management Branch. +ICT4D resources. + + +== Directors == +Since its creation, four people have served has director: + +Marina Villegas Gracia (21 June 2016 – 31 December 2018). Acting. +Enrique Playán Jubillar (1 January 2019 – 31 December 2021) +Domènec Espriu Climent (1 January 2022 – 31 December 2024) +José Manuel Fernández de Labastida (1 January 2025 – present) + + +== Excellency Centers «Severo Ochoa» and Excellency Units «María de Maeztu» == +The “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” and “Unit of Excellence Maria de Maeztu” Award, within the subprogram of Institutional Strengthening of the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation, aims to fund and accredit public research centers and units on any areas that demonstrate scientific leadership and impact at global level, as well as active collaboration in their social and business environment. +The Centers of Excellence Severo Ochoa and Units of Excellence Maria de Maeztu are organizational structures with research programmes. +The evaluation and selection process is carried out by an independent international committee of scientists. + + +== See also == +Spanish National Research Council + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b5009f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Swedish Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:14.563911+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Swedish Research Council (Swedish: Vetenskapsrådet) is a Government agency in Sweden established in 2001, with the responsibility to support and develop basic scientific research. Its objective is for Sweden to be a leading nation in scientific research. The agency has three main functions: + +To distribute government funding for basic research +To advise the government on issues related to scientific research +To communicate science and scientific research to the general public + + +== See also == +Open access in Sweden + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Swedish Research Council - Official site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b28e0370e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Swiss National Science Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:15.836178+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, German: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF; French: Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique, FNS; Italian: Fondo nazionale svizzero per la ricerca scientifica) or Swiss National Fund is a science research support organisation mandated by the Swiss Federal Government. The Swiss National Science Foundation was established under private law by physicist and medical doctor Alexander von Muralt in 1952. + + +== Organisation == +The SNSF consists of three main bodies: Foundation Council, National Research Council and Administrative Offices. The Foundation Council is the highest authority and makes strategic decisions. The National Research Council is composed of distinguished researchers who mostly work at Swiss institutions of higher education. They assess research proposals submitted to the SNSF and make funding decisions. The National Research Council comprises up to 100 members and is subdivided into four divisions: + +Division I: humanities and social sciences +Division II: mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences +Division III: biology and medicine +Division IV: programmes (National Research Programmes and National Centres of Competence in Research) +Mandated by the federal authorities, the Swiss National Science Foundation supports basic science in all academic disciplines. + + +== Research programmes == +The National Research Programmes (NRP) and National Centres of Competence in Research (NCCR) are research programmes of the SNSF. Mandated by the Federal Council, NRPs generate scientific knowledge aimed at solving pressing problems. They generally run for up to five years and have an overall budget of eight to twelve million Swiss francs. Since 1975, the SNSF has launched over 69 NRPs. NCCRs aim to strengthen research structures in Switzerland. Each NCCR is based at an institution of higher education and consists of a centre of competence as well as a national and international network. + + +== Horizons magazine == + +The research magazine Horizons is published jointly by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. This quarterly magazine presents the latest findings and new knowledge in all scientific disciplines. Horizons is published four times a year in French (Horizons) and German (Horizonte), subscription is free and the magazine is also available in English online. + + +== See also == +Swiss Science Prize Latsis +List of universities in Switzerland +Science and technology in Switzerland +United States National Science Foundation +Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences +Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training + + +== Notes and references == + + +== External links == +Official website (in English) +National Research Programmes (NRPs) +National Centres of Competence in Research (NCCRs) +Horizons, research magazine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e34755f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "UK Research and Innovation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:17.191723+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) is a non-departmental public body of the Government of the United Kingdom that directs research and innovation funding, funded through the science budget of the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. + + +== History and role == +UKRI was created following a report by Sir Paul Nurse, the President of the Royal Society, who recommended the merger in order to increase integrative cross-disciplinary research. +UKRI was established on 1 April 2018 by the Higher Education and Research Act 2017. It brought together the seven research councils and two additional bodies, Innovate UK and Research England. Innovate UK (formerly the Technology Strategy Board) was an arm's length body of the Department of Trade and Industry, while Research England succeeded the former Higher Education Funding Council for England. Research England is responsible for the Research Excellence Framework, or REF, and is developing a new knowledge exchange framework, KEF. +Working in partnership with universities, research organisations, businesses, charities, and government, its mission is to foster research and development within the United Kingdom and create a positive "impact"—"push the frontiers of human knowledge and understanding", "deliver economic impact", and "create social and cultural impact". The first Chief Executive Officer of UKRI was the immunologist Professor Sir Mark Walport. He was succeeded in June 2020 by plant biologist Professor Dame Ottoline Leyser. + + +== Councils == + + +== See also == +Advanced Research and Invention Agency +National Institute for Health and Care Research, another major UK research funding source. + + +== References == + + +== Sources == +"UKRI's rebrand promotes "knowledge with impact"". designweek.co.uk. 22 October 2019. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c0fded79 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Wellcome Trust" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:18.459047+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Wellcome Trust is a charitable foundation focused on health research based in London, United Kingdom. It was established in 1936 with legacies from the pharmaceutical magnate Henry Wellcome (founder of Burroughs Wellcome, one of the predecessors of GSK plc) to fund research to improve human and animal health. The aim of the Trust is to "support science to solve the urgent health challenges facing everyone." It had a financial endowment of £37.6 billion in 2025, making it the fourth wealthiest charitable foundation in the world. In 2012, the Wellcome Trust was described by the Financial Times as the United Kingdom's largest provider of non-governmental funding for scientific research, and one of the largest providers in the world. According to their annual report, the Wellcome Trust spent GBP £1.1 billion on charitable activities across their 2023/2024 financial year. According to the OECD, the Wellcome Trust's financing for 2019 development increased by 22% to US$327 million. + +== Headquarters == + +The Wellcome Trust's operations are run from two buildings on Euston Road in London. The Wellcome Building, at 183 Euston Road, built in 1932 in Portland stone houses the Wellcome Collection and the adjoining glass and steel building at 215 Euston Road is the Gibbs Building, by Hopkins Architects, which opened in 2004 as the administrative headquarters of the Wellcome Trust. In 2019, the Wellcome Trust also opened an office in Berlin. + +== History == +The trust was established to administer the fortune of the American-born British pharmaceutical magnate Sir Henry Wellcome. Its income was derived from what was originally called Burroughs Wellcome, later renamed in the UK as the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. In 1986, the trust sold 25% of Wellcome plc stock to the public. Overseen by incoming Director of Finance Ian Macgregor, this marked the beginning of a period of financial growth that saw the trust's value increase by almost £14 billion in 14 years, as their interests moved beyond the bounds of the pharmaceutical industry. +In 1995, the trust divested itself of any interest in pharmaceuticals by selling all remaining stock to Glaxo plc, the company's historic British rival, creating GlaxoWellcome plc. In 2000, the Wellcome name disappeared from the drug business altogether when GlaxoWellcome merged with SmithKline Beecham, to form GlaxoSmithKline plc. + +== Activities == + +=== Biomedical research === + +==== Major investments ==== +The Trust funds or co-funds a number of major biomedical research initiatives: + +Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a cohort study of children born in England during 1991 and 1992. +The Cancer Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. +The Diamond Light Source, the UK's national synchrotron science facility in Oxfordshire. +Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science Initiative (DELTAS), a collaboration with the Department for International Development (DFID) to establish cutting-edge research and training programmes across the African continent. +The Ebola Emergency Initiative, a fast-tracked research programme with the goal of identifying clinical and public health interventions to counter the West African Ebola Epidemic. +The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/ Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory facilitates research into the genetic component of type 1 diabetes and is based in the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research. +The Seeding Drug Discovery Initiative. +The Structural Genomics Consortium, an international organisation focussing on three-dimensional structures of proteins of medical relevance with an emphasis on open data. +The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, a non-profit, British genomics and genetics research institute. +UK Biobank. + +==== Asia and Africa Programmes ==== +The KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, established in 1989 in partnership with the Kenya Medical Research Institute. +The Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, was established in 1995. +The Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies in South Africa now known as AHRI African Health Research Institute, established in 1998 in partnership with the South African Medical Research Council. +The Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme in partnership with the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, researching in Thailand and Laos and was established in 1979. +The Vietnam Research Programme and Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. + +==== Seeding Drug Discovery Initiative ==== +Also known as SDDI, this five-year initiative started in October 2005 with the remit "to facilitate the development of drug-like small molecules that address unmet medical needs." SDDI was based in London and managed by Richard Davis. Through early 2010, SDDI had provided more than £80 million across 30 projects split between academic institutions and companies. To early 2010, all but one of the company recipients were either start-ups or spin-outs. In May 2010, an additional £110 million was added to the SDDI fund with the intent to extend the initiative for an additional five years. + +===== Supporting global research and development in COVID-19 ===== +The Wellcome Trust announced the need for at least $8 billion of new funding for research, development, and supply of treatments related to COVID-19. Wellcome Trust collaborated with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Mastercard to fund the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator, launching in March 2020 with an initial $125 million in backing. + +=== Improving research culture === +In September 2019, Wellcome launched an initiative to reimagine research and improve the culture in which research is conducted. Current incentive structures and, as a result, culture and practices, prioritise publication outputs above all else. This is damaging people's wellbeing and undermining the quality of research itself. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ae15f0e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "Wellcome Trust" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:18.459047+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Support for open access and open data === +The Wellcome Trust plays an important role in encouraging publication of research in open access repositories such as Europe PubMed Central (EuropePMC). The Wellcome Trust believes that maximising the distribution of these papers – by providing free, online access – is the most effective way of ensuring that the research can be accessed, read and built upon. In turn, this will foster a richer research culture. +In 2016, the Wellcome Trust partnered with the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to launch the Open Science Prize to "help develop services, tools and platforms that enable open content to be discovered, assessed and re-used in ways that will advance discovery and spark innovation." +In 2016, Wellcome Trust announced that it would be launching Wellcome Open Research, an open access publication system running on the F1000 Research platform. Article processing charges will be covered directly by Wellcome Trust. Papers from the system are now indexed in PubMed Central. + +=== Membership in the Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT) === +In the summer of 2015, the Wellcome Trust joined the Japanese government, 7 Japanese pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the United Nations Development Program as funding partner of the Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT), which funds scientific research and development for anti-infectives and diagnostics for diseases that primarily affect the developing world. + +=== Public engagement and the Wellcome Collection === + +In June 2007, the Wellcome Building reopened after refurbishment as a public venue, housing the Wellcome Collection, the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London and the Wellcome Library. The aim of the Wellcome Collection is to enhance public understanding of medical science and history. The building contains gallery spaces, conference facilities, space for debates, drama and workshops, a café and a bookshop. The galleries show a small sample of works from Sir Henry Wellcome's collection, and host a programme of events and exhibitions. The Wellcome Collection and exhibitions are open to the public free of charge six days a week. +The Wellcome Collection and Wellcome Library are members of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. + +==== Wellcome Photography Prize ==== +The Wellcome Trust runs an annual photography prize which aims to explore "the human side of three urgent health challenges". Judges in 2021 include Dr Dixon Chabanda, Sir Jeremy Farrar, Dr Katerina Srahulkova and Azu Nwagbogu. Winners in each category receive a prize of £10,000. + +==== Wellcome Book Prize ==== + +The Wellcome Trust sponsors an annual book prize, the Wellcome Book Prize, which "aims to excite public interest and encourage debate" around medicine and health. + +=== Wellcome Global Monitor === +In June 2019, Wellcome released the results of the 2018 global survey on public attitudes toward science and health. Topics include trust of scientists, doctors, and nurses; religion and science, and vaccines, among others. It was Wellcome's first Global Monitor and was intended to "provide robust evidence on how public attitudes vary across different demographic groups and countries." + +== Investments == +In August 2014, the Wellcome Trust bought the Co-operative Group's farm business (renamed Farmcare) for £249 million. This comprised "15,997 hectares (39,533 acres) of freehold and third party owned land, 15 farms, including three pack houses, over 100 residential properties, and 27 commercial properties." +In 2015, the trust bought the Premier Marinas group. + +== Criticisms == +It has been reported that the Wellcome Trust has billions of investments in companies related to the problems the philanthropy wants to solve. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the trust has investments in pharmaceutical companies involved in the development and delivery of treatments for COVID-19, which means it has the potential to gain financially where those treatments are monetised. +The Wellcome Trust has been criticised for seeking to develop large scale housing estates on green countryside in the South of England as part of its investment portfolio. Campaign groups consider that environmental destruction from overdevelopment, alongside concerns over the ability of rural services such as drainage, healthcare and education to cope with increased levels of development, is contributing to the destruction of rural life and generating the type of mental stress issues the charity is supposed to be combating. + +== Directors == +Peter Williams, 1967–1991 +Bridget Ogilvie, 1991–1998 +Michael Dexter, 1998–2003 +Mark Walport, 2003–2013 +Jeremy Farrar, 2013–2023 +John-Arne Røttingen, 2024– + +== See also == +Heads of International Research Organizations +List of wealthiest charitable foundations + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) +Other Wellcome Trust websites +Scientific Conferences supported by the Wellcome Trust +Ex Memoria – Wellcome Trust Awarded Film +Surgery Live, a Wellcome Collection collaboration with Channel 4 +European Society for Clinical Microbioloy and Infectious Diseases +Federation of European Biochemical Societies +European Federation of Pharmaceutical Societies +International Society for Infectious Diseases \ No newline at end of file