Scrape wikipedia-science: 3298 new, 2817 updated, 6257 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook-0.md

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+title: "ASHRAE Handbook"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:02.764903+00:00"
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+---
+
+The ASHRAE Handbook is the four-volume flagship publication of the nonprofit technical organization ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers).  This Handbook is considered  the most comprehensive and authoritative repository of practical knowledge on the various topics that form the field of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R).
+The four volumes are Fundamentals, Refrigeration, HVAC Applications ("Applications"), and HVAC Systems and Equipment ("Systems and Equipment").  Members of ASHRAE receive the current volume, in both print and CD-ROM form, each year as a basic membership benefit.  An enhanced electronic version, known as ASHRAE Handbook Online is a web-based version updated annually that contains the four latest volumes as well as extra content such as calculations, demonstration videos, and spreadsheets.  The various versions of the Handbook are typically available to the public via technical, and other, libraries and bookstores.
+
+
+== History ==
+The ASHRAE Handbook has had a variety of titles.  It began in 1922 as the ASH&VE Guide.  In 1973 it became the ASHRAE Handbook, and in 1985 separate publication of inch-pound (I-P) and international system (SI) units versions of the volumes began.  The current publisher of record is W. Stephen Comstock, and the Editor is Mark S. Owen.  The Handbook is published by ASHRAE from its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.
+
+
+== Review and Revision ==
+The Handbook's content is created and modified by volunteers via ASHRAE's many Technical Committees (TCs), and then edited and formatted by professional staff at ASHRAE.  For example, three chapters, in three different volumes, are maintained by TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution.  Each chapter within a particular volume is reviewed and revised in a repeating four-year cycle; one volume is printed each year.  In the summer of 2017 the new Fundamentals' volume was released.  ASHRAE's Handbook Committee maintains an Authors and Revisers Guide, which can be obtained freely via the Handbook portion of the ASHRAE Web site.
+While each new or revised chapter manuscript is to be reviewed for technical content by each TC voting and corresponding member before publication, there are often many other pre- and post-publication reviewers.  For example, members of the Society's Handbook Committee and the College of Fellows review chapters each year.  Reviews, from basic comments to detailed new content, are encouraged from all users of the Handbook and may be submitted through an online commenting system.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ASHRAE's Web site

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Big_Fix-0.md

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+---
+title: "A Big Fix"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Big_Fix"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:39.538488+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A Big Fix: Radical Solutions for Australia's Environmental Crisis is a 2005 book by Ian Lowe which argues that the warnings from environmental scientists are urgent and unequivocal. Lowe suggests that resources are being used too quickly, environmental systems are being compromised, and society is being destabilised by the increasing gap between rich and poor. Lowe proposes several radical solutions. He advocates a fundamental change to our personal values and social institutions and provides a vision of a healthier society – one that is more humane, takes an eco-centric approach, adopts longer-term thinking, and respects natural systems.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of Australian environmental books
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Blueprint_for_Survival-0.md

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+---
+title: "A Blueprint for Survival"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Blueprint_for_Survival"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:44.149436+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A Blueprint for Survival was an influential environmentalist text that drew attention to the urgency and magnitude of environmental problems.
+First published as a special edition of The Ecologist in January 1972, it was later published in book form and went on to sell more than 750,000 copies.
+The Blueprint was signed by over thirty of the leading scientists of the day—including Sir Julian Huxley, Sir Frank Fraser Darling, Sir Peter Medawar, E. J. Mishan and Sir Peter Scott. It was largely written by Edward Goldsmith and Robert Allen (with contributions from John Davoll and Sam Lawrence of the Conservation Society, and Michael Allaby) who argued for a radically restructured society in order to prevent what the authors referred to as "the breakdown of society and the irreversible disruption of the life-support systems on this planet".
+It recommended that people live in small, decentralised and largely de-industrialised communities. Some of the reasons given for this were that:
+
+it is too difficult to enforce moral behaviour in a large community
+agricultural and business practices are more likely to be ecologically sound in smaller communities
+people feel more fulfilled in smaller communities
+reducing an area's population reduces the environmental impact
+The authors used tribal societies as their model which, it was claimed, were characterised by their small, human-scale communities, low-impact technologies, successful population controls, sustainable resource management, holistic and ecologically integrated worldviews, and a high degree of social cohesion, physical health, psychological well-being and spiritual fulfilment of their members.
+
+
+== In popular culture ==
+In Enys Men, a 2022 British experimental horror film set in 1973, a wildlife volunteer making daily observations of rare flowers on an uninhabited Cornish island is frequently shown reading A Blueprint for Survival. The book cover includes a quote from the Sunday Times stating that "nothing seems quite the same any more", which nods to the film's ambiguous narrative and chronology.
+Kim Trainor's poetry collection A Blueprint for Survival (Guernica Editions, 2024) alludes to this book and considers blueprints for the survival of human and more than human kin.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Limits to Growth
+Transition Towns
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+A Blueprint for Survival—full text

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Civil_Action-0.md

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+---
+title: "A Civil Action"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Civil_Action"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:59.197887+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A Civil Action is a 1995 non-fiction book by Jonathan Harr about a water contamination case in Woburn, Massachusetts, in the 1980s.  The book became a best-seller. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award for nonfiction.
+It is based on the case of Anderson v. Cryovac. The first reported decision in the case is at 96 F.R.D. 431 (denial of defendants' motion to dismiss).
+A 1998 film of the same name, starring John Travolta as plaintiff's lawyer Jan Schlichtmann and Robert Duvall as Beatrice Foods attorney Jerome Facher, was based on the book.
+
+
+== Plot summary ==
+After finding that her child is diagnosed with leukemia, Anne Anderson notices a high prevalence of leukemia, a relatively rare disease, in her city. Eventually she gathers other families and seeks a lawyer, Jan Schlichtmann, to consider their options.
+Schlichtmann originally decides not to take the case due to both the lack of evidence and a clear defendant. Later picking up the case, Schlichtmann finds evidence suggesting trichloroethylene (TCE, an industrial solvent that is not known to cause leukemia in humans) contamination of the town's water supply by Riley Tannery, a subsidiary of Beatrice Foods; a chemical company, W. R. Grace; and another company named Unifirst.
+In the course of the lawsuit Schlichtmann gets other attorneys to assist him. He spends lavishly as he had in his prior lawsuits, but the length of the discovery process and trial stretch all of their assets to their limit.
+Though Unifirst settles for a little over $1 million, the money immediately is invested in the case against Grace and Beatrice.  The plaintiffs' case against Grace is far stronger for two reasons: (1) Schlichtmann has a personal testimony of a former employee of Grace who had witnessed dumping, and (2) a river between Beatrice's tannery and the contaminated wells makes Beatrice's contribution to the contamination less likely. The jury finds Beatrice not liable. Though Schlichtmann's firm anticipates a much higher settlement, the dire state of its finances forces it to accept a settlement from W.R. Grace for $8 million.
+Schlichtmann disperses the settlement to the families, excluding expenses and attorney's fees (which resulted in approx. $375,000 per family). When some families think Schlichtmann had overbilled expenses, he acquiesces and surrenders more of his fee. Schlichtmann later files for bankruptcy after losing his condo and car; he lived in his office for a time. Schlichtmann eventually practices environmental, civil, and personal injury law.
+A report from the Environmental Protection Agency (which later filed its own lawsuits against the companies based on new evidence) concludes from sludge removed from the site that both companies had contaminated the wells.
+In 1988, Schlichtmann attempts to reraise the case against Beatrice, but the judge dismisses the case, citing testimony from Beatrice's soil chemist. However, due to the lawsuits brought forward by the Environmental Protection Agency, W.R. Grace and Beatrice Foods are eventually forced to pay for the largest chemical cleanup in the history of the Northeastern United States at that time, which cost about $68 million.
+
+
+== Critical reception ==
+The New York Times wrote that "Harr does not overdramatize individual scenes, but he does depict a world containing three types of people: innocent victims, lonely crusaders and the malignant pawns of the corporate state." Kirkus Reviews called the book "a crash course in big-bucks tort litigation, as rich as any novel on the scene."
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication-0.md

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+title: "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:35.522445+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+"A Mathematical Theory of Communication" is an article by mathematician Claude Shannon published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948. It was renamed The Mathematical Theory of Communication in the 1949 book of the same name, a small but significant title change after realizing the generality of this work. It has tens of thousands of citations, being one of the most influential and cited scientific papers of all time, as it gave rise to the field of information theory, with Scientific American referring to the paper as the "Magna Carta of the Information Age", while the electrical engineer Robert G. Gallager called the paper a "blueprint for the digital era". Historian James Gleick rated the paper as the most important development of 1948, placing the transistor second in the same time period, with Gleick emphasizing that the paper by Shannon was "even more profound and more fundamental" than the transistor.
+It is also noted that "as did relativity and quantum theory, information theory radically changed the way scientists look at the universe". The paper also formally introduced the term "bit" and serves as its theoretical foundation.
+
+
+== Publication ==
+The article was the founding work of the field of information theory. It was later published in 1949 as a book titled The Mathematical Theory of Communication (ISBN 0-252-72546-8), which was published as a paperback in 1963 (ISBN 0-252-72548-4). The book contains an additional article by Warren Weaver, providing an overview of the theory for a more general audience. 
+
+
+== Contents ==
+
+This work is known for introducing the concepts of channel capacity as well as the noisy channel coding theorem.
+Shannon's article laid out the basic elements of communication:
+
+An information source that produces a message
+A transmitter that operates on the message to create a signal which can be sent through a channel
+A channel, which is the medium over which the signal, carrying the information that composes the message, is sent
+A receiver, which transforms the signal back into the message intended for delivery
+A destination, which can be a person or a machine, for whom or which the message is intended
+It also developed the concepts of information entropy, redundancy and the source coding theorem, and introduced the term bit (which Shannon credited to John Tukey) as a unit of information. It was also in this paper that the Shannon–Fano coding technique was proposed – a technique developed in conjunction with Robert Fano.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of computer books
+List of mathematics books
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+(PDF) "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" by C. E. Shannon (reprint with corrections) hosted by the Harvard Mathematics Department, at Harvard University
+Original publications: The Bell System Technical Journal 1948-07: Vol 27 Iss 3. AT & T Bell Laboratories. 1948-07-01. pp. 379–423., The Bell System Technical Journal 1948-10: Vol 27 Iss 4. AT & T Bell Laboratories. 1948-10-01. pp. 623–656.
+Khan Academy video about "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-0.md

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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Fish_in_the_Sea-0.md

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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Watershed-0.md

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+---
+title: "Amazon Watershed"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Watershed"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:27.928663+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Amazon Watershed : the new environmental investigation is a 1991 book by British writer and environmental and political activist George Monbiot.
+
+
+== Synopsis ==
+The book is an investigation into the expulsion of peasants from their homes and their forced relocation to the Amazon. Military police attempt to kill Monbiot as he exposes a vast military project opening up the area to logging and deforestation. He tracks timber cut illegally from Indian reserves all the way back to retailers in the United Kingdom. According to the publishers, Monbiot also "examines the role of the British and American governments in promoting, wittingly or otherwise, this great ecological catastrophe".
+
+
+== Reception ==
+The book won the Natural World Book Prize, described as "the premier environmental book prize in the UK" in 1991.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Appeal_to_Reason-0.md

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+---
+title: "An Appeal to Reason"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Appeal_to_Reason"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:29.096630+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming is a 2008 pseudoscientific climate change denial book by Nigel Lawson. In it, Lawson claims that, although global warming is happening, the science is far from settled. He opposes the scientific consensus as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). He also argues that warming will bring both benefits and negative consequences, and that the impact of these changes will be relatively moderate rather than apocalyptic. The book has been rejected by climatologists, including IPCC authors Jean Palutikof and Robert Watson as unscientific.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+This book is an expansion of a lecture which Lawson gave in 2006 to the Centre for Policy Studies, a think tank with links to the Conservative Party. 
+The lecture was called "The Economics and Politics of Climate Change. An Appeal to Reason"  
+The book claims to examine each of the dimensions of the global warming issue, including the science, the economics, both from the perspective of long-term forecasting and cost-effectiveness analysis, the politics, and the ethical aspect.
+The book begins by arguing that "the science of global warming is far from settled." Although Lawson accepts that warming is real, he questions the validity of global climate models.
+
+
+=== Book reviews ===
+The book has been reviewed by, amongst others, Nature Reports Climate Change, Literary Review, The Guardian, The Spectator, and The Daily Telegraph.
+
+
+=== Scientific judgment ===
+James Dent reviewed the book in the Royal Meteorological Society's journal Weather. Robert Watson, the former Chair of the IPCC, accused Lawson of selective quotation and not understanding "the current scientific and economic debate". He also wrote in a letter to a newspaper: "Lord Lawson's perspective that the UK and Europe are over-reacting to the threat of human-induced climate change is substantially wrong and ignores a significant body of scientific, technological and economic evidence."
+Sir John Houghton reported that "Although Lawson makes some worthwhile critiques of energy policy,... his book is largely one of misleading messages." Lawson ignores or misunderstands the science, brushes off economic analysis by the International Energy Agency, and lumps respected scientists with purveyors of nonsense. Jean Palutikof, one of the authors of a new IPCC report, said: "By the time you get past 2050 the winners become fewer and fewer. By 2100, we will be losing almost everywhere." She also said that Lawson's view was "very wrong" when it came to the availability of water.
+Scientists from the Met Office's Hadley Centre responded to Lawson's contention that there has been no global warming since 2000, saying this was due to the La Niña cooling event of early 2007.
+
+
+== See also ==
+ Global warming portal
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Lecture on the Economics and Politics of Climate Change - An Appeal to Reason

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_Wastes_from_Petroleum_and_Petrochemical_Plants-0.md

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+---
+title: "Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_Wastes_from_Petroleum_and_Petrochemical_Plants"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:30.261378+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants is a book about the composition and treatment of the various wastewater streams produced in the hydrocarbon processing industries (i.e., oil refineries, petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants). When it was published in 1967, it was the first book devoted to that subject.
+The book is notable for being the first technical publication of a method for the rigorous tray-by-tray design of steam distillation towers for removing hydrogen sulfide from oil refinery wastewaters. Such towers are commonly referred to as sour water strippers. The design method was also presented at a World Petroleum Congress Meeting shortly after the book was published.
+The subjects covered in the book include wastewater pollutants and the pertinent governmental regulations, oil refinery and petrochemical plant wastewater effluents, treatment methods, miscellaneous effluents, data on the cost of various wastewater treatment methods, and an extensive reference list.
+
+
+== Availability in libraries ==
+The book became a classic in its field and is available in major university, public and industrial libraries worldwide. The book has no ISBN because they were not in use in 1967. The Library of Congress catalog number (LCCN) is 67019834 and the British Library system number is 012759691. It is no longer in print, but photocopies can be obtained from the ProQuest Company's  Books On Demand service.
+
+
+== Book reviews ==
+One of the book reviews is that of Dr. Nelson V. Nemerow, a Civil Engineering professor at Syracuse University in New York state, published in 1968 in the American Chemical Society's journal Environmental Science and Technology.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Our_Changing_Environment-0.md

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+---
+title: "Atlas of Our Changing Environment"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Our_Changing_Environment"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:32.575354+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Atlas of Our Changing Environment is a series of atlases published beginning in 2005 by the United Nations Environment Programme. The series includes:
+
+One Planet Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment (2005)
+Africa Lakes: Atlas of Our Changing Environment (2006)
+Africa: Atlas of Our Changing Environment (2008)
+These publications primarily make use of historical and recent satellite data alongside maps and photos to highlight areas of environmental change around the globe.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Africa Lakes: Atlas of Our Changing Environment at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2015-12-15)
+Africa: Atlas of Our Changing Environment at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2015-12-15)
+WorldCat

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awful_Splendour-0.md

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+title: "Awful Splendour"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awful_Splendour"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:33.721849+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada is a 2007 non-fiction book by American environmental historian Stephen J. Pyne. It examines the natural, social and political history of forest fires in Canada.
+
+
+== Background ==
+Author Pyne has a long relationship with forest fires; the Arizona State University professor was a wildland firefighter on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon for fifteen years, as well as a member of the United Nations Wildfire Advisory Group. The book is part of a series on forest fires by Pyne.  In his Circle of Fire series, he has covered forest fires in the U.S., Australia and on a global scale. The Canadian Forest Service encouraged Pyne to tackle the topic of Canadian forest fires. The phrase "awful splendour" was taken from a quote from early Canadian naturalist Henry Youle Hind, referring to the destructive beauty of prairie fires.
+
+
+== Synopsis ==
+The book is divided into three sections, titled "Torch", "Axe", and "Engine", roughly corresponding to the pre-contact, exploration, and industrial periods of Canadian history.  In its frequent mentions of American experiences with fire, the book engages in some comparative history.  Pyne defines several geographical "rings" of fire in Canada, including the boreal forests, the coastal forests of the Pacific and Atlantic, the mountain forests of British Columbia and Alberta, and the mixed wood forests of the Prairies, Ontario, and Quebec.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Canadian Literature noted that the book "filled a gaping hole" in Canadian scholarly writing on forest fires, and credited Pyne for accessing "grey literature" in hard to find locations. Reviewer David Brownstein called the book a "marvellously encyclopedic synthesis of a vast secondary literature on a complex topic."  Reviewed in BC Studies, Philip Van Huizen praised the "elegant and evocative" writing of the author, as well as his use of narrative. The reviewer critiqued some of Pyne's organisational choices; by looking at fire management province-by-province, the third section of the book has some redundancies and can be "a chore to read (at least in places)."  In all, Van Huizen called the work a "formidable and impressive book".
+
+
+== Sources ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Ballistics-0.md

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+---
+title: "Backyard Ballistics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Ballistics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:03.995676+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Backyard Ballistics is a how-to book by William Gurstelle that was published in 2001. It is full of experiments that can be done relatively inexpensively and can be easily executed. It also includes the history and mechanical principles of some of the inventions and projects. From catapults to rockets, this book describes accessible ways to create these at home or in the classroom. In addition to recreational use by individuals, teacher's guides have been developed and science fair projects designed around this book. It has been cited in several educational and scientific journals.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Author William Gurstelle's website
+Backyard Ballistics Teacher's Guide
+Backyard Ballistics website
+William Gurstelle presentation on the Art of Living Dangerously

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverland-0.md

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+---
+title: "Beaverland"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverland"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:34.882290+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Beaverland: How One Weird Rodent Made America is a non-fiction book written by Leila Philip published on December 6, 2022 by Twelve Books.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+Beaverland is a non-fiction book describing the behavior, history, and cultural significance of the North American beaver. Philip discusses the relationship between beavers and humans throughout history with a focus on Indigenous cultures and the American westward expansion. The title, Beaverland, is an allusion to Philip's argument that "Before 1600, all of the continent from west to east, save a few desert sections, had stretched out as one great Beaverland".
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Beaverland received positive reviews from critics. Kate Bellody reviewed the book for Library Journal and positively described the level of detail it gave to beaver activity, along with praising Philip for weaving discussion of "Indigenous wisdom" throughout the book. Richard Adams Carey, writing in The Wall Street Journal, described Beaverland as being "in parts a memoir, a local and national history, and a sort of quest narrative." Kirkus Reviews noted the large amount of field research conducted by Philip while writing the book, while Publishers Weekly praised Philip's prose and described the book as a "triumph of popular nature writing." Beaverland also received positive reviews in The Washington Post, Scientific American, and Sierra.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Beaverland at BookMarks

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Oil-0.md

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+---
+title: "Beyond Oil"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Oil"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:36.118309+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak is a 2005 book by Kenneth S. Deffeyes.  Deffeyes was a geologist who warned of the coming oil crisis in a previous book called Hubbert's Peak.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+In this book, he explores the Earth's supply of potential replacement fuels for oil. Beyond Oil evaluates a range of primary energy sources ("fuels from the earth"), from petroleum to heavy oil, oil shale, tar sands, natural gas, coal, uranium, and hydrogen (which, as he notes, is actually an energy carrier and not a source), and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally making scientific based policy decisions is a task for all citizens.
+The book begins with brief explanations of the supply problem of liquid hydrocarbons used mostly as transportation fuel. Then he explains a simpler math version of Hubbert's differential calculus to estimate what is available in the ground, see Hubbert linearization. The middle part covers the different energy resources which are available in the ground. Additionally the hydrogen path is discussed including conversion options and efficiencies from different energy forms (coal to electricity) into this gaseous energy carrier. Finally the last Chapter is an essay on the big picture from the perspective of a geologist.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Deffeyes, Ken (June 2006). "Beyond oil: The view from Hubbertís Peak - for expert investors" (PDF). CLSA. p. 19. Retrieved 2020-06-09. Exact peak date: December 16, 2005
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Silent_Spring-0.md

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+---
+title: "Beyond Silent Spring"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Silent_Spring"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:37.277318+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Beyond Silent Spring: Integrated Pest Management and Chemical Safety is a 1996 book about environmentalism edited by Helmut Fritz van Emden and David Peakall. It is a follow-up to the influential 1962 book Silent Spring.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Limits-0.md

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+---
+title: "Beyond the Limits"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Limits"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:38.387659+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Beyond the Limits is a 1992 book continuing the modeling of the consequences of a rapidly growing global population that was started in the 1972 report The Limits to Growth. Donella Meadows, Dennis Meadows, and Jørgen Randers are the authors and all were involved in the original Club of Rome study as well. Beyond the Limits (Chelsea Green Publishing Company) and Earthscan addressed many of the criticisms of the The Limits to Growth book, but still has caused controversy and mixed reactions.
+
+
+== Influence ==
+Billionaire investor Richard Rainwater indicates having been influenced to invest in oil in the 1990s upon reading Beyond the Limits. His niece Kelley Rainwater reports she gave him this book as a Christmas present. She was introduced to the book through Dr. Jay Earley who is a social transformation theorist and colleague of the Meadows.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Donella Meadows' twelve leverage points to intervene in a system
+World3
+Steady-state economy
+Peak oil
+The Limits to Growth
+The Ultimate Resource
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Faces,_White_Spaces-0.md

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+---
+title: "Black Faces, White Spaces"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Faces,_White_Spaces"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:40.703518+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Black Faces, White Spaces: Reimagining the Relationship of African Americans to the Great Outdoors is a 2014 book by cultural geographer Carolyn Finney. The book examines the relationship between African Americans and the environment, particularly challenging the notion of the environment and environmentalism as white spaces. Black Faces, White Spaces uses a combination of autoethnographic accounts, discourse analysis of media, interviews, and analysis of artistic forms of expression to contextualize a narrative about environmental policy and race relations in the United States. Finney explores the subject through the lenses of environmental history, feminist and critical race theories. In her discussion of American experiences with the environment, Finney highlights how the legacy of slavery creates disparities in the impact of environmental laws such as the Wilderness Act due to factors such as racial segregation. Black Faces, White Spaces challenges assumptions that the environmental movement makes about universal values, individualism, and agency, arguing that they reflect a class-based and racial power structure that denies participation from people of color.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Unrest-0.md

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+---
+title: "Blessed Unrest"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Unrest"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:41.837880+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Blessed Unrest: How the Largest Movement in the World Came into Being and Why No One Saw It Coming is a 2007 New York Times bestseller by Paul Hawken.  The book is about the many non-profit groups and community organizations, dedicated to many different causes, which Hawken calls the "environmental and social justice movement". Hawken explains that this is a diverse movement with no charismatic leader. The movement follows no unifying ideology, and is not recognized by politicians, the public and the media. But, Hawken argues, it has the potential to benefit the planet. 
+A New York Times reviewer states that Blessed Unrest is "about a movement that no one has noticed, not even the people involved". For this reviewer, the "high point of the book is Hawken's excellent critique of the chemical industry's attack on Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962", at a time when she was fighting cancer. Hawken also tells the stories of other people who have endured hardship and difficulty as they stood up to large corporations.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+Environmental movement
+Leaderless resistance
+The Starfish and the Spider
+Unorganisation
+Wiser.org
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Blessed Unrest for a Wiser Earth: John Stauber interviews Paul Hawken
+Blessed Unrest (film)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Through_(book)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Break Through (book)"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Through_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:45.331025+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, first published in October 2007, is a book written by Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, both long-time environmental strategists. Break Through is an argument for a positive, "post-environmental" politics that abandons the traditional environmentalist focus on nature protection for a focus on creating a new sustainable economy.
+The book is based on a controversial October-2004 essay by the same authors, "The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World." The essay argues that environmentalism is conceptually and institutionally incapable of dealing with climate change and should "die" so that a new politics can be born. The essay was widely discussed among liberals and greens at Salon, Grist, and The New York Times.
+After the failure of climate legislation in the U.S. Senate for the third time in June 2008, Time magazine named Nordhaus and Shellenberger "Heroes of the Environment", calling Break Through "prescient" for its prediction that climate policy should focus not on making fossil fuels expensive through regulation but rather on making clean energy cheap. The book's authors reiterated this argument in a September 2008 op-ed for the Los Angeles Times, arguing for $30–$50bn in annual research subsidies for clean energy.
+In early 2008, Break Through won the Center for Science Writing's Green Book Award, which comes with a $5,000 prize for the author(s).
+
+== Overview ==
+The first half of Break Through is a criticism of the green "politics of limits". The book begins with the birth of environmentalism. Nordhaus and Shellenberger argue that environmentalism in the U.S. emerged from post-war affluence, which they argue is a clue to understanding how ecological movements might emerge in places like China and India.
+
+Progressive social reforms, from the Civil Rights Act to the Clean Water Act, tend to occur during times of prosperity and rising expectations—not immiseration and declining expectations. Both the environmental movement and the civil rights movement emerged as a consequence of rising prosperity. It was the middle-class, young, and educated black Americans who were on the forefront of the civil rights movement. Poor blacks were active, but the movement was overwhelmingly led by educated, middle-class intellectuals and community leaders (preachers prominent among them). This was also the case with the white supporters of the civil rights movement, who tended to be more highly educated and more affluent than the general American population. In short, the civil rights movement no more emerged because African Americans were suddenly denied their freedom than the environmental movement emerged because America suddenly started polluting.
+
+Chapter two criticizes conservation efforts in Brazil, suggesting that nature protection cannot save the Amazon unless environmentalists provide an alternative way for the country to prosper. The authors criticize the environmental justice movement as focusing on low-priority pollution concerns in communities of color, narrowing the movement's focus instead of expanding it to include job creation and public health. They also fault climate activists for seeing climate change as a pollution problem like acid rain and the ozone hole instead of as an economic development and technological innovation challenge. The authors draw on science philosopher Thomas Kuhn to argue that environmentalists are stuck in a "pollution paradigm" when it comes to global warming.
+
+One of Kuhn's most famous examples was of the revolution led first by Copernicus and later by Galileo to overthrow the Earth-centered view of the solar system and replace it with our current sun-centered one. But in other instances, new paradigms leave part of the old paradigms intact, such as Einstein's theory of relativity, which left Newton's theory of gravity on Earth intact even as it revolutionized our understanding of mass and energy in the rest of the universe.
+Such may be the case with environmentalism. In many situations the pollution paradigm may still be a good way of understanding and dealing with air and water pollution. Our contention is not that the pollution paradigm is no longer useful for dealing with acid rain or rivers aflame but that it is profoundly inadequate for understanding and dealing with global warming and other ecological crises.
+
+Part II of Break Through, "the politics of possibility", is an argument for environmentalism to die and become reborn as a new progressive politics, one capable of winning a new social contract for Americans, so that they are financially secure enough to be able to care about ecological challenges, and a $500 billion public–private investment in clean energy. The last half of the book makes the case for a new social contract for the post-industrial age, one capable of helping Americans overcome "insecure affluence", whereby voters are both more materially wealthy but also more financially insecure than ever before. Nordhaus and Shellenberger say environmentalism should evolve from being a religion into being a church, and they see evangelical churches, with their capacity for providing belonging and fulfilment to their middle-class members, as models for a new "pre-political" institution for secular progressives. The authors argue for concrete policies such as "Global Warming Preparedness", and a global clean energy investment strategy modeled on the creation of the European Union after World War II.
+In the final chapter of the book, "Greatness", the authors argue that global warming will reshape national and international politics:

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Through_(book)-1.md

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+---
+title: "Break Through (book)"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Through_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:45.331025+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Climate change and the political response to it is already defining a new fault line in the culture. On one side of that line will be a global NIMBYism that sees the planet as too fragile to support the hopes and dreams of seven billion humans. It will seek to establish and enforce the equivalent of an international caste system in which the poor of the developing world are consigned to energy poverty in perpetuity. This politics of limits will be anti-immigration, anti-globalization, and anti-growth. It will be zero-sum, fiscally conservative, and deficit-oriented. It will combine Malthusian environmentalism with Hobbesian conservatism.
+On the other side will be those who believe that there is room enough for all of us to live secure and free lives. It will be pro-growth, progressive, and internationalist. It will drive global development by creating new markets. It will see in institutions like the WTO, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund not a corporate conspiracy to keep people poor and destroy the environment, but an opportunity to drive a kind of development that is both sustainable and equitable. It will embrace technology without being technocratic. It will seek adaptation proactively, not fatalistically. It will establish social and economic security as preconditions for ecological action. It will be large and transformative, but not millenarian.
+
+== Critical reception ==
+Break Through was criticized and praised by both the left and the right. Wired magazine wrote that Break Through "could turn out to be the best thing to happen to environmentalism since Rachel Carson's Silent Spring." The Wall Street Journal wrote, "If heeded, Nordhaus and Shellenberger's call for an optimistic outlook -- embracing economic dynamism and creative potential -- will surely do more for the environment than any U.N. report or Nobel Prize". NPR's science correspondent Richard Harris listed Break Through on his "recommended reading list" for climate change.
+Other reviewers were harshly critical. Joseph Romm, a former US Department of Energy official now with the Center for American Progress, argued that "Pollution limits are far, far more important than R&D for what really matters -- reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and driving clean technologies into the marketplace." Environmental journalist David Roberts, writing in Grist, argued that while the BTI and its founders garner much attention, their policy is lacking, and ultimately they "receive a degree of press coverage that wildly exceeds their intellectual contributions." (Romm also acknowledged that he had not read the book: "I won't waste time reading their new instant bestseller, unhelpfully titled Break Through, and you shouldn't either.") Reviewers for the San Francisco Chronicle, the American Prospect, and the Harvard Law Review argued that a critical reevaluation of green politics was unwarranted because global warming had become a high-profile issue and the Democratic Congress was preparing to act.
+Environmental scholars Julie Sze and Michael Ziser questioned Shellenberger and Nordhaus's goals in publishing Break Through, noting that their "evident relish in their notoriety as the 'sexy' cosmopolitan 'bad boys' of environmentalism (their own words) introduces some doubt about their sincerity and reliability." The authors asserted that Break Through fails "to incorporate the aims of environmental justice while actively trading on suspect political tropes," such as blaming China and other nations as large-scale polluters. They claimed that Shellenberger and Nordhaus advocate technology-based approaches that miss entirely "the "structural environmental injustice" that natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina make visible. Ultimately, "Shellenberger believes that community-based environmental justice poses a threat to the smooth operation of a highly capitalized, global-scale Environmentalism."
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringing_Whales_Ashore-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bringing Whales Ashore"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringing_Whales_Ashore"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:46.460009+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Bringing Whales Ashore: Oceans and the Environment of Early Modern Japan is a 2018 book by Jakobina K. Arch. The book details the history of whaling in Japan, especially during the Tokugawa period. In particular, the book notes the relationship between the Japanese archipelago and the maritime space around it, as well as between the shore and inland populations of Japan. While shore-based and near-shore whaling was big business in early modern Japan, employing tens of thousands of workers and drawing substantial investment, the practice was unsustainable, and it fell off before the middle of the nineteenth century, even before American whaling ships had a major impact on Pacific whale species. If the oceans are paid attention to as global environments and as key sources of nutrients and economic resources, the book argues, then Tokugawa Japan was neither as self-sufficient nor as sustainable as has previously been argued.
+This decline in whaling by about the 1840s brings the book's argument up to the present. The book "finds little evidence of Japan's supposed 9,000-year unbroken whaling tradition in modern factory-ship whaling," which would thus render Japan's twentieth century claims to qualify for exemptions from the International Whaling Commission's moratorium on commercial whaling based on a long indigenous cultural practice of whaling unfounded. While Japan may claim a history of whaling, the book thus argues, it was not continuous, and it was both commercial and ecologically unsustainable from its early history.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_Power-0.md

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+---
+title: "Brittle Power"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_Power"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:47.637613+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Brittle Power: Energy Strategy for National Security is a 1982 book by Amory B. Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins, prepared originally as a Pentagon study and re-released in 2001 following the September 11 attacks.  The book argues that the U.S. domestic energy infrastructure is very vulnerable to disruption, whether by accident or malice, often even more so than US technology is vulnerable to disruption of the imported oil supply. According to the authors, a resilient energy system is feasible, costs less, works better, and is favoured in the market, but is rejected by U.S. policy.  In the preface to the 2001 edition, Lovins explains that these themes are still very current.
+
+
+== Vulnerability to large-scale failures ==
+Lovins argues that the United States has for decades been running on energy that is "brittle" (easily shattered by accident or malice) and that this poses a grave and growing threat to national security, life, and liberty.
+Lovins explains that this danger comes not from hostile ideology but from misapplied technology.  The size, complexity, pattern, and control structure of the electrical power system makes it inherently vulnerable to large-scale failures. The same is true of the technologies that deliver coal, gas, and oil for running buildings, vehicles, and industries. Reliance on these delicately poised energy systems has unwittingly put at risk the entire American way of life.
+Lovins' detailed research shows that these vulnerabilities are increasingly being exploited. Brittle Power documents many significant assaults on energy facilities, other than during a war, in 40 countries and within the United States, in some 24 states.
+
+
+== Resilient energy systems ==
+Lovins claims that most energy utilities and governments are unsuccessfully trying to build high technical reliability into power plants so large that their cost of failure is unacceptable. A resilient energy supply system may instead consist of numerous, relatively small sustainable energy sources, each with a low individual cost of failure. Potentially these individual energy sources "are renewable: they harness the energy of the sun, wind, water, or farm and forestry wastes, rather than that of depletable fuels".
+
+
+== Central message ==
+Amory B. and L. Hunter Lovins reiterated the main message of Brittle Power in "Terrorism and Brittle Technology", Chapter 3 in Albert H. Teich's book Technology and the Future (2003):
+
+The foundation of a secure energy system is to need less energy in the first place, then to get it from sources that are inherently invulnerable because they're diverse, dispersed, renewable, and mainly local. They're secure not because they're American but because of their design. Any highly centralised energy system – pipelines, nuclear plants, refineries – invites devastating attack. But invulnerable alternatives don't, and can't, fail on a large scale.
+
+
+== Networked island-able microgrids ==
+In his book Reinventing Fire (2011), Amory B. Lovins puts forward a vision of networked island-able microgrids where energy is generated locally from solar power, wind power, and other resources, and used by super-efficient buildings. When each building, or neighborhood, is generating its own power, with links to other “islands” of power, the security of the entire network is greatly enhanced. Lovins has said that in the face of hundreds of blackouts in 2005, Cuba reorganized its electricity transmission system into networked microgrids and cut the occurrence of blackouts to zero within two years, limiting damage even after two hurricanes. Denmark has performed tests of islanding a region ("cell") to maintain robustness with smaller local assets rather than large centralized ones.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+
+=== Major blackouts ===
+
+
+=== Related publications ===
+
+
+=== Related concepts ===
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Brittle Power has 1,200 references.  It has been summarised and referred to in several other publications:
+
+"The Fragility of Domestic Energy". The Atlantic Monthly. 1983. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Lay summary.
+"America's Energy Jugular" (PDF). Nuclear Arms: Ethics Strategy, Politics. 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Book chapter written for security professionals.
+Brief for a group of energy-industry leaders. Montreux Energy Roundtable. October 2001. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Lovins, Amory B. & Lovins, L. Hunter (Autumn 1983). "Real Security: Exposing vulnerabilities in our energy system so that we might overcome them". The Foundations Of Peace. Context Institute. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Document ID: IC#4.
+Lovins, Amory (2003). "Towering Design Flaws". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Document ID: E03-06.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Desert-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cadillac Desert"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Desert"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:48.785481+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water  is a 1986 American history book by Marc Reisner about land development and water policy in the western United States. The book largely focuses on the history of two federal agencies, the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and their struggles to remake the American West in ways to satisfy national settlement and energy generation goals. The book concludes that the development-driven policies, formed when settling the West was the country's main concern, have had serious long-term negative effects on the environment and water quantity.
+The book was revised and updated in 1993, with a new afterword by the author. The book was again reissued in 2017, with a lengthy Postscript by Lawrie Mott, a former staff scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council.
+
+
+== Topics discussed ==
+
+
+== Reception ==
+In a review written shortly after publication, The New York Times described the book as "a revealing, absorbing, often amusing and alarming report on where billions of their dollars have gone – and where a lot more are going." In 1986, Cadillac Desert was a finalist for both the National Book Critics' Circle Award and the Bay Area Book Reviewers' Award (BABRA).
+In 1999, a Modern Library panel of authors and critics ranked it 61st on a list of the 100 most notable English-language works of nonfiction of the 20th century.
+The Property and Environment Research Center reviewed the book 25 years after first publication, calling it a "masterpiece" and saying that it is "compelling today as it was on publication in 1986". It praised the research that went into work, calling out the interviews performed by Reisner to produce the book. Summit Daily News has also praised Reisner's research and called out Reisner's framing of the Bureau of Reclamation as the "clear villain" and the Colorado River as its "most abused victim", ultimately calling the book "prophetic."
+
+
+== Adaptations and representations in other media ==
+A portion of the 1993 update was printed in the 1994 inaugural edition of the Hastings West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy.
+A four-part television documentary based on the revised book was produced in 1996 by KTEH, the PBS affiliate in San Jose, California.
+This book has been referred to in 21st-century fiction about the effects of climate change (so-called climate fiction), such as Paolo Bacigalupi's The Water Knife (2015), a thriller set in the near-future. Several characters refer to Cadillac Desert as having anticipated the environmental decline they are living through. The physical book also plays an important role. Claire Vaye Watkins refers to Cadillac Desert as a source in her acknowledgments for her novel, Gold Fame Citrus (2015).
+
+
+== See also ==
+California State Water Project
+California water wars
+Chinatown (1974 film)
+Water conflicts
+Water in California
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Against_the_Sea-0.md

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+---
+title: "California Against the Sea"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Against_the_Sea"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:49.936651+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+California Against the Sea: Visions For Our Vanishing Coastline  is a 2023 nonfiction book by American author and Los Angeles Times environmental reporter Rosanna Xia.
+
+
+== Summary ==
+Xia travels along the California coastal communities to interview indigenous leaders, community activists, politicians and environmental scientists on how their communities are responding to rising sea levels.
+
+
+== Publication ==
+The book was published by Heyday on September 26, 2023. The cover art was done by Adrian Montalvo and the design by Frances Baca.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Peter Fish of the San Francisco Chronicle described the book as "thoughtful, balanced, deeply researched and reported." Publishers Weekly called it "a vivid exploration" and an "unsparing look at California’s contentious battle to cope with a changing climate."
+
+
+== Awards and nominations ==
+The book was the winner of the 2024 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. It was also selected as the Great Read from California for the 2024 Library of Congress National Book Festival. It was included as part of the San Francisco Chronicle's favorite nonfiction books of 2023. The book was featured on The Architect's Newspaper's list of best books of 2023. The book was a recipient of the 2024 American Book Award by the Before Columbus Foundation.
+Xia was selected as the American Energy Society's 2024 Energy Writer of the Year.
+
+
+== See also ==
+coastal zone management
+Sea level rise
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada's_Deadly_Secret-0.md

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+---
+title: "Canada's Deadly Secret"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada's_Deadly_Secret"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:52.299128+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Canada's Deadly Secret: Saskatchewan Uranium and the Global Nuclear System is a 2007 book by Jim Harding which chronicles the struggle over Saskatchewan's uranium mining, and demonstrates the negative impacts on Aboriginal rights and environmental health, and the effect of free trade. Harding argues that nuclear energy cannot mitigate global warming and that the "peaceful nuclear technology" does not exist. Helen Caldicott wrote the foreword to the book.
+Jim Harding is an emeritus professor of environmental and justice studies and was director of research for Prairie Justice Research at the University of Regina. He is a founding member of the Regina Group for a Non-Nuclear Society and International Uranium Congress. Harding also acted as Prairie Correspondent for Nuclear Free Press and consultant to the award-winning film Uranium, a 1990 documentary about uranium mining in Canada.
+Several reviews of the book have been published.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of books about nuclear issues
+Nuclear disarmament
+Anti-nuclear movement
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Shift-0.md

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+---
+title: "Carbon Shift"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Shift"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:53.469053+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Carbon Shift: How Peak Oil and the Climate Crisis Will Change Canada (and Our Lives) is a 2009 non-fiction book edited by Thomas Homer-Dixon and Nick Garrison that collects six essays that discusses the issues of peak oil and climate change.  The book was first published in hardcover by Random House of Canada in 2009 under the title Carbon Shift: How the Twin Crises of Oil Depletion and Climate Change Will Define the Future, and became a national bestseller.  In 2010, the paperback was published by Vintage Canada, a division of Random House Canada, the sub-title then changing to How Peak Oil and the Climate Crisis Will Change Canada (and Our Lives).
+
+
+== Synopsis ==
+Carbon Shift encompasses six essays by experts in the fields of economics, geology, politics, and science. The essays argue points such as humanity's potential for exhausting the supply of non-renewable fuels and what could be done to prevent this.
+
+
+== Contributors ==
+Thomas Homer-Dixon - Introduction and Conclusion
+Nick Garrison - Introduction and Conclusion
+Ronald Wright - Foreword
+David Keith - Dangerous Abundance
+David Hughes - The Energy Issue: a More Urgent Problem than Climate Change
+Mark Jaccard - Peak Oil and Market Feedbacks: Chicken Little versus Dr. Pangloss
+Jeff Rubin - Demand Shift
+William Marsden - The Perfect Moment
+Jeffrey Simpson - Broken Hearts, Broken Policies: the Politics of Climate Change
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Quill and Quire stated that the differing outlook of the essays showed that it was "hard to imagine working together on solutions when there is so little consensus about the exact nature of the problems".  Peter Robinson echoed this statement, saying that the book's essays "reinforce the conclusion that it will take all of our ingenuity, will and perseverance to prevent catastrophe." Andrew Nikiforuk praised Carbon Shift, saying that it does "a fine job of exposing Canada's big oily gamble".
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Thomas Homer-Dixon's web site
+Official publisher's page for Carbon Shift

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenging_the_Chip-0.md

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+---
+title: "Challenging the Chip"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenging_the_Chip"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:54.587999+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Challenging the Chip is a 2006 book on "labor rights and environmental justice in the global electronics industry" edited by Ted Smith, David A. Sonnenfeld, and David Naguib Pellow. It is published by Temple University Press. In three parts, the book looks at global electronics, environmental justice and labor rights, and electronic waste and extended producer responsibility. In four appendices, the book also deals with the principles of environmental justice, the computer take-back campaign, sample shareholder resolutions, and the electronics recycler's pledge of true stewardship.
+This 357-page book was put together by "scores of people around the world (who) have been involved over the course of several years in the conceptualization, development, editing and production (of it)".
+
+== "New wave of technology" ==
+In his foreword to the text, former Texas Agriculture Commissioner Jim Hightower makes out a case to explain how "technology happens". He writes: "Take cars. After Henry Ford began mass production, it took only a flash in time for these four-wheeled chunks of technology to wholly transform our landscape, environment, economy, culture, psychology, and ... well, pretty much our whole world. For better or worse, cars created freeways, shopping malls, McDonald's, drive-in banking – even the Beach Boys!" Hightower argues: "A new wave of technology is sweeping the land. It is embodied in the tiny chips (and the computers they power) that are radically and rapidly transforming our world – and, like the automobile, not always for the better."
+He also contends that the story of the "dark side of the chip" needs to be "told and retold" across the "global village" before it is too late to do anything about it.
+The book narrates the story of how the high-tech industry grew in the "Valley of Heart's Delight" (before the place got renamed to Silicon Valley) and how Santa Clara Valley fruit-processing workers such as Alida Hernandez got reinvented into "clean room" workers. This "deplorable pattern is still being replicated around the world".
+
+== Stories of electronic workers suffering toxic exposures ==
+The book contains stories about electronic workers suffering toxic exposures and fighting over it. From the Southwestern US and the Maquiladora region on the Mexico–United States border, to Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, China, and India.
+The book argues that "far too (words) have been addressed to the downside of the (electronics industry's) revolution". Its co-editors, in a signed article titled "The Quest for Sustainability and Justice in a High-Tech World", say: "Although most consumers are eager to enjoy their latest electronic games, few relate the declining prices of these and other electronic technologies to the labor of Third World women, who are paid pennies a day."
+Other issues focused on by the co-editors include environmental degradation, occupational health hazards, and the "widespread ignorance" of the "health and ecological footprints of the global electronics industry".
+There are problems of contamination by hi-tech manufacturing (of workers, air, land and water) from all around—Silicon Valley in the United States, Silicon Glen in Scotland, Silicon Island in Thailand, and Silicon Paddy in China. It contrasts the reality between the "CEOs and upper management" drawing "multimillion dollar salaries and 'golden parachutes'" as against the reality of the production workers living in packed dormitories and often facing sweatshop conditions.
+
+== Unsung heroines and heroes ==
+While acknowledging the work of the hi-tech revolution pioneers, the book's editors also point to the "accomplishments of the unsung heroines and heroes of this revolution's other side". Including Santa Clara Center for Occupational Safety and Health founder Amanda Hawes; San Jose, California housewife Lorraine Ross, who battled against Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation's polluting practices in Silicon Valley; Thai occupational health physician Orapan Metadilogkul who confronted Seagate Corporation; and Scottish semiconductor worker Helen Clark "who gave her life fighting to provide a voice for poisoned workers of National Semiconductor's plant in Silicon Glen".
+
+== Globalisation of electronics, labor rights, product end-of-life ==
+Its editors say the book has "two geographical frames of reference"—the vicinity of San Jose, California (or, Silicon Valley), and "parts of the world increasingly integrated into global networks of electronics production, consumption, and disposal". The volume looks at three "broad, integrative themes": the globalization of electronics manufacturing; labor rights and environmental justice; and the product end-of-life cycle issues (e-waste, and extended producer responsibility).
+In terms of global electronics, the book focuses on Silicon Valley (where the United States electronics industry's roots lie, and which has a three-decade history of community and worker dialog and struggle). It also looks at electronics manufacturing in China, India, Thailand, and Central and Eastern Europe.
+In terms of labor rights and "environmental justice", the book looks at the stories of workers and environmentalists taking up such issues -- "work hazards, antiunion hostility, and environmental health perils"—in countries that range from the United States, to Mexico, Scotland, and Thailand, among others.
+E-waste issues get looked at in the context of trading or dumping from the North to South. "But as nations like India and China increasingly modernize, their own industries and consumers are contributing to the problems as well," says the editors.
+
+== Failed to keep pace with social and environmental advances ==
+They argue that while the electronics industry leaders have produced "enormous technical innovation over the years", they have failed to keep "sufficient pace with the socially and environmentally oriented advances that are available to them." In their chapter titled "The Quest for Sustainability", the co-editors suggest that sustainability, environmental justice and labor rights "cannot lie solely in the hands of either the social movements or the captains of industry or the representatives of the state". Instead, it suggests, all citizens and stakeholders must play a role in shaping the industry, its workers, and the environment wherever communities get affected.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenging_the_Chip-1.md

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+---
+title: "Challenging the Chip"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenging_the_Chip"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:54.587999+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== "Downside not addressed" ==
+Says an introduction to its contents: "Of the millions of words written over the past several decades about the electronics industry's incredible transformation of our world, far too few have been addressed (to) the downside of this revolution. Many are surprised to learn that environmental degradation and occupational health hazards are as much a part of high-tech manufacturing as miniaturization and other such marvels".
+
+== Third World women's labor, pollute surroundings ==
+The editors also comment: "Although most consumers are eager to enjoy their latest computers, televisions, cellular phones, iPods, and electronic games, few relate the declining prices of these and other electronic technologies to the labor of Third World women, who are paid pennies a day. Fewer still realize that the amazingly powerful microprocessors and superminiaturized, high-capacity memory devices harm the workers who produce them and pollute the surrounding communities' air and water".
+
+== Comments on the book ==
+Sandra Steingraber calls this book "essential reading for anyone who owns a cell phone or a computer" and says "our digital possessions connect us not only to global information but also to global contamination and injustice". Nicholas Ashford calls the work "an impressive, comprehensive critique and hopeful, but realistic, blueprint for transforming the global electronics industry into a sustainable one encompassing technological advance, environmental improvement, and equitable, safe, and secure employment". Jan Mazurek says that "contrary to high tech's clean image, this pioneering work illustrates the industry's environmental and economic downsides from the birthplace of Silicon Valley to the four corners of the globe to which the industry recently has spread". Mazurek comments that this book is "told from the compelling and passionate perspective of workers and activists involved in these struggles".
+
+== Regions covered ==
+Chapters of the book cover "Made in China" electronics workers, Thailand's electronic sector's corporate social responsibility, electronic workers in India, workers in and around Central and Eastern Europe's semiconductor plants (Russia, Belarus, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland and Romania), Silicon Valley's Toxics' Coalition and workers' struggles, Mexico, Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Park, other issues from Taiwan, high-tech pollution in Japan, the electronic waste trade, e-waste in Delhi, producer responsibility laws in Sweden and Japan, among other themes.
+
+== See also ==
+List of environmental books
+
+== References ==
+https://web.archive.org/web/20170328014135/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/1788_reg.html
+
+== External links ==
+https://web.archive.org/web/20170328014135/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/1788_reg.html

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Kangaroos-0.md

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+---
+title: "Chasing Kangaroos"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Kangaroos"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:55.742214+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature, is a 2007 book (ISBN 978-0802118523) by Professor Tim Flannery. The book draws on three decades of travel, research, and field work to explore Australia's kangaroos. Seventy species make up the kangaroo family, which includes wallabies and rat-kangaroos.
+Professor Tim Flannery is also author of The Weather Makers, which received much critical acclaim.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of Australian environmental books
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_of_the_New_South-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cinderella of the New South"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_of_the_New_South"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:58.106040+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cinderella of the New South: A History of the Cottonseed Industry, 1855–1955 is a 1995 book by Lynette Boney Wrenn. It is significant as the first scholarly book to examine the history of the cottonseed industry in the southern United States. In Cinderella of the New South, Wrenn argues that the cottonseed industry between 1855 and 1955 was an example of a lack of industrialization in the southern United States. The book covers the antebellum origins of the cottonseed industry and the rapid rise of the industry between 1880 and 1914, which was fuelled by demand for cottonseed products, such as cooking oil, soaps, and candles. Cinderella of the New South addresses the extraction-to-manufacturing process of the cottonseed crop during the 1880–1914 period, during which the southern mills performed the least-profitable step of crushing the cottonseed while largely northern-owned businesses handled the more-lucrative secondary manufacturing and marketing stages. The book ends with the consolidation of the cottonseed industry after World War II and the subsequent end of the hydraulic crushing of the seed in the 1950s.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Code_Red-0.md

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+---
+title: "Climate Code Red"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Code_Red"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:38:01.515498+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action  is a 2008 book which presents scientific evidence that the global warming crisis is worse than official reports and national governments have so far indicated. The book argues humanity is facing a sustainability emergency that requires a clear break from business-as-usual politics. The authors explain that emergency action to address climate change is not so much a radical idea as an indispensable course to embark upon. It  draws heavily on the work of many climate scientists, including James E. Hansen.
+
+
+== General ==
+The key themes of Climate Code Red are:
+
+"Our goal is a safe-climate future – we have no right to bargain away species or human lives."
+"We are facing rapid warming impacts: the danger is immediate, not just in the future."
+"For a safe climate future, we must take action now to stop emissions and to cool the earth."
+"Plan a large-scale transition to a post-carbon economy and society."
+"Recognise a climate and sustainability emergency, because we need to move at a pace far beyond business and politics as usual".
+Co-author David Spratt is a Melbourne businessman, climate-policy analyst, and co-founder of the Carbon Equity network, and Research Director of the Breakthrough - National Centre for Climate Restoration. Co-author Philip Sutton is convener of the Greenleap Strategic Institute and Assistant Convenor of the Climate Emergency Network.
+The book was launched by the Governor of Victoria, Professor David de Kretser in Parliament House in Melbourne, Victoria, on July 17, 2008.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+List of Australian environmental books
+Requiem for a Species
+Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+The Case for a Sustainability Emergency: Philip Sutton interview (audio) - The Reality Report
+The Case for a Sustainability Emergency: Philip Sutton interview (text) - Energy Bulletin
+Morton, Adam (2008-07-17). "Code red: Climate skating on thin ice, authors say". Melbourne: The Age.
+Alexandra De Blas (August–September 2008). "Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action". ECOS (144): 12–4.
+"Middle of the road ... towards a cliff". The Age. 2008-08-07.
+Coming clean on 'nice' coal
+Review of Climate Code Red: Energy Bulletin

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrams_and_Explanations_of_the_Wonderful_Machines_of_the_Far_West-0.md

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+---
+title: "Diagrams and Explanations of the Wonderful Machines of the Far West"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrams_and_Explanations_of_the_Wonderful_Machines_of_the_Far_West"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:07.495193+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Diagrams and Explanations of the Wonderful Machines of the Far West (Chinese: Yuǎn xī qí qì túshuō lù zuì, 遠西奇器圖說錄最, often abridged as Qí qì túshuō, 奇器圖說) was an encyclopedia of Western mechanical devices translated into Chinese by the Jesuit Johann Schreck (1576-1630), and the Chinese scholar Wang Zheng (王徵 1571–1644). This book was the first to present Western mechanical knowledge to a Chinese audience. The book was published in 1627.
+Particularly, the works of the Italian engineers Agostino Ramelli or Vittorio Zonca were reproduced in this translation, as well as those of the French engineer Jacques Besson. Plates depicting European machine were reproduced quite precisely, although in a Chinese pictorial style.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Jesuit China missions
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+=== Citations ===
+
+
+=== Sources ===
+Zhang Baichun, 'An Inquiry into the History of the Chinese Terms Jiqi (Machines) and Jixie (Machinery)', in Michael Lackner et al., New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical Change in Late Imperial China BRILL, 2001 ISBN 90-04-12046-7
+Brian Scott Baigrie Picturing Knowledge: Historical and Philosophical Problems Concerning the Use of Art in Science University of Toronto Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8020-7439-1
+Joseph Needham, Ling Wang, Gwei-Djen Lu Science and civilisation in China Cambridge University Press, 1965 ISBN 0-521-05803-1

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Legends-0.md

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+---
+title: "Engineering Legends"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Legends"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:09.820952+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers is a 2005 book by engineer Richard Weingardt. The book features a list of 32 engineering legends from the 1700s to the present, including Fazlur Khan, Hal Iyengar, Tung-Yen Lin, Benjamin Wright, and Fred Severud.
+Weingardt describes how the ingenuity of these engineers, many of whom were immigrants to the United States, revolutionized the world, and how people take so many things for granted which were made possible because of the genius of these engineers. The book discusses the fact that while the engineering achievements are regularly recognized, the engineers themselves are rarely discussed. These engineers should become common household names.
+The book explores the personal lives and professional accomplishments of its subjects, providing an in-depth look at the people behind these achievements. The book also illustrates the diversity surrounding these engineers, such as their differing backgrounds, their reasons for becoming engineers, the obstacles they faced, and their work in different disciplines of civil engineering. In the foreword, Henry Petroski describes the book as a work that "cannot help but inspire engineers, future engineers, and all who benefit (and will continue to benefit) from their work".
+
+
+== Listed engineers ==
+
+
+=== Empire Makers ===
+Benjamin Wright, chief engineer of the Erie Canal and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.
+Stephen H. Long, a U.S. army explorer, topographical engineer, and railway engineer.
+Theodore D. Judah, a railroad engineer who planned the first Transcontinental Railroad.
+William L. Jenney, considered "the Father of the American skyscraper".
+
+
+=== Environmental Experts ===
+Ellen Swallow Richards, a pioneer for women in science and engineering.
+Holly A. Cornell, founding member of CH2M Hill.
+William W. Moore, worked on seismic design criteria for Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.
+Fu Hua Chen, a soil engineering pioneer.
+
+
+=== Transportation Trendsetters ===
+Octave Chanute, railroad engineer and aviation pioneer.
+John E. Greiner, railroad engineer.
+Clifford Holland, tunnel engineer whose responsible for the Holland Tunnel in New York City.
+Roy Peratrovich, Jr., bridge engineer whose projects include two highline structures spanning 1,000 and 1,500 feet for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.
+
+
+=== Builders of Bridges ===
+Emily Warren Roebling, one of the Chief Engineers for the Brooklyn Bridge.
+Ralph Modjeski, an engineer that spanned two eras - the railroad truss bridges to the suspension bridge. An example project is Broadway Bridge (Portland).
+John A. L. Waddell, of the most honored American Civil Engineers. An example project is the South Halstead Street Vertical Lift Bridge.
+David B. Steinman, designer of the Mackinac Bridge.
+
+
+=== Structural Trailblazers ===
+Fazlur R. Khan, a Bangladeshi structural engineer and architect responsible for the tubular structural concept in tall buildings.
+Fred N. Severud, a Norwegian structural engineer, whose projects include the St. Louis Gateway Arch and Madison Square Garden in New York City.
+Willard E. Simpson a structural engineer whose work includes Floyd Casey Stadium and solutions to deal with expansive clays.
+Tung-Yen Lin, a structural engineer who was the pioneer of standardizing the use of prestressed concrete.
+
+
+=== Daring Innovators ===
+George Washington Gale Ferris Jr., bridge engineer and inventor of the Ferris wheel.
+Jack R. Janney, a pioneer in forensic engineering.
+Henry J. Degenkolb, a pioneer in seismic design.
+Srinivasa Iyengar, an Indian American Civil engineer working with high-rise, long-span and stadium structures. A notable project he participated in was the John Hancock Center.
+
+
+=== Movers and Shakers ===
+Kate Gleason invented mass-produced low cost housing built out of concrete.
+Richard Buckminster Fuller pioneer in Geodesic dome. One of his domes include Spaceship Earth (Epcot).
+George D. Clyde, former Governor of Utah.
+Albert A. Dorman, whose projects include Air Force One Complex at Andrews Air Force Base and Batman Bridge.
+
+
+=== Educators Extraordinaire ===
+Hardy Cross, an educator and structural theoretician. One of his influential structure methods is Moment distribution method.
+Nathan Newmark helped develop design criteria for tall earthquake-resistant structures and large scale oil pipelines.
+Mario G. Salvadori, a professor and expert in thin-shell concrete structures. An example project is CBS Building.
+Roland C. Rautenstraus helped modernize Colorado's entire highway system.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Engineering Legends at Google Books
+"Structural Engineering Legends" (PDF). (1.8 MB), an article by Weingardt that preceded the book
+List of civil engineers

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_the_Mind's_Eye-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_the_Mind's_Eye"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:17:43.771269+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:08.666143+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Design_Programs-0.md

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+---
+title: "How to Design Programs"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Design_Programs"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:26.408657+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+How to Design Programs (HtDP) is a textbook by Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, and Shriram Krishnamurthi on the systematic design of computer programs. MIT Press published the first edition in 2001, and the second edition in 2018, which is freely available online and in print. The book introduces the concept of a design recipe, a six-step process for creating programs from a problem statement. While the book was originally used along with the education project TeachScheme! (renamed ProgramByDesign), it has been adopted at many colleges and universities for teaching program design principles.
+According to HtDP, the design process starts with a careful analysis of a problem statement with the goal of extracting a rigorous description of the kinds of data that the desired program consumes and produces. The structure of these data descriptions determines the organization of the program.
+Then, the book carefully introduces data forms of progressively growing complexity. It starts with data of atomic forms and then progresses to compound forms, including data that can be arbitrarily large. For each kind of data definition, the book explains how to organize the program in principle, thus enabling a programmer who encounters a new form of data to still construct a program systematically.
+Like Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (SICP), HtDP relies on a variant of the programming language Scheme. It includes its own programming integrated development environment (IDE), named DrRacket, which provides a series of programming languages. The first language supports only functions, atomic data, and simple structures. Each language adds expressive power to the prior one. Except for the largest teaching language, all languages for HtDP are functional programming languages.
+
+
+== Pedagogical basis ==
+In the 2004 paper, The Structure and Interpretation of the Computer Science Curriculum, the same authors compared and contrasted the pedagogical focus of How to Design Programs (HtDP) with that of Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (SICP). In the 14-page paper, the authors distinguish the pedagogic focus of HtDP from that of SICP, and show how HtDP was designed as a textbook to address some problems that some students and teachers had with SICP.
+The paper introduces the pedagogical landscape surrounding the publication of SICP. The paper starts with a history and critique of SICP, followed by a description of the goal of the computing curriculum. It then describes the principles of teaching behind HtDP; in particular, the difference between implicit vs. explicit teaching of design principles. It then continues on to describe the role of Scheme and the importance of an ideal programming environment, and concludes with an extensive evaluation of content and student/faculty reaction to experience with SICP vs. HtDP.
+One of the major focuses of the paper is the emphasis on the difference in required domain knowledge between SICP and HtDP. A chart in the paper compares major exercises in SICP and HtDP, and the related text describes how the exercises in the former require considerably more sophisticated domain knowledge than those of HtDP. The paper continues on to explain why this difference in required domain knowledge has resulted in certain students having confused domain knowledge with program design knowledge.
+The paper claims the following four major efforts that the authors of HtDP have made to address perceived issues with SICP:
+
+HtDP addresses explicitly, rather than implicitly, how programs should be constructed.
+To make programming easier, the book guides students through five different knowledge levels corresponding to data definition levels of complexity.
+The book's exercises focus on program design guidelines, rather than domain knowledge.
+The book assumes less domain knowledge than that of SICP.
+The paper then distinguishes between structural recursion, where the related data definition happens to be self-referential, requiring usually a straightforward design process, and generative recursion, where new problem data is generated in the middle of the problem-solving process and the problem solving method is re-used, often requiring ad hoc mathematical insight, and stresses how this distinction makes their approach scalable to the object-oriented (OO) world.
+Finally, the paper concludes with a description of responses from various faculty and students after having used HtDP in the classroom.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website, 2018 2nd edition, 2003 1st edition

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Make_a_Spaceship-0.md

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+---
+title: "How to Make a Spaceship"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Make_a_Spaceship"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:10.973468+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+How to Make a Spaceship: A Band of Renegades, an Epic Race, and the Birth of Private Spaceflight is a 2016 non-fiction book by journalist Julian Guthrie about the origins of the X Prize Foundation and Peter Diamandis, the first X Prize, the Ansari X Prize and Anousheh Ansari, the entrants into that suborbital spaceflight competition, and the winning team, Mojave Aerospace Ventures of Vulcan Inc., Paul G. Allen, Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan, and their platform of Tier One of SpaceShipOne and WhiteKnightOne.
+
+
+== Synopsis ==
+The book is an overview of what led to the creation of the X Prize, and the running of that first X Prize. Profiles of the major players in the X Prize initiative are included in the book. It chronologically starts with the influences that weighed upon Peter Diamandis, and his progression into the space industry. It also covers the process to get funding, rejections, and the arrival of the Ansaris, becoming title sponsors. The book surveys several of the teams that entered into the competition to win the Ansari X Prize. The team that is focused on most is that which won the X Prize in 2004, the one headed by Paul Allen and Burt Rutan, of SpaceShipOne. The book ends with an epilogue about Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic acquiring the SpaceShipOne technology, and the spaceplane itself ending up in the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. The book includes a preface by Richard Branson and an afterword by Stephen Hawking.
+
+
+== Publication ==
+The book was originally entitled Beyond: Peter Diamandis and the Adventure of Space, when it was sold preemptively to Penguin Books in 2014. How to Make a Spaceship was released in September 2016, in trade paperback, hardcover, audio book and e-book formats. The book appeared on several "Best Of" book lists and became a New York Times bestseller. Several parties expressed interest in obtaining the filming rights to the book.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Gregg Easterbrook's review in The Wall Street Journal said the book "offers a rousing anthem to the urge to explore".
+
+
+== Awards and honors ==
+Finalist – 2017 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award (announced January 2017)
+Winner – 2016 Eugene M. Emme Astronautical Literature Award (announced September 2017)
+
+
+== See also ==
+Ansari X Prize
+Black Sky: The Race For Space, 2004 Discovery Channel television documentary about the Ansari X Prize
+Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future, 2015 book by Ashlee Vance, biography of Elon Musk
+The Right Stuff, 1979 book by Tom Wolfe about the U.S. side of the Cold War Space Race
+The Spirit of St. Louis, 1953 book by Charles A. Lindbergh, autobiography and memoir of the famous solo non-stop trans-Atlantic flight for the Orteig Prize win
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+"Julian Guthrie". River to River. National Public Radio. September 6, 2017. Iowa Public Radio.
+"Julian Guthrie". Geeks' Guide to the Galaxy. PODtrac. September 16, 2016. Wired.com.
+Talks at Google, Julian Guthrie: "How to Make a Spaceship" on YouTube, Google (November 10, 2016)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Solve_it_by_Computer-0.md

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+---
+title: "How to Solve it by Computer"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Solve_it_by_Computer"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:27.510977+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+How to Solve it by Computer is a computer science book by R. G. Dromey, first published by Prentice-Hall in 1982.
+It is occasionally used as a textbook, especially in India.
+It is an introduction to the whys of algorithms and data structures.
+Features of the book:
+
+The design factors associated with problems,
+The creative process behind coming up with innovative solutions for algorithms and data structures,
+The line of reasoning behind the constraints, factors and the design choices made.
+The very fundamental algorithms portrayed by this book are mostly presented in pseudocode and/or Pascal notation.
+
+
+== See also ==
+How to Solve It, by George Pólya, the author's mentor and inspiration for writing the book.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Algorithms-0.md

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+---
+title: "Introduction to Algorithms"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Algorithms"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:28.633107+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Introduction to Algorithms is a book on computer programming by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. The book is described by its publisher as "the leading algorithms text in universities worldwide as well as the standard reference for professionals". It is commonly cited as a reference for algorithms in published papers, with over 10,000 citations documented on CiteSeerX, and over 70,000 citations on Google Scholar as of 2024. The book sold half a million copies during its first 20 years, and surpassed a million copies sold in 2022. Its fame has led to the common use of the abbreviation "CLRS" (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein), or, in the first edition, "CLR" (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest).
+In the preface, the authors write about how the book was written to be comprehensive and useful in both teaching and professional environments. Each chapter focuses on an algorithm, and discusses its design techniques and areas of application. Instead of using a specific programming language, the algorithms are written in pseudocode. The descriptions focus on the aspects of the algorithm itself, its mathematical properties, and emphasize efficiency.
+
+
+== Editions ==
+The first edition of the textbook did not include Stein as an author, and thus the book became known by the initialism CLR. It included two chapters ("Arithmetic Circuits" and "Algorithms for Parallel Computers") that were dropped in the second edition. After the addition of the fourth author in the second edition, many began to refer to the book as "CLRS". This first edition of the book was also known as "The Big White Book (of Algorithms)". With the second edition, the predominant color of the cover changed to green, causing the nickname to be shortened to just "The Big Book (of Algorithms)". The third edition was published in August 2009. The fourth edition was published in April 2022, which has colors added to improve visual presentations.
+
+
+== Cover design ==
+The mobile depicted on the cover, Big Red (1959) by Alexander Calder, can be found at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City.
+
+
+== Publication history ==
+Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L. (1990). Introduction to Algorithms (1st ed.). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-262-03141-8.
+Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2001) [1990]. Introduction to Algorithms (2nd ed.). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-262-03293-7. 12 printings up to 2009, errata:
+Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2009) [1990]. Introduction to Algorithms (3rd ed.). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-262-03384-4. 1320 pp., 5 printings up to 2016, errata:
+Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2022) [1990]. Introduction to Algorithms (4th ed.). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-262-04630-X. 1312 pp., errata:
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+Akl, Selim G. (1991). "Review of 1st edition". Mathematical Reviews. MR 1066870.
+Mann, C. J. H. (April 2003). "New edition of algorithms book [review of 2nd edition]". Kybernetes. 32 (3). doi:10.1108/k.2003.06732cae.004.
+Thimbleby, Harold (December 3, 2009). "No excuse to be illiterate about IT [review of 3rd edition]". Times Higher Education.
+El-Sharoud, Walid (September 2019). "Review of 3rd edition". Science Progress. 102 (3): 278–279. doi:10.1177/0036850419873799b. PMC 10424523.
+
+
+== See also ==
+The Art of Computer Programming
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website on MIT Press

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Theory_of_Computation-0.md

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+---
+title: "Introduction to the Theory of Computation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Theory_of_Computation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:29.764632+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Introduction to the Theory of Computation (ISBN 0-534-95097-3) is a textbook in theoretical computer science, written by Michael Sipser and first published by PWS Publishing in 1997. The third edition appeared in July 2012.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation by John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman, an older textbook in the same field
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Information on Introduction to the Theory of Computation (by Michael Sipser)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewels_of_Stringology-0.md

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+---
+title: "Jewels of Stringology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewels_of_Stringology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:30.918761+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Jewels of Stringology: Text Algorithms is a book on algorithms for pattern matching in strings and related problems. It was written by Maxime Crochemore and Wojciech Rytter, and published by World Scientific in 2003.
+
+
+== Topics ==
+The first topics of the book are two basic string-searching algorithms for finding exactly-matching substrings, the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm and the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm. It then describes the suffix tree, an index for quickly looking up matching substrings, and two algorithms for constructing it. Other topics in the book include the construction of deterministic finite automata for pattern recognition, the discovery of repeated patterns in strings, constant-space string matching algorithms, and the lossless compression of strings. Approximate string matching is covered in several variations including edit distance and the longest common subsequence problem. The book concludes with advanced topics including two-dimensional pattern matching, parallel algorithms for pattern matching, the shortest common superstring problem, parameterized pattern matching and duplicate code detection, and the Rabin–Karp algorithm.
+
+
+== Audience and reception ==
+The book is written for an audience familiar with algorithm design and analysis, but not necessarily familiar with string algorithms. Reviewer Rolf Klein suggests that this target audience may be narrow, as he evaluates the book as being too difficult for many students, but not supplying as much depth for experts as the same authors' earlier book Text Algorithms (1994).
+Reviewer Shoshana Marcus writes that the algorithms chosen for inclusion in the book are "elegant yet fundamental" but have often been overlooked by more general algorithms textbooks. She writes that the book itself should become a valuable reference for researchers in this area, and that it could also be used to supplement undergraduate or graduate course material in algorithms. Reviewer Ricardo Baeza-Yates suggests that the book's omission of bit-level parallel programming techniques reflects its bias towards theoretical rather than practical methods, but nevertheless agrees with its suitability for graduate courses.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempe's_Engineers_Year-Book-0.md

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+---
+title: "Kempe's Engineers Year-Book"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempe's_Engineers_Year-Book"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:13.384266+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Kempe's Engineers Year Book was for many years a standard reference work of practical engineering information in the United Kingdom, covering a wide range of subjects.
+
+
+== History ==
+First published in 1894 by H. R. Kempe with W. Hannaford-Smith and then published annually, except during World War II, until 2002, the book was a standard source of reference for civil, mechanical, electrical, marine, mining, and other engineers.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Machinery's Handbook
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Kempe's Engineers Year Book, 1949, Vol. 1, Archive.org
+Kempe's Engineers Year Book, 1949, Vol. 2, Archive.org
+Kempe's Engineers Year Book, 1969, Vol. 2, Archive.org
+Kempe's Engineers Year Book, 1989, Vol. 1, Archive.org
+Kempe's Engineers Year Book, 1985, Archive.org

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science-0.md

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+---
+title: "Lecture Notes in Computer Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:32.045349+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Lecture Notes in Computer Science is a series of computer science books published by Springer Science+Business Media since 1973.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+The series contains proceedings, post-proceedings, monographs, and Festschrifts. In addition, tutorials, state-of-the-art surveys, and "hot topics" are increasingly being included.
+The series is indexed by DBLP.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Monographiae Biologicae, another monograph series published by Springer Science+Business Media
+Lecture Notes in Physics
+Lecture Notes in Mathematics
+Electronic Workshops in Computing, published by the British Computer Society
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_environmental_books-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of Australian environmental books"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_environmental_books"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:20.901271+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of Australian environmental books:
+
+Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism (1997), by Sharon Beder
+Human Ecology, Human Economy: Ideas for an Ecologically Sustainable Future (1997), edited by Mark Diesendorf and Clive Hamilton
+Running from the Storm: The Development of Climate Change Policy in Australia (2001), by Clive Hamilton
+A Big Fix: Radical Solutions for Australia's Environmental Crisis (2005), by Ian Lowe
+Living in the Hothouse: How Global Warming Affects Australia (2005), by Ian Lowe
+The Weather Makers (2005), by Tim Flannery
+Environmental Principles and Policies (2006), by Sharon Beder
+Chasing Kangaroos (2007), by Tim Flannery
+Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy (2007), by Mark Diesendorf
+High and Dry: John Howard, Climate Change and the Selling of Australia's Future (2007), by Guy Pearse
+Maralinga: Australia’s Nuclear Waste Cover-up (2007), by Alan Parkinson
+Reaction Time: Climate Change and the Nuclear Option (2007), by Ian Lowe
+Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change (2007), by Clive Hamilton
+Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (2008), by David Spratt and Philip Sutton
+Now or Never: A Sustainable Future for Australia? (2008), by Tim Flannery
+Quarry Vision: Coal, Climate Change and the End of the Resources Boom (2009), by Guy Pearse
+Requiem for a Species (2010), by Clive Hamilton
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of environmental books
+List of environmental issues

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_books-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+title: "List of environmental books"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_books"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:19.728194+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Humans have been writing about the environment for centuries, and the environment has figured prominently as a theme in both Western and Eastern philosophies. Books about or featuring the environment as a prominent theme have proliferated especially since the middle of the twentieth century. The rise of environmental science, which has encouraged interdisciplinary approaches to studying the environment, and the environmental movement, which has increased public and political awareness of humanity's impact on the environment, have been highly influential. The 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring has been regarded as particularly important in popularizing environmental science and helping to launch the modern environmental movement. The emergence of the environmental humanities, including fields like environmental history, has also been important in bridging divides between the sciences and humanities and encouraging further interdisciplinary approaches. The environment also features prominently in much fictional literature.
+This page is a list of environmental books. In this context they are notable books that feature the environment as a major theme, including human impacts on the environment.
+
+
+== Non-fiction environmental books ==
+Non-fiction accounts are ones that are presented as factual, although often in the context of subjective argument. Non-fiction environmental books may, for example, be the products of scholarly or journalistic work. The books in this list include fields and styles such as anthropology, conservation science, ecology, environmental history, lifestyle, and memoirs.
+
+
+== Fiction environmental books ==
+Fiction environmental books feature the environment as a prominent theme. Books in this list include fields such as children's literature, eco-fiction, fantasy, and science fiction.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Bibliography of sustainability
+Climate change in literature
+Earth Policy Institute#Books
+Eco-terrorism in fiction
+Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings
+List of American non-fiction environmental writers
+List of Australian environmental books
+List of books about energy issues
+List of books about nuclear issues
+List of books about renewable energy
+List of climate change books
+List of environmental issues
+List of environmental law reviews and journals
+List of environmental periodicals
+List of environmental reports
+List of environmental websites
+Lists of environmental publications
+Opposing Viewpoints series
+Risk#List of related books
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Biology Library News: Best Sellers in Environmental Science
+eScholarship: Environmental Information Sources: Websites and Books
+H-Environment (H-Net, Humanities and Social Sciences Online)
+Natural Resources Library - Best Sellers in Environmental Studies, December 2006 - Present, As Compiled by YBP Library Services News

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamaterials_Handbook-0.md

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+---
+title: "Metamaterials Handbook"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamaterials_Handbook"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:14.544628+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Metamaterials Handbook is a two-volume handbook on metamaterials edited by Filippo Capolino professor of electrical engineering in University of California.
+The series is designed to cover all theory and application topics related to electromagnetic metamaterials. Disciplines have combined to study, and develop electromagnetic metamaterials. Some of these disciplines are optics, physics, electromagnetic theory (including computational methods) microfabrication, microwaves, nanofabrication, nanotechnology, and nanochemistry.
+
+
+== Theory and Phenomena of Metamaterials ==
+Theory and Phenomena of Metamaterials is the first volume of the Metamaterials Handbook. It contains contributions from researchers (scientists) who have produced accepted results in the field of metamaterials. Most of the contributors are associated with Metamorphose VI AISBL, a non-profit, European organization that focuses on artificial electromagnetic materials and metamaterials. Metamorphose provided access to the network of contributors (researchers) who work in a variety of scientific disciplines, involved with metamaterials
+This book is in an article review format, covering prior work in metamaterials. It focuses on theories underpinning metamaterial research along with the properties of metamaterials. The text covers all areas of metamaterial research.
+
+
+== Applications of Metamaterials ==
+Applications of Metamaterials is the second volume of the Metamaterials Handbook. This book derives its organization for discussion of its topics from the previous volume. Theory, modeling, and basic properties of metamaterials that were explored in the first volume, are now shown how they work when applied. Devices based on electromagnetic metamaterials continue to expand understanding of  principles and modeling begun in the first volume. The applications for metamaterials are shown to be wide-ranging, encompassing electronics, telecommunications, sensing, medical instrumentation, and data storage. This book also discusses the key domains of where metamaterials have already been developed.
+The material in this book is obtained from highly regarded sources, such as many scientific, peer reviewed, journal articles.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Metamaterials
+Metamaterials (journal)
+Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations
+History of metamaterials
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Operating_Systems-0.md

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+---
+title: "Modern Operating Systems"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Operating_Systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:36.667982+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Modern Operating Systems is a book written by Andrew Tanenbaum, a version of his book Operating Systems: Design and Implementation which does not target implementation. It is now in its 5th edition, published October 2022 (ISBN 9780137618880), written together with Herbert Bos.
+Modern Operating Systems (mostly known as MOS) is a popular book across the globe and includes the fundamentals of an operating system with small amounts of code written in autonomous C language. MOS describes many scheduling algorithms.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes-0.md

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+---
+title: "Numerical Recipes"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:39.090279+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Numerical Recipes is the generic title of a series of books on algorithms and numerical analysis by William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery. In various editions, the books have been in print since 1986.  The most recent edition was published in 2007.
+
+== Overview ==
+The Numerical Recipes books cover a range of topics that include both classical numerical analysis (interpolation, integration, linear algebra, differential equations, and so on), signal processing (Fourier methods, filtering), statistical treatment of data, and a few topics in machine learning (hidden Markov model, support vector machines).  The writing style is accessible and has an informal tone.  The emphasis is on understanding the underlying basics of techniques, not on the refinements that may, in practice, be needed to achieve optimal performance and reliability.  Few results are proved with any degree of rigor, although the ideas behind proofs are often sketched, and references are given. Importantly, virtually all methods that are discussed are also implemented in a programming language, with the code printed in the book. Each variant of the book is keyed to a specific language.
+According to the publisher, Cambridge University Press, the Numerical Recipes books are historically the all-time best-selling books on scientific programming methods.  In recent years, Numerical Recipes books have been cited in the scientific literature more than 3000 times per year according to ISI Web of Knowledge (e.g., 3962 times in the year 2008). And as of the end of 2017, the book had over 44000 citations on Google Scholar.
+
+== History ==
+The first publication was in 1986 with the title,”Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing”, containing code in both Fortran and Pascal; an accompanying book, “Numerical Recipes Example Book (Pascal)” was first published in 1985. (A preface note in “Examples" mentions that the main book was also published in 1985, but the official note in that book says 1986.) Supplemental editions followed with code in Pascal, BASIC, and C. Numerical Recipes took, from the start, an opinionated editorial position at odds with the conventional wisdom of the numerical analysis community:
+
+If there is a single dominant theme in this book, it is that practical methods of numerical computation can be simultaneously efficient, clever, and — important — clear.  The alternative viewpoint, that efficient computational methods must necessarily be so arcane and complex as to be useful only in "black box" form, we firmly reject.
+However, as it turned out, the 1980s were fertile years for the "black box" side, yielding important libraries such as BLAS and LAPACK, and integrated environments like MATLAB and Mathematica. By the early 1990s, when Second Edition versions of Numerical Recipes (with code in C, Fortran-77, and Fortran-90) were published, it was clear that the constituency for Numerical Recipes was by no means the majority of scientists doing computation, but only that slice that lived between the more mathematical numerical analysts and the larger community using integrated environments. The Second Edition versions occupied a stable role in this niche environment.
+By the mid-2000s, the practice of scientific computing had been radically altered by the mature Internet and Web. Recognizing that their Numerical Recipes books were increasingly valued more for their explanatory text than for their code examples, the authors significantly expanded the scope of the book, and significantly rewrote a large part of the text. They continued to include code, still printed in the book, now in C++, for every method discussed. The Third Edition was also released as an electronic book, eventually made available on the Web for free (with nags) or by paid or institutional subscription (with faster, full access and no nags).
+In 2015 Numerical Recipes sold its historic two-letter domain name nr.com and became numerical.recipes instead.
+
+== Reception ==
+
+=== Content ===
+Numerical Recipes is a single volume that covers a very broad range of algorithms. Unfortunately that format skewed the choice of algorithms towards simpler and shorter early algorithms which were not as accurate, efficient or stable as later more complex algorithms. The first edition had also some minor bugs, which were fixed in later editions; however according to the authors for years they were encountering on the internet rumors that Numerical Recipes is "full of bugs". They attributed this to people using outdated versions of the code, bugs in other parts of the code and misuse of routines which require some understanding to use correctly.
+The rebuttal does not, however, cover criticisms regarding lack of mentions to code limitations, boundary conditions, and more modern algorithms, another theme in Snyder's comment compilation. A precision issue in Bessel functions has persisted to the third edition according to Pavel Holoborodko.
+Despite criticism by numerical analysts, engineers and scientists generally find the book conveniently broad in scope. Norman Gray concurs in the following quote:
+
+Numerical Recipes [nr] does not claim to be a numerical analysis textbook, and it makes a point of noting that its authors are (astro-)physicists and engineers rather than analysts, and so share the motivations and impatience of the book's intended audience. The declared premise of the NR authors is that you will come to grief one way or the other if you use numerical routines you do not understand. They attempt to give you enough mathematical detail that you understand the routines they present, in enough depth that you can diagnose problems when they occur, and make more sophisticated choices about replacements when the NR routines run out of steam. [...]
+
+=== License ===
+The code listings are copyrighted and commercially licensed by the Numerical Recipes authors. A license to use the code is given with the purchase of a book, but the terms of use are highly restrictive. For example, programmers need to make sure NR code cannot be extracted from their finished programs and used – a difficult requirement with dubious enforceability.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+title: "Numerical Recipes"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:39.090279+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+However, Numerical Recipes does include the following statement regarding copyrights on computer programs:Copyright does not protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas in a particular form. In the case of a computer program, the ideas consist of the program's methodology and algorithm, including the necessary sequence of steps adopted by the programmer. The expression of those ideas is the program source code ... If you analyze the ideas contained in a program, and then express those ideas in your own completely different implementation, then that new program implementation belongs to you. 
+One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for Numerical Recipes.
+
+=== Style ===
+Another line of criticism centers on the coding style of the books, which strike some modern readers as "Fortran-ish", though written in contemporary, object-oriented C++. The authors have defended their very terse coding style as necessary to the format of the book because of space limitations and for readability.
+
+== Titles in the series (partial list) ==
+The books differ by edition (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and by the computer language in which the code is given.
+
+Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition, 1986, ISBN 0-521-30811-9. (Fortran and Pascal)
+Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition, 1988, ISBN 0-521-35465-X.
+Numerical Recipes in Pascal. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition, 1989, ISBN 0-521-37516-9.
+Numerical Recipes in Fortran. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition, 1989, ISBN 0-521-38330-7.
+Numerical Recipes in BASIC. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition, 1991, ISBN 0-521-40689-7. (supplemental edition)
+Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition, 1992, ISBN 0-521-43064-X.
+Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition, 1992, ISBN 0-521-43108-5.
+Numerical Recipes in Fortran 90. The Art of Parallel Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition, 1996, ISBN 0-521-57439-0.
+Numerical Recipes in C++. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition, 2002, ISBN 0-521-75033-4.
+Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edition, 2007, ISBN 0-521-88068-8. (C++ code)
+The books are published by Cambridge University Press.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Current electronic edition of Numerical Recipes (limited free page views).
+Numerical Recipes at Google Books
+Older versions of Numerical Recipes available electronically (links to C, Fortran 77, and Fortran 90 versions in various formats, plus other hosted books)
+W. Van Snyder, Why not use Numerical Recipes? , full four-page mirror by Lek-Heng Lim (includes discussion of alternatives)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Source_Lab_(book)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+---
+title: "Open-Source Lab (book)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Source_Lab_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:40.229421+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs by Joshua M. Pearce was published in 2014 by Elsevier.
+The academic book is a guide, which details the development of free and open-source hardware primarily for scientists and university faculty. It provides step-by-step instructions on building laboratory hardware and scientific instruments. It also provides instructions on digital design sharing, Arduino microcontrollers, RepRap 3D Printers for scientific use and how to use open-source hardware licenses. The Guardian discusses how ideas in the Open-Source Lab could enable 3D printing to offer developing-world scientists savings on replica lab kits. The Open-Source Lab book has been covered extensively by the media. It was one of the top books chosen by Shareable for "New Books About Sharing, Cities and Happiness".
+The book itself is not open source and is sold under copyright by Elsevier.
+
+
+== Claims ==
+The author claims the method enables researchers in every discipline to develop research tools at low costs following his previous research in open-source hardware published in Science. These claims have been generally supported by others using the techniques, such as those in the DIYbio community. While discussing the book in an interview with 3-D Printing Industry, Pearce has claimed to save thousands of dollars in his own lab, and his various studies on the economics of printing lab equipment, such as a PLOS ONE article on open-source optics have generally found over 90% savings. A study on the use of 3D printing in this context cited this book as also being good for the environment.
+
+
+== Chapters ==
+Introduction to Open-Source Hardware for Science
+The Benefits of Sharing—Nice Guys and Girls do Finish First
+Open Licensing—Advanced Sharing
+Open-Source Microcontrollers for Science: How to Use, Design Automated Equipment With and Troubleshoot
+RepRap for Science—How to Use, Design, and Troubleshoot the Self-Replicating 3-D Printer
+Digital Designs and Scientific Hardware
+The Future of Open-Source Hardware and Science
+
+
+== Uptake ==
+Copies of Open-Source Lab were a prize in an Instructables "Build My Lab" Contest sponsored by Tekla Labs.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of open-source hardware projects
+Open-notebook science, an open science technique
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website 
+Open-source Lab at Appropedia

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_System_Concepts-0.md

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+---
+title: "Operating System Concepts"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_System_Concepts"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:41.376469+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Operating System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz and James Peterson is a classic textbook on operating systems. It is often called the "dinosaur book", as the first edition of the book had on the cover a number of dinosaurs labeled with various old operating systems. The bigger dinosaurs were labeled with the older big OSs. The ape-like creature was labeled UNIX. The idea was that like dinosaurs, operating systems evolve.
+
+
+== Publication history ==
+The first edition of Operating System Concepts was released in 1982 and was published by Addison-Wesley, as was every edition of the textbook since release.
+The book has been published in updated editions since 1983. The third edition added the author Peter Galvin, and the sixth edition added the author Greg Gagne. As of 18 June 2025 the textbook was in its tenth edition.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Perceptrons (book)"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:43.745538+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry is a book written by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert and published in 1969. An edition with handwritten corrections and additions was released in the early 1970s. An expanded edition was further published in 1988 (ISBN 9780262631112) after the revival of neural networks, containing a chapter dedicated to countering the criticisms made of it in the 1980s.
+The main subject of the book is the perceptron, a type of artificial neural network developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The book was dedicated to psychologist  Frank Rosenblatt, who in 1957 had published the first model of a "Perceptron". Rosenblatt and Minsky knew each other since adolescence, having studied with a one-year difference at the Bronx High School of Science. They became at one point central figures of a debate inside the AI research community, and are known to have promoted loud discussions in conferences, yet remained friendly.
+This book is the center of a long-standing controversy in the study of artificial intelligence. It is claimed that pessimistic predictions made by the authors were responsible for a change in the direction of research in AI, concentrating efforts on so-called "symbolic" systems, a line of research that petered out and contributed to the so-called AI winter of the 1980s, when AI's promise was not realized.
+The crux of Perceptrons is a number of mathematical proofs which acknowledge some of the perceptrons' strengths while also showing major limitations. The most important one is related to the computation of some predicates, such as the XOR function, and also the important connectedness predicate. The problem of connectedness is illustrated at the awkwardly colored cover of the book, intended to show how humans themselves have difficulties in computing this predicate. One reviewer, Earl Hunt, noted that the XOR function is difficult for humans to acquire as well during concept learning experiments.
+
+== Publication history ==
+When Papert arrived at MIT in 1963, Minsky and Papert decided to write a theoretical account of the limitations of perceptrons. It took until 1969 for them to finish solving the mathematical problems that unexpectedly turned up as they wrote. The first edition was printed in 1969. Handwritten alterations were made by the authors for the second printing in 1972. The handwritten notes include some references to the reviews of the first edition.
+An "expanded edition" was published in 1988, which adds a prologue and an epilogue to discuss the revival of neural networks in the 1980s, but no new scientific results. In 2017, the expanded edition was reprinted, with a foreword by Léon Bottou that discusses the book from the perspective of someone working in deep learning.
+
+== Background ==
+The perceptron is a neural net developed by psychologist Frank Rosenblatt in 1958 and is one of the most famous machines of its period. In 1960, Rosenblatt and colleagues were able to show that the perceptron could in finitely many training cycles learn any task that its parameters could embody. The perceptron convergence theorem was proved for single-layer neural nets.
+During this period, neural net research was a major approach to the brain-machine issue that had been taken by a significant number of persons. Reports by the New York Times and statements by Rosenblatt claimed that neural nets would soon be able to see images, beat humans at chess, and reproduce. At the same time, other new approaches including symbolic AI emerged. Different groups found themselves competing for funding and people, and their demand for computing power far outpaced the available supply.
+
+== Contents ==
+Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry is a book of thirteen chapters grouped into three sections. Chapters 1–10 present the authors' perceptron theory through proofs, Chapter 11 involves learning, Chapter 12 treats linear separation problems, and Chapter 13 discusses some of the authors' thoughts on simple and multilayer perceptrons and pattern recognition.
+
+=== Definition of perceptron ===
+Minsky and Papert took as their subject the abstract versions of a class of learning devices which they called perceptrons, "in recognition of the pioneer work of Frank Rosenblatt". These perceptrons were modified forms of the perceptrons introduced by Rosenblatt in 1958. They consisted of a retina, a single layer of input functions and a single output.
+Besides this, the authors restricted the "order", or maximum number of incoming connections, of their perceptrons. Sociologist Mikel Olazaran explains that Minsky and Papert "maintained that the interest of neural computing came from the fact that it was a parallel combination of local information", which, in order to be effective, had to be a simple computation. To the authors, this implied that "each association unit could receive connections only from a small part of the input area". Minsky and Papert called this concept "conjunctive localness".
+
+=== Parity and connectedness ===
+Two main examples analyzed by the authors were parity and connectedness. Parity involves determining whether the number of activated inputs in the input retina is odd or even, and connectedness refers to the figure-ground problem. Minsky and Papert proved that the single-layer perceptron could not compute parity under the condition of conjunctive localness (Theorem 3.1.1), and showed that the order required for a perceptron to compute connectivity grew with the input size (Theorem 5.5).

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)-1.md

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+---
+title: "Perceptrons (book)"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:43.745538+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== The XOR affair ===
+Some critics of the book  state that the authors imply that, since a single artificial neuron is incapable of implementing some functions such as the XOR logical function, larger networks also have similar limitations, and therefore should be dropped. Research on three-layered perceptrons showed how to implement such functions. Rosenblatt in his book proved that the "elementary perceptron" with an a priori unlimited number of hidden layer A-elements (neurons) and one output neuron can solve any classification problem. (Existence theorem.) Minsky and Papert used perceptrons with restricted numbers of inputs of the hidden layer A-elements and a locality condition: each element of the hidden layer receives the input signals from a small circle. These restricted perceptrons cannot define whether the image is a connected figure or is the number of pixels in the image even (the parity predicate).
+There are many mistakes in this story. Although a single neuron can in fact compute only a small number of logical predicates, it was widely known that networks of such elements can compute any possible Boolean function. This was known by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, who even proposed how to create a Turing machine with their formal neurons (Section III of ), is mentioned in Rosenblatt's book, mentioned in a typical paper in 1961 (Figure 15 ), and is even mentioned in the book Perceptrons. Minsky also extensively uses formal neurons to create simple theoretical computers in Chapter 3 of his book Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines.
+In the 1960s, a special case of the perceptron network is studied as "linear threshold logic", for applications in digital logic circuits. The classical theory is summarized in  according to Donald Knuth. In this special case, perceptron learning was called "Single-Threshold-Element Synthesis by Iteration", and constructing a perceptron network was "Network Synthesis". Other names included linearly separable logic, linear-input logic, threshold logic, majority logic, and voting logic. Hardware for realizing linear threshold logic included magnetic core, resistor-transistor, parametron, resistor-tunnel diode, and multiple coil relay. There were also theoretical studies on the upper and lower bounds on the minimum number of perceptron units necessary to realize any Boolean function.
+What the book does prove is that in three-layered feed-forward perceptrons (with a so-called "hidden" or "intermediary" layer), it is not possible to compute some predicates unless at least one of the neurons in the first layer of neurons (the "intermediary" layer) is connected with a non-null weight to each and every input (Theorem 3.1.1, reproduced below). This was contrary to a hope held by some researchers  in relying mostly on networks with a few layers of "local" neurons, each one connected only to a small number of inputs. A feed-forward machine with "local" neurons is much easier to build and use than a larger, fully connected neural network, so researchers at the time concentrated on these instead of on more complicated models.
+Some other critics, notably Jordan Pollack, note that what was a small proof concerning a global issue (parity) not being detectable by local detectors was interpreted by the community as a rather successful attempt to bury the whole idea.
+
+=== Critique of perceptrons and their extensions ===
+In the prologue and the epilogue, added to the 1988 edition, the authors react to the 1980s revival of neural networks by discussing multilayer neural nets and Gamba perceptrons. By "Gamba perceptrons", they meant two-layered perceptron machines where the first layer is also made of perceptron units ("Gamba-masks"). In contrast, most of the book discusses two-layered perceptrons where the first layer is made of boolean units. They conjecture that Gamba machines would require "an enormous number" of Gamba-masks and that multilayer neural nets are a "sterile" extension. Additionally, they note that many of the "impossible" problems for perceptrons had already been solved using other methods.
+The Gamba perceptron machine was similar to the perceptron machine of Rosenblatt. Its input was an image. The image is passed through binary masks (randomly generated) in parallel. Behind each mask is a photoreceiver that fires if the input, after masking, is bright enough. The second layer is made of standard perceptron units.
+They claimed that perceptron research waned in the 1970s not because of their book, but because of inherent problems: no perceptron learning machines could perform credit assignment any better than Rosenblatt's perceptron learning rule, and perceptrons cannot represent the knowledge required for solving certain problems.
+In the final chapter, they claimed that for the 1980s neural networks, "little of significance [has] changed since 1969". They predicted that any single, homogeneous machine must fail to scale up. Neural networks trained by gradient descent would fail to scale up, due to local minima, extremely large weights, and slow convergence. General learning algorithms for neural networks must all be impractical, because a general, domain-independent theory of "how neural networks work" does not exist. Only a society of mind can work. Specifically, they thought there are many different kinds of little problems in the world, each is on the scale of a "toy problem". Large problems are always decomposable into little problems. Each requires a different algorithm to solve, some being perceptrons, others being logical programs, and so on. Any homogeneous machine must fail to solve all but a small number of the little problems. Human intelligence consists of nothing but a collection of many little different algorithms organized like a society.
+
+== Mathematical content ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)-2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+---
+title: "Perceptrons (book)"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:43.745538+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Preliminary definitions ===
+Let 
+  
+    
+      
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle R}
+  
+ be a finite set. A predicate on 
+  
+    
+      
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle R}
+  
+ is a boolean function that takes in a subset of 
+  
+    
+      
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle R}
+  
+ and outputs either 
+  
+    
+      
+        0
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle 0}
+  
+ or 
+  
+    
+      
+        1
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle 1}
+  
+. In particular, a perceptron unit is a predicate.
+A predicate 
+  
+    
+      
+        ψ
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi }
+  
+ has support 
+  
+    
+      
+        S
+        ⊂
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle S\subset R}
+  
+, iff any 
+  
+    
+      
+        X
+        ⊂
+        S
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle X\subset S}
+  
+, we have 
+  
+    
+      
+        ψ
+        (
+        X
+        )
+        =
+        ψ
+        (
+        X
+        ∩
+        S
+        )
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi (X)=\psi (X\cap S)}
+  
+. In words, it means that if we know how 
+  
+    
+      
+        ψ
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi }
+  
+ works on subsets of 
+  
+    
+      
+        S
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle S}
+  
+, then we know how it works on subsets of all of 
+  
+    
+      
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle R}
+  
+.
+A predicate can have many different supports. The support size of a predicate 
+  
+    
+      
+        ψ
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi }
+  
+ is the minimal number of elements necessary in its support. For example, the constant-0 and constant-1 functions both are supported on the empty set, thus they both have support size 0.
+A perceptron (the kind studied by Minsky and Papert) over 
+  
+    
+      
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle R}
+  
+ is a function of form
+  
+    
+      
+        θ
+        
+          (
+          
+            
+              ∑
+              
+                i
+              
+            
+            
+              a
+              
+                i
+              
+            
+            
+              ψ
+              
+                i
+              
+            
+          
+          )
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \theta \left(\sum _{i}a_{i}\psi _{i}\right)}
+  
+where 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          ψ
+          
+            i
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi _{i}}
+  
+ are predicates, and 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          a
+          
+            i
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle a_{i}}
+  
+ are real numbers.
+If 
+  
+    
+      
+        Φ
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \Phi }
+  
+ is a set of predicates, then 
+  
+    
+      
+        L
+        (
+        Φ
+        )
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle L(\Phi )}
+  
+ is the set of all perceptrons using just predicates in 
+  
+    
+      
+        Φ
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \Phi }
+  
+.
+The order of a perceptron 
+  
+    
+      
+        θ
+        
+          (
+          
+            
+              ∑
+              
+                i
+              
+            
+            
+              a
+              
+                i
+              
+            
+            
+              ψ
+              
+                i
+              
+            
+          
+          )
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \theta \left(\sum _{i}a_{i}\psi _{i}\right)}
+  
+ is the maximal support size of its component predicates 
+  
+    
+      
+        {
+        
+          ψ
+          
+            i
+          
+        
+        
+          }
+          
+            i
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \{\psi _{i}\}_{i}}
+  
+.
+The order of a boolean function on 
+  
+    
+      
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle R}
+  
+ is the minimal order possible for a perceptron implementing the boolean function.
+A boolean function is conjunctively local iff its order does not increase to infinity as 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          |
+        
+        R
+        
+          |
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle |R|}
+  
+ increases to infinity.
+The mask of 
+  
+    
+      
+        A
+        ⊂
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle A\subset R}
+  
+ is the predicate 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          1
+          
+            A
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle 1_{A}}
+  
+ defined by
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          1
+          
+            A
+          
+        
+        (
+        X
+        )
+        =
+        
+          
+            {
+            
+              
+                
+                  1
+                
+                
+                  
+                     if 
+                  
+                  A
+                  ⊂
+                  X
+                  ,
+                
+              
+              
+                
+                  0
+                
+                
+                  
+                     else.
+                  
+                
+              
+            
+            
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle 1_{A}(X)={\begin{cases}1&{\text{ if }}A\subset X,\\0&{\text{ else.}}\end{cases}}}
+  
+
+=== Main theorems ===
+
+Let 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          S
+          
+            R
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle S_{R}}
+  
+ be the permutation group on the elements of 
+  
+    
+      
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle R}
+  
+, and 
+  
+    
+      
+        G
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle G}
+  
+ be a subgroup of 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          S
+          
+            R
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle S_{R}}
+  
+.
+We say that a predicate 
+  
+    
+      
+        ψ
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi }
+  
+ is 
+  
+    
+      
+        G
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle G}
+  
+ -invariant iff 
+  
+    
+      
+        ψ
+        ∘
+        g
+        =
+        ψ
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi \circ g=\psi }
+  
+ for any 
+  
+    
+      
+        g
+        ∈
+        G
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle g\in G}
+  
+. That is, any 
+  
+    
+      
+        X
+        ⊂
+        R
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle X\subset R}
+  
+, we have 
+  
+    
+      
+        ψ
+        (
+        X
+        )
+        =
+        ψ
+        (
+        g
+        (
+        X
+        )
+        )
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle \psi (X)=\psi (g(X))}
+  
+.
+For example, the parity function is 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          S
+          
+            R
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\textstyle S_{R}}
+  
+ -invariant, since any permutation of the set preserves the size, and thus parity, of any of its subsets.
+
+Proof: omitted.
+Proof sketch: By reducing the parity function to the connectness function, using circuit gadgets. It is in a similar style as the one showing that Sokoban is NP-hard.
+
+== Reception and legacy ==
+Perceptrons received a number of positive reviews in the years after publication. In 1969, Stanford professor Michael A. Arbib stated, "[t]his book has been widely hailed as an exciting new chapter in the theory of pattern recognition." Earlier that year, CMU professor Allen Newell composed a review of the book for Science, opening the piece by declaring "[t]his is a great book."
+On the other hand, H.D. Block expressed concern at the authors' narrow definition of perceptrons. He argued that they "study a severely limited class of machines from a viewpoint quite alien to Rosenblatt's", and thus the title of the book was "seriously misleading". Contemporary neural net researchers shared some of these objections: Bernard Widrow complained that the authors had defined perceptrons too narrowly, but also said that Minsky and Papert's proofs were "pretty much irrelevant", coming a full decade after Rosenblatt's perceptron.
+Perceptrons is often thought to have caused a decline in neural net research in the 1970s and early 1980s. During this period, neural net researchers continued smaller projects outside the mainstream, while symbolic AI research saw explosive growth.
+With the revival of connectionism in the late 80s, PDP researcher David Rumelhart and his colleagues returned to Perceptrons. In a 1986 report, they claimed to have overcome the problems presented by Minsky and Papert, and that "their pessimism about learning in multilayer machines was misplaced".
+
+== Analysis of the controversy ==
+It is most instructive to learn what Minsky and Papert themselves said in the 1970s as to what were the broader implications of their book.
+On his website Harvey Cohen, a researcher at the MIT AI Labs 1974+, quotes Minsky and Papert in the 1971 Report of Project MAC, directed at funding agencies, on "Gamba networks": "Virtually nothing is known about the computational capabilities of this latter kind of machine. We believe that it can do little more than can a low order perceptron."  In the preceding page Minsky and Papert make clear that "Gamba networks" are networks with hidden layers.
+Minsky has compared the book to the fictional book Necronomicon in H. P. Lovecraft's tales, a book known to many, but read only by a few. The authors talk in the expanded edition about the criticism of the book that started in the 1980s, with a new wave of research symbolized by the PDP book.
+How Perceptrons was explored first by one group of scientists to drive research in AI in one direction, and then later by a new group in another direction, has been the subject of a sociological study of scientific development.
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==
+McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1, pp. 104−107
+Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3., pp. 102−105
+Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2 p. 22
+Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, 1972 (2nd edition with corrections, first edition 1969) Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry, The MIT Press, Cambridge MA, ISBN 0-262-63022-2.
+Olazaran, Mikel (1996). "A Sociological Study of the Official History of the Perceptrons Controversy". Social Studies of Science. 26 (3): 611–659. doi:10.1177/030631296026003005. JSTOR 285702. S2CID 16786738.
+Olazaran, Mikel (1993-01-01), "A Sociological History of the Neural Network Controversy", in Yovits, Marshall C. (ed.), Advances in Computers Volume 37, vol. 37, Elsevier, pp. 335–425, doi:10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60408-8, ISBN 9780120121373, retrieved 2023-10-31

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall_International_Series_in_Computer_Science-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall_International_Series_in_Computer_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:44.902154+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science was a series of books on computer science published by Prentice Hall.
+The series' founding editor was Tony Hoare. Richard Bird subsequently took over editing the series. Many of the books in the series have been in the area of formal methods in particular.
+
+
+== Selected books ==
+The following books were published in the series:
+
+R. S. Bird, Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell, 2nd edition, 1998. ISBN 0-13-484346-0.
+R. S. Bird and O. de Moor, Algebra of Programming, 1996. ISBN 0-13-507245-X. (100th volume in the series.)
+O.-J. Dahl, Verifiable Programming, 1992. ISBN 0-13-951062-1.
+D. M. Gabbay, Elementary Logics: A Procedural Perspective, 1998. ISBN 0-13-726365-1.
+I. J. Hayes (ed.), Specification Cases Studies, 2nd edition, 1993. ISBN 0-13-832544-8.
+M. G. Hinchey and J. P. Bowen (eds.), Applications of Formal Methods, 1996. ISBN 0-13-366949-1.
+C. A. R. Hoare, Communicating Sequential Processes, 1985. ISBN 0-13-153271-5 hardback or ISBN 0-13-153289-8 paperback.
+C. A. R. Hoare and M. J. C. Gordon, Mechanized Reasoning and Hardware Design, 1998. ISBN 0-13-572405-8.
+C. A. R. Hoare and He Jifeng, Unifying Theories of Programming, 1998. ISBN 0-13-458761-8.
+INMOS Limited, Occam 2 Reference Manual, 1988. ISBN 0-13-629312-3.
+Cliff Jones, Systematic Software Development Using VDM, 1986. ISBN 0-13-880725-6 hardback or ISBN 0-13-880717-5 paperback.
+M. Joseph (ed.), Real-Time Systems: Specification, Verification and Analysis, 1996. ISBN 0-13-455297-0.
+Bertrand Meyer, Object-Oriented Software Construction (first edition only).
+Robin Milner, Communication and Concurrency, 1989. ISBN 0-13-115007-3 (for the paperback).
+C. C. Morgan, Programming from Specifications, 2nd edition, 1994. ISBN 0-13-123274-6.
+P. N. Nissanke, Realtime Systems, 1997. ISBN 0-13-651274-7.
+B. Potter, J. Sinclair and D. Till, An Introduction to Formal Specification and Z, 2nd edition, 1996. ISBN 0-13-242207-7.
+A. W. Roscoe (ed.), A Classical Mind: Essays in Honour of C. A. R. Hoare, 1994. ISBN 0-13-294844-3.
+A. W. Roscoe, The Theory and Practice of Concurrency, 1997. ISBN 0-13-674409-5.
+J. M. Spivey, The Z Notation: A Reference Manual, 2nd edition, 1992. ISBN 0-13-978529-9.
+J. C. P. Woodcock and 
+J. W. Davies, Using Z: Specification, Refinement and Proof, 1996. ISBN 0-13-948472-8.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Compiler_Design-0.md

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+---
+title: "Principles of Compiler Design"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Compiler_Design"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:46.081867+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Principles of Compiler Design, by Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman, is a classic textbook on compilers for computer programming languages.  Both of the authors won the 2020 Turing Award for their work on compilers.
+It is often called the "green dragon book"  and its cover depicts a knight and a dragon in battle; the dragon is green, and labeled "Complexity of Compiler Design", while the knight wields a lance and a shield labeled "LALR parser generator" and "Syntax Directed Translation" respectively, and rides a horse labeled "Data Flow Analysis". The book may be called the "green dragon book" to distinguish it from its successor, Aho, Sethi and Ullman's Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools, which is the "red dragon book".  The second edition of Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools added a fourth author, Monica S. Lam, and the dragon became purple; hence becoming the "purple dragon book". The book also contains the entire code for making a compiler. 
+The back cover offers the original inspiration of the cover design: The dragon is replaced by windmills, and the knight is Don Quixote.
+The book was published in 1977 by Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-00022-9. The acknowledgments mention that the book was entirely typeset at Bell Labs using troff on the Unix operating system, little of which had, at that time, been seen outside the Laboratories.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_the_Universe-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_the_Universe"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:48.395332+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Computation_and_Quantum_Information-0.md

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+---
+title: "Quantum Computation and Quantum Information"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Computation_and_Quantum_Information"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:49.549139+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Quantum Computation and Quantum Information is a textbook about quantum information science written by Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang, regarded as a standard text on the subject. It is informally known as "Mike and Ike", after the candies of that name. The book assumes minimal prior experience with quantum mechanics and with computer science, aiming instead to be a self-contained introduction to the relevant features of both. (Lov Grover recalls a postdoc disparaging it with the remark, "The book is too elementary – it starts off with the assumption that the reader does not even know quantum mechanics.") The focus of the text is on theory, rather than the experimental implementations of quantum computers, which are discussed more briefly.
+As of December 2024, the book has been cited over 58,000 times on Google Scholar. In 2019, Nielsen adapted parts of the book for his Quantum Country project.
+
+
+== Table of Contents (Tenth Anniversary Edition) ==
+Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview
+Chapter 2: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
+Chapter 3: Introduction to Computer Science
+Chapter 4: Quantum Circuits
+Chapter 5: The Quantum Fourier Transform and its Applications
+Chapter 6: Quantum Search Algorithms
+Chapter 7: Quantum Computers: Physical Realization
+Chapter 8: Quantum Noise and Quantum Operations
+Chapter 9: Distance Measures for Quantum Information
+Chapter 10: Quantum Error-Correction
+Chapter 11: Entropy and Information
+Chapter 12: Quantum Information Theory
+Appendix 1: Notes on Basic Probability Theory
+Appendix 2: Group Theory
+Appendix 3: The Solovay–Kitaev Theorem
+Appendix 4: Number Theory
+Appendix 5: Public Key Cryptography and the RSA Cryptosystem
+Appendix 6: Proof of Lieb's Theorem
+Bibliography
+Index
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+Peter Shor called the text "an excellent book". Lov Grover called it "the bible of the quantum information field". Scott Aaronson said about it, "'Mike and Ike' as it's affectionately called, remains the quantum computing textbook to which all others are compared." David DiVincenzo said, "More than any of the previous attempts, this book has identified the essential foundations of quantum information theory with a clarity that has even, in a few cases, permitted the authors to obtain some original results and point toward new research directions." A review in the November 2001 edition of Foundations of Physics says, "Among the handful of books that have been written on this new subject, the present volume is the most complete and comprehensive."
+
+
+== Editions ==
+Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2000). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63503-5. OCLC 634735192.
+Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2010). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00217-3. OCLC 844974180.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescuing_Prometheus-0.md

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+---
+title: "Rescuing Prometheus"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescuing_Prometheus"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:15.701550+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World (1998) is a book by Thomas P. Hughes.  The book uses four extremely large engineering projects of the late 20th century as examples to explore how the limits of modern system engineering are stressed by real life projects.  It also traces the development of the management of large technical system development.
+The book documents four massively-cooperative projects:
+
+Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), a computer- and radar-based air-defense system
+The Atlas project, which produced America's first ICBM
+Boston's Central Artery/Tunnel Project, a traffic-unclogging system of highways, tunnels and bridges originally scheduled for completion in 2004
+ARPANET, an interactive computer-based information network that paved the way for the Internet
+
+
+== See also ==
+Large Technical System
+
+
+== References ==
+
+Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World (ISBN 0-679-73938-6) by Thomas P. Hughes, 2000.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Building-0.md

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+---
+title: "Roman Building"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Building"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:16.869160+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Roman Building: Materials and Techniques (French: La Construction Romaine: matériaux et techniques) is a treatise on Roman construction by French architect and archaeologist Jean-Pierre Adam, first published in 1984. A second edition was published in 1989, and an English translation by Anthony Mathews was published in 1994. The book comprehensively studies architecture across the Roman empire throughout its history, focusing on technique rather than design.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+The book has 11 chapters:
+
+Surveying
+Materials
+Construction using Large Stone Blocks
+Structures of Mixed Construction
+Masonry Construction
+Arches and Vaults
+Carpentry
+Wall Covering
+Floors
+Civil Engineering
+Domestic and Commercial Architecture
+
+
+== Reception ==
+When the translation was released, several reviewers of Roman Building such as classicist Nigel Spivey commended it for its thorough, accurate coverage. These English-speaking academics noted its ambitious scope beyond almost all previous scholarly works: it treated all areas of construction technique throughout ancient Rome's history across all of Roman territory. While classicist Roger Ulrich was among them, he noticed that the French author emphasized Italy, Gaul and North Africa in his choice of examples, and within Italy the well-preserved cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. He also faulted the treatise's sometimes inaccurate handling of Latin technical terminology.
+
+
+== Citations ==
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+Adam, Jean-Pierre (1994). Roman Building: Materials and Techniques. Translated by Mathews, Anthony. London: B.T. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-7167-0.
+Spivey, Nigel (October 1995). "Subject Reviews: Archaeology and Art". Greece & Rome. 47 (1): 242–244. doi:10.1017/S0017383500025717. JSTOR 643234.
+Ulrich, Roger B. (1995). "Review: Roman Building: Materials and Techniques". Journal of Field Archaeology. 22 (4): 499–501. doi:10.2307/530199. JSTOR 530199.
+Walcot, P. (April 2000). "Subject Reviews: Reprints". Greece & Rome. 47 (1): 129–131. doi:10.1093/gr/47.1.129. JSTOR 826952.
+Yeomans, David (June 1999). "Review: Roman Building: Materials and Techniques by Jean-Pierre Adam, Anthony Mathews; Technics and Architecture. The Development of Materials and Systems for Buildings by Cecil D. Elliott; Historical Building Construction, Design, Materials, and Technology by Donald Friedman; The Stone Skeleton. Structural Engineering of Masonry Architecture by Jacques Heyman; Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865-1913 by Sarah Bradford Landau, Carl W. Condit; Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution: The Art and Structure of Large-Scale Buildings by Robert Mark; Building the Nineteenth Century by Tom F. Peters". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 58 (2): 233–237. doi:10.2307/991501. JSTOR 991501.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs-0.md

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+---
+title: "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:51.931231+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (SICP) is a computer science textbook by Massachusetts Institute of Technology professors Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman. It is known as the "Wizard Book" in hacker culture. It teaches fundamental principles of computer programming, including recursion, abstraction, modularity, and programming language design and implementation.
+MIT Press published the first edition in 1984, and the second edition in 1996. It was used as the textbook for MIT's introductory course in computer science from 1984 to 2007. SICP focuses on discovering general patterns for solving specific problems, and building software systems that make use of those patterns.
+MIT Press published a JavaScript version of the book in 2022.
+
+
+== Content ==
+The book describes computer science concepts using Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. It also uses a virtual register machine and assembler to implement Lisp interpreters and compilers.
+Topics in the books are:
+
+
+=== Chapter 1: Building Abstractions with Procedures ===
+The Elements of Programming
+Procedures and the Processes They Generate
+Formulating Abstractions with Higher-Order Procedures
+
+
+=== Chapter 2: Building Abstractions with Data ===
+Introduction to Data Abstraction
+Hierarchical Data and the Closure Property
+Symbolic Data
+Multiple Representations for Abstract Data
+Systems with Generic Operations
+
+
+=== Chapter 3: Modularity, Objects, and State ===
+Assignment and Local State
+The Environment Model of Evaluation
+Modeling with Mutable Data
+Concurrency: Time Is of the Essence
+Streams
+
+
+=== Chapter 4: Metalinguistic Abstraction ===
+The Metacircular Evaluator
+Variations on a Scheme – Lazy Evaluation
+Variations on a Scheme – Nondeterministic Computing
+Logic Programming
+
+
+=== Chapter 5: Computing with Register Machines ===
+Designing Register Machines
+A Register-Machine Simulator
+Storage Allocation and Garbage Collection
+The Explicit-Control Evaluator
+Compilation
+
+
+== Characters ==
+Several humorously-named fictional characters appear in the book:
+
+Alyssa P. Hacker, a Lisp hacker
+Ben Bitdiddle
+Cy D. Fect, a "reformed C programmer"
+Eva Lu Ator
+Lem E. Tweakit
+Louis Reasoner, a "loose reasoner"
+
+
+== License ==
+The book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license.
+
+
+== Coursework ==
+The book was used as the textbook for MIT's former introductory programming course, 6.001, from fall 1984 through its last semester, in fall 2007. Other schools also made use of the book as a course textbook.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+Byte recommended SICP in 1986 "for professional programmers who are really interested in their profession". The magazine said that the book was not easy to read, but that it would expose experienced programmers to both old and new topics.
+A review of SICP as an undergraduate textbook by Philip Wadler noted the weaknesses of the Scheme language as an introductory language for a computer science course. Wadler criticized in particular the lack of pattern matching, obscuring equational reasoning and making the teaching of proofs harder; the lack of algebraic data types in Scheme and the over-reliance on cons pairs for both code and data representation, which can confuse beginning students; and the choice of strict instead of lazy evaluation as the standard evaluation strategy.
+
+
+== Influence ==
+SICP has been influential in computer science education, and several later books have been inspired by its style.
+
+Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics (SICM), another book that uses Scheme as an instructional element, by Gerald Jay Sussman and Jack Wisdom
+Software Design for Flexibility, by Chris Hanson and Gerald Jay Sussman
+How to Design Programs (HtDP), which intends to be a more accessible book for introductory Computer Science, and to address perceived deficiencies in SICP
+Essentials of Programming Languages (EoPL), a book for Programming Languages courses
+
+
+== See also ==
+Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools –  also known as The Dragon Book
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Video lectures
+Book compiled from TeX source
+Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs. Interactive Version

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Economy-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Blue Economy"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Economy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:42.979554+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Blue Economy: 10 years – 100 innovations – 100 million jobs is a book by Gunter Pauli. The book expresses the ultimate aim that a "Blue Economy business model" will shift society from scarcity to abundance "with what is locally available", by tackling issues that cause environmental and related problems in new ways.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+The book highlights potential benefits in connecting and combining seemingly disparate environmental problems with open-source scientific solutions based upon physical processes common in the natural world, to create solutions that are both environmentally beneficial and which have financial and wider social benefits.  The book suggests that we can alter the way in which we run our industrial processes and tackle resultant environmental problems, refocusing from the use of rare and high-energy cost resources to instead seek solutions based upon simpler and cleaner technologies.  The book proposes to focus on the generation of more value, instead of blindly cutting costs. The book aims to inspire entrepreneurs to adopt its insights, by demonstrating ways in which this can create economic benefits via job creation, reduced energy use, and more revenue streams from each step of the process, at the same time benefiting the communities involved.
+The Blue Economy is presented in 14 chapters, each of which investigates an aspect of the world's economies and offers a series of innovations capable of making aspects of those economies sustainable. By 2014, the book has been translated into 35 languages worldwide.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Video, speech of Gunter Pauli at next! Conference
+Cartoon video presenting the Blue Economy
+The Blue Economy is the ZERI Philosophy in Action
+The Official Website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas-0.md

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+---
+title: "The California Field Atlas"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:51.144541+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The California Field Atlas is a 2017 book written and illustrated by Obi Kaufmann. It was published by Heyday Books, a Berkeley-based nonprofit small press. Through passages of nature writing and hundreds of watercolor paintings, the book details California's ecology and geography. Kaufmann, an artist and outdoorsman, was born in California and currently resides in Oakland. He prepared the book over the course of a year, drawing from a lifetime of experience hiking thousands of miles of California wilderness. With the California Field Atlas, he intended to foster geological literacy and conservation of the state's natural environment.
+The book contains ten chapters spanning more than 500 pages in total. The first eight chapters examine California's ecological system, the ninth chapter is an overview of nature throughout the state's 58 counties, and the final chapter covers the topic of rewilding. Rather than focusing on already-famous natural landmarks such as Yosemite, Kaufmann sought to present a comprehensive overview of the state that included detailed surveys of lesser-known regions.
+The title combines the phrases field guide and atlas, but the book differs in purpose and function from both categories as traditionally conceived. The term "field atlas" was coined by the author to describe a new genre of nature writing with elements of deep ecology and systems thinking. According to Kaufmann, a traditional field guide describes the what, and an atlas describes the where, of the natural world. On the other hand, the "field atlas" analyzes how aspects of nature interact and function as a whole.
+Upon release, the book became a surprise commercial success that exceeded the expectations of its author and publisher. It sold out several printings—the first on pre-orders alone—and became a bestseller throughout California. Critics gave it generally enthusiastic reviews and it won several regional book awards. Following its success, Kaufmann signed with Heyday to publish four follow-up books about California's water, forests, coast, and deserts, respectively.
+
+== Background ==
+
+Obi Kaufmann was born in Southern California on March 23, 1973. He moved to the San Francisco Bay Area when he was five years old, living in the East Bay town of Danville. He spent much of his childhood exploring Mount Diablo, drawing maps and making up names for its trails.
+In adulthood he settled in Oakland, California, where he worked as an artist, gallery owner, and advocate for the conservation movement. He provided nature illustrations for magazines and land trust organizations. In 2015, Lindsie Bear of the Berkeley nonprofit publisher Heyday Books expressed interest in publishing his work. Kaufmann replied that he had been waiting for the opportunity to pitch an idea he had envisioned for 20 years and estimated that the project could be completed with a year of full-time work. He presented a full proposal a week later and impressed Heyday's editors, who saw the book as a once-in-a-decade "unicorn" project.
+Kaufmann worked on the Field Atlas throughout 2016. He spent 4,200 man-hours on the book, working from 5 a.m. until 10 p.m. on an almost daily basis. Kaufmann painted every day, sometimes out on hikes. The majority of the paintings were drawn in his studio in Downtown Oakland. While outdoors, he painted natural objects ranging from flowers to mountains by sight. He used photographic models for reference when painting animals. The project was a culmination of Kaufmann's lifetime of observations hiking across thousands of miles of Californian land. Some of the artwork dates back to a decade prior to publication. The initial draft of the book ran over 1,000 pages.
+
+Kaufmann took inspiration from literary naturalists who endeavored "to see things as they are", saying "it may be unexpected" that he drew more inspiration from writers than from his "fellow painters." In particular, he cited the nature writings of David Douglas, John Muir, Wallace Stegner, Gary Snyder, and Joan Didion. He met Snyder, a fellow Californian, in May 2016. After reviewing Kaufmann's work in progress, Snyder asked, "But Obi, what is California?" Kaufmann replied that, speaking for himself in that moment, California felt like both heaven and hell. Greg Sarris's short story collection How a Mountain Was Made (2017) was a source for Kaufmann's depictions of Sonoma Mountain. J. R. R. Tolkien's painted maps were his primary artistic inspiration. Kaufmann declared "California is my Middle Earth" and said he hoped his maps portrayed the state's real environment in much the same way Tolkien had mapped his imagined fantasy realm. Tom Killion, a Bay Area printmaker, was another influence on his art.
+In preparation for mapmaking, he researched indigenous names of geographical landmarks and, in the process, learned that the Junipero Serra Peak in the Santa Lucia Range was named after Junípero Serra, the founder of the Spanish missions in California. In Kaufmann's view, Serra was responsible for acts of genocide against the indigenous peoples of California. To express his objection to the mountain's formal name, Kaufmann planned to refer to it by its Salinan name, Pimkolam, instead. However, he was persuaded that such a change would be beyond the scope of his project. He ultimately labeled the mountain with the name Santa Lucia Peak, which had once been in use before it became more commonly known as Junipero Serra Peak.
+
+== Contents ==
+The book contains about 600 of Kaufmann's paintings, divided between maps and wildlife paintings. His watercolors and texts spread across 10 chapters and more than 500 pages. The first eight chapters, with titles like "Of Earth and Mountains" and "Of Fire and Forests", describe an ecological system. The ninth chapter is an overview of the 58 counties of California using geographical markers rather than human-built markers like roads. The final chapter presents a case for ecological restoration and conservation of California through rewilding. Kaufmann sought to depict areas of natural beauty across the entire state, even in comparatively under-studied areas such as Colusa, San Joaquin, and San Benito, while avoiding undue focus on well-known tourist settings.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas-1.md

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+---
+title: "The California Field Atlas"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:51.144541+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Artwork ===
+Kaufmann's renderings of animals are mostly realistic but incorporate expressionistic flourishes—particularly in his choices of color palette—and thus do not adhere to the more literalistic standards of accuracy that would be expected from a conventional field guide. His wildlife paintings are meant to capture "the spirit of the subject" above all, and he acknowledged that his approach sometimes resulted in conspicuous differences between his art and an animal's literal appearance. As an example, he has often noted that the book includes a painting of a purple coyote, even though the animal is not actually purple in the wild. However, he explained that "coyotes aren't purple unless you're looking at them in the high desert sagebrush at sunset," and the subjective impression of the animal's appearance that can occur in that rare setting is what he sought to capture in his painting.
+
+The book's maps include surveys of a wide variety of subjects, like the habitats of wild pigs, the state's various fir trees, areas prone to wildfire, wildflowers gardens, and many others. Each map is indexed with a unique four-digit number. Kaufmann said much of the book is "data-driven", in that the maps and their data are sourced from scientific governmental agencies including the California Department of Water Resources, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
+Although the source maps were freely available online, they were often buried in remote corners of government websites and hard to access. These maps were often low-resolution and in his words "sterile", i.e. used for a single purpose and thus devoid of any richer meaningfulness or context. Kaufmann "reverse-engineered" his maps from these various online sources to make the information more accessible and educationally useful, calling his final product a "reference book for the 21st century".
+
+Conveyance of proper scale was his foremost challenge in preparing the maps. Kaufmann noted that most modern readers are acclimated to online maps like Google Maps that allow users to easily zoom in and out, which is impossible to achieve with paint on paper. In order to present an "easily digested, unified vision" with a homogeneous sense of scale, Kaufmann used one simplified legend across all maps. For convenience and uniformity, the legend's symbols flatten some of the differences between certain features. For example, an identical icon is used to describe both a 10-square-mile (26 km2) campground on one map and the much larger Fort Irwin National Training Center—with a total area of about 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2)–on a second, larger map.
+Given his medium of watercolor, Kaufmann acknowledged the possible presence of errors in declination and small mistakes like inadvertent smudges. Nonetheless, he wrote in the introduction that he believed any imprecisions in the work would fall within a reasonable margin of error, while reminding the reader that the maps were intended first and foremost as "expressive" works and that some of them had been prepared outdoors in uncontrolled conditions.
+
+== Genre and themes ==
+
+Kaufmann has said the Field Atlas is not a field guide and, while it is a book of maps, both the author and several commentators have suggested it is not an atlas in the conventional sense. Instead, Kaufmann employed the term "field atlas" to incorporate elements of systems thinking he saw as missing from contemporary nature writing. He explained:
+
+"Unlike a field guide, which is really all about the what of [things]—like 'what is this stone, what is this butterfly'—or a regular atlas, which is very much all about the where of things, this book is concerned with the how of things. How are things put together? How do these big, living systems of the natural world coalesce and conspire to make this terrestrial paradise of California?"

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas-2.md

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+---
+title: "The California Field Atlas"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:51.144541+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+He saw the Field Atlas as having two main purposes: a scientific agenda to foster geographic literacy, and an artistic agenda to promote the cause of conservation—the latter of which also has political dimensions. He told the website 7x7 that the "whole book—this whole endeavor—is an exercise in how we can continue our human residency in California not only over the next 100 years, for example, but over the next 10,000 years." On the other hand, Kaufmann sought to avoid any overt political argumentation in the book, and he has expressed frustration with partisan approaches to conservation. Mike Sonksen identified the book—particularly its ecological perspective and sense of "geographic literacy"—with the ideas of deep ecology and bioregionalism as articulated by Kaufmann's influence Gary Snyder in such works as Turtle Island (1974) and A Place in Space (1995).
+The book reflects a deep-time perspective on the state's ecology and landscapes. In the book's introduction, Kaufmann wrote that he was "participating in the wild reimagining of the place, past the scars inflicted over the past two hundred years and revealing a story about what has always been here and what will remain long after our residency is through." In an interview, he cited the Klamath River, which he said "will be here a thousand years from now, long after all of our roads have returned to dust from which they are made. That sort of deep-time perspective is the aspect of California that I am so drawn to create and participate in." As a comment on nature's capacity for long-term resilience and endurance, he noted elsewhere that the "redwood tree's toolbox allows it to live for 2,000 years. What calamities would you encounter if you lived that long?"
+He omits the environmental impacts of human activity, including roads and urban settings, from his maps and illustrations. Paul Saffo noted that, although humans are not entirely absent, "the Field Atlas exhibits a certain ambiguity regarding the human presence in California ... one cannot escape the sense that Kaufmann would be happier if everyone who headed toward California after 1530 had turned back." While it excludes roads, the book does include some trail maps. Kaufmann said trails "offer so much more of an interesting ecological narrative" than roads because they follow topographical contours and natural features like streams, and the book's attention to trails reflects a "pedestrian ethic".
+The maps are not designed as navigational guides for the California wilderness areas, and it is especially not intended as "help if you're lost in the woods". Kaufmann has noted that the book weighs 2 pounds (0.91 kg), making it somewhat impractical to carry on hikes. Instead, he advised readers to use it for planning excursions or the contemplation of conservation efforts. He also advised taking the book on road trips through the state, noting that it could easily fit inside a car's glove compartment.
+
+== Release ==
+
+The field atlas was first published in September 2017. Kaufmann undertook a promotional tour of California and the West Coast, which coincided with the 2017 California wildfires. He spoke about the impact of the wildfires and the resilience of nature at several events while promoting the Field Atlas.
+To Kaufmann's surprise, the book sold well and became a regional bestseller. The first printing of the book, totaling 8,000 copies, sold out before the book was even released and became Heyday's best-selling first printing in its more than four decades of publishing. With high demand and limited availability, used copies of the book, which retailed for $45, were sold online for prices ranging from $145 to $1,500. The second printing produced 6,000 copies in mid-January, and was sold out by February; a third printing became available the same month. The book spent four weeks in the number 1 spot on the San Francisco Chronicle bestseller list for nonfiction paperbacks. More than four years after the book's first publication, a hardcover "Deluxe Edition" was released through Heyday in November 2020.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas-3.md

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+---
+title: "The California Field Atlas"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Field_Atlas"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:51.144541+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Critical response ===
+The book received generally positive reviews, primarily from local California publications and outlets. John McMurtrie, the book editor of the San Francisco Chronicle, called the California Field Atlas a "magnificent ode to the natural wonders of [Kaufmann's] home state" and said it "stands as one of the finest books ever published by Heyday". The Chronicle later listed it as one of the 100 best books of 2017. In Diablo Magazine, Linda Lenhoff remarked on its "stunning detail" and "passionate plea" for conservation. Judith M. Gallman at Oakland Magazine wrote "[s]cience and animal lovers will find much to cherish in this unusually lovely and hefty collection." Rachael Myrow, a host of Forum on NPR affiliate KQED, compared the book to Rebecca Solnit's Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (2010), saying that for both books, the reader is "staring at something you think you know, California, but you're looking at a reading of it that most people don't think of." Kim Wyatt at Lake Tahoe News wrote that the book was "[b]reathtaking and informative and one of a kind" and "will lead to fresh insights about the Golden State, promoting geographic literacy, historical understanding and perhaps, in turn, stewardship of this amazing place we call home."
+Ryan Scarrow, in a review published by the academic journal Nature Plants, said that the technical imprecision of the illustrations would leave readers "disappointed" if they were seeking rigorous, scientifically accurate depictions of plant life or a practical, navigational guide. Scarrow also said the book's organization "can lead to more frustrated searching than reading". But he concluded that "[t]hese issues can be overlooked, however, given the sheer pleasure of Kaufmann's artwork and passion for ... geographic literacy," a quality which Scarrow said "not only enriches us in how we read nature, but also how we imagine and bring that nature into ourselves." Writing for the Journal of Alta California, Paul Saffo asked whether the California Field Atlas would be a "one-off, or the first exemplar of a new genre," answering "I suspect that it is the latter, a tome that will inspire others to follow the trail Kaufmann has blazed." Saffo compared Kaufmann to John Muir, and the California Field Atlas to books like the California Water Atlas (1979) and coffee table books published by the Sierra Club in the 1960s that led to the establishment of several national monuments and were influential in the early environmental movement in the United States.
+In Entropy, Mike Sonksen said the book was "a revelation", praising the depth of Kaufmann's knowledge, the book's educational value, the quality of his prose, and the aesthetic beauty and detail of his paintings. Sonksen later named it one of the 23 notable books of 2018 for the Los Angeles-area independent TV station KCET. It was named one of Modern Hiker's favorite books of 2018, with site owner Casey Schreiner writing that it "forces you to rethink the way you look at the state and its landscape, and it's gorgeous to look at, too." The travel publication Afar named it one of the "eight essential books for map nerds". In a review of Kaufmann's subsequent book for the Chronicle, Peter Fisher called the Field Atlas a "magnum opus" that "did justice to every facet of natural California—geology and botany, wildlife and weather—in fact-laden prose matched with lyrical watercolors." In October 2019, Olivia Box of Backpacker named the book among nine "new wilderness classics" worthy of entering the canon of great nature writing exemplified by Jack London, saying it "feels both retro and achingly relevant today."
+
+=== Awards ===
+The California Field Atlas received several awards. It won the San Francisco Foundation's 2016 Phelan Award for California literature and, as such, was placed in the California Historical Society archives at UC Berkeley's Bancroft Library. At the 87th California Book Awards in 2018, the Commonwealth Club of California recognized the book with a gold medal award for notable contribution to publishing, with a corresponding cash prize of $5,000.
+It won the Book of the Year Award in the "regional interest" category from NCIBA (Northern California Independent Booksellers Associated). It was also a finalist in the 2018 Northern California Book Awards, presented by Poetry Flash, PEN West, the San Francisco Public Library, and other bookseller and library-affiliated organizations.
+
+== Follow-ups ==
+In 2018, Kaufmann announced that he had plans to publish four follow-up books. The next book in the series, The State of Water: Understanding California's Most Precious Resource, was published in June 2019. The State of Water was set to be followed in late 2019 and 2020 by The California Lands trilogy, consisting of The Forests of California, The Coasts of California, and The Deserts of California. The release dates of the trilogy were subsequently delayed until 2020 and early 2021—with the addition of a fifth book, titled The State of Fire: Understanding Why, Where and How California Burns, to be released in late 2021.
+
+== References ==
+
+=== Citations ===
+
+=== Sources ===
+
+== External links ==
+The California Field Atlas in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
+Official site
+coyote and thunder – Obi Kaufmann's homepage
+The California Field Atlas at Heyday Books

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chilling_Stars-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Chilling Stars"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chilling_Stars"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:56.932243+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Chilling Stars is a non-fiction book about the possible causes and effects of global climate change by Henrik Svensmark and Nigel Calder. The paperback version was published by Totem Books on March 19, 2003. An updated version titled The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change was published in 2007. Svensmark is otherwise known as a Danish physicist and professor, while Calder had worked as a science journalist.
+The authors argue that cloud cover changes caused by variations in cosmic rays are a major contributor to global temperature increases, and they state that human influences have been exaggerated.
+
+
+== Contents and background ==
+
+The authors describe a cross-disciplinary theory that takes in elements of cosmology, particle physics, paleo-climatology, and meteorology. They label their concept 'cosmoclimatology', and they attempt to look back through prior climate trends such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. They detail what they view as a close correlation between the rate of cosmic rays reaching the Earth, which varies based on electromagnetic fluctuation on the Sun's surface, and the Earth's temperature.
+They write how the solar magnetic field grew over twice as strong as before over the 20th century, and they peg this as a primary driver of the approximately 0.6 °C warming over that time. Specifically, they state that fewer cosmic rays cause fewer clouds to form, and thus the climate becomes hotter, given that the individual water droplets that make up clouds collect when cosmic particles turn water into ions.
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+
+The online magazine londonbookreview.com remarked, "For those who believe that the argument about the causes of climate change have been settled may find this a difficult book to read. But those who retain an open mind may find this an interesting read, even if it is only to confirm that the science is far from being settled."
+Scientists have generally not found the published work of Svensmark et al. persuasive. For example, Lockwood et al. find that "The cloud-cosmic ray suggestion increasingly fails to match observations". A joint Spanish/Japanese collaboration of solar ray/astrophysics experts found that the change in global cloud cover is closely correlated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation and uncorrelated with solar rays.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Scientific opinion on climate change
+The Great Global Warming Swindle
+The Cloud Mystery
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Book Excerpt from news.bbc.co.uk

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Construction_and_Principal_Uses_of_Mathematical_Instruments-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Construction_and_Principal_Uses_of_Mathematical_Instruments"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:05.140614+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments (French: Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instrumens de mathématique) is a book by Nicholas Bion, first published in 1709. It was translated into English in 1723 by Edmund Stone.
+The book describes ways to construct mathematical instruments. It was described as "the most famous book devoted to instruments" by historian of science David M. Knight.
+
+
+== Nicholas Bion ==
+
+Nicholas Bion (French: Nicolas Bion [bjɔ̃]; 1652–1733) was a French instrument maker and author with workshops in Paris. He was king's engineer for mathematical instruments. He died in Paris in 1733 aged 81.
+
+
+=== Bibliography ===
+Bion is the author of the following:
+
+L'usage des Globes Célestes et Terrestres et des sphères suivant les differents systèmes du Monde (Amsterdam, 1700)
+Usage des Astrolabes
+Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instrumens de mathématique (Paris, 1709) (online version)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008. ISBN 978-0-684-31559-1.
+Kern, Ralf (2010). Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Köln: König, Walther. ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Online edition
+Bell Book Collection at the Microsoft Cybermuseum
+Portrait of Nicholas Bion

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Department_of_Mad_Scientists-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Department_of_Mad_Scientists"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:17:29.641942+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:06.328706+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Cauldron_(essay)-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Magic Cauldron (essay)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Cauldron_(essay)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:33.231250+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+"The Magic Cauldron" is an essay by Eric S. Raymond on the open-source economic model. It can be read freely online and was published in his 1999 book, The Cathedral and the Bazaar.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+The essay analyzes the economic models that Raymond believes can sustain an open-source project in four steps:
+
+It first analyzes what the author sees as classical myths about the cost refund in software development and tries to present a game-theory based model of the supposed stability of open-source cooperation.
+Secondly, it presents nine theoretical models that would work for sustainable open-source development: two non-profit, seven for-profit.
+Thirdly it states a theory to decide when it is economically interesting for software to remain closed.
+Finally, it examines some mechanisms that, according to Raymond, the market invented to fund for-profit open-source development (like patronage system and task markets).
+
+
+== Publication ==
+Raymond, Eric S. (2001). "The Magic Cauldron". The Cathedral and the Bazaar (Paperback ed.). O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00108-7.
+Raymond, Eric S. (6 November 1999). "The Magic Cauldron". Retrieved 21 March 2016.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Revenge of the Hackers
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Raymond, Eric S. "The Magic Cauldron". The Cathedral and the Bazaar. catb.org. Retrieved 2009-10-14.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_Algorithm-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Master Algorithm"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_Algorithm"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:34.404564+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World is a book by Pedro Domingos released in 2015. Domingos wrote the book in order to generate interest from people outside the field.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+The book outlines five approaches of machine learning: inductive reasoning, connectionism, evolutionary computation, Bayes' theorem and analogical modelling. The author explains these tribes to the reader by referring to more understandable processes of logic, connections made in the brain, natural selection, probability and similarity judgments. Throughout the book, it is suggested that each different tribe has the potential to contribute to a unifying "master algorithm".
+Towards the end of the book the author pictures a "master algorithm" in the near future, where machine learning algorithms asymptotically grow to a perfect understanding of how the world and people in it work. Although the algorithm doesn't yet exist, he briefly reviews his own invention of the Markov logic network.
+
+
+== In the media ==
+In 2016 Bill Gates recommended the book, alongside Nick Bostrom's Superintelligence, as one of two books everyone should read to understand AI. In 2018 the book was noted to be on Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping's bookshelf.
+
+
+=== Reception ===
+A computer science educator stated in Times Higher Education that the examples are clear and accessible. In contrast, The Economist agreed Domingos "does a good job" but complained that he "constantly invents metaphors that grate or confuse". Kirkus Reviews praised the book, stating that "Readers unfamiliar with logic and computer theory will have a difficult time, but those who persist will discover fascinating insights."
+A New Scientist review called it "compelling but rather unquestioning".
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-sum-of-human-knowledge-1442610803
+http://www.kdnuggets.com/2015/09/book-master-algorithm-pedro-domingos.html
+http://www.kdnuggets.com/2014/08/interview-pedro-domingos-master-algorithm-new-deep-learning.html (interview)
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pattern_on_the_Stone-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Pattern on the Stone"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pattern_on_the_Stone"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:42.559402+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Pattern on the Stone: The Simple Ideas that Make Computers Work is a book by W. Daniel Hillis, published in 1998 by Basic Books (ISBN 0-465-02595-1).  The book attempts to explain concepts from computer science in layman's terms by metaphor and analogy. It aims to demystify computer science by demonstrating that complex processes can be broken down into simple, repeated patterns. The book emphasizes the underlying simplicity and elegance of computer science, encouraging readers to see the beauty in the patterns that power the technology that permeates our lives.
+
+
+== Summary ==
+The book is composed of eight chapters, and two extra topics:
+
+Boolean algebra: The book starts with the fundamental building block of all digital computers: Boolean logic. It explains how simple switches ("on" or "off") can be combined using operators like AND, OR, and NOT to represent information and perform calculations. Think of it as the basic alphabet of computer language.
+Information theory: This section delves into the science of measuring, storing, and transmitting information. It covers concepts like data compression, which efficiently encodes information for storage or transmission, and error-correcting codes, which ensure information integrity despite glitches.
+Turing Machines: Turing machines are theoretical models of universal computers. The book dives into their workings, highlighting how simple components can be combined to achieve remarkable computational abilities.
+Universal computing: Imagine a machine that can perform any computation another machine can. This is the concept of a universal computer, explored in the book through the fascinating example of the Turing machine. It demonstrates the fundamental limits and capabilities of computational power.
+Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions that computers follow to solve problems are known as algorithms. This section tackles the essential role of algorithms in controlling computers and explores how programming languages allow humans to communicate these instructions effectively.
+Cryptography: Keeping information safe is crucial in the digital age. The book dives into the fascinating world of cryptography, explaining how codes and encryption techniques are used to scramble information and protect it from unauthorized access.
+Heuristics: Finding the optimal solution to every problem isn't always feasible. Heuristics offer a practical approach, using "rules of thumb" to find good-enough solutions quickly, even if they might not be perfect. The book explains this trade-off between speed and accuracy in problem-solving.
+Parallel computing: Imagine solving a problem by dividing it into smaller tasks and working on them simultaneously. This is the core idea of parallel computing, explained in the book. It explores how using multiple processors can significantly speed up computations, paving the way for future computing advancements.
+Quantum computing: This revolutionary field harnesses the bizarre principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations that are impossible for classical computers. The book explains the basics of quantum bits (qubits), superposition, and entanglement, and how these properties can be used to solve problems like drug discovery, materials science, and financial modeling much faster than conventional methods. However, the book also discusses the challenges of building and controlling quantum computers, highlighting that this technology is still in its early stages.
+Emergence: These are complex systems where the whole exhibits properties that are not present in its individual parts. Imagine an anthill, where millions of ants working independently create a collective intelligence far greater than any individual ant. The book uses examples like ant colonies, the brain, and even the economy to illustrate how simple rules can lead to complex and unpredictable behavior. Emergent systems offer inspiration for designing new computational models and understanding complex phenomena in various fields.
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+Anthony Cait (December 5, 1998) Science News 154.23 page 354
+He begins by imparting Boolean logic through a demonstration of a machine that plays tic-tac-toe...Hillis gift is his ability to convey the logical processes of computers that begin with switches and circuitry and escalate to self-organizing learning ability relevant to parallel computing systems.
+William Baer (November 15, 1998) Library Journal 123.19 page 84
+Step by step from computer logic to programming to memory and compression. The final two chapters show how computers are truly close to being thinking machines.
+Gilbert Taylor (October 15, 1998) Booklist 95(4):381
+A delightful all-in-one introduction to computer science.
+Wade Roush (November 1998) Technology Review 101.6 page 94 “The Shaman’s vision stone”
+There’s nothing special about silicon, Hillis wants the reader to know. The universal building blocks of computation -- simple, logical functions such as and, or, and not – can be implemented using rods and springs, water pipes and hydraulic valves, and many other physical systems.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+
+The book has been covered by various media outlets, including scientific journals, newspapers, and online publications. During the year it was first published, it garnered several awards, including: 
+
+1999 American Association for the Advancement of Science Prize for Books
+1999 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Science and Technology.
+1999 National Book Award Finalist in Science
+1999 Rhône-Poulenc Science Book Prize Shortlist
+1998 Boston Globe Book Award Finalist in Nonfiction
+1998 Guardian Award Finalist in Science
+1998 Royal Society Winton Medal shortlist
+The book has aged well and has been positively received by critics and readers alike, earning praise for its clear and accessible writing style, ability to make complex topics understandable to a general audience, and overall message of empowerment and fascination with the world of computers. However, it has been criticized for lacking depth and specificity.
+The book has been translated into many languages and has sold over a million copies.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Reviews: The Pattern on the Stone from Goodreads

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rootkit_Arsenal-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Rootkit Arsenal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rootkit_Arsenal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:50.707588+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Rootkit Arsenal: Escape and Evasion in the Dark Corners of the System is a book written by Bill Blunden, published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers in May 2009. The book takes the reader in depth about rootkit technology and uses. It covers topics such as IA-32 assembly, the Windows system architecture, kernel debugging, advanced rootkit development, and much more concerning rootkit technology and how it can be applied onto e.g. white hat hacking. The book also provides many source code examples on rootkit development and how to properly use it. It is required and recommended to have a fair understanding of computer programming and operating systems in order to fully comprehend the contents of the book, as the back cover states it is an advanced book on its topic.
+
+
+== Content ==
+The book is divided into four parts, and each of the 14 chapters goes into detail about specific technology and information required in advanced rootkit development and use. It also provides information about network and file system analyses, kernel objects, drivers, and much more related to rootkit technology. The reader can create a fully working rootkit by using the source codes in the appendix.  The product description states that the book sheds light on material that has traditionally been poorly documented, partially documented, or intentionally undocumented.
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+The book has received mostly positive reviews from websites specializing in computer reviews.
+Computing Reviews writes about this book "This book addresses a controversial and timely issue in the field of network security. Rootkits are notoriously used by the black hat hacking community. A rootkit allows an attacker to subvert a compromised system. This subversion can take place at the application level, as is the case for the early rootkits that replaced a set of common administrative tools, but can be more dangerous when it occurs at the kernel level. A rootkit hides the network traffic, processes, and files that an attacker decides to keep invisible to administrators and system management tools… If you work on defensive solutions—anti-virus and malware detection tools—or are interested in low-level system programming, you must read this book. In fact, for the intended audience, this is one of the best books of 2009."
+Richard Austin of the IEEE's Computer Society's Technical Committee on Security and Privacy also published a review of the book's second edition in 2014.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+Blunden, Bill. The Rootkit Arsenal: Escape and Evasion in the Dark Corners of the System. 1st ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2009
+Blunden, Bill. The Rootkit Arsenal: Escape and Evasion in the Dark Corners of the System. 2st ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2012

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turing_Guide-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Turing Guide"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turing_Guide"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:54.316392+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Turing Guide, written by Jack Copeland, Jonathan Bowen, Mark Sprevak, Robin Wilson, and others and published in 2017, is a book about the work and life of the British mathematician, philosopher, and early computer scientist, Alan Turing (1912–1954).
+
+
+== Overview ==
+The book includes 42 contributed chapters by a variety of authors, including some contemporaries of Alan Turing. The book was published in January 2017 by Oxford University Press, in hardcover, paperback, and e-book formats.
+
+
+== Contents ==
+The Turing Guide is divided into eight main parts, covering various aspects of Alan Turing's life and work:
+
+Biography: Biographical aspects of Alan Turing.
+The Universal Machine and Beyond: Turing's universal machine (now known as a Turing machine), developed while at King's College, Cambridge, which provides a theoretical framework for reasoning about computation, a starting point for the field of theoretical computer science.
+Codebreaker: Turing's work on codebreaking during World War II at Bletchley Park, especially the Bombe for decrypting the German Enigma machine.
+Computers after the War: Turing's post-War work on computing, at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and at the University of Manchester. He made contributions to both hardware design, through the ACE computer (later implemented as the Pilot ACE) at the NPL, and software, especially at Manchester using the Manchester Baby computer, later the Manchester Mark 1 and Ferranti Mark 1.
+Artificial Intelligence and the Mind: Turing's pioneering and philosophical contribution to machine intelligence (now known as Artificial Intelligence or AI), including the Turing test.
+Biological Growth: Morphogenesis, Turing's last major scientific contribution, on the generation of complex patterns through chemical processes in biology and on the mathematics behind them, foundational in mathematical biology.
+Mathematics: Some of Turing's mathematical achievements, including one of his most significant influences, Max Newman.
+Finale: Turing in a wider subsequent context, including his influence and legacy to science and in the public consciousness.
+The book includes a foreword by Andrew Hodges, a preface, notes on the contributors, endnotes, and an index.
+
+
+== Contributors ==
+The following 33 authors contributed to chapters in the book:
+
+
+== Reviews ==
+The book has been reviewed by a number of journals, magazines, and professional organizations, including:
+
+Engineering & Technology.
+European Mathematical Society.
+Formal Aspects of Computing.
+Mathematical Association of America.
+New Scientist.
+Notices of the American Mathematical Society.
+Nuncius.
+Physics World.
+Resurrection.
+SIAM News.
+The book has also been featured online internationally, including in China.
+
+
+== Cover ==
+This artwork for the book's cover came about after a mock-up digital artwork in the style of the multiple images of Andy Warhol was produced. Jack Copeland then organized a more professional artwork, which became the basis for the eventual book cover. In 2023, the artwork was displayed as part of a digital art exhibition organized by the Computer Arts Society at the BCS in London.
+
+
+== Other languages ==
+A Chinese edition of the book was published in 2023 by Tsinghua University Press.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983).
+Charles Petzold, The Annotated Turing (2008).
+Dermot Turing, Prof: Alan Turing Decoded (2015).
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visualization_Handbook-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Visualization Handbook"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visualization_Handbook"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:58.931450+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Visualization Handbook is a textbook by Charles D. Hansen and Christopher R. Johnson that serves as a survey of the field of scientific visualization by presenting the basic concepts and algorithms in addition to a current review of visualization research topics and tools. It is commonly used as a textbook for scientific visualization graduate courses. It is also commonly cited as a reference for scientific visualization and computer graphics in published papers, with almost 500 citations documented on Google Scholar.
+
+
+== Table of Contents ==
+PART I - Introduction
+Overview of Visualization - William J. Schroeder and Kenneth M. Martin
+PART II - Scalar Field Visualization: Isosurfaces
+Accelerated Isosurface Extraction Approaches -Yarden Livnat
+Time-Dependent Isosurface Extraction - Han-Wei Shen
+Optimal Isosurface Extraction - Paolo Cignoni, Claudio Montani, Robert Scopigno, and Enrico Puppo
+Isosurface Extraction Using Extrema Graphs - Takayuki Itoh and Koji Koyamada
+Isosurfaces and Level-Sets - Ross Whitaker
+PART III - Scalar Field Visualization: Volume Rendering
+Overview of Volume Rendering - Arie E. Kaufman and Klaus Mueller
+Volume Rendering Using Splatting - Roger Crawfis, Daqing Xue, and Caixia Zhang
+Multidimensional Transfer Functions for Volume Rendering - Joe Kniss, Gordon Kindlmann, and Charles D. Hansen
+Pre-Integrated Volume Rendering - Martin Kraus and Thomas Ertl
+Hardware-Accelerated Volume Rendering - Hanspeter Pfister
+PART IV - Vector Field Visualization
+Overview of Flow Visualization - Daniel Weiskopf and Gordon Erlebacher
+Flow Textures: High-Resolution Flow Visualization - Gordon Erlebacher, Bruno Jobard, and Daniel Weiskopf
+Detection and Visualization of Vortices - Ming Jiang, Raghu Machiraju, and David Thompson
+PART V - Tensor Field Visualization
+Oriented Tensor Reconstruction - Leonid Zhukov and Alan H. Barr
+Diffusion Tensor MRI Visualization - Song Zhang, David Laidlaw, and Gordon Kindlmann
+Topological Methods for Flow Visualization - Gerik Scheuermann and Xavier Tricoche
+PART VI - Geometric Modeling for Visualization
+3D Mesh Compression - Jarek Rossignac
+Variational Modeling Methods for Visualization - Hans Hagen and Ingrid Hotz
+Model Simplification - Jonathan D. Cohen and Dinesh Manocha
+PART VII - Virtual Environments for Visualization
+Direct Manipulation in Virtual Reality - Steve Bryson
+The Visual Haptic Workbench - Milan Ikits and J. Dean Brederson
+Virtual Geographic Information Systems - William Ribarsky
+Visualization Using Virtual Reality - R. Bowen Loftin, Jim X. Chen, and Larry Rosenblum
+PART VIII - Large-Scale Data Visualization
+Desktop Delivery: Access to Large Datasets - Philip D. Heermann and Constantine Pavlakos
+Techniques for Visualizing Time-Varying Volume Data - Kwan-Liu Ma and Eric B. Lum
+Large-Scale Data Visualization and Rendering: A Problem-Driven Approach - Patrick McCormick and James Ahrens
+Issues and Architectures in Large-Scale Data Visualization - Constantine Pavlakos and Philip D. Heermann
+Consuming Network Bandwidth with Visapult - Wes Bethel and John Shalf
+PART IX - Visualization Software and Frameworks
+The Visualization Toolkit - William J. Schroeder and Kenneth M. Martin
+Visualization in the SCIRun Problem-Solving Environment - David M. Weinstein, Steven Parker, Jenny Simpson, Kurt Zimmerman, and Greg M. Jones
+Numerical Algorithms Group IRIS Explorer - Jeremy Walton
+AVS and AVS/Express - Jean M. Favre and Mario Valle
+Vis5D, Cave5D, and VisAD - Bill Hibbard
+Visualization with AVS - W. T. Hewitt, Nigel W. John, Matthew D. Cooper, K. Yien Kwok, George W. Leaver, Joanna M. Leng, Paul G. Lever, Mary J. McDerby, James S. Perrin, Mark Riding, I. Ari Sadarjoen, Tobias M. Schiebeck, and Colin C. Venters
+ParaView: An End-User Tool for Large-Data Visualization - James Ahrens, Berk Geveci, and Charles Law
+The Insight Toolkit: An Open-Source Initiative in Data Segmentation and Registration - Terry S. Yoo
+amira: A Highly Interactive System for Visual Data Analysis - Detlev Stalling, Malte Westerhoff, and Hans-Christian Hege
+PART X - Perceptual Issues in Visualization
+Extending Visualization to Perceptualization: The Importance of Perception in Effective Communication of Information - David S. Ebert
+Art and Science in Visualization - Victoria Interrante
+Exploiting Human Visual Perception in Visualization - Alan Chalmers and Kirsten Cater
+PART XI - Selected Topics and Applications
+Scalable Network Visualization - Stephen G. Eick
+Visual Data-Mining Techniques - Daniel A. Keim, Mike Sips, and Mihael Ankerst
+Visualization in Weather and Climate Research - Don Middleton, Tim Scheitlin, and Bob Wilhelmson
+Painting and Visualization - Robert M. Kirby, Daniel F. Keefe, and David Laidlaw
+Visualization and Natural Control Systems for Microscopy - Russell M. Taylor II, David Borland, Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., Mike Falvo, Kevin Jeffay, Gail Jones, David Marshburn, Stergios J. Papadakis, Lu-Chang Qin, Adam Seeger, F. Donelson Smith, Dianne Sonnenwald, Richard Superfine, Sean Washburn, Chris Weigle, Mary Whitton, Leandra Vicci, Martin Guthold, Tom Hudson, Philip Williams, and Warren Robinett
+Visualization for Computational Accelerator Physics - Kwan-Liu Ma, Greg Schussman, and Brett Wilson
+
+
+== See also ==
+Numerical Recipes
+Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography-0.md

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+---
+title: "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
+chunk: 1/7
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:12.241122+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a bibliography of works by Theodore von Kármán.
+
+== Books ==
+Kármán, Th. von; Burgers, J. M. (1924). General Aerodynamic Theory, 2 vols. Julius Springer.
+Kármán, Th. von; Biot, M. A. (1940). Mathematical Methods in Engineering; An introduction to the Mathematical Treatment of Engineering Problems. McGraw-Hill. p. 505. ASIN B0006AOTLK.
+Kármán, Th. von; Biot, M. A. (2004) [Cornell University Press, 1954]. Aerodynamics: Selected Topics in the Light of Their Historical Development. Dover Books on Aeronautical Engineering. Dover Publications. p. 224. ISBN 978-0486434858.
+Kármán, Th. von (1956). Collected Works of Dr. T. von Kármán (1902 - 1951), 4 vols. Vol. v. 1. 1902-1913, v. 2. 1914-1932, v. 3. 1933-1939, v. 4. 1940-1951. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications.
+Kármán, Th. von (1961). From Low-Speed Aerodynamics to Astronautics. Pergamon Press. ASIN B000H4OVPO.
+Kármán, Th. von; Edson, L. (1967). The Wind and Beyond — T. von Kármán Pioneer in Aviation and Pathfinder in Space. Little Brown. p. 376. ISBN 978-0316907538.
+
+== Papers ==
+
+=== 1900s ===
+Kármán, Th. von (1902). "The motion of a heavy rod supported on its rounded end by a horizontal plate". Journal of Mathematics and Physics, Mathematical Society, Budapest, Hungary (in Hungarian). 9.
+Kármán, Th. von (1906). "A kihajlás elmélete és a hosszú rudakon végzett nyomás-kisérletek" [The theory of buckling and compression tests on long slender columns] (PDF). Magyar Mérnök és Építész Egylet Közlönye [Journal of the Society of Hungarian Engineers and Architects] (in Hungarian). 40 (11–12): 329–335. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
+Kármán, Th. von (1907). "Über stationäre Wellen in Gasstrahlen" [About stationary waves in gas jets]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 8.
+Kármán, Th. von (1908). "A gőzök és gázok áramlási jelenségeire vonatkozó újabb vizsgálatok" [Recent investigations regarding the flow phenomena of vapors and gases]. Magyar Mérnök és Építész Egylet Közlönye [Journal of the Society of Hungarian Engineers and Architects] (in Hungarian). 42 (3–4): 103–110. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
+Kármán, Th. von (1908). "Igen könnyü mótoro król" [Very light-weight engines]. Magyar Mérnök-És Építész-Egylet Héti-Értesitöje [Weekly Bulletin of the Society of Hungarian Engineers and Architects] (in Hungarian) (27): 248–251.
+Kármán, Th. von (1908). "Die Knickfestigkeit gerader Stäbe" [The buckling strength of straight bars]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 9.
+Kármán, Th. von; Haar, A. (1909). "Zur Theorie der Spannungszustände in plastischen und sandartigen Medien" [On the theory of stress states in plastic and sand-like media]. Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1909). "Hullámos tűz csövek szilárdsága" [The strength of corrugated fire tubes]. Magyar Mérnök-És Építész-Egylet Héti-Értesitöje [Weekly Bulletin of the Society of Hungarian Engineers and Architects] (in Hungarian) (28): 302–305.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography-1.md

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+---
+title: "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
+chunk: 2/7
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:12.241122+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1910s ===
+Kármán, Th. von (1910). "Mitől függ az anyag igénybevétele?" [What determines the stress-strain behavior of matter?] (PDF). Magyar Mérnök és Építész Egylet Közlönye [Journal of the Society of Hungarian Engineers and Architects] (in Hungarian). 44 (10): 212–226. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
+Kármán, Th. von (1910). "Untersuchungen über die Bedingungen des Bruches und der plastischen Deformation, insbesondere bei quasi-isotropen Körpern" [Studies on the conditions of the fracture and plastic deformation, particularly in quasi-isotropic bodies]. Habilitationschrift, Göttingen (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1910). Untersuchungen über Knickfestigkeit [Studies on buckling strength] (in German). Vol. 81. pp. 1–45. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-01994-8. hdl:2027/iau.31858059335400. ISBN 978-3-662-01994-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help); |journal= ignored (help)
+Kármán, Th. von (1910). "Festigkeitsprobleme im Maschinenbau" [Strength problems in engineering]. Encyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften (in German). 4.
+Kármán, Th. von (1911). "Festigkeitsversuche unter allseitigem Druck" [Strength tests under pressure from all sides]. Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure (in German). 55.
+Kármán, Th. von (1911). "Über die Formänderung dünnwandiger Röhre, insbesondere federnder Ausgleichröhre" [Strength tests under pressure from all sides]. Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure (in German). 55.
+Kármán, Th. von (1911). "(Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von Frau Margrete Bose und Herrn E. Bose) Über die Turbulenzreibung verschiedener Flüssigkeiten" [(Note on the work of Ms. Margrete Bose and Mr. E. Bose) About the turbulence friction of various liquids]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 12.
+Kármán, Th. von (1911). "Über den Mechanismus des Widerstandes, den ein bewegter Körper in einer Flüssigkeit erfährt" [About the mechanism of resistance that a moving body undergoes in a liquid]. Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1912). "A göttingeni aerodinamikai állomás mérési eredményei" [The test results of Göttingen aerodynamic station] (PDF). Magyar Mérnök és Építész Egylet Közlönye [Journal of the Society of Hungarian Engineers and Architects] (in Hungarian). 46 (3): 37–43. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
+Kármán, Th. von; Rubach, H. (1912). "Über den Mechanismus des Flüssigkeits- und Luftwiderstandes" [On the mechanism of fluid and air resistance]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 13: 49–59.
+Kármán, Th. von; Born, M. (1912). "Über Schwingungen in Raumgittern" [On fluctuations in spatial grids]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 13.
+Kármán, Th. von; Föppl, L. (1913). "Physikalische Grundlagen der Festigkeitslehre" [Physical basis of strengths of Materials]. Encyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von; Born, M. (1913). "Zur Theorie der spezifischen Wärme" [On the theory of the specific heat]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 14.
+Kármán, Th. von; Born, M. (1913). "Über die Verteilung der Eigenschwingungen von Punktgittern" [The distribution of the natural vibrations of point lattices]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 14.
+Kármán, Th. von; Born, M. (1913). "(Bemerkungen zu dem gleichlautenden Artikel von H. Lorenz) Näherungslösungen von Problemen der Elastizitätstheorie" [(Comments on the homonymous article by H. Lorenz) Approximate solutions of problems of elasticity theory]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 14.
+Kármán, Th. von; Bolza, H.; Born, M. (1913). "Molekularströmung und Temperatursprung" [Molecular flow and temperature increase]. Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1913). "Elastizität" [Elasticity]. de:Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften (in German). 3.
+Kármán, Th. von (1913). "Festigkeit" [Strength]. de:Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften (in German). 3.
+Kármán, Th. von (1913). "Gleichgewicht" [Balance]. de:Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften (in German). 4.
+Kármán, Th. von (1913). "Härte und Härteprüfung" [Hardness and hardness testing]. de:Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften (in German). 5.
+Kármán, Th. von; Trefftz, Erich (1915). "Über Längsstabilität und Längsschwingungen von Flugzeugen". Jahrbuch der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Luftfahrt [About longitudinal stability and longitudinal vibrations of airplanes] (in German). Vol. 3. pp. 116–162. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-52154-6_9. ISBN 978-3-642-52154-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
+Kármán, Th. von (1915). "Research on the conditions of elastic limit and rupture". Matematikai és Természettudományi Értesítő [Math and Science Bulletin] (in Hungarian).
+Kármán, Th. von (1 August 1916). "Das Gedächtnis der Materie" [The memory of the matter]. Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 4 (33): 489–494. Bibcode:1916NW......4..489V. doi:10.1007/BF01496496. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 31900126.
+Kármán, Th. von; Trefftz, Erich (1918). "Potentialströmung um gegebene Tragflächenquerschnitte" [Potential flow about given airfoils cross sections]. Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt (in German). 9.
+Kármán, Th. von (1918). "Lynkeus als Ingenieur und Naturwissenschaftler" [Lynkeus as an engineer and scientist]. Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 6 (31): 457–463. Bibcode:1918NW......6..457K. doi:10.1007/BF01503243. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 35620096.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography-2.md

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+---
+title: "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
+chunk: 3/7
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:12.241122+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1920s ===
+Kármán, Th. von (1921). "Die Bedeutung der Mechanik für das Studium der technischen Physiker" [The importance of the mechanics for the study of technical physicist]. Zeitschrift für Technische Physik (in German). 2.
+Kármán, Th. von (1921). "Über laminare und turbulente Reibung" [About laminar and turbulent friction]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 1 (4): 233–252. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..233K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010401. ISSN 1521-4001.
+Kármán, Th. von (1921). "Mechanische Modelle zum Segelflug" [Mechanical models for gliding]. Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt (in German). 12.
+Kármán, Th. von (1921). "Theoretische Bemerkungen zur Frage des Schraubenfliegers" [Theoretical remarks on the question of powered aviation]. Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt (in German). 12.
+Kármán, Th. von (1921). "Bemerkung zu der Frage der Strömungsform um Widerstandskörper bei grossen Reynoldsschen Kennzahlen" [Remark on the issue of flow resistance to form body at large Reynolds numbers]. Lectures from the Field of Hydro- and Aerodynamics, Innsbruck; Berlin (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1 February 1922). "Über den motorlosen Flug" [About motorless flight]. Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 10 (6): 121–133. Bibcode:1922NW.....10..121V. doi:10.1007/BF01488103. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 41610344.
+Lilienthal, G; Kármán, Th. von (1 April 1922). "von Kármáns Erklärungen des Segelflugs" [von Kármán's explanations of gliding]. Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 10 (17): 432–434. Bibcode:1922NW.....10..432L. doi:10.1007/BF01571233. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 34500602.
+Kármán, Th. von (1922). "Standardization in Aerodynamics". Aerial Age Weekly. 14 (12): 392. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
+Kármán, Th. von (1924). "Über die Oberflächenreibung von Flüssigkeiten". Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der Hydro- und Aerodynamik (Innsbruck 1922) [About the surface friction of fluids] (in German). Vol. 14. pp. 146–167. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-00280-3_14. ISBN 978-3-662-00280-3. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help); |journal= ignored (help)
+Kármán, Th. von (1923). "Über die Grundlagen der Balkentheorie" [Beyond the Basics of the beam theory]. Scripta Universitatis Atque Bibliothecae Hierosolymitanarum (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1923). "Gastheoretische Deutung der Reynoldsschen - Kennzahl" [Theoretical interpretation of the Reynolds number]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 3 (5): 395–396. Bibcode:1923ZaMM....3..395V. doi:10.1002/zamm.19230030506. ISSN 1521-4001.
+Kármán, Th. von (1924). "Über das thermisch-elektrische Gleichgewicht in festen Isolatoren" [About the thermal-electrical balance in solid insulators]. Archiv für Elektrotechnik (in German). 13 (2): 174–180. doi:10.1007/BF01656137. S2CID 111197748.
+Kármán, Th. von (1924). "Die mittragende Breite" [The effective width]. Beiträge zur Technischen Mechanik (in German).
+Bienen, Th.; Kármán, Th. von (1924). "Zur Theorie der Luftschrauben" [On the theory of propellers]. Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure (in German). 68: 1315–1318.
+Kármán, Th. von (1924). "Über die Stabilität der Laminarströmung und die Theorie der Turbulenz" [On the stability of the laminar flow and the turbulence theory]. Proceedings of the International Congress for Applied Mechanics (in German). 68.
+Kármán, Th. von (1925). "Beitrag zur Theorie des Walzvorganges" [Contribution to the theory of the rolling process]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 5 (2): 139–141. Bibcode:1925ZaMM....5..139K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19250050213.
+Kármán, Th. von (1926). "Über elastische Grenzzustände" [About elastic limit states]. Verhandlungen des 2. Internationalen Kongresses für Technische Mechanik (in German). 5.
+Kármán, Th. von (1927). "Berechnung der Druckverteilung an Luftschiffkörpern" [Calculation of the pressure distribution on airship bodies]. Abhandlungen aus dem Aerodynamischen Institut an der Technischcn Hochschule, Aachen (in German). 6.
+Kármán, Th. von (1927). Über die Grundlagen der Balkentheorie [Beyond the Basics of the beam theory] (in German). Vol. 7. ISBN 978-3662313190. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help); |journal= ignored (help)
+Kármán, Th. von (1927). "Selected problems in aeronautics". J. Aero. Res. Inst., Tokyo (in Japanese). 37.
+Kármán, Th. von (1927). Frank, Ph.; von Mises, R (eds.). "Ideale Flussigkeitens" [Ideal fluids]. Die Differential- und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik (in German). 2.
+Kármán, Th. von (1927). "Die Schleppversuche mit langen Versuchsflächen und das Ähnlichkeitsgesetz der Oberflächenreibungen" [The towing tests with long experimental plots and the similarity law of surface friction]. Werft, Reederei, Hafen (in German). 9.
+Kármán, Th. von (1928). Zanichelli, Nicola (ed.). "Mathematische Probleme der modernen Aerodynamik" [Mathematical problems of modern aerodynamics]. Atti del Congresso Internazionole dei Matematici, Bologna (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1929). "Beitrag zur Theorie des Auftriebes" [Contribution to the theory of lift]. Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der Aerodynamik und Verwandter Gebiete, Aachen (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1929). "Beitrag zur Theorie des Auftriebes" [Contribution to the theory of lift]. Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der Aerodynamik und Verwandter Gebiete, Aachen (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von; Friedrichs, K. (1929). "Zur Berechnung freitragender Flügel" [To calculate cantilever wing]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 9 (4): 261–269. Bibcode:1929ZaMM....9..261F. doi:10.1002/zamm.19290090402. ISSN 1521-4001.
+Kármán, Th. von; Wattendorf, F. L. (1929). "The impact on seaplane floats during landing". National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note. 321. Retrieved December 14, 2014.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography-3.md

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+---
+title: "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
+chunk: 4/7
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:12.241122+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1930s ===
+Kármán, Th. von; Wattendorf, F. L. (1930). "Mathematik und technische Wissenschaften" [Mathematics and Engineering Sciences]. Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 18 (1): 12–16. Bibcode:1930NW.....18...12V. doi:10.1007/BF01500951. S2CID 9793761.
+Kármán, Th. von (1930). "Mechanische Ähnlichkeit und Turbulenz" [Mechanical similarity and turbulence]. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von (1930). "Mechanische Ähnlichkeit und Turbulenz" [Mechanical similarity and turbulence]. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Applied Mechanics (in German).
+Kármán, Th. von; Huber, K. (1930). "Zuschriften an den Herausgeber" [Letters to the Editor]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 10 (2): 206–208. Bibcode:1930ZaMM...10..206S. doi:10.1002/zamm.19300100222. ISSN 1521-4001.
+Kármán, Th. von (1931). "Die Seitenwege der Luftfahrt" [The byways of aviation]. Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt (in German). 22.
+Kármán, Th. von; Moore, N. (1932). "The resistance of slender bodies moving with supersonic velocities". Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 54: 303–310. doi:10.1115/1.4021846. ISSN 0097-6822. S2CID 258196905.
+Kármán, Th. von; Moore, N. (1932). "Theorie des Reibungswiderstandes". Hydromechanische Probleme des Schiffsantriebs [Theory of the frictional resistance] (in German). pp. 50–73. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-47554-2_2. ISBN 978-3-642-47206-0. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help); |journal= ignored (help)
+Kármán, Th. von (1932). "Quelques problèmes actuels de l'aérodynamique" [Some current problems of aerodynamics]. Journées Techniques Internationales de l'Aéronautique (in French).
+Kármán, Th. von (1933). "Some aerodynamic problems of airships". The Daniel Guggenheim Airship Institute Publication. 1.
+Kármán, Th. von (1933). "Analysis of some typical thin-walled structures". Aeronautical Engineering. 5 (4): 155–158.
+Kármán, Th. von; Millikan, C. (1933). "The use of the wind tunnel in connection with aircraft-design problems" (PDF). Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 56 (4): 151–166. doi:10.1115/1.4019682. ISSN 0097-6822. S2CID 256805446. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
+Kármán, Th. von (January 1934). "Turbulence and skin friction". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 1 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2514/8.5. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (1934). "Turbolenza e attrito superficiale" [Turbulence and surface friction]. The Aerotecnica (in Italian). 14.
+Kármán, Th. von; Millikan, C. (1934). "On the theory of laminar boundary layers involving separation" (PDF). National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Report. 504. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
+Kármán, Th. von (1934). "Some aspects of the turbulence problem". Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Cambridge, Mass.
+Kármán, Th. von; Burgers, J. (1935). Durand, W. F. (ed.). "General Aerodynamic Theory: Perfect Fluids". Aerodynamic Theory. 2.
+Kármán, Th. von; Millikan, C. (1935). "A theoretical investigation of the maximum-lift coefficient". Journal of Applied Mechanics. 2 (1): A21–A27. Bibcode:1935JAM.....2A..21V. doi:10.1115/1.4008596.
+Kármán, Th. von (1935). "Neue Darstellung der Tragflügeltheorie" [New representation of the wing theory]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 15 (1–2): 56–61. Bibcode:1935ZaMM...15...56V. doi:10.1002/zamm.19350150113. ISSN 1521-4001.
+Kármán, Th. von (1935). "The problem of resistance in compressible fluids". Quinto Convegno "Volta," Roma [Proceedings of the 5th Volta Conference, Rome]: 255–264.
+Kármán, Th. von; Sechier, E.; Donnell, H. (1937). "The strength of thin plates in compression". Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 54 (5). ISSN 0097-6822.
+Kármán, Th. von (1937). "On the statistical theory of turbulence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 23 (2): 98–105. Bibcode:1937PNAS...23...98V. doi:10.1073/pnas.23.2.98. PMC 1076876. PMID 16588135.
+Kármán, Th. von (1937). "The fundamentals of the statistical theory of turbulence". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 4 (4): 131–188. doi:10.2514/8.350. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (December 1937). "Turbulence". Aeronautical Reprints. 41 (324): 1109–1142. doi:10.1017/s0368393100103785. S2CID 243003666.
+Kármán, Th. von; Howarth, L. (1938). "On the statistical theory of isotropic turbulence". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 164 (2): 98–105. Bibcode:1938RSPSA.164..192D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1938.0013.
+Kármán, Th. von (1938). "Eine praktische Anwendung der Analogie zwischen Überschallströmung in Gasen und überkritischer Strömung in offenen Gerinnen" [A practical application of the analogy between supersonic flow in gases and supercritical flow in open channels]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 18 (1): 49–56. Bibcode:1938ZaMM...18...49K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19380180108. ISSN 1521-4001.
+Kármán, Th. von; Tsien, H. S. (April 1938). "Boundary layer in compressible fluids". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 5 (6): 227–232. doi:10.2514/8.591. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von; Sears, W. (1938). "Airfoil theory for non-uniform motion". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 5 (10): 379–390. doi:10.2514/8.674. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (1938). "Some remarks on the statistical theory of turbulence". Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Applied Mechanics.
+Kármán, Th. von; Malina, F. (1938). "A series of lectures on aeronautics". Popular Educator (2).
+Kármán, Th. von (1939). "The analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer". Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 61. ISSN 0097-6822.
+Kármán, Th. von; Tsien, H. S. (December 1939). "The buckling of spherical shells by external pressure". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 7 (2): 43–50. doi:10.2514/8.1019. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (1938). "Use of orthogonal functions in structural problems". Contributions to the Mechanics of Solids, Stephen Timoshenko 60th Anniversary Volume.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography-4.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+title: "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
+chunk: 5/7
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:12.241122+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1940s ===
+Kármán, Th. von (1940). "Some remarks on mathematics from the engineer's viewpoint". Mechanical Engineering.
+Kármán, Th. von; Dunn, L.; Tsien, H. S. (1940). "The influence of curvature on the buckling characteristics of structures". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 7 (7): 276–289. doi:10.2514/8.1123. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (1940). "The engineer grapples with nonlinear problems" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 46 (8): 615–683. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1940-07266-0. ISSN 1088-9485.
+Kármán, Th. von; Malina, F. (1940). "Characteristics of the ideal solid propellant rocket motor". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Report. 1–4 (2).
+Kármán, Th. von (21 November 1940). "Aerodynamic stability of suspension bridges". Engineering News-Record: 40. ISSN 0013-807X.
+Kármán, Th. von; Tsien, H. S. (1941). "The buckling of thin cylindrical shells under axial compressions". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 8 (8): 303–312. doi:10.2514/8.10722. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von; Tsien, H. S. (July 1941). "Compressibility effects in aerodynamics". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 8 (9): 337–356. doi:10.2514/8.10737. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (1941). "Problems of flow in compressible fluids". University of Pennsylvania Bicentennial Conference.
+Kármán, Th. von (1942). "Isaac Newton and aerodynamics". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 9 (14): 521–522. doi:10.2514/8.10958. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (1943). "Tooling up mathematics for engineering". Quarterly of Applied Mathematics. 1.
+Kármán, Th. von (1943). "The role of fluid mechanics in modern warfare". Proceedings of the Second Hydraulics Conference Bulletin 27, University of Iowa Studies in Engineering. 1.
+Kármán, Th. von; Tsien, H. S.; Malina, F. (1943). "Summary of "The possibilities of long-range rocket projectiles"". Memorandum JPL-1. 20.
+Kármán, Th. von; Malina, F.; Summerfield, M.; Tsien, H. S. (1943). "Summary of "Comparative study of jet propulsion systems as applied to missiles and transonic aircraft"". Memorandum JPL-2. 28.
+Kármán, Th. von; Christensen, N. B. (April 1944). "Methods of analysis for torsion with variable twist". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 11 (2): 110–124. doi:10.2514/8.11111. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von; Tsien, H. S. (1945). "Lifting-line theory for a wing in non-uniform flow". Quarterly of Applied Mechanics. 3.
+Kármán, Th. von (1945). "Atomic engineering?". Mechanical Engineering. 67.
+Kármán, Th. von (1945). "Faster than sound". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 35.
+Kármán, Th. von; Wei-zang, C. (1946). "Torsion with variable twist". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 13 (10): 503–510. doi:10.2514/8.11437.
+Kármán, Th. von (1946). "On laminar and turbulent friction". NACA Technical Memorandum. 1092.
+Kármán, Th. von (1946). "Some investigations on transonic and supersonic flow". Sixth International Congress of Applied Mechanics.
+Kármán, Th. von (July 1947). "Supersonic aerodynamics - principles and applications". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 14 (7): 373–402. doi:10.2514/8.1394. ISSN 1533-385X. OCLC 809393.
+Kármán, Th. von (1947). "The similarity law of transonic flow". Journal of Mathematics and Physics. 24.
+Kármán, Th. von (1947). "Theoretical considerations on stability and control at high- speeds". Proceedings of the Joint Aeronautical Conference Convened by the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences.
+Kármán, Th. von (1947). "Sand ripples in the desert". Technion Yearbook.
+Kármán, Th. von (Spring 1947). "Aerothermodynamics". Columbia University Lectures (Lectures in the Dept. Of Physics Prepared by William Perl.).
+Kármán, Th. von (1947). "Sur la théorie statistique de la turbulence" [On the statistical theory of turbulence]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 226.
+Kármán, Th. von; Valensi, J. (1948). "Application de la théorie de la couche limite au probléme des oscillations d'un fluide visqueux et pesant dans un tube en U" [Application of the theory of boundary layer problem of oscillations of a viscous fluid and weighing in a U-tube]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 227.
+Kármán, Th. von (1948). "Progress in the statistical theory of turbulence". Journal of Marine Research. 7 (11): 530–9.
+Kármán, Th. von (1948). "L'aérodynamique dans l'art de l'ingénieur" [Aerodynamics in the art engineering]. Mémoires de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils de France (in French).
+Kármán, Th. von (December 1948). "Progress in aviation". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 246 (6): 451–452. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(48)90260-9.
+Kármán, Th. von; Lin, C. C. (1949). "On the concept of similarity in the theory of isotropic turbulence" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 516–519. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..516V. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.21.516.
+Kármán, Th. von (1949). "On the theory of thrust augmentation". Reissner Anniversary Vol. Contributions to Applied Mechanics.
+Kármán, Th. von (1949). "Accelerated flow of an incompressible fluid with wake formation". Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. IV. 29: 247–249. doi:10.1007/BF02413930. S2CID 123138737.
+Gabrielli, G.; Kármán, Th. von (1949). "What price speed? Specific power required for propulsion of vehicles". Mechanical Engineering. 72: 775–781.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography-5.md

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+---
+title: "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
+chunk: 6/7
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:12.241122+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1950s ===
+Kármán, Th. von; Duwez, P. (1950). "The propagation of plastic deformation in solids" (PDF). Journal of Applied Physics. 21 (10): 987. Bibcode:1950JAP....21..987V. doi:10.1063/1.1699544.
+Kármán, Th. von; Fabri, J. (1950). "Ecoulement transsonique à deux dimensions le long d'une paroi ondulée" [Transonic flow in two dimensions along a corrugated wall]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 231.
+Kármán, Th. von (1950). "Considérations aérodynamiques sur la formation des ondulations du sable" [Aerodynamic considerations on the formation of sand ripples]. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XXXV, Actions éoliennes. Phénomènes d'Évaporation et d'Hydrologie Superficielle dans les Régions Arides (in French): 103–108.
+Kármán, Th. von; Lin, C. C. (1951). "On the statistical theory of isotropic turbulence". Advances in Applied Mechanics. 2: 516–519.
+Kármán, Th. von (1951). "19". Introductory remarks on turbulence. p. 129. Bibcode:1951pca..conf..129V. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
+Kármán, Th. von (1951). "The theory of shock waves and the second law of thermodynamics". L'Aerotecnica. 31.
+Kármán, Th. von; Farquharson, F. B.; Dunn, L. G. (1952). "Aerodynamic stability of suspension bridges, Part IV. The investigation of models of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge under the action of the wind, Part III". Bulletin of the University of Washington Engineering Experimental Station. 116.
+Kármán, Th. von (1952). "Jet-assisted take-off". Interavia: Review of World Aviation. 7.
+Kármán, Th. von (1952). "On the foundation of high speed aerodynamics". Proceedings of the First U.S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics.
+Kármán, Th. von; Millán, G (1953). "The thermal theory of constant pressure deflagration". Anniversary Volume on Applied Mechanics, Dedicated to C. B. Biezeno.
+Kármán, Th. von (1953). "Aerothermodynamics and combustion theory". L'Aerotecnica. 33.
+Kármán, Th. von (1953). "Foundations of operational research". Proceedings of the Third AGARD General Assembly. AG6/P3.
+Kármán, Th. von; Millán, G. (1953). "Thermal theory of a laminar flame front near a cold wall" (PDF). Symposium (International) on Combustion. 4: 173–177. doi:10.1016/S0082-0784(53)80023-8.
+Kármán, Th. von; Fenner, S. S. (1953). "The thermal theory of constant pressure deflagration for first-order global reactions". Scientific Papers Presented to Max Born.
+Kármán, Th. von (1953). "A few comments on rocketry". Interavia; Review of World Aviation. 8.
+Kármán, Th. von (1954). "A. On the Foundation of High Speed Aerodynamics". In Sears, W. R. (ed.). On the foundation of high speed aerodynamics. Vol. 6. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1515/9781400877553-003. ISBN 9781400877553. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help); |journal= ignored (help)
+Kármán, Th. von; Fenner, S. S. (1954). "Fundamental approach to laminar flame propagation". AGARD Publ., Selected Combustion Problems, Part 1.
+Kármán, Th. von (1955). "Solved and unsolved problems of high speed aerodynamics". Conference of High Speed Aerodynamics.
+Kármán, Th. von (1955). "Models in thermogasdynamics". I Modelli Nella Tecnica, Atti del Convegno di Venezia. 1.
+Kármán, Th. von (July 1955). "Guided missiles in war and peace". Aero Digest. 71 (1): 21, 23.
+Kármán, Th. von (January 1955). "The next fifty years". Interavia; Review of World Aviation. 10 (1): 20, 21.
+Kármán, Th. von; Lin, C. C. (June 1955). "Theoretical comments on the paper of Mr. E. N. Fales". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 259 (6): 517–518. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(55)90097-1.
+Kármán, Th. von (1956). "Fundamental equations in aerothermochemistry". AGARD Publ., Selected Combustion Problems, Part 2.
+Kármán, Th. von (1956). "Aerodynamic heating - the temperature barrier in aeronautics". Proceedings High-Temperature Symposium.
+Kármán, Th. von (1956). "Dimensionslose Größen in Grenzgebieten der Aerodynamik" [Dimensionless variables in border areas of aerodynamics]. Z. Flugwiss (in German). 4.
+Kármán, Th. von (June 1956). "Faster, higher, hotter". Interavia; Review of World Aviation. 11 (6): 407.
+Kármán, Th. von; Fenner, S. S. (1956). "The theory of one-dimensional laminar flame propagation for hydrogenbromine mixtures, Dissociation Neglected". Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center, California Institute of Technology, Tech. Rep. 16.
+Kármán, Th. von; Millán, G. (1956). "The theory of one-dimensional laminar flame propagation for hydrogenbromine mixtures, Dissociation Included". Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center, California Institute of Technology, Tech. Rep. 16.
+Kármán, Th. von (1956). "Some remarks on combustion instability in rockets". AGARD Paper.
+Kármán, Th. von; Driscoll, B. J. (1956). "Pathways for cooperation in NATO research and development". AGARD Publication.
+Kármán, Th. von (1957). "Aerodynamische Erwärmung - die Hitzeschwelle in der Luftfahrt" [Aerodynamic heating - the heat threshold in aviation]. Flugwelt (in German). 9.
+Kármán, Th. von (1957). "Algunas reflexiones sobre el estado actual de la astronáutica" [Some thoughts on the current state of astronautics]. Ingeniería Aeronautica (in Spanish). 9.
+Kármán, Th. von (August 1957). "Some observations on guided missiles". Interavia; Review of World Aviation. 12 (8): 777–778.
+Kármán, Th. von (December 1957). "More or less seriously". Inferavia: Review of World Aviation. 12 (12): 1227–1228.
+Kármán, Th. von (February 1958). "Lanchester's contributions to the theory of flight and operational research". Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society. 62: 80–93.
+Kármán, Th. von (1958). Emmons, H. W. (ed.). "Aerothermodynamic problems of combustion. General Aspects of the combustion problem". High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion. 3.
+Kármán, Th. von (1958). "Magnetofluidmechanics". Proceedings Ninth International Astronautical Congress. 2.
+Kármán, Th. von (1958). "Magnetofluidomecanica" [Magnetofluidmechanics]. Ingeniería Aeronautica (in Spanish). 10.
+Kármán, Th. von (March 1959). "Some significant developments in aerodynamics since 1946". Journal of the Aero/Space Sciences. 26 (3): 129–144, 154. doi:10.2514/8.7977.
+Kármán, Th. von (1959). "Applications of magnetofluidmechanics". Astronautics. 4.
+Kármán, Th. von (1959). "Some comments on applications of magnetofluidmcchanics, Introduction". Third Biennial Gas Dynamics Symposium. IX–XI.
+Kármán, Th. von (1959). "Magnetofluidmechanics, some comments in memory of D. Banki". Acta Technica Academiae Scientiae Hungaricae. 27.
+Kármán, Th. von (1959). "Excerpts from a talk at Cornell University (Guest Editorial)". Aerospace Engineering. 18.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography-6.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+title: "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
+chunk: 7/7
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:12.241122+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 1960s ===
+Kármán, Th. von (1961). "How to improve scientific cooperation in NATO". NATO Journal. 1.
+Kármán, Th. von (1961). "Space-age education". Astronautics. 6.
+Kármán, Th. von (1961). "Engineering education in our age". Journal of Engineering Education. 52.
+Kármán, Th. von; Lin, C. C. (1961). "On the existence of an exact solution of the equations of Navier-Stokes". Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. 14.
+Kármán, Th. von (1962). "Introductory remarks on space propulsion problems". Advances in Astronautical Propulsion (Proceedings of a Seminar Held in Milan by Instituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere in Collaboration with AGARD, 1960).
+Kármán, Th. von (1962). "The developing role of nuclear energy in aerospace technology". IRE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 9 (1): 49–51. Bibcode:1962IRTNS...9...49V. doi:10.1109/TNS2.1962.4315889. S2CID 51639305.
+Kármán, Th. von (1962). Diax, J. B.; Pai, S. I. (eds.). "Non-linear buckling of thin shells". Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics. ASIN B00K2Y0GSA.
+Kármán, Th. von; Kerr, A. D. (1965). Abir, D.; Ollendorff, F.; Reiner, M. (eds.). "Instability of spherical shells subjected to external pressure". Topics in Applied Mechanics (Schwerin Memorial Volume). ASIN B0093DD5Z2.
+
+== Patents ==
+GB patent 137332, Th. von Kármán & W. Zurovec, "Improvements in captive flying machines of the helicopter type", published 23 December 1920 
+FR patent 520165, Th. von Kármán & W. Zurovec, "Hélicoptère captif [tethered helicopter]", published 21 June 1921 
+DE patent 346425C, Th. von Kármán & W. Zurovec, "Schraubenfesselflieger [tethered helicopter]", published 30 December 1921 
+AT patent 87697B, Th. von Kármán & W. Zurovec, "Schraubenfesselflieger [tethered helicopter]", published 27 March 1922 
+AT patent 87763B, Th. von Kármán & H. Latzko, "Messinstrument insbesondere für Flugzeuge [Measuring instrument in particular for aircraft]", published 27 March 1922 
+AT patent 87919B, Th. von Kármán & H. Latzko, "Einrichtung zum selbsttätigen Erfassen und Abwerfen von Gegenständen während des Fluges [Means for automatically detecting and dropping of objects during flight]", published 10 April 1922 
+DE patent 438209C, Th. von Kármán, "Sperrholz-Bauplatte, insbesondere für Luftfahrzeuge [Plywood plywood, especially for aircraft]", published 8 December 1926 
+GB patent 235884A, Th. von Kármán & P. Stock, "Improvements in building materials for light structures", published 3 February 1927 
+DE patent 443163C, Th. von Kármán & K. Frommn, "Schaufelung für Turbomaschinen u. dgl. [For turbomachinery blading, etc.]", published 22 April 1927 
+DE patent 453728C, Th. von Kármán, "Baustoff für Leichtbau [Building material for lightweight]", published 16 December 1927 
+DE patent 455515C, Th. von Kármán, "Baustoff für Leichtbau [Building material for lightweight]", published 3 February 1928 
+DE patent 507989C, Th. von Kármán, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallfluegeln mit vollem, aber veraenderlichem Querschnitt für Trieb körper [Method for producing metal wings with a full, but variable cross section for engine body]", published 23 September 1930 
+GB patent 747890A, S.  W. Yuan & Th. von Kármán, "Rotary wing aircraft", published 18 April 1956 
+CA patent 561896A, S.  W. Yuan & Th. von Kármán, "Aircraft", published 19 August 1958 
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Geometry-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+title: "Turtle Geometry"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Geometry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:55.471772+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Turtle Geometry is a college-level math text written by Hal Abelson and Andrea diSessa which aims to engage students in exploring mathematical properties visually via a simple programming language to maneuver the icon of a turtle trailing lines across a personal computer display.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Turtle graphics
+Turtle Geometry at MIT Press

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_and_Programming_Languages-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Types and Programming Languages"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_and_Programming_Languages"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:56.608596+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Types and Programming Languages, written by Benjamin C. Pierce who is a Professor of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania is a computing book on type systems and programming languages. Types and Programming Languages was published in 2002 by MIT Press.
+Since its publication, the book has become one of the most widely cited and influential texts in the field of programming language theory. It is frequently used as a graduate-level textbook in computer science programs around the world and has shaped the way type systems are taught in academic curricula.
+A review by Frank Pfenning called it "probably the single most important book in the area of programming languages in recent years."
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifying_Theories_of_Programming-0.md

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+---
+title: "Unifying Theories of Programming"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifying_Theories_of_Programming"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:36:57.775747+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Unifying Theories of Programming (UTP) in computer science deals with program semantics. It shows how denotational semantics, operational semantics, and algebraic semantics can be combined in a unified framework for the formal specification, design, and implementation of programs and computer systems.
+The book of this title by C.A.R. Hoare and He Jifeng was published in the Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science in 1998 and has been made freely available on the web.
+A UTP Symposium series was started in 2006.
+
+
+== Theories ==
+The semantic foundation of the UTP is the first-order predicate calculus, augmented with fixed-point constructs from second-order logic. Following the tradition of Eric Hehner, programs are predicates in the UTP, and there is no distinction between programs and specifications at the semantic level. In the words of Hoare:
+
+A computer program is identified with the strongest predicate describing every relevant observation that can be made of the behaviour of a computer executing that program.
+In UTP parlance, a theory is a model of a particular programming paradigm. A UTP theory is composed of three ingredients:
+
+an alphabet, which is a set of variable names denoting the attributes of the paradigm that can be observed by an external entity;
+a signature, which is the set of programming language constructs intrinsic to the paradigm; and
+a collection of healthiness conditions, which define the space of programs that fit within the paradigm. These healthiness conditions are typically expressed as monotonic idempotent predicate transformers.
+Program refinement is an important concept in the UTP. A program 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{1}}
+  
+ is refined by 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{2}}
+  
+ if and only if every observation that can be made of 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{2}}
+  
+ is also an observation of 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{1}}
+  
+.
+The definition of refinement is common across UTP theories:
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+        ⊑
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+        
+        
+          if and only if
+        
+        
+        
+          [
+          
+            
+              P
+              
+                2
+              
+            
+            ⇒
+            
+              P
+              
+                1
+              
+            
+          
+          ]
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{1}\sqsubseteq P_{2}\quad {\text{if and only if}}\quad \left[P_{2}\Rightarrow P_{1}\right]}
+  
+
+where 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          [
+          X
+          ]
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \left[X\right]}
+  
+ denotes the universal closure of all variables in the alphabet.
+
+
+== Relations ==
+The most basic UTP theory is the alphabetised predicate calculus, which has no alphabet restrictions or healthiness conditions. The theory of relations is slightly more specialised, since a relation's alphabet may consist of only:
+
+undecorated variables (
+  
+    
+      
+        v
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle v}
+  
+), modelling an observation of the program at the start of its execution; and
+primed variables (
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          v
+          ′
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle v'}
+  
+), modelling an observation of the program at a later stage of its execution.
+Some common language constructs can be defined in the theory of relations as follows:
+
+The skip statement, which does not alter the program state in any way, is modelled as the relational identity:
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          s
+          k
+          i
+          p
+        
+        ≡
+        
+          v
+          ′
+        
+        =
+        v
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \mathbf {skip} \equiv v'=v}
+  
+
+The assignment of value 
+  
+    
+      
+        E
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle E}
+  
+ to a variable 
+  
+    
+      
+        a
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle a}
+  
+ is modelled as setting 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          a
+          ′
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle a'}
+  
+ to 
+  
+    
+      
+        E
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle E}
+  
+ and keeping all other variables (denoted by 
+  
+    
+      
+        u
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle u}
+  
+) constant:
+
+  
+    
+      
+        a
+        :=
+        E
+        ≡
+        
+          a
+          ′
+        
+        =
+        E
+        ∧
+        
+          u
+          ′
+        
+        =
+        u
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle a:=E\equiv a'=E\land u'=u}
+  
+
+The sequential composition of two programs is just relational composition of intermediate state:
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+        ;
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+        ≡
+        ∃
+        
+          v
+          
+            0
+          
+        
+        ∙
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+        [
+        
+          v
+          
+            0
+          
+        
+        
+          /
+        
+        
+          v
+          ′
+        
+        ]
+        ∧
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+        [
+        
+          v
+          
+            0
+          
+        
+        
+          /
+        
+        v
+        ]
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{1};P_{2}\equiv \exists v_{0}\bullet P_{1}[v_{0}/v']\land P_{2}[v_{0}/v]}
+  
+
+Non-deterministic choice between programs is their greatest lower bound:
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+        ⊓
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+        ≡
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+        ∨
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{1}\sqcap P_{2}\equiv P_{1}\lor P_{2}}
+  
+
+Conditional choice between programs is written using infix notation:
+
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+        ◃
+        C
+        ▹
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+        ≡
+        (
+        C
+        ∧
+        
+          P
+          
+            1
+          
+        
+        )
+        ∨
+        (
+        ¬
+        C
+        ∧
+        
+          P
+          
+            2
+          
+        
+        )
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle P_{1}\triangleleft C\triangleright P_{2}\equiv (C\land P_{1})\lor (\lnot C\land P_{2})}
+  
+
+A semantics for recursion is given by the least fixed point 
+  
+    
+      
+        μ
+        
+          F
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \mu \mathbf {F} }
+  
+ of a monotonic predicate transformer 
+  
+    
+      
+        
+          F
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
+  
+:
+
+  
+    
+      
+        μ
+        X
+        ∙
+        
+          F
+        
+        (
+        X
+        )
+        ≡
+        ⊓
+        
+          {
+          
+            X
+            ∣
+            
+              F
+            
+            (
+            X
+            )
+            ⊑
+            X
+          
+          }
+        
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \mu X\bullet \mathbf {F} (X)\equiv \sqcap \left\{X\mid \mathbf {F} (X)\sqsubseteq X\right\}}
+  
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Woodcock, Jim; Cavalcanti, Ana (2004). "A tutorial introduction to designs in Unifying Theories of Programming" (PDF). Integrated Formal Methods. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages. Vol. 2999. Springer. pp. 40–66. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24756-2_4. ISBN 978-3-540-21377-2.
+Cavalcanti, Ana; Woodcock, Jim (2006). "A tutorial introduction to CSP in Unifying Theories of Programming" (PDF). Refinement Techniques in Software Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3167. Springer. pp. 220–268. doi:10.1007/11889229_6. ISBN 978-3-540-46253-8.
+
+
+== External links ==
+UTP book website
+UTP book on Archive.org
+UTP book in the Internet Archive Open Library

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Engineers_Know_and_How_They_Know_It-0.md

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+---
+title: "What Engineers Know and How They Know It"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Engineers_Know_and_How_They_Know_It"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:18.027908+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+What Engineers Know and How they Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990) is a historical reflection on engineering practice in US aeronautics from 1908 to 1953 written by Walter Vincenti (1917–2019) an accomplished practitioner and instructor. This period represents the dawn of aviation which was fraught with uncertainties and numerous paths to many possible worlds.  The book captures two main conclusions from this period.  The first order conclusion of this book is about "what engineers know." Five case studies from the history of aeronautical engineering are used to argue engineering often demands its own scientific discoveries. Thus, engineering should be understood as a knowledge-generating activity that includes applied science but is not limited to applied science. The second order conclusion of this book pertains to "how engineers know" by using the same case studies to reveal patterns in the nature of all engineering. These patterns form an “epistemology” of engineering that may point the way to an “engineering method” as something distinct from scientific method.  Walter Vincenti ends the work with a general "variation-selection model" for understanding the direction of technological innovation in human history. The book is filled with numerous additional observations and stories told by a practitioner and instructor. This may be why Dr. Michael A. Jackson, author of Structured Design and Problem Frames, once concluded a keynote address to engineers with the statement, "Read Vincenti's book. Read it carefully. Read it one hundred times."
+
+== Author ==
+
+Walter G. Vincenti (commonly pronounced "vin-sen-tee" in the US or "vin-chen-tee" in Italian) (1917–2019) was a professor emeritus of Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering at Stanford University.  In 1987 he was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering, “for pioneering contributions to supersonic aircraft aerodynamics and to fundamental understanding of the physical gas dynamics of hypersonic flow.”  His important textbook from the first part of his career is, Introduction to Physical Gas Dynamics (1ed ed 1965, 2nd ed 1975).  Vincenti in effect had two whole careers: one as a cutting-edge aeronautical engineer and another as a leading historian of technology.  This gave him a dual vantage point to think about how technological innovation works.  Further, he broadened the relevance of engineering to society by co-founding a Stanford discipline called Values, Technology and Society in 1971—now called Science, Technology and Society.  At the age of 90 he published his most recent work with William M. Newman, "On an Engineering Use of Engineering History" which appears in Technology and Culture.
+
+== Background ==
+What Engineers Know was first published in 1990 when Mr. Vincenti was 73 years old after full careers in aerospace engineering, the history of technology, and instructing.  The five case studies used for evidence in this book come from the first half of the 20th century, 1908–1953.  During this period the author worked at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) from 1940 to 1957.  Four of the five case studies used as evidence in this book were first published independently in Technology and Culture between 1979 and 1986.  During this era, other authors were beginning to refute the view of engineering as only applied science.  Then in 1990, Vincenti's five case studies indirectly supported this newer discourse about engineering as a knowledge-generating discipline.
+
+== Scope ==
+The profession of "engineering" encompasses a wide scope of practice.  Thus, the author narrows the scope of his five case studies in three ways. First, viewed end-to-end, the engineering process contains three phases including design, construction/production and operation.  These cases come largely from the design phase of engineering.  One exception is the fifth case study on flush-riveted joints which involved an intimate interplay between design and production.  Second, design can be categorized as normal or radical.  These case studies pertain to normal design.  Third,  normal design itself is multi-leveled.  These levels proceed from project definition down to overall design, major component design, subdivision of component design, and highly specific problems (like planform, airfoil and high-lift devices).  These five case studies come mostly from these lower levels.  Thus when combined, the scope of these case studies is design, normal design and highly specific problems at the lowest level, "to help redress the neglect of this large and essential area."
+
+== Case Study Summary (What Engineers Know) ==
+The five case studies are organized by chapter.  Chapter 2 regards airfoil design generally.  The early work of Davis illustrates how useful engineering has been done by people who have no formal training in engineering.  The Davis wing was instrumental even though Davis did not have the theoretical basis to know how or why.  Chapter 3 is about how engineers design in accord with flying qualities satisfactory to pilots.  This case study illustrates there can be a key relationship between human behavior and engineering requirements that can greatly affect the outcomes.  As such, "artifactual design is a social activity."  Chapter 4 instructs the importance of control-volume analysis situations in mechanical design.  Control volume analysis was missing in physics textbooks at the time.  Thus, engineers had a scientific requirement that was not addressed adequately by any natural science.  Importantly, such case studies are examples of why there is such a thing as "engineering science".  Chapter 5 regards the dynamic problem of propeller design and selection.  The propeller case study illustrates how engineers develop methods to account for the absence of required scientific theory.  In this case "parameter variation" was used to map-out and survey a subject where no comprehensive scientific theory (in physics) existed.  Finally, chapter 6 describes the problem of designing flush-riveted joints for aircraft.  This case study conveys how requirements of production can have a reverse influence on design thus driving iterations between production and design.  This case study also illustrates how there are aspects of engineering that cannot adequately be described as science such as the "feel" rivet mechanics developed for how much pressure to apply when completing the aircraft's aluminum stressed-skin structure (see "tacit knowledge" discussion below).

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Engineers_Know_and_How_They_Know_It-1.md

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+---
+title: "What Engineers Know and How They Know It"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Engineers_Know_and_How_They_Know_It"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:18.027908+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== An Epistemology of Engineering (How Engineers Know) ==
+Throughout the book, Walter Vincenti makes epistemology observations pertaining to engineering.  The following are six of several observations made throughout the book.  These observations do not constitute an "engineering method" per se but offer a conjecture that they may point the way for further research.  He wrote, "in the final paragraph of chapter 5, I also raised the question of whether it might be profitable to look for "engineering method" analogous to but distinguishable from scientific method that has been a fruitful concern for the history of science.  Could it be that the variation-selection process outlined here is that method, with its distinctive features lying in the criterion of selection and the vicarious methods used to shortcut direct trial?"
+
+=== Seven Interactive Elements of Engineering Learning ===
+First, there is a pattern to the iterative engineering discovery process seen in the development of flying-quality specifications.  This process is referred to as "Seven Interactive Elements of Engineering Learning" and includes:
+
+Familiarization with vehicle and recognition of problem.
+Identification of basic variables and derivation of analytical concepts and criteria.
+Development of instruments/piloting techniques for in-flight measurements.
+Growth and refinement of pilot opinion regarding desirable flying qualities.
+Combine results from 2-4 into a deliberate scheme for flying-quality research.
+Measurement of relevant flight characteristics for a cross section of aircraft.
+Assessment of results and data on flight characteristics in light of pilot opinion to arrive at general specifications.
+The boldface from the original text isolates the steps in a subject-neutral manner.
+
+=== Six Categories of Engineering Knowledge ===
+Second, there is a pattern in the very categories of knowledge in engineering.
+These six categories of engineering knowledge are:
+
+Fundamental design concepts
+Criteria and specifications
+Theoretical tools
+Quantitative data
+Practical considerations
+Design instrumentalities
+
+=== Seven Knowledge-Generating Activities ===
+Third, Walter Vincenti sees a pattern in knowledge/science generating activities of engineering.
+These seven Knowledge-Generating Activities include:
+
+Transfer from science
+Invention
+Theoretical engineering research
+Experimental engineering research
+Design practice
+Production
+Direct Trial
+
+=== Relationship Between Categories and Activities ===
+Fourth, by placing six categories of knowledge and the seven knowledge-generating activities on an x-y table, these knowledge generating activities cut across the categories of knowledge in a partially predictable way.  The resulting table serves as an approximation for what engineering tasks may be likely to produce new engineering knowledge.  The resulting diagram "is intended for discussion more than a set of hard and fast divisions."
+
+=== Engineering Knowledge Classification ===
+Fifth, he re-classifies engineering knowledge itself.  Knowledge generated by engineering may normally be categorized by phases such as design, production or operations.  Another way to think about engineering knowledge categories is descriptive knowledge, prescriptive knowledge and tacit knowledge.  He adds Gilbert Ryle's terms "knowing that" and "knowing how" to illustrate the aim of each knowledge category.  "Knowing what or that" to do in engineering is a mixture of descriptive and prescriptive knowledge.  "Knowing how" to do it is a mixture of prescriptive and tacit knowledge.  Thus, these case studies show the need for all three kinds of knowledge in engineering.
+
+=== Variation-Selection Model of Technological Innovation ===
+Finally, he posits a variation-selection model for knowledge growth.  At all levels of design hierarchy, growth of knowledge acts to increase the complexity and power of the variation-selection process by modifying both the mechanism for variation and expanding the processes of selection vicariously.  Variation and selection each add two realistic principles for the advancement of technology: blindness to variation and unsureness of selection.
+Vincenti concludes that our blindness to the vast potential in variations of design does not imply a random or unpremeditated search.  A blind person in an unfamiliar alleyway uses a cane to provide information to explore the constraints in an intentional way without having any idea where the alleyway leads.  Likewise, engineers proceed in design “blindly” in the sense that “the outcome is not completely foreseeable” thus the “best” potential variations are in some degree invisible.  As a result, finding high functioning designs is not the norm.  He notes, “from the outside or in retrospect, the entire process tends to seem more ordered and intentional—less blind—than it usually is.”
+However, Vincenti uses the differences between the Wright brothers and the French to show there is a range in how we manage blindness to variations.  The Wright brothers designed a flying machine before the French even though they started experimenting at roughly the same time.  The French 1) appealed to what little was known about the Wrights/Langley, 2) mental imaginings of what might succeed, and 3) guidance from growing flight experience.  But “since [#1 and #3] were meager, however, the level of blindness, at least at first, was well nigh total.”
+What was the difference in the process between the Wrights and the French?
+The French trial and error process had less theoretical analysis (or new engineering knowledge).  Since, “the French were not inclined toward theoretical analysis, variations could be selected for retention and refinement only by trails in flight.”  For the Wrights, advancement of basic principles in theory via analysis lent to precise shortcuts to direct trials making the French process appear more exploratory in retrospect.  Thus, the process of selection is aided by 1) theoretical analysis and 2) experiments (in, say, wind tunnels) in place of direct trial of actual (“overt”) versions in the environment.   The growth in knowledge increases the power of vicarious trials in place of actual/direct trials.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Engineers_Know_and_How_They_Know_It-2.md

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+---
+title: "What Engineers Know and How They Know It"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Engineers_Know_and_How_They_Know_It"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:37:18.027908+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+==== Uncertainty In the Variation-Selection Process (blindness in variation and unsureness in selection) ====
+In the long term, “the entire variation-selection process—variation and selection together—is filled with uncertainty.”  The level of uncertainty is affected by two things.  First, “uncertainty comes from the degree of blindness in the variations.”  Uncertainty in the whole process decreases as technology matures—he notes that aircraft designers of today operate with more “sure-footedness” than the French of the early 1900s or even his era working at NACA.   Yet, there is a paradox in decreasing blindness.  While blindness decreases over time, advances simultaneously become more difficult to come by and more sophisticated... which in turn increases blindness!  Thus the temptation to see a net decrease in blindesss “stems from an illusion.”  The variation-selection process can create as much blindness as it reduces; just ask “talented engineers who struggle to advance a mature technology like present-day aeronautics…”
+The second factor on uncertainty in the whole variation-selection model is “unsureness” in the process of selection.  Both vicarious and overt trials suffer from unsureness which adds complication to the variation selection model.  But unlike blindness in variation, unsureness in selection decreases with the precision in both kinds of trials.
+Blindness and unsureness characterize the difficult or arduous nature of technology evolution in the variation-selection model.  The author then reviews the five case studies retrospectively to demonstrate how variation-selection and blindness-unsureness were at work in each case.  In total, "the cumulative growth of engineering knowledge as the result of individual variation-selection processes acts to change the nature of how those processes are carried out."
+
+== See also ==
+Engineering
+Airfoils
+Davis wing
+Control volume
+Propellers
+Flush rivets
+
+== References ==