From 6613cc1e8edfda54ce1db580f52590cdf7ab9b35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: turtle89431 Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 19:59:00 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Scrape wikipedia-science: 109 new, 1 updated, 111 total (kb-cron) --- _index.db | Bin 761856 -> 761856 bytes data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-0.md | 38 ++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-1.md | 33 ++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-2.md | 36 ++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-3.md | 26 +++ .../en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta-0.md | 28 +++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home-0.md | 50 ++++++ .../Scientific_Integrity_in_Policymaking-0.md | 165 ++++++++++++++++++ .../wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project-0.md | 31 ++++ .../wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md | 70 ++++++++ .../wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins-0.md | 39 +++++ ...r_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science-0.md | 39 +++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-0.md | 25 +++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-1.md | 40 +++++ ...Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-0.md | 27 +++ ...Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-1.md | 38 ++++ 16 files changed, 685 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-1.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-2.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-3.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Integrity_in_Policymaking-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyi_Professor_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-1.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-1.md diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 2e9a3c84ee04e78ec63e50189a8e844b3f4abb9c..eee6664b4d24b2e673a6262d70b5c24ed5797dcd 100644 GIT binary patch delta 63526 zcmeFad3apebsvbg*Q>oy*Z~3$02hD+Kr946a0kJC1()8N%`N~1pqfAxSXCg2?v`FZ zOOCuqmfBQYvB!}m$B8HLWNf7!w=Bzw!EA*LdSg*}ru6qQrLx*YW!>n8)wO zgDd#`f#4E;KNVcS?+*s&@cS==GjAB(h93DMZW@ZIFTRoVekEn`X1(?wK5uvbt5G{0 z`AOb?DD{(XBv1T{R0P-mV9pHOhqEVpYCksPc!`r%;=gS;lGx2+-|{d%zuc9$m(&w~ znfQ~$A0$4J_;}(w60be_@8N6nO>g|*{1@Uriof>Z*YLkaTz%kIdBv_jDpw}1J|X`y!U_cFUG(4X6CKv@4Ih&^6sB& z5AUt5`iWSBt+hl=tx0PdEiErc!poJ-g6*1GBc3jtqnbI<#XjqJRDJFwG@5WQ~E>WbCKuXa5lbG>yG?U?r3a^Qbxp1=;%Z*5 zZs6)Ft|GxnTwTGH8Jx$}Wn39S8?G)%xpTO>C|9g|L9VXi>bzXdtAHII~?Ki&sW8a$e&qd9Kpb1OeU^E6-8&amG zS(;{Rnxkn$QKR7ndF2LAG+2+nifCE`me6i6G^~Y|F|@|GW;ApM*FHG>EuVe%1AVC0 zb3*Exvdi9880GPQUHibFefC3t_E`=8bo?{$&%{5g_Gh29)5fxPyXL%Q|Fb=BC%!jv zH*qyF9RF(k?bPq3ekS#Ush3mFrH-U_B)^*c-Q-)^Ki58}-G2B5?>lQfU$FaXU0<*V z9)4xt4tr`}n=z@?zVw9E^yb??W&cGq(Gc5Q$rYD!!#j+ldad^-t=8KA^acA9we)Y; zXCMC5{^PZtU$#He)X-AetgaP``Qg&?aAmQOFD~ZUVC~5-+W)iJYn;|=UwPB&sx5uN zKITUgPd2>N@HY*K!-@9zU&Mbs{zm-U@e}dEcw_9ZV}B6)>DUj(g4m0(GqK&# zKac)e^o{8EM*ZkQ^i;IX{bTnn_fzh-xeM-TcfgHB{v`6b$d5-p5&2MLBl1k-WMp5Y z$@yF7KRG|?e24SAGvYMZzh?iCeb2sNcUymK{VVI%1M8U8ZvGeZ7tDWQev5g|>^Ht@ z{J!xS<9oGnhq}|P5r~vE2&)SY-%9+SIHkuK1|+AKGX0w z$$tGu^pEHz{hB_ZH*0^P{kHb6wb!+khgz@aPa5lbrL|Zt(Z1SG{)T<> z&FyOX2;a4x1L9<>d zte1*gh2f2IX*pl1l*+@)rSik*?)`qluM8Wv_`a}~lOv@f(th~$*$)2)t}C`@HhgxVp&|JteRMRK1NCcj@RQehdjVH#x;7SE2GI)~ zT^kS1@@l7sXD9ITp014svr#-6O6h#l5aaJYLz|Y$w^@0XkH+ID{<5JTL?^s&Kg`zH zMxG>hm(E5KO}aKAgP7B`1Hn1Gn9#LJc>+>99h}FLrwzTf|F@$pzBZ$pN*c!0XeBs> zcbkSW9bP^#^cnPxhj&ag%0b-UW1_K>?EXjs{j~+UsZB|vRWodT%S5y6<{2#IA(>!(1!mmxF6QillV|{i}9IbsL>8g@XaAZOQYSQ<}4w zFIG3p>OR<`M@sAKn?+DV>E?vt7Aw_q4jf1Idn2mXr`uyjs)gcaZf#AKJs8nh2xEG> z$JecLK37#UyldEnYT@pt8gOtzk8G9;rAobzA=4~l4AS34&0We@7O_#nrh*Z}xtCun zZPf2CMhuWplUN#mOKRBJS=yXD;G(&k!y{42V% zSzN3Z{1QgRft)hUB^fVnp6Sutm3%Q@-UiuO%~;K$S+o{-Nl!Du957f`Oz9e$NNd{B zeI4oKej{3`7OFx$)G$hdDZn)|I@C2`*tv!L+FA(VsP1cO9x;RX#P%*}iI+Cf1~^`h zyitHw(Tue^U=Qh0klm`h4C}NSM)6K~-J-ecxncqIx>`~#n!1~>u9k!sN^5PpSz5{i zn6~C?mkj$}eqG=KbdClSnpw<;pnuW;NU_8Kglg)Hu9wt+yEVN8{B44)H|-``#u5Vp z2P|+>w>LIQb^Jf)aAJ5orgJ$s!$v)RFJCScm)CMtzdpkkHFG0ZR&85)G+zd%!8{ff zW{#Uip%QM9tQn~gJ%CZt@Gae4Ev%I)rH$1PsrKp7(#9qkQ+*WgGwe#GuuzA)u1Cr_ zw6K`>)!+Pm_4~s3=eY(B5u(myrOo-u_)1sp}cd^4{t8k7T zhEZ6&BenXqSUG=pvrrD93|QR3aIgtLV|=32{@(d6SLdE*RW}wwY+c8sRnK{i&#*pw zf^OYfTrHJk^|V8VC8A|;Z8rpIBh!({ba)YWS0?6ax^7#7MuN5@*~^2#RCDE(e0V#d8-BjLE+cxNV~1h+Q7aQSNHe>k zLqx}t3CBsK+7k&IRC;q|Rbj{xT?2As)AicB2luxbykmdOnsGm;rud2x(#~L9H&+X! 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tUh|d zt!Roxv26_>+85VX45HAF0!B}J19MOyCUC+cf#a2drc(s#r69NDq0#p8>+iCyRp|h# zN<>rE@a7#&{iO7o_#D@3QO=nTL>c-`1jM(CT{N8tTZv>7gjV~-s2S%y>Y%S;P--p) z?Ij}E`N9CcdcK6?P1_6c#EE;;?b}gWwb)H>3p#I840gEc+G*QOpqoaIf*#?3N9Dp$ z&&{{_ExtrVb-L)nPrmEc|A1e_8S1tIR7S_jAwSScpY?@NE)cNb+(Hd8FbfI9*n6B&_{s9Fw* zAa79Djs6$jTNbK1o}j;<2mZ4J%O3oiGFr=E{M-LzJI~fPY#B~YLi)mBPD5JsG*FXG z_Av?fRHj@m(>H{JPrfh{7JF5rH&>*i#}}3Gl^&;7`0NkQt4SNnw{^i=z4^D`&D%eQ y(HH)LH*~vRE70JswSK6%uCDG&UNv4n=k*I-pYnRe>sP#f&Fix_2Vc2w3jYIWTqMl^ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caaa02b4e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "SETI@home" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:53.372547+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SETI@home ("SETI at home") is a project of the Berkeley SETI Research Center to analyze radio signals with the aim of searching for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. Until March 2020, it was run as an Internet-based public volunteer computing project that employed the BOINC software platform. It is hosted by the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, and is one of many activities undertaken as part of the worldwide SETI effort. +SETI@home software was released to the public on May 17, 1999, making it the third large-scale use of volunteer computing over the Internet for research purposes, after Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) was launched in 1996 and distributed.net in 1997. Along with MilkyWay@home and Einstein@home, it has the investigation of phenomena in interstellar space as its primary purpose. +In March 2020, the project stopped sending out new work to SETI@home users, bringing the crowdsourced computing aspect of the project to a stop. At the time, the team intended to shift focus onto the analysis and interpretation of the 20 years' worth of accumulated data. However, the team left open the possibility of eventually resuming volunteer computing using data from other radio telescopes, such as MeerKAT and FAST. +As of November 2021, the science team has analysed the data and removed noisy signals (Radio Frequency Interference) using the Nebula tool they developed and will choose the top-scoring 100 or so multiplets to be observed using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, to which they have been granted 24 hours of observation time. + +== Scientific research == +The two original goals of SETI@home were: + +to do useful scientific work by supporting an observational analysis to detect intelligent life outside Earth +to prove the viability and practicality of the "volunteer computing" concept +The second of these goals is considered to have succeeded completely. The current BOINC environment, a development of the original SETI@home, is providing support for many computationally intensive projects in a wide range of disciplines. +The first of these goals has to date yielded no conclusive results: no evidence for ETI signals has been shown via SETI@home. However, the ongoing continuation is predicated on the assumption that the observational analysis is not "ill-posed." The remainder of this article deals specifically with the original SETI@home observations/analysis. The vast majority of the sky (over 98%) has yet to be surveyed, and each point in the sky must be surveyed many times to exclude even a subset of possibilities. + +== Procedure details == +SETI@home searches for possible evidence of radio transmissions from extraterrestrial intelligence using observational data from the Arecibo radio telescope and the Green Bank Telescope. The data is taken "piggyback" or "passively" while the telescope is used for other scientific programs. The data is digitized, stored, and sent to the SETI@home facility. The data is then parsed into small chunks in frequency and time, and analyzed, using software, to search for any signals—that is, variations which cannot be ascribed to noise, and hence contain information. Using volunteer computing, SETI@home sends the millions of chunks of data to be analyzed off-site by home computers, and then have those computers report the results. Thus what appears a difficult problem in data analysis is reduced to a reasonable one by aid from a large, Internet-based community of borrowed computer resources. +The software searches for five types of signals that distinguish them from noise: + +Spikes in power spectra +Gaussian rises and falls in transmission power, possibly representing the telescope beam's main lobe passing over a radio source +Triplets – three power spikes in a row +Pulsing signals that possibly represent a narrowband digital-style transmission +Autocorrelation detects signal waveforms. +There are many variations on how an ETI signal may be affected by the interstellar medium, and by the relative motion of its origin compared to Earth. The potential "signal" is thus processed in many ways (although not testing all detection methods nor scenarios) to ensure the highest likelihood of distinguishing it from the scintillating noise already present in all directions of outer space. For instance, another planet is very likely to be moving at a speed and acceleration with respect to Earth, and that will shift the frequency, over time, of the potential "signal." Checking for this through processing is done, to an extent, in the SETI@home software. +The process is somewhat like tuning a radio to various channels, and looking at the signal strength meter. If the strength of the signal goes up, that gets attention. More technically, it involves a lot of digital signal processing, mostly discrete Fourier transforms at various chirp rates and durations. + +== Results == +To date, the project has not confirmed the detection of any ETI signals. However, it has identified several candidate targets (sky positions), where the spike in intensity is not easily explained as noise spots, for further analysis. The most significant candidate signal to date was announced on September 1, 2004, named Radio source SHGb02+14a. +While the project has not reached the stated primary goal of finding extraterrestrial intelligence, it has proved to the scientific community that volunteer computing projects using Internet-connected computers can succeed as a viable analysis tool, and even beat the largest supercomputers. However, it has not been demonstrated that the order of magnitude excess in computers used, many outside the home (the original intent was to use 50,000–100,000 "home" computers), has benefited the project scientifically. (For more on this, see § Challenges below.) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15865ef42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "SETI@home" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:53.372547+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Technology == +Anybody with an at least intermittently Internet-connected computer was able to participate in SETI@home by running a free program that downloaded and analyzed radio telescope data. +Observational data were recorded on 2-terabyte SATA hard disk drives fed from the Arecibo Telescope in Puerto Rico, each holding about 2.5 days of observations, which were then sent to Berkeley. Arecibo does not have a broadband Internet connection, so data must go by postal mail to Berkeley. Once there, it is divided in both time and frequency domains work units of 107 seconds of data, or approximately 0.35 megabytes (350 kilobytes or 350,000 bytes), which overlap in time but not in frequency. These work units are then sent from the SETI@home server over the Internet to personal computers around the world to analyze. +Data was merged into a database using SETI@home computers in Berkeley. Interference was rejected, and various pattern-detection algorithms were applied to search for the most interesting signals. +The project used CUDA for GPU processing starting in 2015. +In 2016 SETI@home began processing data from the Breakthrough Listen project. + +=== Software === + +The SETI@home volunteer computing software ran either as a screensaver or continuously while a user worked, making use of processor time that would otherwise be unused. +The initial software platform, now referred to as "SETI@home Classic", ran from May 17, 1999, to December 15, 2005. This program was only capable of running SETI@home; it was replaced by Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC), which also allows users to contribute to other volunteer computing projects at the same time as running SETI@home. The BOINC platform also allowed testing for more types of signals. +The discontinuation of the SETI@home Classic platform rendered older Macintosh computers running the classic Mac OS (pre December, 2001) unsuitable for participating in the project. +SETI@home was available for the Sony PlayStation 3 console. +On May 3, 2006, new work units for a new version of SETI@home called "SETI@home Enhanced" started distribution. Since computers had the power for more computationally intensive work than when the project began, this new version was more sensitive by a factor of two concerning Gaussian signals and to some kinds of pulsed signals than the original SETI@home (BOINC) software. This new application had been optimized to the point where it would run faster on some work units than earlier versions. However, some work units (the best work units, scientifically speaking) would take significantly longer. +In addition, some distributions of the SETI@home applications were optimized for a particular type of CPU. They were referred to as "optimized executables", and had been found to run faster on systems specific for that CPU. As of 2007, most of these applications were optimized for Intel processors and their corresponding instruction sets. +The results of the data processing were normally automatically transmitted when the computer was next connected to the Internet; it could also be instructed to connect to the Internet as needed. + +== Statistics == +With over 5.2 million participants worldwide, the project was the volunteer computing project with the most participants to date. The original intent of SETI@home was to utilize 50,000–100,000 home computers. Since its launch on May 17, 1999, the project has logged over two million years of aggregate computing time. On September 26, 2001, SETI@home had performed a total of 1021 floating point operations. It was acknowledged by the 2008 edition of the Guinness World Records as the largest computation in history. With over 145,000 active computers in the system (1.4 million total) in 233 countries, as of 23 June 2013, SETI@home had the ability to compute over 668 teraFLOPS. For comparison, the Tianhe-2 computer, which as of 23 June 2013 was the world's fastest supercomputer, was able to compute 33.86 petaFLOPS (approximately 50 times greater). + +== Project future == +There were plans to get data from the Parkes Observatory in Australia to analyze the southern hemisphere. However, as of 3 June 2018, these plans were not mentioned in the project's website. Other plans include a Multi-Beam Data Recorder, a Near Time Persistency Checker and Astropulse (an application that uses coherent dedispersion to search for pulsed signals). Astropulse will team with the original SETI@home to detect other sources, such as rapidly rotating pulsars, exploding primordial black holes, or as-yet unknown astrophysical phenomena. Beta testing of the final public release version of Astropulse was completed in July 2008, and the distribution of work units to higher spec machines capable of processing the more CPU intensive work units started in mid-July 2008. +On March 31, 2020, UC Berkeley stopped sending out new data for SETI@Home clients to process, ending the effort for the time being. The program stated they were at a point of "diminishing returns" with the volunteer processing and needed to put the effort into hibernation while they processed the results. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46a975b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "SETI@home" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:53.372547+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Competitive aspect == +SETI@home users quickly started to compete with one another to process the maximum number of work units. Teams were formed to combine the efforts of individual users. The competition continued and grew larger with the introduction of BOINC. +As with any competition, attempts have been made to "cheat" the system and claim credit for work that has not been performed. To combat cheats, the SETI@home system sends every work unit to multiple computers, a value known as "initial replication" (currently 2). Credit is only granted for each returned work unit once a minimum number of results have been returned and the results agree, a value known as "minimum quorum" (currently 2). If, due to computation errors or cheating by submitting false data, not enough results agree, more identical work units are sent out until the minimum quorum can be reached. The final credit granted to all machines which returned the correct result is the same and is the lowest of the values claimed by each machine. +Some users have installed and run SETI@home on computers at their workplaces; an act known as "Borging", after the assimilation-driven Borg of Star Trek. In some cases, SETI@home users have misused company resources to gain work-unit results with at least two individuals getting fired for running SETI@home on an enterprise production system. There is a thread in the newsgroup alt.sci.seti which bears the title "Anyone fired for SETI screensaver" and ran starting as early as September 14, 1999. +Other users collect large quantities of equipment together at home to create "SETI farms", which typically consist of a number of computers consisting of only a motherboard, CPU, RAM and power supply that are arranged on shelves as diskless workstations running either Linux or old versions of Microsoft Windows "headless" (without a monitor). + +== Challenges == + +=== Closure of Arecibo Observatory === +Until 2020, SETI@home procured its data from the Arecibo Observatory facility that was operated by the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center and administered by SRI International. +The decreasing operating budget for the observatory has created a shortfall of funds which has not been made up from other sources such as private donors, NASA, other foreign research institutions, nor private non-profit organizations such as SETI@home. +However, in the overall long-term views held by many involved with the SETI project, any usable radio telescope could take over from Arecibo (which completely collapsed in December 2020), as all the SETI systems are portable and relocatable. + +=== More restrictive computer use policies in businesses === +In one documented case, an individual was fired for explicitly importing and using the SETI@home software on computers used for the U.S. state of Ohio. In another incident a school IT director resigned after his installation allegedly cost his school district $1 million in removal costs; however, other reasons for this firing included lack of communication with his superiors, not installing firewall software and alleged theft of computer equipment, leading a ZDNet editor to comment that "the volunteer computing nonsense was simply the best and most obvious excuse the district had to terminate his contract with cause". +As of 16 October 2005, approximately one-third of the processing for the non-BOINC version of the software was performed on work or school based machines. As many of these computers will give reduced privileges to ordinary users, it is possible that much of this has been done by network administrators. +To some extent, this may be offset by better connectivity to home machines and increasing performance of home computers, especially those with GPUs, which have also benefited other volunteer computing projects such as Folding@Home. The spread of mobile computing devices provides another large resource for volunteer computing. For example, in 2012, Piotr Luszczek (a former doctoral student of Jack Dongarra) presented results showing that an iPad 2 matched the historical performance of a Cray-2 (the fastest computer in the world in 1985) on an embedded LINPACK benchmark. + +=== Funding === +There is currently no government funding for SETI research, and private funding is always limited. Berkeley Space Science Lab has found ways of working with small budgets, and the project has received donations allowing it to go well beyond its original planned duration, but it still has to compete for limited funds with other SETI projects and other space sciences projects. +In a December 16, 2007 plea for donations, SETI@home stated its present modest state and urged donations of $476,000 needed for continuation into 2008. + +=== Unofficial clients === +A number of individuals and companies made unofficial changes to the distributed part of the software to try to produce faster results, but this compromised the integrity of all the results. As a result, the software had to be updated to make it easier to detect such changes, and discover unreliable clients. BOINC will run on unofficial clients; however, clients that return different and therefore incorrect data are not allowed, so corrupting the result database is avoided. BOINC relies on cross-checking to validate data but unreliable clients need to be identified, to avoid situations when two of these report the same invalid data and therefore corrupt the database. A very popular unofficial client (lunatic) allows users to take advantage of the special features provided by their processor(s) such as SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, and AVX to allow for faster processing. + +=== Hardware and database failures === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ade0b47b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "SETI@home" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:53.372547+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SETI@home is a test bed for further development not only of BOINC but of other hardware and software (database) technology. Under SETI@home processing loads, these experimental technologies can be more challenging than expected, as SETI databases do not have typical accounting and business data or relational structures. The non-traditional database uses often do incur greater processing overheads and risk of database corruption and outright database failure. Hardware, software and database failures can (and do) cause dips in project participation. +The project has had to shut down several times to change over to new databases capable of handling more massive datasets. Hardware failure has proven to be a substantial source of project shutdowns, as hardware failure is often coupled with database corruption. + +== See also == + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Carrigan, Richard A. Jr. (2003). "The Ultimate Hacker: SETI Signals May Need to Be Decontaminated". Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars. 213. Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 519. Bibcode:2004IAUS..213..519C. +Sample, Ian (November 25, 2005). "Scientists be on guard..." The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 25, 2005. +Scoles, Sarah (May 23, 2017). "A Brief History of SETI@Home". The Atlantic. + +== External links == + +Official website +SETI@home screensaver video on YouTube \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d66782f5a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "SETI@home beta" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:54.609126+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SETI@home beta, is a hibernating volunteer computing project using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, as a test environment for future SETI@home projects: + +AstroPulse is a volunteer computing project searching for primordial black holes, pulsars, and ETI. AstroPulse clients have been tested by this project for nearly 6 years. It is already running on SETI@home, testing new GPU/CPU optimized apps and performing other tasks. +SETI Southern Hemisphere Search, which is another SETI@home project that was due to join BOINC. It was expected that this project would use a slightly modified version of the SETI enhanced client, as the Parkes Observatory has a feedhorn with more beams than the Arecibo Observatory. + + +== Applications Testing == +11 Dec 2008, CUDA applications test +3 Jun 2013, SETI@home v7 test +01 Dec 2015 SETI@home v8 test + + +== External links == +Official website +SETI@home beta screensaver video on YouTube + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4be41dc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "SLinCA@Home" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:58.129131+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SLinCA@Home (Scaling Laws in Cluster Aggregation) was a research project that uses Internet-connected computers to do research in fields such as physics and materials science. + + +== Introduction == +SLinCA@Home was based at the G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics (IMP) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) in Kyiv, Ukraine's capital city. It ran on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform, the SZTAKI Desktop Grid platform, and the Distributed Computing API (DC-API) by SZTAKI. SLinCA@Home hosts several scientific applications dedicated to research into scale-invariant dependencies in experimental data in physics and materials science. +Statistics at the BOINCstats site (as of 16 March 2011), show over 2,000 volunteers in 39 countries have participated in the project; it is the second most popular BOINC project in Ukraine (after the Magnetism@Home project, which is now inactive). About 700 active users contribute about 0.5–1.5 teraFLOPS of computational power, which would rank SLinCA@Home among the top 20 on the TOP500 list of supercomputers in June 2005. + + +== History == +The SLinCA@Home project was previously launched in January 2009 as part of the EGEE project in the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for the funding of research and technological development in Europe. During 2009–2010 it used the power of a local IMP Desktop Grid (DG), but from December 2010 it has been using the power of volunteer computing in solving the computationally intensive problems involved in research into scale-invariant dependencies in experimentally obtained and simulated scientific data. It is now operated by a group of scientists from IMP NASU in close cooperation with partners from IDGF and the 'Ukraine' Volunteer Computing team. From June 2010 SLinCA@Home has been under the framework of the DEGISCO FP7 EU project. + + +== Scientific Applications == +The SLinCA@Home project was created to perform searches for and research into previously unknown scale-invariant dependencies using data from experiments and simulations. +An additional goal was the migration to the OurGrid platform for testing and demonstrating potential mechanisms of interoperation between worldwide communities with different DCI paradigms. The OurGrid platform is targeted at the support of peer-to-peer desktop grids; these are in nature very different from volunteer computing desktop grids such as the SZTAKI Desktop Grid. + + +== Partners == +SLinCA@Home collaborates with: + +Partners in FP7 EU projects: +DEGISCO +EDGeS +Communities participating in volunteer computing: +'Ukraine' Volunteer Computing team +Professional communities of experts in distributed computing: +International Desktop Grid Federation (IDGF). + + +== Awards == + +2009 – For the Best Poster of the Krakow Grid Workshop'09, Kraków, Poland (October 12–14, 2009) – the report on the concept and results of porting the MultiScaleIVideoP application with 4GL MATLAB-libraries to DCI on the basis of the BOINC SZTAKI Desktop Grid platform and the XtremWeb-HEP platform, in which the applicability of integrating MATLAB objects and code in a Desktop Grid for high-performance volunteer computing is demonstrated on the example of image and video processing in solid state physics and microscopy. +2010 – For the Best Poster of the Krakow Grid Workshop'10, Kraków, Poland (October 11–13, 2010) – the report on the concept and results of porting the CPDynSG application to DCI on the basis of the BOINC SZTAKI Desktop Grid platform, with comparisons of various theories' predictions with experimental observations, and typical scenarios of population dynamics and sustainable growth for different countries in Central and Eastern Europe. + + +== See also == +List of volunteer computing projects + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Integrity_in_Policymaking-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Integrity_in_Policymaking-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe959367e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Integrity_in_Policymaking-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +--- +title: "Scientific Integrity in Policymaking" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Integrity_in_Policymaking" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:49.862648+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +"Scientific Integrity in Policymaking: An Investigation into the Bush Administration's Misuse of Science" is the title of a report published by the Union of Concerned Scientists in February, 2004. The report was the culmination of an investigation of the Bush administration's objectivity in science, and ultimately a criticism thereof. + + +== "Suppression and distortion of research findings" == + +A central thesis of the report, according to the Executive Summary (on page 2 of the text), was that the Bush administration had behaved in ways considered to be consistent with the following three situations. + +Epidemic altering and concealing of scientific information by senior officials in various federal agencies +Active censorship of scientific information that the administration considered threatening to its own philosophies +Restriction of the ability of government-supported scientists to freely communicate scientific ideas related to "sensitive" issues + + +== "An unprecedented pattern of behavior" == +In "Part III", the text of the report posits that the aforementioned activities are unprecedented in the history of the United States. The report lists the following persons and organization who had supposedly acted or made statements to support this claim. +This list is sorted first by category, then by the order in which the persons or organizations are mentioned in the report. + +Organization +REP America +Persons +Ruckelshaus, William +Train, Russell +Panofsky, Dr. Wolfgang H. K. +Goldberger, Dr. Marvin +Scarlett, Dr. Margaret +Kennedy, Donald +Bromley, Dr. D. Allan +Branscomb, Professor Lewis M. +Goldman, Dr. Lynn + + +== Recommendations by the Union == +Page 29 of the report states: "This behavior by the administration violates the central premise of the scientific method, and is therefore of particularly grave concern to the scientific community." It then goes on, in a short section titled "Conclusions and Recommendations: What's at Stake" at the end of the report, to provide recommendations for "restoring scientific integrity to federal policymaking" (page 30). These recommendations (on pages 30–31) include a suggestion for the President of the United States to issue executive orders, and other actions, that would prevent further "abuse"; for the United States Congress to hold appropriate hearings, consider the consequences of statutory law under its influence, increase the amount of publicly available scientific information, and establish an organization to guide Congress in its deliberations in technical matters; for scientists to raise awareness of the aforementioned issues and provide public policy recommendations; for the public to exercise its political influence in a constructive manner. + + +== Response == +On April 2, 2004, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy issued a statement by Dr. John Marburger, the director of OSTP, that claims the descriptions of the incidents in the UCS report are all "false," "wrong," or "a distortion." He said he was disappointed with the report and dismissed it as "biased."[1]. + + +== The report's table of contents == +The following is a duplication of the report's table of contents. + +Executive summary +Part I: Suppression and distortion of research findings at federal agencies +Distorting and suppressing climate change research +Censoring information on air quality +Mercury emissions from power plants +Addressing multiple air pollutants +Distorting scientific knowledge on reproductive health issues +Abstinence-only education +HIV/AIDS +Breast cancer +Suppressing analysis on airborne bacteria +Misrepresenting evidence on Iraq's aluminum tubes +Manipulation of science regarding the endangered species act +Missouri River +Manipulating the scientific process on forest management +OMB rulemaking on "peer review" +Part II: Undermining the quality and integrity of the appointment process +Industry influence on lead poisoning prevention panel +Political litmus tests on workplace safety panel +Non-scientist in senior advisory role to the President +Underqualified candidates in health advisory roles +The FDA's Reproductive Health Advisory Committee +Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS +Litmus tests for scientific appointees +National Institute on Drug Abuse +Army Science Board +Dismissal of nuclear weapons and arms control panels +National Nuclear Security Administration panel +Arms control panel +Part III: An unprecedented pattern of behavior +Disseminating research from federal agencies +Irregularities in appointments to scientific advisory panels +Conclusions and recommendations: What's at stake +Restoring scientific integrity to federal policy making +Appendices +EPA memo on climate section of the Report on the Environment +USDA "sensitive issue" list + + +== Associated Statement "Restoring Scientific Integrity in Policymaking" == +At the time of issue of this report, the UCS released a statement supporting the criticisms detailed in the above report. This statement was originally signed by the 62 prominent scientists listed below. Since that time it has gathered support from more than 12,000 scientists. +Signatories of the original statement include: + +Philip W. Anderson +David Baltimore +Paul Berg +Rosina Bierbaum +Nicolaas Bloembergen +Lewis M. Branscomb +Eric Chivian +Joel E. Cohen +James Cronin +Margaret Davis +Paul M. Doty +Paul Ehrlich +Thomas Eisner +Christopher Field +Gerald D. Fischbach +Val L. Fitch +Jerry Franklin +Jerome Friedman +Richard L. Garwin +John H. Gibbons +Marvin L. Goldberger +Lynn R. Goldman +Kurt Gottfried +David Grimes +Roger Guillemin +John P. Holdren +Eric R. Kandel +Anne Kapuscinski +Walter Kohn +Lawrence Krauss +Neal F. Lane +Leon M. Lederman +William Lipscomb +Jane Lubchenco +Michael MacCracken +James J. McCarthy +Jerry M. Melillo +Matthew S. Meselson +David Michaels +Mario Molina +Michael Oppenheimer +Gordon Orians +W.K.H. Panofsky +Stuart Pimm +Ron Pulliam +Norman F. Ramsey +Anthony Robbins +Allan Rosenfield +F. Sherwood Rowland +Edwin E. Salpeter +William Schlesinger +J. Robert Schrieffer +Richard Smalley +Felicia Stewart +Kevin Trenberth +Harold E. Varmus +Steven Weinberg +E.O. Wilson +Edward Witten +George Woodwell +Donald Wuebbles +Herbert F. York + + +== External links == +Restoring Scientific Integrity in Policymaking: The Bush Administration’s Misuse of Science, February 2004 +Scientific Integrity in Policy Making: Further Investigation of the Bush Administration’s Misuse of Science, July 2004 +2004 Scientist Statement on Restoring Scientific Integrity to Federal Policy Making + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aea151128 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Seasonal Attribution Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:50.991638+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Seasonal Attribution Project is a climate'prediction.net sub-project, with support from the WWF. It runs a high resolution model in order to try to determine the extent to which extreme weather events are attributable to human-induced global warming. +The project did cease giving out more work, however there has been a project extension to try a fourth sea surface temperature pattern. Current work will still be accepted and used for collaborations and possibly revisions of papers during the review process. +A further extension will start soon. + + +== The experiments == +United Kingdom floods of Autumn 2000 – Current project. +Mountain snowpack decline in western North America Developed in collaboration with the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington. +Heatwave occurrence in South Africa and India +The latter two will use the same models. Information has been uploaded but analysis of information generated has not yet started. + + +== See also == +Effects of global warming + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Seasonal Attribution Website Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c43fa68d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "Sense about Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:52.184775+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sense about Science is a United Kingdom charitable organization that promotes the public understanding of science. Sense about Science was founded in 2002 by Lord Taverne, Bridget Ogilvie and others to promote respect for scientific evidence and good science. It was established as a charitable trust in 2003, with 14 trustees, an advisory council and a small office staff. Tracey Brown has been the director since 2002. +The organisation works with scientists and journalists to put scientific evidence in public discussions about science, and to correct unscientific misinformation. They encourage and assist scientists to engage in public debates about their area of expertise, to respond to scientifically inaccurate claims in the media, to help people contact scientists with appropriate expertise, and to prepare briefings about the scientific background to issues of public concern. + + +== Projects == +Sense about Science publishes guides to different areas of science in partnership with experts. These include: Responsible Handover Framework, Data Science: A Guide for Society, Making Sense of Nuclear, Making Sense of Uncertainty, Making Sense of Allergies, Making Sense of Drug Safety Science, Making Sense of Testing, Making Sense of Crime, Making Sense of Statistics, Making Sense of Screening and Making Sense of GM. +Sense about Science runs the Voice of Young Science programme to help early career scientists engage in public debates. +Since its founding, Sense about Science has contributed to UK public debates about such subjects as alternative medicine, "detoxification" products and detox diets, genetically modified food, avian influenza, chemicals and health, "electrosmog", vaccination, weather and climate, nuclear power, and the use and utility of peer review. Sense about Science encourages scientists to explain to the public the value of peer review in determining which reports should be taken seriously. Director Tracey Brown describes such critical thinking as crucial to preventing public health scares based on unpublished information. + + +== Causes == + + +=== AllTrials === + +The AllTrials campaign calls for all past and present clinical trials to be registered and their full methods and summary results reported. +AllTrials is an international initiative of Bad Science, BMJ, Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Cochrane Collaboration, James Lind Initiative, PLOS and Sense About Science and is being led in the US by Sense About Science USA, Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine and the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice. +As of January 2018, the AllTrials petition has been signed by 91,989 people and 737 organisations. + + +=== Ask for Evidence === +Ask for Evidence was launched by Sense About Science in 2011. It is a campaign that helps people request for themselves the evidence behind news stories, marketing claims and policies. When challenged in this way, organisations may withdraw their claims or send evidence to support them. The campaign is supported by more than 6000 volunteer scientists who are available to review the evidence provided and determine whether it supports the original claim or story. The campaign has received funding from The Wellcome Trust and is endorsed by figures such as Dara Ó Briain and Derren Brown. + + +=== Keep Libel Laws Out of Science === +Sense About Science launched the Keep Libel Laws out of Science campaign in June 2009 in defence of a member of its board of trustees, author and journalist Simon Singh, who has been sued for libel by the British Chiropractic Association. They issued a statement entitled "The law has no place in scientific disputes", which was signed by many people representing science, medicine, journalism, publishing, arts, humanities, entertainment, sceptics, campaign groups and law. In April 2010, the BCA lost this case with the court accepting that criticism of the BCA concerning its promotion of bogus treatments was fair comment. +In December 2009, Sense About Science, Index on Censorship and English PEN launched the Libel Reform Campaign. The Defamation Act 2013 received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013 and came into force on 1 January 2014. +The Trust actively campaigns in support of various causes. It has issued a statement signed by over 35 scientists asking the WHO to condemn homeopathy for diseases such as HIV. + + +== Reception == +Sense about Science and their publications have been cited a number of times in the popular press, +most notably for encouraging celebrities and the public to think critically about scientific claims, +criticizing marketing unsupported by research, +decrying the unsubstantiated claims of homeopathy, +supporting genetically modified crops, +criticising "do-it-yourself" health testing, +denouncing detox products, +warning against "miracle cures", +and promoting public understanding of peer review. +They have received positive coverage in publications from the Royal Society +and the U.S. National Science Foundation, +and in the writings of scientists such as Ben Goldacre and Steven Novella. +Lord Taverne, chairman of Sense About Science, has criticised campaigns to ban plastic bags as counter-productive and being based on "bad science". +Anti-genetic-modification campaigners and academics have criticised Sense About Science for what they view as a failure to disclose industry connections of some advisers, +and Private Eye reported that it had seen a draft of the Making Sense of GM guide that included Monsanto Company's former director of scientific affairs as an author. +Tracey Brown, managing director of Sense About Science, rebutted these claims on the Science about Science website. +Homeopath Peter Fisher criticised Sense About Science, who have been working closely with NHS primary care trusts on the issue of funding for homeopathy, for being funded by the pharmaceutical industry; Sense About Science responded in a statement to Channel 4 News that "Peter Fisher's desperate comments show about as much grasp of reality as the homeopathic medicine he sells." +A 2016 piece in The Intercept was critical of Sense About Science's data on and support for flame retardant chemicals. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Interviews with Tracey Brown on Little Atoms, the official podcast of The Skeptic magazine, on Resonance FM +Alan Sokal giving the 2008 Sense About Science lecture +"Sense About Science", The Guardian, 5 January 2010 +Tracey Brown, What would a ‘super-majority’ government mean for parliamentary scrutiny?[1] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f14e01ca --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Similarity Matrix of Proteins" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:55.709397+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Similarity Matrix of Proteins (SIMAP) is a database of protein similarities created using volunteer computing. It is freely accessible for scientific purposes. SIMAP uses the FASTA algorithm to precalculate protein similarity, while another application uses hidden Markov models to search for protein domains. SIMAP is a joint project of the Technical University of Munich, the Helmholtz Zentrum München, and the University of Vienna. + + +== Project == +The project usually got new work units at the beginning of each month. More recently, (2010), inclusion of environmental sequences into the database has required longer periods of activity, several months of continuous work for example. Typically, these updates occurred twice each year. +In the fourth quarter of 2010, the project relocated to the University of Vienna due to the failing electrical infrastructure at the Technical University of Munich. Part of this exercise involved the creation of a project specific URL requiring existing volunteers and users to detach/reattach to the project. +On May 30, 2014, it was announced by project administrators that after a 10-year history, SIMAP would be leaving BOINC by the end of 2014. SIMAP research, however, will go forward with the use of local hardware consisting of "ordinary multi-core CPUs (some hundreds), crunching a SSE-optimized version of the Smith-Waterman algorithm." + + +== Computing platform == +SIMAP used the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) distributed computing platform. + + +=== Application performance notes === +Work unit CPU times varied widely, ranging between 15 minutes and 3 hours. Work units varied in size from 1.5 to 2.2 MB each, averaging around 2 MB. SIMAP provided client software optimized for SSE enabled processors and x86-64 processors. For older processors non SSE applications are provided but require manual installation steps to be taken. Operating Systems supported by SIMAP are Linux, Windows, Mac OS, Android, and other UNIX platforms. Since the database had sometimes been completed with all publicly known protein sequences and metagenomes having been precalculated by the project, the work available consisted of newly published protein sequences and metagenomes that needed to be precomputed for SIMAP. + + +== See also == +Volunteer computing +Rosetta@home +Predictor@home +Folding@home + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyi_Professor_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyi_Professor_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c71fa8f48 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyi_Professor_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyi_Professor_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:56.932238+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science is a chair at the University of Oxford. The chair was established in 1995 for the ethologist Richard Dawkins by an endowment from Charles Simonyi. The aim of the Professorship is 'to communicate science to the public without, in doing so, losing those elements of scholarship which constitute the essence of true understanding'. It is a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field", and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins. + + +== History == + +Richard Dawkins explained the history of the creation of the chair in a chapter of his memoirs, Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science. In 2008, Dawkins retired and the Oxford mathematician Marcus du Sautoy was elected to the chair. + + +== List of Simonyi Professors == +1995–2008: Richard Dawkins, biological science +Since 2008: Marcus du Sautoy, mathematical science + + +== List of Simonyi Lectures == +Richard Dawkins established an annual "Charles Simonyi Lecture" at the University of Oxford. He invited the following speakers: + +Marcus du Sautoy, second Simonyi Professor, invited: + + +== Notes and references == + + +== Bibliography == +Richard Dawkins, Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science, Bantam Press, 2015 (ISBN 978-0-59307-256-1). Chapter "Simonyi Professor", pages 271-307. + + +== External links == +Official website +Charles Simonyi's manifesto \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62a4fb498 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Slow science" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:59.300516+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Slow science is part of the broader slow movement. It is based on the belief that science should be a slow, steady, methodical process, and that scientists should not be expected to provide "quick fixes" to society's problems. Slow science supports curiosity-driven scientific research and opposes performance targets. Slow science is a continually developing school of thought in the scientific community. Followers of slow science practices are generally opposed to the current model of research which is seen as constrained by the need for continued funding. The slow science perspective attributes the overinflation of scientific publishing, and rise in fraudulent publishing with the requirement for researchers and institutions to create a justification for continued funding. The term slow science was first popularised in “Another Science is Possible: A Manifesto for Slow Science” by researcher Isabelle Stengers in 2018. The idea of “publish or perish”, which too links limitations in the quality of research to financial constraints, has been around since the early 20th century. The slow science philosophy has been described as both a way to approach scientific research, and a science led movement which acts as a critique of science's function in neoliberal society. +Slow science has developed its key principles through the contribution of many scholars and organisations. Key principles include calls to shift from scientific research which places its value in output of research, research funding reform, and ridding scientific research from coerced political agendas. For especially well known scientists, some have had the freedom to apply slow science principles. Slow Science development has especially gained prevalence in western European scientific communities, in progressive research universities. Slow science as a whole has gradually gained support through individuals and organisational advocacy. Criticism, due to the movement's relatively small impact, has been limited. + +== Development == + +The development of slow science is traced back to “publish or perish”, first noted by Clarence Marsh Case in 1923. Slow science, differently from publish or perish, acts as a critique of the concept. Slow science contributions have narrowed down the publish or perish culture into the scientific field. Slow science attributes many of its key principles to publish or perish, and is considered to be the way in which scientists can support a movement for change. Since the rise in prevalence of the term slow science in the 21st century, the two terms have been used as opposites by academics and journalists alike. +Early contributions to the development of slow science came from research universities across western Europe. Before the development of slow science, was the popularisation in university spheres of the term fast science. This was most notable by Dr Joel Candau in 2010, in his open letter to the University of Nice, in which he stated “Fast science, like fast food, favours quantity over quality,”. In 2010 Ruth Muller had coined the term slow science, whilst in her position at the AIIA, helping develop a slow science international network. Most significant in its early development, was the publication of the article “the Slow Science Manifesto” in 2011 by a group of German scholars known as the slow science academy. This manifesto was the first time the slow science had reached a non academic audience. +Most notably however, was the popularisation of the term slow science in 2018. The publication “Another Science is Possible: A Manifesto for Slow Science” by Isabelle Stengers, is the first book published on the topic of slow science. During this period, there was an increase in media activity surrounding slow science, which helped grow collaboration with other slow movements, such as slow fashion. Isabelle Stengers' contribution was significant as a scholar who could attract media beyond academic spheres. Notability increased as a result of globally recognised psychologist Uta Frith's journal article on slow science. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, publications on slow science have been limited. + +== Key principles == +The key principles of slow science are based on the premise that the most accurate and thorough scientific research is results from absence of financial constraint, absence of an immediate deadline, and no directive from market based influences. The key principles of slow science are a critique of modern scientific funding, and advocate for public knowledge, and changed practices in scientific research. + +=== Slow scientific practice === +At the core of the slow science agenda is the desire to shift from scientific research which places its value in output of research, to research which is for the benefit of the public. Slow science advocates for the adoption of slow scientific practices. An example of this is the support of increased cumulative scientific research, which as a collaboration of thorough scientific research, will be more effective in addressing great global issues. In adopting these values into scientific practice, slow science aims to reduce the stress on research by removing funding-linked performance outcomes. Slow scientific practices involve a methodical approach, published with a rigorous peer review system, that slow science researchers believe will be able to reduce fraudulent results and increase research which leads to innovation. +Slow scientific practice aims for quality of work over quantity of output. Therefore, there is a distinct opposition to the overinflating quality of academic research. Amongst the slow science community, phrases such as the “least publishable unit” and “publons”, have been used to satirise the rise in peer-reviewed publications with minimal amounts of depth in its research. A theme within so slow science is a positive outlook on the prospects of scientific advancement, however a necessity to advocate for the publishing of high quality, peer-reviewed study. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dd534d03 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Slow science" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:58:59.300516+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Research funding reform === +Slow Science proposes a change to the current structure of research funding, especially directed towards the increase in funding sourced from corporate donorship in academic institutions, as well as the rise in private independent research institutes. The slow science movement has called for all government funded research to be for the benefit of broader society, and has also called for an overall system of funding reform. Slow science groups, such as Slow Science Belgium, have called for increased government funding to be a necessity, and for key performance indicator linked targets for results to be removed from grant conditions. Key contributor to the slow science Uta Frith has expressed the idea that as government funding increases, so will risk taking in research, and therefore lead to the potential of greater scientific innovation. + +=== Apolitical driven research === +Apolitical research, from a slow science perspective, opposes research which aims to show alternatives to scientific precedent for political benefits. As well as this, the slow science movement extends this to what is described as an inherently political shift in the privatisation of knowledge, that is, scientific research which has moved from publications to private research and development of products. Slow Science believes in ending prolonged research for the benefit of governments, on issues such as resource depletion, global warming and urban overdevelopment, as to doubt scientific consensus for policy benefits. The slow science movement perceives financial pressures from governments or corporations as forms of suppression of broad research, and believes in an inherent link between funding and scientific agenda. Hence, slow scientific practice is inherently a political struggle, to remove political and ideological constraints in research. + +== In scientific research == + +=== Environmental research === +Subscribers to slow science principles consider environmental research to be a field of research which has become continually scrutinised by policy makers who search for cost effective and convenient solutions to climate change. Slow science aims to protect climate research through what is considered the separation of scientific judgement from the judgement of social and political issues. Slow scientists advocate for the removal of climatology from the influence of the speculative economy, and the undermining of research by policy makers who control scientific funding. The slow science approach to environmental research is one which is inherently a critique of capitalism, and one which considers current constraints in funding leading to scientists promoting “best possible” outcomes in reporting of climate. + +=== Clinical research === +The application of slow science principles are especially dedicated to changes in clinical research as a whole. German psychologist Uta Frith describes her breakthrough 1980's research into the link between dyslexia and phonological processing as one which had the freedom to make errors, and run numerous trials. Uta Firth in her criticism of “Fast Science”, identifies the possible future of clinical research does not allow for numerous and large trials to identify potential errors in trials. For slow science, the rise in “convenience sampling” by academic institutions who provide researchers with pools of students is a cost cutting method which skews the results of data by not producing a diverse sample. Clinical research, from a slow science perspective, should be removed from significant financial constraints which potentially lead to unreliable or fraudulent data. + +=== Interdisciplinary Study === +In collaborative study, slow scientists aim for longer periods spent in interdisciplinary studies. Key to this are learning cycles, which aim to provide an understanding of how other fields create rationale for results gained. As well as this, some slow scientists have attributed collaborative success to ethical models, such as ethics of care. These can include general guides to considerate collaboration, or direct models such as Trontos's ethical framework. Slow scientists believe financial constraints rush scientific research, and this creates an overspecialization of researchers. By taking on long term collaborative projects, slow scientists believe greater global issues can be tackled. + +== Reception == +Slow science has been met with some support from the scientific community, through both individuals and community groups. Two of the most notable slow science activists are researcher Isabelle Stengers, and world recognised developmental psychologist Uta Frith. Both have contributed through publications, with the key work of the Slow Science movement; with publications “Another Science is Possible: A Manifesto for Slow Science” and “Fast Lane to Slow Science”, being introductory perspectives into the slow science movement. +In 2010, anthropologist Dr. Joël Candau wrote an appeal to the University of Nice against fast science principles, and received 4000 signatories by scientists. The unexpected support from this open letter indicated a rise in the popularity of the term “fast science”, and the beginning of an evident support base. +Whilst individual publications have been credited towards providing research methods used through a slow science lens, Slow Scientific organisations have developed to act as a union of scientists who advocate for funding reform in scientific research. The German “Slow Science Academy”, and “Slow Science Belgium”, are organisations of scientists which advocate and practise slow science principles in their research. +The slow science movement, due to its only recent notability, has limited direct criticism from university administrators. However, arguments developed by especially university administrations have promoted financial and time constraints as a way to increase positive pressure on academic research. Research institutions also expect researchers to accept certain terms of constraint as to promote professionalism, and drive focused innovation. The most prevalent disagreement between slow science advocates and university administration is on the basis of tenure. University administrations have opposed criticism to advocates for tenureship, as a broader scope of casual academics who can produce a higher amount of “deliverables” for the same amount of funding. + +== See also == + +"Publish or perish" + +== References == + +== Further reading == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0572e064a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Social effects of evolutionary theory" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:59:00.550752+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The social effects of evolutionary thought have been considerable. As the scientific explanation of life's diversity has developed, it has often displaced alternative, sometimes very widely held, explanations. Because the theory of evolution includes an explanation of humanity's origins, it has had a profound impact on human societies. Some have vigorously denied acceptance of the scientific explanation due to its perceived religious implications (e.g. its implied rejection of the special creation of humans presumably described in the Bible). This has led to a vigorous conflict between creation and evolution in public education, primarily in the United States. + +== Evolution and ethics == +The theory of evolution by natural selection has also been adopted as a foundation for various ethical and social systems, such as social Darwinism, an idea that preceded the publication of The Origin of Species, popular in the 19th century, which holds that "the survival of the fittest" (a phrase coined in 1851 by Herbert Spencer, 8 years before Darwin published his theory of evolution) explains and justifies differences in wealth and success among societies and people. A similar interpretation was one created by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, known as eugenics, which claimed that human civilization was subverting natural selection by allowing the less bright and less healthy to survive and out-breed the smarter and more healthy. +Later advocates of this theory suggested radical and often coercive social measures in an attempt to "correct" this imbalance. Thomas Huxley spent much time demonstrating through a series of thought experiments that it would not only be immoral, but impossible. Stephen Jay Gould and others have argued that social Darwinism is based on misconceptions of evolutionary theory, and many ethicists regard it as a case of the is-ought problem. After the atrocities of the Holocaust became linked with eugenics, it greatly fell out of favor with public and scientific opinion, though it was never universally accepted by either, and at no point in Nazi literature is Charles Darwin or the scientific theory of evolution mentioned. +In his book The End of Faith, Sam Harris argues that Nazism was largely a continuation of Christian anti-Semitism. Jim Walker compiled a list of 129 quotes from Mein Kampf in which Hitler described himself as a Christian, or mentioned God, Jesus or a biblical passage. Some argue that six million of the people killed during the Holocaust were killed because of their religion (Judaism) not their race, "strength," or any reason with an obvious link to the mechanism of Darwinian evolution. Hitler often used Christian beliefs like, "Jews killed Jesus," to justify his anti-Semitism. +The notion that humans share ancestors with other animals has also affected how some people view the relationship between humans and other species. Many proponents of animal rights hold that if animals and humans are of the same nature, then rights cannot be distinct to humans. +Charles Darwin, in fact, considered "sympathy" to be one of the most important moral virtues — and that it was, indeed, a product of natural selection and a trait beneficial to social animals (including humans). Darwin further argued that the most "sympathetic" societies would consequently be the most "successful." He also stated that our sympathy should be extended to "all sentient beings": + +As man advances in civilization, and small tribes are united into larger communities, the simplest reason would tell each individual that he ought to extend his social instincts and sympathies to all the members of the same nation, though personally unknown to him. This point being once reached, there is only an artificial barrier to prevent his sympathies extending to the men of all nations and races. If, indeed, such men are separated from him by great differences in appearance or habits, experience unfortunately shows us how long it is, before we look at them as our fellow-creatures. ... This virtue, one of the noblest with which man is endowed, seems to arise incidentally from our sympathies becoming more tender and more widely diffused, until they are extended to all sentient beings. As soon as this virtue is honored and practiced by some few men, it spreads through instruction and example to the young, and eventually becomes incorporated in public opinion. + +== Evolution and religion == + +Before Darwin's argument and presentation of the evidence for evolution, Western religions generally discounted or condemned any claims that diversity of life is the result of an evolutionary process, as did most scientists in the English scientific establishment. However, evolution was accepted by some religious groups such as the Unitarian church and the liberal Anglican theologians who went on to publish Essays and Reviews, as well as by many scientists in France and Scotland and some in England, notably Robert Edmund Grant. Literal or authoritative interpretations of Scripture hold that a supreme being directly created humans and other animals as separate Created kinds, which to some means species. This view is commonly referred to as creationism. From the 1920s to the present in the US, there has been a strong religious backlash to the teaching of evolution theory, particularly by conservative evangelicals. They have expressed concerns about the effects of the teaching of evolution on society and their faith (see Creation–evolution controversy). +In response to the wide scientific acceptance of the theory of evolution, many religions have formally or informally synthesized the scientific and religious viewpoints. Several important 20th century scientists (Fisher, Dobzhansky) whose work confirmed Darwin's theory, were also Christians who saw no incompatibility between their experimental and theoretical confirmations of evolution and their faith. Some religions have adopted a theistic evolution viewpoint, where God provides a divine spark that ignited the process of evolution and (or) where God has guided evolution in one way or another. + +=== Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8620d5772 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Social effects of evolutionary theory" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:59:00.550752+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Roman Catholic Church, beginning in 1950 with Pope Pius XII's encyclical Humani Generis, took up a neutral position with regard to evolution. "The Church does not forbid that...research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter." +In an October 22, 1996, address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Pope John Paul II updated the Church's position, recognizing that Evolution is "more than a hypothesis" - "In his encyclical Humani Generis, my predecessor Pius XII has already affirmed that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation... Today, more than a half-century after the appearance of that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines." + +=== Islamic views on evolution === + +=== Jewish views on evolution === + +== Evolutionary theory and the political left == + +In 1861 Karl Marx wrote to his friend Ferdinand Lassalle, "Darwin’s work is most important and suits my purpose in that it provides a basis in natural science for the historical class struggle. ... Despite all shortcomings, it is here that, for the first time, 'teleology' in natural science is not only dealt a mortal blow but its rational meaning is empirically explained." +Most later Marxists agreed with this view, but some – particularly those in the early Soviet Union – believed that evolutionary theory conflicted with their economic and social ideals. As a result, they came to support Lamarckism instead – the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring. This led to the practice of Lysenkoism, which caused agricultural problems. +In his book, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin argued that co-operation and mutual aid are as important in the evolution of the species as competition and mutual strife, if not more so. +On the contemporary moderate left, some authors such as Peter Singer (in his book, A Darwinian Left) support Darwinism but reach different political and economic lessons than more conservative observers. Richard Dawkins' book, The Selfish Gene, has a chapter, "Nice guys finish first," that attempts to explain the role of altruism and cooperation in evolution and how social animals not only cannot survive without such traits, but how evolution will create them. Dawkins explains that when an animal sacrifices itself or uses its resources for the survival of other members of the same species, its genes, present in the other animals, survive. For example, if a mother dies to save three of its pups, one and a half copies (on average) of its genes will survive, because there is a 50% chance of a particular gene being present in its offspring. Dawkins also made a documentary of the same name. According to the documentary, Dawkins added that chapter as a way of overcoming modern day misinterpretations of the concept of survival of the fittest. +Left-wing transhumanists see technology as a means to overcome inequalities that stem from biology. New left feminist Shulamith Firestone saw technological control over reproduction as essential for gender equality. More recently the Laboria Cuboniks collective has articulated an antinaturalist politics that seeks to overcome essentialist categories through technological empowerment. + +== Evolution in relation to Social Darwinism and Imperialism == +"Social Darwinism" is a derogatory term associated with the 19th century Malthusian theory developed by Whig philosopher Herbert Spencer. It is associated with evolutionary theory but now widely regarded as unwarranted. Social Darwinism was later expanded by others into ideas about "survival of the fittest" in commerce and human societies as a whole, and led to claims that social inequality, sexism, racism and imperialism were justified. However, these ideas contradict Darwin's own views, and contemporary scientists and philosophers consider these ideas to be neither mandated by evolutionary theory nor supported by data. +Social Darwinism is further linked with nationalism and imperialism. During the age of New Imperialism, the concepts of evolution justified the exploitation of "lesser breeds without the law" by "superior races." To elitists, strong nations were composed of white people who were successful at expanding their empires, and as such, these strong nations would survive in the struggle for dominance. With this attitude, Europeans, except for Christian missionaries, seldom adopted the customs and languages of local people under their empires. Christian missionaries, on the other hand, were the very first individuals to meet new peoples and develop writing systems for local inhabitants' languages that lacked one. Being critics of Social Darwinism, they ardently opposed slavery and provided an education and religious instruction to the new peoples they interacted with since they felt that this was their duty as Christians. + +== See also == +Sociocultural evolution – Evolution of societies +Neo-creationism – Pseudoscientific creationist movement +Hypergamy – Practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher social status +Natural philosophy – Philosophical study of nature +Freethought – Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism +Age of the Earth – Scientific dating of the EarthPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets + +== References == \ No newline at end of file