From 65adca6fbe1062d1fa95f1da86ddf4fdf82faca9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: turtle89431 Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 19:56:55 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Scrape wikipedia-science: 29 new, 1 updated, 30 total (kb-cron) --- _index.db | Bin 315392 -> 315392 bytes data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md | 24 ++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home-0.md | 20 ++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home-0.md | 24 ++++++++++ .../wiki/Andrei_Sakharov_Prize_(APS)-0.md | 38 ++++++++++++++++ .../wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md | 39 ++++++++++++++++ ...e_for_the_Public_Awareness_of_Science-0.md | 41 +++++++++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-0.md | 34 ++++++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-1.md | 34 ++++++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-2.md | 36 +++++++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-3.md | 42 +++++++++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-4.md | 29 ++++++++++++ data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugscope-0.md | 18 ++++++++ .../wiki/Clean_Energy_Project-0.md | 43 ++++++++++++++++++ .../wiki/Climateprediction.net-0.md | 24 ++++++++++ .../wiki/Climateprediction.net-1.md | 33 ++++++++++++++ .../wiki/Climateprediction.net-2.md | 30 ++++++++++++ .../wiki/Climateprediction.net-3.md | 28 ++++++++++++ 18 files changed, 537 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov_Prize_(APS)-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Centre_for_the_Public_Awareness_of_Science-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-0.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-1.md create mode 100644 data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-2.md create mode 100644 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Sf$0I(+2P z>-u#K_@a8Xw_?^p!WQs-l?lq4I~|<+yW4Zf;-&RH@Qv{FO>40Z0!j*hDX00GPs;h$ zrjpUeBWMuis~X(caU)ru$0WoFMuzm6Q-;S%~`hg%D;*V|ffk znu=~4lG4pGRy(ITlA@pU6?>FeMZu{UO*#~NV`D)$8v8VzG2)ygdPDt*w(yj!eFtR0 zl2>N4w?`V4H;$F1pNWT1N>(KdK}zfUI)#{S6pL1hIdQ7H@0uscL|9syVs9BG4y(<+ z<^ZwEY|65JTl^q^s4ax0;J2e*&ol}v4U+{(z!F zQIo)&U{cc&Qw1jh*9!_`Uf&i_5$k0Q$0NSblng*g&%J7}Norj*_}iGb<>?3>z?$sn zkkv9hl7+{p2!Pa*#Y30pr0gQ(t6Vcuo>9tqdD5FwjO=I(lIg!l)m;f*-R@0dpaTv` zFIz%KTUKuh9F=H@(d4Ln*xV;^ZU#u;q(_?ZO&XBN z7R0*g?~xm;7Okn_9AIwfV~s%@{Ta_$)l6kyo6`_o9GZsh)(G8UPufU|5`iBXgXm<@ zRx9T9blQ!WcxiK~8v~U}8&TI60+O}IaT8>aYth|kFy&*noGpiok^qo{wK87KD`ri? zye{~ovU$=x6P2^88n+qboDlG+TvOAh@ts)-vb(+hDHPPT<*2sr++b#(^uNtb!vqL~ z)Zc|4O^HO#oZZ8jF6(!84ZSz&)DO1IpN1x3wF3v zy|S8cgB^g`i-$g6%y=E^;6ueFv4-23G*W};nUK@~b84+_vfv0RuI8DiD|z0r*0d%E z&MI=@V@2q>OL8wLE#glv=JiJK-uJvd48hv<;RKrB)9XM*rqY}eQjtvuaOLZ325=Pe z!;QhYJKol$^bZ+E*2^Bv2Or$=Mu|D$Z8ht{n5F_);45od951xXAIm0iF!6nYxYsd> zM8DODj8isid;=mvu+d~Zi_uH8slp|Tq_8g6v>sm~Fi@V4>eSO1Nmd2&v$ST4*AvLo zwYoS2Fu^jwvT{XG58y_VU91T^qeJF}rB1Kv1Ad1alECP&GdO?O>pl!muqF*_jAj%h z-5iXBUkQ~DG+r;; zQOWkYek4P%gs7w~*bBb<1Ml1-qL<#7RvQQG;R$(+YepTq?z1Xyd8x>-$ao?|{Sgt* z80#PtxTzp)#jOIn!-++AZ=2f7s*rBP*tI&i7~H?_4F*5IPd;a+EfYwkM}5{$YYW*R zKpz$QU4(ANNOdnEDw&GsVmO45)KeJ=kj*+fyYYu11{5)?FVjWt&ooI6khHStKJpci zuz>ubc)*Z5B1;%&2Tvxual6SN&XLk*INs>Y_4e>gS}~l-1d4#(zOLcSFrrur6dqzt z!QDZ>k+GDb!0`~Dni(KKH4P@KT)LCF6fe$fAUWxkT$(V`F6jlx9E6V#z&n{_R%uU1 zNP)^{K|>`mL-$}GUO%{x1L!l>F_KJ?*dm5+4#^i{o#a3oq@n3^UHxFCqJBtckTL%S DTT!O$ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e6662d44 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "ABC@Home" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:45.028911+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ABC@Home was an educational and non-profit network computing project finding abc-triples related to the abc conjecture in number theory using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) volunteer computing platform. +In March 2011, there were more than 7,300 active participants from 114 countries with a total BOINC credit of more than 2.9 billion, reporting about 10 teraflops (10 trillion operations per second) of processing power. +In 2011, the project met its goal of finding all abc-triples of at most 18 digits. By 2015, the project had found 23.8 million triples in total, and ceased operations soon after. + + +== See also == +List of volunteer computing projects + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Mathematical Institute of Leiden University \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6bec0812 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "AQUA@home" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:48.575454+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +AQUA@home was a volunteer computing project operated by D-Wave Systems that ran on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It ceased functioning in August 2011. Its goal was to predict the performance of superconducting adiabatic quantum computers on a variety of problems arising in fields ranging from materials science to machine learning. It designed and analyzed quantum computing algorithms, using Quantum Monte Carlo techniques. +AQUA@home was the first BOINC project to provide multi-threaded applications. It was also the first project to deploy an OpenCL test application under BOINC. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Papers resulting from AQUA@home's computations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..364c27477 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Africa@home" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:46.204139+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Africa@home is a website that allow users to use their home computers to contribute for humanitarian causes at Africa. This project first went public on 13 July 2006. It partners with Swiss Tropical Institute, the University of Geneva, CERN, and ICVolunteers (ICV). It is sponsored by the Geneva International Academic Network (GIAN). +Africa@home together with ICVolunteers, recruited volunteers across Africa to help with the project. The Malaria Control Project (MCP) was the first and the only volunteer computing project run by Africa@home. MCP ran for 10 years and became inactive since 21 June 2016. + + +== See also == +Malaria Control Project +List of volunteer computing projects +Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) +Volunteer computing +Grid computing +Geneva International Academic Network + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov_Prize_(APS)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov_Prize_(APS)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..085bbd41e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov_Prize_(APS)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov_Prize_(APS)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:47.380909+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Andrei Sakharov Prize is a prize that is to be awarded every two years by the American Physical Society since 2006. The recipients are chosen for "outstanding leadership and/or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights." It is named after Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989), a Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident, and human rights activist. Since 2007, it has been valued at $10,000. The first Sakharov Prize was awarded to physicist and former Soviet gulag prisoner Yuri Orlov. + + +== Recipients == +Source: + +2006 Yuri Orlov (Cornell University) +2008 Liangying Xu (Chinese Academy of Sciences) +2010 Herman Winick (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), Joseph Birman (City University of New York), and Morris (Moishe) Pripstein (National Science Foundation) +2012 Mulugeta Bekele (University of Addis Ababa) and Richard Wilson (Harvard University) +2014 Boris Altshuler (P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute) and Omid Kokabee (University of Texas at Austin) +2016 Zafra M. Lerman (Malta Conferences Foundation) +2018 Narges Mohammadi (Iran Engineering Inspection Corporation) and Ravi Kuchimanchi (Association for India's Development) +2020 Ayşe Erzan (Istanbul Technical University) and Xiaoxing Xi (Temple University) +2022 John C. Polanyi (University of Toronto) +2024 Eugene Chudnovsky (City University of New York) + + +== See also == +List of American Physical Society prizes and awards +List of physics awards + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Andrei Sakharov Prize, American Physical Society \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8132ee5c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Artificial Intelligence System" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:49.749714+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Artificial Intelligence System (AIS) was a volunteer computing project undertaken by Intelligence Realm, Inc. with the long-term goal of simulating the human brain in real time, complete with artificial consciousness and artificial general intelligence. They claimed to have found, in research, the "mechanisms of knowledge representation in the brain which is equivalent to finding artificial intelligence", before moving into the developmental phase. + + +== History == +The project's initial goal was recreating the largest brain simulation to date, performed by neuroscientist Eugene M. Izhikevich of The Neurosciences Institute in San Diego, California. Izhikevich simulated 1 second of activity of 100 billion neurons (the estimated number of neurons in the human brain) in 50 days using a cluster of 27 3-gigahertz processors. He extrapolated that a real-time simulation of the brain could not be achieved before 2016. The project aimed to disprove this prediction. +Artificial Intelligence System announced on Sep 5, 2007 that they will use the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software to perform intensive calculations. +On July 12, 2008, the first phase of the project had been completed by reaching the 100 billion neuron mark. The project then continued to simulate neurons while they completed the development of other related applications. + + +== Application description == +the application is a brain network test system that reenacts biophysical sensory cells characterized as numerical models and use the Hodgkin–Huxley model to portray the properties of brain cells +the rundown of models will keep developing and will ultimately arrive at many models +the test system gets information from XML records that contain cell properties which portray behavior +the test system will process the framework's way of behaving over the long haul +calculation results will be saved in records + + +== Conclusion == +Artificial Intelligence System had successfully simulated over 700 billion neurons by April 2009 and the project reported 7119 participants in January, 2010 +AIS was last seen working on the post data stage before the website was no longer available after November 2010. + + +== See also == +Artificial consciousness +Blue Brain +Outline of artificial intelligence + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Centre_for_the_Public_Awareness_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Centre_for_the_Public_Awareness_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c233249d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Centre_for_the_Public_Awareness_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Centre_for_the_Public_Awareness_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:50.854813+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Centre for the Public Awareness of Science is part of the Australian National University. In March 2000 it became an accredited Centre for the Australian National Commission for UNESCO. + + +== Work of the Centre == +As a UNESCO Centre, CPAS engages with science communication and communicators in the Pacific region and beyond. In partnership with the UNESCO Pacific Office in Apia, Samoa, CPAS has focused on science teaching training and communication in Pacific nations. As well as running a science journalism workshop for Pacific Island journalists in 2001, CPAS followed up in the same year with a science teacher workshop and the first Pacific Science Communication Forum. The UNESCO office in Jakarta invited CPAS to join a mission to Cambodia to conduct a survey to identify and assess the needs of the country with respect to science education in schools and universities. Other activities include joining with UNESCO (Apia) to help in its aims to raise social participation in science in and around the Pacific. +CPAS also established, as a pilot project, the Register of Pacific Scientists, an online database for those involved with Pacific Science to record their details and/or search for other people with similar or complementary interests. +Other activities of CPAS include the presentation of workshops for secondary school science teachers and others in Fiji, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan and New Zealand. A joint teaching program is being developed with the National University of Singapore. In South Africa, CPAS helped to develop a touring hands-on science exhibition and has been invited to work in and with various South African science centres. + + +== Teaching, Outreach and Research == +With a flourishing graduate program, CPAS encourages research in all aspects of science communication. Degrees are offered at all tertiary levels. Outreach programs within Australia include workshops for research scientists, science teachers, science and engineering students and science centre personnel, as well as the ANU Shell Questacon Science Circus. CPAS is also home to Popsicule, the Science in Popular Culture and Entertainment Hub of ANU. +CPAS has a wide research program dealing with issues at the interface of science and the public. Apart from a long-standing agenda of research in science centres, CPAS is concerned with current issues in science, with the communication agendas of scientists, and with effective communication of science concepts. The research program is interdisciplinary and contributes to the emerging framework of science communication theory. + + +== History == +CPAS was launched by Professor Richard Dawkins in 1996. It owes it origin to the establishment, twenty years earlier, of a modest science centre in a vacant primary school in Canberra. This burgeoning science centre eventually grew into Questacon – The National Science and Technology Centre. Questacon was the brainchild of Michael Gore, a senior lecturer in Physics at the Australian National University, who became its first director. An important part of its activities was outreach, supported from the beginning by sponsorship from Shell Australia. +Dr Gore approached Professor Chris Bryant, then Dean of Science at the Australian National University, with a proposal to set up a science circus to travel Australia, to be staffed by graduate science students enrolled in a course of science communication. Thus was born the Graduate Certificate in Science Communication that rapidly metamorphosed into a Graduate Diploma. This initiative proved extremely popular and it became clear that there was a hitherto undetected demand for such a course. Over the next few years, Masters and PhD courses were offered and science communication became a full-fledged graduate program. +By 1994, the demand was so great that the Faculty of Science at the Australian National University agreed to fund a Lectureship in Science Communication. This was the first in Australia and, possibly, the world. Dr Susan Stocklmayer was appointed to the position and immediately announced her intention of establishing a university centre for science communication. The centre was established in 1996, with Professor Bryant as its first, interim, Director. Dr Stocklmayer took over the position in 1998, where she remained until 2015. In 2016, Professor Joan Leach assumed the role of Director, leading CPAS until 2025. +In July 2025, Professor Sujatha Raman was appointed CPAS Director, where she remains today. + + +== Awards == +In subsequent years, the work of CPAS has been recognised by a number of awards and honours: In 1999, CPAS, Shell Australia and Questacon jointly won the Business/Higher Education Round Table Award. The citation commends CPAS as “a university centre whose brief is to empower Australians by encouraging in them the confidence of 'ownership' of modern science. It is intended to increase science awareness in the Australian community and to improve communication skills of scientists.” In 2000, its standing was such that it was designated as the first UNESCO Centre for Science Communication. +In 2004, the triple partnership was awarded the Financial Review National Award for long term sponsorship, and in 2006 it won the Special Award for Excellence in the Prime Ministers Community Business Partnerships. The individual contributions of members of CPAS have also been widely recognised and they have received many personal accolades. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Training Course in Science Journalism \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a8743b2e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Body Worlds" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:52.001175+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Body Worlds (German title: Körperwelten) is a traveling exposition of dissected human bodies, animals, and other anatomical structures of the body that have been preserved through the process of plastination. Gunther von Hagens developed the preservation process which "unite[s] subtle anatomy and modern polymer chemistry", in the late 1970s. +A series of Body Worlds anatomical exhibitions has toured many countries worldwide, sometimes raising controversies about the sourcing and display of actual human corpses and body parts. Von Hagens maintains that all human specimens were obtained with full knowledge and consent of the donors before they died, but this has not been independently verified, and in 2004 von Hagens returned seven corpses to China because they showed evidence of being executed prisoners. A competing exhibition, Bodies: The Exhibition, openly sources its bodies from "unclaimed bodies" in China, which can include executed prisoners. +In addition to temporary traveling exhibitions, permanent Body Worlds exhibits exists in Berlin, Amsterdam, Heidelberg, Guben, and San Jose, CA. + +== Description == + +The exhibit states that its purpose and mission is the education of laypeople about the human body, leading to better health awareness. Each Body Worlds exhibition contains approximately 25 full-body plastinates with expanded or selective organs shown in positions that enhance the role of certain systems. +To produce specimens for Body Worlds, von Hagens employs around 100 people at his laboratory in Guben, Germany. One of the most difficult specimens to create was the giraffe that appears in Body Worlds: Animal Inside Out. The specimen took three years to complete—ten times longer than it takes to prepare a human body. Ten people are required to move the giraffe, because its final weight (like all specimens after plastination) is equal to the original animal. +Many of the whole-body specimens are partially dissected in the Écorché style of 17th and 18th century European tradition, while others are sliced in various anatomical planes to permit understanding of anatomical structure. In addition, more than 200 specimens of real human organs and organ systems are typically separately displayed in glass cases, some showing various medical conditions. Some of the whole-body specimens, such as the "Tai Chi Man", demonstrate interventions, and include prosthetics such as artificial hip joints or heart valves. Often featured is a liver with cirrhosis, and the lungs of a smoker and non-smoker are placed for side by side comparison. A prenatal display may feature fetuses and embryos, some with congenital disorders. + +== Exhibitions == + +Body Worlds exhibitions have received more than 50 million visitors, making them the world's most popular touring attraction. Body Worlds was first presented in Tokyo in 1995, and related exhibitions have since been hosted by more than 50 museums and venues in North America, Europe, and Asia. Body Worlds 2 & The Brain – Our Three Pound Gem (concerning the brain and nervous system) opened in 2005 at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. As of September 2010 it was showing at the Telus World of Science in Vancouver. Several Body Worlds exhibits (as well as von Hagens himself) were featured in the 2006 film Casino Royale. Among the plastinates seen were the Poker Playing Trio (which plays a key role in one scene) and Rearing Horse and Rider. +Body Worlds 3 & The Story of the Heart (concerning the cardiovascular system) opened on 25 February 2006, at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. On 9 July 2009 this show appeared at the Buffalo Museum of Science in Buffalo, New York. As of May 2010, it was showing at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science in Denver, Colorado. Body Worlds 4 debuted 22 February 2008 at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester in England and was in the Cureghem Cellars in Brussels until March 2009. Body Worlds & The Mirror of Time (featuring human development and aging) debuted at The O2 in London in October 2008. Körperwelten & Der Zyklus Des Lebens (The Cycle of Life) opened in Heidelberg in January 2009. Body Worlds: Animal Inside Out premiered in 2010 at a German Museum. It was first conceived when von Hagens received a gorilla, a giraffe, an elephant, a bear, a sturgeon, a camel, a caribou, a horse, a cow, a bull, a yak, a crocodile, an octopus, an ostrich, a monkey, a shark, a sheep, a goat, a dog, a rabbit, a duck, a great white shark, a seal, a frog, an oryx, a squid, and other various animals, all of which are being donated from various zoos, institutions, museums, and aquariums from around the world when they all died from various causes of deaths and demises. Body Worlds Vital was inaugurated at the Universum museum of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 2012. +In 2017, the Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, California, opened a semi-permanent exhibition called Body Worlds Decoded. Sponsored by venture capitalist John Doerr and his wife Ann, the exhibit features plastinated specimens supplemented by augmented reality and a digital anatomy table. The exhibit is intended to run for at least 10 years. + +== Education == +Body Worlds has prepared free teaching guides for secondary school education, typically made available through organizations hosting its exhibitions. +In 2005, the New York University College of Dentistry experimented with replacing traditional laboratory dissection with the study of dissected and plastinated slices of specimens, for the training of beginning dental students. + +== Regulatory framework == + +=== Czech Republic === +In July 2008, the Czech Senate passed a law to address illegal trading in human tissue and ban "advertising of donation of human cells and tissues for money or similar advantages". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..523adc4c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Body Worlds" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:52.001175+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== France === +In response to the Paris exhibition of Our Body: The Universe Within, two local human rights groups filed a legal complaint against the owner of the exhibit, Gunther Von Hagens. The groups' lawyer Richard Sedillot argued that the existence of exhibits profiting from the display of human bodies creates a supply demand to produce and traffick more bodies through ethically dubious means to supply the exhibits. Potential scenarios given by the lawyer included structural violence such as neglecting medical patients or incentising an increase in death row convictions in China. Sedillot stated "I am convinced that the exhibition is the last step in a horrible traffic [sic] operation of human bodies originating in China." +On Tuesday 21 April 2009, Judge Louis-Marie Raingeard ruled that exhibiting dead bodies for profit was a "violation of the respect owed to them". "Under the law, the proper place for corpses is in the cemetery". Raingeard ordered the exhibition to close within 24 hours or face a fine of €20,000 (over $26,000 USD) for each day it stayed open. The judge also ordered authorities to seize the 17 bodies on display and all of the organs on display from an unknown number of people for proper burial. Von Hagens issued a press statement denying any connection between the closed Chinese exhibition and his Body Worlds franchise. Similar exhibitions had already been successfully staged in Lyon and Marseille. + +=== United Kingdom === + +==== England and Wales ==== +The UK Parliament created legislation for exhibits of human remains, including plastinated bodies and body parts, in England and Wales under the Human Tissue Act 2004. This requires a licence to be granted by the Human Tissue Authority. The Human Tissue Act superseded the Anatomy Act 1832, which had been found by an independent commission (The Redfern Report) to be inadequate on contemporary collection and use of human tissues, following the Alder Hey organs scandal. There was initially controversy over whether the exhibition needed a licence in compliance with the Anatomy Act 1984. But, after consideration by the Department of Health, it was found that the legislation had not been designed to relate to exhibitions like Body Worlds and so no licence was required. In March 2008, the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry was granted such a licence to hold Body Worlds 4 and a further licence was granted to the exhibition in the O2, London, in 2008. + +==== Scotland ==== +The Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 – which amended the Anatomy Act 1984 – covers Scotland. Under the terms of this Act, licences for the handling of human remains, including display, must be granted directly by the Scottish Ministry: "Subsection 9: If the Scottish Ministers think it desirable to do so in the interests of education, training or research, they may grant a license to a person to publicly display the body or, as the case may be, the part, and a person is authorized under this subsection to so display a body or a part of a body if, at the time of the display he is licensed under this subsection." +Various organizations gave evidence to the Scottish Executive during the consultation process, including the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Wellcome Trust, and the Museums Association. + +=== United States === +Various legislation has been proposed and enacted in different American states. Most proposals concentrate on issues regarding the sale of human remains and the consent of the donors. +National legislation on consent and tissue donation issues is expressed in the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (2006) passed by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws which states that "an anatomical gift of a donor's body or part may be made during the life of the donor for the purpose of transplantation, therapy, research, or education", and prohibits trafficking in donated human organs for profit. +In early 2008, former US Republican Representative W. Todd Akin proposed an amendment to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 to "make it unlawful for a person to import plastinated human remains into the United States." The President of the American Association of Anatomists has expressed concern that the scope of the act is "too broad" and that "Preventing importation of all plastinated specimens could severely restrict their use for medical education." The amendment was not enacted during the 2007–2008 Congressional session. + +==== California ==== +California's proposed bill AB1519 (Ma), sponsored by Assemblywoman Fiona Ma, tried to "require exhibitors to get a county permit; to do so, they would have to prove to county health officials that the people whose cadavers were on display—or their next of kin—had consented". +Assembly Bill 1519 would have made California the first state to require such proof. It was vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on 26 September 2008. + +==== Florida ==== +The state of Florida prohibits the sale or purchase of human remains and "Authorizes certain science centers located in this state to transport plastinated bodies into, within, or out of this state and exhibit such bodies for the purpose of public education without the consent of this state's anatomical board if the science center notifies the board of any such transportation or exhibition, as well as the location and duration of any exhibition, at least 30 days before such transportation or exhibition". The Museum of Science and History in Jacksonville and the Museum of Science and Industry in Tampa have hosted BODY WORLDS exhibitions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88e944077 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Body Worlds" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:52.001175+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Hawaii ==== +In January 2009, Rep. Marcus Oshiro introduced two bills prompted by presentation of the BODIES Exhibition in that state. HB28 Relating to Dead Human Bodies would add to the prohibition against buying dead human bodies, the selling of dead human bodies and defines the term "dead human body" to include plastinated bodies and body parts. It would increase the fine for buying or selling a dead human body to up to $5,000. HB29 Relating to Dead Human Bodies would prohibit the commercial display of dead human bodies without a permit from the Department of Health. + +==== New York ==== +In June 2008, New York State Senate passed legislation regulating body exhibits. A bill that was sponsored by Senator Jim Alesi requires anyone showing an exhibit that uses real human bodies in New York museums to produce a permit detailing their origin. BODY WORLDS was hosted at Discovery Times Square in New York City. + +==== Pennsylvania ==== +Representative Mike Fleck's proposed bill would require evidence of informed consent from the decedent or relatives of all humans whose remains are put on display. BODY WORLDS exhibitions have been hosted in Philadelphia at the Franklin Institute and in Allentown at the Da Vinci Science Center. + +==== Washington ==== +The state of Washington considered a bill that would "require written authorization to display human remains for a commercial purpose". + +== Controversies == + +=== Consent === +There have been several reports of corpses in the Body Worlds exhibit being prepared and shown without consent. In January 2004, the German news magazine Der Spiegel reported, based on internal emails and records as well as statements from von Hagens, that his company had acquired corpses of Chinese prisoners from capital punishment. In response to the article, von Hagens said that he has told his Chinese employees not to accept bodies that were executed, and returned seven cadavers to China that had head injuries, including at least two with bullet holes in the skull. In 2004, von Hagens obtained an injunction against Der Spiegel for making the claims. Paul Harris, director of North Carolina's State Board of Funeral Services, has stated, "Somebody at some level of government ought to be able to look at a death certificate, a statement from an embalmer, donation documents... That's a reasonable standard to apply." Assemblywoman Fiona Ma (D-San Francisco) said, "These displays do have important educational benefits, but using bodies against a person's will is unacceptable". +In 2002, two Russian doctors from the University of Novosibirsk were charged with illegally supplying von Hagens with 56 bodies, including convicts, homeless people, and mentally ill people, without consent from their relatives. Von Hagens said that none of the body parts were used in the Body Worlds exhibitions. Bodies from the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy were also found to have been obtained illegally in 2005. +Consent is not regulated worldwide according to the same ethical standards, raising ethical concerns. "[P]aperwork is... separated from the bodies, which can be used for displays or sold in pieces to medical schools. No one will know for sure, because each plastinated corpse is made anonymous to protect its privacy." Hans Martin Sass, a philosophy professor with a speciality in ethics, was hired by the California Science Center to investigate Body Worlds before the show's US debut in 2004. He matched over 200 donation forms to death certificates, but he did not match the paperwork to specific bodies von Hagens has on display. + +=== Import laws === +International trade experts have objected to the way in which bodies for commercial display are imported, because the way their categorization codes (as "art collections") do not require Centers for Disease Control stamps or death certificates, both of which are required for medical cadavers. In most countries plastinated human specimens are classified under Customs Classification Code 97050000.48 "items in anatomical collections". This customs code encompasses "zoological, botanical, mineralogical or anatomical collections or items in such collections." + +=== Ethical concerns about cadaver displays === +In an ethical analysis, Thomas Hibbs, professor of ethics and culture at Baylor University, a private Baptist-affiliated institution, compared cadaver displays to pornography, in that they reduce the subject to "the manipulation of body parts stripped of any larger human significance." +In a 2006 lecture entitled "Plasti-Nation: How America was Won", Lucia Tanassi, professor of medical ethics and anthropology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, explored questions for ethicists regarding this new scientific frontier. Tanassi called it provocative that ethics committees have contributed to the popularization of the exhibits without setting forth any process of a line of inquiry, pointing to an ethics report from the California Science Center. As part of that review, bioethicist Hans Martin Sass was sent to Heidelberg to match donor consents with death certificates. +Concerns have been expressed about the educational aspects, especially the inclusion of these displays for school field trips. St. Louis Archbishop Raymond Burke strongly suggested that Catholic schools avoid scheduling field trips, stating that parents, and not children, should retain the freedom of deciding whether or not their children will view the exhibit. Concerned with how "some kids process" these "graphic" images, Des McKay, school superintendent in Abbotsford, British Columbia (near Greater Vancouver), barred field trips to exhibits of plasticized human beings. In an editorial to the Abbotsford News, Rev. Christoph Reiners questions what effect the exhibits will have on the values of children attending for school field trips. Others—such as the Catholic Schools Office of Phoenix—acknowledge the educational content of Body Worlds. Reporting on the exhibition at the O2 bubble in 2008/2009, Melanie Reid of The Times stated "(Body Worlds) should be compulsory viewing for every child of 10 or over". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5623a35f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Body Worlds" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:52.001175+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Religious objections === +Religious groups, including some rabbis have objected to the display of human remains, stating that it is inconsistent with reverence towards the human body. A group of Catholic Christians voiced their opinions towards the Body Worlds exhibition in a reflection paper written by the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. This was in response to the arrival of the Body Worlds Exhibition in the Milwaukee Public Museum in 2014. The group were largely in favour of the exhibition due to its educational goals. But, the paper also discussed fears surrounding whether the exhibit's educational aims were secondary to the experience of voyeurism. There were also concerns over the display of plastinated fetuses, due to beliefs surrounding abortion. + +=== Sex plastinate === +In 2003, while promoting a display in the Hamburg Museum of Erotica, von Hagens announced his intention to create a sex plastinate. In May 2009 he unveiled a plastinate of a couple having sex, intended for a Berlin exhibition. + +=== Lessening donor organ availability === +In 2007, the Bishop of Manchester launched a campaign to coincide with the opening of Body Worlds in that city, accusing the exhibitors of being "body snatchers" and "robbing the NHS", arguing that donation of bodies for plastination would deprive the National Health Service of organs for transplant. The site included a government petition calling for "a review of the law regarding the policies and practices of touring shows involving corpses". + +=== Press limitations === +Von Hagens has maintained tight copyright control over pictures of his exhibits. Visitors were not allowed to take pictures, and press photographers were required to sign restrictive agreements permitting only a single publication in a defined context, followed by a return of the copyright to von Hagens. Because of a similar agreement applied to sound bites (O-Töne, in German) a German press organization suggested that the press refrain from reporting about the exhibition in Munich in 2003. In recent years, the restriction on photography has been relaxed for personal non-publication use only. + +=== Sale of plastinates === +Von Hagen’s website offers plastinated pieces for sale. There are a wide range of products from plastinated fruit jewelry to entire humans. Although some of the pieces require purchasers to be a qualified user—those intending to use the pieces for "research, educational, medical or therapeutic purposes"—many pieces, including animal testicles and baby chicks, require no authorization. There are also extremely realistic plastinate impressions of human hearts and slices (including one slice of copulating humans) for sale to the general public. + +== Competitors == +The success of Body Worlds has given rise to several similar shows featuring plastinated cadavers, including BODIES... The Exhibition and Our Body: The Universe Within in the United States, Bodies Revealed in the United Kingdom, Body Exploration in Taiwan, Mysteries of the Human Body in South Korea, Jintai Plastomic: Mysteries of the Human Body in Japan, Cuerpos Entrañables in Spain. +Some of these contain exhibits very similar to von Hagens' plastinates; von Hagens has asserted copyright protection, and has sued Body Exploration and Bodies Revealed. +The suits were based on a presumed copyright of certain positions of the bodies, but the counterparty asserts that the human body in its diversity cannot be copyrighted. +Such lawsuits have not stopped the competition. While the Korean police in Seoul confiscated a few exhibits from Bodies Revealed, the exhibition went on successfully. +Several of the competing exhibitions have been organized by the publicly traded US company Premier Exhibitions. They started their first Bodies Revealed exhibition in Blackpool, England which ran from August through October 2004. In 2005 and 2006 the company opened their Bodies Revealed and BODIES... The Exhibition exhibitions in Seoul, Tampa, Miami, New York City, and Seattle. Other exhibition sites in 2006 were Mexico City; Atlanta, Georgia, US; London; and Las Vegas, Nevada. +Unlike Body Worlds, none of the competing exhibitions or their suppliers have a body donation programme. Dr Roy Glover, a spokesperson for BODIES... The Exhibition said all their exhibits use unclaimed cadavers from China, a category which the Laogai Research Foundation has charged could include executed prisoners. In May 2008, a settlement with the attorney general of New York obliged Premier Exhibitions to offer refunds to visitors when it could not prove consent for the use of the bodies in its exhibitions. New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo commented: "Despite repeated denials, we now know that Premier itself cannot demonstrate the circumstances that led to the death of the individuals. Nor is Premier able to establish that these people consented to their remains being used in this manner." + +== See also == +Bodies: The Exhibition +Embalming +Mummification +Organ transplantation in China +Plastination +Musée Fragonard d'Alfort museum of historical écorchés + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..831f4b710 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Body Worlds" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:52.001175+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Further reading == +Gottfried Bogusch, Renate Graf, Thomas Schnalke. Auf Leben und Tod Beiträge zur Diskussion um die Ausstellung "Körperwelten", Schriften aus dem Berliner Medizinhistorischen Museum, 2003, VII, 136 S. 62 Abb., Softcover ISBN 978-3798514249. +Burns, Lawrence (2007). "Gunther Von Hagens' Body Worlds: Selling Beautiful Education". The American Journal of Bioethics. 7 (4): 12–23. doi:10.1080/15265160701220659. PMID 17454986. S2CID 31456090. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. +Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca: Wissenschaftliche Transzendenz der Körperwelten. Aufhebung der "Beschränkung von Freiheit" durch Leben, Tod und Körper. In: Wolf Gerhard Schmidt (Hg.): Körperbilder in Kunst und Wissenschaft Würzburg 2014, S. 107–138. +Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca: "Ich will in meinem Knochenleben endlich zufrieden und glücklich sein": Eschatologie der Körperwelten. In: Dominik Groß, Brigitte Tag und Christoph Schweikardt (Hg.): Who wants to live forever? Frankfurt, New York 2011, S. 197–218. +Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca: La plastination, une technique d'incarnation des espoirs scientifiques. In : Annette Leibing et Virginie Tournay (Hg.): Les technologies de l'espoir: La fabrique d'une histoire à accomplir. PUL-Presses de l'Université Laval, 2010. +Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca. Wachsfigur – Mensch – Plastinat. Über die Mitteilbarkeit von Sehen, Nennen und Wissen, Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte (1999), Heft 1. +Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca und Thomas Kliche (Hg.). Verführerische Leichen – verbotener Verfall, "Körperwelten" als gesellschaftliches Schlüsselereignis, Lengerich u.a.: Pabst Verlag 2006 +Misia Sophia Doms. Die Ausstellung "Körperwelten" und der Umgang mit der endlichen Leiblichkeit, Volkskunde in Rheinland Pfalz 17/1 (2002). S. 62–108. +Gunther von Hagens. Body Worlds – The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies. Amazon-UK. +Gunther von Hagens, No Skeletons in the Closet – Facts, Background and Conclusions. Institute for Plastination, 17 November 2003. +Franz Josef Wetz, Brigitte Tag (Ed.). Schöne Neue Körperwelten, Der Streit um die Ausstellung, Klett-Cotta Verlag, Stuttgart 2001. Sixteen authors discuss the various ethical and aesthetical aspects of Body Worlds, in German. +Angelina Whalley (Ed.). Pushing the Limits – Encounters with Gunther von Hagens, pp. 45–36. 2005. +Schulte-Sasse, Linda (2006). "Advise and Consent: On the Americanization of Body Worlds". BioSocieties. 1 (4): 369–384. doi:10.1017/S1745855206004017. S2CID 146344274. + +== External links and sources == +True Anatomy for New Ways of Teaching von Hagens Plastination offers one-of-a-kind, real human teaching specimens! +Official website (English and German) + Media related to Body Worlds at Wikimedia Commons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugscope-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugscope-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe13f7ca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugscope-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Bugscope" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugscope" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:53.078763+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bugscope is a web-based science outreach program that connects K-12 classrooms with microscopists at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at UIUC to explore insects under a high-powered scanning electron microscope (SEM). Launched in 1998, Bugscope allows students to observe microscopic details of insects and other organisms, sparking curiosity and fostering scientific discovery. The program has reached students globally, offering live, interactive sessions that align with educational standards. + + +== Award == +The Science Prize for Online Resources in Education (SPORE) from AAAS was awarded to Bugscope for its impact on science education in 2011. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7db32eebd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Clean Energy Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:54.243906+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Clean Energy Project (CEP) was a virtual high-throughput discovery and design effort for the next generation of plastic solar cell materials that has finished. It studies millions of candidate structures to identify suitable compounds for the harvesting of renewable energy from the sun and for other organic electronic applications. It ran on the BOINC platform. + + +== Project purpose == +The project searched for the most suitable organic compounds with which to make solar cells, the best polymeric membranes with which to make fuel cells, and how best to assemble the molecules for such devices. + + +== Current project status == +On June 24, 2013, the Clean Energy Project released its database to the public and the research community. The release was featured on the White House Blog and by several news organizations including the MIT Technology Review. The database contains 150 million density functional theory calculations on 2.3 million molecules. + + +== Publications == +C. Amador-Bedolla, R. Olivares-Amaya, J. Hachmann, A. Aspuru-Guzik, Towards Materials Informatics for Organic Photovoltaics, in Informatics for Materials Science and Engineering, K. Rajan, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam (2013). In press. +R. Olivares-Amaya, C. Amador-Bedolla, J. Hachmann, S. Atahan-Evrenk, R.S. Sánchez-Carrera, L. Vogt, A. Aspuru-Guzik, Accelerated Computational Discovery of High-performance Materials for Organic Photovoltaics by Means of Cheminformatics. Energy & Environmental Science 4 (2011), 4849–4861. +J. Hachmann; R. Olivares-Amaya; S. Atahan-Evrenk; C. Amador-Bedolla; R.S. Sánchez-Carrera; A. Gold-Parker; L. Vogt; A.M. Brockway; A. Aspuru-Guzik (2011). "The Harvard Clean Energy Project: Large-Scale Computational Screening and Design of Organic Photovoltaics on the World Community Grid" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2 (17): 2241–2251. doi:10.1021/jz200866s. S2CID 54001464. +A.N. Sokolov, S. Atahan-Evrenk, R. Mondal, H.B. Akkerman, R.S. Sánchez-Carrera, S. Granados-Focil, J. Schrier, S.C.B. Mannsfeld, A.P. Zoombelt, Z. Bao, A. Aspuru-Guzik, From Computational Discovery to Experimental Characterization of a High Hole Mobility Organic Crystal. Nature Communications 2 (2011), 437. +R.S. Sánchez-Carrera; S. Atahan; J. Schrier; A. Aspuru-Guzik (2010). "Theoretical Characterization of the Air-Stable, High-Mobility Dinaphtho[2,3- b :2′3′- f ]thieno[3,2- b ]-thiophene Organic Semiconductor". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 114 (5): 2334–2340. doi:10.1021/jp910102f. S2CID 35899420. +R.S. Sánchez-Carrera; M.C. Ruiz Delgado; C. Capel Ferrón; R. Malavé Osuna; V. Hernández; J.T. López Navarrete; A. Aspuru-Guzik (October 2010). "Optical absorption and emission properties of end-capped oligothienoacenes: A joint theoretical and experimental study". Organic Electronics. 11 (10): 1701–1712. doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2010.07.001. S2CID 21724802. + + +== See also == +BOINC +List of volunteer computing projects +World Community Grid + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Clean Energy Project at the World Community Grid +Clean Energy Project Website Archived 2020-11-07 at the Wayback Machine +Clean Energy Project Database \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03f26f55c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Climateprediction.net" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:55.370041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +climateprediction.net (CPDN) is a volunteer computing project to investigate and reduce uncertainties in climate modelling. It aims to do this by running hundreds of thousands of different models (a large climate ensemble) using the donated idle time of ordinary personal computers, thereby leading to a better understanding of how models are affected by small changes in the many parameters known to influence the global climate. +The project relies on the BOINC framework where voluntary participants agree to run some processes of the project at the client-side in their personal computers after receiving tasks from the server-side for treatment. +CPDN, which is run primarily by Oxford University in England, has harnessed more computing power and generated more data than any other climate modelling project. It has produced over 100 million model years of data so far. As of June 2016, there are more than 12,000 active participants from 223 countries with a total BOINC credit of more than 27 billion, reporting about 55 teraflops (55 trillion operations per second) of processing power. + +== Aims == + +The aim of the climateprediction.net project is to investigate the uncertainties in various parameterizations that have to be made in state-of-the-art climate models. The model is run thousands of times with slight perturbations to various physics parameters (a 'large ensemble') and the project examines how the model output changes. These parameters are not known exactly, and the variations are within what is subjectively considered to be a plausible range. This will allow the project to improve understanding of how sensitive the models are to small changes and also to things like changes in carbon dioxide and sulphur cycle. In the past, estimates of climate change have had to be made using one or, at best, a very small ensemble (tens rather than thousands) of model runs. By using participants' computers, the project will be able to improve understanding of, and confidence in, climate change predictions more than would ever be possible using the supercomputers currently available to scientists. +The climateprediction.net experiment is intended to help "improve methods to quantify uncertainties of climate projections and scenarios, including long-term ensemble simulations using complex models", identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 as a high priority. Hopefully, the experiment will give decision makers a better scientific basis for addressing one of the biggest potential global problems of the 21st century. +As shown in the graph above, the various models have a fairly wide distribution of results over time. For each curve, on the far right, there is a bar showing the final temperature range for the corresponding model version. The further into the future the model is extended, the wider the variances between them. Roughly half of the variation depends on the future climate forcing scenario rather than uncertainties in the model. Any reduction in those variations, whether from better scenarios or improvements in the models, are wanted. climateprediction.net is working on model uncertainties, not the scenarios. +Currently, scientists can run models and see that x% of the models warm y degrees in response to z climate forcings, but are uncertain as to whether x% is a good representation of the probability of that happening in the real world. Some models will be good and some poor at producing past climate when given past climate forcings and initial conditions (a hindcast). It does make sense to trust the models that do well at recreating the past more than those that do poorly. Therefore, models that do poorly will be down weighted. + +== The experiments == + +The different models that climateprediction.net has and will distribute are detailed below in chronological order. Therefore, anyone who has joined recently is likely to be running the transient coupled model. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3450b1a91 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Climateprediction.net" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:55.370041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Classic Slab Model - The original experiment not under BOINC. See #The original model for further details. This model remains in use solely for the OU short course. +BOINC Slab Model - The same as the classic Slab Model, but released under BOINC. +ThermoHaline Circulation (THC) Model - An investigation of how the climate might change in the event of a decrease in the strength of the ThermoHaline Circulation. This experiment has now been closed to new participants as they have sufficient results. It was a four phase model totaling 60 model years. The first three phases were identical to the above Slab Models. The fourth phase imposed the effects of a 50% slowdown in the Thermohaline circulation by imposing SST changes in the north Atlantic derived from other runs. +Sulfur Cycle Model - An investigation of the effect of sulfate aerosols on the climate. The experiment will model sulfur in a number of compound forms including dimethyl sulfide and sulfate aerosols. This experiment started in August 2005 and was a pre-requirement for the Hindcast. It is a 5 phase model totalling 75 model years. Timesteps are around 70% longer, making the model around 2.8 times longer than the initial slab model. While a few models are still tricking, model have not been issued since 2006. +Coupled Spin-Up Model - Inclusion of oceanic influences into the basic model in a more dynamic and realistic way than the initial Slab Model. This was a pre-requirement for the Hindcast. This has been completed and, as planned, was not publicly released. The fastest 200 - 500 computers were invited to join because it is a 200-year model and results were needed by February 2006 for the transient coupled model launch. +Transient coupled Model - This comprises an 80-year Hindcast and an 80-year forecast. The Hindcast is to test how well the models perform at recreating the climate of 1920 to 2000. It was launched February 2006 under BBC Climate Change Experiment branding and later also released from the CPDN site. +Seasonal Attribution Project - This is a high resolution model for a single model year to look at extreme precipitation events. This experiment is much shorter due to its single model year, but there are 13.5 times as many cells and timesteps are only 10 minutes instead of 30 minutes. This extra resolution means it requires at least 1.5 gigabytes of RAM. It uses the HadAM3-N144 climate model. + +== History == +Myles Allen first thought about the need for large climate ensembles in 1997, but was only introduced to the success of SETI@home in 1999. The first funding proposal in April 1999 was rejected as utterly unrealistic. +Following a presentation at the World Climate Conference in Hamburg in September 1999 and a commentary in Nature in October 1999, thousands signed up to this supposedly imminently available program. The dot-com bubble bursting did not help and the project realised they would have to do most of the programming themselves rather than outsourcing. +It was launched September 12, 2003, and on September 13, 2003, the project exceeded the capacity of the Earth Simulator to become the world's largest climate modelling facility. +The 2003 launch only offered a Windows "classic" client. On 26 August 2004 a BOINC client was launched which supported Windows, Linux and Mac OS X clients. "Classic" will continue to be available for a number of years in support of the Open University course. BOINC has stopped distributing classic models in favour of sulfur cycle models. A more user friendly BOINC client and website called GridRepublic, which supports climateprediction.net and other BOINC projects, was released in beta in 2006. +A thermohaline circulation slowdown experiment was launched in May 2004 under the classic framework to coincide with the film The Day After Tomorrow. This program can still be run but is no longer downloadable. The scientific analysis has been written up in Nick Faull's thesis. A paper about the thesis is still to be completed. There is no further planned research with this model. +A sulfur cycle model was launched in August 2005. They took longer to complete than the original models as a result of having five phases instead of three. Each timestep was also more complicated. +By November 2005, the number of completed results totalled 45,914 classic models, 3,455 thermohaline models, 85,685 BOINC models and 352 sulfur cycle models. This represented over 6 million model years processed. +In February 2006, the project moved on to more realistic climate models. The BBC Climate Change Experiment was launched, attracting around 23,000 participants on the first day. The transient climate simulation introduced realistic oceans. This allowed the experiment to investigate changes in the climate response as the climate forcings are changed, rather than an equilibrium response to a significant change like doubling the carbon dioxide level. Therefore, the experiment has now moved on to doing a hindcast of 1920 to 2000 as well as a forecast of 2000 to 2080. This model takes much longer. +The BBC gave the project publicity with over 120,000 participating computers in the first three weeks. +In March 2006, a high resolution model was released as another project, the Seasonal Attribution Project. +In April 2006, the coupled models were found to have a data input problem. The work was useful for a different purpose than advertised. New models had to be handed out. + +== Results to date == +The first results of the experiment were published in Nature in January 2005, showing that with only slight changes to the parameters within plausible ranges, the models can show climate sensitivities from less than 2 °C to more than 11 °C. The higher climate sensitivities have been challenged as implausible. For example, by Gavin Schmidt (a climate modeler with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c715b5069 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Climateprediction.net" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:55.370041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Explanation === +Climate sensitivity is defined as the equilibrium response of global mean temperature to doubling levels of carbon dioxide. As of June 2025, current levels of carbon dioxide are 426 ppm and grew by 3.72ppm in the last year, compared with preindustrial levels of 280 ppm. +Climate sensitivities of greater than 5 °C are widely accepted as being catastrophic. The possibility of such high sensitivities being plausible given observations had been reported prior to the climateprediction.net experiment but "this is the first time GCMs have produced such behaviour". +Even the models with very high climate sensitivity were found to be "as realistic as other state-of-the-art climate models". The test of realism was done with a root mean square error test. This does not check on realism of seasonal changes and it is possible that more diagnostic measures may place stronger constraints on what is realistic. Improved realism tests are being developed. +It is important to the experiment and the goal of obtaining a probability distribution function (pdf) of climate outcomes to get a very wide range of behaviours even if only to rule out some behaviours as unrealistic. Larger sets of simulations have more reliable pdfs. Therefore, models with climate sensitivities as high as 11 °C are included despite their limited accuracy. The sulfur cycle experiment is likely to extend the range downwards. + +=== Piani et al. (2005) === +Published in Geophysical Review Letters, this paper concludes:When an internally consistent representation of the origins of model-data discrepancy is used to calculate the probability density function of climate sensitivity, the 5th and 95th percentiles are 2.2 K and 6.8 K respectively. These results are sensitive, particularly the upper bound, to the representation of the origins of model data discrepancy. + +== Use in education == +There is an Open University short course and teaching material available for schools to teach subjects relating to climate and climate modelling. There is also teaching material available for use in Key Stage 3/4 Science, A level Physics (Advanced Physics), Key Stage 3/4 Mathematics, Key Stage 3/4 Geography, 21st Century Science, Science for Public Understanding, Use of Mathematics, Primary. + +== The original model == +The original experiment is run with HadSM3, which is the HadAM3 atmosphere from the HadCM3 model but with only a "slab" ocean rather than a full dynamic ocean. This is faster (and requires less memory) than the full model, but lacks dynamical feedbacks from the ocean, which are incorporated into the full coupled-ocean-atmosphere models used to make projections of climate change out to 2100. +Each downloaded model comes with a slight variation in the various model parameters. +In the initial "calibration phase" of 15 model years, the model calculates the "flux correction"; extra ocean-atmosphere fluxes that are needed to keep the model ocean in balance (the model ocean does not include currents; these fluxes to some extent replace the heat that would be transported by the missing currents). +In the "control phase" of 15 years, the ocean temperatures are allowed to vary. The flux correction ought to keep the model stable, but feedbacks developed in some of the runs. There is a quality control check, based on the annual mean temperatures, and models which fail this check are discarded. +In the "double CO2 phase", the CO2 content is instantaneously doubled and the model run for a further 15 years, which in some cases is not quite sufficient model time to settle down to a new (warmer) equilibrium. In this phase some models which produced physically unrealistic results were again discarded. +The quality control checks in the control and 2*CO2 phases were quite weak: they suffice to exclude obviously unphysical models but do not include (for example) a test of the simulation of the seasonal cycle; hence some of the models passed may still be unrealistic. Further quality control measures are being developed. +The temperature in the doubled CO2 phase is exponentially extrapolated to work out the equilibrium temperature. Difference in temperature between this and the control phase then gives a measure of the climate sensitivity of that particular version of the model. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..845cf50db --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Climateprediction.net" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T02:56:55.370041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Visualisations == +Many volunteer computing projects have screensavers to visually indicate the activity of the application, but they do not usually show its results as they are being calculated. By contrast, climateprediction.net not only uses a built-in visualisation to show the climate of the world being modelled, but it is interactive which allows different aspects of climate (temperature, rainfall, etc.) to be displayed. In addition, there are other, more advanced visualisation programs that allow the user to see more of what the model is doing (usually by analysing previously generated results) and to compare different runs and models. +The real-time desktop visualisation for the model launched in 2003 was developed by Jeremy Walton at NAG, enabling users to track the progress of their simulation as the cloud cover and temperature changes over the surface of the globe. Other, more advanced visualisation programs in use include CPView and IDL Advanced Visualisation. They have similar functionality. CPView was written by Martin Sykes, a participant in the experiment. The IDL Advanced Visualisation was written by Andy Heaps of the University of Reading (UK), and modified to work with the BOINC version by Tesella Support Services plc. +Only CPView allows you to look at unusual diagnostics, rather than the usual Temperature, Pressure, Rainfall, Snow, and Clouds. Up to 5 sets of data can be displayed on a map. It also has a wider range of functions like Max, Min, further memory functions, and other features. +The Advanced Visualisation has functions for graphs of local areas and over 1 day, 2 days, and 7 days, as well as the more usual graphs of season and annual averages (which both packages do). There are also Latitude - Height plots and Time - Height plots. +The download size is much smaller for CPView and CPView works with Windows 98. +As of December 2008 there is no visualisation tool that works with the newer CPDN models. Neither CPView nor Advanced Visualisation have been updated to display data gathered from those models. So users can only visualize the data through the screensaver. + +== BBC Climate Change Experiment == +The BBC Climate Change Experiment was a BOINC project led by Oxford University with several partners including the UK Met Office, the BBC, the Open University and Reading University. It is the transient coupled model of the climateprediction.net project. +Many participants joined the project with over 120,000 people signing up in teams. +Results continued to be collected for some time with the follow-up television program being aired in January 2007. On 8 March 2009, climateprediction.net officially declared that BBC Climate Change Experiment was finished, before shutting down the project. + +== See also == + +== References == + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file