diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 1ba21c8d8..094808768 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_scrotum-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_scrotum-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36dd61d40 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_scrotum-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Cello scrotum" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_scrotum" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:15.460812+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cello scrotum is a hoax medical condition originally published as a brief case report in the British Medical Journal in 1974. As its name suggests, it was purportedly an affliction of the scrotum affecting male players of the cello. + + +== History == + +The original letter was written by Elaine Murphy but signed by her husband John. The journal had printed an earlier report about 'guitar nipple', a condition said to occur when some styles of guitar playing excessively irritate the player's nipple (a form of contact dermatitis similar to jogger's nipple), which Murphy and her husband believed was likely a joke. +Murphy now points out that even a cursory study of the cellist's posture would show that the 'cello scrotum' complaint would not occur. The unlikelihood of a cellist's posture contributing to scrotal injury was raised back in 1974, but seems to have been overlooked. +Murphy admitted the hoax in 2009 in another letter to the BMJ after an article in the 2008 Christmas edition of the BMJ made reference to the complaint. The truth of the case report had already been questioned in the medical literature in 1991. Others have cited it, although expressing scepticism. +The implications of this and other hoax medical letters for evidence-based medicine and public understanding of science were discussed by Séamus Mac Suibhne. + + +== See also == +Coalworker's pneumoconiosis +Golfer's elbow +Jogger's nipple +List of hoaxes +Nintendo thumb +Radium jaw +Surfer's ear +Tennis elbow + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Excellence_in_Regulatory_Science_and_Innovation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Excellence_in_Regulatory_Science_and_Innovation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db0b48779 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Excellence_in_Regulatory_Science_and_Innovation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Excellence_in_Regulatory_Science_and_Innovation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:16.630802+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) is a type of research centre focused on regulatory science to support innovation. They were invented by the Food and Drug Administration in the US in 2016 to support their work, with the creation of four CERSIs. The UK launched equivalent bodies (Centres of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation) in 2025 to work with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). + + +== References == + + +== External links == +US CERSIs: + +M-CERSI, University of Maryland +Johns Hopkins CERSI +UCSF-Stanford CERSI +Yale University-Mayo Clinic CERSI +Triangle CERSI +UK CERSIs: + +CERSI AI +InSilicoUK +RADIANT CERSI \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemRxiv-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemRxiv-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..313f5d32d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemRxiv-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "ChemRxiv" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemRxiv" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:17.898205+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ChemRxiv (pronounced "chem archive"—the X represents the Greek letter chi [χ]) is an open access preprint archive for chemistry. It is operated by the American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry and German Chemical Society. The new preprint server was announced already in 2016, but was only opened online in 2017. Initially, editors of ACS journals were skeptical and only 80% of the editors allowed submissions to be uploaded to the preprint server in 2017. In 2019 the Chinese Chemical Society and the Chemical Society of Japan joined as co-owners of the preprint server. +The initial reception of ChemRxiv was one of hesitation, with several major journals of the founding organizations initially unsupportive: Angewandte Chemie gave support in March 2018 and JACS only gave support in August 2018. However, ChemRxiv received more than 1,000 submissions in the first eighteen months, +growing to 2,314 in 2019. Like other preprint servers, it saw a surge in COVID-19 preprints in 2020. + + +== See also == +List of preprint repositories + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_South_Australia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_South_Australia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe31e3095 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_South_Australia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Chief Scientist of South Australia" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_South_Australia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:19.085770+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Chief Scientist of South Australia is an independent advisory role to the Government of South Australia, providing advice to the Premier and Cabinet on matters of science, technology, innovation and research. The Chief Scientist chairs the South Australian Science Council and recommends to the government new members for the Council. + + +== Incumbents == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hi-Tech_Fair-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hi-Tech_Fair-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abafd68de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hi-Tech_Fair-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "China Hi-Tech Fair" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hi-Tech_Fair" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:20.402618+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Shenzhen High-Tech Fair (Chinese: 深圳高交会, 高交会), officially known as the China Hi-Tech Fair (中国国际高新技术成果交易会, CHTF), is one of the most influential technology fairs in Shenzhen, China. It is jointly organized by Chinese National and Shenzhen municipal government departments and research institutions. + + +== Description == +Since its inception in 1999, the fair has been held annually in Shenzhen, usually at the Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center in mid-November. The fair serves not only as a platform for technological exchange but also as an important venue for connecting innovative startups with capital. +The fair covers multiple fields, including but not limited to electronic information, environmental protection, new energy, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. Additionally, the CHTF includes forums, technical seminars, product launches, and international cooperation exchanges, attracting numerous domestic and international enterprises, research institutions, and investors. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-break_procedure-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-break_procedure-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21b1106e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-break_procedure-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Code-break procedure" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-break_procedure" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:21.649031+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A code-break procedure is a set of rules which determine when planned unblinding should occur in a blinded experiment. FDA guidelines recommend that sponsors of blinded trials include a code-break procedure in their standard operating procedure. A code-break procedure should only allow a participant to be unblinded before the conclusion of a trial in the event of an emergency. Code-break usually refers to the unmasking of treatment allocation, but can refer to any form of unblinding. +Traditionally, each patient's treatment allocation data was stored in a sealed envelopes, which was to be opened to break code. However, this system is prone to abuse. Reports of researchers opening envelopes prematurely or holding the envelopes up to lights to determine their contents has led some researchers to say that the use of sealed envelopes is no longer acceptable. As of 2016, sealed envelopes were still in use in some clinical trials. Modern clinical trials usually store this information in computer files. + + +== See also == +Sealedenvelope.com – a provider of code-break services + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f29b5e0e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "Color science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:22.773568+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Color science is the scientific study of color including lighting and optics; measurement of light and color; the physiology, psychophysics, and modeling of color vision; and color reproduction. It is the modern extension of traditional color theory. + + +== Organizations == +International Commission on Illumination (CIE) +Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) +Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) +Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) +International Colour Association (AIC) +Optica, formerly the Optical Society of America (OSA) +The Colour Group +Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC) +American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) +Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) +ACM SIGGRAPH +Vision Sciences Society (VSS) +Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM) + + +== Journals == +The preeminent scholarly journal publishing research papers in color science is Color Research and Application, started in 1975 by founding editor-in-chief Fred Billmeyer, along with Gunter Wyszecki, Michael Pointer and Rolf Kuehni, as a successor to the Journal of Colour (1964–1974). Previously most color science work had been split between journals with broader or partially overlapping focus such as the Journal of the Optical Society of America (JOSA), Photographic Science and Engineering (1957–1984), and the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (renamed Coloration Technology in 2001). +Other journals where color science papers are published include the Journal of Imaging Science & Technology, the Journal of Perceptual Imaging, the Journal of the International Colour Association (JAIC), the Journal of the Color Science Association of Japan, Applied Optics, and the Journal of Vision. + + +== Conferences == +Congress of the International Color Association +IS&T Color and Imaging Conference (CIC) +SIGGRAPH +International Symposium for Color Science and Art + + +== Selected books == +Berns, Roy S. (2019). Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology (4th ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119367314. 3rd ed. (2000). +Daw, Nigel (2012). How Vision Works: The Physiological Mechanisms Behind What We See. Oxford. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751617.001.0001. +Elliot, Andrew J.; Fairchild, Mark D.; Franklin, Anna, eds. (2015). Handbook of Color Psychology. Cambridge. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107337930. +Fairchild, Mark D. (2013). Color Appearance Models (3rd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118653128. Author's website. 2nd ed. (2005). +Hunt, Robert W. G. (2004). The Reproduction of Colour (6th ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0470024275. +Kuehni, Rolf G. (2012). Color: An Introduction to Practice and Principles (3rd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118533567. 1st ed. (1997). +Luo, Ming R., ed. (2016). Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8071-7. +MacAdam, David L., ed. (1970). Sources of Color Science. MIT Press. +Reinhard, Erik; Khan, Erum Arif; Akyuz, Ahmet Oguz; Johnson, Garrett (2008). Color Imaging: Fundamentals and Applications. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b10637. +Schanda, János, ed. (2007). Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470175637. +Shamey, Renzo; Kuehni, Rolf G. (2020). Pioneers of Color Science. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30811-1. +Wyszecki, Günter; Stiles, Walter S. (1982). Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae (2nd ed.). Wiley. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bd734445 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Community of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:24.053257+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Community of Science was a collection of online databases, providing research information to both the public and subscribers, and services for the research community. It is owned by ProQuest. + + +== History == +Community of Science was founded in 1988 by Johns Hopkins University. +The Community of Science databases were originally hosted online at http://cos.gdb.org/, on the webserver of the GDB Human Genome Database. Community of Science was also accessible via U.S. Department of Agriculture CRIS, National Science Foundation, and Department of Health and Human Services. +As of 1997 the CEO and president was Huntington Williams, and the organisation was located in Baltimore, Maryland. + + +== Databases == +Community of Science Expertise +Community of Science Funding Opportunities – categorised according to a standardised list of keywords +Canadian editions of these databases also existed. + + +== Services == +Community of Science Funding Alert +Community of Science Funding News – published biweekly + + +== Access == + +The following organisations are subscribed: + +Association of Commonwealth Universities + + +== See also == +List of funding opportunity databases + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorium-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorium-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7baa427bd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorium-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Compressorium" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorium" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:25.372984+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The compressorium (plural: compressoria) is a scientific apparatus for applying pressure to a sample for examination with a microscope. +Widely used by microscopists in the 19th century, they were produced by companies such as Bausch and Lomb. +Many versions of compressoria were developed over the years, with one of the first attributed to the famous histologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, see picture. +Compressoria were still used in the twenty-first century for the identification of Trichinella worms in samples. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational-representational_understanding_of_mind-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational-representational_understanding_of_mind-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e11321c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational-representational_understanding_of_mind-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Computational-representational understanding of mind" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational-representational_understanding_of_mind" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:52:26.576487+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Computational representational understanding of mind (CRUM) is a hypothesis in cognitive science which proposes that thinking is performed by computations operating on representations. This hypothesis assumes that the mind has mental representations analogous to data structures and computational procedures analogous to algorithms, such that computer programs using algorithms applied to data structures can model the mind and its processes. +CRUM takes into consideration several theoretical approaches of understanding human cognition, including logic, rule, concept, analogy, image, and connectionist-based systems based on artificial neural networks. These serve as the representation aspects of CRUM theory which are then acted upon to simulate certain aspects of human cognition, such as the use of rule-based systems in neuroeconomics. +There is much disagreement on this hypothesis, but CRUM has high regard among some researchers. Philosopher Paul Thagard called it "the most theoretically and experimentally successful approach to mind ever developed". + + +== See also == + +Cognitive science +Computational neuroscience + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Glossary for Cognitive Science at the University of Waterloo +Paul Thagard \ No newline at end of file