Scrape wikipedia-science: 11497 new, 3667 updated, 15546 total (kb-cron)
This commit is contained in:
parent
de0e1830fc
commit
5956590a05
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:58:16.434722+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:15.296951+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Science_Letters-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Science_Letters-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Advanced Science Letters"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Science_Letters"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:06.869256+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Advanced Science Letters was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by American Scientific Publishers. The editor-in-chief was Hari Singh Nalwa. Publishing formats include full papers, short communications, and special sections consisting of various formats. The journal was established in June 2008, and is published by American Scientific Publishers, a company identified by Jeffrey Beall as a predatory publisher. Although the journal received a 2010 impact factor of 1.253, it ceased to be indexed the following year. The journal was discontinued in 2019.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Scope ==
|
||||
Coverage included joining basic and applied original research across multiple disciplines. These are the physical sciences, biological sciences (including health sciences and medicine), computer sciences (including information science), agriculture sciences, geosciences, and environmental sciences (including environmental engineering). Education and public relations were also covered.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Complex_Systems-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Complex_Systems-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Advances in Complex Systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Complex_Systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:08.000509+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Advances in Complex Systems (ACS) is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by World Scientific providing a multidisciplinary perspective to the study of complex systems. The journal was founded in 1997 and aims to "promote cross-fertilization of ideas among all the scientific disciplines having to deal with their own complex systems".
|
||||
Papers in ACS are divided into five sections, each managed by a separate editor: Physics and Mathematics; Computer Sciences; Biological Systems; Social and Economic Systems; and Traffic and Environmental Systems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is indexed in Mathematical Reviews, CSA Human Population and the Environment Abstracts, CSA Risk Abstracts, Zentralblatt MATH, Science Citation Index Expanded, CompuMath Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, ISI Alerting Services, and Inspec.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Advances in Life Course Research"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Life_Course_Research"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:09.188243+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Advances in Life Course Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed interdisciplinary scientific journal covering the field of life course research. It was established in 2000 and is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are L. Bernardi (University of Lausanne) and Juho Härkönen (European University Institute). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.548.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "African Journal of Range & Forage Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Journal_of_Range_&_Forage_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:10.341655+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The African Journal of Range & Forage Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the management and sustainable utilisation of natural and agricultural resources. It is published by Taylor & Francis and the National Inquiry Services Centre on behalf of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa. The editor-in-chief is James Bennett (Coventry University).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded, The Zoological Record, and BIOSIS Previews. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.961.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
African Journal of Range & Forage Science at African Journals OnLine
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Agronomy for Sustainable Development"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy_for_Sustainable_Development"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:11.499419+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Agronomy for Sustainable Development is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the interactions between cropping systems and other activities in the context of sustainable development. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE). Articles are freely accessible one year after their publication. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.832.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The journal was established in 1981 as Agronomie, with most articles in French. From 2003 to 2006, the journal underwent a drastic makeover, including a new title, a new cover design, and a switch to English-only publishing. To access articles published between 1981 and 2004, please consult the collection Agronomie.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Law_Journal_of_Science_and_Technology"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:01:45.659611+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:12.736178+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "American Journal of Applied Sciences"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Applied_Sciences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:13.896532+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The American Journal of Applied Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed open access academic journal publishing original research articles in the fields of chemistry, business and economics, physics, geology, engineering, mathematics, statistics, and computer science. The journal was established in 2004 and is published by Science Publications, a publisher listed on Beall's List before it closed down in 2017.
|
||||
The journal was abstracted and indexed in Scopus and Inspec. Scopus discontinued its coverage in 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Production_Science-0.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Production_Science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Animal Production Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Production_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:15.058077+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Animal Production Science is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal for agriculture and animal science and published by CSIRO Publishing. Research articles in the journal focus on improving livestock and food production, and on the social and economic issues that influence primary producers. It is predominantly concerned with domesticated animals (beef cattle, dairy cows, sheep, pigs, goats and poultry); however, contributions on horses and wild animals are also published where relevant.
|
||||
It was established in 1961 as Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. In 1985, this was shortened to Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. The current name was adopted in 2009.
|
||||
The current editor-in-chief is Wayne Bryden (University of Queensland).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in AgriBiotech, Agricola, Australian Bibliography of Agriculture, Elsevier BIOBASE, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, Current Contents (Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences), Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Institute for Scientific Information Moscow, Science Citation Index, Scopus and TEEAL.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Impact factor ==
|
||||
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had an impact factor in 2022 of 1.4.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Philosophy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:32:52.713869+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:16.277350+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:17.520626+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences is an academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences. It is one of the oldest science journals still being published, having been founded in 1823. The editor-in-chief is Douglas Braaten. Each issue is of substantial length and explores a single topic with a multidisciplinary approach. A review published on Ulrichsweb states the scope is enormous and describes the journal as highly respected and the articles as penetrating.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
|
||||
|
||||
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 4.728, ranking it 13th out of 71 journals in the category "Multidisciplinary sciences".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences at the HathiTrust Digital Library
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Sciences_(journal)-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Sciences_(journal)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Applied Sciences (journal)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Sciences_(journal)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:18.680103+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Applied Sciences is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering all aspects of applied physics, applied chemistry, applied biology, and engineering, environmental, and earth sciences. It was established in 2011 and is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Takayoshi Kobayashi (University of Electro-Communications).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
|
||||
|
||||
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.679.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiv_for_Mathematik_og_Naturvidenskab"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:19.890539+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab (translated: Archive of mathematics and natural science) was a scientific journal published in Oslo. Its first issue appeared in 1876, and was edited by the mathematician Sophus Lie, the physician Jacob Worm-Müller, and the biologist Georg Ossian Sars, and published by Albert Cammermeyer. The last issue appeared in 1961.
|
||||
Lie published his work on transformation groups (now called Lie groups) in the 1876 volume (p.19-57, 152-193).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Australasian Journal of Neuroscience"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Journal_of_Neuroscience"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:21.093847+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Australasian Journal of Neuroscience is a peer-reviewed neuroscience journal established in 1988. It is the official journal of the Australasian Neuroscience Nurses Association and is published by Exeley twice a year.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant_(journal)-0.md
Normal file
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant_(journal)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Avant (journal)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant_(journal)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:47.526708+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Avant. The Journal of the Philosophical-Interdisciplinary Vanguard (Trends in interdisciplinary studies and philosophy of science) is a triannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal. It is published by the Centre of Philosophical Research in Warsaw and cooperates with the faculty and PhD students at the NCU. The editor-in-chief is Witold Wachowski.
|
||||
The journal is bilingual (English and Polish), published both online and in print.
|
||||
The Avant journal is interested in current trends in interdisciplinary studies and philosophy of science. The journal publishes reviews and review papers, polemical texts, comments, opinions, academic essays and interviews; it focuses on new approaches in cognitive science, phenomenology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, studies on art, social ontology, constructivism, robotics, sciences of complexity and others.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_limiting_principle-0.md
Normal file
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_limiting_principle-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Basic limiting principle"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_limiting_principle"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:48.722554+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A basic limiting principle (BLP) is a general principle that limits our explanations metaphysically or epistemologically, and which normally goes unquestioned or even unnoticed in our everyday or scientific thinking. The term was introduced by the philosopher C. D. Broad in his 1949 paper "The Relevance of Psychical research to Philosophy":
|
||||
|
||||
"There are certain limiting principles which we unhesitatingly take for granted as the framework within which all our practical activities and our scientific theories are confined. Some of these seem to be self-evident. Others are so overwhelmingly supported by all the empirical facts which fall within the range of ordinary experience and the scientific elaborations of it (including under this heading orthodox psychology) that it hardly enters our heads to question them. Let us call these Basic Limiting Principles."
|
||||
Broad offers nine examples of B.L.P.s, including the principle that there can be no backward causation, that there can be no action at a distance, and that one cannot perceive physical events or material things directly, unmediated by sensations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_program_synthesis-0.md
Normal file
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_program_synthesis-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Bayesian program synthesis"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_program_synthesis"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:49.903237+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In programming languages and machine learning, Bayesian program synthesis (BPS) is a program synthesis technique where Bayesian probabilistic programs automatically construct new Bayesian probabilistic programs. This approach stands in contrast to routine practice in probabilistic programming where human developers manually write new probabilistic programs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== The framework ==
|
||||
Bayesian program synthesis has been described as a framework related to and utilizing probabilistic programming. In BPS, probabilistic programs are generated that are themselves priors over a space of probabilistic programs. This strategy allows automatic synthesis of new programs via probabilistic inference and is achieved by the composition of modular component programs.
|
||||
The modularity in BPS allows inference to work on and test smaller probabilistic programs before being integrated into a larger model.
|
||||
This framework can be contrasted with the family of automated program synthesis fields, which include programming by example and programming by demonstration. The goal in such fields is to find the best program that satisfies some constraint. In traditional program synthesis, for instance, verification of logical constraints reduce the state space of possible programs, allowing more efficient search to find an optimal program. Bayesian program synthesis differs both in that the constraints are probabilistic and the output is itself a distribution over programs that can be further refined.
|
||||
Additionally, Bayesian program synthesis can be contrasted to the work on Bayesian program learning, where probabilistic program components are hand-written, pre-trained on data, and then hand assembled in order to recognize handwritten characters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Probabilistic programming language
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Commentary on BPS by David Garrity: Artificial Intelligence to see Significant Progress in 2017
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuels,_Bioproducts_and_Biorefining"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:22.314935+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining (ISSN 1932-1031) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed review and commentary journal published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Society of Chemical Industry. The journal was established in 2007 and the editor in chief is Bruce E. Dale. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2020 impact factor is 4.102.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_&_Philosophy-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_&_Philosophy-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Biology & Philosophy"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_&_Philosophy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:23.725637+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Biology & Philosophy is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles about philosophy of biology, broadly understood to span conceptual, theoretical, and methodological issues in the biological sciences.
|
||||
The journal was founded by Michael Ruse in 1986, edited by him from 1986 to 2000, then edited by Kim Sterelny from 2000 to 2016, and it is currently edited by Michael Weisberg. It is published by Springer.
|
||||
Remarking on the journal, David Sloan Wilson wrote: "Biology and Philosophy provided a forum for a new breed of philosopher who regarded biology as a different type of science that need not and indeed should not be compared to physics."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases
|
||||
|
||||
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.461.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-Body_Theory_and_the_Quantum_Discontinuity,_1894–1912"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:51:10.340329+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:52.345520+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Nutrition-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Nutrition-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "British Journal of Nutrition"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Nutrition"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:24.895323+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The British Journal of Nutrition is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on animal and human nutrition. It was established in 1947 and is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. The editor-in-chief is Professor John Mathers of Newcastle University. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.6.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
The Nutrition Society
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "British Society for the Philosophy of Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:53.578267+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The British Society for the Philosophy of Science (BSPS) is a philosophical society based in the United Kingdom that aims to further the philosophy of science, and which manages the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. The BSPS was founded in 1948 as a Philosophy of Science Group for the British Society for the History of Science, and reconstituted with its present name in 1959.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
BSPS website
|
||||
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (archived 11 July 2005)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Iraq_Natural_History_Museum"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:26.062888+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum is a peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal publishing original articles, article reviews, and case reports in the natural history sciences. It affiliated with the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum / University of Baghdad. The current editor-in-chief is Razzaq Shalan Augul.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Bulletin of the Natural History Museum"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Natural_History_Museum"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:27.272131+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, formerly known as Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) is a series of scientific journals published by the British Museum, and later by the Natural History Museum of London. Titles in the series included
|
||||
|
||||
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Mineralogy Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series
|
||||
Upon transfer to the Natural History Museum, the journals were known as
|
||||
|
||||
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Botany Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Entomology Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Historical Series
|
||||
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series (which included the former Mineralogy series)
|
||||
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series
|
||||
The Botany, Entomology and Zoology series merged to form Systematics and Biodiversity, while the Geology series was succeeded by the Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Research-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Research-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian Journal of Research"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Research"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:28.452550+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Canadian Journal of Research is a defunct peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1929 by the National Research Council of Canada. In 1935, it split into 4 subsections, and expanded with another 2 subsections in 1944. In 1951, each subsection formed their own distinct journal:
|
||||
|
||||
Canadian Journal of Research, Section A: Physical Sciences (1935−1950, ISSN 0366-7383) going on as Canadian Journal of Physics.
|
||||
Canadian Journal of Research, Section B: Chemical Sciences (1935−1950, ISSN 0366-7391) going on as Canadian Journal of Chemistry.
|
||||
Canadian Journal of Research, Section C: Botanical Sciences (1935−1950, ISSN 0366-7405) going on as Canadian Journal of Botany.
|
||||
Canadian Journal of Research, Section D: Zoological Sciences (1935−1950, ISSN 0366-7413) going on as Canadian Journal of Zoology.
|
||||
Canadian Journal of Research, Section E: Medical Sciences (1944−1950, ISSN 0366-743X) going on as Canadian Journal of Medical Sciences.
|
||||
Canadian Journal of Research, Section F: Technology (1944−1950, ISSN 0315-2030) going on as Canadian Journal of Technology.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Journal_of_Science-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Journal_of_Science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Caribbean Journal of Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Journal_of_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:29.620767+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Caribbean Journal of Science is a biannual peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal publishing articles, research notes, and book reviews related to science in the Caribbean, with an emphasis on botany, zoology, ecology, conservation biology, geology, archaeology, and paleontology. The journal was established in 1961 with the sponsorship of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, and The Zoological Record. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.200.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Caribbean Journal of Science fulltext at BioOne (2007-2016)
|
||||
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_circle-0.md
Normal file
16
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_circle-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Closed circle"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_circle"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:54.748666+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A closed-circle argument is one that is unfalsifiable.
|
||||
Psychoanalytic theory, for example, is held up by the proponents of Karl Popper as an of an ideology rather than a science. A patient regarded by his psychoanalyst as "in denial" about his sexual orientation may be viewed as confirming he is homosexual simply by denying that he is; and if he has had sex with women, he may be accused of trying to buttress his denials. In other words, there is no way the patient could convincingly demonstrate his heterosexuality to his analyst. This is an example of what Popper called a "closed circle": The proposition that the patient is homosexual is not falsifiable.
|
||||
Closed-circle theory is sometimes used to denote a relativist, anti-realist philosophy of science, such that different groups may have different self-consistent truth claims about the natural world.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Reviews_in_Food_Science_and_Food_Safety"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:30.893714+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety is an online peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Food Technologists (Chicago, Illinois) that was established in 2002. Its main focus is food science and food safety. This includes nutrition, genetics, food microbiology, food chemistry, history, and food engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Editors ==
|
||||
Its first editor was David R. Lineback (University of Maryland, College Park), who held the position from 2002 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, R. Paul Singh (University of California, Davis) served as editor. The journal was edited by Manfred Kroger (Pennsylvania State University) from 2006 to 2018. Mary Ellen Camire (University of Maine, Orono) has been the editor since 2018.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is indexed and abstracted in the following bibliographic databases:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Food safety
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_empiricism-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_empiricism-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Contextual empiricism"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_empiricism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:55.887706+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Contextual empiricism is a theory about validating scientific knowledge. It is the view that scientific knowledge is shaped by contextual values as well as constitutive ones. The contextual values of science stem from « the social and cultural environment in which science is done » while constitutive values determine « what constitutes acceptable scientific practice or scientific method. » Contextual values can determine for example the research topic one chose to study.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Scientific theory
|
||||
Helen Longino
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
49
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroborating_evidence-0.md
Normal file
49
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroborating_evidence-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Corroborating evidence"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroborating_evidence"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:57.070358+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Corroborating evidence, also referred to as corroboration, is a type of evidence in lawful command.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Types and uses ==
|
||||
Corroborating evidence tends to support a proposition that is already supported by some initial evidence, therefore confirming the proposition. For example, W, a witness, testifies that she saw X drive his automobile into a green car. Meanwhile, Y, another witness, corroborates the proposition by testifying that when he examined X's car, later that day, he noticed green paint on its fender. There can also be corroborating evidence related to a certain source, such as what makes an author think a certain way due to the evidence that was supplied by witnesses or objects.
|
||||
Another type of corroborating evidence comes from using the Baconian method, i.e., the method of agreement, method of difference, and method of concomitant variations.
|
||||
These methods are followed in experimental design. They were codified by Francis Bacon, and developed further by John Stuart Mill and consist of controlling several variables, in turn, to establish which variables are causally connected. These principles are widely used intuitively in various kinds of proofs, demonstrations, and investigations, in addition to being fundamental to experimental design.
|
||||
In law, corroboration refers to the requirement in some jurisdictions, such as in Scots law, that any evidence adduced be backed up by at least one other source (see Corroboration in Scots law).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== An example of corroboration ==
|
||||
Defendant says, "It was like what he/she (a witness) said but...". This is Corroborative evidence from the defendant that the evidence the witness gave is true and correct.
|
||||
Corroboration is not needed in certain instances. For example, there are certain statutory exceptions. In the Education (Scotland) Act, it is only necessary to produce a register as proof of lack of attendance. No further evidence is needed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== England and Wales ==
|
||||
Perjury
|
||||
See section 13 of the Perjury Act 1911.
|
||||
Speeding offences
|
||||
See section 89(2) of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984.
|
||||
Sexual offences
|
||||
See section 32 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.
|
||||
Confessions by mentally handicapped persons
|
||||
See section 77 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.
|
||||
Evidence of children
|
||||
See section 34 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988.
|
||||
Evidence of accomplices
|
||||
See section 32 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Karl Popper
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Plutchik, Robert (1983), Foundations of Experimental Research, Harper's Experimental Psychology Series.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Course of Positive Philosophy"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_of_Positive_Philosophy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:58.275672+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Course of Positive Philosophy (Cours de Philosophie Positive) was a series of texts written by the French philosopher of science and founding sociologist, Auguste Comte, between 1830 and 1842. Within the work he unveiled the epistemological perspective of positivism. The works were translated into English by Harriet Martineau and condensed to form The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (1853). It has been described as a foundational text for the discipline of sociology.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Content ==
|
||||
The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology), whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of social science. It is in observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, that Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. For him, the physical sciences, which were 'simple', had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex "queen science" of human society itself. Comte believed that social harmony is possible only when there is intellectual harmony, which is in turn possible only when all social sciences have entered the phase of positivism, with Sociology being the last to arrive. Then everybody should be taught modern science so that they can internalize the new scientific values in their lives. His A General View of Positivism (published in English in 1865) would therefore set out to define, in more detail, the empirical goals of sociology.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Rationalism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:57:32.584283+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:59.513220+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogo_de_Cecco_di_Ronchitti_da_Bruzene_in_perpuosito_de_la_stella_Nuova"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:03.138757+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova (Dialogue of Cecco di Ronchitti of Brugine concerning the New star) is the title of an early 17th-century pseudonymous pamphlet ridiculing the views of an aspiring Aristotelian philosopher, Antonio Lorenzini da Montepulciano, on the nature and properties of Kepler's Supernova, which had appeared in October 1604. The pseudonymous Dialogue was written in the coarse language of a rustic Paduan dialect, and first published in about March, 1605, in Padua. A second edition was published later the same year in Verona. Antonio Favaro republished the contents of the pamphlet in its original language in 1881, with annotations and a commentary in Italian. He republished it again in Volume 2 of the National Edition of Galileo's works in 1891, along with a translation into standard Italian. An English translation was published by Stillman Drake in 1976.
|
||||
The Dialogo is dedicated to Antonio Querenghi. Scholars agree that the pamphlet was written either by Galileo Galilei or one of his followers, Girolamo Spinelli, or by both in collaboration, but do not agree on the extent of the contribution—if any—made by each of them to its composition.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Footnotes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bibliography ==
|
||||
Drake, Stillman; Galilei, Galileo; Spinelli, Girolamo (1976), Galileo against the Philosophers, Los Angeles: Zeitlin & Ver Brugge
|
||||
Favaro, Antonio [in Italian]; Galilei, Galileo; Spinelli, Girolamo (1881), "Galileo Galilei ed il «Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la Stella Nuova»" [Galileo Galilei and the "Dialogue of Cecco di Ronchitti of Brugine concerning the New Star"], Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, vol. 7 (in Italian), ser. 5: 195–276
|
||||
Favaro, Antonio [in Italian], ed. (1891), Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale, vol. 2, Florence: G. Barbèra
|
||||
Peruzzi, Giulio (2010). "A New Physics to Support the Copernican System: Gleanings from Galileo's Works" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 6 (S269): 20–26.
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_cultures"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:38:37.466212+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:04.347848+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanandum_and_explanans-0.md
Normal file
17
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanandum_and_explanans-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Explanandum and explanans"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanandum_and_explanans"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:05.522512+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
An explanandum (a Latin term) is a sentence describing a phenomenon that is to be explained, and the explanans are the sentences adduced as explanations of that phenomenon. For example, one person may pose an explanandum by asking "Why is there smoke?", and another may provide an explanans by responding "Because there is a fire". In this example, "smoke" is the explanandum, and "fire" is the explanans.
|
||||
Carl Gustav Hempel and Paul Oppenheim (1948), in their deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, explored the distinction between explanans and explanandum in order to answer why-questions, rather than simply what-questions:
|
||||
|
||||
"It may be said... that an explanation is not fully adequate unless its explanans, if taken account of in time, could have served as a basis for predicting the phenomenon under consideration.... It is this potential predictive force which gives scientific explanation its importance: Only to the extent that we are able to explain empirical facts can we attain the major objective of scientific research, namely not merely to record the phenomena of our experience, but to learn from them, by basing upon them theoretical generalizations which enable us to anticipate new occurrences and to control, at least to some extent, the changes in our environment."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact,_Fiction,_and_Forecast-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact,_Fiction,_and_Forecast-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fact, Fiction, and Forecast"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact,_Fiction,_and_Forecast"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:06.710717+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Fact, Fiction, and Forecast (1955) is a book by Nelson Goodman in which he explores some problems regarding scientific law and counterfactual conditionals and presents his New Riddle of Induction. Hilary Putnam described the book as "one of the few books that every serious student of philosophy in our time has to have read." According to Jerry Fodor, "it changed, probably permanently, the way we think about the problem of induction, and hence about a constellation of related problems like learning and the nature of rational decision." Noam Chomsky and Hilary Putnam attended some of the lectures on which the book is based as undergraduate students at the University of Pennsylvania, leading to a lifelong debate between the two over the question of whether the problems presented in the book imply that there must be an innate ordering of hypotheses.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Goodman, Nelson (1955). Fact, Fiction, and Forecast. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1955. 2nd edition, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. 3rd. edition Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973. 4th edition, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1983. ISBN 0-674-29071-2.
|
||||
Elgin, Catherine, ed. (1997). The Philosophy of Nelson Goodman: Selected Essays. Vol. 2, Nelson Goodman's New Riddle of Induction. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-2610-6.
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Force-0.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Force-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Fields of Force"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Force"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:07.924798+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Fields of Force: The Development of a world view from Faraday to Einstein is a book by William Berkson, published in 1974 by Routledge in the U.K. and John Wiley & Sons in the U.S.. It is an extension of his doctoral thesis, which was supervised by Karl Popper and examined by A.I. Sabra. Berkson credits the book with an influence from Joseph Agassi. It was republished in 2014 by Routledge, as part of their Library Editions: 20th Century Science. A Spanish Translation, Las teorías de los campos de fuerza was published in 1981 by Alianza Editorial.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Summary ==
|
||||
Fields of Force has a preface, an introduction, ten chapters, a historiographical appendix on field theory, and name and subject indexes. The introduction and the ten chapters all consist of 6 or more sections.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Berkson on Field Theory ==
|
||||
The book reconstructs theoretical frameworks originally used in building up the concept of a field. It shows that the field of Faraday's electricity and the field of Einstein's relativity are distinct; although both make different assumptions about physical reality, Berkson suggests that the assumptions of either conception of the field still remain as plausible today as when first conceived. These separate field theories share at least one significant and testable difference in comparison with Newtonian physics: whereas Newton's action-at-a-distance occurs instantaneously, the field theories predict a propagation delay. Berkson explains that Faraday's prediction of a physically measurable propagation delay (finite velocity) from his own conception of a physical field permeating space is one important difference separating this idea from that of Newton's (infinite velocity).
|
||||
|
||||
All these field theories (Eintstein's, Faraday's, and Maxwell's) remain inconsistent with quantum mechanics. For they assume nature to be continuous, while quantum theory assumes it to be discrete.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Br. J. Philos. Sci. Vol.29. 1978 p.243-: author's reply to L. Pearce Williams' review
|
||||
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_science-0.md
Normal file
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Folk science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:09.104764+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Folk science, also known as "folk knowledge" or "folk classification" (not to be confused with Folk classification, a method of classifying sedimentary rocks named after Robert L. Folk) describes ways of understanding and predicting the natural and social world, without the use of formalized, rigorous, methodologies (see Scientific method). One could label all understanding of nature predating the Greeks as "folk science". Folk science is often positioned in contrast to mechanistic or “clockwork” understandings of the world, where the function of each part and the relationship of all parts to each other is known in detail.
|
||||
It is unclear how folk science develops in humans. However, even children as young as 8 months old have been shown to understand some root concepts of folk biology. Children's understanding does shift as they age, with the system of inferences they use developing as they grow.
|
||||
Folk science is often accepted as "common wisdom" in a given culture, and people often don’t realize that their explanations and understandings rely on folk science. While this is common in children, even adults tend to believe they have a more complete understanding of mechanisms than they really do. Because folk science is something people, even children, do naturally, scientists are not exempt. Folk science makes appearances in the theories of professional scientists. Anthropological studies of scientists show that their theories often stem from models with gaps, deductions, and analogies. While these simplifications and gaps are not part of the scientific method, they do often work and scientific advances continue to use folk scientific methods. In some cases, researchers might look deliberately to folk methods to augment or improve their own. Several notable of folk science intuition (such as the world being flat or the sun revolving around the Earth) clarify why it is important to continue to use the scientific method to gather data to confirm or deny folk scientific theories.
|
||||
Formal sciences, due to their thorough permeation of society, can ultimately influence folk sciences. An example would be the concept of genetics, which is familiar to most adults in the 21st century, but at the level of a layperson. This leads to different inferences and folk scientific conclusions than those that would have been reached by a population without that knowledge. However, some kinds of folk science exist in all cultures. Folk biology, for example, is similar in all human societies. These similarities include what groups plants and animals are grouped into, and the hierarchies of these groups (such as “oaks” being a group of plants which is within the “tree” group). It also includes the ability to make inferences about some organisms based on other, similarly categorized, organisms.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Some examples of folk science ==
|
||||
Folk biology
|
||||
Folk history
|
||||
Folk linguistics
|
||||
Folk psychology
|
||||
Folk taxonomy
|
||||
Informal mathematics
|
||||
Naïve physics
|
||||
Physiognomy
|
||||
Weather lore
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Ethnobiology
|
||||
Pseudoscience
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_and_Fields-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_and_Fields-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Forces and Fields"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_and_Fields"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:10.411741+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Forces and Fields :The concept of Action at a Distance in the history of physics (1961) is a book by Mary B. Hesse, published by Philosophical library.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Summary ==
|
||||
Forces and Fields has eleven chapters. The first ten chapters consist of 5 or more sections. The eleventh, 2 sections. These chapters are titled The Logical Status of Theories, The Primitive Analogies, Mechanism in Greek Science, The Greek Inheritance, The Corpuscular Philosophy, The Theory of Gravitation, Action at a Distance, The Field Theories, The Theory of Relativity, Modern Physics, and The Metaphysical Framework of Physics.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Action at a distance
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Foundations of Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:11.572100+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Foundations of Science is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal focussing on methodological and philosophical topics concerning the structure and growth of science. It is the official journal of the Association for Foundations of Science, Language and Cognition and is published quarterly by Springer Science+Business Media. The journal was established in 1995. The editor in chief is Diederik Aerts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Cengage, EBSCO Databases, FRANCIS, Google Scholar, Mathematical Reviews, PASCAL, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, and Zentralblatt MATH.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
Journal page at the Free University of Brussels
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_the_Science_of_Knowledge"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:58:09.285559+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:12.791289+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Ruehl-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Ruehl-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Franklin Ruehl"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Ruehl"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:31.984202+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Franklin Ruehl was an American actor, ufologist and cryptozoologist. He has appeared on such shows as Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Roseanne Show and Tom Green Live among others. Ruehl's show, Mysteries from Beyond the Other Dominion, started on a public-access television cable TV channel in the Los Angeles area in the late 1980s. In 1988 he interviewed Louis Wendruck, president of the Dark Shadows Fan Club of Southern California, on the show. Then it became the first Sci Fi Channel original series in 1992. In 2006, he hosted several new episodes of the show on TomGreen.com.
|
||||
Ruehl auditioned for America's Got Talent in 2009 with an act that encompassed sticking straws into a potato, he was rejected by the judges. In 2010, he appeared on several episodes of 1000 Ways to Die, as an expert, portraying a cryptozoologist, a conspiracy expert and a deathologist/thanatologist. His show Professor Weird debuted at 9pm on August 18, 2012 on the Science Channel.
|
||||
Ruehl has been a regular on "A Current Affair" (2005), "9 On The Town" (with a UFO segment), "Strange Universe," "Weird TV," and Ancient Aliens (on the History Channel). He co-hosted a radio program on Blog Talk Radio, "Hypergalactic Enigmas." Ruehl has a series of videos entitled The Realm of Bizarre News..
|
||||
On his biography page for the Contributor platform published by The Huffington Post Ruehl wrote that he held a Ph.D. in theoretical nuclear physics from UCLA.
|
||||
Ruehl died in November 2015, of natural causes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Small bio
|
||||
Franklin Ruehl at IMDb
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_parameter"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:27:33.349647+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:14.001858+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_knowledge-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_knowledge-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Growth of knowledge"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_knowledge"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:16.477192+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In Karl Popper's philosophy, the main problem of methodology and philosophy of science is to explain and promote the growth of knowledge. To this purpose, Popper advocated his theory of falsifiability, testability and testing. He wrote in The Logic of Scientific Discovery: "The central problem of epistemology has always been and still is the problem of the growth of knowledge. And the growth of knowledge can be studied best by studying the growth of scientific knowledge."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Evolutionary epistemology § Growth of knowledge
|
||||
Scientometrics
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abbreviated references ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:57:50.131628+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:17.697496+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_sciences-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_sciences-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hierarchy of the sciences"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_sciences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:18.927885+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The hierarchy of the sciences is a theory formulated by Auguste Comte in the 19th century. This theory states that science develops over time beginning with the simplest and most general scientific discipline, astronomy, which is the first to reach the "positive stage" (one of three in Comte's law of three stages). As one moves up the "hierarchy", this theory further states that sciences become more complex and less general, and that they will reach the positive stage later. Disciplines further up the hierarchy are said to depend more on the developments of their predecessors; the highest discipline on the hierarchy are the social sciences. According to this theory, there are higher levels of consensus and faster rates of advancement in physics and other natural sciences than there are in the social sciences.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Evidence ==
|
||||
Research has shown that, after controlling for the number of hypotheses being tested, positive results are 2.3 times more likely in the social sciences than in the physical sciences. It has also been found that the degree of scientific consensus is highest in the physical sciences, lowest in the social sciences, and intermediate in the biological sciences. Dean Simonton argues that a composite measure of the scientific status of disciplines ranks psychology much closer to biology than to sociology.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Criticism ==
|
||||
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Nobel laureate in Physics for his works on polymer physics and soft matter, criticized Comte's positivism in 1994, pointing it as the source of content for chemistry and other practical scientists among French scientists.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Unity of science
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:20.091892+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history and philosophy of biology. It was established in 1979 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editors in chief are Sabina Leonelli and Giovanni Boniolo. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 0.559.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
HPLS on JSTOR
|
||||
HPLS on Twitter
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "History of Science (journal)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:21.241681+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
History of Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the history of science, medicine, and technology. The editor-in-chief is Lissa L. Roberts (University of Twente). It was established in 1962 and is published by SAGE Publications.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2021 impact factor is 1.0371.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo-0.md
Normal file
36
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Hypotheses non fingo"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:22.413312+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In the history of physics, hypotheses non fingo (Latin for "I frame no hypotheses", or "I contrive no hypotheses") is a phrase used by Isaac Newton in the essay General Scholium, which was appended to the second edition of Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1713.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Original remark ==
|
||||
A 1999 translation of the Principia presents Newton's remark as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
I have not as yet been able to discover the reason for these properties of gravity from phenomena, and I do not feign hypotheses. For whatever is not deduced from the phenomena must be called a hypothesis; and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, or based on occult qualities, or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy. In this philosophy particular propositions are inferred from the phenomena, and afterwards rendered general by induction.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Latin text ===
|
||||
The original Latin text reads:
|
||||
|
||||
Rationem vero harum gravitatis proprietatum ex phænomenis nondum potui deducere, & hypotheses non fingo. Quicquid enim ex phænomenis non deducitur, hypothesis vocanda est; & hypotheses seu metaphysicæ, seu physicæ, seu qualitatum occultarum, seu mechanicæ, in philosophia experimentali locum non habent. In hac philosophia propositiones deducuntur ex phænomenis, & redduntur generales per inductionem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Later commentary ==
|
||||
The 19th-century philosopher of science William Whewell qualified this statement, saying that, "it was by such a use of hypotheses, that both Newton himself and Kepler, on whose discoveries those of Newton were based, made their discoveries". Whewell stated:What is requisite is, that the hypothesis should be close to the facts, and not connected with them by other arbitrary and untried facts; and that the philosopher should be ready to resign it as soon as the facts refuse to confirm it.
|
||||
Later, Imre Lakatos asserted that such a resignation should not be too rushed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Action at a distance
|
||||
Primum movens
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_on_the_Nature_of_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:58:29.597689+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:23.693275+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Instant"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:24.900536+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In physics and the philosophy of science, instant refers to an infinitesimal interval in time, whose passage is instantaneous. In ordinary speech, an instant has been defined as "a point or very short space of time," a notion deriving from its etymological source, the Latin verb instare, from in- + stare ('to stand'), meaning 'to stand upon or near.'
|
||||
The continuous nature of time and its infinite divisibility was addressed by Aristotle in his Physics, where he wrote on Zeno's paradoxes. The philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell was still seeking to define the exact nature of an instant thousands of years later.
|
||||
As of October 2020, the smallest time interval certified in regulated measurements is on the order of 397 zeptoseconds (397 × 10−21 seconds).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== In correspondence ==
|
||||
In correspondence, particularly before the twentieth century, instant (usually abbreviated to inst.) can be used to indicate "of the current month". For example, "the 11th inst." means the 11th day of the current month. Its use is consistent with the Latin proximo (prox.) for the following month, and ultimo (ult.) for the month just past.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Infinitesimal
|
||||
Planck time
|
||||
Present
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_History_of_Philosophy_of_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:26.061328+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) is a philosophical organization for promoting the study of the history of philosophy of science. The society promotes exchange of ideas among scholars through meetings, journals, and online. It maintains an active email listserv, HOPOS-G.
|
||||
The journal HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science is published by The University of Chicago Press. The first issue appeared in 2011. The journal provides an outlet for interdisciplinary work that helps to explain the links among philosophy, science, and mathematics, along with the social, economic, and political context. The journal features articles, book reviews, and annually, an extensive essay review of the recent scholarship in a growing area of the field. The editor-in-chief is Rose-Mary Sargent of Merrimack College.
|
||||
HOPOS has held international meetings every two years since 1996. The first meeting was in Roanoke, Virginia, hosted by Virginia Tech. The 2016 meeting, HOPOS 2016, will take place at the University of Minnesota, hosted by the University and by the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science. Previous meetings have been held in Halifax, Budapest, Vancouver, Paris, San Francisco, Montréal, Vienna, and South Bend. An archive of meeting websites can be found on the organization's website.
|
||||
From 1993 to 2010, the organization produced a newsletter. Archives can be found on the website of HOPOS.
|
||||
HOPOS is a member organization of International Federation of Philosophical Societies.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Presidents ==
|
||||
Janet Folina (2013–2014)
|
||||
Warren Schmaus (2011–2012)
|
||||
Laura J. Snyder (2009–2010)
|
||||
Alan Richardson (2005–2008)
|
||||
Saul Fisher (2003–2004)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
HOPOS website
|
||||
Homepage of HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science
|
||||
HOPOS-G listserv
|
||||
HOPOS 2016 website Archived 2016-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:58:39.245893+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:27.334020+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Pitt-0.md
Normal file
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Pitt-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Joseph C. Pitt"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Pitt"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:45.080968+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Joseph C. Pitt (born 1943) is an American Pragmatist, philosopher of science and technology who works at Virginia Tech in the Departments of Philosophy and Science and Technology in Society. He is a past editor-in-chief of Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology and the former editor of Perspectives on Science. He was founding director of the Center for Science Studies at Virginia Tech, which is now the Department of Science, Technology, and Society. He is a foundational figure in philosophy of technology and a past president of the Society for Philosophy and Technology.
|
||||
Pitt did his undergraduate studies at William & Mary, where he was a member of a fraternity. He completed his graduate studies in Canada at Western Ontario.
|
||||
Pitt is the author of:
|
||||
|
||||
Pictures, Images and Conceptual Change; An Analysis of Wilfrid Sellars' Philosophy of Science (1981)
|
||||
Galileo, Human Knowledge, and The Book of Nature: Method Replaces Metaphysics (1992)
|
||||
Thinking About Technology (2000)
|
||||
Doing Philosophy of Technology (2011)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Journal for General Philosophy of Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:28.515831+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Journal for General Philosophy of Science (also Zeitschrift für allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie) is an academic journal publishing contributions from all areas of philosophy of science and about all philosophical topics relevant to the sciences and the humanities. Particular interest is focused on the discussion of methodological aspects that contribute to our understanding of science in general, the interactions and interdependences between the natural sciences and the humanities, and the history of philosophy of science from antiquity to the 20th century.
|
||||
For the most part, the publications are research articles. Smaller sections are devoted to discussions of current topics, reports on conferences, countries and special topics, as well as to book reviews.
|
||||
The journal was founded by Alwin Diemer, Lutz Geldsetzer and Gert König. It first appeared in 1970 under the heading Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie / Journal for General Philosophy of Science with Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden. Since 1990, the Journal has been published under the present heading by Kluwer Academic Publishers (now: Springer Science+Business Media). Since 2017, the editors are Claus Beisbart (Universität Bern), Helmut Pulte (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) and Thomas Reydon (Leibniz Universität Hannover).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of philosophy journals
|
||||
Philosophy of Science
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Journal of the Philosophy of History"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Philosophy_of_History"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:29.662511+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Journal of the Philosophy of History (JPH) is a peer-reviewed academic philosophy journal focusing on the philosophy of history and historical theory published three times a year, by Brill Publishers. It is one of a few journals with an explicit focus on philosophical issues pertaining to history and historiography. The journal contains original research articles, book reviews, and extended review essays.
|
||||
JPH was founded in 2007 by the Dutch philosopher of history Frank Ankersmit. From 2017 to 2022 it has been under the editorship of Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen, a philosopher of history and science and director of the Centre for Philosophical Studies of History at the University of Oulu.. From 2022 onwards, the journal is edited by Chiel van den Akker, a philosopher of history at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The editorial board consists of Giuseppina D'Oro (Keele University), Allan Megill (University of Virginia), Marek Tamm (Tallinn University), and Veronica Tozzi (University of Buenos Aires). Eugen Zeleňák (Catholic University in Ruzomberok) is review editor.
|
||||
The journal is indexed in Scopus and Web of Science.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Philosophy of History
|
||||
Historiography
|
||||
List of philosophy journals
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
40
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_(principle)-0.md
Normal file
40
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_(principle)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Law (principle)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_(principle)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:30.872658+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A law is a universal principle that describes the fundamental nature of something, the universal properties and the relationships between things, or a description that purports to explain these principles and relationships.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Laws of nature ==
|
||||
|
||||
For example, physical laws such as the law of gravity or scientific laws attempt to describe the fundamental nature of the universe itself. Laws of mathematics and logic describe the nature of rational thought and inference (Kant's transcendental idealism, and differently G. Spencer-Brown's work Laws of Form, was precisely a determination of the a priori laws governing human thought before any interaction whatsoever with experience).
|
||||
Within most fields of study, and in science in particular, the elevation of some principle of that field to the status of law usually takes place after a very long time during which the principle is used and tested and verified; though in some fields of study such laws are simply postulated as a foundation and assumed. Mathematical laws are somewhere in between: they are often arbitrary and unproven in themselves, but they are sometimes judged by how useful they are in making predictions about the real world. However, they ultimately rely on arbitrary axioms.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Laws in social sciences ==
|
||||
The question of whether "laws" can be applied to the social sciences in the same way as the natural sciences has been debated for many years. Philosophers such as Lee McIntyre are optimistic that "law-like" explanations of human behavior can be valid and useful.
|
||||
Laws of economics are an attempt in modelization of economic behavior. Marxism criticized the belief in eternal laws of economics, which it considered a product of the dominant ideology. It claimed that in fact, those so-called laws of economics were only the historical laws of capitalism, that is of a particular historical social formation. With the advent, in the 20th century, of the application of mathematical, statistical, and experimental techniques to economics, economic theory matured into a corpus of knowledge rooted in the scientific method rather than in philosophical argument.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Miscellaneous ==
|
||||
Finally, the term is sometimes applied to less rigorous ideas that may be interesting observations or relationships, practical or ethical guidelines (also called rules of thumb), and even humorous parodies of such laws.
|
||||
Examples of scientific laws include Boyle's law of gases, conservation laws, Ohm's law, and others. Laws of other fields of study include Occam's razor as a principle of philosophy and Say's law in economics. Examples of observed phenomena often described as laws include the Titius-Bode law of planetary positions, Zipf's law of linguistics, Thomas Malthus's Principle of Population or Malthusian Growth Model, Moore's law of technological growth. Other laws are pragmatic and observational, such as the law of unintended consequences.
|
||||
Some humorous parodies of such laws include adages such as Murphy's law and its many variants, and Godwin's Law of Internet conversations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Epistemology and philosophy of science
|
||||
Principle of law, Philosophy of law
|
||||
Legal positivism, which states that there is no necessary relation between morality and law. Law is thus conceived as the mere product of social conventions. Legal positivism is opposed to natural law theory and to legal interpretivism.
|
||||
Scientific law
|
||||
Axioms and Theorems
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Realities-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Realities-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Linguistic Realities"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Realities"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:32.065581+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Linguistic Realities: An Autonomist Metatheory for the Generative Enterprise is a book on philosophy of linguistics by Philip Carr in which the author tries to answer the question: 'Can we reasonably speak of linguistic realities?'
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reception ==
|
||||
The book was reviewed by Wayne Cowart and Rudolf P. Botha.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Linguistic Realities: An Autonomist Metatheory for the Generative Enterprise
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(sociology)-0.md
Normal file
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(sociology)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Mechanism (sociology)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(sociology)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:33.233589+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The term social mechanisms and mechanism-based explanations of social phenomena originate from the philosophy of science.
|
||||
The core thinking behind the mechanism approach has been expressed as follows by Elster (1989: 3-4): “To explain an event is to give an account of why it happened. Usually… this takes the form of citing an earlier event as the cause of the event we want to explain…. [But] to cite the cause is not enough: the causal mechanism must also be provided, or at least suggested.”
|
||||
Mario Bunge (1999: 21) has defined a mechanism as “a process in a concrete system, such that it is capable of bringing about or preventing some change in the system as a whole or in some of its subsystems.”
|
||||
Existing definitions differ a great deal from one another, but underlying them all is an emphasis on making intelligible the regularities being observed by specifying in detail how they were brought about. The currently most satisfactory discussion of the mechanism concept is found in Machamer, Darden and Craver (2000). Following them, mechanisms can be said to consist of entities (with their properties) and the activities that these entities engage in, either by themselves or in concert with other entities. These activities bring about change, and the type of change brought about depends upon the properties and activities of the entities and the relations between them. A mechanism, thus defined, refers to a constellation of entities and activities that are organized such that they regularly bring about a particular type of outcome, and we explain an observed outcome by referring to the mechanism by which such outcomes are regularly brought about (see also Hedström and Ylikoski 2010).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Mechanism (philosophy)
|
||||
Analytical sociology
|
||||
Critical realism
|
||||
Generalized exchange
|
||||
Methodological individualism
|
||||
Explanation
|
||||
Explanandum and explanans
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Bunge, M. 1999. The Sociology-Philosophy Connection. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
|
||||
Elster, J. 1989. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
|
||||
Hedström, P. and P. Ylikoski. 2010. Causal mechanisms in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology 36: 49–67.
|
||||
Machamer, P., L. Darden, and C.F. Craver. 2000. Thinking about mechanisms. Philosophy of Science 67:1-25.
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medawar_Lecture-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medawar_Lecture-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Medawar Lecture"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medawar_Lecture"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:34.368926+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Medawar Lecture was an annual lecture on the philosophy of science organised by the Royal Society of London in memory of Sir Peter Medawar. It was last delivered in 2004 after which it was merged with the Wilkins Lecture and the Bernal Lecture to form the Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of lecturers ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
"The Florey Lecture (1981)". Retrieved 20 March 2009.
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodical_culturalism-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodical_culturalism-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Methodical culturalism"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodical_culturalism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:35.561063+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Methodical culturalism is a philosophical approach developed by Peter Janich and his pupils. Its core statement is that science is not developed from purely theoretical considerations, but as a development of everyday, proto-scientific human behavior—in other words, that science is a stylized form of everyday knowledge-forming practice.
|
||||
Thus, from the viewpoint of methodical culturalism, science is understood as a continuation of the practical processes of the everyday world and must be analyzed from this aspect systematically and methodically.
|
||||
Methodical culturalism is a development of the methodical constructivism of the Erlangen School of constructivism.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Action theory
|
||||
Constructivist epistemology
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Peter Janich: Kulturalismus (in German)
|
||||
Peter Janich: Kultur des Wissens – natürlich begrenzt? (in German)
|
||||
Rafael Capurro zum Informationsbegriff von Peter Janich (in German)
|
||||
Dirk Hartmann: Willensfreiheit und die Autonomie der Kulturwissenschaften (pdf-Datei; 176 KB) (in German)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Modern Physics and Ancient Faith"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Physics_and_Ancient_Faith"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:36.770218+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Modern Physics and Ancient Faith (2003) is a book by Stephen M. Barr, a physicist from the University of Delaware and frequent contributor to First Things. This book is "an extended attack" on what Barr calls scientific materialism. National Review says of the book: "[A] lucid and engaging survey of modern physics and its relation to religious belief. . . . Barr has produced a stunning tour de force . . . [a] scientific and philosophical breakthrough."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Contents ==
|
||||
The book is divided into five parts spanning 26 chapters. The main religious and philosophical themes include determinism, mind as a machine, anthropic principle, and the Big Bang theory.
|
||||
Its main thesis is that science and religion only appear in conflict because many have "conflated science with philosophical materialism."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reviews ==
|
||||
James F. Salmon. Theological Studies March 2005 v66 i1 p207(3)
|
||||
Stephen P. Weldon. Isis, Dec 2004 v95 i4 p742(2)
|
||||
Alan G. Padgett. Theology Today July 2004 v61 i2 p229(4)
|
||||
Kirk Wegter-McNelly. The Journal of Religion April 2004 v84 i2 p302(2)
|
||||
Robin Collins, First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life Nov 2003 i137 p54(4)
|
||||
Ray Olson, Booklist, Oct 1, 2003 v100 i3 p285(1)
|
||||
Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, Oct 2003 v41 i2 p377
|
||||
The Christian Century Sept 6, 2003 v120 i18 p39(2)
|
||||
Catholic Library World Sept 2003 v74 p37
|
||||
Human Events June 2, 2003 v59 p16
|
||||
"Signposts of the Divine", Joshua Gilder, National Review April 21, 2003 v55 i7 pNA
|
||||
Augustine J. Curley, Library Journal, March 15, 2003 v128 i5 p88(1)
|
||||
Bryce Christensen. Booklist Feb 1, 2003 v99 i11 p959(1)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Issues in Science and Religion
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Barr's listing on University of Delaware's website
|
||||
Barr's Webpage on University of Delaware's website
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:25.469581+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting was an unidentified flying object sighting that occurred on July 14, 1952, when two commercial pilots (William B. Nash and William H. Fortenberry) claimed to have seen eight UFOs flying in a tight echelon formation over Chesapeake Bay in the state of Virginia.
|
||||
UFOlogists say the pilots observation allowed for relatively precise measurements of the objects' motion and size when compared to known landmarks, and that the encounter was corroborated by several groups of independent ground witnesses. The case was listed in the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book as an "unknown."
|
||||
Donald Howard Menzel in his book The World of Flying Saucers (1963) suggested some possible naturalistic explanations. He suggested that the pilots may have seen lights on the ground that were distorted by haze. He later suggested they may have seen fireflies that were trapped between the panes of glass in their cockpit window.
|
||||
Skeptical researcher Steuart Campbell suggested the pilots UFO sighting was a mirage of Venus.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Steuart Campbell. (1994). The UFO Mystery Solved. Explicit Books. ISBN 0-9521512-0-0
|
||||
James W. Moseley, Karl T. Pflock. (2002). Shockingly Close to the Truth: Confessions of a Grave-Robbing Ufologist. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-991-3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
The Pilots' Tale at Saturday Night Uforia
|
||||
"We Flew Above Flying Saucers", by William B. Nash and William H. Fortenberry, from True magazine, 1967
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Bridgewater_Treatise-0.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Bridgewater_Treatise-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Ninth Bridgewater Treatise"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Bridgewater_Treatise"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:37.926341+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise was published by the mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage in 1837 as a response to the eight Bridgewater Treatises that the Earl of Bridgewater, Francis Henry Egerton, 8th Earl, had funded. The Bridgewater Treatises were written by eight scientists and purported "to lend scientific support to belief in the existence of deity." Babbage was not one of the invited scientists, and the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise was thus an unauthorised continuation of the series.
|
||||
The book specifically responded to a quotation from William Whewell's volume in the original treatises, which stands as an epigraph on the title page of Babbage's book. Whewell dismissed "mechanical philosophers and mathematicians" as irrelevant in discussions of the universe. Babbage argued that on the contrary, his experience programming the analytical engine, an early computer, enabled him to conceive of God that might design a complex, programmed world.
|
||||
The book is a work of natural theology, an attempt to reconcile science and religion, and incorporates extracts from related correspondence of John Herschel with Charles Lyell. Babbage put forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator. Scholars have noted that Babbage's God resembles a computer programmer not unlike Babbage himself. Literary critic Lanya Lamouria summarises this point thus: "rather than meddle with creation, the deity has the supreme 'foresight' to encode apparent adaptations and deviations into the universe from the beginning."
|
||||
In the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, Babbage dealt with relating interpretations between science and religion; on the one hand, he insisted that "there exists no fatal collision between the words of Scripture and the facts of nature;" on the one hand, he wrote the Book of Genesis was not meant to be read literally in relation to geological terms. Against those who said these were in conflict, he wrote "that the contradiction they have imagined can have no real existence, and that whilst the testimony of Moses remains unimpeached, we may also can be permitted to confide in the testimony of our senses."
|
||||
Babbage dedicates a chapter to responding to philosopher David Hume, who in Of Miracles defined a miracle as "a violation of a law of nature". Rather than "deviations from the laws assigned by the Almighty" Babbage sees miracles as "the exact fulfilment of much more extensive laws than those we suppose to exist." In Lanya Lamourias words Babbage reframes miracles as "events that follow preprogrammed rules that are too complex for human comprehension."
|
||||
Babbage proposes in the Treatise that the material world is a medium that records every sound uttered or action made. The world "is one vast library, on whose pages are for ever written all that man has ever said or woman whispered (...) the air we breathe is the never-failing historian of the sentiments we have uttered, earth, air and ocean, are the eternal witnesses of the acts we have done.” Scholars have argued that this inspired Charles Dickens's and his portrayal as memory as collective in David Copperfield and Edgar Allan Poe, whose character Agathos in "The Power of Word" claimed that these traces can be decoded mathematically.
|
||||
Seth Bullock argues that Babbage's description of his difference engine in the chapter on miracles is the first evolutionary simulation model. Babbage argues that the engine could be programmed to generate a series of numbers according to one law, then at a pre-defined point, this could switch to another law, leading to an apparent discontinuity that is actually preprogrammed. This countered a common argument that discontinuity in the geological record would be proof of divine intervention. Natural theology arguments that attempted to reconcile science and religion in this way were common until Darwin's work on evolution.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Charles Babbage#Religious views
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Bibliography ==
|
||||
Hyman, Anthony (1985). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. Princeton University Press. pp. 136–142. ISBN 0-691-02377-8.
|
||||
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomology-0.md
Normal file
34
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomology-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Nomology"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomology"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:39.088950+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In philosophy, nomology refers to a "science of laws" based on the theory that it is possible to elaborate descriptions dedicated not to particular aspects of reality but inspired by a scientific vision of universal validity expressed by scientific laws.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Etymology ==
|
||||
"Nomology" derives from the Greek νόμος, law, and λόγος, reason. The term nomology may come from Aristotle. The '-ology' suffix implies 'order', 'word' and 'reason', and is about being subjectively reasonable or 'logical' as in sociology and psychology. The 'nom-' part implies 'rule' and 'law', and is about being objectively lawful or 'nomic' as in economics.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Nomological networks ==
|
||||
A nomological approach requires taking account of both subjective and objective aspects in a decision. Nomology provides the framework for building a nomological network of relationships between constructs in decision making.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Deductive-nomological model
|
||||
Nomological determinism
|
||||
Nomothetic
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Kober, Avi (December 1994). "Nomology vs historicism: Formative factors in modern military thought". Defense Analysis. 10 (3): 267–284. doi:10.1080/07430179408405629.
|
||||
Rauvola, Rachel S.; Briggs, Erick P.; Hinyard, Leslie J. (3 July 2020). "Nomology, validity, and interprofessional research: The missing link(s)". Journal of Interprofessional Care. 34 (4): 545–556. doi:10.1080/13561820.2020.1712333. PMID 32050821.
|
||||
Tranter, Kieran (2007). "Nomology, Ontology, and Phenomenology of Law and Technology". Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology. 8 (2): 449–474. CORE output ID 217199611.
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_science-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Normative science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:40.317115+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In the applied sciences, normative science is a type of information that is developed, presented, or interpreted based on an assumed, usually unstated, preference for a particular outcome, policy or class of policies or outcomes. Regular or traditional science does not presuppose a policy preference, but normative science, by definition, does. Common examples of such policy preferences are arguments that pristine ecosystems are preferable to human altered ones, that native species are preferable to nonnative species, and that higher biodiversity is preferable to lower biodiversity.
|
||||
In more general philosophical terms, normative science is a form of inquiry, typically involving a community of inquiry and its accumulated body of provisional knowledge, that seeks to discover good ways of achieving recognized aims, ends, goals, objectives, or purposes. Many political debates revolve around arguments over which of the many "good ways" shall be selected. For example, when presented as scientific information, words such as ecosystem health, biological integrity, and environmental degradation are typically examples of normative science because they each presuppose a policy preference and are therefore a type of policy advocacy.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Skies,_Closed_Minds"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:59:14.188811+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:26.698674+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trojan_Horse_(book)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:59:15.337827+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:27.939879+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(2003_film)-0.md
Normal file
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(2003_film)-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Out of the Blue (2003 film)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(2003_film)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:29.663121+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Out of the Blue is a 2003 feature-length documentary film on the UFO phenomenon which premiered on television on the Sci Fi Channel on June 24, 2003. It was produced by American filmmaker James Fox.
|
||||
The film is narrated by Peter Coyote and attempts to show, through interviews with members of the scientific community, eyewitnesses and high-ranking military and government personnel; that some unidentified flying objects could be of extraterrestrial origin and that secrecy and ridicule are used to shroud the UFO issue.
|
||||
There is a follow-up sequel released as a History Channel special in 2009, named I Know What I Saw also by James Fox, which expands upon the testimonies given in Out of the Blue as well as documenting new alleged sightings in the interim period after the release of Out of the Blue.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
Out of the Blue at IMDb
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Perspectives in Biology and Medicine"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:41.528069+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine is a peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1957. It publishes essays that explore biology and medicine in relation to their place in society. Authors write informally, presenting their "perspectives" as the title suggests. Topics covered are sometimes explicitly scientific, but might also extend into areas of philosophy, history, pedagogy, and medical practice. The journal is published quarterly by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Medical humanities
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Philosophy of linguistics"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:43.903507+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The philosophy of linguistics is the philosophy of science applied to linguistics. It is concerned with topics including what the subject matter and theoretical goals of linguistics are, what forms linguistic theories should take, and what counts as data in linguistic research. This distinguishes the philosophy of linguistics from the philosophy of language, which deals primarily with the philosophical study of meaning and reference.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Nefdt, Ryan M. (December 2019). "The philosophy of linguistics: Scientific underpinnings and methodological disputes". Philosophy Compass. 14 (12). doi:10.1111/phc3.12636. ISSN 1747-9991. S2CID 211952090.
|
||||
Stainton, Robert J. (1 July 2014). "Philosophy of Linguistics". In Oxford Handbooks Editorial Board (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Topics in Philosophy. Oxford Handbooks. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.002. ISBN 9780199935314.
|
||||
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry-0.md
Normal file
18
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Philosophy of psychiatry"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:42.686819+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The philosophy of psychiatry explores philosophical questions relating to psychiatry and mental illness. The philosopher of science and medicine Dominic Murphy identifies three areas of exploration in the philosophy of psychiatry. The first concerns the examination of psychiatry as a science, using the tools of the philosophy of science more broadly. The second entails the examination of the concepts employed in discussion of mental illness, including the experience of mental illness, and the normative questions it raises. The third area concerns the links and discontinuities between the philosophy of mind and psychopathology.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Philosophy of psychology
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-empiricism-0.md
Normal file
19
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-empiricism-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Post-empiricism"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-empiricism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:46.246718+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Post-empiricism is the abandonment of strict empirical methods by modern empiricists.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Positivism
|
||||
Post-positivism
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postnormal_times"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:12:05.980479+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:47.478210+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Second_Storey-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Second_Storey-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Project Second Storey"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Second_Storey"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:30.817342+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Project Second Storey (also known as Project Second Story, Project Flying Saucers or Project Theta), was an interdepartmental committee set up by the Government of Canada on April 22, 1952 to establish an official governmental position on unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The committee was sponsored by the Defence Research Board and chaired by astronomer Peter Millman of the Dominion Observatory.
|
||||
In 1952, in connection with the establishment of Project Magnet by Wilbert Brockhouse Smith at the Department of Transport, the committee was formed by members of other government agencies and dedicated solely to dealing with "flying saucer" reports. Its main purpose was to collect, catalogue and correlate data from UFO sighting reports. The committee was dissolved in 1954.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_view_of_theories-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_view_of_theories-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Received view of theories"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_view_of_theories"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:48.700459+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The received view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that identifies a scientific theory with a set of propositions which are considered to be linguistic objects, such as axioms. Frederick Suppe describes the position of the received view by saying that it identifies scientific theories with "axiomatic calculi in which theoretical terms are given a partial observation interpretation by mean of correspondence rules." The received view is generally associated with the logical empiricists.
|
||||
Recently, the received view of theories has been displaced by the semantic view of theories as the dominant position in theory formulation in the philosophy of science.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_program-0.md
Normal file
20
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_program-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Research program"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_program"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:49.871791+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A research program (British English: research programme) is a professional network of scientists conducting basic research. The term was used by philosopher of science Imre Lakatos to blend and revise the normative model of science offered by Karl Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery (with its idea of falsifiability) and the descriptive model of science offered by Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (with its ideas of normal science and paradigm shifts). Lakatos found falsificationism impractical and often not practiced, and found normal science—where a paradigm of science, mimicking an exemplar, extinguishes differing perspectives—more monopolistic than actual.
|
||||
Lakatos found that many research programs coexisted. Each had a hard core of theories immune to revision, surrounded by a protective belt of malleable theories. A research programme vies against others to be most progressive. Extending the research program's theories into new domains is theoretical progress, and experimentally corroborating such is empirical progress, always refusing falsification of the research program's hard core. A research program might degenerate—lose progressiveness—but later return to progressiveness.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Examples ==
|
||||
United States Global Change Research Program
|
||||
World Climate Research Programme Archived 2009-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheffler_Palace-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheffler_Palace-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scheffler Palace"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheffler_Palace"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:33.224567+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Scheffler Palace (Swedish: Schefflerska palatset) is a mansion located at Drottninggatan 116 in Stockholm, Sweden.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The mansion was built in the 1690s by the merchant Hans Petter Scheffler (d. 1707). He bought the plot in 1697 and moved in there around 1700. In the years 1875–1876, a renovation was carried out under the direction of architect Axel Kumlien (1833-1913). The property remained a private residence during the 18th and 19th centuries. The house had a café business, Café Petissan, in the years 1870–1907. Since the 1920s, the estate has been owned by Stockholm University. Johan Adolf Berg (1827-1884), who started a successful civil engineering company, bequeathed his collection contains art from the 1500s to the 1800s as well as Orrefors glass to Stockholm University which is on display at Scheffler Palace.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Architecture of Stockholm
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Other sources ==
|
||||
Linnell, Stig. Stockholms spökhus och andra ruskiga ställen. (ISBN 978-91-518-2738-4).
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientistic_materialism-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientistic_materialism-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientistic materialism"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientistic_materialism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:51.025148+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Scientistic materialism is a term used mainly by proponents of creationism and intelligent design to describe scientists who have a materialist worldview. The stance has been attributed to philosopher George Santayana.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
The "Wedge Document" produced by the Discovery Institute, described materialism as denial of "the proposition that human beings are created in the image of God," and that humans are instead "animals or machines who inhabited a universe ruled by purely impersonal forces and whose behavior and very thoughts were dictated by the unbending forces of biology, chemistry and environment." The document states that materialism leads inevitably to "moral relativism" and denounces its "stifling dominance" in modern culture. By this definition, scientific materialism is linked to the more general version of materialism, which declares that the physical world is the only thing that exists and that nothing supernatural exists.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Conflict thesis
|
||||
Faith and rationality
|
||||
Mechanistic materialism
|
||||
Relationship between religion and science
|
||||
Scientific mythology
|
||||
Scientism
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories-0.md
Normal file
33
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Semantic view of theories"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:52.217681+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The semantic view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that holds that a scientific theory can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences” as a reaction against the received view of theories popular among the logical positivists. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense, while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the theory is a member.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories ==
|
||||
The semantic view is typically contrasted with the syntactic view of theories of the logical positivists and logical empiricists, especially Carl Gustav Hempel and Rudolf Carnap. On the contrast between syntactic and semantic views, Bas van Fraassen writes:
|
||||
|
||||
The syntactic picture of a theory identifies it with a body of theorems, stated in one particular language chosen for the expression of that theory. This should be contrasted with the alternative of presenting a theory in the first instance by identifying a class of structures as its models. In this second, semantic, approach the language used to express the theory is neither basic nor unique; the same class of structures could well be described in radically different ways, each with its own limitations. The models occupy central stage.
|
||||
In this same book, van Fraassen, a key founder of the semantic view of theories, critiques the syntactic view in very strong terms:
|
||||
|
||||
Perhaps the worst consequence of the syntactic approach was the way it focused attention on philosophically irrelevant technical questions. It is hard not to conclude that those discussions of axiomatizability in restricted vocabularies, 'theoretical terms', Craig’s theorem, 'reduction sentences', 'empirical languages', Ramsey and Carnap sentences, were one and all off the mark—solutions to purely self-generated problems, and philosophically irrelevant. (p. 56)
|
||||
The semantic view of theories has been extended to other domains, including population genetics.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Structuralism (philosophy of science)
|
||||
Frederick Suppe
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
"The Semantic View of Theories: Models and Misconceptions"
|
||||
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science-0.md
Normal file
29
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Social Studies of Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:53.417821+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Social Studies of Science is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers relating to the history and philosophy of science. The journal's editors-in-chief are Nicole Nelson, Associate Professor in the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Sergio Sismondo, Professor of Philosophy and Arts & Sciences at Queen's University. The journal was established in 1971 under the name Science Studies and assumed its present title in 1975. It is currently published by SAGE Publications.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Founding ==
|
||||
In the 1971 inaugural issue, the founding editors, Roy MacLeod and David Edge, announced that the journal "will devote itself to original research, whether empirical or theoretical, which brings fresh light to bear on the concepts, processes and consequences of modern science. It will be interdisciplinary in the sense that it will encourage appropriate contributions from political science, sociology, economics, history, philosophy, social anthropology, and the legal and educational disciplines. It will welcome studies of fundamental research, applied research and development; of university science, industrial science and science in government."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Past editors ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Abstracting and indexing ==
|
||||
Social Studies of Science is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its impact factor is 4.038, ranking it 1st out of 111 journals in the category "History of Philosophy and Science".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Remarks_on_Logical_Form-0.md
Normal file
22
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Remarks_on_Logical_Form-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Some Remarks on Logical Form"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Remarks_on_Logical_Form"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:54.626982+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
"Some Remarks on Logical Form" (1929) was the only academic paper ever published by Ludwig Wittgenstein. It contained Wittgenstein's thinking on logic and the philosophy of mathematics immediately before the rupture that divided the early Wittgenstein of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus from the later Wittgenstein represented in the Philosophical Investigations. The approach to logical form in the paper reflected Frank P. Ramsey's critique of Wittgenstein's account of color in the Tractatus, and has been analyzed by G. E. M. Anscombe and Jaakko Hintikka, among others. In a letter to the editor of Mind in 1933 Wittgenstein referred to it as "a short (and weak) article".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
"Some remarks on (Wittgensteinian) logical form" revised and reprinted in Hintikka, Merrill B. and Jaakko Hintikka (1986). Investigating Wittgenstein. Oxford, UK; New York, NY, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-14179-2
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Full text of Some Remarks on Logical Form at the Ludwig Wittgenstein Project
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_sciences-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_sciences-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Special sciences"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_sciences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:55.796328+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In the philosophy of science, the special sciences are all sciences other than fundamental physics, including, for example, chemistry, biology, and neuroscience. The distinction reflects a view that "all events which fall under the laws of any science are physical events and hence fall under the laws of physics".
|
||||
In this view, all sciences except fundamental physics are special sciences. However, the legitimacy of this view, and the status of other sciences and their relation to physics, are unresolved matters. Jerry Fodor, a key writer on this subject, refers to "many philosophers" who hold this position, but in an opposing argument he has argued for strong autonomy, concluding that the special sciences are not even in principle reducible to physics. As such, Fodor has often been credited for having helped turn the tide against reductionist physicalism.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Emergence – Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
|
||||
Emergentism – Philosophical belief in emergence
|
||||
Multiple realizability – Thesis in the philosophy of mind
|
||||
Reductionism – Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
|
||||
Supervenience – Relation between sets of properties or facts
|
||||
The central science – Term often associated with chemistry
|
||||
Unity of science – Theory in the philosophy of science
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_School-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_School-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Stanford School"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_School"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:56.994135+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Stanford School (humorously also called the Stanford Disunity Mafia) is a group of philosophers of science, the members of which taught at various times at Stanford University, who share an intellectual tradition of arguing against the unity of science.
|
||||
These criticisms draw heavily from research on science as a social and cultural process as well as arguments regarding ontological and methodological plurality found in different scientific fields. This group includes Nancy Cartwright, John Dupré, Peter Galison, Ian Hacking and Patrick Suppes. A notable position put forward by members of the Stanford School is entity realism.
|
||||
A major conference with all the original members (except Hacking) plus original scientific collaborators, parallel philosophers, and the next generation of philosophers in this vein took place on Stanford's Campus on October 25–26, 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Contextualism
|
||||
Ontological pluralism
|
||||
Methodological pluralism
|
||||
Pittsburgh School
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Universe-0.md
Normal file
21
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Universe-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Strange Universe"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Universe"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:34.408681+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Strange Universe was a United States syndicated daily half-hour program about paranormal phenomena that aired from 1996 to 1998. Developed by Rysher Entertainment and Chris Craft Television, it debuted in 1996, hosted by Emmitt Miller and Dana Adams. The show was presented in a daily tabloid television format, with the hosts introducing segments on various fortean and New Age topics, sometimes accompanied with interviews.
|
||||
In February 1997 Adams was dropped as co-host and Miller became the only host. At that point, Variety reported that the show had a "weak" 1.2 national rating over the past two months.
|
||||
The show was on the air from 1996 to 1998 for a total of 390 episodes. It usually appeared on UPN network affiliates, as Chris-Craft owned half of UPN and their stations carried UPN programming. The series was also syndicated internationally, airing in Canada on Access, The Education Station (currently known as CTV 2 Alberta).
|
||||
In 1996, for the first time in its broadcast history, it dedicated a full episode to subject of alleged footage from Area 51 of an "alien interview". This was released in 1997 as Area 51: The Alien Interview, directed by Jeff Broadstreet, and starring Steven Williams.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Strange Universe on Internet Movie Database
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testability"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:29:25.025771+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:58.238246+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashtray_(Or_the_Man_Who_Denied_Reality)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:46.406618+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality) is a book by Errol Morris in which he criticizes the philosophy of Thomas Kuhn.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Title ==
|
||||
In 1972, Morris met with Kuhn at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, where Morris was a graduate student and Kuhn was his academic adviser, to discuss a paper Morris had written. The conversation grew increasingly heated as they disagreed regarding some fundamental ideas – specifically regarding James Clerk Maxwell's theory of displacement current, and the concept of incommensurability. Morris has claimed that Kuhn eventually threw a cut glass ashtray full of cigarette butts at Morris. Following the incident Morris left Princeton. Morris uses the ashtray as a metaphor for the material reality that Morris believes Kuhn denied, as well what Morris views as Kuhn's intolerance of dissent from his theories.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Content ==
|
||||
In the book, Morris argues that Kuhn was a relativist and a philosophical idealist, contrasting his interpretation of Kuhn's views with his own epistemology, drawing on Hilary Putnam and Saul Kripke, which he describes as "investigative realism", based on the belief that there is an objective reality whilst rejecting naïve realism. Morris accepts that investigation of truth involves considerable effort, with no guarantee of reaching the absolute truth, and that knowledge can be attained "through reason, through observation, through investigation, through thought, through science".
|
||||
The book is written in a style that utilizes images that correspond with many of the arguments in the text. There is artwork on nearly every page that is gathered from all over the world. From discussing Kuhn and Paradigm shift, to interviewing Noam Chomsky, Morris utilizes these varying types of images (what he calls "illustrations") to supplement the information presented.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Reception ==
|
||||
In a piece for the Los Angeles Review of Books, Philip Kitcher compared Morris' critique to Samuel Johnson's appeal to the stone regarding George Berkeley's belief in subjective idealism, stating that "Morris has no interest in considering what Kuhn might have had in mind", and rejecting his characterisation of Kuhn as a relativist and an irrealist.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality)
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Ground_of_Spirit"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:57:33.809656+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:00.730767+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Economics-0.md
Normal file
25
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Economics-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "The Death of Economics"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Economics"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:01.949786+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Death of Economics is a book written by Paul Ormerod. According to the author the title does not imply that the study of economies is not of great importance but rather it argues that conventional economics offers a misleading view of how the world operates and needs to be replaced.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Overview ==
|
||||
The book is split into two parts. The first part contains Ormerod's assessment of the present state of economics; the second part represents a series of suggestions as to how economics can be developed, particularly in relation to unemployment.
|
||||
Three properties are identified as essential to any model seeking to explain unemployment. First the model should be capable of settling into long periods of regular fluctuations; second, such fluctuations should be sensitive to the initial values of the system; thirdly, following a major shock, there should be no tendency to settle back to the regular behaviour previously seen.
|
||||
Originally published for the United Kingdom in 1994, Death of Economics has been translated into more than 10 languages.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Revisiting The Death of Economics, Ormerod reviewed his book in 2001
|
||||
Author's book homepage, with sample chapters
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Files"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:00:21.562959+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:36.860164+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_choice-0.md
Normal file
15
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_choice-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Theory choice"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_choice"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:59.465647+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Theory choice was a main problem in the philosophy of science in the early 20th century, and under the impact of the new and controversial theories of relativity and quantum physics, came to involve how scientists should choose between competing theories.
|
||||
The classical answer would be to select the theory which was best verified, against which Karl Popper argued that competing theories should be subjected to comparative tests and the one chosen which survived the tests. If two theories could not, for practical reasons, be tested one should prefer the one with the highest degree of empirical content, said Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
|
||||
Mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré instead, like many others, proposed simplicity as a criterion. One should choose the mathematically simplest or most elegant approach. Many have sympathized with this view, but the problem is that the idea of simplicity is highly intuitive and even personal, and that no one has managed to formulate it in precise and acceptable terms.
|
||||
Popper's solution was subsequently criticized by Thomas S. Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. He denied that competing theories (or paradigms) could be compared in the way that Popper had claimed, and substituted instead what can be briefly described as pragmatic success. This led to an intense discussion with Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend the best known participants.
|
||||
The discussion has continued, but no general and uncontroversial solution to the problem of formulating objective criteria to decide which is the best theory has so far been formulated. The main criteria usually proposed are to choose the theory which provides the best (and novel) predictions, the one with the highest explanatory potential, the one which offers better problems or the most elegant and simple one. Alternatively a theory may be preferable if it is better integrated into the rest of contemporary knowledge.
|
||||
0
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFOs
Normal file
0
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFOs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Unidentified submerged object"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_submerged_object"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:39.189871+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
An unidentified submerged object (USO) is an unidentified object submerged in water. The U.S. Navy classifies USOs as whales, sharks, and other sea creatures that can interfere with ship maneuvering, sonar operations, and oceanographic research. The term has also been used by ufologists such as retired admiral Tim Gallaudet to refer to unidentified flying objects (UFOs) which can allegedly travel through water.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Baltic Sea anomaly
|
||||
Sea monster
|
||||
Utsuro-bune
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universology-0.md
Normal file
23
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universology-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Universology"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universology"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:00.631239+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Universology literally means "the science of the universe." Popularizing universologic science was a life's work for 19th century intellectual Stephen Pearl Andrews, a futurist utopian. The word can be used synonymously with consilience, a term Edward Osborne Wilson has popularized with his writings elucidating the apparent unity of all knowledge.
|
||||
In recent years, Dr. Mamoru Mohri, Japan's first astronaut and Director of Japan's National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, has popularized and expanded on universology. For Mohri the universological worldview was an epiphany after seeing the planet from space on two missions in the 1990s, and he has become the chief proponent of universology today. "Everything in this universe is part of an uninterrupted sequence of events" Mohri has said.
|
||||
In 1872 Andrews published "The Basic Outline of Universology" which was subtitled "An introduction to the newly discovered science of the universe, its elementary principles, and the first stages of their development in the special sciences."
|
||||
Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (born January 25, 1917) was a Belgian and American physicist and chemist who was born in Russia and became a Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry. In the book "Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue With Nature", which he co-wrote with Isabelle Stengers, another professor at Prigogine's group in the University of Brussels, Prigogine states:
|
||||
"Altogether, we tend to accept the idea propelled by Dialectical Materialism, regarding the necessity of overcoming the antithesis of humane, historical realm and the material world, perceived as atemporal. We do believe, that the setting rapprochement of these opposites will have to be enhanced, as there will be new approaches which will outline the internally evolving Universe, which we are part of." A central aspect of the ways of "outlining the internally evolving Universe", that is what Universology is all about.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Stephen Pearl Andrews, The Basic Outline of Universology, Dion Thomas, 1872.
|
||||
Edward Osborne Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Knopf, 1998. ISBN 0-679-45077-7
|
||||
Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers, Order out of Chaos: Man's new dialogue with Nature. Flamingo, 1984. ISBN 0-00-654115-1
|
||||
Vitaliy A. Polyakov, Universology, Moscow, 2004.
|
||||
The Institute of Universology of New York
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Turvey-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Turvey-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Vincent Turvey"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Turvey"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:35.558563+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Vincent Newton Turvey (1873-1912) was a British clairvoyant and engineer known in the field of parapsychology for his early book that records his out-of-body experiences.
|
||||
In 1902, Turvey suffered from serious health problems, he gave up his profession of engineering and took interest in occult philosophy and yoga. His book The Beginnings of Seership (1911) records his alleged clairvoyant and out-of-body experiences.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Oliver Fox
|
||||
Sylvan Muldoon
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Publications ==
|
||||
The Beginnings of Seership; Or, Super-normal Mental Activity (1911)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Science?"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:00:28.772373+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:01.895747+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Contact_Day-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Contact_Day-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "World Contact Day"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Contact_Day"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:40.383940+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
World Contact Day was first declared in March 1953 by an organization called the International Flying Saucer Bureau (IFSB), as a day on which all IFSB members would attempt to send a telepathic message into space.
|
||||
The IFSB voted to hold such a day in 1953, theorising that if both telepathy and alien life were real, a large number of people focussing on an identical piece of text may be able to transmit the message through space. IFSB members focused on the following message during 1953:
|
||||
|
||||
Calling occupants of interplanetary craft! Calling occupants of interplanetary craft that have been observing our planet EARTH. We of IFSB wish to make contact with you. We are your friends, and would like you to make an appearance here on EARTH. Your presence before us will be welcomed with the utmost friendship. We will do all in our power to promote mutual understanding between your people and the people of EARTH. Please come in peace and help us in our EARTHLY problems. Give us some sign that you have received our message. Be responsible for creating a miracle here on our planet to wake up the ignorant ones to reality. Let us hear from you. We are your friends.
|
||||
The 1953 celebration is referenced in the song "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft", released in 1976 by Klaatu and later covered in 1977 by The Carpenters for their album Passage.
|
||||
On the event's 60th anniversary in 2013, World Contact Day was extended to a whole week.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
World UFO Day
|
||||
World Contact Day 2023 online Gathering - OpenContactTV.com / Languages Of Lights
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_UFO_Day-0.md
Normal file
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_UFO_Day-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "World UFO Day"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_UFO_Day"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:08:41.575816+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
World UFO Day is an awareness day for people to gather together and watch the skies for unidentified flying objects (UFO).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Dates of Observance ==
|
||||
The day is celebrated by some on June 24, and others on July 2. June 24 is the date that reporter Kenneth Arnold wrote about what is generally considered to be the first widely reported UFO in the United States, while July 2 is the date of the supposed UFO crash in the 1947 Roswell incident. July 2 was declared as the official World UFO Day by the World UFO Day Organisation. It is believed that the first World UFO Day was celebrated in 2001 by UFO researcher Haktan Akdogan.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Purpose ==
|
||||
The stated goal of the July 2 celebration is to raise awareness of "the undoubted existence of UFOs" and to encourage governments to declassify their files on UFO sightings.
|
||||
World UFO Day is celebrated by stirring conversations about how and why humans are not the only beings in the Universe. The WUFDO (World UFO Day Organisation) promotes various events and educational workshops with the idea of getting people to know about UFOs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
World Contact Day
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
World UFO Day Archived 2022-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, celebrated on July 2
|
||||
Ovni.net World UFO Day Archived 2009-07-05 at the Wayback Machine, celebrated on June 24
|
||||
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilsel_Thesis-0.md
Normal file
27
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilsel_Thesis-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Zilsel Thesis"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilsel_Thesis"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:03.075187+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Zilsel thesis in the history and philosophy of science proposes an explanation for why modern science emerged in the early 17th century in Western Europe and not in other places or eras.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== The thesis ==
|
||||
Edgar Zilsel claims that science only emerged when capitalism emerged in Western society due to the changed in society brought on by early capitalism, which undermined collective values, magical thinking, and reliance on authority, fostering instead rational and quantitative thought (Zilsel 2003, 7). This created an environment in which two previously separated social groups could come into contact. These were the academically trained rational thinkers who were always members of the upper classes and what Zilsel calls "superior craftsmen". The academics possessed methodical intellectual training but not practical skills while the craftsmen were skilled in experimentation and causal research but lacked the methodical rational approach acquired from study of the classics.
|
||||
Zilsel supports his argument with a case study of William Gilbert who, in 1600 and five years before Francis Bacon's The Advancement of Learning, published the first printed book (on magnetism) written by an academically trained scholar based almost entirely on actual observation and experiment. Gilbert rejected authority when it differed from observation and rejected superstitious explanations for physical phenomena. Zilsel details the way in which Gilbert drew on the work of Robert Norman, a navigator and compass maker.
|
||||
Zilsel also claims that the Renaissance artist-engineers and their like used "quantitative rules of thumb [that are] the forerunners of the physical laws of modern science".(Zilsel 2003, 14) Explaining the origins of modern scientific laws, Zilsel claims that "The law-metaphor originates in the bible" (Zilsel 2003, 109). That is, the concept of scientific laws has its origins in the biblical idea that human existence and nature are governed by laws decreed by God.
|
||||
The editors of this collection of his work claim that at the time of his death Zilsel was working towards a book combining his claims on the origins of scientific laws with his thesis on the rise of science.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Zilsel, Edgar. 2003. The Social Origins of Modern Science. Edited by D. Raven, W. Krohn and R. S. Cohen, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science; v. 200. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Krohn, Wolfgang; Raven, Diederick (2000). "The 'Zilsel Thesis' in the Context of Edgar Zilsel's Research Programme". Social Studies of Science. 30 (6): 925–933. ISSN 0306-3127.
|
||||
Barbieri, Cristiano (2025). 'Edgar Zilsel. Ricerche di storia della scienza e della filosofia', Edizioni Efesto, Roma 2025.
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user