diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 5ca47c2df..90bd62671 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Tercentenary_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Tercentenary_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf357864b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Tercentenary_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Tercentenary_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:02.655614+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Riksbankens Jubileumsfond Foundation is an independent foundation with the aim of promoting high scientific quality, encouraging cross-disciplinary research, and contributing to capacity building in Swedish research within the humanities and social sciences. The foundation supports research in the humanities and social sciences with a connection to Sweden. It was established in 1962 through a donation from the Central bank of Sweden, which wished to commemorate the bank’s 300th anniversary in 1968 while also supporting “a significant national cause.” + + +== History == +Sweden has the world’s oldest central bank, and in preparation for its 300th anniversary in 1968, the bank wanted to support a significant national cause linked to science and research. As a result, the Riksbank made two donations: one to establish a prize in economic sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel, and another to support future research. On December 2, 1964, the Swedish Parliament decided to establish a foundation for this donation – the Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. In 1988, the foundation received new statutes, which made it an independent financial entity and clarified its mission. + + +=== Statutes === +On January 1, 1988, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond received new statutes, which made the foundation an independent financial entity and clarified its purpose. According to the statutes, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond is to fund scientific research connected to Sweden, with a particular responsibility for: + +research that has difficulty obtaining other funding +large and long-term projects +new research initiatives requiring rapid and substantial support +international collaboration within research + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Riksbankens Jubileumsfond's website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bb5d97f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "National Institutes of Health" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:55.439659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States federal government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in 1887 and is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Many NIH facilities are located in Bethesda, Maryland, and other nearby suburbs of the Washington metropolitan area, with other primary facilities in Research Triangle Park in North Carolina and smaller satellite facilities located around the United States. +The NIH conducts its scientific research through the NIH Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides significant biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program. As of 2013, the IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000 postdoctoral fellows in basic, translational, and clinical research, being the largest biomedical research institution in the world, while, as of 2003, the extramural arm provided 28% of biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S., or about US$26.4 billion. Basic research by the NIH contributed to every new drug approved by the Federal Drug Administration over the period 2010–2016. In early 2025, the Trump administration froze key NIH operations, and by January 2026 about 2,600 grants totaling $1.4 billion remained suspended, though some were reinstated due to court orders. +The NIH is responsible for many scientific accomplishments, including the discovery of fluoride to prevent tooth decay, the use of lithium to manage bipolar disorder, and the creation of vaccines against hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB), and human papillomavirus (HPV). In 2012, the NIH comprised 27 separate institutes and centers of different biomedical disciplines. +In 2019, the NIH was ranked number two in the world, behind Harvard University, for biomedical sciences in the Nature Index, which measured the largest contributors to papers published in a subset of leading journals from 2015 to 2018. + +== History == + +=== Origins === + +In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the Hygienic Laboratory, was established within the Marine Hospital Service, which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the system of Marine Hospitals into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the New York Marine Hospital on Staten Island. In 1891, it moved to the top floor of the Butler Building in Washington, D.C. In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the Old Naval Observatory, which grew to include five major buildings. +In 1901, the Division of Scientific Research was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service. In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the Public Health Service (PHS). In 1922, PHS established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School. This development marked the beginning of partnerships with universities. +In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act, and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus. In 1937, the NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it was formerly part. +In 1938, the NIH moved to its current campus in Bethesda, Maryland. Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH. Various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs. In 1944, the Public Health Service Act was approved and the National Cancer Institute became a division of the NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health. + +=== Later history === +In the 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital. When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention. The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent before any experimentation. Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions, the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards. +In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease, cancer, and strokes. That same year, the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971, cancer research was in full force, and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act, initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers. +Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in the US Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly one percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities. While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then. +By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the Human Genome Project. +On January 22, 2025, the Trump administration imposed an immediate freeze on meetings – such as grant review panels – as well as travel, communications, and hiring at the NIH, affecting $47.4 billion worth of activities. One year into Trump's second term, more than 5,800 NIH grants were cancelled or suspended at some point. Some grants were reinstated after court rulings, but as of January 2026 around 2,600 grants ($1.4 billion) are still suspended. + +== Leadership == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3e710b05 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "National Institutes of Health" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:55.439659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The NIH Office of the Director is the central office responsible for setting policy for the NIH, and for planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all NIH components. The NIH Director plays an active role in shaping the agency's activities and outlook. The Director is responsible for providing leadership to the Institutes and Centers by identifying needs and opportunities, especially in efforts involving multiple Institutes. Within the Director's Office is the Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives with 12 divisions including: + +Office of AIDS Research +Office of Research on Women's Health +Office of Disease Prevention +Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office +Tribal Health Research Office +Office of Program Evaluation and Performance +The Agency Intramural Research Integrity Officer "is directly responsible for overseeing the resolution of all research misconduct allegations involving intramural research, and for promoting research integrity within the NIH Office of Intramural Research (OIR)." There is a Division of Extramural Activities, which has its own Director. The Office of Ethics has its own Director, as does the Office of Global Research. + +== Locations and campuses == +Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda, Maryland, and Rockville, Maryland, and the surrounding communities. + +The Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland houses the research programs of the National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and National Human Genome Research Institute with nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff. The Frederick National Laboratory in Frederick, MD and the nearby Riverside Research Park, houses many components of the National Cancer Institute, including the Center for Cancer Research, Office of Scientific Operations, Management Operations Support Branch, the division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. +The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina. +Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to operations at the main campus. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton, Montana, with an emphasis on BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work. NIDDK operates the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch in Phoenix, Arizona. + +== Research == + +As of 2017, 153 scientists receiving financial support from the NIH have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 195 have been awarded a Lasker Award. + +=== Intramural and extramural research === +In 2019, the NIH devoted 10% of its funding to research within its own facilities (intramural research), and gave >80% of its funding in research grants to extramural (outside) researchers. Of this extramural funding, a certain percentage (2.8% in 2014) must be granted to small businesses under the SBIR/STTR program. As of 2011, the extramural funding consisted of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions. By 2018, this rate of granting remained reasonably steady, at 47,000 grants to 2,700 organizations. In FY 2010, the NIH spent US$10.7bn (not including temporary funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) on clinical research, US$7.4bn on genetics-related research, US$6.0bn on prevention research, US$5.8bn on cancer, and US$5.7bn on biotechnology. + +=== Public Access Policy === + +In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the National Library of Medicine's research repository, PubMed Central (PMC), no later than 12 months after the official date of publication. The NIH Public Access Policy was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency. + +=== Economic return === +In 2000, the +Joint Economic Committee of Congress reported NIH research, which was funded at $16 billion a year in 2000, that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US. It found that of the 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992, public funding was "instrumental" for 15. As of 2011, NIH-supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA-approved drugs, vaccines, and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior. One study found NIH funding aided either directly or indirectly in developing the drugs or drug targets for all of the 210 FDA-approved drugs from 2010 to 2016. In 2015, Pierre Azoulay et al. estimated $10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents. + +=== Notable discoveries and developments === +Since its inception, the NIH intramural research program has been a source of many pivotal scientific and medical discoveries. Some of these include: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8261e291 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "National Institutes of Health" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:55.439659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +1908: George W. McCoy's discovery that rodents were a reservoir of bubonic plague. +1911: George W. McCoy, Charles W. Chapin, William B. Wherry, and B. H. Lamb described the previously unknown tularemia. +1924: Roscoe R. Spencer and Ralph R. Parker developed a vaccine against Rocky Mountain spotted fever. +1930: Sanford M. Rosenthal developed a treatment for mercury poisoning used widely before the development of dimercaptoethanol. +1943: Wilton R. Earle pioneered the cell culture process and published a paper describing the production of malignancy in vitro, Katherine K. Sanford developed the first clone from an isolated cancer cell, and Virginia J. Evans devised a medium that supported growth of cells in vitro. +1940s–1950s: Bernard Horecker and colleagues described the pentose phosphate pathway. +1950s: Julius Axelrod discovered a new class of enzymes, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, a fundamental of drug metabolism. +1950: Earl Stadtman discovered phosphotransacetylose, elucidating the role of acetyl CoA in fatty acid metabolism. +1960s: Discovered the first human slow virus disease, kuru, which is a degenerative, fatal infection of the central nervous system. This discovery of a new mechanism for infectious diseases revolutionized thinking in microbiology and neurology. +1960s: Defined the mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline, one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. +1960s: Developed the first licensed rubella vaccine and the first test for rubella antibodies for large scale testing. +1960s: Developed an effective combination drug regimen for Hodgkin's lymphoma. +1960s: Discovery that tooth decay is caused by bacteria. +1970s: Developed the assay for human chorionic gonadotropin that evolved into the home pregnancy tests. +1970s: Described the hormonal cycle involved in menstruation. +1980s: Determined the complete structure of the IgE receptor that is involved in allergic reactions. +1990s: Hari Reddi's identification and purification of bone morphogenetic proteins +1990s: First trial of gene therapy in humans. + +==== NIH Toolbox ==== +In September 2006, the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state-of-the-art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies. Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed. In September 2012, the NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community. NIH Toolbox assessments are based, where possible, on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer. + +==== Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes ==== +NIH sponsors the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), a repository of information produced by studies investigating the interaction of genotype and phenotype. The information includes phenotypes, molecular assay data, analyses and documents. Summary-level data is available to the general public whereas the individual-level data is accessible to researchers. According to the City Journal NIH denies access to such attributes as intelligence, education and health on the grounds that studying their genetic basis would be stigmatizing. + +==== Coronavirus vaccine ==== +The NIH partnered with Moderna in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic to develop a vaccine. The final phase of testing began on July 27 with up to 30,000 volunteers assigned to one of two groups—one receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine and the other receiving salt water injections—and continued until there had been approximately 100 cases of COVID-19 among the participants. In 2021, the NIH contributed $4,395,399 towards the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) program. + +==== Grant to EcoHealth Alliance and Wuhan Institute for studying bat coronaviruses ==== + +Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NIH-funded EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident. Between 2014 and 2019, NIH awarded approximately $3.7 million in grant funding to EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit organization focused on global health and infectious disease research. A portion of this funding, around $600,000, was subcontracted to WIV in China as part of a project titled "Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence." The project aimed to study bat coronaviruses and assess their potential to infect humans. The research at WIV included the creation of chimeric viruses, which combined genetic material from different bat coronaviruses to evaluate their ability to infect human cells. In documents released in 2021, including NIH correspondence with Congress, it was disclosed that one of these modified viruses resulted in an "unexpected outcome," where the virus became more infectious in humanized mice. The NIH maintained that this outcome was not the intended goal of the research and did not violate the terms of the grant, though critics raised concerns about potential gain-of-function research. Under political pressure, the NIH withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020. In 2023, HHS barred WIV from receiving U.S. government funding for a decade, citing non-compliance with safety and reporting standards. + +==== NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee ==== +On February 13, 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain. This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to "coordinate pain research activities across the federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration… and providing an important avenue for public involvement" ("Members of new", 2012). With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available. With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for those with arthritis. In 2020 Beth Darnall, American scientist and pain psychologist, was appointed as scientific member of the group. + +== Funding == + +=== Budget and politics === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f10304a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "National Institutes of Health" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:55.439659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +To allocate funds, the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress. This process begins with institute and center (IC) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields. IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects, new research proposals, and new initiatives from the Director. The NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget. Many adjustments and appeals occur between the NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President's final budget. The President then sends the NIH's budget request to Congress in February for the next fiscal year's allocations. The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall, Congress usually appropriates funding. This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds. +When a government shutdown occurs, the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials, but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial, except for the most critically ill, as determined by the NIH Director. + +==== Historical funding ==== +Over the last century, the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes. In the 1970s, Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research, and in the 1980s there was a significant amount allocated for AIDS/HIV research. +Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. During the 1980s, President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research, only to see Congress partly restore funding. The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation's response to the AIDS epidemic; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles from 1981, no funding was provided for research on the disease. In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that "variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV-III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)," a new epidemic that gripped the nation. +In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities. From 1993 to 2001 the NIH budget doubled. For a time, funding essentially remained flat, and for seven years after the 2008 financial crisis, the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation. +In 1999 Congress increased the NIH's budget by $2.3 billion to $17.2 billion in 2000. In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $31 billion in 2010. In 2017 and 2018, Congress passed laws with bipartisan support that substantially increasing appropriations for the NIH, which was 37.3 billion dollars annually in FY2018. + +===== Funding freezes ===== +From the outset of 2025, NIH funding operations have faced interruptions on an unprecedented scale under the direction of the current executive branch of the U.S. government; disruptions as of March 2025 include the following: +• impeding grants for dementia and ALS research; +• hindering procurement of necessary resources, such as those for transporting patient blood samples; +• preventing a research scientist from consulting with physicians treating children with a devastating rare condition; +• interrupting the supply of mice for genetic studies, with years of research being imperiled as a result; +• cutting research grants for training doctoral and postdoctoral students. +This has led to protests such as the Bethesda Declaration, an open letter from former and current NIH staffers. + +=== Extramural research === + +Researchers at universities or other institutions outside of the NIH can apply for research project grants (RPGs) from the NIH. There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types (e.g., basic research, clinical research, etc.) and career stages (e.g., early career, postdoc fellowships, etc.). The NIH regularly issues "requests for applications" (RFAs), e.g., on specific programmatic priorities or timely medical problems (such as Zika virus research in early 2016). In addition, researchers can apply for "investigator-initiated grants" whose subject is determined by the scientist. +The total number of applicants has increased substantially, from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015. Due to this, the "cumulative investigator rate", that is, the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5-year window, has declined from 43% to 31%. +R01 grants are the most common funding mechanism and include investigator-initiated projects. The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17-19% during 2012 though 2014. Similarly, the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13-14% during the same period. In FY 2016, the total number of grant applications received by the NIH was 54,220, with approximately 19% being awarded funding. Institutes have varying funding rates. The National Cancer Institute awarded funding to 12% of applicants, while the National Institute for General Medical Science awarded funding to 30% of applicants. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17dcfc602 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "National Institutes of Health" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:55.439659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Funding criteria === +The NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy. First, ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process. Second, seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease. Third, maintain a diverse research portfolio to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology, genetics, physics, engineering, and computer science. Fourth, address public health needs according to the disease burden (e.g., prevalence and mortality). And fifth, construct and support the scientific infrastructure (e.g., well-equipped laboratories and safe research facilities) necessary to conduct research. +Advisory committee members advise the institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding. + +==== Gender and sex bias ==== +In 2014, it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals, or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures, and that the NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants. The announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex-specific diseases (for example, ovarian or testicular cancer). + +=== Stakeholders === + +==== General public ==== +One of the goals of the NIH is to "expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research." Taxpayer dollars funding the NIH are from the taxpayers, making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research. Thus, the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy. However, some in the general public do not feel their interests are being represented, and individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests. + +==== Extramural researchers and scientists ==== +Important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy include researchers and scientists. Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by the NIH but may apply for funding. Throughout the history of the NIH, the amount of funding received has increased, but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant. The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted. +Policy changes on who receives funding significantly affect researchers. For example, the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first-time NIH R01 applicants or the research grant applications of young scientists. To encourage the participation of young scientists, the application process has been shortened and made easier. In addition, first-time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past. + +== Commercial partnerships == +In 2011 and 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published a series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000–2010, institutes under the aegis of the NIH did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes, in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners, committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress. + +== Institutes and centers == + +The NIH is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers that conduct and coordinate biomedical research. These are: + +In addition, the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13, 1962, to December 23, 2011. + +== ARPA-H == + +The Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) is an entity formerly within the Office of the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, which was created by Congress in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022. Modeled after DARPA, HSARPA, IARPA, and ARPA-E, it is intended to pursue unconventional research projects through methods not typically used by federal agencies or private sector companies. Secretary Xavier Becerra delegated ARPA-H to the NIH on May 24, 2022. It received $1 billion in appropriations in 2022, and $1.5 billion in 2023, and as of June 2023 it is requesting $2.5 billion for 2024. + +== Consensus Development Program == +The Consensus Development Program is an initiative focused on gathering expert opinions to establish standards and guidelines in various fields, especially in health and medicine. Developed as a collaborative effort by organizations such as the NIH, the program assembles panels of specialists who assess available evidence on critical topics and form recommendations to guide clinical practice and policy. This method helps ensure that healthcare decisions are informed by the latest scientific research and expert consensus. + +== List of previous directors == + +== See also == +Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation Program (BEIP) +Foundation for the National Institutes of Health +Heads of International Research Organizations +List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health +National Institute of Food and Agriculture +National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale +National Science Foundation +NIH Toolbox +United States Public Health Service + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +National Institutes of Health in the Federal Register +Regional Medical Programs Collection of information on NIH's Regional Medical Programs, from the National Library of Medicine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c2e82d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "National Science Centre" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:56.720855+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Science Centre (Polish: Narodowe Centrum Nauki, often abbreviated NCN) is a governmental grant-making agency responsible for providing financial support for the conduct of basic science research in Poland and various programs to assist scientists throughout their careers. +The NCN was founded in 2010, three years after the foundation of National Centre for Research and Development. Similar to National Science Foundation in the United States, NCN is the largest grant-making agency in Poland for fundamental research and basic science and collaborates with corresponding agencies worldwide. + + +== Works == +The central tasks of NCN include: + +financing: +basic research carried out in the form of research projects, doctoral scholarships and post-doctoral fellowships, +research projects for experienced scientists aiming at implementation of pioneering scientific research; +international cooperation in the financing of basic research activities; +dissemination of information about contests announced by the National Science Center; +supervision over the implementation of the above-mentioned scientific research; +inspiring and monitoring the financing of basic research with resources coming from outside the state budget; +other tasks commissioned by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, including the development of research programs important for national culture. + + +== Major Grants and Fellowships == +The National Science Center finances research projects in the field of fundamental, basic, and applied research. Announcements and details can be found on their website. Some of major and available grants and fellowships are: + +PRELUDIUM – pre-doctoral fellowships. +ETIUDA – doctoral scholarships. +SONATINA – competition for a research project and internship at a foreign research center, designed for researchers up to 3 years after obtaining Ph.D.s. +SONATA – competition for research projects carried out by early career researchers who obtained Ph.D.s not earlier than 7 years before the grant submission. +SONATA BIS – competition for research projects aimed at establishing a new scientific team implemented by persons with an academic degree or a scientific title who obtained a doctoral degree from 2 to 12 years before the year of submitting the application. +OPUS – competition for research projects, including financing the purchase of scientific and research equipments necessary to carry out these projects. It is a general competition open to all scientists. +HARMONIA – international research projects including international cooperation with a partner from a foreign scientific institution, international programs or initiatives, or projects implemented using large international research facilities. +MAESTRO – competition for senior researchers for research projects aimed at the implementation of pioneering scientific research, including interdisciplinary ones. +UWERTURA – fellowships in research teams implementing research from the European Research Council (ERC). +TANGO – a competition for projects assuming the implementation in practice of economic and social results obtained as a result of basic research. +POLONEZ – a competition for oversea researchers who want to conduct research in Poland. +The National Science Center also runs competitions in cooperation with other institutions or organizations, such as: + +SYMFONIA – a competition for interdisciplinary research projects carried out by eminent scientists whose research is distinguished by the highest quality, crossing borders between different fields of science, contributing to the new scientific discoveries. +FUGA – competition for national internships after obtaining the doctoral degree. + + +== See also == +National Centre for Research and Development +Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f743673dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "National Scientific and Technical Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:57.852297+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Spanish: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET) is an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in universities and institutes. + + +== History == +The National Scientific and Technical Research Council was established on 5 February 1958 by a decree of the national government. Its first director was Nobel Laureate Bernardo A. Houssay. +Governed by a board independent from the federal government, it funds scientific research in three basic ways. Firstly, it gives grants for collective work to research teams of well-recognized scientists of every discipline, including social sciences and the humanities. Secondly, it has a payroll of about 6,500 researchers and 2,500 technicians working as employees in different categories, from investigador asistente (assistant researcher) to investigador principal (main researcher). Thirdly, it grants scholarships for doctoral and post-doctoral studies to 8,500 young researchers from Argentina and other countries. + + +== Ranking == +In 2025, CONICET was ranked as the best Latin American government research institution by the Scimago Institutions Ranking and the 2nd among all research institutions in the region after the Universidade de São Paulo. CONICET holds the 125th position among the most prestigious research institutions worldwide (including universities, governmental and private research institutions, research councils, etc.). + + +== Programs == +Science and Justice: This programs seeks to strengthen collaboration between the scientific community and the judiciary branch. +VocAr: Seeks to promote scientific culture and create awareness about CONICET's actions and activities within the education community, youth and the general public. +Memory Commission: Strives to recover records of victims impacted by state terrorism. +Marine Science Commission: Promotes monitoring and scientific research of Argentinian marine and coastal areas. + + +== Notable members == +Carlos J. Gradin—Argentine archaeologist and member of CONICET +Andrea Gamarnik—virologist +Rosa Muchnik de Lederkremer - chemist and member of CONICET +Alberto Kornblihtt—molecular biologist +Lino Barañao—biochemist +Diego Golombek—biologist and popularizer + + +== See also == + +INAPL—government organization that works with CONICET + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website +Condiciones para acceder a una beca y a la carrera (in Spanish) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50af2db0d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Research Council of Finland" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:34:59.039719+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Research Council of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Akatemia, Swedish: Finlands Akademi) is a governmental funding body for scientific research in Finland. Until August 2023, its official English-language name was Academy of Finland. It is based in Helsinki. Yearly, the council administers over 260 million euros to Finnish research activities. Over 5000 researchers are working on projects supported by the council. +The Academy of Finland should not be confused with The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Suomalainen tiedeakatemia) and the Finnish Society of Science and Letters (Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten) which are the two Finnish learned societies for scientists and scholars. For engineers, there are two language-based honorary academies, the Finnish Academy of Technology (Teknillisten Tieteiden Akatemia) and the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland (Svenska tekniska veteskapsakademien i Finland). +The Finnish title of Academician (akateemikko / akademiker) is an award given by the President of Finland upon the recommendation of the Research Council to the most distinguished Finnish scientists, scholars and artists. It may also be bestowed on foreign scientists, scholars or artists who have contributed very significantly to Finnish intellectual life. At any time, there may be a maximum of 12 living scientific and scholarly academicians and eight living artistic academicians. The number of foreign academicians is not limited. The Academicians do not have any organizational connection to the Academy of Finland, although this was the requisite for membership in 1947–1969. Personnel funded by the Research Council can use the title referring to it, e.g. distinguished professors funded by the council are called Academy Professors. The funding period for Academy professors is 5 years. + + +== Academy Professors == + + +=== Terms === +The Academy of Finland appoints Academy Professors. The term is five years. There are 32 serving currently, with two carrying specific name and branch. Minna Canth Academy Professor focuses on Social equality and Women's studies. Martti Ahtisaari Academy Professor focuses on International Conflict management. + + +=== Currently serving === +Academy Professors in spring 2018: + + +== See also == +Tekes +SITRA + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Academy of Finland website in Finnish +Swedish +English \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d90e08a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Research Council of Norway" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:00.257746+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Research Council (also the Research Council of Norway; Norwegian: Norges forskningsråd) is a Norwegian government agency that funds research and innovation projects. On behalf of the Government, the Research Council invests NOK 11.7 billion (2022) annually. +The Research Council is responsible for promoting basic and applied research and innovation. This is done by managing research funding and by advising the authorities on research policy, among other things through proposals for the research budget in the National Budget. +The Research Council works to promote international research and innovation cooperation, and has a number of schemes to mobilise Norwegian applicants for the EU Research and Innovation Programme. Other tasks include creating meeting places for researchers, trade and industry, public administration, public actors and other users of research. +The Research Council was established in 1993 through the merging of five different previously created research councils. The Research Council has approximately 360 employees (2023). It has local representatives in nine different regions of Norway. Since 23 June 2014, the Research Council's main office is located just outside of Oslo. + + +== Background == +There were five predecessors of the council, each established as independent councils related to their own areas of interest: science and technology (1946), social sciences (1949), agriculture (1949), fisheries (1972) and applied social sciences (1987). The five were merged in 1993 to form the current council. + + +== Organization and Management == +The Research Council is governed by the Ministry of Education and Research. Together with the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries they are responsible for about half of the funds that the Research Council manages. +Mari Sundli Tveit has been the CEO since March 1, 2021. +The Research Council's board of directors is appointed by the Government for four years at a time. +16 portfolio managers are responsible for portfolios of programmes and other activities in specific thematic or scientific areas. Overview of the portfolio boards' tasks and members. + + +== Research funding == +Research organisations, companies and public entities can apply for funding through the Research Council, often in cooperation with other similar entities. International experts assess and rank the applications on behalf of the Research Council, and decisions on grant funding are made by the 15 portfolio boards. +The Research Council: + +uses a number of instruments to promote basic research and research-based innovation and commercialisation. Different grant application types and different structural schemes are used to support the needs of the research communities; +has the strategic and administrative responsibility for the government basic funding received by about 50 research institutes; +funds several centre schemes: Centres for Excellence in Research (SFF), Centres for Research-Driven Innovation (SFI) and Research Centres for Environmentally Friendly Energy (FME). In addition, several research centres receive funding from the Research Council; +funds national investments in research infrastructure. This includes scientific equipment, laboratories, databases and scientific collections. The research infrastructure must be of national interest and can only be found in one or few places in the country. + + +== Research communication == +The Research Council has a national responsibility for research dissemination and aim to contribute to the use of results from research. Among other things, the Research Council is responsible for the Research Days, which is a national annual science festival. +The Nysgjerrigper Science Knowledge Project for children in primary school will help provide children and young people acquire insight, understanding and interest in research, and the Young Researchers competition will increase interest in research and science among young people. + + +== The Research Council's Awards == +The Research Council's Dissemination Prize +The Research Council Innovation Award +From 2016 to 2018, the Research Council presented the Award for Young Distinguished Researchers. Until 2016, the Research Council presented the Research Council's Prize for Outstanding Research + + +== External links == +Official Website +(no) Official Website +(no) Research Days +(no)Nysgjerrigper \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Foundation_–_Flanders_(FWO)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Foundation_–_Flanders_(FWO)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9341c11c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Foundation_–_Flanders_(FWO)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Foundation_–_Flanders_(FWO)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:01.477032+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO; Dutch: Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen) is a Belgian public research council, based in Brussels. The Flemish research council aims to sponsor ground-breaking research and innovation. Much of this work involves supporting researchers and undertakings in association with the universities and institutes of Flanders, including Ghent University, University of Leuven, University of Antwerp and Free University of Brussels, among others. + + +== History == +The FWO is a successor to the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (NFWO / FNRS), which had been founded in 1928, after the call from King Albert I of Belgium for the promotion of research and innovation. +In 2006, the National Fund for Scientific Research (NFWO / FNRS) divided into two organisations: the FWO, for the Flemish community, and the F.R.S.-FNRS (French: Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS) for the French-speaking region. A self-governing organization, the Research Foundation – Flanders is located in Brussels and financed by the Flemish government, the federal government, and the national lottery, with further support coming from partner institutes and companies. + + +== Function == +The FWO supports research in science, engineering, and the humanities through a variety of frameworks. It offers competitive funding for doctoral and postdoctoral fellowships as well as for research grants, specific projects, and infrastructure. Moreover, the FWO funds international mobility and collaboration. Together with a number of partners, it also bestows scientific prizes. + + +== Organisation == + + +=== Regular funding === +The FWO organises a total of 31 expert panels, 30 specialist and one interdisciplinary. These panels advise the Senate and the Board of Trustees on matters of funding. + +Biological sciences +Molecular and cellular biology +Functional biology +Biodiversity and ecology +Applied biological sciences +Humanities +Languages +Art, art history, and literature +History and archaeology +Theology and religious studies +Philosophy and ethics +Social sciences +Sciences of law and criminology +Economics, business economics and management +Psychology, pedagogy, didactics, and social work +Social, political, and communication sciences +Medical sciences +Pharmaceutical sciences and medical biochemistry +Genetics, functional genome research, bio-informatics science, developmental biology +Microbiology and immunology +Cancer research +Neuroscience, clinical neurology, psychiatry, musculoskeletal research, rheumatology, orthopaedics, and dermatology +Gastroenterology, hepatology, endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition, reproduction, and urogenital system +Health sciences +Science and technology +Mathematical sciences +Physics +Condensed matter and physical chemistry +Chemistry +Informatics and knowledge technology +Chemical engineering, material sciences +Energy, electrical engineering, electronics, and mechanics +Sciences of the earth and space +Science and technology of construction and the build environment +Interdisciplinary + + +=== Special committees === +The FWO also organises special committees to advise on support for international collaboration, research infrastructure, and other special mandates. + + +== International profile == +The FWO is a member of Science Europe and collaborates in many European research organisations. +In addition, it has created partnerships with numerous counterparts across the globe, such as the French Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Dutch Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, and National Natural Science Foundation of China. + + +== Examples of projects supported == + + +== See also == +Funding of science +National Fund for Scientific Research + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +History of the FWO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Foundation_for_Basic_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Foundation_for_Basic_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..911480f53 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Foundation_for_Basic_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "Russian Foundation for Basic Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Foundation_for_Basic_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:03.845074+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) is a national science funding body of the Russian government created on 27 April 1992 by a decree of the President of Russia. + + +== Activities == + +The Russian Foundation for Basic Research financially sponsors conferences and research, provides collective bargaining in negotiating access to research databases for Russian research institutions, and co-hosts the Scopus Awards with Elsevier for Russian scientists who score high in Elsevier's academic productivity and citation metrics and are strongly involved in RFBR's programs and grants. +RFBR research grants are usually only available to Russian researchers and their international collaborators. + + +== International collaboration == +RFBR collaborates with other research foundations around the world, including CRDF Global, the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health in the United States, the French National Center for Scientific Research, the German Research Foundation the Royal Society of the United Kingdom, the Iran National Science Foundation, the Indian Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment of the Republic of Cuba, the Academy of Finland, the Research Council of Norway, and the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia. + + +=== International joint projects === +BRICS STI Framework Programme +BRICS is an association of the governments of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa which have met annually since 2009. In 2015, BRICS members completed a memorandum of understanding on collaboration in science, technology, and innovation. The Russian Foundation for Basic Research is one of several Russian state agencies which are implementing these collaborations. +Lake Elgygytgyn +While no Russian agency is a member of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, RFBR financially sponsors the International Drilling Program's work at Lake Elgygytgyn. +e-ASIA Joint Research Program +The Russian Foundation for Basic Research is a member of the e-ASIA Joint Research Program, an effort to promote innovation in science and technology in the East Asian region as a means of spurring economic development. +Global Research Council +The RFBR be co-hosted the 2018 annual meeting of the Global Research Council with the National Research Foundation of Korea. + + +== Presidents == +Vladislav Panchenko, 2008- + + +== Related Russian government organizations == +For a chart of Russian government organizations on science and technology, see Perret, J.K. (2013). Knowledge as a driver of regional growth in the Russian Federation. Springer. p. 73. ISBN 978-3-642-40279-1. + +Presidential Council for Science and Education +Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation +Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations - Created in 2013 and controls Russian Academy of Sciences property +Russian Science Foundation - Established by Vladimir Putin in 2013 to support basic research and the development of science research teams +Russian Academy of Sciences - "Russia’s primary basic-research organization" +Skolkovo Foundation - "Russia's flagship science foundation and a pet project of... Dmitry Medvedev" which primarily has been developing a technology-focused district outside Moscow, +Rosatom - Involved in nuclear energy research +Rusnano - a nanotechnology investment company created by the Russian government +Russian Foundation for Humanities +Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises - founded in 1994 +Russian Fund for Technological Development +State Committee on Science and Technology - Active until at least 1998 See State Committee of the Soviet Union. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Dezhina, Irina (2015). "The State of Science and Innovation in Russia in 2014". In Sinelnikov-Mourylev, S. (ed.). Russian economy in 2014: Trends and outlooks. Russian economy: Trends and perspectives. Vol. 36. Moscow: Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy. pp. 316–338. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2672387. ISBN 9785932554241. S2CID 155466392. SSRN 2672387. Note: This work has two SSRN ids for the same document. The other is 2684437. +Graham, L.R.; Dezhina, I. (2008). Science in the New Russia: Crisis, Aid, Reform. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21988-6. +Komkov, N. I.; Ivashchenko, N. P. (2009). "Institutional problems of introducing innovations". Studies on Russian Economic Development. 20 (5). Pleiades: 472–481. doi:10.1134/s1075700709050025. ISSN 1075-7007. S2CID 154933095. +Aasland, Aadne (2007). "Development in Research: An Outline of the Science Systems in Russia and the Baltic States". Nordforsk Policy Briefs. Oslo: Nordic Council of Ministers / NordForsk. ISSN 1504-8640. oai:DiVA.org:norden-3002. Publisher's webpage + + +== External links == + +Official website (in English) +ERA-LEARN 2020 Page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0480d7d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Science Foundation Ireland" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:04.993244+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science Foundation Ireland (SFI; Irish: Fondúireacht Eolaíochta Éireann) was a statutory body in Ireland. It was an agency of the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science, with responsibility for funding oriented basic and applied research in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) with a strategic focus. The board of SFI was appointed by the Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science. + +== History == +The agency was established in 2003 under the Industrial Development (Science Foundation Ireland) Act 2003. +Following a Technology Foresight activity managed by Forfás, the Irish Government allocated €1.3bn under the 2000–2006 National Development Plan to spend on R&D. SFI was responsible for disbursing €650M of these monies in the targeted strategic areas of ICT and Biotechnology during this period. +After an initial call for research proposals in 2000, the first Director General, Dr William Harris, joined SFI in 2001 leading the organization to the establishment of a range of research programmes from Principal Investigator Awards to large research centers, called Centers for Science & Engineering Technology. +In 2006, under the next National Development Plan, under the Strategy for Science, Technology & Innovation (SSTI), the Irish Government allotted a further €3.7B to spend on R&D. +A more recent and significant amendment to the SFI Act in 2013 widened SFI's remit further to include both oriented basic research and applied research. The extension of SFI's remit to include applied research enables the outcome of oriented basic research funded by SFI to be taken closer to market. +The foundation signed the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in February 2009. +In January 2021, SFI was transferred from the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment to the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science. +In November 2023, Simon Harris, the Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science, announced the intention of the government to establish Taighde Éireann as a successor body to both Science Foundation Ireland and the Irish Research Council. This was implemented by the Research and Innovation Act 2024. Patrick O'Donovan, Harris's successor as minister, set 1 August as the establishment date of Taighde Éireann. +Science Foundation Ireland was dissolved on 31 July 2024. + +== Organisation == + +=== Remit === +Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) is the national foundation for investment in scientific and engineering research. SFI invests in academic researchers and research teams who are most likely to generate new knowledge, leading edge technologies and competitive enterprises in the fields of science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM). +The foundation also promotes and supports the study of, education in, and engagement with STEM and promotes an awareness and understanding of the value of STEM to society and, in particular, to the growth of the economy. +SFI makes grants based upon the merit review of distinguished scientists. +SFI also facilitates co-operative efforts among education, government, and industry that support its fields of emphasis and promotes Ireland's ensuing achievements around the world. +When applying to SFI, applicants will be asked to justify the alignment of their research with Call- or Programme-specific themes and/or they will be required to describe the alignment of their research or activities with SFI's legal remit, as outlined below. Eligible research areas, or themes, may vary according to the scope and objectives of an individual programme and are described in the relevant call documentation. Details of individual programmes are included in the SFI Annual Plan. + +=== Structure === + +==== Chairpersons of SFI ==== + +==== Directors General of SFI ==== + +Graham Love acted as interim Director General of SFI from the departure of Frank Gannon until the appointment of Mark Ferguson. + +== Funding Programmes == +SFI provides grants for researchers from around the world who wish to relocate to Ireland and those already based in Ireland, for outstanding investigators, for conferences and symposia, and for collaboration with industry. Proposals are evaluated in open competitions via a combination of international peer review and strategic fit with SFI's mission. +Science Foundation Ireland funds early- and mid-career researchers to become fully independent research leaders and collaborates with a number of UK based funding agencies, such as the Wellcome Trust, The Royal Society and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). These partnerships work, in some cases, by sharing the funding costs between the two agencies or in others, by facilitating Irish entry into the UK based fellowship. + +=== Transitioning to Independence === +Applies to early career researchers ready to embark on a career independent of their current supervisor; they will have a track record of research activity including senior author publications and will demonstrate an upward trajectory; they should be capable of describing research plans that fit into a national and international context and be starting to show evidence of independence and international recognition. Applicants to the SFI Starting Investigator Research Grant (SIRG), Royal Society-SFI University Research Fellowship and Wellcome Trust Research Career Development Fellowships are considered to be at the transition-to-independence stage. + +=== Transitioning to Leadership === +Applies to early and mid career researchers who have already demonstrated research independence. The SFI Career Development Award (CDA), Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowships in Basic Biomedical Science and Future Research Leader applicants are considered at the transition-to-leadership stage of their career. + +=== Established Investigators and Leaders === +SFI Investigators Programme funds the development of high caliber research capability and human capital in areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) that demonstrably support and underpin enterprise competitiveness and societal development in Ireland. +SFI Research Professorship Programme supports national research bodies in the recruitment of researchers for Professorial Chairs, or similar research leadership positions in targeted scientific areas in all areas covered by SFI's legal remit. The programme can also act as a mechanism to support the recruitment of individuals who possess a strong industry background, as well as for directorship roles in established research centres within eligible research bodies in Ireland. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ff28374a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Science Foundation Ireland" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Foundation_Ireland" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:04.993244+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Industry Programmes === +The Industry Fellowship programme funds the bi-directional movement of academic and industry researchers. Fellowships can be awarded to academic researchers wishing to spend time in industry worldwide and to individuals from industry anywhere in the world (including Ireland) wishing to spend time in an eligible Irish Research Body. The programme facilitates knowledge transfer and training, building critical mass in areas of strategic importance for Ireland. +SFI Research Centres are large scale Research Centres which have an economic impact for Ireland. SFI Research Centres may be funded at a level of between €1-5 million per year in direct costs. SFI funds up to 70% of the overall Research Centre budget. A minimum of 30% of the budget must be secured from industry partners, at least one-third of which must be in cash.See details on the 16 funded SFI Research Centres here: + +SFI Research Centre Spokes is a mechanism to allow new industry and academic partners to join the existing SFI Research Centres. +SFI Partnership Programme is a mechanism by which SFI builds collaborations with industry, funding agencies, charities, philanthropic organisations or higher education institutes (HEIs) in order to co-fund future opportunities. +SFI Centre for Research Training is a mechanism to fund cohorts of research students. + +=== Other === +SFI Research Infrastructure Call funds the research community in building and sustaining the required infrastructural capacity to accomplish research in areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. SFI supports the use, renewal and development of existing national research infrastructures and invests in modern research equipment and infrastructure in areas of national priority. +SFI Fellowship Programme is a career development programme that allows candidates to participate in the activities carried out by a funding agency in order to gain new experience. +SFI Conference and Workshop programme funds international and national conferences and workshops hosted in Ireland. These events are for the dissemination of research, knowledge exchange, development and exposure of early career researchers and students and development and growth of new and existing collaborations both nationally and internationally. SFI will support conferences and workshops of timely importance in all areas covered by SFI's legal remit. SFI Conference and Workshop Awards fall into four different categories: Conference, Exceptional Conference, Workshop and Conference Bid. +SFI Award for Journalism Relating to Science and Technology is an annual award issued by the National Student Media Awards (Smedias) and funded by SFI. The Smedias are run by the Oxygen.ie website. +Technology Innovation Development Award (TIDA) is a joint funded initiative by SFI and Enterprise Ireland (EI). The TIDA programme enables researchers to focus on the first steps of an applied research project that has a commercial benefit if further developed. + +=== SFI St. Patrick's Day Medal === +Every year Science Foundation Ireland celebrates the achievements of Irish Scientists, engineers and business leaders living and working in the USA. The agency awards two Medals - one for industry and one for academia. Both Medals recognise individuals who are not only outstanding in their fields of expertise but who also have demonstrably assisted researchers in Ireland in either academia or industry - via mentorship, supervision, collaboration, industrial development, entrepreneurship or who have made significant contributions to developing the research ecosystem in Ireland. +Past medal recipients are: + +== Public Engagement, Education and Outreach == +SFI Discover is the education and public engagement programme of Science Foundation Ireland and covers three main areas of activity: + +Directly managed programmes (listed below) +Projects and activity completed through the SFI Research Centres and other researchers funded through SFI +Projects funded through the SFI Discover annual funding call. + +=== Science Week === +Science Week is an annual nationwide promotion of science to the general public, first starting in 1996. It consists of a week-long programme of events across Ireland each November to make science more interesting and accessible to children and adults alike. +Organised events take place in schools, colleges, universities, libraries, companies and other public places and are run by volunteers. The national media and promotional campaign is coordinated by SFI's Discover Programme with over 800 events taking place throughout the country. +The Science Week website is the information platform for events. Organisers submit their event details online to a searchable events database and participants upload images and videos of events they have attended. + +=== SFI Curious Minds === +The SFI Curious Minds Programme supports schools in delivering the science and maths curriculum in schools and to make it more interesting, relevant and visual for their students. It facilitates teacher training in general primary science, and provides teachers with online resources – which can also be used by parents and students – and classroom activity packs. +Major elements for the programme include: + +"Continued Professional Development" for all staff of participating schools +Awards for 'Science and Maths Excellence', to reward primary schools for carrying out science, technology, engineering and maths activities both in the school and externally. +A network of over 50 Discover Centres with accredited workshops and outreach programmes for primary school students on a range of themes encompassing STEM + +=== Discover Funding Call === +Science Foundation Ireland, through the SFI Discover Programme promotes awareness and engagement of the Irish public with science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM). +The SFI Discover Programme was set up to catalyse, inspire and guide STEM education and public engagement. To achieve this the programme Call funds the development of STEM education and public engagement sector in Ireland, investing in developing and extending activity and ability in this area, and exploring and encouraging novel means of engaging the public. + +=== Science in Ireland Barometer === +The study was commissioned by SFI and most recently completed by Qualia Analytics (in 2020–21) to establish the Irish public's attitudes and awareness of STEM in our society, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public attitudes and behaviours. Results from 2020 to 2021 are available on a dedicated SFI website: https://www.sfi.ie/engagement/barometer/. An earlier version of this survey was conducted in 2015. The 2015 study was involved face-to-face interviews, across a nationally representative sample of 1,008 adults aged 15+ in Ireland. The study found that awareness of science is generally positive. Science was deemed to be highly valued both for economic growth and personal prosperity but only half the population felt adequately informed. The public seek clarity and consistency in what they hear about science, with positive engagement of science teachers and parents being key factors to children's interest in STEM. + +== See also == +Open access in the Republic of Ireland +Government Chief Scientific Advisor + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4735965a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia is a public organization that provides support for science and research activities in the Republic of Serbia. It was founded with the aim of providing support and conditions for the continuous development of scientific research and development activities in the Republic of Serbia, necessary for the progress of a knowledge-based society. +Activities are implemented through scientific, technological and development programs to achieve the strategic goals of the scientific and technological development of the Republic of Serbia. +As part of the Fund's program, projects are financed through public calls. The projects ensure a high scientific level and innovative results, competitiveness at the international level and relevance in relation to the challenges of society. +The Law on the Fund for Science of the Republic of Serbia was adopted in December 2018, and the Fund began its work in March 2019. + +== About Science Fund == + +=== Establishment of the Science Fund === +The Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia was established by the Government of the Republic of Serbia with the aim of establishing a mechanism for project financing of science and scientific research. This decision is in line with the commitment of the Republic of Serbia to advance the development of science and improve the quality of scientific research in accordance with the highest international standards. +The Science Fund began operating on March 12, 2019, with the aim of providing financial resources and creating conditions for the implementation of scientific research projects in all scientific fields, through competitive and transparent procedures. +The work of the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia is monitored by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Technological Development, and it is based on the Law on Science and Research, the Law on the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, the Statute of the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, as well as acts of the Science Fund that are more closely defining procedures within which the Science Fund carries out its activities. The Science Fund supports projects with sustainable goals, clear concepts and systematic and well-designed work methodologies. High scientific excellence, quality and innovative ideas represent the basic values of all projects supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia. + +=== Evaluation procedure === +Within the Programs of the Science Fund, projects are funded through public bidding. The projects aim to provide high-level research impact, innovative results, competitiveness at the international level, and relevance to society in general. +The entire procedure of project evaluation and selection is based on three criteria - excellence, impact and implementation. The goal of the procedures is to ensure the selection of the best and highest quality project proposals, the implementation of which will bring results of importance and impact on the entire society. +Project Evaluation is carried out in two levels. The received project proposals are checked and evaluated through a procedure consisting of administrative verification and two levels of evaluation. The proposal that has passed the administrative check is sent to the first stage of the evaluation procedure. +First stage of evaluation - Each Proposal is evaluated by peer reviewers, foreign internationally acclaimed experts, which are assessed by the three criteria: excellence, impact, and implementation of the Project Proposal. The proposals are ranked after the first stage of evaluation. Proposals that have passed the first stage of evaluation and whose individual budgets in total do not exceed the double budget provided by the Program funding are being proceeded to the second stage of evaluation. +Second stage of evaluation - The members of the Program Board are foreign experts with an internationally recognized professional career. The Program Board performs evaluation of all proposals that qualify for the second stage of evaluation. Based on the final evaluation, the Program Board forms the ranking list of Project Proposals that have passed both levels of evaluation and will be funded within the available funds of the Program. The final ranking list needs to be accepted by the Scientific Council and adopted by the Managing Board of the Science Fund. +Transparency of the Expert Selection - The Call for Expression of Interest for Peer Reviewers is permanently open. The Call for the Program Board members is specially designed and published for every program. All calls comprise inclusion, exclusion, and assessment criteria, as well as detailed Terms of Reference which are published on the website, social networks, and advertised on professional networks and platforms for researchers. +Publishing the Results - The Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia publishes all results on its website, showing the final ranking list with all project proposals which are approved for funding, project partners, final scores, and approved budgets. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86bbeddd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Bodies of the Science Fund == +The bodies of the Science Fund are: Director, Supervisory Board, Management Board, and Scientific Council of the Fund. +The Director is appointed and dismissed by the Government on the proposal of the Board of Directors, with the prior approval of the Minister. The Director is appointed based on a public competition for a period of four years. The current acting director of the Fund is Dr. Milica Đurić-Jovičić. +The Management Board has five members, one of whom is the president, who are appointed and dismissed by the Government, at the proposal of the Ministry. The members of the management board must have international experience in business covered by the Law, experience in management business and at least 15 years of work experience. The term of the members of the board of directors is four years, with the possibility of another appointment. The President of the board of directors is Dr. Vujo Drndarević. +The Supervisory Board has three members, one of whom is the president, who is appointed and dismissed by the Government, on the proposal of the ministry responsible for scientific research activity, of which at least two members are from the economic and financial profession. The term of members of the Supervisory Board is four years. The supervisory board monitors the material and financial operations of the Fund for Science. President of the supervisory board prof. Dr. Radovan Pejanović. +The Scientific Council is the highest professional and advisory body of the Science Fund. Members of the Scientific Council are appointed by the Minister on the basis of a public invitation, and dismissed in accordance with the Law. The term of members of the Scientific Council is four years, with the possibility of another appointment. The Scientific Council has fifteen members. Scientific Council members must be internationally recognized in their field of science. At least two-thirds of the members of the Scientific Council must hold the highest scientific or teaching position. Academician Stevan Pilipović is the president of the Scientific Council. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0dcbbc10 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Programs of the Science Fund == +Program for Excellent Projects of Young Researchers (PROMIS) +The Program for Excellent Projects of Young Researchers (PROMIS) is a program of the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia intended for excellent projects of young researchers in the early stages of their careers. The goals of the PROMIS program are to involve excellent young researchers in scientific research work, to strengthen their professional capacities, to train young doctors of science to manage projects, to train young researchers to apply for other research and development projects, to create new project teams, to support excellent ideas and to support scientific research work that will have a positive impact on society and the economy. As part of the first PROMIS program announced by the Science Fund, 59 basic and applied research projects were selected, which will be implemented in the period 2020–2022. Fields of science: natural sciences, engineering and technology, medicine, biotechnologies, as well as social sciences and humanities. Program budget: EUR 8.9 million +Program for Development of Projects in the Field of Artificial Intelligence (PRVI) +The Program for Development of Projects in the Field of Artificial Intelligence is realized within two subprograms, one intended for basic and the other for applied research in the field of artificial intelligence. The goals of the program are to encourage the excellence and relevance of scientific research in Serbia in the field of artificial intelligence, to encourage the application of the results of scientific research in the field of artificial intelligence in the development of the Serbian economy. The main thematic areas of the program are: general artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, planning, understanding of knowledge, computer vision and speech communication, and intelligent systems. The Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia finances 12 projects within the Program for the Development of Projects in the Field of Artificial Intelligence. Six research projects were selected from the basic research subprogram, which will provide a concrete contribution to the development of agriculture, information technologies, energy, modern industry, and environmental protection. Also, six projects were selected from the applied research subprogram that should contribute to the development of science. The projects are implemented in the period 2020–2022. Program budget: EUR 2.2 million +Special Research Program on COVID-19 +The Special Research Program on COVID-19 aims to finance projects that will contribute to an effective scientific response to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and enable better preparedness and response of society to this pandemic. The program was initiated and prepared under the circumstances of the state of emergency declared in the Republic of Serbia due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bearing in mind the importance of including the scientific community, this Program has a special strategic importance for the Republic of Serbia and its citizens. The Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia finances 14 projects within the Special Research Program on COVID-19. The projects are implemented in the period 2020–2022. years. Projects from the following fields of science were approved: 11 from the field of biomedical sciences, 2 from the field of economic, sociological, psychological research and management of complex systems, 1 project from the field of engineering and information technology. Program budget: EUR 2,000,000 +Program IDEAS +The Program IDEAS is the largest program of the Science Fund of the RS. The Program IDEAS enables the financing of projects based on excellent ideas that may in the future have a significant impact on the development of science and research, the economy and/or society as a whole, the involvement of excellent researchers in scientific research work, the strengthening of the professional capacities of researchers and the creation of new project teams. The program enables researchers to define their own research programs, to form their own teams, and to cooperate with relevant laboratories, research centers and the economy in Serbia and in the world. The program supports basic and applied research in all scientific fields. The program is implemented within four subprograms for the development of scientific research in the following scientific fields: natural sciences; technical and technological sciences; (bio)medical sciences; social sciences and humanities. Program budget: EUR 30,000,000 +The Serbian Science and Diaspora Collaboration Program / International mobility and cooperation +The Serbian Science and Diaspora Collaboration Program is a financial incentive that enables scientific research organizations to develop cooperation with the Serbian diaspora and improve their capacities through short-term visits by researchers from Serbia to diaspora experts and support for joint activities. The goal of the Program is to establish cooperation with the diaspora for the purpose of improving and exchanging knowledge, establishing or improving cooperation, joint work on scientific-research and research-development problems and challenges, publication of joint works and patents, support for the development of new services, commercialization of products, technology transfer, as well as and preparation of joint project proposals for applying to funds outside Serbia. The program supports basic and applied research in all research areas, without predefined priority topics. 92 projects were approved as part of the Serbian Science and Diaspora Collaboration Program. The projects will be implemented in cooperation with scientific research organizations from 22 countries of the world. The projects will be implemented in partnership with researchers from the diaspora and their scientific research organizations. Program budget: EUR 800,000 +Program IDENTITIES +The Program IDENTITIES is the first program fully dedicated to the development of basic and applied research in the field of social sciences and humanities. The goals of the Program are: encouraging the excellence and relevance of scientific research in Serbia in the field of social and humanities; affirmation of the importance of social and humanistic sciences for education and society as a whole; improvement of international visibility and cooperation in the subject domain of science. The program is aligned with the goals of scientific research activities, in terms of creating new knowledge to encourage social, cultural, artistic and economic development, with the aim of preserving and affirming national identity as a part of civilizational heritage and with a research focus on social challenges and priorities. Program budget: EUR 2,000,000 +Green Program of Cooperation between Science and Industry +The general goals of the Program are: practical support for the cooperation of science and the economic sector, based on the use of available scientific potential, by financing projects that can significantly influence the further development of society and the economy as a whole based on the direct application of research results. The specific goals of the Program are to support sustainable development and raise the level of environmental quality, focusing on the following topics: Air, water and soil; Industry; Waste. The Program is aligned with the EU Strategy "The Road to a Healthy Planet for All" and the EU Action Plan "Towards Zero Pollution of Air, Water and Soil", as well as with relevant national strategic documents. Program budget: EUR 3,500,000 +Program PRISMA +The Program supports basic and applied research projects in all scientific fields. Projects within this Program do not have predetermined topics. The program enables researchers to define their own research topics, to form teams and to cooperate with relevant laboratories, research centers and the economy in the Republic of Serbia and in the world. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fe92a490 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fund_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:35:06.150716+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In accordance with the goal of involving more young researchers in scientific research projects, within the PRISMA program it was possible to register as team members doctoral students who have not yet been selected for a position, with the obligation to acquire the position before the start of the project implementation. Program budget: EUR 25,000,000 + +== Presentation of scientists and scientific projects == +The Science Fund strives to provide high visibility to all supported projects and research activities. This is one of the ways to encourage researchers and the industry to new partnerships and to expand cooperation at the international level. +The Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia achieves this goal by publishing publications on programs and projects, organizing exhibitions and events dedicated to promoting science, certain scientific fields and topics, as well as participating in various domestic and international gatherings, conferences and fairs where it presents the results and successes of research within the projects funded by the Science Fund. +In addition, the Science Fund regularly works to increase the visibility of projects and their activities and results in the media, providing support for scientists to promote the projects they are implementing, in the media. + +== See also == +Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation +Ministry of Education + +== References == + +== External links == +Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia +Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation +Law on the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia +Law on Science and Research \ No newline at end of file